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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive%20lattice | In mathematics, a distributive lattice is a lattice in which the operations of join and meet distribute over each other. The prototypical examples of such structures are collections of sets for which the lattice operations can be given by set union and intersection. Indeed, these lattices of sets describe the scenery ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20%28category%20theory%29 | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, duality is a correspondence between the properties of a category C and the dual properties of the opposite category Cop. Given a statement regarding the category C, by interchanging the source and target of each morphism as well as interchanging the order of composing two mo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalgebra | In mathematics, coalgebras or cogebras are structures that are dual (in the category-theoretic sense of reversing arrows) to unital associative algebras. The axioms of unital associative algebras can be formulated in terms of commutative diagrams. Turning all arrows around, one obtains the axioms of coalgebras.
Every c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialgebra | In mathematics, a bialgebra over a field K is a vector space over K which is both a unital associative algebra and a counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20algebroid | In mathematics, a Lie algebroid is a vector bundle together with a Lie bracket on its space of sections and a vector bundle morphism , satisfying a Leibniz rule. A Lie algebroid can thus be thought of as a "many-object generalisation" of a Lie algebra.
Lie algebroids play a similar same role in the theory of Lie gro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20groupoid | In mathematics, a Lie groupoid is a groupoid where the set of objects and the set of morphisms are both manifolds, all the category operations (source and target, composition, identity-assigning map and inversion) are smooth, and the source and target operations
are submersions.
A Lie groupoid can thus be thought o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20bundle | In mathematics, a principal bundle is a mathematical object that formalizes some of the essential features of the Cartesian product of a space with a group . In the same way as with the Cartesian product, a principal bundle is equipped with
An action of on , analogous to for a product space.
A projection onto . ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient%20%28universal%20algebra%29 | In mathematics, a quotient algebra is the result of partitioning the elements of an algebraic structure using a congruence relation.
Quotient algebras are also called factor algebras. Here, the congruence relation must be an equivalence relation that is additionally compatible with all the operations of the algebra, in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcategory | In mathematics, specifically category theory, a subcategory of a category C is a category S whose objects are objects in C and whose morphisms are morphisms in C with the same identities and composition of morphisms. Intuitively, a subcategory of C is a category obtained from C by "removing" some of its objects and arr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s%20function | In mathematics, a Green's function is the impulse response of an inhomogeneous linear differential operator defined on a domain with specified initial conditions or boundary conditions.
This means that if is the linear differential operator, then
the Green's function is the solution of the equation , where is Dir... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank-into-rank | In set theory, a branch of mathematics, a rank-into-rank embedding is a large cardinal property defined by one of the following four axioms given in order of increasing consistency strength. (A set of rank < λ is one of the elements of the set Vλ of the von Neumann hierarchy.)
Axiom I3: There is a nontrivial elementa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Cayley | Arthur Cayley (; 16 August 1821 – 26 January 1895) was a prolific British mathematician who worked mostly on algebra. He helped found the modern British school of pure mathematics.
As a child, Cayley enjoyed solving complex maths problems for amusement. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he excelled in Gree... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berzelius%20%28secret%20society%29 | Berzelius is a secret society at Yale University named for the Swedish scientist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, considered one of the founding fathers of modern chemistry. Founded in 1848, 'BZ', as the society is called often, is the third oldest society at Yale and the oldest of those of the now-defunct Sheffield Scientific ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lucas%20%28philosopher%29 | John Randolph Lucas (18 June 1929 – 5 April 2020) was a British philosopher.
Biography
Lucas was educated at Winchester College and then, as a pupil of R.M. Hare, among others, at Balliol College, Oxford. He studied first mathematics, then Greats (Greek, Latin, Philosophy and Ancient History), obtaining first class ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20and%20Star%20Wars | The interstellar space opera epic Star Wars uses science and technology in its settings and storylines. The series has showcased many technological concepts, both in the movies and in the expanded universe of novels, comics and other forms of media. The Star Wars movies' primary objective is to build upon drama, philos... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLT | DLT may refer to:
Businesses
DLT (department store), Saint Petersburg, Russia
DLT Solutions, a software reseller in Virginia, US
Music
DLT (musician), New Zealand hip-hop DJ
Dave Lee Travis (born 1945), British radio DJ
De La Tierra, an international Latin American metal band
Science, technology and mathematics... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corax | Corax can refer to:
Biology
Corax, the scientific species name of the common raven (Corvus corax)
Corax, a species name
Corax (genus), a genus of fossil sharks
People
Corax of Syracuse, one of the founders of Greek rhetoric
Predrag Koraksić Corax, political cartoonist from Serbia
Janne Corax (born 1967), Swedi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded%20function | In mathematics, a function f defined on some set X with real or complex values is called bounded if the set of its values is bounded. In other words, there exists a real number M such that
for all x in X. A function that is not bounded is said to be unbounded.
If f is real-valued and f(x) ≤ A for all x in X, then th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Appel | Kenneth Ira Appel (October 8, 1932 – April 19, 2013) was an American mathematician who in 1976, with colleague Wolfgang Haken at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, solved one of the most famous problems in mathematics, the four-color theorem. They proved that any two-dimensional map, with certain limitatio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Haken | Wolfgang Haken (; June 21, 1928 – October 2, 2022) was a German American mathematician who specialized in topology, in particular 3-manifolds.
Biography
Haken was born on June 21, 1928, in Berlin, Germany. His father was Werner Haken, a physicist who had Max Planck as a doctoral thesis advisor. In 1953, Haken earned a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiji%20Toyoda | was a Japanese industrialist. He was largely responsible for bringing Toyota Motor Corporation to profitability and worldwide prominence during his tenure as president and later, as chairman. He was succeeded as the president of Toyota by Shoichiro Toyoda.
Career
Toyoda studied mechanical engineering at Tokyo Imperia... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigram | Trigrams are a special case of the n-gram, where n is 3. They are often used in natural language processing for performing statistical analysis of texts and in cryptography for control and use of ciphers and codes.
Frequency
Context is very important, varying analysis rankings and percentages are easily derived by dra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral%20anomaly | In theoretical physics, a chiral anomaly is the anomalous nonconservation of a chiral current. In everyday terms, it is equivalent to a sealed box that contained equal numbers of left and right-handed bolts, but when opened was found to have more left than right, or vice versa.
Such events are expected to be prohibite... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20function%20%28statistical%20mechanics%29 | In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Partition functions are functions of the thermodynamic state variables, such as the temperature and volume. Most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20function%20%28quantum%20field%20theory%29 | In quantum field theory, partition functions are generating functionals for correlation functions, making them key objects of study in the path integral formalism. They are the imaginary time versions of statistical mechanics partition functions, giving rise to a close connection between these two areas of physics. Par... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s%20theorem%20%28Hamiltonian%29 | In physics, Liouville's theorem, named after the French mathematician Joseph Liouville, is a key theorem in classical statistical and Hamiltonian mechanics. It asserts that the phase-space distribution function is constant along the trajectories of the system—that is that the density of system points in the vicinity of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectomorphism | In mathematics, a symplectomorphism or symplectic map is an isomorphism in the category of symplectic manifolds. In classical mechanics, a symplectomorphism represents a transformation of phase space that is volume-preserving and preserves the symplectic structure of phase space, and is called a canonical transformatio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20system%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, an autonomous system or autonomous differential equation is a system of ordinary differential equations which does not explicitly depend on the independent variable. When the variable is time, they are also called time-invariant systems.
Many laws in physics, where the independent variable is usually a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHP | CHP may refer to:
Law enforcement
California Highway Patrol
Politics
Christian Heritage Party (disambiguation)
Christian Historical Party
Republican People's Party (Turkey) (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi)
Chemistry and biology
Collagen hybridizing peptide
CHP (gene)
Chp (GTPase)
Cumene hydroperoxide
Capillar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Pannekoek | Antonie “Anton” Pannekoek (; 2 January 1873 – 28 April 1960) was a Dutch astronomer, philosopher, Marxist theorist, and socialist revolutionary. He was one of the main theorists of council communism ().
Biography
Pannekoek studied mathematics and physics in Leiden from 1891. Even before he went to college he was inte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20analysis | In mathematics, the term local analysis has at least two meanings, both derived from the idea of looking at a problem relative to each prime number p first, and then later trying to integrate the information gained at each prime into a 'global' picture. These are forms of the localization approach.
Group theory
In gro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20%28physics%29 | In physics, action is a scalar quantity that describes how the energy of a physical system has changed over time (its dynamics). Action is significant because the equations of motion of a system can be derived through the principle of stationary action.
In the simple case of a single particle moving with a constant ve... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20analysis | Spectral analysis or spectrum analysis is analysis in terms of a spectrum of frequencies or related quantities such as energies, eigenvalues, etc. In specific areas it may refer to:
Spectroscopy in chemistry and physics, a method of analyzing the properties of matter from their electromagnetic interactions
Spectra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20size | Block size can refer to:
Block (data storage), the size of a block in data storage and file systems.
Block size (cryptography), the minimal unit of data for block ciphers.
Block (telecommunications)
Block size (mathematics)
The size of a city block |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20chaos | Quantum chaos is a branch of physics which studies how chaotic classical dynamical systems can be described in terms of quantum theory. The primary question that quantum chaos seeks to answer is: "What is the relationship between quantum mechanics and classical chaos?" The correspondence principle states that classical... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20search%20%28optimization%29 | In computer science, local search is a heuristic method for solving computationally hard optimization problems. Local search can be used on problems that can be formulated as finding a solution maximizing a criterion among a number of candidate solutions. Local search algorithms move from solution to solution in the sp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Toshiaki | was a Japanese political economist in the late Edo period.
Born in Echigo, Toshiaki went to Edo to study astronomy, mathematics and kendo. At the age of 24, he opened his own school. He wrote A Secret Plan of Government (Keisei Hisaku; 経世秘策), in which he proposed lifting a ban of a foreign trade and colonization of E... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemometrics | Chemometrics is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means. Chemometrics is inherently interdisciplinary, using methods frequently employed in core data-analytic disciplines such as multivariate statistics, applied mathematics, and computer science, in order to address problems in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Trithemius | Johannes Trithemius (; 1 February 1462 – 13 December 1516), born Johann Heidenberg, was a German Benedictine abbot and a polymath who was active in the German Renaissance as a lexicographer, chronicler, cryptographer, and occultist. He is considered the founder of modern cryptography (a claim shared with Leon Battista ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GROMOS | GROningen MOlecular Simulation (GROMOS) is the name of a force field for molecular dynamics simulation, and a related computer software package. Both are developed at the University of Groningen, and at the Computer-Aided Chemistry Group at the Laboratory for Physical Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technol... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHARMM | Chemistry at Harvard Macromolecular Mechanics (CHARMM) is the name of a widely used set of force fields for molecular dynamics, and the name for the molecular dynamics simulation and analysis computer software package associated with them. The CHARMM Development Project involves a worldwide network of developers workin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20cannonball | The human cannonball act is a performance in which a person who acts as the "cannonball" is ejected from a specially designed cylinder that has been designed to resemble a cannon. The human cannonball lands on a horizontal net or inflated bag placed at the landing point, as predicted by physics. Outdoor performances ma... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective%20programming | In computer science, reflective programming or reflection is the ability of a process to examine, introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior.
Historical background
The earliest computers were programmed in their native assembly languages, which were inherently reflective, as these original architectures cou... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean%20prime%20ideal%20theorem | In mathematics, the Boolean prime ideal theorem states that ideals in a Boolean algebra can be extended to prime ideals. A variation of this statement for filters on sets is known as the ultrafilter lemma. Other theorems are obtained by considering different mathematical structures with appropriate notions of ideals, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal | Ideal may refer to:
Philosophy
Ideal (ethics), values that one actively pursues as goals
Platonic ideal, a philosophical idea of trueness of form, associated with Plato
Mathematics
Ideal (ring theory), special subsets of a ring considered in abstract algebra
Ideal, special subsets of a semigroup
Ideal (order the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxime | In organic chemistry, an oxime is an organic compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula , where R is an organic side-chain and R' may be hydrogen, forming an aldoxime, or another organic group, forming a ketoxime. O-substituted oximes form a closely related family of compounds. Amidoximes are oximes of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Kroemer | Herbert Kroemer (; born August 25, 1928) is a German-American physicist who, along with Zhores Alferov, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for "developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics". Kroemer is professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering at the Univer... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodoform | Iodoform (also known as triiodomethane) is the organoiodine compound with the chemical formula . It is a pale yellow, crystalline, volatile substance, with a penetrating and distinctive odor (in older chemistry texts, the smell is sometimes referred to as that of hospitals, where the compound is still commonly used) an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex%20%28disambiguation%29 | Ilex is the genus of flowering plants also known as holly.
Ilex or ILEX may also refer to:
Biology
Centrolene ilex, a South American frog
Quercus ilex (the holm or holly oak), a Mediterranean tree
Enterprises and organizations
ILEX Press Ltd., division of Hachette publishing books on graphics
Ilex Theatre Compan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus | Narcissus may refer to:
Biology
Narcissus (plant), a genus containing daffodils and others
People
Narcissus (mythology), Greek mythological character
Narcissus (wrestler) (2nd century), assassin of the Roman emperor Commodus
Tiberius Claudius Narcissus (1st century), freedman and secretary to the Roman emperor Cl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT%20Roorkee | Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (abbreviated IIT Roorkee) is a technical university located in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. It is the oldest engineering institution in India, and was founded as the College of Civil Engineering in British India in 1847 by the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelfand%E2%80%93Naimark%20theorem | In mathematics, the Gelfand–Naimark theorem states that an arbitrary C*-algebra A is isometrically *-isomorphic to a C*-subalgebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space. This result was proven by Israel Gelfand and Mark Naimark in 1943 and was a significant point in the development of the theory of C*-algebras since... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meth%20%28disambiguation%29 | Methamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug.
Meth or meths may also refer to:
Chemicals and substances
Meth-, a prefix for the methyl (-CH3) functional group in organic chemistry
Methadone, a synthetic opioid
Methanol, a simple alcohol with formula CH3OH
Meth... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem | Stem or STEM may refer to:
Plant stem, a structural axis of a vascular plant
Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
Language and writing
Word stem, part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning
Stemming, a process in natural language processing
Stem (music), in music notation, the vertical lines... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPT | MPT may refer to:
Chemistry
Methylpropyltryptamine, a psychedelic tryptamine
Molybdopterin, a component of molybdenum cofactor
Tetrahydromethanopterin, the coenzyme H4MPT
Organizations
Maryland Public Television, the public television broadcaster for Maryland, USA
Meta Peace Team, formerly Michigan Peace Team, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Joachim%20Becher | Johann Joachim Becher (; 6 May 1635 – October 1682) was a German physician, alchemist, precursor of chemistry, scholar and adventurer, best known for his development of the phlogiston theory of combustion, and his advancement of Austrian cameralism.
Early life and education
Becher was born in Speyer during the Thirty ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibration | The notion of a fibration generalizes the notion of a fiber bundle and plays an important role in algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics.
Fibrations are used, for example, in Postnikov systems or obstruction theory.
In this article, all mappings are continuous mappings between topological spaces.
Formal definit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrhart%20polynomial | In mathematics, an integral polytope has an associated Ehrhart polynomial that encodes the relationship between the volume of a polytope and the number of integer points the polytope contains. The theory of Ehrhart polynomials can be seen as a higher-dimensional generalization of Pick's theorem in the Euclidean plane.
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion%20polymerization | In polymer chemistry, emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomers, and surfactants. The most common type of emulsion polymerization is an oil-in-water emulsion, in which droplets of monomer (the oil) are emulsified (with surfactants) in ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Quantization, in mathematics and digital signal processing, is the process of mapping input values from a large set (often a continuous set) to output values in a (countable) smaller set, often with a finite number of elements. Rounding and truncation are typical examples of quantization processes. Quantization is in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff%20Bay%20Barrage | Cardiff Bay Barrage () lies across the mouth of Cardiff Bay, Wales between Queen Alexandra Dock and Penarth Head. It was one of the largest civil engineering projects in Europe during construction in the 1990s.
History
Origin
The origin of the scheme dates back to a visit by Nicholas Edwards, the Secretary of State f... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive%20center | A reactive center, also called a propagating center, in chemistry is a particular location, usually an atom, within a chemical compound that is the likely center of a reaction in which the chemical is involved. In chain-growth polymer chemistry this is also the point of propagation for a growing chain. The reactive cen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCPH%20Department%20of%20Computer%20Science | The UCPH Department of Computer Science () is a department in the Faculty of Science at the University of Copenhagen (UCPH). It is the longest established department of Computer Science in Denmark and was founded in 1970 by Turing Award winner Peter Naur. As of 2021, it employs 82 academic staff, 126 research staff and... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover%20%28topology%29 | In mathematics, and more particularly in set theory, a cover (or covering) of a set is a family of subsets of whose union is all of . More formally, if is an indexed family of subsets (indexed by the set ), then is a cover of if . Thus the collection is a cover of if each element of belongs to at least one of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulting | In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is a process by which an animal casts off parts of its body to serve some beneficial purpose, either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle.
In me... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20mass%20action | In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of the chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants. It explains and predicts behaviors of solutions in dynamic equilibrium. Specifically, it implies that for a chemical reaction mixtu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20rational | In mathematics, a Gaussian rational number is a complex number of the form p + qi, where p and q are both rational numbers.
The set of all Gaussian rationals forms the Gaussian rational field, denoted Q(i), obtained by adjoining the imaginary number i to the field of rationals Q.
Properties of the field
The field of G... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Institute%20for%20Research%20in%20Computer%20Science%20and%20Automation | The National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology (Inria) () is a French national research institution focusing on computer science and applied mathematics.
It was created under the name French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (IRIA) () in 1967 at Rocquencourt near Paris, p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Woodrow%20Wilson | Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American astronomer who, along with Arno Allan Penzias, discovered cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in 1964. The pair won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery.
While doing tests and experiments with the Holmdel Horn Antenna at Bell Labs in H... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno%20Allan%20Penzias | Arno Allan Penzias (; born April 26, 1933) is an American physicist, radio astronomer and Nobel laureate in physics. Along with Robert Woodrow Wilson, he discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation, which helped establish the Big Bang theory of cosmology.
Early life and education
Penzias was born in Munich, G... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology. It is a unicellular eukaryote, whose cells are rod-shaped. Cells typically measure 3 to 4 micrometres in diameter and 7 to 14 micrometres in length. Its genome... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20algebra%20representation | In the mathematical field of representation theory, a Lie algebra representation or representation of a Lie algebra is a way of writing a Lie algebra as a set of matrices (or endomorphisms of a vector space) in such a way that the Lie bracket is given by the commutator. In the language of physics, one looks for a vecto... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20space | In mathematics, hyperbolic space of dimension n is the unique simply connected, n-dimensional Riemannian manifold of constant sectional curvature equal to -1. It is homogeneous, and satisfies the stronger property of being a symmetric space. There are many ways to construct it as an open subset of with an explicitly w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer%20Weiss | Rainer "Rai" Weiss ( , ; born September 29, 1932) is a German-born American physicist, known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics. He is a professor of physics emeritus at MIT and an adjunct professor at LSU. He is best known for inventing the laser interferometric technique which is the basi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosimetry | Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body. This applies both internally, due to ingested or inhaled radioactive substances, or externally due to irradiation by s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Kummer | Ernst Eduard Kummer (29 January 1810 – 14 May 1893) was a German mathematician. Skilled in applied mathematics, Kummer trained German army officers in ballistics; afterwards, he taught for 10 years in a gymnasium, the German equivalent of high school, where he inspired the mathematical career of Leopold Kronecker.
Lif... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict%20function | In computer science and computer programming, a function f is said to be strict if, when applied to a non-terminating expression, it also fails to terminate. A strict function in the denotational semantics of programming languages is a function f where . The entity , called bottom, denotes an expression that does not ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewpoint | Viewpoint may refer to:
Scenic viewpoint, a high place where people can gather to view scenery
In computing
Viewpoint model, a computer science technique for making complex systems more comprehensible to human engineers
Viewpoint Corporation, a digital media company known for its subsidiary Fotomat
Viewpoint Media... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filament | The word filament, which is descended from Latin filum meaning "thread", is used in English for a variety of thread-like structures, including:
Astronomy
Galaxy filament, the largest known cosmic structures in the universe
Solar filament, a solar prominence seen against the disc of the sun
Biology
Myofilament, fil... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20life%20cycle | In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of stages of the life of an organism, that begins as a zygote, often in an egg, and concludes as an adult that reproduces, producing an offspring in the form of a new zygote which then itself goes through the same ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage%20spike | In electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration electrical transients in voltage (voltage spikes), current (current spikes), or transferred energy (energy spikes) in an electrical circuit.
Fast, short duration electrical transients (overvoltages) in the electric potential of a circuit are typically caused b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20All%C3%A8gre | Claude Allègre (; born 31 March 1937) is a French politician and scientist.
Scientific work
The main scientific area of Claude Allègre was geochemistry. Allègre co-authored an Introduction to geochemistry in 1974. Since the 1980s, he mainly publishes popular science and political books.
In 1976, Allègre and volcano... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-founded%20relation | In mathematics, a binary relation is called well-founded (or wellfounded or foundational) on a class if every non-empty subset has a minimal element with respect to , that is, an element not related by (for instance, " is not smaller than ") for any . In other words, a relation is well founded if
Some authors inc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20pointer | In computer science, a smart pointer is an abstract data type that simulates a pointer while providing added features, such as automatic memory management or bounds checking. Such features are intended to reduce bugs caused by the misuse of pointers, while retaining efficiency. Smart pointers typically keep track of th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20notation | In mathematics and computer programming, index notation is used to specify the elements of an array of numbers. The formalism of how indices are used varies according to the subject. In particular, there are different methods for referring to the elements of a list, a vector, or a matrix, depending on whether one is w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Walter%20Alvarez | Luis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911 – September 1, 1988) was an American experimental physicist, inventor, and professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of resonance states in particle physics using the hydrogen bubble chamber. In 2007 the American Journal of Physics commented, "Luis... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski%27s%20theorem%20about%20choice | In mathematics, Tarski's theorem, proved by , states that in ZF the theorem "For every infinite set , there is a bijective map between the sets and " implies the axiom of choice. The opposite direction was already known, thus the theorem and axiom of choice are equivalent.
Tarski told that when he tried to publish ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20morphism | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a zero morphism is a special kind of morphism exhibiting properties like the morphisms to and from a zero object.
Definitions
Suppose C is a category, and f : X → Y is a morphism in C. The morphism f is called a constant morphism (or sometimes left zero morphism) if for any... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z0 | Z0, Z0 or Z0 may refer to:
Characteristic impedance, a ratio used in electronics
Impedance of free space, a physical constant
Z boson, an elementary particle that mediates the weak force
a rare rail transport modelling scale
Roughness length, a factor used in wind speed calculations
Z0 sex-determination system i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%20function | In mathematics, the Cantor function is an example of a function that is continuous, but not absolutely continuous. It is a notorious counterexample in analysis, because it challenges naive intuitions about continuity, derivative, and measure. Though it is continuous everywhere and has zero derivative almost everywhere... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20function | In mathematics, a constant function is a function whose (output) value is the same for every input value. For example, the function is a constant function because the value of is 4 regardless of the input value (see image).
Basic properties
As a real-valued function of a real-valued argument, a constant function ha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20checking | In computer science, model checking or property checking is a method for checking whether a finite-state model of a system meets a given specification (also known as correctness). This is typically associated with hardware or software systems, where the specification contains liveness requirements (such as avoidance of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Gutzwiller | Martin Charles Gutzwiller (12 October 1925 – 3 March 2014) was a Swiss-American physicist, known for his work on field theory, quantum chaos, and complex systems. He spent most of his career at IBM Research, and was also an adjunct professor of physics at Yale University.
Biography
Gutzwiller was born on October 12, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation | A tessellation or tiling is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps. In mathematics, tessellation can be generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of geometries.
A periodic tiling has a repeating pattern. Some special kinds include r... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham%20chain | In mathematics, a Cunningham chain is a certain sequence of prime numbers. Cunningham chains are named after mathematician A. J. C. Cunningham. They are also called chains of nearly doubled primes.
Definition
A Cunningham chain of the first kind of length n is a sequence of prime numbers (p1, ..., pn) such that pi+1 ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply%20perfect%20number | In mathematics, a multiply perfect number (also called multiperfect number or pluperfect number) is a generalization of a perfect number.
For a given natural number k, a number n is called (or perfect) if the sum of all positive divisors of n (the divisor function, σ(n)) is equal to kn; a number is thus perfect if a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting%20polymer | In materials science, a thermosetting polymer, often called a thermoset, is a polymer that is obtained by irreversibly hardening ("curing") a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer (resin). Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and may be promoted by high pressure or mixing with a catalyst. Heat is not neces... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficiency | A deficiency is generally a lack of something. It may also refer to:
A deficient number, in mathematics, a number n for which σ(n) < 2n
Angular deficiency, in geometry, the difference between a sum of angles and the corresponding sum in a Euclidean plane
Deficiency (graph theory), a property describing how far a giv... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory | Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error detection and correction, data transmission and data storage. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical ... |
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