ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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interferon type i | Interferon secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens, or allo-antigens. They include alpha- and beta-interferons (INTERFERON-ALPHA and INTERFERON-BETA). |
interleukin-1 | A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the a... |
interleukin-10 | A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein. |
interleukin-11 | A lymphohematopoietic cytokine that plays a role in regulating the proliferation of ERYTHROID PRECURSOR CELLS. It induces maturation of MEGAKARYOCYTES which results in increased production of BLOOD PLATELETS. Interleukin-11 was also initially described as an inhibitor of ADIPOGENESIS of cultured preadipocytes. |
interleukin-12 | A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GA... |
interleukin-12 subunit p35 | A subunit of interleukin-12. It binds to the INTERLEUKIN-12 SUBUNIT P40 via a disulfide bond that results in the active cytokine. |
interleukin-12 subunit p40 | A cytokine subunit that is a component of both interleukin-12 and interleukin-23. It binds to the INTERLEUKIN-12 SUBUNIT P35 via a disulfide bond to form interleukin-12 and to INTERLEUKIN-23 SUBUNIT P19 to form interleukin-23. |
interleukin-13 | A cytokine synthesized by T-LYMPHOCYTES that produces proliferation, immunoglobulin isotype switching, and immunoglobulin production by immature B-LYMPHOCYTES. It appears to play a role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. |
interleukin-15 | Cytokine that stimulates the proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and shares biological activities with IL-2. IL-15 also can induce proliferation and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES. |
interleukin-16 | A cytokine produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that stimulates the migration of CD4-POSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES and monocytes. It has been reported to suppress HIV replication. |
interleukin-17 | A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene. |
interleukin-18 | A cytokine which resembles IL-1 structurally and IL-12 functionally. It enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK CELLS and CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES, and appears to play a role both as neuroimmunomodulator and in the induction of mucosal immunity. |
interleukin-1alpha | An interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to form a secreted mature form. Unlike INTERLEUKIN-1BETA both membrane-bound and secreted forms of interleukin-1alpha are biologically active. |
interleukin-1beta | An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane. |
interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein | A ligand that binds to but fails to activate the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR. It plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of INFLAMMATION and FEVER. Several isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. |
interleukin-2 | A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes. |
interleukin-21 | INTERLEUKINS that affect the differentiation and function of LYMPHOCYTES and MYELOID CELLS and regulate both IMMUNITY, INNATE and ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY. They are also involved in the expansion of NK CELLS. |
interleukin-22 | An interleukin that plays a critical role in modulating tissue responses during inflammation, and in WOUND HEALING. |
interleukin-23 | A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-23 is comprised of a unique 19 kDa subunit and 40 kDa subunit that is shared with INTERLEUKIN-12. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells |
interleukin-23 subunit p19 | A subunit of interleukin-23. It combines with INTERLEUKIN-12 SUBUNIT P40, which is shared between the two cytokines, to form in the active interleukin-23 cytokine. |
interleukin-27 | A heterodimeric cytokine composed of the IL-27p28 and EBI3 subunits. It is produced primarily by antigen-presenting cells after stimulation by microbial products or inflammatory mediators. |
interleukin-3 | A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by LYMPHOCYTES; EPITHELIAL CELLS; and ASTROCYTES which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells. |
interleukin-33 | A member of the INTERLEUKIN-1 protein family involved in the maturation of TH2 CELLS and the activation of MAST CELLS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS and NK CELLS. It is also produced by ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; EPITHELIAL CELLS and FIBROBLASTS; where it can function as an alarmin to modulate immune and inflammatory responses to ti... |
interleukin-4 | A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells. |
interleukin-5 | A cytokine that promotes differentiation and activation of EOSINOPHILS. It also triggers activated B-LYMPHOCYTES to differentiate into IMMUNOGLOBULIN-secreting cells. |
interleukin-6 | A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS. |
interleukin-6 inhibitors | Immunosuppressive agents which inhibit the action of INTERLEUKIN-6. |
interleukin-7 | A cytokine produced by bone marrow stromal cells that promotes the growth of B-LYMPHOCYTE precursors and is co-mitogenic with INTERLEUKIN-2 for mature T-LYMPHOCYTE activation. |
interleukin-8 | A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells. |
interleukin-9 | A multifunctional cytokine secreted by primarily by activated TH2 CELLS that may play a role as a regulator of allergic INFLAMMATION. It has been shown to enhance the growth and CELL DIFFERENTIATION of MAST CELLS, and can act on a variety of other immune cells. |
interleukin inhibitors | IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS which inhibit the action of INTERLEUKINS. |
interleukins | Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. |
intermediate filament proteins | Filaments 7-11 nm in diameter found in the cytoplasm of all cells. Many specific proteins belong to this group, e.g., desmin, vimentin, prekeratin, decamin, skeletin, neurofilin, neurofilament protein, and glial fibrillary acid protein. |
inulin | A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to FRUCTOSE, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. |
invertebrate hormones | Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths. |
iodamide | An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706) |
iodates | Inorganic salts of iodic acid (HIO3). |
iodides | Inorganic binary compounds of iodine or the I- ion. |
iodine | A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. |
iodine compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain iodine as an integral part of the molecule. |
iodine isotopes | Stable iodine atoms that have the same atomic number as the element iodine, but differ in atomic weight. I-127 is the only naturally occurring stable iodine isotope. |
iodine radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes. |
iodipamide | A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography. |
iodized oil | A preparation of oil that contains covalently bound IODINE. It is commonly used as a RADIOCONTRAST AGENT and as a suspension medium for CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS. |
iodoacetamide | An alkylating sulfhydryl reagent. Its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate. |
iodoacetates | Iodinated derivatives of acetic acid. Iodoacetates are commonly used as alkylating sulfhydryl reagents and enzyme inhibitors in biochemical research. |
iodoacetic acid | A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group. |
iodobenzenes | Any derivative of BENZENE that contains IODINE. |
iodobenzoates | Benzoic acid esters or salts substituted with one or more iodine atoms. |
iodocyanopindolol | A highly selective and specific beta antagonist that is used to characterize beta-adrenoceptors. |
iodohippuric acid | An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function. |
iodophors | Complexes of iodine and non-ionic SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS acting as carrier and solubilizing agent for the iodine in water. Iodophors usually enhance bactericidal activity of iodine, reduce vapor pressure and odor, minimize staining, and allow wide dilution with water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
iodopyracet | An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706) |
iodopyridones | Iodinated pyridine derivatives that are often used as contrast media. |
iodoquinol | One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide. |
iofetamine | An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123. |
ioglycamic acid | A radiopaque medium. It is a mixture of its meglumine and sodium salts and is used to visualize the biliary tract. |
iohexol | An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality. |
ionic liquids | Salts that melt below 100 C. Their low VOLATILIZATION can be an advantage over volatile organic solvents. |
ionomycin | A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes. |
ionophores | Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling a... |
ions | An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS. |
iopamidol | A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures. |
iopanoic acid | Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid. |
iophendylate | An inert iodine-containing agent which is opaque to X-RAYS. It is used mainly for BRAIN and SPINAL CORD visualization. |
iothalamate meglumine | A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins. |
iothalamic acid | A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts. |
ioxaglic acid | A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures. |
ipecac | A syrup made from the dried rhizomes of two different species, CEPHAELIS ipecacuanha and C. acuminata. They contain EMETINE, cephaeline, psychotrine and other ISOQUINOLINES. Ipecac syrup is used widely as an emetic acting both locally on the gastric mucosa and centrally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. |
ipodate | Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704) |
ipratropium | A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to ATROPINE but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic. |
iprindole | A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257) |
iproniazid | An irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase types A and B that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has also been used as an antitubercular agent, but its use is limited by its toxicity. |
ipronidazole | An antihistomonal agent with low toxicity. It also promotes growth and feed utilization in poultry. |
irbesartan | A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease. |
iridium | A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22. |
iridoid glucosides | A subclass of iridoid compounds that include a glucoside moiety, usually found at the C-1 position. |
iridoid glycosides | A subclass of iridoid compounds that include a glycoside moiety, usually found at the C-1 position. |
iridoids | A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES). |
irinotecan | A semisynthetic camptothecin derivative that inhibits DNA TOPOISOMERASE I to prevent nucleic acid synthesis during S PHASE. It is used as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS and PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS. |
iron | A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN. |
iron carbonyl compounds | Complexes of iron atoms chelated with carbonyl ions. |
iron chelating agents | Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination links with an iron ion. Once coordination has occurred, the complex formed is called a chelate. The iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin is an example of a metal chelate found in biological systems. |
iron compounds | Organic and inorganic compounds that contain iron as an integral part of the molecule. |
iron-dextran complex | A complex of ferric oxyhydroxide with dextrans of 5000 to 7000 daltons in a viscous solution containing 50 mg/ml of iron. It is supplied as a parenteral preparation and is used as a hematinic. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1292) |
iron, dietary | Iron or iron compounds in FOOD AND BEVERAGES or DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. Iron is important in OXYGEN transport and the synthesis of the iron-porphyrin proteins such as HEMOGLOBIN; MYOGLOBIN; and CYTOCHROMES. Insufficient amounts of dietary iron can lead to IRON DEFICIENCIES. |
iron isotopes | Stable iron atoms that have the same atomic number as the element iron, but differ in atomic weight. Fe-54, 57, and 58 are stable iron isotopes. |
iron radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of iron that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Fe atoms with atomic weights 52, 53, 55, and 59-61 are radioactive iron isotopes. |
isatin | An indole-dione that is obtained by oxidation of indigo blue. It is a MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR and high levels have been found in urine of PARKINSONISM patients. |
iscoms | A formulation for presenting an antigen to induce specific immunologic responses. It consists of an assembly of antigens in multimeric form. The assembly is attached to a matrix with a built-in adjuvant, saponin. ISCOMs induce strong serum antibody responses, and are used as highly immunogenic forms of subunit vaccines... |
isethionic acid | A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid. |
islet amyloid polypeptide | A pancreatic beta-cell hormone that is co-secreted with INSULIN. It displays an anorectic effect on nutrient metabolism by inhibiting gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying and postprandial GLUCAGON secretion. Islet amyloid polypeptide can fold into AMYLOID FIBRILS that have been found as a major constituent of pancr... |
isoantigens | Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS. |
isoaspartic acid | An ASPARTIC ACID residue in polypeptide chains that is linked at the beta-carboxyl group instead of at the normal, alpha-carboxyl group, polypeptide linkage. It is a result of the spontaneous decomposition of aspartic acid or ASPARAGINE residues. |
isobutyrates | Aliphatic acids that contain four carbons in a branched-chain configuration. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-carboxypropane structure. |
isocarboxazid | An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) |
isocitrates | Derivatives of isocitric acid, a structural isomer of CITRIC ACID, including its salts and esters. |
isocoumarins | Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule. |
isocyanates | Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical. |
isodesmosine | 2-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutyl)-1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-3,5-bis(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pyridinium. A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring. |
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