ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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teprotide | A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent. |
teratogens | An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo. |
terbinafine | A naphthalene derivative that inhibits fungal SQUALENE EPOXIDASE and is used to treat DERMATOMYCOSES of the skin and nails. |
terbium | An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92. |
terbutaline | A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. |
terfenadine | A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME. |
teriparatide | A polypeptide that consists of the 1-34 amino-acid fragment of human PARATHYROID HORMONE, the biologically active N-terminal region. The acetate form is given by intravenous infusion in the differential diagnosis of HYPOPARATHYROIDISM and PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995) |
terlipressin | An inactive peptide prodrug that is slowly converted in the body to lypressin. It is used to control bleeding of ESOPHAGEAL VARICES and for the treatment of HEPATORENAL SYNDROME. |
terpenes | A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES. |
terphenyl compounds | Compounds consisting of benzene rings linked to each other in either ortho, meta or para positions. Permitted are any substitutions, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed. |
tert-butyl alcohol | An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon. |
tert-butylhydroperoxide | A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules. |
testicular hormones | Hormones produced in the testis. |
testolactone | An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer. |
testosterone | A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL. |
testosterone congeners | Steroidal compounds related to TESTOSTERONE, the major mammalian male sex hormone. Testosterone congeners include important testosterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with androgenic activities. |
testosterone propionate | An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position. |
tetanus antitoxin | An antitoxin used for the treatment of TETANUS. |
tetanus toxin | Protein synthesized by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI as a single chain of ~150 kDa with 35% sequence identity to BOTULINUM TOXIN that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. Tetanolysin is the hemolytic and tetanospasmin is the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal CONVULSIONS. |
tetrabenazine | A drug formerly used as an antipsychotic and treatment of various movement disorders. Tetrabenazine blocks neurotransmitter uptake into adrenergic storage vesicles and has been used as a high affinity label for the vesicle transport system. |
tetracaine | A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia. |
tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | A polychlorinated dioxin formed as a by-product of incomplete combustion. It has been shown to be carcinogenic in experimental studies, and is an environmental toxin, with potential health risks to humans. This is a CTD-exclusive term that describes a chemical often referenced in the toxicology literature. The MeSH ID below was used by MeSH when this chemical was part of the MeSH controlled vocabulary. |
tetrachloroethylene | A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen. |
tetrachlorvinphos | An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
tetracycline | A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis. |
tetracyclines | Closely congeneric derivatives of the polycyclic naphthacenecarboxamide. (Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1117) |
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate | A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA. |
tetraethylammonium | A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90) |
tetraethylammonium compounds | Quaternary ammonium compounds that consist of an ammonium cation where the central nitrogen atom is bonded to four ethyl groups. |
tetraethyl lead | A highly toxic compound used as a gasoline additive. It causes acute toxic psychosis or chronic poisoning if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. |
tetragastrin | L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin. |
tetrahydrofolates | Compounds based on 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate. |
tetrahydroisoquinolines | A group of ISOQUINOLINES in which the nitrogen containing ring is protonated. They derive from the non-enzymatic Pictet-Spengler condensation of CATECHOLAMINES with ALDEHYDES. |
tetrahydronaphthalenes | Partially saturated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene compounds. |
tetrahydropapaveroline | A leukomaine (animal alkaloid) formed in brain and liver from dopamine and L-dopa; it may be implicated in psychiatric problems. |
tetrahydrouridine | An inhibitor of nucleotide metabolism. |
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide | N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process. |
tetralones | A group of TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENES containing a keto oxygen. |
tetramethylphenylenediamine | Used in the form of the hydrochloride as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. |
tetranitromethane | Corrosive oxidant, explosive; additive to diesel and rocket fuels; causes skin and lung irritation; proposed war gas. A useful reagent for studying the modification of specific amino acids, particularly tyrosine residues in proteins. Has also been used for studying carbanion formation and for detecting the presence of double bonds in organic compounds. |
tetraoxanes | Compounds with two peroxide groups, that is, two pairs of adjacent OXYGEN atoms. They may have activity against PLASMODIUM similar to the ARTEMISININS. |
tetraphenylborate | An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays. |
tetrapyrroles | Four PYRROLES joined by one-carbon unit linking position 2 of one to position 5 of the next. The conjugated bond system results in PIGMENTATION. |
tetrathionic acid | A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. |
tetrazolium salts | Quaternary salts derived from tetrazoles. They are used in tests to distinguish between reducing sugars and simple aldehydes, for detection of dehydrogenase in tissues, cells, and bacteria, for determination of corticosteroids, and in color photography. (From Mall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed, p455) |
tetrodotoxin | An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction. |
tetroses | Monosaccharide sugar molecules that contain a four carbon backbone. |
tgf-beta superfamily proteins | A large family of cell regulatory proteins which are structurally related to TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. The superfamily is subdivided into at least three related protein families: BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS; GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTORS; and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTORS. |
thalidomide | A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. |
thallium | A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl. |
thapsigargin | A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. |
thebaine | A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
thenoyltrifluoroacetone | Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration. |
theobromine | 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9) |
theophylline | A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP. |
therapeutic uses | Uses of chemicals which affect the course of conditions, diseases, syndromes or pathology to benefit the health of an individual. |
thiabendazole | 2-Substituted benzimidazole first introduced in 1962. It is active against a variety of nematodes and is the drug of choice for STRONGYLOIDIASIS. It has CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM side effects and hepatototoxic potential. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p919) |
thiadiazoles | Heterocyclic compounds composed of a five-membered heterocyclic ring which contains one sulfur and two nitrogen atoms. |
thiamethoxam | A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide. |
thiamine | 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2- hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride. |
thiamine monophosphate | Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate. |
thiamine pyrophosphate | The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX. |
thiamine triphosphate | 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-4-methyl-5-(4,6,8,8-tetrahydroxy-3,5,7-trioxa-4,6,8-triphosphaoct-1-yl)thiazolium hydroxide, inner salt, P,P',P''-trioxide. The triphosphate ester of thiamine. In Leigh's disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation. |
thiamphenicol | A methylsulfonyl analog of CHLORAMPHENICOL. It is an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent. |
thiamylal | A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919) |
thiazepines | Compounds that are derivatives of THIEPINS, with a nitrogen replacing a carbon in the seven-membered heterocyclic compound. |
thiazides | Heterocyclic compounds with SULFUR and NITROGEN in the ring. This term commonly refers to the BENZOTHIADIAZINES that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS. |
thiazoles | Heterocyclic compounds where the ring system is composed of three CARBON atoms, a SULFUR and NITROGEN atoms. |
thiazolidinediones | THIAZOLES with two keto oxygens. Members are insulin-sensitizing agents which overcome INSULIN RESISTANCE by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). |
thiazolidines | Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES. |
thienamycins | Beta-lactam antibiotics that differ from PENICILLINS in having the thiazolidine sulfur atom replaced by carbon, the sulfur then becoming the first atom in the side chain. They are unstable chemically, but have a very broad antibacterial spectrum. Thienamycin and its more stable derivatives are proposed for use in combinations with enzyme inhibitors. |
thienopyridines | Heterocyclic compounds that contain 4H,5H,6H,7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyridine as part of their structure. |
thiethylperazine | A dopamine antagonist that is particularly useful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia, mildly emetic cancer chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and toxins. This piperazine phenothiazine does not prevent vertigo or motion sickness. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p457) |
thimerosal | An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate. |
thioacetamide | A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen. |
thioacetazone | A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217) |
thioamides | Organic compounds containing the radical -CSNH2. |
thiobarbiturates | Compounds in which one or more of the ketone groups on the pyrimidine ring of barbituric acid are replaced by thione groups. |
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances | Low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of lipid peroxidation products. These compounds react with thiobarbituric acid to form a fluorescent red adduct. |
thiocarbamates | Carbamates in which the -CO- group has been replaced by a -CS- group. |
thiocholine | A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain. |
thioctic acid | An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. |
thiocyanates | Organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula R-SCN. |
thiogalactosides | Galactosides in which the oxygen atom linking the sugar and aglycone is replaced by a sulfur atom. |
thioglycolates | Organic esters of thioglycolic acid (HS-CH2COOH). |
thioguanine | An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia. |
thiohydantoins | Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups. |
thioinosine | Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503) |
thiomalates | Derivatives of thiomalic acid (the structural formula (COOH)CHSH(COOH)), including its salts and esters. |
thiones | Sulfur-containing compounds also known as thioketones of general formula R2C=S. |
thionins | Antimicrobial peptides of 45-47 amino acids and typically with four disulfide bridges. They are found in PLANTS. Type-V thionins lack the C-terminal nonapeptide. This should not be confused with thionine. |
thionucleosides | Nucleosides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms. |
thionucleotides | Nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms. |
thiopental | A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration. |
thiophanate | Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties. |
thiophenes | A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur. |
thioridazine | A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA. |
thiorphan | A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms. |
thiostrepton | One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders. |
thiosugars | Sugar analogs in which the ring oxygen is replaced by a sulfur. |
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