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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation%20%28biology%29
Segmentation in biology is the division of some animal and plant body plans into a linear series of repetitive segments that may or may not be interconnected to each other. This article focuses on the segmentation of animal body plans, specifically using the examples of the taxa Arthropoda, Chordata, and Annelida. Thes...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%20coat%20genetics
Cat coat genetics determine the coloration, pattern, length, and texture of feline fur. The variations among cat coats are physical properties and should not be confused with cat breeds. A cat may display the coat of a certain breed without actually being that breed. For example, a Neva Masquerade (Siberian colorpoint)...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation%20%28genetics%29
In molecular biology and genetics, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). For transformation to take place, the recipient bacterium must be in a state of competence, which mig...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function%20type
In computer science and mathematical logic, a function type (or arrow type or exponential) is the type of a variable or parameter to which a function has or can be assigned, or an argument or result type of a higher-order function taking or returning a function. A function type depends on the type of the parameters an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20in%20science
The year 1987 in science and technology involved many significant events, some listed below. Astronomy February 23 – Supernova 1987a is observed, the first "naked-eye" supernova since 1604. Asteroid 7816 Hanoi is discovered by Masahiro Koishikawa. 10500 Nishi-koen is discovered. Biochemistry December – Yoshizumi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial%20approximation%20theorem
In mathematics, the simplicial approximation theorem is a foundational result for algebraic topology, guaranteeing that continuous mappings can be (by a slight deformation) approximated by ones that are piecewise of the simplest kind. It applies to mappings between spaces that are built up from simplices—that is, finit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycentric%20subdivision
In mathematics, the barycentric subdivision is a standard way to subdivide a given simplex into smaller ones. Its extension on simplicial complexes is a canonical method to refine them. Therefore, the barycentric subdivision is an important tool in algebraic topology. Motivation The barycentric subdivision is an oper...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20plant%20and%20microbial%20biology
The department of plant and microbial biology is an academic department in the Rausser College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. The department conducts extensive research, provides undergraduate and graduate programs, and educates students in the fields of plant and microbial sciences wit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski%27s%20undefinability%20theorem
Tarski's undefinability theorem, stated and proved by Alfred Tarski in 1933, is an important limitative result in mathematical logic, the foundations of mathematics, and in formal semantics. Informally, the theorem states that "arithmetical truth cannot be defined in arithmetic". The theorem applies more generally to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%20Huanming
Yang Huanming (; born 6 October 1952), also known as Henry Yang, is a Chinese biologist, businessman and one of China's leading genetics researchers. He is Chairman and co-founder of the Beijing Genomics Institute, formerly of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was elected as member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20abelian%20group
In mathematics, a topological abelian group, or TAG, is a topological group that is also an abelian group. That is, a TAG is both a group and a topological space, the group operations are continuous, and the group's binary operation is commutative. The theory of topological groups applies also to TAGs, but more can be...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20J.%20Farber
David J. Farber (born April 17, 1934) is a professor of computer science, noted for his major contributions to programming languages and computer networking who is currently the distinguished professor and co-director of Cyber Civilization Research Center at Keio University in Japan. He has been called the "grandfather...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted%20third%20party
In cryptography, a trusted third party (TTP) is an entity which facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party; the third party reviews all critical transaction communications between the parties, based on the ease of creating fraudulent digital content. In TTP models, the relying parties u...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%20in%20science
The year 1928 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Anthropology American anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa, "a psychological study of primitive youth for Western civilization". Archaeology The old Canaanite city of Ugarit is rediscovered. Biology Ja...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofact
Biofact may refer to: Biofact (archaeology) Biofact (biology) Biofact (philosophy)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaling
Scaling may refer to: Science and technology Mathematics and physics Scaling (geometry), a linear transformation that enlarges or diminishes objects Scale invariance, a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables are multiplied by a common factor Scaling law, a law...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-form%20expression
In mathematics, an expression is in closed form if it is formed with constants, variables and a finite set of basic functions connected by arithmetic operations (, and integer powers) and function composition. Commonly, the allowed functions are nth root, exponential function, logarithm, and trigonometric functions . H...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20group
In mathematics, more specifically in group theory, a group is said to be perfect if it equals its own commutator subgroup, or equivalently, if the group has no non-trivial abelian quotients (equivalently, its abelianization, which is the universal abelian quotient, is trivial). In symbols, a perfect group is one such t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary%20number
In fluid dynamics, the capillary number (Ca) is a dimensionless quantity representing the relative effect of viscous drag forces versus surface tension forces acting across an interface between a liquid and a gas, or between two immiscible liquids. Alongside the Bond number, commonly denoted , this term is useful to de...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Joshua%20Matrix
Irving Joshua Matrix — previously known as Irving Joshua Bush and commonly known as Dr. (I. J.) Matrix — is a fictitious polymath scientist, scholar, cowboy, and entrepreneur who made extraordinary contributions to perpetual motion engineering, Biblical cryptography and numerology, pyramid power, pentagonal meditation,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer-valued%20polynomial
In mathematics, an integer-valued polynomial (also known as a numerical polynomial) is a polynomial whose value is an integer for every integer n. Every polynomial with integer coefficients is integer-valued, but the converse is not true. For example, the polynomial takes on integer values whenever t is an integer. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20subspace
In mathematics, an invariant subspace of a linear mapping T : V → V i.e. from some vector space V to itself, is a subspace W of V that is preserved by T. More generally, an invariant subspace for a collection of linear mappings is a subspace preserved by each mapping individually. For a single operator Consider a v...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity
Complementarity may refer to: Physical sciences and mathematics Complementarity (molecular biology), a property of nucleic acid molecules in molecular biology Complementarity (physics), the principle that objects have complementary properties which cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously Complementarity t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary%20order
Dictionary order may refer to: Alphabetical order § Treatment of multiword strings Other collation systems used to order words in dictionaries Lexicographic order in mathematics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Baade
Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade (March 24, 1893 – June 25, 1960) was a German astronomer who worked in the United States from 1931 to 1959. Biography The son of a teacher, Baade finished school in 1912. He then studied maths, physics and astronomy at the universities of Münster and Göttingen. After receiving his PhD in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed%20number%20representations
In computing, signed number representations are required to encode negative numbers in binary number systems. In mathematics, negative numbers in any base are represented by prefixing them with a minus sign ("−"). However, in RAM or CPU registers, numbers are represented only as sequences of bits, without extra symbol...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%20Medal
The Darwin Medal is one of the medals awarded by the Royal Society for "distinction in evolution, biological diversity and developmental, population and organismal biology". In 1885, International Darwin Memorial Fund was transferred to the Royal Society. The fund was devoted for promotion of biological research, and...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20G.%20Marsden
Brian Geoffrey Marsden (5 August 1937 – 18 November 2010) was a British astronomer and the longtime director of the Minor Planet Center (MPC) at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (director emeritus from 2006 to 2010). Education Marsden was educated at The Perse School in Cambridge, New College, Oxford...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20theorems
This is a list of notable theorems. Lists of theorems and similar statements include: List of fundamental theorems List of lemmas List of conjectures List of inequalities List of mathematical proofs List of misnamed theorems Most of the results below come from pure mathematics, but some are from theoretical physics, e...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Hartshorne
Charles Hartshorne (; June 5, 1897 – October 9, 2000) was an American philosopher who concentrated primarily on the philosophy of religion and metaphysics, but also contributed to ornithology. He developed the neoclassical idea of God and produced a modal proof of the existence of God that was a development of Anselm o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakeya%20set
In mathematics, a Kakeya set, or Besicovitch set, is a set of points in Euclidean space which contains a unit line segment in every direction. For instance, a disk of radius 1/2 in the Euclidean plane, or a ball of radius 1/2 in three-dimensional space, forms a Kakeya set. Much of the research in this area has studied ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Winthrop%20%28educator%29
John Winthrop (December 19, 1714 – May 3, 1779) was an American mathematician, physicist and astronomer. He was the 2nd Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Harvard College. Early life John Winthrop was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His great-great-grandfather, also named John Winthrop, was found...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%20colony%20optimization%20algorithms
In computer science and operations research, the ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) is a probabilistic technique for solving computational problems which can be reduced to finding good paths through graphs. Artificial ants stand for multi-agent methods inspired by the behavior of real ants. The pheromone-based co...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%20School%20for%20Math%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20the%20Arts
The Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts (LSMSA) is a public residential high school located in Natchitoches, Louisiana, US on the campus of Northwestern State University (NSU). It is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST). In ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological%20Survey%20of%20Denmark%20and%20Greenland
The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland () is the independent sector research institute under the Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy. GEUS is an advisory, research and survey institute in hydrogeology, geophysics, geochemistry, stratigraphy, glaciology, ore geology, marine geology, mineralogy, climatology, e...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Hirsch
Kurt August Hirsch (12 January 1906 – 4 November 1986) was a German mathematician who moved to England to escape the Nazi persecution of Jews. His research was in group theory. He also worked to reform mathematics education and became a county chess champion. The Hirsch length and Hirsch–Plotkin radical are named after...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20number%20field%20sieve
In number theory, a branch of mathematics, the special number field sieve (SNFS) is a special-purpose integer factorization algorithm. The general number field sieve (GNFS) was derived from it. The special number field sieve is efficient for integers of the form re ± s, where r and s are small (for instance Mersenne n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%20bond
In chemistry, pi bonds (π bonds) are covalent chemical bonds, in each of which two lobes of an orbital on one atom overlap with two lobes of an orbital on another atom, and in which this overlap occurs laterally. Each of these atomic orbitals has an electron density of zero at a shared nodal plane that passes through t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20orbital%20theory
In chemistry, molecular orbital theory (MO theory or MOT) is a method for describing the electronic structure of molecules using quantum mechanics. It was proposed early in the 20th century. In molecular orbital theory, electrons in a molecule are not assigned to individual chemical bonds between atoms, but are treate...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perxenate
In chemistry, perxenates are salts of the yellow xenon-containing anion . This anion has octahedral molecular geometry, as determined by Raman spectroscopy, having O–Xe–O bond angles varying between 87° and 93°. The Xe–O bond length was determined by X-ray crystallography to be 1.875 Å. Synthesis Perxenates are synt...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20topology
In mathematics, a strong topology is a topology which is stronger than some other "default" topology. This term is used to describe different topologies depending on context, and it may refer to: the final topology on the disjoint union the topology arising from a norm the strong operator topology the strong topol...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic
Isotopic may refer to: In the physical sciences, to do with chemical isotopes In mathematics, to do with a relation called isotopy; see Isotopy (disambiguation) In geometry, isotopic refers to facet-transitivity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Theoretical%20Biology
The Journal of Theoretical Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering theoretical biology, as well as mathematical, computational, and statistical aspects of biology. Some research areas covered by the journal include cell biology, evolutionary biology, population genetics, morphogenesis, and immun...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20R.%20Price
George Robert Price (October 16, 1922 – January 6, 1975) was an American population geneticist. Price is often noted for his formulation of the Price equation in 1967. Originally a physical chemist and later a science journalist, he moved to London in 1967, where he worked in theoretical biology at the Galton Laborato...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus%20Rohlfs
Nicolaus Rohlfs was an 18th-century German mathematics teacher (arithmeticus) in Buxtehude and Hamburg who wrote astronomical calendars, a book about gardening, and other treatises that were continued by Matthias Rohlfs. Works Trigonometrische Calculation, der Anno Christi 1724. den 22 Maji ... vorfallenden grossen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen%20Rohlfs
Kristen Rohlfs (13 May 1930 in Humptrup – 10 December 2017) was a professor for astrophysics. He taught astronomy at the University of Bochum from 1974 to 1995. Literature Tools of Radio Astronomy. 1986 References 1930 births 2017 deaths 20th-century German astronomers Academic staff of Ruhr University Bochum Peo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Mathematical%20Society
The London Mathematical Society (LMS) is one of the United Kingdom's learned societies for mathematics (the others being the Royal Statistical Society (RSS), the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA), the Edinburgh Mathematical Society and the Operational Research Society (ORS). History The Society was e...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem%20de%20Sitter
Willem de Sitter (6 May 1872 – 20 November 1934) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. Life and work Born in Sneek, de Sitter studied mathematics at the University of Groningen and then joined the Groningen astronomical laboratory. He worked at the Cape Observatory in South Africa (1897–1899). Then, in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurewicz%20theorem
In mathematics, the Hurewicz theorem is a basic result of algebraic topology, connecting homotopy theory with homology theory via a map known as the Hurewicz homomorphism. The theorem is named after Witold Hurewicz, and generalizes earlier results of Henri Poincaré. Statement of the theorems The Hurewicz theorems are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even%20and%20odd%20functions
In mathematics, even functions and odd functions are functions which satisfy particular symmetry relations, with respect to taking additive inverses. They are important in many areas of mathematical analysis, especially the theory of power series and Fourier series. They are named for the parity of the powers of the po...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padding%20%28cryptography%29
In cryptography, padding is any of a number of distinct practices which all include adding data to the beginning, middle, or end of a message prior to encryption. In classical cryptography, padding may include adding nonsense phrases to a message to obscure the fact that many messages end in predictable ways, e.g. sinc...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlubricity
In physics (specifically tribology), superlubricity is a regime of motion in which friction vanishes or very nearly vanishes. However, a "vanishing" friction level is not clear, which makes the term vague. As an ad hoc definition, a kinetic coefficient of friction less than 0.01 can be adopted. This definition also req...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEAL
In cryptography, FEAL (the Fast data Encipherment Algorithm) is a block cipher proposed as an alternative to the Data Encryption Standard (DES), and designed to be much faster in software. The Feistel based algorithm was first published in 1987 by Akihiro Shimizu and Shoji Miyaguchi from NTT. The cipher is susceptible ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Metamorphosis%20of%20Prime%20Intellect
The Metamorphosis of Prime Intellect is a 1994 novella by Roger Williams, a programmer living in New Orleans. It deals with the ramifications of a powerful, superintelligent supercomputer that discovers god-like powers to alter reality while studying a quirk of quantum physics discovered during the prototyping of its o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tiltman
Brigadier John Hessell Tiltman, (25 May 1894 – 10 August 1982) was a British Army officer who worked in intelligence, often at or with the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) starting in the 1920s. His intelligence work was largely connected with cryptography, and he showed exceptional skill at cryptanalysis. Hi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen%20Tsing%20Chow
Wen Tsing Chow (; 1918–2001), was a Chinese-born American missile guidance scientist and a digital computer pioneer, known for the invention of programmable read-only memory or PROM. Biography Chow was born in Taiyuan, Shanxi in 1918. He received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from National Chiao Tung University (no...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellinger%E2%80%93Toeplitz%20theorem
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Hellinger–Toeplitz theorem states that an everywhere-defined symmetric operator on a Hilbert space with inner product is bounded. By definition, an operator A is symmetric if for all x, y in the domain of A. Note that symmetric everywhere-defined operators are ne...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure%20channel
In cryptography, a secure channel is a means of data transmission that is resistant to overhearing and tampering. A confidential channel is a means of data transmission that is resistant to overhearing, or eavesdropping (e.g., reading the content), but not necessarily resistant to tampering (i.e., manipulating the cont...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liisi%20Oterma
Liisi Oterma (; 6 January 1915 – 4 April 2001) was a Finnish astronomer, the first woman to get a Ph.D. degree in astronomy in Finland. She studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Turku, and soon became Yrjö Väisälä's assistant and worked on the search for minor planets. She obtained her master's degre...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi%20effect
The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section (or choke) of a pipe. The Venturi effect is named after its discoverer, the 18th-century Italian physicist Giovanni Battista Venturi. Background In inviscid fluid dynamics, an incompressible fluid's velo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen%20Strawson
Galen John Strawson (born 1952) is a British analytic philosopher and literary critic who works primarily on philosophy of mind, metaphysics (including free will, panpsychism, the mind-body problem, and the self), John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche. He has been a consultant editor at The Time...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCH
MCH may refer to: Biology and medicine Mean corpuscular hemoglobin or mean cell hemoglobin Maternal and child health Melanin concentrating hormone Molecular clock hypothesis Microfibrillar collagen hemostat Master of Surgery, written as either M.Ch. or Ch.M. People and entities Michael C. Hall, actor New Zeal...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GGT
GGT may refer to: Biology and medicine Gamma-glutamyltransferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between a peptide and an amino acid Glutathione hydrolase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes glutathione A codon for the amino acid Glycine Germline gene therapy, to treat genetic diseases Language Gitua language, sp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole%20Oresme
Nicole Oresme (; – 11 July 1382), also known as Nicolas Oresme, Nicholas Oresme, or Nicolas d'Oresme, was a French philosopher of the later Middle Ages. He wrote influential works on economics, mathematics, physics, astrology, astronomy, philosophy, and theology; was Bishop of Lisieux, a translator, a counselor of Kin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20%28geometry%29
In classical Euclidean geometry, a point is a primitive notion that models an exact location in space, and has no length, width, or thickness. In modern mathematics, a point is considered as an element of some set, a point set. A space is a point set with some additional structure. An isolated point has no other neighb...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimodular%20matrix
In mathematics, a unimodular matrix M is a square integer matrix having determinant +1 or −1. Equivalently, it is an integer matrix that is invertible over the integers: there is an integer matrix N that is its inverse (these are equivalent under Cramer's rule). Thus every equation , where M and b both have integer com...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collinsia
Collinsia is a genus of about 20 species of annual flowering plants, consisting of the blue eyed Marys and the Chinese houses. It was traditionally placed in the snapdragon family Scrophulariaceae, but following recent research in molecular genetics, it has now been placed in a much enlarged family Plantaginaceae. Th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminate
Indeterminate may refer to: In mathematics Indeterminate (variable), a symbol that is treated as a variable Indeterminate system, a system of simultaneous equations that has more than one solution Indeterminate equation, an equation that has more than one solution Indeterminate form, an algebraic expression with c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%20chain
In mathematics, a Lucas chain is a restricted type of addition chain, named for the French mathematician Édouard Lucas. It is a sequence a0, a1, a2, a3, ... that satisfies a0=1, and for each k > 0: ak = ai + aj, and either ai = aj or |ai − aj| = am, for some i, j, m < k. The sequence of powers of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyden%20Observatory
Boyden Observatory is an astronomical research observatory and science education centre located in Maselspoort, north-east of the city of Bloemfontein in Free State, South Africa. The observatory is managed by the Physics Department of the University of the Free State (UFS). The Friends of Boyden assist the observator...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebreaker%20%28disambiguation%29
A codebreaker is a person who performs cryptanalysis. Codebreaker or Code breaker may also refer to: The Codebreakers, a 1967 book on history of cryptography by David Kahn Code:Breaker, a 2008 manga by Akimine Kamijyo Code Breakers (film), a 2005 American TV film about West Point The Code-Breakers, a 2006 British ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaobject
In computer science, a metaobject is an object that manipulates, creates, describes, or implements objects (including itself). The object that the metaobject pertains to is called the base object. Some information that a metaobject might define includes the base object's type, interface, class, methods, attributes, par...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20copulation
In cryptography, Russian copulation is a method of rearranging plaintext before encryption so as to conceal stereotyped headers, salutations, introductions, endings, signatures, etc. This obscures clues for a cryptanalyst, and can be used to increase cryptanalytic difficulty in naive cryptographic schemes (however, mos...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRA
Tra or TRA may refer to: Biology TRA (gene), in humans encodes the protein T-cell receptor alpha locus Tra (gene), in Drosophila melanogaster encodes the protein female-specific protein transformer Tra gene, a transfer gene Triple releasing agent or serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent Organizations...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactly%20generated%20group
In mathematics, a compactly generated (topological) group is a topological group G which is algebraically generated by one of its compact subsets. This should not be confused with the unrelated notion (widely used in algebraic topology) of a compactly generated space -- one whose topology is generated (in a suitable se...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman%20Duff
Sir Lyman Poore Duff , PC (UK) (7 January 1865 – 26 April 1955) was the eighth Chief Justice of Canada. He was the longest serving justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. Early life and career Born in Meaford, Canada West (now Ontario) to a Congregationalist minister, Duff received a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactly%20generated
In mathematics, compactly generated can refer to: Compactly generated group, a topological group which is algebraically generated by one of its compact subsets Compactly generated space, a topological space whose topology is coherent with the family of all compact subspaces Mathematics disambiguation pages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical
Clinical may refer to: Healthcare Of or about a clinic, a healthcare facility Of or about the practice of medicine Other uses Clinical (film), a 2017 American horror thriller See also Clinical chemistry, the analysis of bodily fluids for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes Clinical death, the cessation of bloo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum-separating%20tube
Serum-separating tubes, also known as serum separator tubes or SSTs, are test tubes used in clinical chemistry tests requiring blood serum. SSTs are sometimes called "marble-top tubes", "tiger-tops", or "gold-topped tubes", referring to the stoppers which are either gold, red with a gold ring on top, or marbled red an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Reiken
Frederick Reiken (born 1966) is an American author from Livingston, New Jersey He has published three novels to critical acclaim, and he teaches creative writing at Emerson College. Early life and education Reiken was born in New Jersey in 1966, and he attended the Pingry School. He earned a B.A. in Biology at Prince...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome%20proliferator-activated%20receptor
In the field of molecular biology, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes. PPARs play essential roles in the regulation of cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism (carbohydr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Allen%20Paulos
John Allen Paulos (born July 4, 1945) is an American professor of mathematics at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He has gained fame as a writer and speaker on mathematics and the importance of mathematical literacy. Paulos writes about many subjects, especially of the dangers of mathematical innumeracy...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Paul
Wolfgang Paul (; 10 August 1913 – 7 December 1993) was a German physicist, who co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foundation for what is now called an ion trap. He shared one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for this work with Hans Georg Dehmelt; the other half of the Prize in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Marth
Albert Marth (5 May 1828 – 6 August 1897) was a German astronomer who worked in Britain and Ireland. Life After studying theology at the University of Berlin, his interest in astronomy and mathematics led him to study astronomy under C. A. F. Peters at the University of Königsberg. Marth went to England in 1853 to w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Andrews%20%28scientist%29
Thomas Andrews FRS FRSE (19 December 181326 November 1885) was an Irish chemist and physicist who did important work on phase transitions between gases and liquids. He was a longtime professor of chemistry at Queen's University of Belfast. Life Andrews was born in Belfast, Ireland, where his father was a linen merchan...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20equation%20%28L-function%29
In mathematics, the L-functions of number theory are expected to have several characteristic properties, one of which is that they satisfy certain functional equations. There is an elaborate theory of what these equations should be, much of which is still conjectural. Introduction A prototypical example, the Riemann...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschirnhaus%20transformation
In mathematics, a Tschirnhaus transformation, also known as Tschirnhausen transformation, is a type of mapping on polynomials developed by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus in 1683. Simply, it is a method for transforming a polynomial equation of degree with some nonzero intermediate coefficients, , such that some o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowla%E2%80%93Mordell%20theorem
In mathematics, the Chowla–Mordell theorem is a result in number theory determining cases where a Gauss sum is the square root of a prime number, multiplied by a root of unity. It was proved and published independently by Sarvadaman Chowla and Louis Mordell, around 1951. In detail, if is a prime number, a nontrivial...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowla%E2%80%93Selberg%20formula
In mathematics, the Chowla–Selberg formula is the evaluation of a certain product of values of the gamma function at rational values in terms of values of the Dedekind eta function at imaginary quadratic irrational numbers. The result was essentially found by and rediscovered by . Statement In logarithmic form, the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20number%20problem
In mathematics, the Gauss class number problem (for imaginary quadratic fields), as usually understood, is to provide for each n ≥ 1 a complete list of imaginary quadratic fields (for negative integers d) having class number n. It is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss. It can also be stated in terms of discriminants. Th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20Electron%E2%80%93Positron%20Collider
The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed. It was built at CERN, a multi-national centre for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva, Switzerland. LEP collided electrons with positrons at energies that reached 209 GeV. It was a circular coll...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider
A collider is a type of particle accelerator that brings two opposing particle beams together such that the particles collide. Colliders may either be ring accelerators or linear accelerators. Colliders are used as a research tool in particle physics by accelerating particles to very high kinetic energy and letting th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley%20transform
In mathematics, the Hartley transform (HT) is an integral transform closely related to the Fourier transform (FT), but which transforms real-valued functions to real-valued functions. It was proposed as an alternative to the Fourier transform by Ralph V. L. Hartley in 1942, and is one of many known Fourier-related tran...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatively%20compact%20subspace
In mathematics, a relatively compact subspace (or relatively compact subset, or precompact subset) of a topological space is a subset whose closure is compact. Properties Every subset of a compact topological space is relatively compact (since a closed subset of a compact space is compact). And in an arbitrary topol...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture. In preparative chromat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle-in-cell
In plasma physics, the particle-in-cell (PIC) method refers to a technique used to solve a certain class of partial differential equations. In this method, individual particles (or fluid elements) in a Lagrangian frame are tracked in continuous phase space, whereas moments of the distribution such as densities and cur...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-noticeable%20difference
In the branch of experimental psychology focused on sense, sensation, and perception, which is called psychophysics, a just-noticeable difference or JND is the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time. This limen is also known as the difference limen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSR
CSR may refer to: Biology Central serous retinopathy, a visual impairment Cheyne–Stokes respiration, an abnormal respiration pattern Child sex ratio, ratio between female and male births Class switch recombination, a process that changes the constant region of an immunoglobulin Clinical study report, on a clinica...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20traversal
In computer science, tree traversal (also known as tree search and walking the tree) is a form of graph traversal and refers to the process of visiting (e.g. retrieving, updating, or deleting) each node in a tree data structure, exactly once. Such traversals are classified by the order in which the nodes are visited. T...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20Sup%C3%A9rieure%20de%20Chimie%20Physique%20%C3%89lectronique%20de%20Lyon
or CPE Lyon is a French located in Villeurbanne, near Lyon. Degrees CPE Lyon offers two diplôme d'ingénieur () and two Master's level degrees, in two disciplines and three diplomas. The chemistry and chemical engineering degrees involve the conception, synthesis and manufacture of new and valuable molecules that ca...