ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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angiotensinogen | An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by R... |
angiotensin receptor antagonists | Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. |
angiotensins | Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid homeostasis via the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. These include angiotensins derived naturally from precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, and those synthesized. |
angucyclines and angucyclinones | Polycyclic aromatic polyketides with tetracyclic angular benz(a)anthracene skeletons. Angucyclines and related angucyclinones are produced by Actinomycetes, e.g., STREPTOMYCES, using type II polyketide synthase involving condensation of acetyl CoA and 9 malonyl-CoA. |
anhydrides | Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. |
anidulafungin | Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS. |
anilides | Any aromatic amide obtained by acylation of aniline. |
aniline compounds | Compounds that include the aminobenzene structure. |
aniline mustard | Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent. |
anilino naphthalenesulfonates | A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. They are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents. |
anions | Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. |
anisoles | A group of compounds that are derivatives of methoxybenzene and contain the general formula R-C7H7O. |
anisomycin | An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system. |
anserine | A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE. |
antacids | Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. |
antagomirs | Chemically-engineered oligonucleotides used to selectively inhibit expression of target genes through sequence-specific binding of corresponding microRNA (miRNA) sites. |
antazoline | An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors. |
anthelmintics | Agents that kill parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal. |
anthocyanins | A group of FLAVONOIDS derived from FLAVONOLS, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. They are glycosylated versions of cyanidin, pelargonidin or delphinidin. The conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants. |
anthracenes | A group of compounds with three aromatic rings joined in linear arrangement. |
anthracyclines | Organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine. |
anthralin | An anthracene derivative that disrupts function and structure of MITOCHONDRIA and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS. |
anthramycin | A broad-spectrum spectrum antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces refuineus var. thermotolerans. It has low toxicity, some activity against Trichomonas and Endamoeba, and inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis. It binds irreversibly to DNA. |
anthraquinones | Compounds based on ANTHRACENES which contain two KETONES in any position. Substitutions can be in any position except on the ketone groups. |
anthrax vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX. |
anthrones | Anthracenes with one ketone group, typically 9,10-dihydroanthracene carrying an oxo group at C-9. |
anti-allergic agents | Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p475) |
anti-anxiety agents | Agents that alleviate ANXIETY, tension, and ANXIETY DISORDERS, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. |
anti-arrhythmia agents | Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups ac... |
anti-asthmatic agents | Drugs that are used to treat asthma. |
anti-bacterial agents | Substances that inhibit the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA. |
antibiotics, antineoplastic | Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms. |
antibiotics, antitubercular | Substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic. |
antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic | Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES and/or MONOCYTES. They are used as specific markers for GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three d... |
anticarcinogenic agents | Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved. |
anticestodal agents | Agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals. |
anticholesteremic agents | Substances used to lower plasma CHOLESTEROL levels. |
anticoagulant reversal agents | Agents that have the potential to reverse specific anticoagulation therapies. |
anticoagulants | Agents that prevent BLOOD CLOTTING. |
anticonvulsants | Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity. |
antidepressive agents | Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESS... |
antidepressive agents, second-generation | A structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake. |
antidepressive agents, tricyclic | Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However, the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not cle... |
antidiarrheals | Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition. |
antidiuretic agents | Agents that reduce the excretion of URINE, most notably the octapeptide VASOPRESSINS. |
antidiuretic hormone receptor antagonists | Endogenous compounds and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of ANTIDUIRETIC HORMONE RECEPTORS. |
antidotes | Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS. |
anti-dyskinesia agents | Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias. |
antiemetics | Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING. |
antifibrinolytic agents | Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders. |
antifibrotic agents | These agents are used to reduce FIBROSIS affecting organs and formation of scar TISSUES such as in SCLERODERMA patients. |
antifoaming agents | Agents used to prevent the formation of foam or to treat flatulence or bloat. |
antifungal agents | Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. |
antigen-antibody complex | The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES. |
antigens | Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction. |
antigens, archaeal | Substances of archaeal origin that have antigenic activity. |
antigens, bacterial | Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity. |
antigens, cd | Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the... |
antigens, cd1 | Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS. |
antigens, cd19 | Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation. |
antigens, cd1d | A major histocompatibility complex class I-like protein that contains an IMMUNOGLOBULIN C1-SET DOMAIN. It plays a unique role in the presentation of lipid ANTIGENS to NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. |
antigens, cd20 | Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation. |
antigens, cd34 | Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. |
antigens, cd7 | Differentiation antigens expressed on pluripotential hematopoietic cells, most human thymocytes, and a major subset of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. They have been implicated in integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and as signalling receptors on T-cells. |
antigens, dermatophagoides | Antigens from the house dust mites (DERMATOPHAGOIDES), mainly D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. They are proteins, found in mite feces or mite extracts, that can cause ASTHMA and other allergic diseases such as perennial rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL) and atopic dermatitis (DERMATITIS, ATOPIC). More than 11 gr... |
antigens, differentiation | Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation. |
antigens, differentiation, b-lymphocyte | Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin. |
antigens, differentiation, myelomonocytic | Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas. |
antigens, differentiation, t-lymphocyte | Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function. |
antigens, fungal | Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity. |
antigens, helminth | Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes. |
antigens, heterophile | Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species. |
antigens, human platelet | Human alloantigens expressed only on platelets, specifically on platelet membrane glycoproteins. These platelet-specific antigens are immunogenic and can result in pathological reactions to transfusion therapy. |
antigens, ly | A group of lymphocyte surface antigens located on mouse LYMPHOCYTES. Specific Ly antigens are useful markers for distinguishing subpopulations of lymphocytes. |
antigens, neoplasm | Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin. |
antigens, nuclear | Immunologically detectable substances found in the CELL NUCLEUS. |
antigens, plant | Substances found in PLANTS that have antigenic activity. |
antigens, polyomavirus transforming | Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is nec... |
antigens, protozoan | Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered. |
antigens, surface | Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated. |
antigens, t-independent | Antigens which may directly stimulate B lymphocytes without the cooperation of T lymphocytes. |
antigens, tumor-associated, carbohydrate | Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies. |
antigens, viral | Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. |
antigens, viral, tumor | Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation. |
antiglaucoma agents | Agents used to preserve visual function by decreasing INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (IOP) by targeting the AQUEOUS HUMOR. |
antiglycation agents | Compounds that reduce the non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids AND thus reducing the formation of ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS. |
anti-hiv agents | Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. |
antihyperkalemic agents | Compounds used to lower excessive POTASSIUM levels in the body. |
antihypertensive agents | Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS;... |
anti-infective agents | Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. |
anti-infective agents, local | Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects. |
anti-infective agents, urinary | Substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading. |
anti-inflammatory agents | Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION. |
anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroidal | Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors o... |
antilymphocyte serum | Serum containing GAMMA-GLOBULINS which are antibodies for lymphocyte ANTIGENS. It is used both as a test for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY and therapeutically in TRANSPLANTATION. |
antimalarials | Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585) |
antimanic agents | Agents that are used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders. |
antimetabolites | Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033) |
antimetabolites, antineoplastic | Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy. |
antimicrobial cationic peptides | Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group include... |
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