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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorial
In mathematics, and more particularly in number theory, primorial, denoted by "#", is a function from natural numbers to natural numbers similar to the factorial function, but rather than successively multiplying positive integers, the function only multiplies prime numbers. The name "primorial", coined by Harvey Dubn...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20root
In mathematics, a primitive root may mean: Primitive root modulo n in modular arithmetic Primitive nth root of unity amongst the solutions of zn = 1 in a field See also Primitive element (disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajeev%20John
Sajeev John, OC, FRSC (born 1957) is a Professor of Physics at the University of Toronto and Canada Research Chair holder. He is known for his discovery of photonic crystals. Education and career He received his bachelor's degree in physics in 1979 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his Ph.D. in physic...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSS
DSS may refer to: Science and technology Biology and medicine Dejerine Sottas syndrome, genetic disorder a.k.a. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 3 Dengue shock syndrome Disease-specific survival Dextran, a chemical used experimentally to induce colitis in rodents Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, a lubricant, laxa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiter%20%28simulator%29
Orbiter is a space flight simulator program developed to simulate spaceflight using realistic Newtonian physics. The simulator was released on 27 November 2000; the latest edition, labeled "Orbiter 2016", was released on 30 August 2016, the first new version of the simulator since 2010. On 27 July 2021, Dr Schweiger an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20C.%20Gilbert%20Company
The A. C. Gilbert Company was an American toy company, once one of the largest in the world. Gilbert originated the Erector Set, which is a construction toy similar to Meccano in the rest of the world, and made chemistry sets, microscope kits, and a line of inexpensive reflector telescopes. In 1938, Gilbert purchased...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822%20in%20science
The year 1822 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology "Rostocker Pfeilstorch", a white stork, is found in northern Germany with an arrow from central Africa through its neck, demonstrating the fact of bird migration. Geology Georges Cuvier establishes new standards and meth...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism%20%28metaphysics%29
Libertarianism is one of the main philosophical positions related to the problems of free will and determinism which are part of the larger domain of metaphysics. In particular, libertarianism is an incompatibilist position which argues that free will is logically incompatible with a deterministic universe. Libertarian...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic%20plasticity
In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity. Since memories are postulated to be represented by vastly interconnected neural circuits in the brain, synaptic plasticity is one of the important neurochemical fou...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821%20in%20science
The year 1821 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy Johann Franz Encke calculates that Comet Encke has a periodic orbit, the second comet after Comet Halley for which this has been discovered. Alexis Bouvard detects irregularities in the orbit of Uranus. Biology Swedis...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracking%20%28chemistry%29
In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali%20set
In mathematics, a Vitali set is an elementary example of a set of real numbers that is not Lebesgue measurable, found by Giuseppe Vitali in 1905. The Vitali theorem is the existence theorem that there are such sets. There are uncountably many Vitali sets, and their existence depends on the axiom of choice. In 1970, Rob...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational%20invariance
In mathematics, a function defined on an inner product space is said to have rotational invariance if its value does not change when arbitrary rotations are applied to its argument. Mathematics Functions For example, the function is invariant under rotations of the plane around the origin, because for a rotated se...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravastar
A gravastar is an object hypothesized in astrophysics by Pawel O. Mazur and Emil Mottola as an alternative to the black hole theory. It has usual black hole metric outside of the horizon, but de Sitter metric inside. On the horizon there is a thin shell of matter. The term "gravastar" is a portmanteau of the words "gra...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%20in%20science
The year 1820 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy March 10 – Astronomical Society of London is founded. October 20 – Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, is founded. Biology Christian Friedrich Nasse formulates Nasse's law: hemophilia occurs only in males and is tr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph%20A.%20Marcus
Rudolph Arthur Marcus (born July 21, 1923) is a Canadian-born chemist who received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems". Marcus theory, named after him, provides a thermodynamic and kinetic framework for describing one electron outer-...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator%20physics
Accelerator physics is a branch of applied physics, concerned with designing, building and operating particle accelerators. As such, it can be described as the study of motion, manipulation and observation of relativistic charged particle beams and their interaction with accelerator structures by electromagnetic field...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh
Seventh is the ordinal form of the number seven. Seventh may refer to: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution A fraction (mathematics), , equal to one of seven equal parts Film and television "The Seventh", a second-season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise Music A seventh (interval), the difference b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine%20%28Egan%20novel%29
Quarantine is a 1992 hard science fiction novel by Greg Egan. Within a detective fiction framework, the novel explores the consequences of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics (or rather of its consciousness causes collapse variant), which Egan acknowledges was chosen more for its entertainment value than...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindromic%20prime
In mathematics, a palindromic prime (sometimes called a palprime) is a prime number that is also a palindromic number. Palindromicity depends on the base of the number system and its notational conventions, while primality is independent of such concerns. The first few decimal palindromic primes are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 10...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann%E2%80%93Sassaman%20key-signing%20protocol
In cryptography, the Zimmermann–Sassaman key-signing protocol is a protocol to speed up the public key fingerprint verification part of a key signing party. It requires some work before the event. The protocol was invented during a key signing party with Len Sassaman, Werner Koch, Phil Zimmermann, and others. Sassama...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20signing%20party
In public-key cryptography, a key signing party is an event at which people present their public keys to others in person, who, if they are confident the key actually belongs to the person who claims it, digitally sign the certificate containing that public key and the person's name, etc. Key signing parties are commo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%20in%20science
The year 1826 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy Mary Somerville presents a paper on "The Magnetic Properties of the Violet Rays of the Solar Spectrum" to the Royal Society in London. Chemistry Antoine Jerome Balard isolates bromine. Pierre Jean Robiquet isolates th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMI
VMI may refer to: Science and technology Virtual mobile infrastructure, hosting a nominally mobile operating system in a data center or cloud Velocity Map Imaging, a technique in photofragment-ion imaging in chemical physics Virtual machine image, an exact snapshot of a computer disk in a virtual machine Organizat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828%20in%20science
The year 1828 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy Félix Savary computes the first orbit of a visual double star when he calculates the orbit of the double star Xi Ursae Majoris. Biology April 27 – London Zoo opens in Regent's Park for members of the Zoological Society...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829%20in%20science
The year 1829 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Chemistry Isaac Holden produces a form of friction match. Mathematics Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet publishes a memoir giving the Dirichlet conditions, showing for which functions the convergence of the Fourier series holds; in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%20in%20science
The year 1830 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy March 16 – Great Comet of 1830 (C/1830 F1, 1830 I) first observed in Mauritius. Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer produce the first map of the surface of Mars. Biology Charles Bell publishes his Nervous System ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20Bird%20Count
The Christmas Bird Count (CBC) is a census of birds in the Western Hemisphere, performed annually in the early Northern-hemisphere winter by volunteer birdwatchers and administered by the National Audubon Society. The purpose is to provide population data for use in science, especially conservation biology, though many...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression%20%28physics%29
it is a force that tends to push or squeeze something together. material in the lower part of structure in the compression. In mechanics, compression is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to red...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A0%20di%20Bruno%27s%20formula
Faà di Bruno's formula is an identity in mathematics generalizing the chain rule to higher derivatives. It is named after , although he was not the first to state or prove the formula. In 1800, more than 50 years before Faà di Bruno, the French mathematician Louis François Antoine Arbogast had stated the formula in a c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20School%20of%20Science%20and%20Mathematics
The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM) is a two-year, public residential high school with two physical campuses located in Durham, North Carolina and Morganton, North Carolina that focuses on the intensive study of science, mathematics and technology. It accepts rising juniors from across North Ca...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC
HC, hc or H/C may refer to: Science, technology, and mathematics Medicine Health Canada Hemicrania continua Hyperelastosis cutis or hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia Chemistry Hemocyanin, a metalloprotein abbreviated Hc HC smoke, a US military designation for Hexachloroethane Homocapsaicin, a capsai...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20electromagnetism
Classical electromagnetism or classical electrodynamics is a branch of theoretical physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and currents using an extension of the classical Newtonian model; It is, therefore, a classical field theory. The theory provides a description of electromagnetic phenomena w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks
Earthworks may refer to: Construction Earthworks (archaeology), human-made constructions that modify the land contour Earthworks (engineering), civil engineering works created by moving or processing quantities of soil Earthworks (military), military fortifications built in the field during a campaign or siege Arts a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle%20of%20locality
In physics, the principle of locality states that an object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings. A theory that includes the principle of locality is said to be a "local theory". This is an alternative to the concept of instantaneous, or "non-local" action at a distance. Locality evolved out of the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832%20in%20science
The year 1832 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology Dr. Thomas Bell begins publication of A Monograph of the Testudinata, the first comprehensive study of the world's turtles. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire begins publication of Histoire générale et particulière des anomal...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic%20acid
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic α-amino acid in which a cyclopropane ring is fused to the C atom of the amino acid. It is a white solid. Many cyclopropane-substituted amino acids are known, but this one occurs naturally. Like glycine, but unlike most α-amino acids, ACC is not chi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Fenn
John Bennett Fenn (June 15, 1917December 10, 2010) was an American professor of analytical chemistry who was awarded a share of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002. Fenn shared half of the award with Koichi Tanaka for their work in mass spectrometry. The other half of the 2002 award went to Kurt Wüthrich. Fenn's contr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833%20in%20science
The year 1833 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy November 12–13 – A spectacular occurrence of the Leonid meteor shower is observed over Alabama. Biology May 3 – The Entomological Society of London is inaugurated. Katherine Sophia Kane's The Irish Flora is published ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power
Power may refer to: Common meanings Power (physics), meaning "rate of doing work" Engine power, the power put out by an engine Electric power, a type of energy Power (social and political), the ability to influence people or events Mathematics, science and technology Computing IBM POWER (software), an IBM opera...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield%20Diffie
Bailey Whitfield 'Whit' Diffie (born June 5, 1944), ForMemRS, is an American cryptographer and mathematician and one of the pioneers of public-key cryptography along with Martin Hellman and Ralph Merkle. Diffie and Hellman's 1976 paper New Directions in Cryptography introduced a radically new method of distributing cry...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20transforms
This is a list of transforms in mathematics. Integral transforms Abel transform Bateman transform Fourier transform Short-time Fourier transform Gabor transform Hankel transform Hartley transform Hermite transform Hilbert transform Hilbert–Schmidt integral operator Jacobi transform Laguerre transform Laplace transform...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Romme
Charles-Gilbert Romme (26 March 1750 – 17 June 1795) was a French politician and mathematician who developed the French Republican Calendar. Biography Charles Gilbert Romme was born in Riom, Puy-de-Dôme, in the Auvergne region of France, where he received an education in medicine and mathematics. After spending five y...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progression
Progression may refer to: In mathematics: Arithmetic progression, sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant Geometric progression, sequence of numbers such that the quotient of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant Harmonic progressio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20signature
In cryptography a blind signature, as introduced by David Chaum, is a form of digital signature in which the content of a message is disguised (blinded) before it is signed. The resulting blind signature can be publicly verified against the original, unblinded message in the manner of a regular digital signature. Blind...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Theoretical%20and%20Computational%20Chemists
The World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (WATOC) is a scholarly association founded in 1982 "in order to encourage the development and application of theoretical methods" in chemistry, particularly theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry. It was originally called the World Association o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Chemical%20Society
The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 155,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, and relat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-body%20problem
The many-body problem is a general name for a vast category of physical problems pertaining to the properties of microscopic systems made of many interacting particles. Microscopic here implies that quantum mechanics has to be used to provide an accurate description of the system. Many can be anywhere from three to inf...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Dillon
Matthew Dillon (born 1966) is an American software engineer known for Amiga software, contributions to FreeBSD and for starting and leading the DragonFly BSD project since 2003. Biography Dillon studied electronic engineering and computer science at the University of California, Berkeley, where he first became involve...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20art
Information art, which is also known as informatism or data art, is an emerging art form that is inspired by and principally incorporates data, computer science, information technology, artificial intelligence, and related data-driven fields. The information revolution has resulted in over-abundant data that are critic...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff%20distance
In mathematics, the Hausdorff distance, or Hausdorff metric, also called Pompeiu–Hausdorff distance, measures how far two subsets of a metric space are from each other. It turns the set of non-empty compact subsets of a metric space into a metric space in its own right. It is named after Felix Hausdorff and Dimitrie Po...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20amplitude
In quantum mechanics, a probability amplitude is a complex number used for describing the behaviour of systems. The modulus squared of this quantity represents a probability density. Probability amplitudes provide a relationship between the quantum state vector of a system and the results of observations of that syste...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837%20in%20science
The year 1837 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology January 10 – John Gould reports to the Zoological Society of London that bird specimens brought by Charles Darwin from the Galápagos Islands which Darwin had thought were blackbirds, "gross-bills" and finches are in fact "...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1691%20in%20science
The year 1691 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology Italian Jesuit scholar Filippo Bonanni publishes the results of his microscopic observations of invertebrates in Observationes circa Viventia, quae in Rebus non-Viventibus. Mathematics Gottfried Leibniz discovers the technique of sepa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Frederic%20Daniell
John Frederic Daniell FRS (12 March 1790 – 13 March 1845) was an English chemist and physicist. Biography Daniell was born in London. In 1831 he became the first professor of chemistry at the newly founded King's College London; and in 1835 he was appointed to the equivalent post at the East India Company's Military S...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20orthogonal%20functions
In statistics and signal processing, the method of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is a decomposition of a signal or data set in terms of orthogonal basis functions which are determined from the data. The term is also interchangeable with the geographically weighted Principal components analysis in geophy...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Warthen
David Warthen (born December 10, 1957) was one of the founders of Ask Jeeves, now called Ask.com, an internet search engine. Warthen has served as Chief Technology Officer or Vice President of Engineering for a variety of companies, many of them start-ups, over his career. David Warthen obtained B.A (Computer Science)...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message%20queue
In computer science, message queues and mailboxes are software-engineering components typically used for inter-process communication (IPC), or for inter-thread communication within the same process. They use a queue for messaging – the passing of control or of content. Group communication systems provide similar kinds...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupled%20cluster
Coupled cluster (CC) is a numerical technique used for describing many-body systems. Its most common use is as one of several post-Hartree–Fock ab initio quantum chemistry methods in the field of computational chemistry, but it is also used in nuclear physics. Coupled cluster essentially takes the basic Hartree–Fock mo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20B.%20Lewis
Edward Butts Lewis (May 20, 1918 – July 21, 2004) was an American geneticist, a corecipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He helped to found the field of evolutionary developmental biology. Early life Lewis was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, the second son of Laura Mary Lewis (née Histed) and...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotomic%20identity
In mathematics, the cyclotomic identity states that where M is Moreau's necklace-counting function, and μ is the classic Möbius function of number theory. The name comes from the denominator, 1 − z j, which is the product of cyclotomic polynomials. The left hand side of the cyclotomic identity is the generating f...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20agent
In computer science, a software agent is a computer program that acts for a user or another program in a relationship of agency. The term agent is derived from the Latin agere (to do): an agreement to act on one's behalf. Such "action on behalf of" implies the authority to decide which, if any, action is appropriate. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury%20matrix%20identity
In mathematics (specifically linear algebra), the Woodbury matrix identity, named after Max A. Woodbury, says that the inverse of a rank-k correction of some matrix can be computed by doing a rank-k correction to the inverse of the original matrix. Alternative names for this formula are the matrix inversion lemma, Sher...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge%20boson
In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. Elementary particles whose interactions are described by a gauge theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles. Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace%20polynomial
In combinatorial mathematics, the necklace polynomial, or Moreau's necklace-counting function, introduced by , counts the number of distinct necklaces of n colored beads chosen out of α available colors. The necklaces are assumed to be aperiodic (not consisting of repeated subsequences), and counted up to rotation (ro...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral%20transform
In mathematics, an integral transform is a type of transform that maps a function from its original function space into another function space via integration, where some of the properties of the original function might be more easily characterized and manipulated than in the original function space. The transformed fu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro%20Mori%20%28roboticist%29
is a Japanese roboticist noted for his pioneering work in the fields of robotics and automation, his research achievements in humans' emotional responses to non-human entities, as well as for his views on religion. The ASIMO robot was designed by one of Masahiro's students. In 1970, Mori published "Bukimi No Tani" (不...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trac
Trac is an open-source, web-based project management and bug tracking system. It has been adopted by a variety of organizations for use as a bug tracking system for both free and open-source software and proprietary projects and products. Trac integrates with major version control systems including ("out of the box") S...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAIR
CAIRz or Cair may refer to: Acronyms Carboxyaminoimidazole ribotide, a biochemical intermediate nucleotide Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Indian national defence laboratory Clean Air Interstate Rule, US environmental regulation Council on American–Islamic Relations, American Muslim advocacy or...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersolid
In condensed matter physics, a supersolid is a spatially ordered material with superfluid properties. In the case of helium-4, it has been conjectured since the 1960s that it might be possible to create a supersolid. Starting from 2017, a definitive proof for the existence of this state was provided by several experime...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Julliard
Alexandre Julliard (born 1970) is a computer programmer who is best known as the project leader for Wine, a compatibility layer to run Microsoft Windows programs on Unix-like operating systems. Julliard studied computer science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. He spent most of the 1990s workin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility
Volatility or volatile may refer to: Chemistry Volatility (chemistry), a measuring tendency of a substance or liquid to vaporize easily Relative volatility, a measure of vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture Volatile (astrogeology), a group of compounds with low boiling points that are associated w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/220%20%28number%29
220 (two hundred [and] twenty) is the natural number following 219 and preceding 221. In mathematics It is a composite number, with its proper divisors being 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55 and 110, making it an amicable number with 284. Every number up to 220 may be expressed as a sum of its divisors, making 220 a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant%20derivative
In mathematics, the covariant derivative is a way of specifying a derivative along tangent vectors of a manifold. Alternatively, the covariant derivative is a way of introducing and working with a connection on a manifold by means of a differential operator, to be contrasted with the approach given by a principal conne...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Osheroff
Douglas Dean Osheroff (born August 1, 1945) is an American physicist known for his work in experimental condensed matter physics, in particular for his co-discovery of superfluidity in Helium-3. For his contributions he shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics along with David Lee and Robert C. Richardson. Osheroff is cu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Compton
Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his 1923 discovery of the Compton effect, which demonstrated the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation. It was a sensational discovery at the time: the wave nature of light had been...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated%20Electrical%20Industries
Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) was a British holding company formed in 1928 through the merger of the British Thomson-Houston Company (BTH) and Metropolitan-Vickers electrical engineering companies. In 1967 AEI was acquired by GEC, to create the UK's largest industrial group. A scandal that followed the acquis...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEI
AEI may refer to: Adelaide Educational Institution of South Australia Aei Latin-script trigraph AEI Music Network Inc. (Audio Environments Incorporated), which created the "Foreground Music" industry in 1971 Albert Einstein Institute, the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Germany Albert Einstein Ins...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Stark
Johannes Stark (, 15 April 1874 – 21 June 1957) was a German physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919 "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields". This phenomenon is known as the Stark effect. Stark received his Ph.D. in physics fro...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian%20ratchet
In the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, the Brownian ratchet or Feynman–Smoluchowski ratchet is an apparent perpetual motion machine of the second kind (converting thermal energy into mechanical work), first analysed in 1912 as a thought experiment by Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski. It was popularis...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Cole
Jack Cole may refer to: Jack Cole (artist) (1914–1958), American comic book artist and cartoonist Jack Cole (businessman) (1920–2007), American entrepreneur and businessman Jack Cole (choreographer) (1911–1974), American dancer, choreographer and theatre director Jack Cole (scientist), professor at the School of C...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-duality
In theoretical physics, T-duality (short for target-space duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. In the simplest example of this relationship, one of the theories describes strings propagating in a spacetime shaped like a circle of some radius...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-duality
In theoretical physics, S-duality (short for strong–weak duality, or Sen duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. S-duality is useful for doing calculations in theoretical physics because it relates a theory in which calculations are difficult t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-duality
In physics, U-duality (short for unified duality) is a symmetry of string theory or M-theory combining S-duality and T-duality transformations. The term is most often met in the context of the "U-duality (symmetry) group" of M-theory as defined on a particular background space (topological manifold). This is the union ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergravity
In theoretical physics, supergravity (supergravity theory; SUGRA for short) is a modern field theory that combines the principles of supersymmetry and general relativity; this is in contrast to non-gravitational supersymmetric theories such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Supergravity is the gauge theory ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20theory%20%28physics%29
In theoretical physics, the matrix theory is a quantum mechanical model proposed in 1997 by Tom Banks, Willy Fischler, Stephen Shenker, and Leonard Susskind; it is also known as BFSS matrix model, after the authors' initials. Overview This theory describes the behavior of a set of nine large matrices. In their origina...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping%20point%20%28sociology%29
In sociology, a tipping point is a point in time when a group—or many group members—rapidly and dramatically changes its behavior by widely adopting a previously rare practice. History The phrase was first used in sociology by Morton Grodzins when he adopted the phrase from physics where it referred to the adding a s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Emperor%27s%20New%20Mind
The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics is a 1989 book by the mathematical physicist Sir Roger Penrose. Penrose argues that human consciousness is non-algorithmic, and thus is not capable of being modeled by a conventional Turing machine, which includes a digital computer. Penrose h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Bartlett%20%28chemist%29
Neil Bartlett (15 September 1932 – 5 August 2008) was a chemist who specialized in fluorine and compounds containing fluorine, and became famous for creating the first noble gas compounds. He taught chemistry at the University of British Columbia and the University of California, Berkeley. Biography Neil Bartlett was ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal
Conformal may refer to: Conformal (software), in ASIC Software Conformal coating in electronics Conformal cooling channel, in injection or blow moulding Conformal field theory in physics, such as: Boundary conformal field theory Coset conformal field theory Logarithmic conformal field theory Rational conform...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative%20deepening%20depth-first%20search
In computer science, iterative deepening search or more specifically iterative deepening depth-first search (IDS or IDDFS) is a state space/graph search strategy in which a depth-limited version of depth-first search is run repeatedly with increasing depth limits until the goal is found. IDDFS is optimal, meaning that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1839%20in%20science
The year 1839 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy January – The first parallax measurement of the distance to Alpha Centauri is published by Thomas Henderson. January 2 – The first photograph of the Moon is taken by Louis Daguerre. Biology January 29 – English natura...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1841%20in%20science
The year 1841 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology Rev. Miles Joseph Berkeley demonstrates that Phytophthora infestans (potato blight) is a fungal infection. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, first open to the public and William Hooker appointed director. John Gould begins pub...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Page
Richard Lewis Page (born 22 February 1941) is a former Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom from 1976 to 2005. Early life Born the son of Victor Charles Page, he went to the independent Hurstpierpoint College in West Sussex and Luton Technical College, gaining a HNC in Mechanical Engineering in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derived%20functor
In mathematics, certain functors may be derived to obtain other functors closely related to the original ones. This operation, while fairly abstract, unifies a number of constructions throughout mathematics. Motivation It was noted in various quite different settings that a short exact sequence often gives rise to a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panayiotis%20Zavos
Panayiotis Michael Zavos (), or Panos Zavos (, ), is a physiologist who was born in Cyprus and later emigrated to the United States. Zavos has been the subject of controversy for making unsubstantiated claims that he can clone human beings. Academic career Zavos received a Bachelor of Science in biology-chemistry in 1...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator
Indicator may refer to: Biology Environmental indicator of environmental health (pressures, conditions and responses) Ecological indicator of ecosystem health (ecological processes) Health indicator, which is used to describe the health of a population Honeyguides, also known as "indicator birds", a family of Old...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Fano
Roberto Mario "Robert" Fano (11 November 1917 – 13 July 2016) was an Italian-American computer scientist and professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He became a student and working lab partner to Claude Shannon, whom he admired zealously and assisted in the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT%20Computer%20Science%20and%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20Laboratory
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) is a research institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) formed by the 2003 merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab). Housed within the Ray and Maria Stata Center, CSAIL is th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe%20theory
In mathematics, catastrophe theory is a branch of bifurcation theory in the study of dynamical systems; it is also a particular special case of more general singularity theory in geometry. Bifurcation theory studies and classifies phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in circu...