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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix | A helix (; ) is a shape like a corkscrew or spiral staircase. It is a type of smooth space curve with tangent lines at a constant angle to a fixed axis. Helices are important in biology, as the DNA molecule is formed as two intertwined helices, and many proteins have helical substructures, known as alpha helices. The w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%20Fletcher | Harvey Fletcher (September 11, 1884 – July 23, 1981) was an American physicist. Known as the "father of stereophonic sound", he is credited with the invention of the 2-A audiometer and an early electronic hearing aid. He was an investigator into the nature of speech and hearing, and made contributions in acoustics, ele... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Pederson | Donald Oscar Pederson (September 30, 1925 – December 25, 2004) was an American professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, and one of the designers of SPICE, a simulator for integrated circuits that has been universally used as a teaching tool and in the everyday work of circuits engi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Ernst%20Immanuel%20Walch | Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch (29 August 1725 – 1 December 1778) was a German theologian, linguist, and naturalist from Jena.
Life
The son of the theologian Johann Georg Walch, he studied Semitic languages at the University of Jena, and also natural science and mathematics. In 1749 he published Einleitung in die Harmon... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static | Static may refer to:
Places
Static Nunatak, in Antarctica
Static, Kentucky and Tennessee, U.S.
Static Peak, a mountain in Wyoming, U.S.
Static Peak Divide, a mountain pass near the peak
Science and technology
Physics
Static electricity, a net charge of an object
Triboelectric effect, due to frictional contact betwee... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty%20product | In mathematics, an empty product, or nullary product or vacuous product, is the result of multiplying no factors. It is by convention equal to the multiplicative identity (assuming there is an identity for the multiplication operation in question), just as the empty sum—the result of adding no numbers—is by convention ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20logarithm | In mathematics, for given real numbers a and b, the logarithm logb a is a number x such that . Analogously, in any group G, powers bk can be defined for all integers k, and the discrete logarithm logb a is an integer k such that . In number theory, the more commonly used term is index: we can write x = indr a (mod m) (... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage%20solution | Percentage solution may refer to:
Mass fraction (or "% w/w" or "wt.%"), for percent mass
Volume fraction (or "% v/v" or "vol.%"), volume concentration, for percent volume
"Mass/volume percentage" (or "% m/v") in biology, for mass per unit volume; incorrectly used to denote mass concentration (chemistry). See usage ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Wallach | Otto Wallach (; 27 March 1847 – 26 February 1931) was a German chemist and recipient of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on alicyclic compounds.
Biography
Wallach was born in Königsberg, the son of a Prussian civil servant. His father, Gerhard Wallach, descended from a Jewish family that had converted to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Lindzen | Richard Siegmund Lindzen (born February 8, 1940) is an American atmospheric physicist known for his work in the dynamics of the middle atmosphere, atmospheric tides, and ozone photochemistry. He is the author of more than 200 scientific papers. From 1972 to 1982, he served as the Gordon McKay Professor of Dynamic Meteo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically%20secure%20pseudorandom%20number%20generator | A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also loosely known as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG).
Background
Most ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench | A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully, or ditch), and narrow compared with its length (as opposed to a simple hole or pit).
In geology, trenches result from erosion by rivers or by geological movement of tectonic plates. In c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screaming%20jelly%20babies | "Screaming Jelly Babies" (British English), also known as "Growling Gummy Bears" (American and Canadian English), is one classroom chemistry demonstration variants of which are practised in schools around the world. It is often used at open evenings to demonstrate the more light-hearted side of secondary school science... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorin | In organic chemistry, chlorins are tetrapyrrole pigments that are partially hydrogenated porphyrins. The parent chlorin is an unstable compound which undergoes air oxidation to porphine. The name chlorin derives from chlorophyll. Chlorophylls are magnesium-containing chlorins and occur as photosynthetic pigments in ch... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%27s%20principle | In theoretical physics, particularly in discussions of gravitation theories, Mach's principle (or Mach's conjecture) is the name given by Albert Einstein to an imprecise hypothesis often credited to the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach. The hypothesis attempted to explain how rotating objects, such as gyroscopes a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMP | MMP may refer to:
Computing and video games
Massively multi-player, a type of online game
Massively multiprocessing, large symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) computer systems
Measure Map Pro format, a GIS format
Science and mathematics
Matrix metalloproteinase enzymes
Methuselah Mouse Prize, for research into slowi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronecker%20delta | In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise:
or with use of Iverson brackets:
For example, because , whereas because .
The Kronecker delta appears naturally in m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20unsolved%20problems%20in%20physics | The following is a list of notable unsolved problems grouped into broad areas of physics.
Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result. The others are experimental, meaning that there is ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20unsolved%20problems%20in%20mathematics | Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed%20Hossein%20Nasr | Seyyed Hossein Nasr (; , born April 7, 1933) is an Iranian philosopher, theologian and Islamic scholar. He is University Professor of Islamic studies at George Washington University.
Born in Tehran, Nasr completed his education in Iran and the United States, earning a bachelor's degree in physics from Massachusetts In... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20theory | Proof theory is a major branch of mathematical logic and theoretical computer science within which proofs are treated as formal mathematical objects, facilitating their analysis by mathematical techniques. Proofs are typically presented as inductively-defined data structures such as lists, boxed lists, or trees, which ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamathematics | Metamathematics is the study of mathematics itself using mathematical methods. This study produces metatheories, which are mathematical theories about other mathematical theories. Emphasis on metamathematics (and perhaps the creation of the term itself) owes itself to David Hilbert's attempt to secure the foundations o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Jones%20%28biologist%29 | John Stephen Jones DSC FLSW (born 24 March 1944) is a British geneticist and from 1995 to 1999 and 2008 to June 2010 was Head of the Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment at University College London. His studies are conducted in the Galton Laboratory.
He is also a television presenter and a prize-winning... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primality%20test | A primality test is an algorithm for determining whether an input number is prime. Among other fields of mathematics, it is used for cryptography. Unlike integer factorization, primality tests do not generally give prime factors, only stating whether the input number is prime or not. Factorization is thought to be a co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20dark%20matter | In cosmology and physics, cold dark matter (CDM) is a hypothetical type of dark matter. According to the current standard model of cosmology, Lambda-CDM model, approximately 27% of the universe is dark matter and 68% is dark energy, with only a small fraction being the ordinary baryonic matter that composes stars, plan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich%20Walter | Ulrich Hans Walter (born February 9, 1954) is a German physicist, engineer and former DFVLR astronaut.
Education
Walter was born in Iserlohn. After finishing secondary school there and two years in the Bundeswehr, he studied physics at the University of Cologne. In 1980, he was awarded a diploma degree, and five year... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo%20Fracastoro | Girolamo Fracastoro (; c. 1476/86 August 1553) was an Italian physician, poet, and scholar in mathematics, geography and astronomy. Fracastoro subscribed to the philosophy of atomism, and rejected appeals to hidden causes in scientific investigation. His studies of the mode of syphilis transmission are an early example... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanate | In chemistry, titanate usually refers to inorganic compounds composed of titanium oxides.
Together with niobate, titanate salts form the Perovskite group.
In some cases, the term is used more generally for any titanium-containing anion, e.g. [TiCl6]2− and [Ti(CO)6]2−. This article focuses on the oxides.
Many kinds o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20H.%20Bailey%20%28mathematician%29 | David Harold Bailey (born 14 August 1948) is a mathematician and computer scientist. He received his B.S. in mathematics from Brigham Young University in 1972 and his Ph.D. in mathematics from Stanford University in 1976. He worked for 14 years as a computer scientist at NASA Ames Research Center, and then from 1998 to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble | Ensemble may refer to:
Art
Architectural ensemble
Ensemble (album), Kendji Girac 2015 album
Ensemble (band), a project of Olivier Alary
Ensemble cast (drama, comedy)
Ensemble (musical theatre), also known as the chorus
Ensemble (Stockhausen), 1967 group-composition project by Karlheinz Stockhausen
Musical ense... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbotics | Microbotics (or microrobotics) is the field of miniature robotics, in particular mobile robots with characteristic dimensions less than 1 mm. The term can also be used for robots capable of handling micrometer size components.
History
Microbots were born thanks to the appearance of the microcontroller in the last deca... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aho%E2%80%93Corasick%20algorithm | In computer science, the Aho–Corasick algorithm is a string-searching algorithm invented by Alfred V. Aho and Margaret J. Corasick in 1975. It is a kind of dictionary-matching algorithm that locates elements of a finite set of strings (the "dictionary") within an input text. It matches all strings simultaneously. The c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing%20agent | In chemistry, a reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an (called the , , , or ).
Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include the alkali metals, formic acid, oxalic acid, and sulfite compounds.
In their pre-reacti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent | In chemistry, a reagent ( ) or analytical reagent is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or test if one occurs. The terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably, but reactant specifies a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction. Solvents, though involved i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics | Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in form of photons through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing. Photonics is closely related to quantum electronics, where quantum electronics deals ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a function from a set to a set assigns to each element of exactly one element of . The set is called the domain of the function and the set is called the codomain of the function.
Functions were originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity. For example, the pos... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal%20mathematics | Informal mathematics, also called naïve mathematics, has historically been the predominant form of mathematics at most times and in most cultures, and is the subject of modern ethno-cultural studies of mathematics. The philosopher Imre Lakatos in his Proofs and Refutations aimed to sharpen the formulation of informal m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division%20by%20zero | In mathematics, division by zero is division where the divisor (denominator) is zero. Such a division can be formally expressed as , where is the dividend (numerator). In ordinary arithmetic, the expression has no meaning, as there is no number that, when multiplied by , gives (assuming ); thus, division by zero is u... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20decoherence | Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence, the process in which a system's behaviour changes from that which can be explained by quantum mechanics to that which can be explained by classical mechanics. In quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons are described by a wave function, a mathematical represen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20and%20Beyond | Physics and Beyond () is a book by Werner Heisenberg, the German physicist who discovered the uncertainty principle. It tells, from his point of view, the history of exploring atomic science and quantum mechanics in the first half of the 20th century.
As the subtitle "Encounters and Conversations" suggests, the core ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Bethe | Hans Albrecht Bethe (; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American theoretical physicist who made major contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics, and solid-state physics, and who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. For most of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superclass | Superclass may refer to:
Superclass (book), a book about global governance by David Rothkopf and The Superclass List
Superclass (biology), a taxonomic rank intermediate between subphylum and class
Superclass (computer science), a class from which other classes are derived
See also
Subclass (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenus | In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet: e.g. the tiger cowry of the Ind... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unifying%20theories%20in%20mathematics | There have been several attempts in history to reach a unified theory of mathematics. Some of the most respected mathematicians in the academia have expressed views that the whole subject should be fitted into one theory.
The unification of mathematical topics has been called mathematical consolidation: "By a consolid... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20geometry | In mathematics, complex geometry is the study of geometric structures and constructions arising out of, or described by, the complex numbers. In particular, complex geometry is concerned with the study of spaces such as complex manifolds and complex algebraic varieties, functions of several complex variables, and holom... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplification | Amplification or Amplified or Amplify may refer to:
Science and technology
Amplification, the operation of an amplifier, a natural or artificial device intended to make a signal stronger
Amplification (molecular biology), a mechanism leading to multiple copies of a chromosomal region within a chromosome arm
Amplify... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Behe | Michael Joseph Behe ( ; born January 18, 1952) is an American biochemist and an advocate of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design (ID).
He serves as professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and as a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Cultu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bohm | David Joseph Bohm (; 20 December 1917 – 27 October 1992) was an American–Brazilian–British scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. Among his many contri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20element | In mathematics, if is a field extension of , then an element of is called an algebraic element over , or just algebraic over , if there exists some non-zero polynomial with coefficients in such that . Elements of which are not algebraic over are called transcendental over .
These notions generalize the algebrai... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torahiko%20Terada | was a Japanese physicist and author who was born in Tokyo. He was a professor at Tokyo Imperial University, a researcher at RIKEN, and worked on a wide range of topics in physics. He was also a professor at the Earthquake Research Institute.
As an author, he studied under Natsume Sōseki, who was a teacher at his high ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy | Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants by agriculture for food, fuel, fiber, chemicals, recreation, or land conservation. Agronomy has come to include research of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. It is the application of a combination of sciences such as bio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative%20religion | Comparative religion is the branch of the study of religions with the systematic comparison of the doctrines and practices, themes and impacts (including migration) of the world's religions. In general the comparative study of religion yields a deeper understanding of the fundamental philosophical concerns of religion... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlet%20wavelet | In mathematics, the Morlet wavelet (or Gabor wavelet) is a wavelet composed of a complex exponential (carrier) multiplied by a Gaussian window (envelope). This wavelet is closely related to human perception, both hearing and vision.
History
In 1946, physicist Dennis Gabor, applying ideas from quantum physics, intro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%27s%20marriage%20theorem | In mathematics, Hall's marriage theorem, proved by , is a theorem with two equivalent formulations. In each case, the theorem gives a necessary and sufficient condition for an object to exist:
The combinatorial formulation answers whether a finite collection of sets has a transversal—that is, whether an element can be... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And/or | And/or (sometimes written and or) is an English grammatical conjunction used to indicate that one or more (or even all) of the cases it connects may occur. It is used as an inclusive or (as in logic and mathematics), because saying "or" in spoken language (or writing "or") might be inclusive or exclusive.
The construc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Bracero | Rafael Bracero Torres (born 1940 in Santurce, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican sportscaster. Bracero graduated from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez then known as Colegio de Artes Mecánicas (College of Arts and Mechanical Arts - CAAM in Spanish) with a degree in civil engineering, and then he joined Puerto Rico'... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic%20function | In mathematics, a quadratic polynomial is a polynomial of degree two in one or more variables. A quadratic function is the polynomial function defined by a quadratic polynomial. Before the 20th century, the distinction was unclear between a polynomial and its associated polynomial function; so "quadratic polynomial" an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20%28biology%29 | Antennae (: antenna), sometimes referred to as "feelers", are paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods.
Antennae are connected to the first one or two segments of the arthropod head. They vary widely in form but are always made of one or more jointed segments. While they are typically sensory organs, the exact... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20diagram | A state diagram is a type of diagram used in computer science and related fields to describe the behavior of systems. State diagrams require that the system described is composed of a finite number of states; sometimes, this is indeed the case, while at other times this is a reasonable abstraction. Many forms of state ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20drop%20experiment | The oil drop experiment was performed by Robert A. Millikan and Harvey Fletcher in 1909 to measure the elementary electric charge (the charge of the electron). The experiment took place in the Ryerson Physical Laboratory at the University of Chicago. Millikan received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923.
The experiment... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint%20operator | In mathematics, a self-adjoint operator on an infinite-dimensional complex vector space V with inner product (equivalently, a Hermitian operator in the finite-dimensional case) is a linear map A (from V to itself) that is its own adjoint. If V is finite-dimensional with a given orthonormal basis, this is equivalent to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientability | In mathematics, orientability is a property of some topological spaces such as real vector spaces, Euclidean spaces, surfaces, and more generally manifolds that allows a consistent definition of "clockwise" and "anticlockwise". A space is orientable if such a consistent definition exists. In this case, there are two po... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Weyl | Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl, (; 9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist, logician and philosopher. Although much of his working life was spent in Zürich, Switzerland, and then Princeton, New Jersey, he is associated with the University of Göttingen tradition of mathematics, rep... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20numbers | Large numbers are numbers significantly larger than those typically used in everyday life (for instance in simple counting or in monetary transactions), appearing frequently in fields such as mathematics, cosmology, cryptography, and statistical mechanics. They are typically large positive integers, or more generally, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature | Feature may refer to:
Computing
Feature recognition, could be a hole, pocket, or notch
Feature (computer vision), could be an edge, corner or blob
Feature (software design) is an intentional distinguishing characteristic of a software item (in performance, portability, or—especially—functionality)
Feature (machin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation%20theory | In statistical physics and mathematics, percolation theory describes the behavior of a network when nodes or links are added. This is a geometric type of phase transition, since at a critical fraction of addition the network of small, disconnected clusters merge into significantly larger connected, so-called spanning c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness%20%28biology%29 | Fitness (often denoted or ω in population genetics models) is the quantitative representation of individual reproductive success. It is also equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation, made by the same individuals of the specified genotype or phenotype. Fitness can be defined either with... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness | Fitness may refer to:
Physical fitness, a state of health and well-being of the body
Fitness culture, a sociocultural phenomenon surrounding exercise and physical fitness
Fitness (biology), an individual's ability to propagate its genes
Fitness (cereal), a brand of breakfast cereals and granola bars
Fitness (maga... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DL | DL, dL, or dl may stand for:
In science and technology
In electronics and computing
, an HTML element used for a definition list
Deep learning, a branch of algorithm-based machine learning
Description logics, a family of knowledge representation languages
Delete Line (ANSI), an ANSI X3.64 escape sequence
Digital libr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroid | In mathematics and physics, the centroid, also known as geometric center or center of figure, of a plane figure or solid figure is the point defined by the arithmetic mean position of all the points in the surface of the figure. In a polytope, it can be found using the arithmetic mean position of the vertices. The same... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univalent | Univalent may refer to:
Univalent function – an injective holomorphic function on an open subset of the complex plane
Univalent foundations – a type-based approach to foundation of mathematics
Univalent relation – a binary relation R that satisfies
Valence (chemistry)#univalent – 1-valent. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Pregl%20Prize | Fritz Pregl Prize has been awarded annually since 1931, to an Austrian scientist for distinguished achievements in chemistry by the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften) from the funds left at its disposal by the Nobel prize-winning chemist Fritz Pregl.
Not currently awarded.
Reci... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic%20system | In mathematics and logic, an axiomatic system is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive theorems. A theory is a consistent, relatively-self-contained body of knowledge which usually contains an axiomatic system and all its derived theorems. An axiomatic system tha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20site | In biology and biochemistry, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site consists of amino acid residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate, the binding site, and residues that catalyse a reaction of that substrate, the catalytic s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible%20polynomial | In mathematics, an irreducible polynomial is, roughly speaking, a polynomial that cannot be factored into the product of two non-constant polynomials. The property of irreducibility depends on the nature of the coefficients that are accepted for the possible factors, that is, the field to which the coefficients of the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20source | A neutron source is any device that emits neutrons, irrespective of the mechanism used to produce the neutrons. Neutron sources are used in physics, engineering, medicine, nuclear weapons, petroleum exploration, biology, chemistry, and nuclear power.
Neutron source variables include the energy of the neutrons emitted ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau%20manifold | In algebraic geometry, a Calabi–Yau manifold, also known as a Calabi–Yau space, is a particular type of manifold which has properties, such as Ricci flatness, yielding applications in theoretical physics. Particularly in superstring theory, the extra dimensions of spacetime are sometimes conjectured to take the form of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint%20union | In mathematics, a disjoint union (or discriminated union) of a family of sets is a set often denoted by with an injection of each into such that the images of these injections form a partition of (that is, each element of belongs to exactly one of these images). A disjoint union of a family of pairwise disjoint ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilers%3A%20Principles%2C%20Techniques%2C%20and%20Tools | Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools is a computer science textbook by Alfred V. Aho, Monica S. Lam, Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. Ullman about compiler construction for programming languages. First published in 1986, it is widely regarded as the classic definitive compiler technology text.
It is known as the Dra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20representation%20of%20conic%20sections | In mathematics, the matrix representation of conic sections permits the tools of linear algebra to be used in the study of conic sections. It provides easy ways to calculate a conic section's axis, vertices, tangents and the pole and polar relationship between points and lines of the plane determined by the conic. The ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20indeterminacy | Quantum indeterminacy is the apparent necessary incompleteness in the description of a physical system, that has become one of the characteristics of the standard description of quantum physics. Prior to quantum physics, it was thought that
Quantum indeterminacy can be quantitatively characterized by a probability dis... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourdough | Sourdough or sourdough bread is a bread made by the fermentation of dough using wild lactobacillaceae and yeast. Lactic acid from fermentation imparts a sour taste and improves keeping qualities.
History
In the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Michael Gaenzle writes: "One of the oldest sourdough breads dates from 37... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday%20attack | A birthday attack is a bruteforce collision attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory. This attack can be used to abuse communication between two or more parties. The attack depends on the higher likelihood of collisions found between random attack attempts and a fixed degre... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial%20science | Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in insurance, pension, finance, investment and other industries and professions. More generally, actuaries apply rigorous mathematics to model matters of uncertainty and life expectancy.
Actuaries are professionals tra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20dark%20matter | Hot dark matter (HDM) is a theoretical form of dark matter which consists of particles that travel with ultrarelativistic velocities.
Dark matter is a form of matter that neither emits nor absorbs light. Within physics, this behavior is characterized by dark matter not interacting with electromagnetic radiation, hence... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian%20matrix | In mathematics, a Hermitian matrix (or self-adjoint matrix) is a complex square matrix that is equal to its own conjugate transpose—that is, the element in the -th row and -th column is equal to the complex conjugate of the element in the -th row and -th column, for all indices and :
or in matrix form:
Hermitian mat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development%20of%20the%20nervous%20system | The development of the nervous system, or neural development (neurodevelopment), refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to adulthood. The field of neural development draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfinite%20number | In mathematics, transfinite numbers or infinite numbers are numbers that are "infinite" in the sense that they are larger than all finite numbers. These include the transfinite cardinals, which are cardinal numbers used to quantify the size of infinite sets, and the transfinite ordinals, which are ordinal numbers used ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20McIlroy | Malcolm Douglas McIlroy (born 1932) is a mathematician, engineer, and programmer. As of 2019 he is an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Dartmouth College.
McIlroy is best known for having originally proposed Unix pipelines and developed several Unix tools, such as spell, diff, sort, join, graph, speak, and tr. H... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level%20programming%20language | In computer science, a high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In contrast to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing system... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent%20Hovind | Kent E. Hovind (born January 15, 1953) is an American Christian fundamentalist evangelist and tax protester. He is a controversial figure in the Young Earth creationist movement whose ministry focuses on denial of scientific theories in the fields of biology (evolution and abiogenesis), geophysics, and cosmology in fav... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20programming | Constraint programming (CP) is a paradigm for solving combinatorial problems that draws on a wide range of techniques from artificial intelligence, computer science, and operations research. In constraint programming, users declaratively state the constraints on the feasible solutions for a set of decision variables. C... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius%20Hemsterhuis | Tiberius Hemsterhuis (9 January 16857 April 1766) was a Dutch philologist and critic.
Life
He was born in Groningen. His father, a learned physician, gave him a good early education and he entered the university of his native city in his fifteenth year, where he proved himself the best student of mathematics. After a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20operator | In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a normal operator on a complex Hilbert space H is a continuous linear operator N : H → H that commutes with its hermitian adjoint N*, that is: NN* = N*N.
Normal operators are important because the spectral theorem holds for them. The class of normal operators is well und... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Coand%C4%83 | Henri Marie Coandă (; 7 June 1886 – 25 November 1972) was a Romanian inventor, aerodynamics pioneer, and builder of an experimental aircraft, the Coandă-1910, which never flew. He invented a great number of devices, designed a "flying saucer" and discovered the Coandă effect of fluid dynamics.
In the 1950s, Coandă inf... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution | In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection. The term sometimes is used for two traits in the same species affecting each other's evolution, as well as gene-culture coevolution.
Charles Darwin mentioned evolutionary interac... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhouse%20Rock%21 | Schoolhouse Rock! is an American interstitial programming series of animated musical educational short films (and later, music videos) which aired during the Saturday morning children's programming block on the U.S. television network ABC. The themes covered included grammar, science, economics, history, mathematics, a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s%20law | In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment.
At the end of the 19th century, physicists were un... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42%20%28number%29 | 42 (forty-two) is the natural number that follows 41 and precedes 43.
Mathematics
Forty-two (42) is a pronic number and an abundant number; its prime factorization () makes it the second sphenic number and also the second of the form ().
Additional properties of the number 42 include:
It is the number of isomorphis... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Lotze | Rudolf Hermann Lotze (; ; 21 May 1817 – 1 July 1881) was a German philosopher and logician. He also had a medical degree and was well versed in biology. He argued that if the physical world is governed by mechanical laws and relations, then developments in the universe could be explained as the functioning of a world m... |
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