ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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benzene | Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. |
benzeneacetamides | Compounds based on benzeneacetamide, that are similar in structure to ACETANILIDES. |
benzene derivatives | Organic compounds derived from BENZENE. |
benzenesulfonamides | A group of compounds that contain sulfonamide group S-linked to a benzene ring. Many benzenesulfonamide derivatives are pharmaceuticals (e.g., BOSENTAN; SULFAPYRIDINE; and SULFADIAZINE; CELECOXIB) as their sulfonamide moiety target various enzymes (e.g., CARBONIC ANHYDRASES; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE; and CYCLOOXYNENASE 2). |
benzenesulfonates | Organic salts and esters of benzenesulfonic acid. |
benzethonium | Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade. |
benzhydryl compounds | Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed. |
benzidines | Very toxic industrial chemicals. They are absorbed through the skin, causing lethal blood, bladder, liver, and kidney damage and are potent, broad-spectrum carcinogens in most species. |
benzilates | Derivatives of benzylic acid, including its salts and esters, |
benzimidazoles | Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES. |
benzo(a)pyrene | A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. |
benzoates | Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure. |
benzocaine | A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS. |
benzocycloheptenes | Compounds consisting of the cycloheptene ring with one or two BENZENE rings fused to it. |
benzodiazepines | A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. |
benzodioxoles | Compounds based on benzene fused to oxole. They can be formed from methylated CATECHOLS such as EUGENOL. |
benzoflavones | Organic compounds containing a BENZENE ring attached to a flavone group. Some of these are potent arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitors. They may also inhibit the binding of NUCLEIC ACIDS to BENZOPYRENES and related compounds. The designation includes all isomers; the 7,8-isomer is most frequently encountered. |
benzofurans | Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring. |
benzoic acid | A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. |
benzoin | A white crystalline compound prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde in potassium cyanide and used in organic syntheses. This should not be confused with benzoin gum from STYRAX. |
benzoisochromanequinones | Polycyclic aromatic polyketides with tricyclic benzoisochrome quinone skeletons. Benzoisochromanequinones are produced by Actinobacteria, e.g., STREPTOMYCES COELICOLOR, using type II minimal polyketide synthase involving condensation of 8 malonyl-CoA in actinorhodin pathway. |
benzolamide | Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure. |
benzomorphans | Morphine derivatives of the methanobenzazocine family that act as potent analgesics. |
benzophenanthridines | Compounds of four rings containing a nitrogen. They are biosynthesized from reticuline via rearrangement of scoulerine. They are similar to BENZYLISOQUINOLINES. Members include chelerythrine and sanguinarine. |
benzophenoneidum | An aniline dye used as a disinfectant and an antiseptic agent. It is weakly fluorescing and binds specifically to certain proteins. |
benzophenones | Derivatives of benzophenone (with the structural formula phenyl-(C=O)-phenyl). |
benzopyrans | Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings. |
benzopyrenes | A class of chemicals that contain an anthracene ring with a naphthalene ring attached to it. |
benzoquinones | Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. |
benzothiadiazines | Heterocyclic compounds of a ring with SULFUR and two NITROGEN atoms fused to a BENZENE ring. Members inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS. |
benzothiazoles | Compounds with a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring. |
benzoxazines | OXAZINES with a fused BENZENE ring. |
benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide | An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures. |
benzoylarginine nitroanilide | A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product. |
benzoylcholine | The benzoic acid ester of choline. |
benzoyl peroxide | A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry. |
benzphetamine | A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222) |
benztropine | A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine. |
benzydamine | A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat. |
benzyl alcohol | A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. |
benzyl alcohols | Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring. |
benzylamines | Toluenes in which one hydrogen of the methyl group is substituted by an amino group. Permitted are any substituents on the benzene ring or the amino group. |
benzylammonium compounds | QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS based on BENZYLAMINES with the general formula phenyl-CN+R3. |
benzyl compounds | Benzene derivatives that contain a benzyl group with the general formula Phenyl-CH2-R. |
benzylidene compounds | Compounds which include a double-bonded carbon atom that is directly attached to a benzene ring. While this category is named after the highly reactive compound benzylidene, the compounds listed under it occur through a variety of synthetic pathways. |
benzylisoquinolines | ISOQUINOLINES with a benzyl substituent. |
benzyl viologen | 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator. |
bephenium compounds | Analogs or derivatives of bephenium (N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-phenoxyethyl)benzenemethanaminium). |
bepridil | A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist. |
berberine | An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. |
berberine alkaloids | A group of related plant alkaloids that contain the BERBERINE heterocyclic ring structure. |
berkelium | A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Bk, atomic number 97, and atomic weight 247. Its valence can be +3 or +4. Twelve isotopes have been produced with mass numbers 240-251. |
beryllium | An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS. |
beta 2-microglobulin | An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including LYMPHOCYTES. It is the small subunit of MHC CLASS I MOLECULES. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, and urine of healthy individuals, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular PROTEINURIA, renal failure, or kidney transplants. |
beta-alanine | An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported. |
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea | A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis. |
beta carotene | A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). |
betacellulin | An EGF family member that plays an important role in regulating growth and differentiation of PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Betacellulin has specificity for the EGF RECEPTOR and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. |
beta-cryptoxanthin | A mono-hydroxylated xanthophyll that is a provitamin A precursor. |
betacyanins | Conjugates of betalamic acid with cyclo-dopa, both of which derive from TYROSINE. They appear similar to INDOLES but are biosynthesized by a different path and contain N+. Members are red or violet COLORING AGENTS found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES. |
beta-cyclodextrins | Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. |
beta-defensins | DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells. |
beta-endorphin | A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN. |
beta-glucans | Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains of various lengths. They are a major component of the CELL WALL of organisms and of soluble DIETARY FIBER. |
betahistine | A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers. |
betaine | A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341) |
beta-keratins | Keratins that form into a beta-pleated sheet structure. They are principle constituents of the corneous material of the carapace and plastron of turtles, the epidermis of snakes and the feathers of birds. |
beta lactam antibiotics | Bactericidal agents that contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure. They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS, preventing the synthesis of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. |
beta-lactamase inhibitors | Endogenous substances and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of BETA-LACTAMASES. |
beta-lactams | Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria. |
betalains | Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES. |
beta-lipotropin | A 90-amino acid peptide derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is the C-terminal fragment of POMC with lipid-mobilizing activities, such as LIPOLYSIS and steroidogenesis. Depending on the species and the tissue sites, beta-LPH may be further processed to yield active peptides including GAMMA-LIPOTROPIN; BETA-MSH; and ENDORPHINS. |
betamethasone | A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) |
betamethasone valerate | The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity. |
beta-msh | An 18-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of gamma-lipotropin which is the N-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. Beta-MSH is shown to regulate skin pigmentation, steroid production, and feeding. |
beta-naphthoflavone | A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308) |
beta-thromboglobulin | A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. |
beta-tocopherol | A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites. |
betaxanthins | Conjugates of betalamic acid with AMINO ACIDS. Some of them are yellow COLORING AGENTS in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS. This should not be confused with xanthin which is a term used for CAROTENES nor with XANTHINES. |
betaxolol | A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity. |
betazole | A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function. |
bethanechol | A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM. |
bethanechol compounds | Quaternary ammonium compounds that include BETHANECHOL. |
bethanidine | A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear. |
betulinic acid | A lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin which was originally isolated from BETULA or birch tree. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and antineoplastic activities. |
bexarotene | A rexinoid (an RXR-binding ligand), tetrahydronaphthalene derivative and RETINOID X RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA. |
bezafibrate | An antilipemic agent that lowers CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES. It decreases LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and increases HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. |
bibenzyls | Compounds that include 1,2-diphenylethane in their structure. |
bicarbonates | Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity. |
bicuculline | An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors. |
bicyclic monoterpenes | Monoterpenes containing two ring structures that are joined either by bridgehead carbon atoms or fused ring structure. |
biflavonoids | Dimers (homo and hetero) of FLAVONOIDS. |
biglycan | A small leucine-rich proteoglycan found in a variety of tissues including CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM; SKELETAL MUSCLE; CARTILAGE; BONE; and TENDONS. The protein contains two glycosaminoglycan chains and is similar in structure to DECORIN. |
biguanides | Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES. |
bile acids and salts | Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. |
bile pigments | Linear TETRAPYRROLES that give a characteristic color to BILE including: BILIRUBIN; BILIVERDIN; and bilicyanin. |
bilirubin | A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME. |
biliverdine | 1,3,6,7-Tetramethyl-4,5-dicarboxyethyl-2,8-divinylbilenone. Biosynthesized from hemoglobin as a precursor of bilirubin. Occurs in the bile of AMPHIBIANS and of birds, but not in normal human bile or serum. |
bilobalides | A degraded form of GINKGOLIDES that have three LACTONES and a unique tert-butyl group which are found in GINKGO plants. |
bimatoprost | A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION. |
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