ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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imatinib mesylate | A tyrosine kinase inhibitor and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that inhibits the BCR-ABL kinase created by chromosome rearrangements in CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA and ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA, as well as PDG-derived tyrosine kinases that are overexpressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. |
imidazoles | Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES). |
imidazolidines | Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLINES which contain no double bonds in the ring. |
imidazolines | Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLES containing a single double bond. |
imides | Organic compounds containing two acyl groups bound to NITROGEN. |
imidocarb | One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported. |
imidoesters | Esters of the hypothetical imidic acids. They react with amines or amino acids to form amidines and are therefore used to modify protein structures and as cross-linking agents. |
imines | Organic compounds containing a carbon-nitrogen double bond where a NITROGEN atom can be attached to HYDROGEN or an alkyl or aryl group. |
imino acids | Carboxylic acids that contain an imino group (C=NH). |
imino furanoses | Five-carbon furanose sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom. |
imino pyranoses | Six-carbon pyranose sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom. |
imino sugars | Sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom. This substitution prevents normal METABOLISM resulting in inhibition of GLYCOSIDASES and GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES. |
imipenem | Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body sys... |
imipramine | The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. |
imiquimod | A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS. |
immune checkpoint inhibitors | Drugs that block negative regulator IMMUNE CHECKPOINT proteins (e.g., PD-1 RECEPTOR and CTLA-4 ANTIGEN) thereby increasing suppressed immune activation in immunotherapies. |
immune checkpoint proteins | Immunomodulators that regulate immune system either in stimulatory or inhibitory fashion allowing IMMUNE TOLERANCE. Activation of suppressed immune system (IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (PHYSIOLOGY)) in immunotherapy by IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS often targets inhibitory checkpoint molecules. |
immune sera | Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. |
immunoconjugates | Combinations of diagnostic or therapeutic substances linked with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; or ANTIGENS. Often the diagnostic or therapeutic substance is a radionuclide. These conjugates are useful tools for specific targeting of DRUGS and RADIOISOTOPES in the CHEMOTHERAP... |
immunodominant epitopes | Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody. |
immunoglobulin idiotypes | Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermine... |
immunologic factors | Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system. |
immunomodulating agents | Agents that alter the response of the immune system by activating (IMMUNOSTIMULANT) or suppressing (IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE) the immune system and may help the body fight cancer, infection, or other diseases. |
immunosorbents | An insoluble support for an ANTIGEN or ANTIBODIES that is used in AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY to adsorb the homologous antibody or antigen from a mixture. Many different substances are used, among them SEPHAROSE; GLUTARALDEHYDE; copolymers of ANHYDRIDES; polyacrylamides, etc. |
immunosuppressive agents | Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to preve... |
immunotoxins | Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exe... |
impromidine | A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator. |
incretins | Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially. |
indans | Aryl CYCLOPENTANES that are a reduced (protonated) form of INDENES. |
indapamide | A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. |
indazoles | A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES. |
indenes | A family of fused-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar that act as intermediates in various chemical reactions and are used in the production of coumarone-indene resins. |
indican | A substance occurring in the urine of mammals and also in blood plasma as the normal metabolite of tryptophan. An increased urinary excretion of indican is seen in Hartnup disease from the bacterial degradation of unabsorbed tryptophan. |
indigo carmine | Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk. |
indinavir | A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. |
indium | A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum. |
indocyanine green | A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output. |
indoleacetic acids | Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed) |
indole alkaloids | Group of alkaloids containing a benzylpyrrole group (derived from TRYPTOPHAN). |
indolequinones | INDOLES which have two keto groups forming QUINONES like structures of the indole aromatic ring. |
indoles | Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring. |
indolizidines | Saturated indolizines that are fused six and five-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the ring fusion. They are biosynthesized in PLANTS by cyclization of a LYSINE coupled to ACETYL COENZYME A. Many of them are naturally occurring ALKALOIDS. |
indolosesquiterpenes | Sesquiterpene compounds that contain an INDOLE. |
indomethacin | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. |
indophenol | A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry. |
indoprofen | A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21) |
indoramin | An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent. |
inducible t-cell co-stimulator ligand | A B7 antigen that binds specifically to INDUCIBLE T-CELL CO-STIMULATOR PROTEIN on T-CELLS. It provides a costimulatory signal for T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. |
inducible t-cell co-stimulator protein | A costimulatory receptor that is specific for INDUCIBLE T-CELL CO-STIMULATOR LIGAND. The receptor is associated with a diverse array of immunologically-related effects including the increased synthesis of INTERLEUKIN 10 in REGULATORY T-LYMPHOCYTES and the induction of PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. |
industrial waste | Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. |
inflammation mediators | The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC). |
influenza vaccines | Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The flu vaccines may be mono- or multi-valent, which c... |
inhibin-beta subunits | They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. |
inhibins | Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the... |
inorganic chemicals | A broad class of substances encompassing all those that do not include carbon and its derivatives as their principal elements. However, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and carbon disulfide are included in this class. |
inosine | A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed) |
inosine diphosphate | An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. |
inosine monophosphate | Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety. |
inosine pranobex | An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly. |
inosine triphosphate | Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP. |
inositol | An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. |
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate | Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticu... |
inositol phosphates | Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is PHYTIC ACID. |
inotuzumab ozogamicin | Immunotoxin that consists of anti-CD22 (CD22 ANTIGEN) humanized monoclonal antibody covalently linked to the antineoplastic antibiotic CALICHEAMICIN. It is used for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC). |
insect hormones | Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones. |
insecticides | Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. |
insect repellents | Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food. |
insulin | A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated... |
insulin antagonists | Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of insulin. |
insulin aspart | Insulin that has been modified to contain an ASPARTIC ACID instead of a PROLINE at position 38 of the B-chain. |
insulin detemir | A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS. |
insulin glargine | A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS. |
insulin, isophane | An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn. |
insulin, lente | An insulin, zinc chloride preparation in the form of a suspension of crystals and amorphous material in a ratio of approximately 7:3. Typically, lente insulin has a duration of activity that lasts between 13-20 hours after dosage. |
insulin-like growth factor i | A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIK... |
insulin-like peptides | Peptides that include INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 (IGF1), and IGF2. They influence brain development through their effects on CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; and NEUROGENESIS. They also influence post-embryonic development by serving as HORMONES; NEUROTRANSMITTERS, and GROWTH FACTORS. |
insulin lispro | Insulin that has been modified so that the B-chain contains a LYSINE at position 28 instead of a PROLINE and a PROLINE at position 29 instead of a LYSINE. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with TYPE 2 DIABETES. |
insulin, long-acting | Insulin formulations that contain substances that retard absorption thus extending the time period of action. |
insulin, regular, human | Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence. |
insulin, regular, pork | Regular insulin preparations that contain the SUS SCROFA insulin peptide sequence. |
insulins | Peptide hormones that cause an increase in the absorption of GLUCOSE by cells within organs such as LIVER; MUSCLE and ADIPOSE TISSUE. During normal metabolism insulins are produced by the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS in response to increased GLUCOSE. Natural and chemically-modified forms of insulin are also used in the treatm... |
insulin secretagogues | Hypoglycemic agents that stimulate INSULIN SECRETION from the PANCREATIC BETA CELL to decrease postprandial BLOOD GLUCOSE. |
insulin, short-acting | Insulin derivatives and preparations that are designed to induce a rapid HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT. |
insulin, ultralente | A preparation of insulin and zinc chloride in the form of a crystalline suspension. Typically the duration of ultralente insulin activity lasts between 18-30 hours after dosage. |
integrase inhibitors | Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of integrase. |
integration host factors | Bacterial proteins that are used by BACTERIOPHAGES to incorporate their DNA into the DNA of the host bacteria. They are DNA-binding proteins that function in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational regulation. |
integrin alpha4beta1 | Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal... |
integrin alphaxbeta2 | A major adhesion-associated heterodimer molecule expressed by MONOCYTES; GRANULOCYTES; NK CELLS; and some LYMPHOCYTES. The alpha subunit is the CD11C ANTIGEN, a surface antigen expressed on some myeloid cells. The beta subunit is the CD18 ANTIGEN. |
intercellular adhesion molecule-1 | A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. |
intercellular adhesion molecule-3 | A membrane glycoprotein and cell adhesion molecule expressed by LEUKOCYTES that contains multiple Ig-like domains. It is a ligand for LFA-1 (integrin alphaLbeta2) and integrin alpha-D/beta-2. Its interaction with LFA-1 may play a role in the PHAGOCYTOSIS of NEUTROPHILS by MACROPHAGES following APOPTOSIS. |
intercellular signaling peptides and proteins | Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather tha... |
interferon-alpha | One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways. |
interferon alpha-2 | Alpha interferon encoded by the human IFNA2 gene. Recombinant forms are used in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B; CHRONIC HEPATITIS C; KAPOSI SARCOMA; MELANOMA; and HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. |
interferon-beta | One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. |
interferon beta-1a | An interferon beta-1 subtype that has a methionine at position 1, a cysteine at position 17, and is glycosylated at position 80. It functions as an ANTI-VIRAL AGENT and IMMUNOMODULATOR and is used to manage the symptoms of RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. |
interferon beta-1b | A non-glycosylated form of interferon beta-1 that has a serine at position 17. It is used in the treatment of both RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS and CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. |
interferon-gamma | The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to ... |
interferon inducers | Agents that promote the production and release of interferons. They include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, and the synthetic polymers Poly A-U and Poly I-C. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons. |
interferon lambda | A specific type of interferon that is similar to INTERFERON TYPE I. It primarily functions at barrier epithelial surface, such as the respiratory tract and blood brain barrier |
interferons | Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell acti... |
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