ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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bioactive peptides, dietary | Peptides that are derived from dietary protein and which can modulate physiological functions. |
biodegradable plastics | Organic polymeric materials which can be broken down by naturally occurring processes. This includes plastics created from bio-based or petrochemical-based materials. |
bioenhancers | Agents that are used to increase the BIOAVAILABILITY and bioefficacy of a drug, without any therapeutic activity of its own. |
biofuels | Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS). |
biogenic amines | A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. |
biogenic monoamines | Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. |
biogenic polyamines | Biogenic amines having more than one amine group. These are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. Because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, DNA, and RNA. |
biological control agents | Organisms, biological agents, or biologically derived agents used strategically for their positive or adverse effect on the physiology and/or reproductive health of other organisms. |
biological factors | Endogenously synthesized compounds that influence biological processes not otherwise classified under ENZYMES; HORMONES or HORMONE ANTAGONISTS. |
biological products | Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay. |
biological warfare agents | Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE. |
biomarkers | Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE and its effects, disease diagnosis; METABOLIC PROCESSES; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; PREGNANCY; cell line development; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; etc. |
biomarkers, pharmacological | Measurable biological parameters that serve for drug development, safety and dosing (DRUG MONITORING). |
biomarkers, tumor | Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or BODY FLUIDS. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including HORMONES; ANTIGENS; amino and NUCLEIC ACIDS; ENZYMES; POLYAMINES; and specific CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. |
biopolymers | Polymers synthesized by living organisms. They play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially AMINO ACIDS; NUCLEOTIDES; and CARBOHYDRATES. |
biopterins | Pterin derivatives based on 2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4(1H)-pteridinone. Biopterins are natural products that have been considered as growth factors for some insects. Biopterins are cofactors for the AROMATIC AMINO ACID hydroxylases and NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Deficiencies in BIOPTERINS metabolism (e.g., lowered TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN) are associated with neurological deterioration (e.g., HYPERPHENYLALANINAEMIA). |
biosimilar pharmaceuticals | Biological products that are imitations but not exact replicas of innovator biological products. |
biosolids | Wastewater SLUDGE treated by processes such as COMPOSTING, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, alkaline treatment, and PASTEURIZATION to remove HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS and pathogens. |
biosurfactants | Surface-active substances produced by plants and microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast. They have the ability to reduce surface and INTERFACIAL TENSION, making them useful in a variety of applications. |
biotin | A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. |
biperiden | A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine. |
biphasic insulins | An insulin preparation that is designed to provide immediate and long term glycemic control in a single dosage. Biphasic insulin typically contains a mixture of REGULAR INSULIN or SHORT-ACTING INSULIN combined with a LONG-ACTING INSULIN. |
biphenyl compounds | Whitish aromatic crystalline organic compounds made up of two conjoined BENZENE rings. |
bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide | An inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis. |
bisacodyl | A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871) |
bisbenzimidazole | A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis. |
bis(chloromethyl) ether | A substance that is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tract and may be carcinogenic. |
bismuth | A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209. |
bisoprolol | A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS. |
bisphenol a compounds | Compounds that include structure of or are derivatives of 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane. |
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate | The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials. |
bisphenol b compounds | Compounds that include structure of or are derivatives of 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane. |
bisphenol f compounds | Compounds that include the structure of, or are derivatives of 4,4'-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane. |
bisphenols | A class of phenolic compounds that are derived from DIPHENYLMETHANE, 4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane, DIPHENYL SULFONE, and their related compounds with similar structures. They are commonly used in the production of POLYMERS. |
bisphenol s compounds | Compounds that are derived from, or include the structure of 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol. |
bis-trimethylammonium compounds | Compounds containing polymethylene bis-trimethylammonium cations. Members of this group frequently act as ganglionic blockers and neuromuscular depolarizing agents. |
bithionol | Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations. |
biureas | Biurea and its derivatives with the general formula C2H6N4O2. Biurea is a degradation product of azodicarbonamide, a common bleaching agent in cereal flour preparation. |
biuret | Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate. |
bleaching agents | Chemicals that are used to oxidize pigments and thus effect whitening. |
bleomycin | A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. |
blood alcohol content | Mass of alcohol per unit of BLOOD volume. |
blood coagulation factor inhibitors | Substances, usually endogenous, that act as inhibitors of blood coagulation. They may affect one or multiple enzymes throughout the process. As a group, they also inhibit enzymes involved in processes other than blood coagulation, such as those from the complement system, fibrinolytic enzyme system, blood cells, and bacteria. |
blood coagulation factors | Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. |
blood glucose | Glucose in blood. |
blood group antigens | Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties. |
blood substitutes | Substances that are used in place of blood, for example, as an alternative to BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS after blood loss to restore BLOOD VOLUME and oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood circulation, or to perfuse isolated organs. |
bnt162b5 | A combined mRNA vaccine, developed by Pfizer and BioNTech against SARS-CoV-2 with a mixture of the original strain of SARS-CoV-2 and BA.4 and BA.5 lineages of the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. |
bnt162 vaccine | mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 developed by Pfizer and BioNTech. |
bombesin | A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function. |
bone cements | Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. |
bone density conservation agents | Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS. |
bone morphogenetic protein 1 | A bone morphogenetic protein family member that includes an active tolloid-like metalloproteinase domain. The metalloproteinase activity of bone morphogenetic protein 1 is specific for the removal of the C-propeptide of PROCOLLAGEN and may act as a regulator of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX deposition. Alternative splicing of MRNA for bone morphogenetic protein 1 results in the production of several PROTEIN ISOFORMS. |
bone morphogenetic protein 15 | A protein that plays a role in GRANULOSA CELLS where it regulates folliculogenesis. Mutations in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein 15 are linked to reproductive abnormalities such as PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE. |
bone morphogenetic protein 2 | A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS. |
bone morphogenetic protein 3 | A bone morphogenetic protein that is found at high concentrations in a purified osteoinductive protein fraction from BONE. Bone morphogenetic protein 3 is referred to as osteogenin, however it may play a role in variety of developmental processes. |
bone morphogenetic protein 4 | A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. |
bone morphogenetic protein 5 | A bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in CARTILAGE formation. It is a potent regulator of the growth of CHONDROCYTES and the synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. Evidence for its role in cartilage formation can be seen in MICE, where genetic mutations that cause loss of bone morphogenetic protein 5 function result in the formation of small malformed ears. |
bone morphogenetic protein 6 | A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. |
bone morphogenetic protein 7 | A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis. |
bone morphogenetic proteins | Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins. |
bongkrekic acid | An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding. |
boranes | The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
borates | Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid. |
boric acids | Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3. |
borinic acids | Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the general structure R2B(OH). |
borohydrides | A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion. |
boron | A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY. |
boron compounds | Inorganic or organic compounds that contain boron as an integral part of the molecule. |
boronic acids | Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2. |
bortezomib | A pyrazine and boronic acid derivative that functions as a reversible PROTEASOME INHIBITOR. It is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA and MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA. |
bosentan | A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. |
bothrops jararaca venom | Snake venoms isolated from BOTHROPS JARARACA. B. jararaca venoms contain a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase toxn jararhagin which binds to VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. |
botulinum antitoxin | Antiserum given therapeutically in BOTULISM. |
botulinum toxins | Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS. |
botulinum toxins, type a | A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25. |
bradykinin | A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. |
bradykinin b1 receptor antagonists | Compounds and drugs that inhibit ligand binding or cellular signaling by BRADYKININ B1 RECEPTORS. |
bradykinin b2 receptor antagonists | Compounds and drugs that inhibit ligand binding or cellular signaling by BRADYKININ B2 RECEPTORS. |
bradykinin receptor antagonists | Compounds and drugs that inhibit ligand binding or cellular signaling by BRADYKININ RECEPTORS. |
brain-derived neurotrophic factor | A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994) |
brassinosteroids | Plant steroids ubiquitously distributed throughout the plant kingdom. They play essential roles in modulating growth and differentiation of cells at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations. |
brefeldin a | A fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity. |
brentuximab vedotin | Immunoconjugate that consists of the chimeric monoclonal anti - CD30 ANTIGEN antibody cAC-10 conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E. It is used for the treatment of LYMPHOMA. |
bretylium compounds | Benzylammonium compounds with the formula Br-phenyl-CN+R3 that include BRETYLIUM TOSYLATE. |
bretylium tosylate | An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic. |
bridged bicyclo compounds | Saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon molecules consisting of two rings that have two non-adjacent atoms in common. |
bridged bicyclo compounds, heterocyclic | Heterocyclic compounds that contain two rings that share two non-adjacent atoms in common. |
bridged-ring compounds | Cyclic hydrocarbons that contain multiple rings which share one or more bridgehead connections. |
brimonidine tartrate | A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION. |
brimonidine tartrate, timolol maleate drug combination | A pharmaceutical preparation of brimonidine tartrate and timolol maleate. The combined ADRENERGIC ALPHA2 RECEPTOR AGONIST and ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONIST activity of these drugs reduce INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE in GLAUCOMA patients. |
brocresine | A histidine decarboxylase inhibitor. |
bromates | Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3. |
bromazepam | One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS. |
bromcresol green | An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator. |
bromcresol purple | An indicator and reagent. It has been used for several purposes including the determination of serum albumin concentrations |
bromhexine | A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744) |
bromides | Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) |
bromine | A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. |
bromine compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain bromine as an integral part of the molecule. |
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