ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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trimethyl ammonium compounds | QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS containing three methyl groups, having the general formula of (CH3)3N+R. |
trimethylsilyl compounds | Organic silicon derivatives used to characterize hydroxysteroids, nucleosides, and related compounds. Trimethylsilyl esters of amino acids are used in peptide synthesis. |
trimethyltin compounds | Organic compounds composed of tin and three methyl groups. Affect mitochondrial metabolism and inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by acting directly on the energy conserving processes. |
trimetrexate | A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. |
trimipramine | Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties. |
trinitrobenzenes | Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position. |
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid | A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups. |
trinitrotoluene | A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences. |
triolein | (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester. |
trioses | Monosaccharide molecules that contain a three carbon backbone. |
triose sugar alcohols | Sugar alcohol molecules that contain three carbons. |
trioxsalen | Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo. |
triparanol | Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts. |
tripelennamine | A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically. |
triphenylmethyl compounds | Derivatives of triphenylmethane. |
triprolidine | Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness. |
triptorelin pamoate | A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6. |
trisaccharides | Oligosaccharides containing three monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. |
triterpenes | A class of terpenes (the general formula C30H48) formed by the condensation of six isoprene units, equivalent to three terpene units. |
tritium | The radioactive isotope of hydrogen also known as hydrogen-3. It contains two NEUTRONS and one PROTON in its nucleus and decays to produce low energy BETA PARTICLES. |
tritolyl phosphates | A mixture of isomeric tritolyl phosphates. Used in the sterilization of certain surgical instruments and in many industrial processes. |
troglitazone | A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity. |
troleandomycin | A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN. |
tromethamine | An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424) |
tropanes | N-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes best known for the ones found in PLANTS. |
tropicamide | One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic. |
tropisetron | An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting. |
tropolone | A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS). |
tropomodulin | An actin capping protein that binds to the pointed-end of ACTIN. It functions in the presence of TROPOMYOSIN to inhibit microfilament elongation. |
tropomyosin | A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by TROPONIN. |
troponin | One of the minor protein components of skeletal and cardiac muscles. It functions as the calcium-binding component in a complex with BETA-TROPOMYOSIN; ACTIN; and MYOSIN and confers calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. Troponin itself is a complex of three regulatory proteins (TROPONIN C; TROPONIN I; and TROPONIN T). |
troponin c | A TROPONIN complex subunit that binds calcium and help regulate calcium-dependent muscle contraction. There are two troponin C subtypes: troponin C1 and C2. Troponin C1 is skeletal and cardiac type whereas troponin C2 is skeletal type. Troponin C1 is a BIOMARKER for damaged or injured CARDIAC MYOCYTES and mutations in troponin C1 gene are associated with FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. |
troponin i | A TROPONIN complex subunit that inhibits ACTOMYOSIN ATPASE activity thereby disrupting ACTIN and MYOSIN interaction. There are three troponin I subtypes: troponin I1, I2 and I3. Troponin I3 is cardiac-specific whereas troponin I1 and I2 are skeletal subtypes. Troponin I3 is a BIOMARKER for damaged or injured CARDIAC MYOCYTES and mutations in troponin I3 gene are associated with FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. |
troponin t | A TROPONIN complex subunit that binds to TROPOMYOSIN. There are three troponin T subtypes: troponin T1, T2 and T3. Troponin T2 is cardiac-specific whereas troponin T2 and T3 are skeletal subtypes. Troponin T2 is a BIOMARKER for damaged or injured CARDIAC MYOCYTES and mutations in troponin T2 gene are associated with FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. |
trypan blue | A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain. |
trypanocidal agents | Agents destructive to the protozoal organisms belonging to the suborder TRYPANOSOMATINA. |
trypsin inhibitor, kazal pancreatic | A secreted KAZAL MOTIF-containing serine peptidase inhibitor that inhibits TRYPSIN. It is a protein composed of 56 amino acid residues and is different in amino acid composition and physiological activity from the Kunitz bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (APROTININ). It protects against the trypsin-mediated premature activation of ENZYME PRECURSORS in the PANCREAS. Mutations in the SPINK1 gene are associated with CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. |
trypsin inhibitors | Serine proteinase inhibitors which inhibit trypsin. They may be endogenous or exogenous compounds. |
tryptamines | Decarboxylated monoamine derivatives of TRYPTOPHAN. |
tryptophan | An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. |
tubercidin | An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids. |
tuberculin | A protein extracted from boiled culture of tubercle bacilli (MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS). It is used in the tuberculin skin test (TUBERCULIN TEST) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in asymptomatic persons. |
tuberculosis vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat TUBERCULOSIS. |
tubocurarine | A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. |
tubulin | A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE. |
tubulin modulators | Agents that interact with TUBULIN to inhibit or promote polymerization of MICROTUBULES. |
tuftsin | N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule. |
tumor necrosis factor-alpha | Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS. |
tumor necrosis factor inhibitors | Compounds or agents that bind to and inhibit the synthesis or activity of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-alpha. Such agents are used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases and other inflammatory diseases. |
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13 | A member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily found on MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS and T-LYMPHOCYTES. It occurs as transmembrane protein that can be cleaved to release a secreted form that specifically binds to TRANSMEMBRANE ACTIVATOR AND CAML INTERACTOR PROTEIN; and B CELL MATURATION ANTIGEN. |
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 | A member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily found on activated LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES. It occurs as transmembrane protein that can be cleaved to release a secreted form that specifically binds to LYMPHOTOXIN BETA RECEPTOR and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILY, MEMBER 14. |
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15 | A member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily found on ENDOTHELIAL CELLS that plays a role in the inhibition of endothelial cell growth and PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. |
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 7 | A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on most T-LYMPHOCYTES. Activation of the receptor by CD70 ANTIGEN results in the increased proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS. |
tumor necrosis factors | A family of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to cause NECROSIS of NEOPLASMS. Their necrotic effect on cells is mediated through TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS which induce APOPTOSIS. |
tungsten | A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. |
tungsten compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain tungsten as an integral part of the molecule. |
tunicamycin | An N-acetylglycosamine containing antiviral antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It is also active against some bacteria and fungi, because it inhibits the glucosylation of proteins. Tunicamycin is used as tool in the study of microbial biosynthetic mechanisms. |
turpentine | The concrete oleoresin obtained from PINACEAE such as longleaf pine (Pinus palustris). It contains a volatile oil, to which its properties are due, and to which form it is generally used. Turpentine is used as a solvent and an experimental irritant in biomedical research. |
tylosin | Macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. The drug is effective against many microorganisms in animals but not in humans. |
typhoid-paratyphoid vaccines | Vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER and/or PARATYPHOID FEVER which are caused by various species of SALMONELLA. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist. |
tyramine | An indirect sympathomimetic that occurs naturally in cheese and other foods. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and MONOAMINE OXIDASE to prolong the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals and may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. |
tyrocidine | An antibiotic mixture produced by Bacillus brevis which may be separated into three components, tyrocidines A, B, and C. It is the major constituent (40-60 per cent) of tyrothricin, gramicidin accounting for the remaining 10-20 per cent active material. It is a topical antimicrobial agent, that is very toxic parenterally. |
tyropanoate | A diagnostic aid as a radiopaque medium in cholecystography. |
tyrosine | A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin. |
tyrosine kinase inhibitors | Protein kinase inhibitors that inhibit TYROSINE PROTEIN KINASES. |
tyrothricin | A polypeptide antibiotic mixture obtained from Bacillus brevis. It consists of a mixture of three tyrocidines (60%) and several gramicidins (20%) and is very toxic to blood, liver, kidneys, meninges, and the olfactory apparatus. It is used topically. |
tyrphostins | A family of synthetic protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. They selectively inhibit receptor autophosphorylation and are used to study receptor function. |
ubiquinone | A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. |
umbelliferones | 7-Hydroxycoumarins. Substances present in many plants, especially umbelliferae. Umbelliferones are used in sunscreen preparations and may be mutagenic. Their derivatives are used in liver therapy, as reagents, plant growth factors, sunscreens, insecticides, parasiticides, choleretics, spasmolytics, etc. |
uncoupling agents | Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. |
undecylenic acids | Salts and derivatives of undecylenic acid. |
unithiol | A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning. |
uracil | One of four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid RNA. |
uracil mustard | Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage. |
uracil nucleotides | A group of pyrimidine NUCLEOTIDES which contain URACIL. |
uranium | A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. |
uranium compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain uranium as an integral part of the molecule. |
uranyl nitrate | Bis(nitrato-O)dioxouranium. A compound used in photography and the porcelain industry. It causes severe renal insufficiency and renal tubular necrosis in mammals and is an effective lymphocyte mitogen. |
urea | A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. |
uremic toxins | Biological solutes retained and accumulated due to kidney impairment that contribute to uremia/chronic kidney disease. |
urethane | Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen. |
uric acid | An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN. |
uricosuric agents | Gout suppressants that act directly on the renal tubule to increase the excretion of uric acid, thus reducing its concentrations in plasma. |
uridine | A ribonucleoside in which RIBOSE is linked to URACIL. |
uridine diphosphate | A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. |
uridine diphosphate galactose | A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose. |
uridine diphosphate glucose | A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids. |
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid | A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. |
uridine diphosphate n-acetylgalactosamine | A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides. |
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine | Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins. |
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid | A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed. |
uridine diphosphate sugars | Nucleotide-sugars such as uridine-diphosphate glucose or UDP-glucose. |
uridine diphosphate xylose | The decarboxylation product of UDPglucuronic acid, which is used for formation of the xylosides of seryl hydroxyl groups in mucoprotein synthesis. Also forms plant xylans. |
uridine monophosphate | 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. |
uridine triphosphate | Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
urobilinogen | A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin. |
urocanic acid | 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid. |
urocortins | Neuropeptides of about 40 amino acids which are structurally similar to CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR. Unlike CRF acting primarily through type 1 CRF RECEPTORS, urocortins signal preferentially through type 2 CRF receptors. Urocortins have wide tissue distribution from fish to mammals, and diverse functions. In mammals, urocortins can suppress food intake, delays gastric emptying, and decreases heat-induced edema. |
urofollitropin | A protein extract of human menopausal urine in which LUTEINIZING HORMONE has been partially or completely removed. Urofollitropin represents FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE from the urine. |
urological agents | Drugs used in the treatment of urological conditions and diseases such as URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS. |
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