ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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host-derived cellular factors | A broad category of endogenous cellular factors that are used by VIRUSES for essential functions such as VIRUS REPLICATION. Many host-derived factors play normal cellular roles in non-infected cells. |
hsp47 heat-shock proteins | Basic glycoprotein members of the SERPIN SUPERFAMILY that function as COLLAGEN-specific MOLECULAR CHAPERONES in the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. |
htlv-i antigens | Antigens associated with HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. |
htlv-ii antigens | Antigens associated with HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. |
human growth hormone | A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency. |
human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine quadrivalent, types 6, 11, 16, 18 | A vaccine containing L1 capsid proteins from four types of HPV (ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS), types 6, 11, 16 and 18 that is used to prevent infections from human papillomaviruses of these subtypes. |
humic substances | Organic matter in a state of advanced decay, after passing through the stages of COMPOST and PEAT and before becoming lignite (COAL). It is composed of a heterogenous mixture of compounds including phenolic radicals and acids that polymerize and are not easily separated nor analyzed. (E.A. Ghabbour & G. Davies, eds. Hu... |
hyaluronan receptors | Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary THYMOCYTES; GRANULOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. Their interaction with HYALURONIC ACID mediates bi... |
hyaluronic acid | A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA. |
h-y antigen | A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis. |
hycanthone | Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE. |
hydantoins | Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS. |
hydralazine | A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. |
hydrazines | Substituted derivatives of hydrazine (formula H2N-NH2). |
hydrazones | Compounds of the general formula R:N.NR2, as resulting from the action of hydrazines with aldehydes or ketones. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
hydrobromic acid | Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water. |
hydrocarbons | Organic compounds that primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with the carbon atoms forming a linear or circular structure. |
hydrocarbons, acyclic | Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen where no carbon atoms join to form a ring structure. |
hydrocarbons, alicyclic | Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. Three or more carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic structure and they possess aliphatic properties. |
hydrocarbons, aromatic | Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings. |
hydrocarbons, brominated | Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more HYDROGEN atoms substituted with BROMINE. |
hydrocarbons, chlorinated | Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE. |
hydrocarbons, cyclic | Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen forming a closed ring that may be either alicyclic or aromatic. |
hydrocarbons, fluorinated | Inert liquid or gaseous halocarbon compounds in which FLUORINE replaces some or all HYDROGEN atoms. |
hydrocarbons, halogenated | Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more HYDROGEN atoms substituted with HALOGENS. |
hydrocarbons, iodinated | Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more HYDROGEN atoms substituted with IODINE. |
hydrochloric acid | A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE. |
hydrochlorothiazide | A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including ... |
hydrocodone | Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant. |
hydrocortisone | The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. |
hydroflumethiazide | A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822) |
hydrofluoric acid | Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. |
hydrogel, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate | A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications fabricated by photopolymerization of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Its general formulae is C3H5C(O)(OCH2CH2)nOC(O)C3H5 where n denotes a number of average polyglycol (OCH2CH2) repeats. |
hydrogels | Water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. They are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
hydrogen | The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic m... |
hydrogen cyanide | Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. |
hydrogen peroxide | A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. |
hydrogen sulfide | A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
hydrolyzable tannins | Polymeric derivatives of GALLIC ACID that are esters of a sugar. |
hydromorphone | An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine. |
hydroquinones | Derivatives of hydroquinone (1,4-dihydrobenzene) made by reduction of BENZOQUINONES. |
hydroxamic acids | A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH. |
hydroxides | Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. |
hydroxocobalamin | Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY. |
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene | A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action. |
hydroxy acids | Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals. |
hydroxyapatites | A group of compounds with the general formula M10(PO4)6(OH)2, where M is barium, strontium, or calcium. The compounds are the principal mineral in phosphorite deposits, biological tissue, human bones, and teeth. They are also used as an anticaking agent and polymer catalysts. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th e... |
hydroxybenzoate ethers | Benzoate derivatives that contain one or more alkyl or aryl groups linked to the benzene ring structure by OXYGEN. |
hydroxybenzoates | Benzoate derivatives substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring. |
hydroxybutyrates | Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid. |
hydroxychloroquine | A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970) |
hydroxycholecalciferols | Hydroxy analogs of vitamin D 3; (CHOLECALCIFEROL); including CALCIFEDIOL; CALCITRIOL; and 24,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3. |
hydroxycholesterols | Cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group in any position. |
hydroxycorticosteroids | A group of corticosteroids carrying hydroxy groups, usually in the 11- or 17-positions. They comprise the bulk of the corticosteroids used systemically. As they are relatively insoluble in water, salts of various esterified forms are often used for injections or solutions. |
hydroxydopamines | Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions. |
hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids | Eicosatetraenoic acids substituted in any position by one or more hydroxy groups. They are important intermediates in a series of biosynthetic processes leading from arachidonic acid to a number of biologically active compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. |
hydroxyestrones | Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens. |
hydroxyethylrutoside | Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders. |
hydroxyethyl starch derivatives | Starches that have been chemically modified so that a percentage of OH groups are substituted with 2-hydroxyethyl ether groups. |
hydroxylamine | A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide. |
hydroxylamines | Organic compounds that contain the (-NH2OH) radical. |
hydroxyl radical | The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent. |
hydroxylysine | A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens. |
hydroxymercuribenzoates | Hydroxylated benzoic acid derivatives that contain mercury. Some of these are used as sulfhydryl reagents in biochemical studies. |
hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa reductase inhibitors | Compounds that inhibit HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES. They have been shown to directly lower CHOLESTEROL synthesis. |
hydroxyphenylazouracil | Inhibitor of DNA replication in gram-positive bacteria. |
hydroxyprogesterones | Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites. |
hydroxyproline | A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. |
hydroxyquinolines | The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses. |
hydroxysteroids | Steroids in which one or more hydroxy groups have been substituted for hydrogen atoms either within the ring skeleton or on any of the side chains. |
hydroxytestosterones | 17 beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-ones. Testosterone derivatives formed by the substitution of one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. |
hydroxytryptophol | 5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol. |
hydroxyurea | An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. |
hydroxyzine | A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. |
hygromycin b | Aminoglycoside produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is used as an anthelmintic against swine infections by large roundworms, nodular worms, and whipworms. |
hygroscopic agents | Materials that readily absorb moisture from their surroundings. |
hymecromone | A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID. |
hyoscyamine | The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. |
hypnotics and sedatives | Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety. |
hypochlorous acid | An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. |
hypoglycemic agents | Substances which lower blood glucose levels. |
hypoglycins | Methylene cyclopropyl alanine and congeners isolated from the unripe edible fruit of the AKEE plant (BLIGHIA SAPIDA). Hypoglycin B is the gamma-glutamyl congener of hypoglycin A. They are very toxic and teratogenic, causing a syndrome called Jamaican vomiting sickness that includes a fall in blood glucose due to the in... |
hypolipidemic agents | Substances that lower the levels of certain LIPIDS in the BLOOD. They are used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. |
hypothalamic hormones | Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POST... |
hypoxanthine | A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. |
hypoxanthines | Purine bases related to hypoxanthine, an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis and a breakdown product of adenine catabolism. |
hypromellose derivatives | Polymeric compounds that contain repeating units of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The properties of hypromellose polymers can vary greatly and are defined by their molecular weight, the percentage of hydroxyl groups, the percentage of hydroxypropyl groups, and viscosity measurements. They are found a broad variety of ... |
ibandronic acid | Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. |
i blood-group system | A blood group related both to the ABO and P systems that includes several different antigens found in most people on erythrocytes, in milk, and in saliva. The antibodies react only at low temperatures. |
ibogaine | One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates. |
ibotenic acid | A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist. |
ibuprofen | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties |
ice | The solid substance formed by the FREEZING of water. |
icodextrin | A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gy... |
idarubicin | An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA. |
idazoxan | A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity. |
idoxuridine | An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent. |
iduronic acid | Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position. |
ifosfamide | Positional isomer of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent. |
iloprost | A stable analog of EPOPROSTENOL that is a PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR, and has cytoprotective properties. |
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