ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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aminopropionitrile | Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid. |
aminopterin | A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic. |
aminopyridines | Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated but must retain at least one double bond. |
aminopyrine | A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS. |
aminoquinolines | Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more amino groups. |
aminorex | An amphetamine-like anorectic agent. It may cause pulmonary hypertension. |
aminosalicylic acid | An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid. |
aminosalicylic acids | A group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions. |
amino sugars | SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES. |
amiodarone | An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. |
amisulpride | A benzamide derivative that is used as an antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia. It is also used as an antidepressive agent. |
amitriptyline | Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. |
amitrole | A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes. |
amlodipine | A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION. |
amlodipine besylate, olmesartan medoxomil drug combination | A pharmaceutical preparation of amlodipine besylate and olmesartan medoxomil that combines ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE I RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER activities. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION. |
amlodipine, valsartan drug combination | A pharmaceutical preparation of amlodipine and valsartan that is used for the treatment of HYPERTENSION. |
ammonia | A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE. |
ammonium chloride | An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating. |
ammonium compounds | Inorganic compounds that include a positively charged tetrahedral nitrogen (ammonium ion) as part of their structure. This class of compounds includes a broad variety of simple ammonium salts and derivatives. |
ammonium hydroxide | The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution. |
ammonium sulfate | Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins. |
amobarbital | A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565) |
amodiaquine | A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties. |
amoxapine | The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression. |
amoxicillin | A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. |
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination | A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate. |
amphetamine | A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. |
amphetamines | Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. |
amphibian venoms | Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin. |
amphidinolides | Complex macrolides produced by marine dinoflagellates such as AMPHIDINIUM. Many amphidinolides and related iriomoteolides are cytotoxic which disturb MICROTUBULE activities. |
amphidinols | Long linear polyketides with polyol groups and polyolefins and core motifs of two tetrahydropyran rings produced by marine dinoflagellates such as AMPHIDINIUM. Many amphidinols are hemolytic toxins with antifungal and other cytotoxic activities. |
amphiregulin | An autocrine growth factor and mitogen for a broad range of target cells including EPITHELIAL CELLS; FIBROBLASTS and immune cells. It occurs as a membrane-bound protein that can be cleaved to release an active secreted form. |
amphotericin b | Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela. |
ampicillin | Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic. |
amprolium | A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism. |
ampyrone | A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water. |
amrinone | A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell. |
amsacrine | An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent. |
amygdalin | A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae. |
amylin receptor agonists | Compounds that stimulate the activity of AMYMIN RECEPTORS. Included under this heading is the endogenous form of ISLET AMYLOID POLYPEPTIDE and synthetic compounds that mimic its effect. |
amyl nitrite | A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac. |
amyloid beta-peptides | Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue. |
amylopectin | A highly branched glucan in starch. |
amylose | An unbranched glucan in starch. |
anabasine | A piperidine botanical insecticide. |
anabolic agents | These compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. They stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power. |
anabolic androgenic steroids | Synthetic, or human-made, variations of the male sex hormone testosterone often misused by athletes to enhance performance. |
anacardic acids | A group of 6-alkyl SALICYLIC ACIDS that are found in ANACARDIUM and known for causing CONTACT DERMATITIS. |
analgesics | Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS. |
analgesics, non-narcotic | A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS. |
analgesics, opioid | Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS. |
analgesics, short-acting | Pain-alleviating drugs characterized by rapid action time. |
anastrozole | A nitrile and triazole derivative that acts as a selective nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of ESTROGEN NUCLEAR RECEPTOR-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. |
ancitabine | Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action. |
ancrod | An enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. It is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. EC 3.4.21.-. |
androgen antagonists | Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens. |
androgen receptor antagonists | Compounds that bind to and inhibit the activation of ANDROGEN RECEPTORS. |
androgens | Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power. |
androstadienes | Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings. |
androstane-3,17-diol | The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion. |
androstanes | The family of steroids from which the androgens are derived. |
androstanols | Androstanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups. |
androstatrienes | Derivatives of the steroid androstane having three double bonds at any site in any of the rings. |
androstenediol | An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES). |
androstenediols | Unsaturated androstane derivatives which are substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position in the ring system. |
androstenedione | A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL. |
androstenes | Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings. |
androstenols | Unsaturated androstanes which are substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position in the ring system. |
androsterone | A metabolite of TESTOSTERONE or ANDROSTENEDIONE with a 3-alpha-hydroxyl group and without the double bond. The 3-beta hydroxyl isomer is epiandrosterone. |
anesthetics | Agents capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. |
anesthetics, combined | The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form. |
anesthetics, dissociative | Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) |
anesthetics, general | Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173) |
anesthetics, inhalation | Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173) |
anesthetics, intravenous | Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174) |
anesthetics, local | Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate. |
anethole trithione | Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers. |
aneugens | Agents which affect CELL DIVISION and the MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS resulting in the loss or gain of whole CHROMOSOMES, thereby inducing an ANEUPLOIDY. |
angiogenesis inhibitors | Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels. |
angiogenic proteins | Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins that regulate the proliferation of new blood vessels under normal physiological conditions (ANGIOGENESIS, PHYSIOLOGICAL). Aberrant expression of angiogenic proteins during disease states such as tumorigenesis can also result in PATHOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS. |
angiopoietin-1 | The first to be discovered member of the angiopoietin family. It may play a role in increasing the sprouting and branching of BLOOD VESSELS. Angiopoietin-1 specifically binds to and stimulates the TIE-2 RECEPTOR. Several isoforms of angiopoietin-1 occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. |
angiopoietin-2 | An angiopoietin that is closely related to ANGIOPOIETIN-1. It binds to the TIE-2 RECEPTOR without receptor stimulation and antagonizes the effect of ANGIOPOIETIN-1. However its antagonistic effect may be limited to cell receptors that occur within the vasculature. Angiopoietin-2 may therefore play a role in down-regulation of BLOOD VESSEL branching and sprouting. |
angiopoietin-like protein 1 | The first member of the Angiopoietin-like protein family to be discovered. It is considered a key endogenous ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENT which inhibits the proliferation, migration, tube formation, and adhesion of ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. |
angiopoietin-like protein 2 | A circulating angiopoietin-like protein that is expressed in a variety of tissues in response to HYPOXIA. It acts by inducing angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration. |
angiopoietin-like protein 3 | An angiopoietin-like protein that plays a role in regulation of LIPOPROTEIN metabolism. |
angiopoietin-like protein 4 | A secreted angiopoietin-like protein expressed under hypoxic conditions by ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. It inhibits cell proliferation, cell migration, and tubule formation; the inactive form accumulates in the endothelial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, reducing vascular leakage. ANGPTL4 has direct roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as INSULIN SENSITIVITY, and may also function as a regulator of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. |
angiopoietin-like protein 6 | An angiopoietin-like protein that is expressed in LIVER and involved in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE; LIPID METABOLISM; and ENERGY METABOLISM. |
angiopoietin-like protein 7 | An angiopoietin-like protein that is expressed in NERVE TISSUE, KERATOCONUS corneas, TRABECULAR MESHWORK. |
angiopoietin-like protein 8 | A nutritionally-regulated factor found in the LIVER. It plays a role in lipid metabolism and VLDL secretion in the liver. It was originally called betatrophin due to its suspected role as a peptide hormone that stimulates beta cell proliferation. |
angiopoietin-like proteins | A family of proteins that is structurally similar to ANGIOPOIETINS but do not bind angiopoietin receptors. They are characterized by an amino-terminal coiled-coil domain, a linker region, and a carboxy-terminal FIBRINOGEN-like domain with the exception of ANGPTL8, which lacks the fibrinogen-like domain. They function in a variety of developmental and physiological processes, including INFLAMMATION, lipid metabolism, hematopoietic stem cell activity, and cancer metastasis. |
angiopoietins | A family of structurally related angiogenic proteins of approximately 70 kDa in size. They have high specificity for members of the TIE RECEPTOR FAMILY. |
angiostatic proteins | Proteins that specifically inhibit the growth of new blood vessels (ANGIOGENESIS, PHYSIOLOGIC). |
angiostatins | Circulating 38-kDa proteins that are internal peptide fragments of PLASMINOGEN. The name derives from the fact that they are potent ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS. Angiostatins contain four KRINGLE DOMAINS which are associated with their potent angiostatic activity. |
angiotensin amide | The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction. |
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. |
angiotensin i | A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. |
angiotensin ii | An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS. |
angiotensin iii | A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%). |
angiotensin ii type 1 receptor blockers | Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS. |
angiotensin ii type 2 receptor blockers | Agents that antagonize the ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 2 RECEPTOR. |
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