ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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topoisomerase ii inhibitors | Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II. Included in this category are a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS which target the eukaryotic form of topoisomerase II and ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS which target the prokaryotic form of topoisomerase II. |
topoisomerase i inhibitors | Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE I. |
topoisomerase inhibitors | Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASES. |
topotecan | An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. |
toremifene | A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue. |
torsemide | A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION. |
tosylarginine methyl ester | Arginine derivative which is a substrate for many proteolytic enzymes. As a substrate for the esterase from the first component of complement, it inhibits the action of C(l) on C(4). |
tosyl compounds | Toluenesulfonyl compounds with general formula CH3C6H4S(O2)R” widely used to block amino groups in the course of syntheses of drugs and other biologically active compounds. |
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone | An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process. |
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone | An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process. |
toxaphene | A very complex, but reproducible mixture of at least 177 C10 polychloro derivatives, having an approximate overall empirical formula of C10-H10-Cl8. It is used as an insecticide and may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
toxic actions | A broad category of chemical actions with harmful or deadly effect on living organisms. |
toxiferine | A curare alkaloid that is a very potent competitive nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction. |
toxins, biological | Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS. |
toxoids | Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA. |
toyocamycin | 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry. |
trabectedin | A complex structure that includes isoquinolines joined by a cyclic ester; it is a DNA-binding agent and guanine N2 alkylator derived from the marine tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata. Trabectedin is used for the treatment of advanced soft-tissue SARCOMA, after failure of ANTHRACYCLINES or IFOSFAMIDE drug therapy. |
trace elements | A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) |
tragacanth | Powdered exudate from Astragalus gummifer and related plants. It forms gelatinous mass in water. Tragacanth is used as suspending agent, excipient or emulsifier in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It has also been used as a bulk-forming laxative. |
tramadol | A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. |
tranexamic acid | Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. |
tranquilizing agents | A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS (minor tranquilizers), ANTIMANIC AGENTS, and the ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. |
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride | An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis. |
transactinide series elements | A series of radioactive elements with atomic numbers greater than 103. Current members include Rutherfordium, atomic number 104, to and including Ununoctium, atomic number 118. All members are synthetic with short half-lives. |
transcortin | A serpin family member that binds to and transports GLUCOCORTICOIDS in the BLOOD. |
transcription activator-like effectors | Virulence factors of pathogenic plant bacteria, such as XANTHOMONAS species, that bind to specific sequences in the PROMOTER REGIONS of host DNA to induce transcription of specific host genes. Variations in the DNA binding domain of TALE family members account for the variations in DNA specificity. The TALE DNA-binding domains are used in various GENETIC TECHNIQUES by fusing them with various DNA modifying enzymes to detect and manipulate sequence-specific targeted DNA sites. |
trans fatty acids | UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS that contain at least one double bond in the trans configuration, which results in a greater bond angle than the cis configuration. This results in a more extended fatty acid chain similar to SATURATED FATTY ACIDS, with closer packing and reduced fluidity. HYDROGENATION of unsaturated fatty acids increases the trans content. |
transfer factor | Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. |
transforming growth factor alpha | An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR. |
transforming growth factor beta | A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. |
transforming growth factor beta1 | A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME. |
transforming growth factor beta2 | A TGF-beta subtype that was originally identified as a GLIOBLASTOMA-derived factor which inhibits the antigen-dependent growth of both helper and CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta2 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. |
transforming growth factor beta3 | A TGF-beta subtype that plays role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryonic development. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta3 and TGF-beta3 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. |
transforming growth factors | Hormonally active polypeptides that can induce the transformed phenotype when added to normal, non-transformed cells. They have been found in culture fluids from retrovirally transformed cells and in tumor-derived cells as well as in non-neoplastic sources. Their transforming activities are due to the simultaneous action of two otherwise unrelated factors, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. |
transition elements | Elements with partially filled d orbitals. They constitute groups 3-12 of the periodic table of elements. |
tranylcypromine | A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) |
trapidil | A coronary vasodilator agent. |
travoprost | A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION. |
trazodone | A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309) |
trefoil factor-1 | A 60 amino acid (6.5 kDa) trefoil factor that contains a single trefoil domain. It is expressed primarily by surface EPITHELIAL CELLS of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, where it associates with MUCIN 5AC. |
trefoil factor-2 | A 106 amino acid (12 kDa) trefoil factor that contains two trefoil domains and associates with MUCIN-6. It is expressed in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT by cells of BRUNNER GLANDS; PYLORIC GLANDS and mucous neck cells. It inhibits GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY and GASTRIC ACID secretion and may help maintain the structural integrity of gastric mucus. |
trefoil factor-3 | A 59 amino acid (6.6 kDa) trefoil factor that contains a single trefoil domain. It is expressed in all tissues with MUCOUS MEMBRANES, including GOBLET CELLS of the SMALL INTESTINE and LARGE INTESTINE. It associates with MUCIN-2 in the small intestine and may regulate epithelial CELL MIGRATION and WOUND HEALING. |
trefoil factors | A family of small peptides expressed primarily by MUCOUS MEMBRANE EPITHELIAL CELLS in vertebrates. Their structure is highly conserved and is defined by a three-leaved (trefoil) domain of 42 or 43 amino acids; it includes six cysteines that create the trefoil structure through disulfide bridges. Trefoil peptides may form dimers with each other, or associate with MUCINS and other factors. They are important for maintaining epithelial integrity and for protection from noxious agents. |
trenbolone acetate | An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice. |
tretinoin | An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE). |
tretoquinol | An adrenergic beta-agonist used as a bronchodilator agent in asthma therapy. |
triacetin | A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent. |
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl | Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent. |
trialkyltin compounds | Organometallic compounds which contain tin and three alkyl groups. |
triallate | A pre-emergence, selective herbicide for the control of wild oats in various crops. |
triamcinolone | A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739) |
triamcinolone acetonide | An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. |
triamterene | A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. |
triazenes | Compounds with three contiguous nitrogen atoms in linear format, H2N-N=NH, and hydrocarbyl derivatives. |
triazines | Heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms, commonly in 1,2,4 or 1,3,5 or 2,4,6 formats. Some are used as HERBICIDES. |
triaziquone | Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys. |
triazolam | A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. |
triazoles | Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3. |
tricarboxylic acids | Organic compounds that are acyclic and contain three acid groups. A member of this class is citric acid which is the first product formed by reaction of pyruvate and oxaloacetate. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p443) |
trichlorfon | An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed) |
trichlormethiazide | A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830) |
trichloroacetic acid | A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts. |
trichloroepoxypropane | A potent epoxide hydrase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitor. It enhances the tumor-initiating ability of certain carcinogens. |
trichloroethanes | Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers. |
trichloroethylene | A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment. |
trichodermin | Antifungal metabolite from several fungi, mainly Trichoderma viride; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes; proposed as antifungal and antineoplastic; used as tool in cellular biochemistry. |
trichophytin | Antigens from the genus TRICHOPHYTON. Trichophytin has been used in studies of immunological responses to these dermatophytes. |
trichothecenes | Usually 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes, produced by Fusaria, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma and other fungi, and some higher plants. They may contaminate food or feed grains, induce emesis and hemorrhage in lungs and brain, and damage bone marrow due to protein and DNA synthesis inhibition. |
trichothecenes, type a | A subclass of Trichothecene derivatives that include the 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene structure of the molecule with the C-8 position containing either no oxygen substitution, a hydroxyl group at C-8, or an ester function at C-8. |
trichothecenes, type b | A subclass of Trichothecene derivatives that include the 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene structure with a keto (carbonyl) function at C-8. |
trichothecenes, type c | A subclass of Trichothecene derivatives that includes the 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene structure with an epoxide oxygen bond to the C7 and C8 carbon atoms. |
triclabendazole | Benzimidazole antiplatyhelmintic agent that is used for the treatment of FASCIOLIASIS and PARAGONIMIASIS. |
triclosan | A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. |
trientine | An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION. |
triethylenemelamine | Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers. |
triethylenephosphoramide | An insect chemosterilant and an antineoplastic agent. |
triethyltin compounds | Organic compounds composed of tin and three ethyl groups. Affect mitochondrial metabolism and inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by acting directly on the energy conserving processes. |
trifluoperazine | A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE. It is used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic. |
trifluoroacetic acid | A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis. |
trifluoroethanol | A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications. |
trifluperidol | A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621) |
triflupromazine | A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic. |
trifluralin | A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide. |
trifluridine | An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557) |
triglycerides | An ester formed from GLYCEROL and three fatty acid groups. |
trihalomethanes | Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different. |
trihexosylceramides | Glycosphingolipids which contain as their polar head group a trisaccharide (galactose-galactose-glucose) moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in ceramide trihexosidase, is the cause of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (FABRY DISEASE). |
trihexyphenidyl | One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic. |
triiodobenzoic acids | Triiodo-substituted derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. |
triiodothyronine | A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3. |
triiodothyronine, reverse | A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. |
trimebutine | Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders. |
trimecaine | Acetanilide derivative used as a local anesthetic. |
trimedoxime | Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning. |
trimeprazine | A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic. |
trimetazidine | A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease. |
trimethadione | An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378) |
trimethaphan | A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery. |
trimethoprim | A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported. |
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination | A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS. |
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