ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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dibutyl phthalate | A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure. |
dibutyryl cyclic gmp | N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP. |
dicamba | A chlorinated organic herbicide. |
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine | 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester. |
dicarboxylic acids | Acyclic acids that contain two carboxyl groups and have the formula HO2C-R-CO2H, where R may be an aromatic or aliphatic group. |
dichloroacetic acid | A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains two CHLORINE atoms attached to its methyl group. |
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane | An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482) |
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene | An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT. |
dichloroethylenes | Toxic chlorinated unsaturated hydrocarbons. Include both the 1,1- and 1,2-dichloro isomers. Both isomers are toxic, but 1,1-dichloroethylene is the more potent CNS depressant and hepatotoxin. It is used in the manufacture of thermoplastic polymers. |
dichlorophen | Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.) |
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole | An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation. |
dichlorphenamide | A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma. |
dichlorvos | An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. |
diclofenac | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt. |
dicloxacillin | One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE. |
dicofol | An organochlorine insecticide. |
dicumarol | An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. |
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide | A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) |
dicyclomine | A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. |
didanosine | A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminato... |
dideoxyadenosine | A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of... |
dideoxynucleosides | Nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. The majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. The nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral revers... |
dideoxynucleotides | The phosphate esters of DIDEOXYNUCLEOSIDES. |
dieldrin | An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB) |
dienestrol | A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms. |
dietary advanced glycation end products | Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) present in food. They are absorbed by the GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM and contribute to the body's total AGEs. The food BROWNING REACTION, such as occurs during food processing or cooking with high heat (frying, broiling, grilling, roasting, etc.) accelerates the formation of AGEs in ... |
dietary carbohydrates | Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (... |
dietary fats | Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. |
dietary fats, unsaturated | Unsaturated fats or oils used in foods or as a food. |
dietary fiber | The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. |
dietary sucrose | Sucrose present in the diet. It is added to food and drinks as a sweetener. |
dietary sugars | MONOSACCHARIDES and DISACCHARIDES present in food, such as those present in fruits and vegetables and milk products, or those added to food such as DIETARY SUCROSE (table sugar) or HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP. |
diethylamines | Diethylamine with the formula CH3CH2NHCH2CH3 and its derivatives. |
diethylcarbamazine | An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. |
diethylhexyl phthalate | An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers. |
diethylnitrosamine | A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. |
diethylpropion | A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290) |
diethyl pyrocarbonate | Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent. |
diethylstilbestrol | A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed) |
diflubenzuron | An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies. |
diflucortolone | A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate. |
diflunisal | A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN. |
digitalis glycosides | Glycosides from plants of the genus DIGITALIS. Some of these are useful as cardiotonic and anti-arrhythmia agents. Included also are semi-synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring glycosides. The term has sometimes been used more broadly to include all CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES, but here is restricted to those related ... |
digitonin | A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects. |
digitoxigenin | 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin. |
digitoxin | A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665) |
diglycerides | Glycerides composed of two fatty acids esterified to the trihydric alcohol GLYCEROL. There are two possible forms that exist: 1,2-diacylglycerols and 1,3-diacylglycerols. |
digoxigenin | 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh. |
digoxin | A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrilla... |
dihematoporphyrin ether | The purified component of HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins. It is used in photodynamic therapy (HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTORADIATION); to treat malignant lesions with visible light and experimentally as an antiviral agent. It is the first drug to be approved in the use of PHOTODYN... |
dihydralazine | 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354) |
dihydroalprenolol | Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study. |
dihydro-beta-erythroidine | Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties. |
dihydroergocornine | A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains isopropyl sidechains at the 2' and 5' positions of the molecule. |
dihydroergocristine | A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule. |
dihydroergocryptine | A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position and an alpha-isobutyl sidechain at 5'alpha position of the molecule. |
dihydroergotamine | A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS. |
dihydroergotoxine | A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic ant... |
dihydromorphine | A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors. |
dihydropyridines | Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position. |
dihydrostilbenoids | Organic compounds characterized by the functional group 1,2-dihydrostilbene. |
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate | A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS. |
dihydrotachysterol | A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2. |
dihydrotestosterone | A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE. |
dihydroxyacetone | A ketotriose compound. Its addition to blood preservation solutions results in better maintenance of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels during storage. It is readily phosphorylated to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by triokinase in erythrocytes. In combination with naphthoquinones it acts as a sunscreening agent. |
dihydroxyacetone phosphate | An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. |
dihydroxycholecalciferols | Cholecalciferols substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position. |
dihydroxydihydrobenzopyrenes | Benzopyrenes saturated in any two adjacent positions and substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. The majority of these compounds have carcinogenic or mutagenic activity. |
dihydroxyphenylalanine | A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific. |
dihydroxytryptamines | Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. Some are cytotoxic serotonin analogs that are preferentially taken up by serotonergic neurons and then destroy those neurons. |
diiodothyronines | These metabolites of THYROXINE are formed by the deiodination of T3 or reverse T3. |
diiodotyrosine | A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). |
diketopiperazines | Piperazines with two keto oxygens. |
dilazep | Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity. |
diltiazem | A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions. |
dimaprit | A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors. |
dimenhydrinate | A drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. It is used for treating VERTIGO, MOTION SICKNESS, and NAUSEA associated with PREGNANCY. |
dimercaprol | An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning. |
dimethadione | An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE. |
dimethindene | A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies. |
dimethisterone | A synthetic progestational hormone without significant estrogenic or androgenic properties. It was formerly used as the progestational component in SEQUENTIAL ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS . |
dimethoate | An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide. |
dimethoxyphenylethylamine | A derivative of phenethylamine containing two substituent methoxy groups in the phenyl ring. |
dimethyl adipimidate | Bifunctional cross-linking agent that links covalently free amino groups of proteins or polypeptides, including those in cell membranes. It is used as reagent or fixative in immunohistochemistry and is a proposed antisickling agent. |
dimethylamines | Derivatives of dimethylamine (the structural formula CH3NHCH3). |
dimethyldithiocarbamate | A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent. |
dimethylformamide | A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. |
dimethyl fumarate | A fumarate derivative that is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of PSORIASIS and SKIN DISEASES. It also may be used as an IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. |
dimethylhydrazines | Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position. |
dimethylnitrosamine | A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents. |
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide | A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction. |
dimethylpolysiloxanes | Silicone polymers which consist of silicon atoms substituted with methyl groups and linked by oxygen atoms. They comprise a series of biocompatible materials used as liquids, gels or solids; as film for artificial membranes, gels for implants, and liquids for drug vehicles; and as antifoaming agents. |
dimethyl suberimidate | The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine. |
dimethyl sulfoxide | A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity ... |
dimetridazole | A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry. |
diminazene | An effective trypanocidal agent. |
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine | A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes. |
dinitolmide | A coccidiostat for poultry. |
dinitrobenzenes | Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions. |
dinitrochlorobenzene | A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds. |
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