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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient%20descent | In mathematics, gradient descent (also often called steepest descent) is a first-order iterative optimization algorithm for finding a local minimum of a differentiable function. The idea is to take repeated steps in the opposite direction of the gradient (or approximate gradient) of the function at the current point, b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Nagata | Linda Nagata (born November 7, 1960, in San Diego, California) is a Hawaii-based American author of speculative fiction, science fiction, and fantasy novels, novellas, and short stories. Her novella Goddesses was the first online publication to win the Nebula Award. She frequently writes in the Nanopunk genre, which fe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20%28signal%20processing%29 | In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of "samples".
A sample is a value of the signal at a point in time and/or space; this definition differs from the term's usage in statistics, which refe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolae | In biology, caveolae (Latin for "little caves"; singular, caveola), which are a special type of lipid raft, are small (50–100 nanometer) invaginations of the plasma membrane in the cells of many vertebrates. They are the most abundant surface feature of many vertebrate cell types, especially endothelial cells, adipocyt... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20physics | Medical physics deals with the application of the concepts and methods of physics to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases with a specific goal of improving human health and well-being. Since 2008, medical physics has been included as a health profession according to International Standard Classific... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Bagnold | Brigadier Ralph Alger Bagnold, OBE, FRS, (3 April 1896 – 28 May 1990) was an English 20th-century desert explorer, geologist and soldier.
In 1932, he staged the first recorded East-to-West crossing of the Libyan Desert. His work in the field of Aeolian processes was the basis for the book The Physics of Blown Sand and... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Physics%20of%20Blown%20Sand%20and%20Desert%20Dunes | The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes is a scientific book written by Ralph A. Bagnold. The book laid the foundations of the scientific investigation of the transport of sand by wind. It also discusses the formation and movement of sand dunes in the Libyan Desert. During his expeditions into the Libyan Desert, B... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction | Contraction may refer to:
Linguistics
Contraction (grammar), a shortened word
Poetic contraction, omission of letters for poetic reasons
Elision, omission of sounds
Syncope (phonology), omission of sounds in a word
Synalepha, merged syllables
Synaeresis, combined vowels
Crasis, merged vowels or diphthongs
Mat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance%20and%20contravariance%20of%20vectors | In physics, especially in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a change of basis. In modern mathematical notation, the role is sometimes swapped.
A simple illustrative case is that of a ve... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20harmonics | In mathematics and physical science, spherical harmonics are special functions defined on the surface of a sphere. They are often employed in solving partial differential equations in many scientific fields.
Since the spherical harmonics form a complete set of orthogonal functions and thus an orthonormal basis, each f... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20gas | In physics and engineering, a perfect gas is a theoretical gas model that differs from real gases in specific ways that makes certain calculations easier to handle. In all perfect gas models, intermolecular forces are neglected. This means that one can neglect many complications that may arise from the Van der Waals fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20order%20structures%20in%20mathematics | In mathematics, and more specifically in order theory, several different types of ordered set have been studied.
They include:
Cyclic orders, orderings in which triples of elements are either clockwise or counterclockwise
Lattices, partial orders in which each pair of elements has a greatest lower bound and a least u... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate | Predicate or predication may refer to:
Predicate (grammar), in linguistics
Predication (philosophy)
several closely related uses in mathematics and formal logic:
Predicate (mathematical logic)
Propositional function
Finitary relation, or n-ary predicate
Boolean-valued function
Syntactic predicate, in formal grammars... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20W%C3%BCthrich | Kurt Wüthrich (born 4 October 1938 in Aarberg, Canton of Bern) is a Swiss chemist/biophysicist and Nobel Chemistry laureate, known for developing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for studying biological macromolecules.
Education and early life
Born in Aarberg, Switzerland, Wüthrich was educated in chemistry, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20notation | Algebraic notation may refer to:
In mathematics and computers, infix notation, the practice of representing a binary operator and operands with the operator between the two operands (as in "2 + 2")
Algebraic notation (chess), the standard system for recording movement of pieces in a chess game
In linguistics, recur... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20E.%20Connick | Robert E. Connick (July 29, 1917 – August 21, 2014) was a professor emeritus of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley.
Life
Connick studied chemistry at Berkeley, receiving his B.S. in 1939 and his Ph.D. in 1942. He was a research associate on the Manhattan Project from 1943 - 1946, and has been a profes... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20G.%20Shulman | Robert Gerson Shulman (born March 3, 1924) is an American biophysicist and Sterling Professor Emeritus of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and a senior research scientist at the Department Diagnostic Radiology at Yale University.
Early life and education
Shulman was born in New York City and in 1943 graduated Phi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Fechner | Gustav Theodor Fechner (; ; 19 April 1801 – 18 November 1887) was a German physicist, philosopher, and experimental psychologist. A pioneer in experimental psychology and founder of psychophysics (techniques for measuring the mind), he inspired many 20th-century scientists and philosophers. He is also credited with dem... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%E2%80%93Neumann%20series | In mathematics, the Liouville–Neumann series is an infinite series that corresponds to the resolvent formalism technique of solving the Fredholm integral equations in Fredholm theory.
Definition
The Liouville–Neumann (iterative) series is defined as
which, provided that is small enough so that the series converges, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%B4%27s%20lemma | In mathematics, Itô's lemma or Itô's formula (also called the Itô-Doeblin formula, especially in the French literature) is an identity used in Itô calculus to find the differential of a time-dependent function of a stochastic process. It serves as the stochastic calculus counterpart of the chain rule. It can be heurist... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed%20acyclic%20graph | In mathematics, particularly graph theory, and computer science, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a directed graph with no directed cycles. That is, it consists of vertices and edges (also called arcs), with each edge directed from one vertex to another, such that following those directions will never form a closed lo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huff%20and%20puff%20apparatus | The huff and puff apparatus is used in school biology labs to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is a product of respiration. A pupil breathes in and out of the middle tube. The glass tubing is arranged in such a way that one flask bubbles as the pupils breathes in, the other as the pupil breathes out. A suitable carbon ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nine%20Chapters%20on%20the%20Mathematical%20Art | The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is a Chinese mathematics book, composed by several generations of scholars from the 10th–2nd century BCE, its latest stage being from the 2nd century CE. This book is one of the earliest surviving mathematical texts from China, the first being the Suan shu shu (202 BCE – 186 BC... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20number | In mathematics, a real number is said to be simply normal in an integer base b if its infinite sequence of digits is distributed uniformly in the sense that each of the b digit values has the same natural density 1/b. A number is said to be normal in base b if, for every positive integer n, all possible strings n digit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive%20and%20extensive%20properties | Physical or chemical properties of materials and systems can often be categorized as being either intensive or extensive, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes.
The terms "intensive and extensive quantities" were introduced into physics by German mathematician Georg Helm ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble%20chamber | A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent liquid (most often liquid hydrogen) used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it. It was invented in 1952 by Donald A. Glaser, for which he was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics. Supposedly, Glaser was inspired by the bubbles in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor%20Svedberg | Theodor Svedberg (30 August 1884 – 25 February 1971) was a Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate for his research on colloids and proteins using the ultracentrifuge. Svedberg was active at Uppsala University from the mid-1900s to late 1940s. While at Uppsala, Svedberg started as a docent before becoming the university's p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Whewell | William Whewell ( ; 24 May 17946 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He was Master at Trinity College, Cambridge. In his time as a student there, he achieved distinction in both poetry and mathematics.
The breadth of Whewell's endeavours... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway%20engineering | Highway engineering (also known as roadway engineering and street engineering) is a professional engineering discipline branching from the civil engineering subdiscipline of transportation engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, highways, streets, bridges, and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20R.%20Bourne | Stephen Richard "Steve" Bourne (born 7 January 1944) is an English computer scientist based in the United States for most of his career. He is well known as the author of the Bourne shell (sh), which is the foundation for the standard command-line interfaces to Unix.
Biography
Bourne has a Bachelor of Science (BSc) de... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Weinberg | Steven Weinberg (; May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.
He held the Josey Regental Chair in Science a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waals%20equation | In chemistry and thermodynamics, the Van der Waals equation (or Van der Waals equation of state) is an equation of state which extends the ideal gas law to include the effects of interaction between molecules of a gas, as well as accounting for the finite size of the molecules.
The ideal gas law treats gas molecules a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%27%20law | In fluid dynamics, Stokes' law is an empirical law for the frictional force – also called drag force – exerted on spherical objects with very small Reynolds numbers in a viscous fluid. It was derived by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851 by solving the Stokes flow limit for small Reynolds numbers of the Navier–Stokes equat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum%20of%20a%20matrix | In mathematics, the spectrum of a matrix is the set of its eigenvalues. More generally, if is a linear operator on any finite-dimensional vector space, its spectrum is the set of scalars such that is not invertible. The determinant of the matrix equals the product of its eigenvalues. Similarly, the trace of the mat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum%20%28functional%20analysis%29 | In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, the spectrum of a bounded linear operator (or, more generally, an unbounded linear operator) is a generalisation of the set of eigenvalues of a matrix. Specifically, a complex number is said to be in the spectrum of a bounded linear operator if
either has no se... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20Hartley%20transform | A discrete Hartley transform (DHT) is a Fourier-related transform of discrete, periodic data similar to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), with analogous applications in signal processing and related fields. Its main distinction from the DFT is that it transforms real inputs to real outputs, with no intrinsic involv... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion%20conservation%20status | Conservation status is a measure used in conservation biology to assess an ecoregion's degree of habitat alteration and habitat conservation. It is used to set priorities for conservation.
Conservation status and biological distinctiveness were the two measures used by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to develop the Glob... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibley%E2%80%93Ahlquist%20taxonomy%20of%20birds | The Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy is a bird taxonomy proposed by Charles Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist. It is based on DNA–DNA hybridization studies conducted in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s.
DNA–DNA hybridization is among a class of comparative techniques in molecular biology that produce distance data (versus ch... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint | Constraint may refer to:
Constraint (computer-aided design), a demarcation of geometrical characteristics between two or more entities or solid modeling bodies
Constraint (mathematics), a condition of an optimization problem that the solution must satisfy
Constraint (classical mechanics), a relation between coordina... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20George%20Ritchie | David George Ritchie (26 October 1853 — 3 February 1903) was a Scottish philosopher who had a distinguished university career at Edinburgh, and Balliol College, Oxford, and after being fellow of Jesus College and a tutor at Balliol College was elected professor of logic and metaphysics at St Andrews. He was also the th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Todhunter | Isaac Todhunter FRS (23 November 1820 – 1 March 1884), was an English mathematician who is best known today for the books he wrote on mathematics and its history.
Life and work
The son of George Todhunter, a Nonconformist minister, and Mary née Hume, he was born at Rye, Sussex. He was educated at Hastings, where his ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett%20J.%20Gladman | Brett James Gladman (born April 19, 1966) is a Canadian astronomer and a full professor at the University of British Columbia's Department of Physics and Astronomy in Vancouver, British Columbia. He holds the Canada Research Chair in planetary astronomy. He does both theoretical work (large-scale numerical simulations... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Birger%20Blomdahl | Karl-Birger Blomdahl (19 October 1916 – 14 June 1968) was a Swedish composer and conductor born in Växjö. He was educated in biochemistry, but was primarily active in music and by his experimental compositions he became one of the big names in Swedish modernism. His teachers included Hilding Rosenberg. He died in Kungs... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapdoor%20function | In theoretical computer science and cryptography, a trapdoor function is a function that is easy to compute in one direction, yet difficult to compute in the opposite direction (finding its inverse) without special information, called the "trapdoor". Trapdoor functions are a special case of one-way functions and are wi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer | An observer is one who engages in observation or in watching an experiment.
Observer may also refer to:
Computer science and information theory
In information theory, any system which receives information from an object
State observer in control theory, a system that models a real system in order to provide an esti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial%20search | In computer science and artificial intelligence, combinatorial search studies search algorithms for solving instances of problems that are believed to be hard in general, by efficiently exploring the usually large solution space of these instances. Combinatorial search algorithms achieve this efficiency by reducing the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale%20College | Hillsdale College is a private, conservative, Christian liberal arts college in Hillsdale, Michigan. It was founded in 1844 by members of the Free Will Baptists. Hillsdale's required core curriculum includes courses on the Great Books, the U.S. Constitution, biology, chemistry, and physics.
Since the late 20th century... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put%E2%80%93call%20parity | In financial mathematics, the put–call parity defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and European put option, both with the identical strike price and expiry, namely that a portfolio of a long call option and a short put option is equivalent to (and hence has the same value as) a single forw... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%81bit%20ibn%20Qurra | Thābit ibn Qurra (full name: , , ); 826 or 836 – February 19, 901, was a polymath known for his work in mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and translation. He lived in Baghdad in the second half of the ninth century during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate.
Thābit ibn Qurra made important discoveries in algebra, geomet... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine | Peregrine(s), Peregrin, or Latin Peregrinus may refer to:
Biology
Peregrine falcon, a bird of prey
Peregrinus (planthopper), a genus of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae
Species
Erigeron peregrinus, a flowering plant of the daisy family
Nicodamus peregrinus, the red and black spider
Pinus peregrinus, an ext... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic%20cell | In cellular biology, a somatic cell (), or vegetal cell, is any biological cell forming the body of a multicellular organism other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell. Somatic cells compose the body of an organism and divide through the process of binary fission and mitotic division.
In ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donella%20Meadows | Donella Hager "Dana" Meadows (March 13, 1941 – February 20, 2001) was an American environmental scientist, educator, and writer. She is best known as lead author of the books The Limits to Growth and Thinking In Systems: A Primer.
Early life and education
Born in Elgin, Illinois, Meadows was educated in science, rece... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Swedish%20scientists | This is a list of Swedish scientists.
Archaeology
Lili Kaelas (1919–2007), Stone and Bronze Age archaeologist
Biology and environmental science
Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), zoologist
Augusta Christie-Linde (1870–1953), zoologist
Jonas C. Dryander (1748–1810), botanist
Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), agronomist
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6 | 6 (six) is the natural number following 5 and preceding 7. It is a composite number and the smallest perfect number.
In mathematics
Six is the smallest positive integer which is neither a square number nor a prime number. It is the second smallest composite number after four, equal to the sum and the product of its th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15%20%28number%29 | 15 (fifteen) is the natural number following 14 and preceding 16.
Mathematics
15 is:
The eighth composite number and the sixth semiprime and the first odd and fourth discrete semiprime; its proper divisors are , , and , so the first of the form (3.q), where q is a higher prime.
a deficient number, a lucky number, a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%20%28number%29 | 20 (twenty; Roman numeral XX) is the natural number following 19 and preceding 21. A group of twenty units may also be referred to as a score.
In mathematics
Twenty is a pronic number, as it is the product of consecutive integers, namely 4 and 5. It is the third composite number to be the product of a squared prime ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%20%28number%29 | 17 (seventeen) is the natural number following 16 and preceding 18. It is a prime number.
Seventeen is the sum of the first four prime numbers.
In mathematics
Seventeen is the seventh prime number, which makes it the fourth super-prime, as seven is itself prime. It forms a twin prime with 19, a cousin prime with 13, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%20%28number%29 | 19 (nineteen) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20. It is a prime number.
Mathematics
is the eighth prime number, and forms a sexy prime with 13, a twin prime with 17, and a cousin prime with 23. It is the third full reptend prime in decimal, the fifth central trinomial coefficient, and the seventh M... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%20%28number%29 | 18 (eighteen) is the natural number following 17 and preceding 19.
In mathematics
Eighteen is the tenth composite number, its divisors being 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9. Three of these divisors (3, 6 and 9) add up to 18, hence 18 is a semiperfect number. Eighteen is the first inverted square-prime of the form p·q2.
In base ten... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20%28abstract%20data%20type%29 | In computer science, a list or sequence is an abstract data type that represents a finite number of ordered values, where the same value may occur more than once. An instance of a list is a computer representation of the mathematical concept of a tuple or finite sequence; the (potentially) infinite analog of a list is ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler%20Planetarium | The Adler Planetarium is a public museum in Chicago, Illinois, dedicated to astronomy and astrophysics. It was founded in 1930 by local businessman Max Adler. Located on the northeastern tip of Northerly Island on Lake Michigan, the Adler Planetarium was the first planetarium in the United States. It is part of Chicago... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Quinn | Marc Quinn (born 8 January 1964) is a British contemporary visual artist whose work includes sculpture, installation, and painting. Quinn explores "what it is to be human in the world today" through subjects including the body, genetics, identity, environment, and the media. His work has used materials that vary widely... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicbird | Tropicbirds are a family, Phaethontidae, of tropical pelagic seabirds. They are the sole living representatives of the order Phaethontiformes. For many years they were considered part of the Pelecaniformes, but genetics indicates they are most closely related to the Eurypygiformes. There are three species in one genus,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menger%20sponge | In mathematics, the Menger sponge (also known as the Menger cube, Menger universal curve, Sierpinski cube, or Sierpinski sponge) is a fractal curve. It is a three-dimensional generalization of the one-dimensional Cantor set and two-dimensional Sierpinski carpet. It was first described by Karl Menger in 1926, in his stu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient%20of%20a%20formal%20language | In mathematics and computer science, the right quotient (or simply quotient) of a language with respect to language is the language consisting of strings w such that wx is in for some string x in Formally:
In other words, we take all the strings in that have a suffix in , and remove this suffix.
Similarly, the l... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizar%20system | The Mizar system consists of a formal language for writing mathematical definitions and proofs, a proof assistant, which is able to mechanically check proofs written in this language, and a library of formalized mathematics, which can be used in the proof of new theorems. The system is maintained and developed by the M... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score | Score or scorer may refer to:
Test score, the result of an exam or test
Business
Score Digital, now part of Bauer Radio
Score Entertainment, a former American trading card design and manufacturing company
Score Media, a former Canadian media company
Mathematics
Score (statistics), a quantity in statistics
Score (... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21%20%28number%29 | 21 (twenty-one) is the natural number following 20 and preceding 22.
The current century is the 21st century AD, under the Gregorian calendar.
In mathematics
Twenty-one is the fifth distinct semiprime, and the second of the form where is a higher prime.
As a biprime with proper divisors 1, 3 and 7, twenty-one has ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20Zeeman | Pieter Zeeman (; 25 May 1865 – 9 October 1943) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect.
Childhood and youth
Pieter Zeeman was born in Zonnemaire, a small town on the island of Schouwen-Duiveland, Netherlands, the son of Rev Catharinus... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Astrophysical%20Journal | The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of astrophysics and astronomy, established in 1895 by American astronomers George Ellery Hale and James Edward Keeler. The journal discontinued its print edition and became an electronic-only journal in 2015.
Since 1953 The Astrophysical Journal Sup... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty%20sum | In mathematics, an empty sum, or nullary sum, is a summation where the number of terms is zero.
The natural way to extend non-empty sums is to let the empty sum be the additive identity.
Let , , , ... be a sequence of numbers, and let
be the sum of the first m terms of the sequence. This satisfies the recurrence
pr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million%20Book%20Project | The Million Book Project (or the Universal Library) was a book digitization project led by Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science and University Libraries from 2007 to 2008. Working with government and research partners in India (Digital Library of India) and China, the project scanned books in many lang... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet | A triplet is a set of three items. It may refer to:
Science
A series of three nucleotide bases forming an element of the Genetic code
J-coupling as part of Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Opal in preparation to be a gemstone
Spin triplet in quantum mechanics, as in triplet oxygen, or triplet state in gener... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density%20functional%20theory | Density-functional theory (DFT) is a computational quantum mechanical modelling method used in physics, chemistry and materials science to investigate the electronic structure (or nuclear structure) (principally the ground state) of many-body systems, in particular atoms, molecules, and the condensed phases. Using thi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20geophysicists | This is a list of geophysicists, people who made notable contributions to geophysics, whether or not geophysics was their primary field. These include historical figures who laid the foundations for the field of geophysics. More recently, some of the top awards for geophysicists are the Vetlesen Prize (intended to be t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic%20compound | In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding. The compound is neutral overall, but consists of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged ions called anions. These can be simple ions such as the sodium (Na+) and chl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive%20space | In the area of mathematics known as functional analysis, a reflexive space is a locally convex topological vector space (TVS) for which the canonical evaluation map from into its bidual (which is the strong dual of the strong dual of ) is an isomorphism of TVSs.
Since a normable TVS is reflexive if and only if it is ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion | Torsion may refer to:
Science
Torsion (mechanics), the twisting of an object due to an applied torque
Torsion of spacetime, the field used in Einstein–Cartan theory and
Alternatives to general relativity
Torsion angle, in chemistry
Biology and medicine
Torsion fracture or spiral fracture, a bone fracture when to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph%20%28biology%29 | In biology, a nymph (from Ancient Greek νύμφα nūmphē meaning "bride") is the immature form of some invertebrates, particularly insects, which undergoes gradual metamorphosis (hemimetabolism) before reaching its adult stage. Unlike a typical larva, a nymph's overall form already resembles that of the adult, except for ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative%20programming | In computer science, declarative programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow.
Many languages that apply this style attempt to minimize or eliminate side effects by describing wha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Sciences | The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences () is one of the royal academies of Sweden. Founded on 2 June 1739, it is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization that takes special responsibility for promoting natural sciences and mathematics and strengthening their influence in society, whilst endeavouring to p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20Royal%20Academies | The Royal Academies are independent organizations, founded on Royal command, that act to promote the arts, culture, and science in Sweden. The Swedish Academy and Academy of Sciences are also responsible for the selection of Nobel Prize laureates in Literature, Physics, Chemistry, and the Prize in Economic Sciences. Al... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH%20Zurich | ETH Zurich (; ) is a public research university in Zürich, Switzerland. Founded by the Swiss federal government in 1854, with the stated mission to educate engineers and scientists; the school focuses primarily on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, although its 16 departments span a variety of disciplin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20induction | Structural induction is a proof method that is used in mathematical logic (e.g., in the proof of Łoś' theorem), computer science, graph theory, and some other mathematical fields. It is a generalization of mathematical induction over natural numbers and can be further generalized to arbitrary Noetherian induction. St... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20limit | In mathematics, a direct limit is a way to construct a (typically large) object from many (typically smaller) objects that are put together in a specific way. These objects may be groups, rings, vector spaces or in general objects from any category. The way they are put together is specified by a system of homomorphis... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden-variable%20theory | In physics, a hidden-variable theory is a deterministic physical model which seeks to explain the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics by introducing additional (possibly inaccessible) variables.
Indeterminacy of the state of a system previous to measurement is assumed to be a part of the mathematical formulatio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax | Climax may refer to:
Language arts
Climax (narrative), the point of highest tension in a narrative work
Climax (rhetoric), a figure of speech that lists items in order of importance
Biology
Climax community, a biological community that has reached a steady state because the life there is best adapted to the area... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse%20%28physics%29 | In classical mechanics, impulse (symbolized by or Imp) is the change in momentum of an object. If the initial momentum of an object is , and a subsequent momentum is , the object has received an impulse :
Momentum is a vector quantity, so impulse is also a vector quantity.
Newton’s second law of motion states that t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20of%20firearms | From the viewpoint of physics (dynamics, to be exact), a firearm, as for most weapons, is a system for delivering maximum destructive energy to the target with minimum delivery of energy on the shooter. The momentum delivered to the target, however, cannot be any more than that (due to recoil) on the shooter. This is d... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumeration | An enumeration is a complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection. The term is commonly used in mathematics and computer science to refer to a listing of all of the elements of a set. The precise requirements for an enumeration (for example, whether the set must be finite, or whether the list is allowed to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McDowell | John Henry McDowell, FBA (born 7 March 1942) is a South African philosopher, formerly a fellow of University College, Oxford, and now university professor at the University of Pittsburgh. Although he has written on metaphysics, epistemology, ancient philosophy, nature, and meta-ethics, McDowell's most influential work ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBE | DBE may refer to:
Science and technology
dBe, decibels electrical, a unit of measure which measures the ratio of gain or attenuation of an electrical circuit
Double bond equivalent, a term used in chemistry
DBE (drug), also known as estrobin, a synthetic estrogen
Dibromoethane
Dibasic ester, an organic chemical ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy | In topology, a branch of mathematics, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from "same, similar" and "place") if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (, ; , ) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction%20processing | In computer science, transaction processing is information processing that is divided into individual, indivisible operations called transactions. Each transaction must succeed or fail as a complete unit; it can never be only partially complete.
For example, when you purchase a book from an online bookstore, you exc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic%20particle | In physics, a subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, a subatomic particle can be either a composite particle, which is composed of other particles (for example, a baryon, like a proton or a neutron, composed of three quarks; or a meson, composed of tw... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20structure | In physics, electronic structure is the state of motion of electrons in an electrostatic field created by stationary nuclei. The term encompasses both the wave functions of the electrons and the energies associated with them. Electronic structure is obtained by solving quantum mechanical equations for the aforemention... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20George%20Stokes%2C%201st%20Baronet | Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet, (; 13 August 1819 – 1 February 1903) was an Irish physicist and mathematician. Born in County Sligo, Ireland, Stokes spent all of his career at the University of Cambridge, where he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1849 until his death in 1903. As a physicist, Stok... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20operations | In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression.
These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operators. The rank of an operator is called its precedence,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packing%20problems | Packing problems are a class of optimization problems in mathematics that involve attempting to pack objects together into containers. The goal is to either pack a single container as densely as possible or pack all objects using as few containers as possible. Many of these problems can be related to real-life packagin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Zittrain | Jonathan L. Zittrain (born December 24, 1969) is an American professor of Internet law and the George Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School. He is also a professor at the Harvard Kennedy School, a professor of computer science at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and co-found... |
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