ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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dental disinfectants | Chemicals especially for use on instruments to destroy pathogenic organisms. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) |
dental waste | Any waste product generated by a dental office, surgery, clinic, or laboratory including amalgams, saliva, and rinse water. |
dentifrices | Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. |
dentin desensitizing agents | Substances which reduce or eliminate dentinal sensitivity or the pain associated with a source of stimulus (such as touch, heat, or cold) at the orifice of exposed dentinal tubules causing the movement of tubular fluid that in turn stimulates tooth nerve receptors. |
deodorants | Agents that remove, correct, repress, or mask undesirable ODORANTS. In personal hygiene, deodorants often contain astringent preparations that reduce SWEATING, referred to as ANTIPERSPIRANTS. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
deoxyadenine nucleotides | Adenine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety. |
deoxyadenosines | Adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule. |
deoxycholic acid | A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent. |
deoxycytidine | A nucleoside component of DNA composed of CYTOSINE and DEOXYRIBOSE. |
deoxycytidine monophosphate | Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions. |
deoxycytosine nucleotides | Cytosine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety. |
deoxyepinephrine | Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent. |
deoxyglucose | 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity. |
deoxyguanine nucleotides | Guanine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety. |
deoxyguanosine | A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. |
deoxyribonucleosides | A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to DEOXYRIBOSE. |
deoxyribonucleotides | A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group. |
deoxy sugars | Sugars that in which one or more hydroxyl groups of the pyranose or furanose ring is substituted by hydrogen. |
deoxyuracil nucleotides | Uracil nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety. |
deoxyuridine | 2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. |
depsides | Phenolic benzoic acid esters. |
depsipeptides | Compounds consisting of chains of AMINO ACIDS alternating with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS via ester and amide linkages. They are commonly cyclized. |
dequalinium | A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration. |
dermatan sulfate | A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed) |
dermatologic agents | Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. |
dermcidins | 47-amino acid peptides secreted by ECCRINE GLANDS and having a role in innate cutaneous defense, being antimicrobial to some pathogenic BACTERIA. They are overexpressed by some primary BREAST CANCER cells. They are derived from 110 residue PROTEIN PRECURSORS. |
dermotoxins | Specific substances elaborated by plants, microorganisms or animals that cause damage to the skin; they may be proteins or other specific factors or substances; constituents of spider, jellyfish or other venoms cause dermonecrosis and certain bacteria synthesize dermolytic agents. |
desflurane | A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia. |
desipramine | A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. |
deslanoside | Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata. |
desmin | An intermediate filament protein found predominantly in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. Localized at the Z line. MW 50,000 to 55,000 is species dependent. |
desmocollins | A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that are divergent from those of classical CADHERINS. Their intracytoplasmic domains bind PLAKOGLOBIN; PLAKOPHILINS; and DESMOPLAKINS. |
desmoglein 1 | A desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS. |
desmoglein 2 | A CALCIUM-dependent adhesion molecule of DESMOSOMES that also plays a role in embryonic STEM CELL proliferation. |
desmoglein 3 | A desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS. |
desmogleins | A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that resemble those of classical CADHERINS. |
desmosine | A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring. |
desmosomal cadherins | A single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate CALCIUM-dependent CELL ADHESION and are core components of DESMOSOMES. |
desmosterol | An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol. |
desogestrel | A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED). |
desonide | A nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for DERMATOSES. |
desoximetasone | A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc. |
desoxycorticosterone | A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE |
desoxycorticosterone acetate | The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone. |
destrin | A member of the actin depolymerizing factors. Its depolymerizing activity is independent of HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION. |
desvenlafaxine succinate | A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT. |
detergents | Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. |
deuterium | The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. |
deuterium oxide | The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes. |
deuteroporphyrins | Porphyrins with four methyl and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. |
devazepide | A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding. |
dexamethasone | An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid. |
dexamethasone isonicotinate | An anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. It may cause water and salt retention. |
dexetimide | A muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide. |
dexfenfluramine | The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity. |
dexlansoprazole | The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. |
dexmedetomidine | An imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound. |
dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride | A methylphenidate derivative, DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER. |
dexpramipexole | The (R)-(+) enantiomer of PRAMIPEXOLE. Dexpramipexole has lower affinity for DOPAMINE RECEPTORS than pramipexole. |
dexrazoxane | The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane. |
dextrans | A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes. |
dextran sulfate | Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the ... |
dextrins | A group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of STARCH or GLYCOGEN. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha-(1->4) or alpha-(1->6) glycosidic bonds. |
dextroamphetamine | The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, sti... |
dextromethorphan | Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used t... |
dextromoramide | An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070) |
dextropropoxyphene | A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect. |
dextrorphan | Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN. |
dextrothyroxine | The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE. |
diacetyl | Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods. |
diagnostic uses of chemicals | Chemicals administered to patients in order to diagnose or study the pathology of medical conditions, diseases, or syndromes. |
dialysis solutions | Solutions prepared for exchange across a semipermeable membrane of solutes below a molecular size determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material. |
diamfenetide | Anthelmintic. It has been shown to be useful in fasciola infections in sheep. |
diamide | A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells. |
diamines | Organic chemicals which have two amino groups in an aliphatic chain. |
diaminopimelic acid | A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH). |
diamond | Diamond. A crystalline form of carbon that occurs as hard, colorless or tinted isomeric crystals. It is used as a precious stone, for cutting glass, and as bearings for delicate mechanisms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
dianhydrogalactitol | One of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that alkylates and cross-links DNA via an epoxide group during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in a disruption of DNA function and cell cycle arrest. It has antineoplastic activity and also causes bone marrow toxicity. |
dianisidine | Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes. |
diarylheptanoids | A group of compounds consisting of two aryl rings linked by seven carbons (HEPTANES) which may be acyclic (linear) or cyclic. It is a group of secondary metabolites in polyketide synthesis pathway best exemplified by a linear diarylheptanoid CURCUMIN. |
diarylquinolines | A class of quinoline compounds defined by the presence of two aromatic ring structures which are attached via a side chain to carbon 3 of the qunolinyl structure. The two aromatic moieties are typically NAPTHALENE and BENZENE. Several compounds in this class are used as ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS. |
diatomaceous earth | A form of SILICON DIOXIDE composed of skeletons of prehistoric aquatic plants which is used for its ABSORPTION quality, taking up 1.5-4 times its weight in water. The microscopic sharp edges are useful for insect control but can also be an inhalation hazard. It has been used in baked goods and animal feed. Kieselguhr i... |
diatrizoate | A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography. |
diatrizoate meglumine | A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY. |
diazepam | A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity. |
diazepam binding inhibitor | An 86-amino acid polypeptide, found in central and peripheral tissues, that displaces diazepam from the benzodiazepine recognition site on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (RECEPTORS, GABA). It also binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters and serves as an acyl-CoA transporter. This peptide regulates lipid meta... |
diazinon | A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide. |
diazomethane | A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2. |
diazonium compounds | Azo compounds consisting of an aryl or alkyl group that is joined through two nitrogen atoms to an anion (R-N2+X-). |
diazooxonorleucine | An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
diazoxide | A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group. |
dibekacin | Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. |
dibenzazepines | Compounds with two BENZENE rings fused to AZEPINES. |
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide | Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins. |
dibenzocycloheptenes | A family of tricyclic hydrocarbons whose members include many of the commonly used tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC). |
dibenzofurans | Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran. |
dibenzofurans, polychlorinated | Dibenzofurans that contain chloride atoms bound to the aromatic rings of the structure. |
dibenzylchlorethamine | An alpha adrenergic antagonist. |
dibromothymoquinone | At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity. |
dibucaine | A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006) |
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