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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato%E2%80%93Tate%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Sato–Tate conjecture is a statistical statement about the family of elliptic curves Ep obtained from an elliptic curve E over the rational numbers by reduction modulo almost all prime numbers p. Mikio Sato and John Tate independently posed the conjecture around 1960.
If Np denotes the number of poi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitation%20%28physics%29 | Levitation (from Latin , ) is the process by which an object is held aloft in a stable position, without mechanical support via any physical contact.
Levitation is accomplished by providing an upward force that counteracts the pull of gravity (in relation to gravity on earth), plus a smaller stabilizing force that pus... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial%20theorem | In mathematics, the multinomial theorem describes how to expand a power of a sum in terms of powers of the terms in that sum. It is the generalization of the binomial theorem from binomials to multinomials.
Theorem
For any positive integer and any non-negative integer , the multinomial formula describes how a sum wit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20component%20analysis | In signal processing, independent component analysis (ICA) is a computational method for separating a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents. This is done by assuming that at most one subcomponent is Gaussian and that the subcomponents are statistically independent from each other. ICA is a special case of bli... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGENTA | In cryptography, MAGENTA is a symmetric key block cipher developed by Michael Jacobson Jr. and Klaus Huber for Deutsche Telekom. The name MAGENTA is an acronym for Multifunctional Algorithm for General-purpose Encryption and Network Telecommunication Applications. (The color magenta is also part of the corporate identi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolysis | Autolysis may refer to:
Autolysis (biology), the destruction (or lysis) of a cell by its own enzymes
Autocatalysis, in chemistry, the production of a substance which catalyzes a chemical reaction it was made in, or catalyzes its own transformation into another compound
Autolysis (alcohol fermentation), the complex ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Duffy%20%28astronaut%29 | Brian Duffy (born June 20, 1953, Boston, Massachusetts) is a retired U.S. Air Force colonel and a former NASA astronaut. He flew aboard four Space Shuttle missions.
Education
Duffy graduated from Rockland High School, Rockland, Massachusetts in 1971. In 1975 he received a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics fro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20K-theory | Algebraic K-theory is a subject area in mathematics with connections to geometry, topology, ring theory, and number theory. Geometric, algebraic, and arithmetic objects are assigned objects called K-groups. These are groups in the sense of abstract algebra. They contain detailed information about the original object... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling%20%28disambiguation%29 | Stirling is a city and former ancient burgh in Scotland.
Stirling may also refer to:
Mathematics
Stirling's approximation, a formula to approximate large factorials
Stirling number
Stirling permutation
Physics and Engineering
Stirling cycle, a thermodynamic cycle for Stirling devices.
Stirling engine, a type o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20cipher | In cryptography, a product cipher combines two or more transformations in a manner intending that the resulting cipher is more secure than the individual components to make it resistant to cryptanalysis. The product cipher combines a sequence of simple transformations such as substitution (S-box), permutation (P-box), ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold%20potential | In electrophysiology, the threshold potential is the critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential. In neuroscience, threshold potentials are necessary to regulate and propagate signaling in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMR%20%28cryptography%29 | In cryptography, GMR is a digital signature algorithm named after its inventors Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali and Ron Rivest.
As with RSA the security of the system is related to the difficulty of factoring very large numbers. But, in contrast to RSA, GMR is secure against adaptive chosen-message attacks, which is t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20M.%20Grunsfeld | John Mace Grunsfeld (born 10 October 1958) is an American physicist and a former NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of five Space Shuttle flights and has served as NASA Chief Scientist. His academic background includes research in high energy astrophysics, cosmic ray physics and the emerging field of exoplanet studies wit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdfast%20%28biology%29 | A holdfast is a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substrate.
Holdfasts vary in shape and form depending on both the species and the substrate type. The holdfasts of organisms that live in muddy sub... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propyl%20group | In organic chemistry, propyl is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula for the linear form. This substituent form is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom attached to the terminal carbon of propane. A propyl substituent is often represented in organic chemistry with the symbol Pr (not to be confused ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Society%20of%20Civil%20Engineers | The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is a tax-exempt professional body founded in 1852 to represent members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, it is the oldest national engineering society in the United States. Its constitution was based on the older Boston Socie... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAKE%20%28cipher%29 | In cryptography, WAKE is a stream cipher designed by David Wheeler in 1993.
WAKE stands for Word Auto Key Encryption. The cipher works in cipher feedback mode, generating keystream blocks from previous ciphertext blocks. WAKE uses an S-box with 256 entries of 32-bit words.
The cipher is fast, but vulnerable to chosen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Historic%20Civil%20Engineering%20Landmarks |
The following is a list of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks as designated by the American Society of Civil Engineers since it began the program in 1964. The designation is granted to projects, structures, and sites in the United States (National Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks) and the rest of the world (Inte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Civil%20Engineer | New Civil Engineer is the monthly magazine for members of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), the UK chartered body that oversees the practice of civil engineering in the UK. First published in May 1972, it is today published by Metropolis. Under its previous publisher, Ascential, who, as Emap, acquired the title... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPN | IPN may refer to:
Payments
Instant payment notification
Chemistry
Interpenetrating polymer network, form of chemical copolymer
Isopropyl nitrate, a liquid monopropellant
Industry
IPN, a type of I-beam used on European standards
Outer space
Interplanetary Internet
InterPlaNet
InterPlanetary Network, a group o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20image | In the philosophy of mind, neuroscience, and cognitive science, a mental image is an experience that, on most occasions, significantly resembles the experience of "perceiving" some object, event, or scene but occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses. There are sometimes e... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20lemma | In mathematics, the Poincaré lemma gives a sufficient condition for a closed differential form to be exact (while an exact form is necessarily closed). Precisely, it states that every closed p-form on an open ball in Rn is exact for p with . The lemma was introduced by Henri Poincaré in 1886.
Especially in calculus, t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Somerville | Mary Somerville (; , formerly Greig; 26 December 1780 – 29 November 1872) was a Scottish scientist, writer, and polymath. She studied mathematics and astronomy, and in 1835 she and Caroline Herschel were elected as the first female Honorary Members of the Royal Astronomical Society.
When John Stuart Mill organized a m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient%20conjecture | In mathematics, the gradient conjecture, due to René Thom (1989), was proved in 2000 by three Polish mathematicians, Krzysztof Kurdyka (University of Savoie, France), Tadeusz Mostowski (Warsaw University, Poland) and Adam Parusiński (University of Angers, France).
The conjecture states that given a real-valued analyti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial | Radial is a geometric term of location which may refer to:
Mathematics and Direction
Vector (geometric), a line
Radius, adjective form of
Radial distance (geometry), a directional coordinate in a polar coordinate system
Radial set
A bearing from a waypoint, such as a VHF omnidirectional range
Biology
Radial a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-space | In mathematics, an H-space is a homotopy-theoretic version of a generalization of the notion of topological group, in which the axioms on associativity and inverses are removed.
Definition
An H-space consists of a topological space , together with an element of and a continuous map , such that and the maps and ar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals%20in%20space | Animals in space originally served to test the survivability of spaceflight, before human spaceflights were attempted. Later, other non-human animals were flown to investigate various biological processes and the effects microgravity and space flight might have on them. Bioastronautics is an area of bioengineering rese... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary-precision%20arithmetic | In computer science, arbitrary-precision arithmetic, also called bignum arithmetic, multiple-precision arithmetic, or sometimes infinite-precision arithmetic, indicates that calculations are performed on numbers whose digits of precision are limited only by the available memory of the host system. This contrasts with ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20inequalities | This article lists Wikipedia articles about named mathematical inequalities.
Inequalities in pure mathematics
Analysis
Agmon's inequality
Askey–Gasper inequality
Babenko–Beckner inequality
Bernoulli's inequality
Bernstein's inequality (mathematical analysis)
Bessel's inequality
Bihari–LaSalle inequality
Bohne... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCT | RCT may refer to:
Science and technology
Random conical tilt, a technique used in cryogenic electron microscopy
Rational choice theory, a framework for understanding social and economic behavior
Reverse conducting thyristor
Ritchey–Chrétien telescope
Rubber Chemistry and Technology, a scientific journal
Reversi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBL | IBL may refer to:
Technology
International Brain Laboratory, a collaborative research group in neuroscience
Image-based lighting, an image rendering technique
Inbred backcross lines, a breeding technique
InBound Links, a metric used by search engines
Instance-based learning, a family of machine learning algorit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Erd%C5%91s | Paul Erdős ( ; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician. He was one of the most prolific mathematicians and producers of mathematical conjectures of the 20th century. pursued and proposed problems in discrete mathematics, graph theory, number theory, mathematical analysis, approximation theory,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC%20Systems%20Research%20Center | The Systems Research Center (SRC) was a research laboratory created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1984, in Palo Alto, California.
DEC SRC was founded by a group of computer scientists, led by Robert Taylor, who left the Computer Science Laboratory (CSL) of Xerox PARC after an internal power struggle. SRC... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-up | Bottom-up may refer to:
Bottom-up analysis, a fundamental analysis technique in accounting and finance
Bottom-up parsing, a computer science strategy
Bottom-up processing, in Pattern recognition (psychology)
Bottom-up theories of galaxy formation and evolution
Bottom-up tree automaton, in data structures
Bottom-... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awl | Awl may refer to:
Tools
Bradawl, a woodworking hand tool for making small holes
Scratch awl, a woodworking layout and point-making tool used to scribe a line
Stitching awl, a tool for piercing holes in a variety of materials such as leather or canvases
Biology
Butterfly species called "awl", of the family Hespe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius%20theorem%20%28differential%20topology%29 | In mathematics, Frobenius' theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for finding a maximal set of independent solutions of an overdetermined system of first-order homogeneous linear partial differential equations. In modern geometric terms, given a family of vector fields, the theorem gives necessary and suffi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sober%20space | In mathematics, a sober space is a topological space X such that every (nonempty) irreducible closed subset of X is the closure of exactly one point of X: that is, every irreducible closed subset has a unique generic point.
Definitions
Sober spaces have a variety of cryptomorphic definitions, which are documented in ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrability | Integrability may refer to:
Bronshtein-integrability (informal)
Frobenius integrability
Riemann-integrability
Lebesgue-integrability; see Lebesgue integral
Liouville-integrability
Darboux-integrability
See also
Integrable system (mathematics, physics)
System integration (information technology)
Interoperabil... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20safety | In computer science, type safety and type soundness are the extent to which a programming language discourages or prevents type errors. Type safety is sometimes alternatively considered to be a property of facilities of a computer language; that is, some facilities are type-safe and their usage will not result in type ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard%20von%20Hartmann | Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann (23 February 1842 – 5 June 1906) was a German philosopher, independent scholar and author of Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869). His notable ideas include the theory of the Unconscious and a pessimistic interpretation of the "best of all possible worlds" concept in metaphysics.
Biogra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imago | In biology, the imago (Latin for "image") is the last stage an insect attains during its metamorphosis, its process of growth and development; it is also called the imaginal stage, the stage in which the insect attains maturity. It follows the final ecdysis of the immature instars.
In a member of the Ametabola or Hemi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameterized%20complexity | In computer science, parameterized complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty with respect to multiple parameters of the input or output. The complexity of a problem is then measured as a function of those parameter... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTK | BTK, Btk, etc. may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk), a soil-dwelling bacterium also used as an insecticide
Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a protein
Btk-type zinc finger or Btk motif (BM), a zinc-binding motif present in some eukaryotic signalling proteins
Medicine
BTK (below-the-kne... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20science | The year 1985 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
January 7 – Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launches Sakigake, Japan's first interplanetary spacecraft and the first deep space probe to be launched by any country other than the United States or... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20in%20science | The year 1981 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.
Biology
September – Pantanal Matogrossense National Park designated in Brazil.
Publication of Stephen Jay Gould's critique of biological determinism, The Mismeasure of Man, in the United States.
Chemistry
A German research tea... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Gelernter | David Hillel Gelernter (born March 5, 1955) is an American computer scientist, artist, and writer. He is a professor of computer science at Yale University.
Gelernter is known for contributions to parallel computation in the 1980s, and for books on topics such as computed worlds (Mirror Worlds). Gelernter is also know... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent%20sheaf | In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaves are a class of sheaves closely linked to the geometric properties of the underlying space. The definition of coherent sheaves is made with reference to a sheaf of rings that codifies this geometric information.
Coher... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message%20forgery | In cryptography, message forgery is sending a message so to deceive the recipient about the actual sender's identity. A common example is sending a spam or prank e-mail as if it were originated from an address other than the one which was really used.
See also
Authentication
Message authentication code
Stream ciphe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4hler%20differential | In mathematics, Kähler differentials provide an adaptation of differential forms to arbitrary commutative rings or schemes. The notion was introduced by Erich Kähler in the 1930s. It was adopted as standard in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry somewhat later, once the need was felt to adapt methods from calcul... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic%20%28genetics%29 | Mosaicism or genetic mosaicism is a condition in which a multicellular organism possesses more than one genetic line as the result of genetic mutation. This means that various genetic lines resulted from a single fertilized egg. Mosaicism is one of several possible causes of chimerism, wherein a single organism is comp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schinzel%27s%20hypothesis%20H | In mathematics, Schinzel's hypothesis H is one of the most famous open problems in the topic of number theory. It is a very broad generalization of widely open conjectures such as the twin prime conjecture. The hypothesis is named after Andrzej Schinzel.
Statement
The hypothesis claims that for every finite collection... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%27s%20representation%20theorem%20for%20Boolean%20algebras | In mathematics, Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras states that every Boolean algebra is isomorphic to a certain field of sets. The theorem is fundamental to the deeper understanding of Boolean algebra that emerged in the first half of the 20th century. The theorem was first proved by Marshall H. Stone.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastase | In molecular biology, elastase is an enzyme from the class of proteases (peptidases) that break down proteins. In particular, it is a serine protease.
Forms and classification
Eight human genes exist for elastase:
Some bacteria (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa) also produce elastase. In bacteria, elastase is consid... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Rouelle | Guillaume François Rouelle (, 15 September 1703 – 3 August 1770) was a French chemist and apothecary. In 1754 he introduced the concept of a base into chemistry as a substance which reacts with an acid to form a salt.
He is known as l'Aîné (the elder) to distinguish him from his younger brother, Hilaire Rouelle, who w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM-GM%20Inequality | In mathematics, the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, or more briefly the AM–GM inequality, states that the arithmetic mean of a list of non-negative real numbers is greater than or equal to the geometric mean of the same list; and further, that the two means are equal if and only if every number in the lis... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1%20broth | An A1 broth is a liquid culture medium used in microbiology for the detection of fecal coliforms in foods, treated wastewater and seawater bays using the most probable number (MPN) method. It is prepared according to the formulation of Andrews and Presnell given below. It is used with a Durham tube, a positive tube bei... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS | WLS may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
WLS (AM), a radio station in Chicago, Illinois, US
WLS-FM, a radio station in Chicago, Illinois, US
WLS-TV, a television station in Chicago, Illinois, US
DWLS, a radio station in Metro Manila, Philippines
Biology and healthcare
GPR177, Wntless, or WLS, a human gen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral%20neuroscience | Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals.
History
Behavioral neuroscience as a scientific discipline emerged... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photohydrogen | In photochemistry, photohydrogen is hydrogen produced with the help of artificial or natural light. This is how the leaf of a tree splits water molecules into protons (hydrogen ions), electrons (to make carbohydrates) and oxygen (released into the air as a waste product). Photohydrogen may also be produced by the photo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronecker%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Kronecker's theorem is a theorem about diophantine approximation, introduced by .
Kronecker's approximation theorem had been firstly proved by L. Kronecker in the end of the 19th century. It has been now revealed to relate to the idea of n-torus and Mahler measure since the later half of the 20th cent... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malanga | Malanga may refer to:
Biology
Botany
Xanthosoma, a tropical and sub-tropical edible or ornamental plant, or its starchy bulbotubers
Eddoe (Colocasia esculenta antiquorum), a tropical vegetable closely related to taro
Zoology
Erebus ephesperis, also known as Erebus malanga, a moth species
Eilema triplaiola, also know... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienes | Dienes may refer to:
Dienes (surname), including a list of people with the name
the plural of diene, a class of organic chemical compound
Base ten blocks used in mathematics education, also known as Dienes blocks or simply dienes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meso | Meso or mesos may refer to:
Apache Mesos, a computer clustering management platform
Meso, in-game currency for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game MapleStory
Meso compound, a stereochemical classification in chemistry
Mesolithic, archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%20in%20science | The year 1968 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
Thomas Gold explains the recently discovered radio pulsars as rapidly rotating neutron stars; subsequent observations confirm the suggestion.
Computer science
April – First book printed completely using electronic comp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNC | RNC may refer to:
Technology and sciences
Radio Network Controller, a governing element of a mobile phone network
Ribosome-nascent chain complex, in biology
Romanian National R&D Computer Network, registry for the .ro top-level domain
file extension for Relax NG files in compact syntax
Raster Navigational Charts (NOA... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Cartan%20theory | In theoretical physics, the Einstein–Cartan theory, also known as the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory, is a classical theory of gravitation similar to general relativity. The theory was first proposed by Élie Cartan in 1922. Einstein–Cartan theory is the simplest Poincaré gauge theory.
Overview
Einstein–Cartan t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EECS | EECS may refer to:
Electrical engineering and computer science
European Energy Certificate System
See also
EEC (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20program | In mathematics, Hilbert's program, formulated by German mathematician David Hilbert in the early 1920s, was a proposed solution to the foundational crisis of mathematics, when early attempts to clarify the foundations of mathematics were found to suffer from paradoxes and inconsistencies. As a solution, Hilbert propose... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%20mechanism | In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs.
A chemical mechanism is a theoretical conjecture that tries to describe in detail what takes place at each stage of an overall chemical reaction. The detailed steps of a reaction are not o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated%20complex | In chemistry an activated complex is defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as "that assembly of atoms which corresponds to an arbitrary infinitesimally small region at or near the col (saddle point) of a potential energy surface". In other words, it refers to a collection of intermedi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic%20execution | In computer science, symbolic execution (also symbolic evaluation or symbex) is a means of analyzing a program to determine what inputs cause each part of a program to execute. An interpreter follows the program, assuming symbolic values for inputs rather than obtaining actual inputs as normal execution of the program... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20translation | Parallel translation may refer to:
parallel transport, in mathematics
parallel text, in translation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEO%20%28website%29 | LEO (meaning Link Everything Online) is an Internet-based electronic dictionary and translation dictionary initiated by the computer science department of the Technical University of Munich in Germany. After a spin-out, the dictionaries have been run since 3 April 2006 by the limited liability company Leo GmbH, formed ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20Institute%20of%20Space%20Physics | The Swedish Institute of Space Physics (, IRF) is a Swedish government agency. The institute's primary task is to carry out basic research, education and associated observatory activities in space physics, space technology and atmospheric physics.
Foundation
The IRF was founded in 1957 and the first Kiruna-designed sa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janna%20Levin | Janna J. Levin (born 1967) is an American theoretical cosmologist and a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard College. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in astronomy and physics with a concentration in philosophy at Barnard College in 1988 and a PhD in theoretical physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technolog... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, an expression or mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-formed according to rules that depend on the context. Mathematical symbols can designate numbers (constants), variables, operations, functions, brackets, punctuation, and grouping to help determine order of operati... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20in%20science | The year 1963 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy, astrophysics and space exploration
January 1 – Long-period comet C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) is discovered by a Japanese amateur.
January 4 – Soviet Luna reaches Earth orbit but fails to reach the Moon.
May 15 – Mercury program... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelfond%E2%80%93Schneider%20theorem | In mathematics, the Gelfond–Schneider theorem establishes the transcendence of a large class of numbers.
History
It was originally proved independently in 1934 by Aleksandr Gelfond and Theodor Schneider.
Statement
If a and b are complex algebraic numbers with a ≠ 0, 1, and b not rational, then any value of ab is a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20schedule | In cryptography, the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of cipher, where the (de-)ciphering of data is typically done as an iteration of rounds. The setup for each round is generally the same, except for round-specific fixed values called a round constant, and round-specific data derived from the cipher key ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a duality translates concepts, theorems or mathematical structures into other concepts, theorems or structures, in a one-to-one fashion, often (but not always) by means of an involution operation: if the dual of is , then the dual of is . Such involutions sometimes have fixed points, so that the dual ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%20in%20science | The year 1956 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Biology
March – Denham Harman proposes the free-radical theory of aging.
Wesley K. Whitten reports developing eight-cell mouse ova to blastocyst stage in vitro.
Climatology
May – Gilbert Plass publishes his seminal article "The... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Oparin | Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (; – April 21, 1980) was a Soviet biochemist notable for his theories about the origin of life, and for his book The Origin of Life. He also studied the biochemistry of material processing by plants and enzyme reactions in plant cells. He showed that many food production processes were based... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20I.%20Taylor | Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor OM FRS FRSE (7 March 1886 – 27 June 1975) was a British physicist and mathematician, who made contributions to fluid dynamics and wave theory.
Early life and education
Taylor was born in St. John's Wood, London. His father, Edward Ingram Taylor, was an artist, and his mother, Margaret Boole,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusp%20form | In number theory, a branch of mathematics, a cusp form is a particular kind of modular form with a zero constant coefficient in the Fourier series expansion.
Introduction
A cusp form is distinguished in the case of modular forms for the modular group by the vanishing of the constant coefficient a0 in the Fourier serie... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Lander | Eric Steven Lander (born February 3, 1957) is an American mathematician and geneticist who is a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and a professor of systems biology at Harvard Medical School. Eric Lander is founding director emeritus of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. He ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine%20structure | In atomic physics, the fine structure describes the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms due to electron spin and relativistic corrections to the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. It was first measured precisely for the hydrogen atom by Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley in 1887, laying the basis for the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%20in%20science | The year 1939 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
Robert Oppenheimer jointly predicts two new types of celestial object:
With George Volkoff, he calculates the structure of neutron stars.
With Hartland Snyder, he predicts the existence of what will come to be called b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine%20chemistry | Clandestine chemistry is chemistry carried out in secret, and particularly in illegal drug laboratories. Larger labs are usually run by gangs or organized crime intending to produce for distribution on the black market. Smaller labs can be run by individual chemists working clandestinely in order to synthesize smaller ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTX | BTX may refer to:
Bildschirmtext, an interactive videotex system launched in 1983 in West Germany
BTX (chemistry), a mixture of benzene, toluene and xylenes
B't X, a science fiction manga and anime television series created by Masami Kurumada
BTX (form factor), a form factor for PC motherboards
Backstreets Magazin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert%20Wiener%20Prize%20in%20Applied%20Mathematics | The Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics is a $5000 prize awarded, every three years, for an outstanding contribution to "applied mathematics in the highest and broadest sense." It was endowed in 1967 in honor of Norbert Wiener by MIT's mathematics department and is provided jointly by the American Mathematical ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Wild%20%28Swiss%20astronomer%29 | Paul Wild (; 5 October 1925 – 2 July 2014) was a Swiss astronomer and director of the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern, who discovered numerous comets, asteroids and supernovae.
Biography
Wild was born on 5 October 1925 in the village of Wädenswil near Zürich, Switzerland. From 1944 through 1950, he ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc%20function | In mathematics, physics and engineering, the sinc function, denoted by , has two forms, normalized and unnormalized.
In mathematics, the historical unnormalized sinc function is defined for by
Alternatively, the unnormalized sinc function is often called the sampling function, indicated as Sa(x).
In digital signal ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield | Yield may refer to:
Measures of output/function
Computer science
Yield (multithreading) is an action that occurs in a computer program during multithreading
See generator (computer programming)
Physics/chemistry
Yield (chemistry), the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction
The arrow symbol in a chemic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioacoustics | Bioacoustics is a cross-disciplinary science that combines biology and acoustics. Usually it refers to the investigation of sound production, dispersion and reception in animals (including humans). This involves neurophysiological and anatomical basis of sound production and detection, and relation of acoustic signals ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-unit%20system | In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to the other. Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crick%2C%20Brenner%20et%20al.%20experiment | The Crick, Brenner et al. experiment (1961) was a scientific experiment performed by Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, Leslie Barnett and R.J. Watts-Tobin.
It was a key experiment in the development of what is now known as molecular biology and led to a publication entitled "The General Nature of the Genetic Code for Prot... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization%20of%20a%20category | In mathematics, localization of a category consists of adding to a category inverse morphisms for some collection of morphisms, constraining them to become isomorphisms. This is formally similar to the process of localization of a ring; it in general makes objects isomorphic that were not so before. In homotopy theory,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobolev%20space | In mathematics, a Sobolev space is a vector space of functions equipped with a norm that is a combination of Lp-norms of the function together with its derivatives up to a given order. The derivatives are understood in a suitable weak sense to make the space complete, i.e. a Banach space. Intuitively, a Sobolev space i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOKI97 | In cryptography, LOKI97 is a block cipher which was a candidate in the Advanced Encryption Standard competition. It is a member of the LOKI family of ciphers, with earlier instances being LOKI89 and LOKI91. LOKI97 was designed by Lawrie Brown, assisted by Jennifer Seberry and Josef Pieprzyk.
Like DES, LOKI97 is a 16-r... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%27s%20inequality | In mathematics, Hadamard's inequality (also known as Hadamard's theorem on determinants) is a result first published by Jacques Hadamard in 1893. It is a bound on the determinant of a matrix whose entries are complex numbers in terms of the lengths of its column vectors. In geometrical terms, when restricted to real nu... |
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