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This is a list of the endemic fauna of Puerto Rico. This list is sorted in alphabetical order by the scientific name of the species.
Birds
Yellow-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus)
Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata)
Green mango (Anthracothorax viridis)
Puerto Rican nightjar (Caprimulgus noctitherus)
Puerto Rican emerald (Chlorostilbon maugeaus)
Puerto Rican lizard‑cuckoo (Coccyzus vieilloti)
Puerto Rican pewee (Contopus portoricenis)
Adelaide's warbler (Dendroica adelaidae)
Elfin-woods warbler (Dendroica angelae)
Puerto Rican oriole (Icterus portoricensis)
Puerto Rican bullfinch (Loxigilla portoricensis)
Puerto Rican owl (Gymnasio nudipes)
Puerto Rican woodpecker (Melanerpes portoricensis)
Puerto Rican flycatcher (Myiarchus antillarum)
Puerto Rican tanager (Nesospingus speculiferus)
Puerto Rican spindalis (Spindalis portoricensis)
Puerto Rican tody (Todus mexicanus)
Puerto Rican vireo (Vireo latimeri)
Crustaceans
Buruquena (Epilobocera sinuatifrons)
Puerto Rican sand crab (Emerita portoricensis)
Insects
Camponotus kaura- was first described by Roy R. Snelling & Juan A. Torres
Solenopsis torrei- was first described by Juan A. Torres
Myriapoda
Cylindromus uniporus
Scolopendra alternans
Reptiles/amphibians
Puerto Rican racer (Borikenophis portoricensis)
Mona ameiva (Ameiva alboguttata)
Desecheo ameiva (Ameiva desechensis)
Puerto Rican ground lizard (Ameiva exsul)
Blue-tailed ground lizard (Ameiva wetmorei)
Baker's worm lizard (Amphisbaena bakeri)
Puerto Rican worm lizard (Amphisbaena caeca)
Schmidt's worm lizard (Amphisbaena schmiditi)
Puerto Rican dryland worm lizard, North American worm lizard (Amphisbaena xera)
Guánica pallid anole, Cook's pallid anole, Cook's anole (Anolis cooki)
Mona anole (Anolis monensis)
Dwarf anole, pygmy anole, Puerto Rican twig anole (Anolis occultus)
Ponce anole (Anolis poncensis), which is the same as the Dryland grass anole (Ctenonotus poncensis)
Puerto Rican garden snake (Magliophis exiguus subspadix)
Puerto Rican crested toad, ridge-headed toad, lowland Caribbean toad, Puerto Rican toad and sapo concho (Bufo lemur)
Mona ground iguana (Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri)
Puerto Rican galliwasp (Diploglossus pleei)
Puerto Rican cave dwelling frog (Eleutherodactylus cooki)
Common coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui)
Mottled coquí (Eleutherodactylus eneidae)
Golden coquí (Eleutherodactylus jasperi)
Mona coquí (Eleutherodactylus monensis)
Puerto Rican boa (Chilabothrus inornatus)
Mona Island boa (Chilabothrus monensis)
Monito gecko (Sphaerodactylus micropithecus)
Mona dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus monensis)
Puerto Rico upland gecko (Sphaerodactylus klauberi)
Desecheo dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus levinsi)
Gaige's least gecko (Sphaerodactylus gaigeae)
Townsend's dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus townsendi)
Nichols' dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus nicholsi)
Puerto Rican dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis)
Isla Vieques dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus inigoi)
Roosevelt's dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus roosevelti)
Mona blindsnake (Typhlops monensis)
Puerto Rican wetland blind snake (Typhlops rostellatus)
Spiders
This is a list of all spiders endemic to Puerto Rico, according to Platnick.
Anyphaenidae
Anyphaena decora
Wulfila coamoanus
Wulfila inconspicuus
Wulfila isolatus
Wulfila macropalpus
Wulfila tropicus
Araneidae
Araneus adjuntaensis
Lewisepeira maricao
Metazygia silvestris
Clubionidae
Clubiona desecheonis
Elaver portoricensis
Corinnidae
Abapeba guanicae
Abapeba wheeleri
Corinna javuyae
Phrurolithus insularis
Phrurolithus portoricensis
Trachelas borinquensis
Ctenidae
Celaetycheus modestus
Celaetycheus strenuus
Oligoctenus ottleyi
Trujillina isolata
Dipluridae
Masteria petrunkevitchi
Gnaphosidae
Camillina desecheonis
Neozimiris nuda
Hahniidae
Hahnia naguaboi
Ixodidae (ticks)
Amblyomma arianae
Linyphiidae
Lepthyphantes microserratus
Lycosidae
Agalenocosa yaucensis
Mimetidae
Mimetus portoricensis
Oonopidae
Oonops delegenus
Oonops ebenecus
Oonops viridans
Stenoonops econotus
Stenoonops phonetus
Stenoonops portoricensis
Pholcidae
Modisimus cavaticus
Modisimus coeruleolineatus
Modisimus montanus
Modisimus montanus dentatus
Modisimus sexoculatus
Modisimus signatus
Salticidae
Agobardus blandus
Corythalia gloriae
Corythalia tristriata
Emathis luteopunctata
Emathis minuta
Emathis portoricensis
Emathis tetuani
Eris illustris
Habronattus ensenadae
Habronattus facetus
Hentzia squamata
Jollas minutus
Neonella mayaguez
Sidusa mona
Siloca monae
Scytodidae
Scytodes dissimulans
Sparassidae
Olios bicolor
Olios darlingtoni
Pseudosparianthis jayuyae
Stasina portoricensis
Tetragnathidae
Chrysometa hamata
Chrysometa jayuyensis
Chrysometa yunque
Glenognatha gloriae
Tetragnatha bryantae
Theraphosidae
Avicularia laeta
Cyrtopholis culebrae
Cyrtopholis portoricae
Holothele culebrae
Theridiidae
Dipoena puertoricensis
Styposis lutea
Theridion ricense
Theridiosomatidae
Baalzebub albonotatus
Ogulnius gloriae
Thomisidae
Misumenops bubulcus
Rejanellus mutchleri
Tmarus vertumus
Uloboridae
Miagrammopes animotus
Extinct animals
Greater Puerto Rican ground sloth (Acratocnus major) - The greater Puerto Rican ground sloth became extinct approximately 3000–4000 years ago.
Lesser Puerto Rican ground sloth (Acratocnus odontrigonus) - The lesser Puerto Rican ground sloth became extinct approximately 3000–4000 years ago.
Puerto Rican caracara (Caracara latebrosus)
Puerto Rican plate-tooth (Elasmodontomys obliquus) - The Puerto Rican plate-tooth, giant hutia or Puerto Rican paca became extinct approximately in the early 16th century.
Greater Puerto Rican agouti (Heteropsomys antillensis)
Lesser Puerto Rican agouti (Heteropsomys insulans)
Puerto Rican nesophontes (Nesophontes edithae) - The Puerto Rican nesophontes became extinct approximately in the early 16th century.
Corozal rat (Puertoricomys corozalus)
Puerto Rican parakeet, Mauge's parakeet (Psittacara chloroptera maugei syn. Psittacara maugei)
Puerto Rican barn owl (Tyto cavatica)
See also
List of amphibians and reptiles of Puerto Rico
List of endemic flora of Puerto Rico
List of Puerto Rican birds
San Juan Botanical Garden
Footnotes
References
Sociedad Ornitológica Puertorriqueña
Bosque Seco de Guánica
Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Extinct vertebrates of the U.S.A., U.S. territories and Canada since 1492
List
Puerto Rico
Endemic fauna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20endemic%20fauna%20of%20Puerto%20Rico |
Wilhelm Christian Magelssen (12 January 1867 – 14 October 1930) was a Norwegian priest and politician from the Conservative Party who served as Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1926 to 1927.
Biography
He held positions as priest and parish priest in various places in Northern Norway between 1905 and 1920, diocesan priest in Tromsø between 1920 and 1925, diocesan priest in Stavanger 1925–1926, and he was parish priest in Vestre Aker 1928–1930. Magelssen also served as Minister of Education and Church Affairs in the cabinet of Ivar Lykke from 5 March 1926 to 25 December 1927. He was also a member of the Lordships Boards of Fredriksvern (Stavern), Langesund and Dverberg for some periods.
References
1867 births
1930 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Education of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Christian%20Magelssen |
John Philip Brooke Brooke-Little (6 April 1927 – 13 February 2006) was an English writer on heraldic subjects, and a long-serving herald at the College of Arms in London. In 1947, while still a student, Brooke-Little founded the Society of Heraldic Antiquaries, now known as the Heraldry Society and recognised as one of the leading learned societies in its field. He served as the society's chairman for 50 years and then as its president from 1997 until his death in 2006.
In addition to the foundation of this group, Brooke-Little was involved in other heraldic groups and societies and worked for many years as an officer of arms; beginning as Bluemantle Pursuivant, Brooke-Little rose to the second highest heraldic office in England: Clarenceux King of Arms.
Early and private life
John Brooke-Little was born in Blackheath, Kent. His mother, Constance Egan, was the author of many children's stories including the Epaminondas books and the adventures of Jummy the Baby Elephant. In the 1920s, Egan was the editor of Home Chat. This helped to prepare her for future editorial duties with the Heraldry Society's journal, the Coat of Arms in the 1950s. She was the second wife of Raymond Brooke-Little, who worked as an electrical engineer. His paternal ancestors, the Littles, came from Wiltshire and may be traced in the parish registers of Biddestone back to the late seventeenth century. A pedigree of his family appears in the 1972 edition of Burke's Landed Gentry under the heading "Brooke-Little of Heyford House". Brooke-Little was educated at Clayesmore School, a progressive co-educational public school in Dorset. The school remained an important part of Brooke-Little's life, and he later sent his own children there. He oversaw the process of granting arms to the school while serving as chairman of its board of governors from 1971 to 1983.
As a boy, Brooke-Little's first contact with the College of Arms came when he went to see Sir Algar Howard, then Garter Principal King of Arms. Howard was the head of the corporation of heralds at the College of Arms, and encouraged Brooke-Little's budding interest in the subject of heraldry. While still a student, he founded a heraldry society with his friends. Brooke-Little went to New College, Oxford in 1949 and read history. His college friends included Colin Cole, later Garter King of Arms, with whom he refounded the dormant Oxford University Heraldry Society. The two men refounded it a second time in 1958. The Society was refounded in 1978, and again in 2005 and currently holds one lecture per term.
Brooke-Little married Mary Pierce, daughter of John Raymond Pierce, in 1960. The couple had three sons, Philip, Leo, and Merlin, and one daughter, Clare. In 2004, after having retired from the College of Arms, Brooke-Little lived at his Heyford House in Oxfordshire with the families of both Leo and Merlin.
Brooke-Little had a major stroke in 1994. This incident left his mobility and speech partly impaired, though his mind was still quite sharp. He continued in his heraldic duties until his retirement three years later. He also continued to guide the Heraldry Society after this. He suffered a succession of minor strokes over his last years as a herald and during his retirement. He was still able to make appearances at functions of the Heraldry Society, though his role was severely limited by debilitating arthritis. It was a short series of several of these small strokes in quick succession which led to Brooke-Little's death on 13 February 2006 in Banbury, Oxfordshire, at the age of 78. He was one of the last surviving officers of arms to serve at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. The funeral took place on 23 February 2006, and the eulogy was delivered by Sir Henry Paston-Bedingfeld, York Herald.
Heraldic career
In 1952–3, Brooke-Little served on the staff assembled by the Earl Marshal to plan the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. He was appointed a Gold Staff Officer for the Coronation and held a key co-ordination role during planning as well as on the day. It was his abiding interest in heraldry that led to this appointment, and this work with the Earl Marshal and the officers of arms led to his first heraldic appointment. He joined the College of Arms as Bluemantle Pursuivant in 1956. The rank of pursuivant is the junior of the three levels an officer of arms can attain, and Brooke-Little related the story of his appointment in an editorial. In 1956, Sir George Bellew, the Garter King of Arms, had recommended Brooke-Little and Colin Cole for the open position of Bluemantle. The two were asked to meet with the Earl Marshal in London. The Earl Marshal was not usually faced with two candidates for an opening; he offered the position to Cole, who turned it down as his wife was expecting a child. Brooke-Little was made Bluemantle. Several months later when Sir Gerald Wollaston died, in the ensuing shuffle Cole was finally given his appointment as Portcullis Pursuivant.
In 1967, Brooke-Little was advanced to the position of Richmond Herald. On 7 July 1980, after almost thirty years of service to the Earl Marshal and the College of Arms, Brooke-Little was appointed to replace Sir Walter Verco as Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, with heraldic authority in the part of England north of the Trent, as well as in Northern Ireland. While serving in that office, he enjoyed telling people that the commonly held view that the Order of Saint Patrick was extinct was quite false. Brooke-Little believed that as the Ulster King of Arms – the capacity in which he handled Northern Irish heraldry – he remained ex officio an officer of the order. As the holder of that office, he and his successors would remain the order's king of arms, registrar and knight attendant, until such time as the sovereign should choose formally to abolish the office of Ulster King of Arms or to declare that these positions are not vested in the office. The fact that the last knight had died in 1974 was of little consequence to such a staunch traditionalist.
Brooke-Little maintained an interest in Irish heraldry even after he was promoted from Norroy and Ulster to Clarenceux. After the Director of the National Library of Ireland was made the Chief Herald of Ireland, Brooke-Little wrote to the Daily Telegraph of the importance of maintaining a strong tradition of heraldic and genealogical expertise in the Irish Office of Arms.
When Sir Colin Cole retired from the office of Garter King of Arms in 1992, Brooke-Little was a leading candidate to replace him. This is the highest heraldic office in England; Garter is chairman of the Chapter of the College of Arms, as well as the king of arms of the Order of the Garter. Due to his convivial life style, though, Brooke-Little was not well suited to the managerial responsibilities of the office of Garter. Instead, the honour went to Sir Conrad Swan. On 19 June 1995, Brooke-Little was appointed to the office of Clarenceux King of Arms following the death of Sir Anthony Wagner. This is the senior of the two provincial kings of arms and the holder of the office has jurisdiction over England and Wales south of the Trent. The heralds had traditionally been appointed "for life on good behaviour", but Brooke-Little became Clarenceux shortly after compulsory retirement at age 70 was introduced, and he had to leave after only two years in this post. He ended his heraldic career without ever having attained the office of Garter King of Arms, or being honoured with a knighthood.
In addition to his duties as a professional herald, Brooke-Little held three administrative positions at the College of Arms. From 1974 until 1982, he served as registrar, with responsibility to enter all new grants and confirmations of arms into the college records. Brooke-Little's signature can be found on the reverse of the letters patent for every grant made during this period. In addition, he served as the college's librarian from 1974 until 1994 and the treasurer of the College of Arms from 1978 until 1995. He was also the director of the Heralds' Museum at the Tower of London from 1991 to 1997; this museum is no longer operating.
Although Brooke-Little enjoyed prominence as a professional officer of arms and as an author on heraldic subjects, his role in founding the Heraldry Society, and in guiding the society and editing its journal for many years, was perhaps his greatest contribution to the science of heraldry.
Other heraldic work
Arms
In 1952, as John Brooke-Little was entering the world of heraldry as a Gold Staff Officer, he began exploring the origins of his own arms. His family had been using the arms Azure, six lioncels rampant gules, but some research proved that the Brooke-Littles had no right to these arms. John worked to apply for a grant on behalf of his father. When asked for input, his father noted that the lions previously used were improper and that he thought unicorns would be a good replacement. Red gouttes (droplets) alluded to the family's former holding of the Manor of Slaughterford. The arms were granted to Raymond Brooke-Little on 5 March 1952. John quartered these arms with those of his mother, Constance Egan. The whole shield of arms is blazoned Quarterly: I and IV, argent, goutté de sang three unicorns' heads erased sable armed and crined or langued azure (Brooke-Little); II and III, azure, two dolphins haurient and addorsed or, the eyes gules, between four shamrocks slipped or. The crest is blazoned a demi-unicorn rampant erased sable, armed, crined and unguled or, langued azure and collared gobony or and gules, with a chain or reflexed over the back and attached with a ring or. At the same time, the motto of Recte Aut Nil (meaning 'correctly or not at all') was granted, as well as John Brooke-Little's well-used badge, blazoned a triquetra or interlaced by an annulet argent.
The Heraldry Society
In 1947, a twenty-year-old Brooke-Little founded the Society of Heraldic Antiquaries, which was renamed the Heraldry Society in 1950. It was incorporated in 1956 and is now a registered charity. The principal object of the society is to extend interest in and knowledge of heraldry, genealogy, precedence, and related disciplines. Brooke-Little served its chairman for fifty years. In 1997, as he was ending his career as an officer of arms, he changed roles in the Society to become its president. He served in this role until his death. Brooke-Little also served as the Honorary Editor of the society's scholarly journal, the Coat of Arms. From the first publication of the journal until the middle of 1965, his mother, Constance Egan, served as the managing editor of the Coat of Arms, though Brooke-Little always had a guiding influence on the publication. It was not until 2005 that Brooke-Little finally handed complete control of the journal to two young heralds: Peter O'Donaghue, Bluemantle Pursuivant, and Clive Cheesman, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant.
The White Lion Society
Brooke-Little was integral to the foundation of the White Lion Society. In 1984, at a meeting of the Heraldry Society, it was suggested to Brooke-Little, then Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, that it would be appropriate to found a "Society of Friends" of the College of Arms. Brooke-Little explained that the late Wilfrid Scott-Giles, Fitzalan Pursuivant, had previously suggested the same idea, proposing the name of the 'White Lion Society' after the heraldic supporters of the College of Arms, which are two white lions (alluding to the supporters of the Mowbray arms which the Earl Marshal inherited from his ancestors). Brooke-Little put the idea before the Chapter of the College shortly after and with its approval, the Society came into being in 1986.
Honours and appointments
Brooke-Little garnered many honours and awards during his time of service to the Crown. He was appointed a 4th Class Member of the Royal Victorian Order (an honour now known as Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order) in 1969 for his services at the Investiture of the Prince of Wales. This was followed by a promotion to Commander of the Royal Victorian Order at the 1984 New Year Honours Though most Kings of Arms up to that time were knighted, that honour was never given to him. The closest that he came was in 1975 when he was made a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, the British revival of the ancient Knights Hospitaller of Saint John.
Brooke-Little was an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies and a Chevalier of the Order of the Fleur de Lys. He was Master of the Scriveners' Company from 1985 until 1986, Chairman of the Harleian Society, and President of the English Language Literary Trust for eleven years from 1985 until 1996. His heraldic involvement carried over as a trustee of the Royal Air Force Heraldry Trust and an adviser on heraldry to the National Trust from 1983 until his death.
In addition to his honours in Britain, Brooke-Little also served as Chancellor of the British Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta from 1973 to 1977. He was first admitted to the Order as a Knight of Magistral Grace, and would eventually hold the rank of Knight Grand Cross of Grace and Devotion. He was also honoured with the Order of Merito Melitense in 1964 and was made a Knight Grand Cross of Grace of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George. In addition to these honours, he held the Cruz Distinguida (1st class) de San Raimundo de Penafort.
Published works
Brooke-Little was the author or editor of at least ten books including:
Boutell's Heraldry (editor of the editions from 1963 to 1983, ).
Royal Arms
Royal London (Pitkin, 1953, )
The University City of Oxford (Pitkin, 1955, )
Knights of the Middle Ages (Evelyn, 1966, )
An Heraldic Alphabet (Macdonald, 1973, ; Robson, 1998, )
Beasts in Heraldry (1974)
The British Monarchy in Colour (Blandford, 1976, )
Royal Heraldry: Beasts and Badges of Britain (Pilgrim Press, 1977, )
Royal Ceremonies of State (Country Life, 1980, )
Fox Davies' Complete Guide to Heraldry (revised edition, )
References
External links
The Heraldry Society
The White Lion Society
The College of Arms
CUHAGS Officer of Arms Index
English genealogists
English officers of arms
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Knights of Malta
Alumni of New College, Oxford
People from Blackheath, London
1927 births
2006 deaths
People educated at Clayesmore School
English male non-fiction writers
British heraldists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Brooke-Little |
Christofer Rutger Ludvig Manderström (22 January 1806 – 18 August 1873) was the Swedish - Norwegian Prime Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1858-1868.
He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1848, and of the Swedish Academy (seat number 15) in 1852.
References
1806 births
1873 deaths
Swedish Ministers for Foreign Affairs
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Swedish Academy
19th-century Swedish politicians
Ambassadors of Sweden to Austria
Ambassadors of Sweden to France
Knights of the Order of Charles XIII
19th-century Swedish nobility
19th-century Swedish diplomats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig%20Manderstr%C3%B6m |
Square One Mall is a shopping mall located along US Route 1 (Broadway) between Main Street and Essex Street in Saugus, Massachusetts. Anchor stores are Macy's, Dick's Sporting Goods, Best Buy and TJ Maxx. Additional stores in the mall include Old Navy, Forever 21, Famous Footwear, and Bath & Body Works.
The mall was a $100 million project undertaken by New England Development Corporation to redevelop the former New England Shopping Center which consisted of Sears, Service Merchandise and the former General Cinemas which had closed in the mid-1980s. The construction of the mall was unique since it incorporated the previously built structure of Sears, signs of this being the difference in building materials between Sears and the rest of the mall. The mall opened for business on August 17, 1994.
The mall is credited with bringing sprawl and strip development to Saugus, especially along the Route 1 corridor. Route 1 through the area is a 6 lane highway (3 lanes in each direction) with a speed limit of .
Filene's Basement, one of the malls former anchors, filed for bankruptcy protection on May 4, 2009. New York’s Crown Acquisitions, made a bid to buy Filene's Basement including their famous Downtown Crossing location which closed in 2007. All Filene's Basement stores closed in December 2011.
TJ Maxx was originally in a space built for Lechmere, but has since moved to a space formerly occupied by Filene's Basement.
In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at Square One Mall, into Seritage Growth Properties. Sears downsized its store to the lower level in 2017. The upper level of Sears is now vacant. On June 30, 2020, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 28 stores nationwide. The store closed on September 13, 2020.
Bus connections
Along with a large parking lot, the MBTA services the Square One Mall with the following MBTA bus routes:
429 Northgate Shopping Center - Lynn Commuter Rail Station via Jefferson Ave & Square One Mall
430 Saugus Center - Malden Station via Square One Mall
The 131 has been proposed to be extended from its current route between Malden and Melrose to the Square One Mall. As of now Melrose residents can only access the mall by car or by taking a bus in the opposite direction to Malden Station and then transferring to the 430.
References
Simon Property Group
Shopping malls in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Saugus, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Essex County, Massachusetts
Shopping malls established in 1994
1994 establishments in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20One%20Mall |
Robert Proctor (born 16 July 1949) is a retired field hockey player from Australia, who was a member of the Australia national field hockey team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Place of birth missing (living people)
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Proctor%20%28field%20hockey%29 |
The Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team represents the University of Delaware (UD) in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) college football as a member of CAA Football, the technically separate football arm of UD's full-time home of the Coastal Athletic Association. The team is currently led by head coach Ryan Carty and plays on Tubby Raymond Field at 22,000-seat Delaware Stadium located in Newark, Delaware. The Fightin' Blue Hens have won six national titles in their 117-year history – 1946 (AP College Division), 1963 (UPI College Division), 1971 (AP/UPI College Division), 1972 (AP/UPI College Division), 1979 (Division II), and 2003 (Division I-AA). They returned to the FCS National Championship game in 2007 and 2010.
The program has produced NFL quarterbacks Rich Gannon, Joe Flacco, Jeff Komlo, Pat Devlin and Scott Brunner.
The Blue Hens are recognized as a perennial power in FCS football and Delaware was the only FCS program to average more than 20,000 fans per regular-season home game for each season from 1999 to 2010.
History
The program's long history began in the late 1800s, but the tradition did not truly begin to take shape until the arrival of Bill Murray in 1940. During his 11 seasons at the helm, the Fightin' Blue Hens compiled a record of 49–16–2 with one National Championship in 1946, which culminated in a win over Rollins in the now-defunct Cigar Bowl. That was good for an impressive .747 winning percentage. After Murray departed to take over at Duke University in 1950, David M. Nelson came on board as head coach.
During his time at UD, Nelson developed the Delaware Wing-T offensive system. This system, strongly rooted in running the football and deceptive fake hand-offs, became the identity of Delaware football for nearly 50 years. Nelson also brought with him another icon of Delaware football: the "winged" helmet. The iconic "Michigan" style helmet was developed by Nelson's coach at Michigan, Fritz Crisler, who first used the helmet design when he was head coach at Princeton (albeit in black and orange). Nelson played for Crisler when Crisler was head coach at Michigan, and Nelson brought the helmet design with him to every team he coached (Hillsdale College, Harvard, Maine and Delaware). Nelson stepped down as football coach in 1965, and in his 15 years (1951–1965), the Hens compiled an 84–42–2 (.664) record with one National Championship in 1963 and a bowl win over Kent State in the now-defunct Refrigerator Bowl.
In 1966, an assistant football and baseball coach named Harold "Tubby" Raymond took over, and after a rocky start (the team recorded a 2–7 record in his second season) became the face of Delaware football for 36 seasons. While Nelson developed the Delaware Wing-T, Raymond perfected it. When he retired in 2001, Raymond had racked up 300 wins against 119 losses and three ties, good for a .714 win percentage. His teams earned 14 Lambert Cup Trophies (as the best team in the east in a particular division), four national semi-finals, and three National Championships in 1971, 1972, and 1979. His 300 wins account for nearly half of the football victories in school history. These three men (Murray, Nelson and Raymond) are all enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame in Atlanta. Georgia Tech is the only other school to place three consecutive coaches into the College Football Hall of Fame.
The team has had much success on the field. In addition to the national championships listed above, notable program victories include multiple wins over Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) schools Navy (including a win at Navy's Homecoming game during a year when they went to a bowl game), Maryland, Rutgers, and Temple. Speculation regularly exists regarding whether the Blue Hens will "move up" to the FBS level at some point. The University of Delaware has more than 60 wins against opponents playing at the highest level, whether that was FBS (since 2006), I-A, or the University level (prior to 1978). However, whereas most I-AA schools move up because of the perception of increased money and prestige, UD has an extremely profitable football program, and it is already well-regarded academically and athletically.
"We're the LSU; we're the Georgia, the Florida of Division I-AA", Delaware coach K. C. Keeler said in American Football Monthly in September 2004. "We have every resource. There's some people who have better resources than we do, but in general, the college campus we have is in one of the greatest college towns in America, and the academics ... we led the nation last year in out-of-state applications, more than Michigan or Texas. But that's what this school has become – everybody wants to come to school here."
While most schools at the FCS level can expect 8,000–10,000 fans for a football game on a good day, the Fightin' Blue Hens can expect sellout crowds of over 22,000 at every home contest; Delaware was the only FCS program to average more than 20,000 fans per regular-season home game for each season from 1999 to 2010. Since Delaware Stadium opened in 1952, it has undergone four major expansions to come to its current capacity of 22,000 (in the 1970s it actually seated over 23,000, but subsequent modifications have reduced the capacity to the current number). The home attendance record was set in 1973 on October 27 against Temple University with 23,619 fans, and attendance has exceeded 22,000 fans frequently. When the Fightin' Blue Hens have a home game, the stadium population becomes the fourth largest city in Delaware—behind Wilmington, Dover, and Newark itself. Maine head coach Jack Cosgrove told Keeler that playing Delaware at Delaware Stadium is the highlight of many of his players' collegiate careers because of their large fan support. In 2011, Sporting News ranked Newark 162 on its list of the 271 Best Sports Cities.
On June 19, 2008, Keeler was granted a 10-year contract extension that was intended to keep him on as head coach of the Blue Hens through the 2017 season. The Homecoming Game versus William & Mary on October 18, 2008, marked the first time in 18 years that the Fightin' Blue Hens did not score a touchdown in a home game. The final score of 27–3 also made Delaware's third straight loss scoring ten points or fewer for the first time since the end of the 1983 season. Delaware's eighth loss, to Villanova in the final game of the season, ended a season that saw it lose eight games for the first time in 117 seasons. The Fightin' Blue Hens were one of only four teams in the NCAA to never lose eight games in a season, the others being Michigan (which lost its 8th game a week before the Hens), Tennessee, and Ohio State.
Keeler was fired on January 7, 2013, following the 2012 season in which his team posted a 5−6 record. Delaware hired Rutgers offensive coordinator Dave Brock as the team's head coach on January 18, 2013.
Brock was unable to maintain any of the success or momentum of his predecessors, could not recruit as successfully as his predecessors, and oversaw a precipitous decline in the program's on and off field fortunes. He became the first head coach in the 90+ year history of Delaware football to be fired in-season, on October 17, 2016. He was replaced on an interim basis by assistant coach Dennis Dottin-Carter, who completed the 2016 season. The team never made the FCS playoffs under his tenure. The team hired Richmond head coach Danny Rocco on December 13, 2016. Rocco was fired at the end of the 2021 season.
With a September 7, 2019 victory over the Rhode Island Rams, Delaware became the 39th team in the NCAA with 700 wins.
On December 10, 2021, Delaware named former UD quarterback Ryan Carty as their new head coach. Carty spent 11 years on the New Hampshire coaching staff, and spent 4 years as offensive coordinator at Sam Houston State under Keeler.
Head coaches
Conference affiliations
1889–1945: Independent
1946: Mason–Dixon Conference
1947–1955: Independent
1956–1957: NCAA College Division Independent
1958–1969: Middle Atlantic Conference (NCAA College Division)
1970–1972: NCAA College Division Independent
1973–1979: NCAA Division II Independent
1980–1985: NCAA Division I-AA Independent
1986–1996: Yankee Conference (NCAA Division I-AA)
1997–2006: Atlantic 10 Conference (NCAA Division I-AA/FCS)
2007–present: CAA Football (NCAA Division I FCS)
Postseason results
Championships
National championships
Conference championships
† Co-champions
Bowl games
Delaware has appeared in 11 bowl games and have a 8–3 bowl record.
Division I-AA/FCS playoffs
The Fightin' Blue Hens have appeared in the Division I-AA/FCS Playoffs eighteen times. Their combined record is 25–17. They were I-AA National Champions in 2003.
Division II playoffs results
The Fightin' Blue Hens have appeared in the Division II playoffs five times with an overall record of 7–4. They were Division II National Champions in 1979.
Rivalries
Villanova
Delaware State
Delaware and Delaware State first played against each other on November 23, 2007, in Newark, Delaware, in the first round of the NCAA Division I National Championship Tournament. The Blue Hens defeated the Hornets 44–7 in front of 19,765 people, the largest playoff crowd in Delaware Stadium history.
Prior to the 2009 season, the University of Delaware had not scheduled a regular season game versus Delaware State University, the state's other Football Championship Subdivision team. A 2007 guest editorial at ESPN.com's Page 2 claimed that this has to do with the fact that Delaware State is a Historically Black College. However, Delaware has scheduled and played regular season games against several other Historically Black Colleges and Universities such as Morgan State University and North Carolina A&T.
On February 25, 2009, coach K.C. Keeler joined Delaware State University coach Al Lavan along with school officials and state politicians in Dover, Delaware, to announce that their schools had signed on to play the first regular season game in their history. Additionally, a three-game series was scheduled for September 2012, 2013, and 2014. All games in the series were held at Delaware Stadium in Newark, because its seating capacity of 22,000 is much larger than that of Delaware State's Alumni Stadium. The schools had been engaged in talks to play a game as early as 2009, but Furman University, which had previously signed a contract to play a home-and-away series with UD, backed out of game two which was scheduled to be played at UD in order to play University of Missouri and garner a larger payday. This left the University of Delaware with an open date to fill with only a few months before the season started and the two sides quickly completed the deal.
The first game was played on September 19, 2009, at Delaware Stadium, with the winning Blue Hens receiving the new traveling trophy, the First State Cup, following a 27–17 victory. Delaware has been victorious in each of their nine subsequent match-ups (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017,2019, 2021, 2022).
James Madison
William & Mary
West Chester University
Blue Hens in the pros
Active
CB Tenny Adewusi – Dallas Renegades (2020), San Antonio Brahmas (2023–present)
LB Johnny Buchanan – St. Louis BattleHawks (2024–present)
RB Wes Hills – Detroit Lions (2019), Hamilton Tiger-Cats (2021–2022), New Orleans Breakers (2023–present)
DT Cam Kitchen – BC Lions (2022–present)
RB Dejoun Lee – Houston Roughnecks (2023–present)
DT Bilal Nichols – Chicago Bears (2018–2021), Las Vegas Raiders (2022–present)
WR Vinny Papale – Tampa Bay Bandits (2022), Memphis Showboats (2023), New Orleans Breakers (2024–present)
LB Troy Reeder – Los Angeles Rams (2019–2021), Los Angeles Chargers (2022), Los Angeles Rams (2023–present); won Super Bowl LVI
WR Joe Walker – Michigan Panthers (2022–2023), New Jersey Generals (2024–present)
Former
DB Mike Adams – San Francisco 49ers (2004–06), Cleveland Browns (2007–11), Denver Broncos (2012–13), Indianapolis Colts (2014–2016), Carolina Panthers (2017–2018), Houston Texans (2019)
S Nasir Adderley – Los Angeles Chargers (2019–2022)
DE Michael Atunrase – Nebraska Danger (2012–2013), Cedar Rapids Titans (2013)
DB Kenny Bailey – New Jersey Red Dogs (2000), New Jersey Gladiators (2001)
TE Josh Baker – New York Jets (2011)
DL Quincy Barr – Tampa Bay Storm (2014)
LB Darrell Booker – Ottawa Rough Riders (1989)
TE Nick Boyle – Baltimore Ravens (2015–2022)
DB Roger Brown – Georgia Force (2012)
QB Scott Brunner – New York Giants (1980–84), St. Louis Cardinals (1985)
CB Marcus Burley – Jacksonville Jaguars (2013), Seattle Seahawks (2014−2015), Cleveland Browns (2016), Houston Texans (2017)
RB Keith Burnell – Hamilton Tiger-Cats (2005)
OL Mike Byrne – Calgary Stampeders (2008–09), Pittsburgh Power (2011)
LB Mondoe Davis – Montreal Alouettes (2007)
QB Pat Devlin – Miami Dolphins (2011–13), Cleveland Browns (2015)
LB Leon Dombrowski – New York Titans (1960)
WR Jamin Elliott – Chicago Bears (2002), Georgia Force (2006), Atlanta Falcons (2006)
QB Joe Flacco – Baltimore Ravens (2008–2018), Denver Broncos (2019), New York Jets (2020), Philadelphia Eagles (2021), New York Jets (2021–2022); Super Bowl XLVII Most Valuable Player
QB Rich Gannon – Minnesota Vikings (1987–92), Washington Redskins (1993), Kansas City Chiefs (1995–1998), Oakland Raiders (1999–2004); won the 2002 NFL Most Valuable Player and played in Super Bowl XXXVII as a member of the Raiders
C Gino Gradkowski – Baltimore Ravens (2012–14), Atlanta Falcons (2015), Carolina Panthers (2016), Denver Broncos (2018), Super Bowl XLVII winner
DB Simba Gwashavanhu – Jacksonville Sharks (2019)
QB Andy Hall – Philadelphia Eagles (2005–06)
DL Matt Hardison – Tampa Bay Storm (2014), New Orleans VooDoo (2015), Las Vegas Outlaws (2015), Cleveland Gladiators (2016)
DB Sidney Haugabrook – Hamilton Tiger-Cats (2005), Las Vegas Gladiators (2007), Columbus Destroyers (2008)
OL Conway Hayman – Houston Oilers (1975–80)
DB Travis Hawkins – Toronto Argonauts (2015), Winnipeg Blue Bombers (2016), Montreal Alouettes (2017)
OL Kheon Hendricks – Milwaukee Iron (2010)
CB Nijuel Hill – Vegas Vipers (2023)
DB Tim Jacobs – Cleveland Browns (1993–95), Miami Dolphins (1996–1997)
DL Dennis Johnson – Washington Redskins (1974–77), Buffalo Bills (1978), Toronto Argonauts (1979–80)
OT Greg Justice – Austin Wranglers (2007)
DT Zach Kerr – Indianapolis Colts (2014–2016), Denver Broncos (2017–2018), Arizona Cardinals (2019), Carolina Panthers (2020), San Francisco 49ers (2021), Arizona Cardinals (2021), Cincinnati Bengals (2021); played in Super Bowl LVI as a member of the Bengals
QB Jeff Komlo – Detroit Lions (1979–81), Atlanta Falcons (1982), Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1983)
DB Dale Koscielski – Chicago Rush (2001–02), Los Angeles Avengers (2002), Chicago Rush (2003)
WR Keita Malloy – Texas Terror (1996)
DE Matt Marcorelle – Georgia Force (2012), Jacksonville Sharks (2013)
DT Joe McGrail – Buffalo Bills (1987)
LB Joe McHale – New England Patriots (1987)
LB Larry McSeed – Montreal Alouettes (1997), Saskatchewan Roughriders (1998), Montreal Alouettes (1998)
DL Joe Minucci – Nashville Kats (2005–07), Cleveland Gladiators (2008)
TE Jeff Modesitt – Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1987)
QB Matt Nagy – New York Dragons (2002), Carolina Cobras (2004), Georgia Force (2005–06), Columbus Destroyers (2007–08)
WR Andrew Opoku – FXFL Blacktips (2015)
TE Ben Patrick – Arizona Cardinals (2007–10); scored a touchdown in Super Bowl XLIII
C Bob Patton – Buffalo Bills (1976)
RB Dan Reeder – Pittsburgh Steelers (1986–87)
DL Mike Renna –London Monarchs (1991) Charlotte Rage (1993)
LB Erik Ringoen – Toronto Argonauts (1992)
DB George Schmitt – St. Louis Cardinals (1983)
K Jon Striefsky – Philadelphia Soul (2011), Jacksonville Sharks (2012)
OT Jim Stull – Toronto Argonauts (2000), New York/New Jersey Hitmen (2001)
S Ivory Sully – Los Angeles Rams (1979–84), Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1985–86), Detroit Lions (1987); played in Super Bowl XIV as a member of the Rams
DE Ronald Talley – Arizona Cardinals (2011–13)
CB Roman Tatum – Los Angeles Wildcats (2020), Orlando Guardians (2023)
DE Hal Thompson – Brooklyn Dodgers (1947–48)
DE Laith Wallschleger – Jacksonville Sharks (2016)
DB Anthony Walters – Chicago Bears (2011–14)
DL Richard Washington – Jacksonville Sharks (2011), Kansas City Command (2012)
LB Ali Witherspoon – Montreal Concordes (1985)
DL Blaine Woodson – Ottawa Redblacks (2018)
LB Paul Worrilow – Atlanta Falcons (2013–2016), Detroit Lions (2017), Philadelphia Eagles (2018), New York Jets (2019)
Notes
Draft picks
Future non-conference opponents
Announced schedules as of November 26, 2022.
† – 11 Game FCS Regular Season
‡ – 12 Game FCS Regular Season
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
References
External links
American football teams established in 1889
1889 establishments in Delaware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware%20Fightin%27%20Blue%20Hens%20football |
Kirchlengern is a municipality in the district of Herford, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Kirchlengern is situated on the river Else, approx. 10 km north of Herford.
Neighbouring places
Hüllhorst
Löhne
Hiddenhausen
Bünde
Division of the municipality
The municipality is divided in 7 districts:
Häver (1,900 inhabitants)
Kirchlengern (6,051 inhabitants)
Klosterbauerschaft (2,568 inhabitants)
Quernheim (1,549 inhabitants)
Rehmerloh (203 inhabitants)
Stift Quernheim (1,668 inhabitants)
Südlengern (3,154 inhabitants)
Mayors
since 2004: Rüdiger Meier (CDU)
1999-2004: Werner Helmke (SPD)
Notable people
1833–1900, Ernst Heinrich Lindemann, politician
1924–2003, Hellmuth Buddenberg, manager
1942–2017, Gunter Gabriel, singer
1953, Jürgen Klute, politician
1953, Reinhard Göhner, politician
1958, Elke Kruse, artist
1984, David Odonkor, footballer
References
External links
Herford (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchlengern |
Malcolm Evans (born 10 April 1944) is a British computer game programmer, best known for his games 3D Monster Maze for the Sinclair ZX81 and Trashman for the ZX Spectrum, released in 1982 and 1984 respectively.
He and his twin brother, Rod, were born in Romford, but his family soon moved to Portsmouth. He has a B.Sc. in electronics from Portsmouth Polytechnic and joined Marconi, where he worked on high-powered projects, such as satellite technology. Then in the mid-1970s he moved to work for Smiths Aviation, where he designed hardware to implement computer control systems for jet engines.
In 1979 he moved again, to Sperry Gyroscope in Bristol, where he joined its micro-processor applications group. There he found himself using Zilog Z80 and Intel 8088 machine code language for small applications of a classified nature for the Ministry of Defence. The Bristol factory was closed in 1981 but by then Malcolm had received a ZX81 from his wife, Linda, for his thirty-seventh birthday in April 1981. Malcolm developed 3D Monster Maze to test what the computer was capable of, and completed it by November.
In the spring of 1982, Evans founded his own company, New Generation Software, which continued to produce games for the ZX Spectrum and pioneer the 3D gaming industry.
As of 2016 Evans was no longer writing games, but he is the author of a travelogue about New Zealand.
References
British video game designers
British computer programmers
1944 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Portsmouth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Evans%20%28computer%20programmer%29 |
Douglas James Golder (born 1 February 1948) is a retired field hockey player from Australia, who was a member of the national team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Place of birth missing (living people)
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Golder |
ʻAlí-Muhammad Varqá (; 191122 September 2007) was a prominent adherent of the Baháʼí Faith. He was the longest surviving Hand of the Cause of God, an appointed position in the Baháʼí Faith whose main function is to propagate and protect the religion on the international level.
Varqá was born in 1911 in Tehran, Iran to a well-known Iranian Baháʼí family. His grandfather Mírzá ʻAlí-Muhammad Varqá, from whom he received his name, was an Apostle of Baháʼu'lláh, and his father, Valíyu'lláh Varqá, was also a Hand of the Cause.
Varqá moved to Paris and studied at the Sorbonne, where he obtained a doctorate in 1950. He then returned to Iran and taught at the universities of Tehran and Tabriz. During this time, he also served in various administrative capacities in the Baháʼí community of Iran.
After his father's death, Varqá was appointed as a Hand of the Cause by Shoghi Effendi on November 15, 1955. He served in that capacity for 52 years until his death in 2007, and was the last surviving Hand of the Cause. As part of his role, he travelled to many countries, and attended the first Baháʼí national conventions of many countries including Belgium and Central African Republic. He also served as the trustee of Huqúqu'lláh since 1955, a role which his father also held.
In 1979, he moved to Canada and later moved to Haifa, Israel where the Baháʼí World Centre is located. He died on 22 September 2007 in Haifa and was buried in the Baháʼí cemetery there.
Notes
References
Iranian Bahá'ís
Bahá'í Faith in Israel
Hands of the Cause
Iranian emigrants to France
Iranian emigrants to Israel
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
University of Paris alumni
Academics from Tehran
1911 births
2007 deaths
Date of birth missing
20th-century Bahá'ís
21st-century Bahá'ís
Iranian emigrants to Canada
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAl%C3%AD-Muhammad%20Varq%C3%A1 |
The Early Four Track Recordings is a compilation album by indie rock band of Montreal. It contains early recordings from the band, with the song titles changed to ones which tell a fictional story about actor Dustin Hoffman eating his bathtub. The album was originally released January 16, 2001, by Kindercore and later reissued by Polyvinyl Record Co. on March 7, 2006.
Background
The album's songs have nothing to do with Dustin Hoffman beyond their track names. The connection to Hoffman is only for humor and to give some coherence to the songs' content. The songs are lo-fi demo recordings made mostly by Barnes alone with a 4-track recorder, drawn together from several different recording sessions.
Style and reception
Per AllMusic's Michelle Cross, the album's "stripped-down indie pop tunes vary in tempo and mood, indicative of the musical and lyrical flexibility that [Kevin] Barnes would develop with bandmates in the albums to come", with songs featuring "Beatlesque, slightly off-kilter chord progressions and lyrics established in Of Montreal's charming debut album, Cherry Peel" and "hints at the sweet, wacky instrumentation and subject matter that brought popular and critical success to the band's fourth album, The Gay Parade." The album's "insight into Barnes' early development as an innovative songwriter is generous, but on the whole, The Early Four Track Recordings does not add tremendous value" to the band's discography.
Pitchforks Matt LeMay wrote that "Sometimes lackluster songwriting aside, The Early Four Track Recordings is a must for fans anxiously awaiting the upcoming Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies, and a perfectly good starting point for those who might find Of Montreal's over the top pop intimidating", circumventing the "pounding ice cream headache" of their main discography and providing "almost all the goodness with none of the harmful side effects."
PopMatterss Patrick Schabe calls the album's guitars "rough, scratchy garage pop chords", says the "rhythm section consists of simplistic and rattling drum patterns" with "little hint of the melodic genius" of Barnes' later work, and calls the lyrics a "decidedly trippy word-jumble pastiche". Schabe concludes by calling the album fascinating for fans and interesting as a historical record, but generally "a sub-lo-fi recording of a guy just beginning to exercise his strengths and not having yet developed an established sense of song."
Car Seat Headrest frontman Will Toledo named The Early Four Track Recordings as one of the formative influences on his desire to self-record.
Track listing
References
2001 compilation albums
Of Montreal albums
Kindercore Records compilation albums
Polyvinyl Record Co. albums
Indie pop albums by American artists
Lo-fi music albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Early%20Four%20Track%20Recordings |
August Christian Manthey (14 February 1811 – 25 May 1880) was a Norwegian Minister who held several government posts in the period 1856–1875. He served as Minister of Auditing, Justice, Finance, the Interior, the Navy and the Army, as well as being member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm in different periods.
References
1811 births
1880 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
County governors of Norway
19th-century Norwegian politicians
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Defence ministers of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Christian%20Manthey |
Christian Pierre Mathiesen (14 April 1870 – 8 August 1953) was a Norwegian landowner and politician for the Conservative Party.
Background
He was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway, as the youngest son of landowner and industrialist Haaken C. Mathiesen. He finished his secondary education in 1888, graduated from the agricultural school at Sem in 1890 and also took agricultural education in Denmark. He was the owner of Linderud Manor from 1893, while his oldest brother Haaken L. Mathiesen inherited the family company Mathiesen Eidsvold Værk. In 1940 he passed Linderud Manor down to his nephew, another Mathiesen Eidsvold Værk inheritor, Jørgen Mathiesen.
Career
Having many political positions in Aker, Mathiesen was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1900 from the constituency Akershus Amt. He served one term. On 22 October 1903, when the Hagerup's Second Cabinet assumed office, he was appointed as the new Minister of Agriculture. He lasted until 25 September 1904, when he was replaced by Johan Egeberg Mellbye.
He was also the chairman of Fællesslagteriet from 1911 to 1936, Akers Sparebank from 1918 to 1945, Fellesbanken from 1921 to 1928 as well as Forsikringsselskapet Norden. He was a supervisory council member of the Royal Norwegian Society for Development.
Personal life
He was married to Celina Ihlen (1874–1948), a daughter of Conservative Party co-founder Jacob Thurmann Ihlen and his Belgian wife Ambrosine Rouquet. They had the son Haaken C. Mathiesen, Jr. Christian Pierre Mathiesen was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav and Commander, First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog. He died in 1953.
References
1870 births
1953 deaths
Politicians from Aker
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Commanders First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Pierre%20Mathiesen |
Jack Micheline (November 6, 1929 – February 27, 1998), born Harold Martin Silver, was an American painter and poet from the San Francisco Bay Area. One of San Francisco's original Beat poets, he was an innovative artist who was active in the San Francisco Poetry Renaissance of the 1950s and 1960s.
Beat poet
Born in The Bronx, New York, of Russian and Romanian Jewish ancestry. Micheline took his pen name from writer Jack London and his mother's maiden name. He moved to Greenwich Village in the 1950s, where he became a street poet, drawing on Harlem blues and jazz rhythms and the cadence of word music. He lived on the fringe of poverty, writing about hookers, drug addicts, blue collar workers, and the dispossessed.
In 1957, Troubadour Press published his first book River of Red Wine. Jack Kerouac wrote the introduction, and it was reviewed by Dorothy Parker in Esquire magazine. Micheline relocated to San Francisco in the early 1960s, where he spent the rest of his life. He published over twenty books, some of them mimeographs and chapbooks.
Though a poet of the Beat generation, Micheline characterized the Beat movement as a product of media hustle, and hated being categorized as a Beat poet. He was also a painter, working primarily with gouache in a self-taught, primitive style he picked up in Mexico City.
Obscenity bust
In September 1968, a short story he wrote, "Skinny Dynamite", was published in Renaissance 2, the literary supplement of John Bryan's Los Angeles alternative newspaper Open City. Solicited from Micheline by guest editor Charles Bukowski, its subject was a promiscuous young woman. The story used the word "fuck" and Bryan was arrested for obscenity, but was not convicted.
Second Coming Press published a book of Micheline's stories, entitled Skinny Dynamite after his most notorious work, in 1980.
Death
Micheline died of a heart attack in San Francisco, California while riding a BART subway train from San Francisco to Orinda in 1998. The back room at San Francisco's Abandoned Planet Bookstore (until it was closed) showcased Micheline's wall mural paintings.
Marriage and children
Micheline was married twice, to Pat Cherkin in the early 1960s, and later to Marian "Mimi" Redding. He had a son, Vincent, who was born in 1963 to his first wife, Pat.
Published works
Tell your mama you want to be free, and other poemsongs (1969); Dead Sea Fleet Editions.
Last House in America (1976); Second Coming Press.
North of Manhattan: Collected Poems, Ballads, and Songs (1976); Manroot.
Skinny Dynamite and Other Stories (1980); Second Coming Press.
River of Red Wine and Other Poems (1986); Water Row Press.
Imaginary Conversation with Jack Kerouac (1989); Zeitgeist Press.
Outlaw of the Lowest Plant (1993); Zeitgeist Press.
Ragged Lion (1999); Vagabond Press.
Sixty-Seven Poems for Downtrodden Saints (1997); FMSBW.2nd enlarged edition (1999).
To be a poet is to be: Poetry (2000); Implosion Press.
One of a Kind (2008); Ugly Duckling Presse.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Bukowski, Charles and David Calonne (ed.). Absence of the Hero (Uncollected Stories/Essays). City Lights Publishers. San Francisco. 2010. ;
Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Beat Reader. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. (hc); (pbk)
External links
Official Website of Jack Micheline
Some poems by Micheline
Either Poetry or a Machine Gun Eddie Woods' 1982 interview with Jack Micheline.
Whiskey, Madness, and Bellevue by Jack Micheline at Underground Voices''
Guide to the Jack Micheline Papers at The Bancroft Library
Skinny Dyamite at amazon.com
Give America A Break CD Tribute to Jack Micheline
1929 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
People from the Bronx
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Beat Generation writers
Outlaw poets
20th-century American poets
20th-century American male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Micheline |
In computer science, Kosaraju-Sharir's algorithm (also known as Kosaraju's algorithm) is a linear time algorithm to find the strongly connected components of a directed graph. Aho, Hopcroft and Ullman credit it to S. Rao Kosaraju and Micha Sharir. Kosaraju suggested it in 1978 but did not publish it, while Sharir independently discovered it and published it in 1981. It makes use of the fact that the transpose graph (the same graph with the direction of every edge reversed) has exactly the same strongly connected components as the original graph.
The algorithm
The primitive graph operations that the algorithm uses are to enumerate the vertices of the graph, to store data per vertex (if not in the graph data structure itself, then in some table that can use vertices as indices), to enumerate the out-neighbours of a vertex (traverse edges in the forward direction), and to enumerate the in-neighbours of a vertex (traverse edges in the backward direction); however the last can be done without, at the price of constructing a representation of the transpose graph during the forward traversal phase. The only additional data structure needed by the algorithm is an ordered list of graph vertices, that will grow to contain each vertex once.
If strong components are to be represented by appointing a separate root vertex for each component, and assigning to each vertex the root vertex of its component, then Kosaraju's algorithm can be stated as follows.
For each vertex of the graph, mark as unvisited. Let be empty.
For each vertex of the graph do , where is the recursive subroutine:
If is unvisited then:
Mark as visited.
For each out-neighbour of , do .
Prepend to .
Otherwise do nothing.
For each element of in order, do where is the recursive subroutine:
If has not been assigned to a component then:
Assign as belonging to the component whose root is .
For each in-neighbour of , do .
Otherwise do nothing.
Trivial variations are to instead assign a component number to each vertex, or to construct per-component lists of the vertices that belong to it. The unvisited/visited indication may share storage location with the final assignment of root for a vertex.
The key point of the algorithm is that during the first (forward) traversal of the graph edges, vertices are prepended to the list in post-order relative to the search tree being explored. This means it does not matter whether a vertex was first visited because it appeared in the enumeration of all vertices or because it was the out-neighbour of another vertex that got visited; either way will be prepended to before is, so if there is a forward path from to then will appear before on the final list (unless and both belong to the same strong component, in which case their relative order in is arbitrary).
This means, that each element of the list can be made to correspond to a block , where the block consists of all the vertices reachable from vertex using just outward edges at each node in the path. It is important to note that no vertex in the block beginning at has an inward link from any of the blocks beginning at some vertex to its right, i.e., the blocks corresponding to vertices in the list. This is so, because otherwise the vertex having the inward link(say from the block beginning at )would have been already visited and pre-pended to in the block of , which is a contradiction. On the other hand, vertices in the block starting at can have edges pointing to the blocks starting at some vertex in
Step 3 of the algorithm, starts from , assigns all vertices which point to it, the same component as . Note that these vertices can only lie in the block beginning at as higher blocks can't have links pointing to vertices in the block of . Let the set of all vertices that point to be . Subsequently, all the vertices pointing to these vertices, are added too, and so on till no more vertices can be added.
There is a path to , from all the vertices added to the component containing . And there is a path to all the vertices added from , as all those lie in the block beginning at (which contains all the vertices reachable from following outward edges at each step of path). Hence all these form a single strongly connected component. Moreover, no vertex remains, because, to be in this strongly connected component a vertex must be reachable from and must be able to reach . All vertices that are able to reach , if any, lie in the first block only, and all the vertices in first block are reachable from . So the algorithm chooses all the vertices in the connected component of .
When we reach vertex , in the loop of step 3, and hasn't been assigned to any component, we can be sure that all the vertices to the left have made their connected components; that doesn't belong to any of those components; that doesn't point to any of the vertices to the left of it. Also, since, no edge from higher blocks to 's block exists, the proof remains same.
As given above, the algorithm for simplicity employs depth-first search, but it could just as well use breadth-first search as long as the post-order property is preserved.
The algorithm can be understood as identifying the strong component of a vertex as the set of vertices which are reachable from both by backwards and forwards traversal. Writing for the set of vertices reachable from by forward traversal, for the set of vertices reachable from by backwards traversal, and for the set of vertices which appear strictly before on the list after phase 2 of the algorithm, the strong component containing a vertex appointed as root is
Set intersection is computationally costly, but it is logically equivalent to a double set difference, and since it becomes sufficient to test whether a newly encountered element of has already been assigned to a component or not.
Complexity
Provided the graph is described using an adjacency list, Kosaraju's algorithm performs two complete traversals of the graph and so runs in Θ(V+E) (linear) time, which is asymptotically optimal because there is a matching lower bound (any algorithm must examine all vertices and edges). It is the conceptually simplest efficient algorithm, but is not as efficient in practice as Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm and the path-based strong component algorithm, which perform only one traversal of the graph.
If the graph is represented as an adjacency matrix, the algorithm requires Ο(V2) time.
References
Alfred V. Aho, John E. Hopcroft, Jeffrey D. Ullman. Data Structures and Algorithms. Addison-Wesley, 1983.
Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein. Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd edition. The MIT Press, 2009. .
Micha Sharir. A strong-connectivity algorithm and its applications to data flow analysis. Computers and Mathematics with Applications 7(1):67–72, 1981.
External links
Good Math, Bad Math: Computing Strongly Connected Components
Graph algorithms
Graph connectivity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosaraju%27s%20algorithm |
Rödinghausen is a municipality in the district of Herford, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Rödinghausen is situated on the southern slope of the Wiehengebirge, approx. 20 km north-west of Herford and 25 km north of Bielefeld.
Neighbouring municipalities
Bünde
Melle
Preußisch Oldendorf
Hüllhorst
Division of the municipality
Rödinghausen consists of 5 villages:
Bieren (1,299 inhabitants)
Bruchmühlen (3,378 inhabitants); (named Westkilver until 1969)
Ostkilver (1,876 inhabitants)
Rödinghausen (1,644 inhabitants)
Schwenningdorf (2,356 inhabitants)
Mayors
since 2020: Siegfried Lux (SPD)
2004–2020: Ernst-Wilhelm Vortmeyer (* 1954) (SPD)
1999-2004: Kurt Vogt (SPD)
1969-1998: Günter Oberpenning (SPD)
References
External links
Official site
Wiehen Hills
Herford (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6dinghausen |
was a prolific Japanese opera composer.
Life and career
Born in Tokyo, she studied at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music with Tomojiro Ikenouchi, graduating in 1957. She subsequently went to France where she studied with Henri Dutilleux and Alexander Tcherepnin. After that she returned to Japan to teach at the Osaka University of Music.
Between 1978 and 1999 she wrote 18 operas, many of them performed in Tokyo by the Nihon Opera Kyokai or the Nikikai Opera. One work was performed in Italy. In general, she has preferred Japanese subjects; exceptions include her second opera about Sherlock Holmes and an opera based on Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment written for a large-scale production at the New National Theatre, Tokyo in 1999.
She died of heart failure on 30 November 2014.
Operas
The Case-book of Sherlock Holmes (Confession) after Conan Doyle (1981)
Iwai Uta ga Nagareru Yoruni (1984)
Shita wo Kamikitta Onna (1986)
Sute Hime (1989)
Yosakoi Bushi (1990)
Petro Kibe (1991)
Tsumi to batsu (Crime and Punishment) after Dostoevsky (1999)
Other works
Sonatine for piano (1957)
Preludio, aria e toccata for guitar (1970)
Recordings
Yosakoi Bushi has been recorded and published on Laserdisc.
References
Sources
Holledge, Simon. "Hara Kazuko: Crime and Punishment, 19th June 1999", Opera Japonica
Biographical note for Daniel Quinn recital, accessed 20 January 2010
1935 births
2014 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Japanese composers
20th-century women composers
21st-century classical composers
21st-century Japanese musicians
21st-century women composers
Japanese classical composers
Japanese women classical composers
Japanese opera composers
Pupils of Henri Dutilleux
Tokyo University of the Arts alumni
Women opera composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuko%20Hara |
is an Italian-Japanese anime series produced by Tatsunoko Productions, Mondo TV and NHK. It is an adaptation of the Alexandre Dumas version of the Robin Hood story consisting of 52 episodes. In this version, Robin and his allies are mostly pre-teens.
Overview
Robin's palace was burned to ashes by the order of Alwyn, the Baron of Nottingham. Robin and his cousins Will, Winifred and Jenny flee into Sherwood Forest, hoping to escape persecution. They end up encountering a group of bandits led by Little John, who dubs himself as Big John during the beginning of the series, until Robin pokes fun renaming him "Little John" for playing with a pussycat. Together, Robin and the bandits must stop Baron Alwyn's persecutions and greed as well as to prevent the greedy and fat Bishop Hartford from adopting (marrying in the Japanese version) Marian Lancaster and obtaining her family's wealth.
Characters
Protagonists
Robert Huntington or Robert Huntingdon, aka Robin Hood (voiced by Kazue Ikura) – The heir to the noble family of Huntington, Robin Hood's house is burned to the ground by the order of Baron Alwyn. He is forced to flee and hideout in Sherwood Forest where he and his cousins encounter Little John and his gang.
Marian Lancaster (voiced by Naoko Matsui) – The descendant of the noble Lancaster family who is to be adopted by a greedy bishop named Hartford. She wears a golden cross around her neck as a symbol of her family and was her Mother's prized possession. Marian was especially notable throughout the series for her evolution in character development.
Will Scarlet (voiced by Yuko Mita) – Robin's friend/cousin who fight along his side when trouble arises. He has two sisters.
Friar Tuck (voiced by Kenichi Ogata) – An old monk who lives on the edge of Sherwood Forest and helps Robin if needed. A recurring gag is that Friar Tuck is constantly trying to use his inventions to fly, but they never work.
Little John (voiced by Bin Shimada) – A leader of a group of bandits who were forced to hide out in Sherwood Forest to avoid forced labor. Though he clashes with Robin at first, he proves to be an "invincible" ally. He has a love interest in Winifred.
Much (voiced by Mayumi Tanaka) – Much is Little John's right-hand man.
Winifred Scarlet (voiced by Maria Kawamura) – Robin's cousin and Will's sister.
Jenny Scarlet, but called Barbara in the Japanese version (voiced by Sayuri Iketmoto) – Jenny is Robin's cousin, and the younger sister of Will and Winifred.
King Richard the Lionheart (voiced by Mugihito) – the true and rightful king of England.
Antagonists
Most of the antagonists of the series serve as only "temporary" antagonists who eventually start aiding the protagonists near the end of the series. However, all of them start off as those who oppose Robin through the majority of the series. It's only near the end due to some of them start to make a change for the better.
Baron Alwyn (voiced by Masashi Ebara) – The Baron of Nottingham that taxes his workers and keeps them working for him. He is the one that orders the destruction of the Huntington's castle. He is based on the Sheriff of Nottingham in both character design and personality. Near the end of the series, due to Robin's constant thwarting and a near death experience by him, he starts to make a change for the better until coming across a plot that would allow him to take over the kingdom, thus, changing him back to his greedy, inconsiderate self. Once again, however, his plan of action is stopped by Robin as well as King Richard.
Bishop Hartford (voiced by Yuu Shimaka) – A greedy bishop of Nottingham that is to adopt Marian Lancaster for the Lancaster's wealth. Like Alwyn, the Bishop eventually starts to make a change for the better towards the end of the series. Unlike Alwyn, he remains loyal to the protagonists in the end, and eventually helps out Robin by informing them Alwyn's plot to take over the kingdom.
Gilbert (voiced by Toshihiko Seki) – A loyal and dangerous knight that serves under Baron Alwyn and does his bidding. He has a scar under his right eye, which is hidden by his long hair, from a very short fight with Robin in the first episode. During a fight with Robin he is blown off a cliff by the forces of nature along with Marian, but he uses his strength to help Robin save her, and ends up falling, believing to have died. It is discovered later that he survived the fall. He later becomes a knight for King Richard, and no longer serves under Baron Alwyn.
Cleo (voiced by Chieko Honda) – Gilbert's sister, first introduced in episode 24 "The Girl in Black". She wears a black dress and has long dark hair. After Gilbert's supposed death early in the series, she is told by Alwyn that Robin was the cause. She plans to kill Robin and avenge the death of her older brother, despite he was not the cause of Gilbert's death. Later on, Cleo eventually finds out the truth and no longer tries to kill Robin, and the two form somewhat of a relationship (however, Robin's true feelings stay true to Marian).
King John (voiced by Issei Futamata) – Upon discovering his heritage, Alwyn uses him to try to take over the kingdom. He himself follows the plan to become king and attempts to replace his brother, King Richard.
Guy of Gisbourne – A mercenary hired by Alwyn to kill Robin. He is accompanied by two men known as The Viking and Hood. He succeeds in capturing the outlaws, Robin Hood and his friends, but is thwarted when Much, who manages to avoid capture, realizes they made a grave mistake. Gisbourne and his goons plans are thwarted when they unknowledgeably ate a bunch of Laughing Cap Toadstools picked by Marian, Winifred and Jenny.
Music
The series uses two pieces of theme music for the Japanese version; one opening song and one ending song. The Japanese opening song is called "Wood Walker", and the Japanese ending song is called "Hoshizora no Labirinsu (星空のラビリンス lit.Labyrinth of the Starry Sky)", both sing by the Japanese vocalist Satoko Shimonari.
There are two English opening songs. One is called "Robin of the Forest", while another is an instrumental of "Wood Walker" used for the Interfilm video dub. The Italian dub, called simply Robin Hood, features an opening theme with words by Alessandra Valeri Manera and music by Carmelo "Ninni" Carucci, sung by the popular singer Cristina D'Avena; the French dub, called Les Adventures de Robin des Bois, uses the same tune sung by Alexis Tomassian. All the opening animations are kept the same, however, the ending animation differs depending on the international versions, for example, the Japanese ending is completely original whereas the German dub shows scenes from the series to a shortened instrumental theme of their composed opening.
Episodes
"Birth of the Hero"
"Mystery Forest"
"A Duel"
"House Building"
"The Mercenary"
"Gentlemen Bandits"
"The Loyal King"
"Towards Nottingham"
"Friend or Foe"
"Impossible"
"An Uncertain Future"
"Disguise"
"Up in Smoke"
"A New Day"
"An Unexpected Return"
"Fog and Wind"
"The Ultimate Farewell"
"Tuck's Battle"
"Witchcraft"
"Revenge"
"King of the Forest"
"Fire"
"Thunderstorm in Nottingham"
"The Girl in Black"
"Love and Hate"
"Peace After the Storm"
"A Foundling"
"The Flying Ship"
"A Prediction"
"Barons Greed"
"The Bandits Revenge"
"Jenny's Tale"
"Return"
"The Fog of Revenge"
"The Good Old Days"
"Gamekeeper"
"Fire in the Forest"
"The Treasury"
"Reconciliation"
"An Evil Being"
"Traitor"
"The Lake of Truth"
"The Decisive Battle"
"The Bad Luck Man"
"A Charming Villain"
"Unbeatable"
"Honest Eyes"
"Tragedy"
"Prince of the Woods"
"The Decision"
"The Crowning"
"Immortal"
References
External links
Official anime website of Tatsunoko Production
1990 anime television series debuts
1990 Japanese television series debuts
1992 Japanese television series endings
Italian children's animated adventure television series
Italian children's animated fantasy television series
Japanese children's animated adventure television series
Japanese children's animated fantasy television series
Adventure anime and manga
Drama anime and manga
Historical anime and manga
NHK original programming
Robin Hood television series
Television series set in the Middle Ages
Television shows set in England
Anime and manga based on fairy tales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Hood%20%281990%20TV%20series%29 |
Birger Øivind Meidell (4 February 1882 – 29 January 1958) was a professor and a member of The Norwegian Science Academy who served two posts in the fascist NS government of Vidkun Quisling first as Church and Educational Minister and then as Norwegian minister for social affairs September 1940 - September 1941.
He was employed as an actuary at the insurance company Livsforsikringsselskapet Norske Liv in 1907 and in Norway's Government Pension Fund from 1913. He was the director of the Oslo Municipal Pension Fund from 1917 to 1924 and was from 1923 a professor of actuarial science at the Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet (University of Oslo). He was elected a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 1923. He was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1928 in Bologna and in 1936 in Oslo.
After the Second World War he was sentenced to life imprisonment with forced labour but immediately released on grounds of ill health. He took up a post at the company Norges Brannkasse until his retirement.
In the 1930s he formulated a broad strategy for Nazi NS-command of Norwegian society. His main ambition idea was to win over the workers for the NS and for national socialism through active social politics, higher payment, and better working conditions. He also aimed to subordinate the labour unions to government policy. His progress in these aims and throughout his fascist career was not helped by his obstinate and uncooperative personality. He also fielded as a minor ballot candidate for Nasjonal Samling in the 1936 Norwegian parliamentary election in Akershus, but his party did not win a seat.
Selected publications
"Note sur quelques inégalités et formules d'approximation." Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 1918, no. 1 (1918): 180–198.
"Randbemerkungen über den Verlauf der Deckungskapitalien; ihre differentialgleichungen und gewisse ihnen angeknüpfte Identitäten." Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 1921, no. 1 (1921): 210–229.
"Sur un problème fondamental de la statistique mathématique." Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 1922, no. 1 (1922): 210–216.
"Les fonctions symétriques et les inégalités générales." Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 1928, no. 1 (1928): 201–219.
"On damping effects and approach to equilibrium in certain general phenomena." Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 18, no. 16 (1928): 437–455.
"Betrachtungen über den effektiven Zinsfuss bei Anleihen." Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 1932, no. 3 (1932): 159–174.
"Zur theorie und Praxis der Berechnung des effektiven Zinsfusses bei Anleihen." Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 1939, no. 1 (1939): 122–151.
References
1882 births
1958 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Members of Nasjonal Samling
Politicians from Aker
People convicted of treason for Nazi Germany against Norway
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Norway
Norwegian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger%20Meidell |
The Mall at Rockingham Park is the largest shopping mall in the state of New Hampshire, with of floor space. The mall is located in the town of Salem, about north of Boston. The mall is adjacent to Interstate 93 and the former Rockingham Park race track in Salem, and was the state's third shopping mall to be built. The mall now hosts 144 stores. The mall features the traditional retailers Macy's, JCPenney, and Dick's Sporting Goods. The mall is managed by Simon Property Group, which owns 28.2% of it. As of March 2015, the mall was Simon's highest grossing center, with annual sales of $2,105 per square foot.
Like the Pheasant Lane Mall in Nashua, the Mall at Rockingham Park is located close to the Massachusetts state line and draws many customers from that state. New Hampshire has no sales tax on most goods. The success of the Mall at Rockingham Park, which opened in August 1991, caused the Methuen Mall across the line in Methuen, Massachusetts, to close in 1997; it was replaced with The Loop, a "big box"-style center. The Mall at Rockingham Park also caused the adjacent (and older) Rockingham Mall to convert into a "big box" center, as Salem could no longer support two shopping malls. In 2006, the mall's original Macy's store (formerly Jordan Marsh) was closed with all Filene's converting into Macy's.
In 2012, Lord & Taylor renovated and converted the former Macy's space, opening its only New Hampshire store in March 2012. In 2015, Dick's Sporting Goods reconstructed Sears' second floor as part of a deal with the company while Sears consolidated to an updated store format. Dick's opened October 2015.
On August 22, 2018, it was announced Sears would shutter as part of an ongoing decision to eliminate its traditional brick-and-mortar store format. A Cinemark Theatres complex opened in 2020 near the site of the original Sears Auto Center, which is separate from the rest of the mall.
On August 27, 2020, it was announced that upscale specialty department store retailer Lord & Taylor would shutter its traditional brick and mortar format as a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Design
Internal design
The center of the Mall at Rockingham Park is a circular walkway on both floors. In the center of this circle, there is a staircase to travel between floors. From this center, there are two major corridors at approximately a 140° angle. The longer corridor, which goes almost due north of the center, leads to Dick's Sporting Goods at the end, and the entrance to JCPenney partway along the corridor. The shorter corridor leads southeast, with Macy's at the end of this corridor. The central circle also connects to a food court.
Parking and surrounding roads
Route 38 surrounds most of the Mall at Rockingham Park. From Route 38, there are several entrances. Exit 1 northbound on Interstate 93 has a ramp that provides quick access to the mall; southbound, Exit 1 also provides access, but it is not as direct.
Between the mall and Route 38 to the east is a parking lot with two levels. The upper level provides access to all parts of the mall. A smaller parking lot on the southwest side of the mall leads to the southern half; there is another lot north of Dick's Sporting Goods and one east of Route 38 that was intended for the now-defunct racetrack.
References
External links
General information - Mall website
Salem, New Hampshire
Simon Property Group
Shopping malls in New Hampshire
Buildings and structures in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Tourist attractions in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Shopping malls established in 1991
1991 establishments in New Hampshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mall%20at%20Rockingham%20Park |
Metropolitan are an American four-piece indie rock group from Washington, D.C.
Metropolitan began as a collaboration between guitarists John Masters and Aidan Coughlan in late 1998, and they recorded and released their debut record, "Side Effects," in 1999. After undergoing several lineup changes since the group's incarnation, Metropolitan became a trio: Saadat Awan and Shyam Telikicherla joined the group. John, Shyam and Saadat played their first gig together in January 2001, and since then have shared the stage with numerous groups across numerous states, including the Dismemberment Plan, the Brian Jonestown Massacre, Bardo Pond, Tristeza, Gogogo Airheart, Wolf Colonel, The Bravery, The Rosebuds, Shout Out Louds, and Bis.
Metropolitan released their second full-length album, "Down For You Is Up," in March 2002. The album was recorded at Inner Ear Studios in Arlington, Virginia and produced by Chad Clark (Dismemberment Plan, Fugazi, Beauty Pill).
The third full-length, "The Lines They Get Broken," was released in 2005. It was produced by Archie Moore (Velocity Girl) and Jason Caddell (Dismemberment Plan).
Continuing to expand, Miguel Lacsamana joined the group in 2005 as well, adding additional guitar and keyboard talent to fill out the live sound.
Discography
Side Effects - 1999
Down For You Is Up - 2002
The Lines They Get Broken - 2005
Personnel
John Masters (guitar, vocals)
Shyam Telikicherla (bass)
Saadat Awan (drums)
Miguel Lacsamana (keyboards, guitar)
Influences
Sonic Youth
Pavement
The Jesus and Mary Chain
Spacemen 3
Guided by Voices
Yo La Tengo
Unrest
Television
The Who
External links
Official band website
[ Metropolitan page on allmusic]
Metropolitan page at MySpace.com
Indie rock musical groups from Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20%28band%29 |
Parinirvana Day, or Nirvana Day is a Mahayana Buddhist holiday celebrated in East Asia, Vietnam and the Philippines. By some it is celebrated on 8 February, but by most on the 15 February. In Bhutan, it is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the fourth month of the Bhutanese calendar. It celebrates the day when the Buddha is said to have achieved Parinirvana, or complete Nirvana, upon the death of his physical body.
Passages from the recitations of Nibbana Sutta or Nirvana Sutra describing the Buddha's last days of life are often read on Parinirvana Day. Other observances include meditation and visits to Buddhist temples and monasteries. Also, the day is a time to think about one's own future death and on the deaths of loved ones. This thought process reflects the Buddhist teachings on impermanence.
Some Western Buddhist groups also celebrate Parinirvana Day.
References
Buddhist festivals
Festivals in India
Buddhist holidays
February observances
Buddhist festivals in Japan
Buddhist festivals in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parinirvana%20Day |
Olav Meisdalshagen (17 March 1903 – 21 November 1959) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party best known for serving as the Norwegian Minister of Finance from December 1947 to November 1951 and as the Norwegian Minister of Agriculture from January 1955 to May 1956. He was also a Member of Parliament for a long time, being elected for the first time in parliamentary election of 1936 and serving until his death, except for the period between 1940 and 1945 when the Parliament of Norway was de facto defunct due to the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. His death in 1959 came halfway through his fifth term in Parliament, and shortly after a parliamentary speech.
A jurist by profession, Meisdalshagen came from a humble family background, growing up at a former crofter's farm in rural Nord-Aurdal, and losing his father in the 1920s. After studying he moved back to Nord-Aurdal, worked as an attorney and built the Labour Party organization in the region. The background formed him in that his main political goal was to improve the economy of dwellers in rural farming districts. He was a proponent of economic regulation, which marked his period as Minister of Finance. However, his period was also marked by the dominance of Erik Brofoss and the Ministry of Trade in deciding the country's overall financial policy. When Trygve Bratteli succeeded Meisdalshagen as Minister of Finance, the ministry regained its dominance, but also set out on a gradual deregulation. This, in addition to Meisdalshagen's discontent with increased spendings on defence, made him an oppositional figure within the Labour Party. He did return briefly to cabinet as Minister of Agriculture, and also cooperated with the government through the position as chairman of Norges Kooperative Landsforening, a national association of consumer co-operatives. However his oppositional tendencies grew stronger in his later life. He was a part of the "Easter Uprising" in 1958, and in 1958 and 1959 there were rumours of Meisdalshagen worked behind the scene to facilitate a change of personnel—and policy—in the Labour Party. His death came in this period.
Early life and career
Early life and education
Meisdalshagen was born on 17 March 1903 in Nord-Aurdal as a son of smallholder and joiner Ole Meisdalshagen and Marit Myren. The family lived at the former crofter's farm Hagen in Skrautvål. Meisdalshagen attended Valdres Folk High School from 1920 to 1921, and took secondary education at Voss between 1921 and 1925 with financial support from his brothers; his father died in 1924. Meisdalshagen took the examen artium in 1925, and enrolled in law studies at the Royal Frederick University (now: University of Oslo). While studying he was involved in the students' branch of Noregs Mållag. He came also under the influence of the revolutionary group Mot Dag, though he was never a member. He graduated from university with a cand.jur. degree in 1932.
Pre-war political career
Meisdalshagen became involved in politics while attending school in Voss, and chaired the Labour Party chapter in Nord-Aurdal from 1927 to 1940. He also chaired the local chapters of Valdres, from 1930 to 1932, and Fagernes, from 1931 to 1934. From 1931 to 1940 he was a board member of the Labour Party county chapter. He was elected as a member of Nord-Aurdal municipal council in 1931, and was re-elected to serve until 1940. From 1934 he served in the council's executive committee. He spent his professional life in Fagernes, where he had opened an attorney's office in 1933. He also headed the municipal board of arbitration in debt matters, from 1935 to 1940. This had a significant influence on his further political career, in that he sought to improve the economy of rural Norwegian districts, especially through a centralized increase of farmers' income. He also favoured ensuring a low interest, preferably at 2,5%.
During the term 1934–1936 he served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Oppland; in the election of 1936, he was elected to a regular seat in the parliament. He was the youngest member of Parliament at the time.
World War II
As the Parliament amended the Constitution in 1938 to introduce four-year terms instead of three-year terms, the representatives elected in 1936 were still active in 1940. On 9 April that year, Norway was invaded and occupied by Germany as a part of World War II. With the German invasion, a radio broadcast coup d'état by Vidkun Quisling followed, and German diplomat Curt Bräuer was sent to Norway to demand the abdication of the Norwegian King Haakon VII and Nygaardsvold's Cabinet. This was initially refused, as the Parliament, meeting at Elverum on 9 April, issued the Elverum Authorization where it empowered the King and government to continue representing Norway. Norway and Germany was at war that time, and fighting continued for some months. However, when mainland Norway capitulated on 10 June 1940, new negotiations with Nazi Germany were opened, resulting in a request being submitted from the Presidium of the Parliament of Norway to the now-exiled King and government to abdicate. The case had been controversial, splitting the parliamentary group of the Labour Party. Olav Meisdalshagen agreed that the King should abdicate, as did the majority of the parliamentary group. When the King broadcast his refusal to abdicate via BBC Radio on 8 July 1940, this became famous as "The King's No".
Germany gradually tightened the grip of Norwegian society, and the Parliament became defunct during the rest of the German occupation of Norway. In 1941 Meisdalshagen became a prominent figure in the Norwegian resistance movement against German rule, in the position of district leader of Milorg in Valdres. In 1944 he left Norway and fled to Sweden, where he was a secretary at Flyktningskontoret in Stockholm until 1945. Briefly in 1945 he served as an advisor in London for the coordination of Milorg cells.
Post-war career
First post-war years
In the first parliamentary election after the war, in 1945, Meisdalshagen was re-elected for a second term in Parliament. It was not clear that he would be nominated for the ballot, as this was not at all usual for those Labour Party members who in the summer of 1940 had agreed to the King's abdication. However, Meisdalshagen's service in Milorg probably tipped the scales in his favour. He was a member of the Standing Committee on Finance and Customs and secretary of the Preparatory Credentials Committee, and also became a member of the Standing Committee on Justice in December 1946. Meisdalshagen was also board chairman of the Norwegian State Housing Bank from 1946 to 1953.
Minister of Finance
Midway through his four-year term, Meisdalshagen was appointed Minister of Finance in Gerhardsen's Second Cabinet. He served from 6 December 1947 to 19 November 1951, when Torp's Cabinet was formed. Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen and former party secretary Martin Tranmæl were the architects behind his appointment. Ultimately, Meisdalshagen's opposition to the Labour Party's foreign and defence policy in general, and extraordinary monetary grants for defence measures specifically, was cited as the reason for his resignation from the cabinet, and even for the entire cabinet shift. During his period as minister, Meisdalshagen's parliamentary seat was occupied by Gunnar Kalrasten until June 1948 and then by Thorvald Ulsnæs. He was succeeded as Minister of Finance by Trygve Bratteli; other candidates were discussed but rejected, including Meisdalshagen's old acquaintance Klaus Sunnanå.
As a politician, Meisdalshagen has been noted as being an opposite figure to his predecessor as Minister of Finance, Erik Brofoss. Still, earlier in 1947 he had argued strongly in favour of "Lex Brofoss", the law proposed by Brofoss which meant that the elected politicians gave temporary authority to the Norwegian Price Directorate to regulate the economy. Meisdalshagen even stated that a majority in Parliament probably agreed that such a law should have permanent effect, not be renewed from time to time. Historian Einar Lie has stated that Brofoss left Meisdalshagen in charge of the price policy with a "very easy heart". On the other hand, the new Ministry of Trade, where Brofoss was appointed as Minister, clearly became more important than the Ministry of Finance in this period. The higher importance of the Ministry of Trade ended after 1951, and Meisdalshagen's period was thus an exception in the history of the Ministry of Finance. Meisdalshagen was ultimately criticized by Brofoss for "lack of economical insight", and he also ran afoul with Central Bank of Norway Governor Gunnar Jahn.
According to Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen, it took long to persuade Meisdalshagen to even take the post as Minister of Finance, and he was more interested in agro-economical questions than traditional planning of the economy. It was even said that Gerhardsen's Cabinet had an interest in luring Meisdalshagen away from the Parliament, where he had driven through significant increases in farmer's income, threatening the overall balance and planning of the state finances. In fact the income from farming, measured in the amount of money earned per decare, was doubled between the war's end in 1945 and 1950, when the Main Agreement for Agriculture, , was introduced. It regulated future price negotiations, and institutionalized the negotiating partners: the state on one side of the table, the Norwegian Agrarian Association and the Norwegian Farmers and Smallholders Union on the other.
During Meisdalshagen's time the lines between various parts of government were somewhat blurred. When the state budget was presented by the cabinet, and subsequently treated by the standing committees of the Parliament, committee members would contact the Ministry of Finance directly to ask whether a proposed budgetary change was feasible (after Meisdalshagen's resignation this practice was altered, in that the contact was initiated by the Labour Party committee fraction, not by the committee as a whole). Meisdalshagen also became known for nontraditional arrangements when it came to the Ministry's bureaucrats: assistant secretary Egil Lothe, who had a "very good relationship" with Meisdalshagen, doubled as assistant secretary and State Secretary from 1948 until Meisdalshagen's resignation in 1951. Such a double role, where a person was both bureaucrat and politician at the same time, was very uncommon, probably unique. Lothe was not formally appointed, either, and thus does not appear on historical lists of state secretaries. According to Einar Lie, there was no clear division of tasks between Meisdalshagen and Lothe when it came to the Ministry's daily work. In addition to Lothe, the consultant Karl Trasti, another friend of Meisdalshagen, had influence in this period, especially in budgetary questions.
Return to Parliament
Since 1913, parliamentarians who are appointed to the cabinet may return to Parliament later, provided that the four-year term has not expired. After leaving as Minister of Finance, Meisdalshagen returned to Parliament as a member of the Standing Committee on Finance and Customs, which he even chaired from January 1952 to January 1953. While being Minister of Finance, Meisdalshagen had been re-elected on the Labour Party parliamentary ticket in 1949, and was elected for a fourth time in 1953. He was still a member of the Standing Committee on Finance and Customs. On 22 January 1955 the Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet was formed, and Meisdalshagen served as Minister of Agriculture until 14 May 1956. During this period his parliamentary seat was occupied by Per Mellesmo. Meisdalshagen then returned to Parliament, this time as a member of the now-defunct Standing Committee on Agriculture. He was elected for a fifth time in 1957. This time, he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence as well as the Enlarged Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence. From 1957 to 1959 he was also a member of the Labour Party's central committee ().
Meisdalshagen was also chairman of the Norges Kooperative Landsforening (NKL) from 1952 to his death. NKL was the national association of consumer co-operatives. This way, he represented trade interests in meetings with the government, at the same time as being a parliament member.
Internal opposition
Meisdalshagen was regarded as an internal opponent of the Labour Party's foreign affairs and defence policy. His obituarist in Verdens Gang writes that he was "more controversial in his own party than outside of it". This tendency had surfaced already in the 1940s, when he very reluctantly accepted the Norwegian signing of the North Atlantic Treaty. Meisdalshagen remained skeptic to a non-neutral foreign policy in the 1950s, and in February 1951 a conflict with Minister of Defence Jens Chr. Hauge arose. Meisdalshagen formally dissented against a proposal to grant an extra to the Norwegian Armed Forces for the years 1951 and 1952, and he became furious when he entered a budgetary debate without being notified of a certain press release, issued by Jens Chr. Hauge, where another grant of NOK 125 million was declared. According to Haakon Lie, Meisdalshagen influenced persons in the newspaper Oppland Arbeiderblad to write and print an editorial titled ("Let Hauge Go"). Meisdalshagen was a member of the board of Oppland Arbeiderblad from 1945 to 1957, and had spent some time working there before the war.
Meisdalshagen was also discontented with the deregulation policy to which the Labour Party gradually adhered in the 1950s. Trygve Bratteli, on the other hand, was viewed as a proponent of gradual deregulation. In November 1958 there were rumours that Meisdalshagen would return to the cabinet, probably as Minister of Transport of Communications. Some believed that Meisdalshagen worked together with Karl Trasti to have Trygve Bratteli removed from the cabinet; Trasti would succeed Bratteli as Minister of Finance, according to the rumour, with was told to Bratteli by Meisdalshagen's predecessor as Minister of Agriculture, Rasmus Nordbø. At the time Karl Trasti was a member of the ad-hoc Paulson Committee, which worked with questions regarding the Ministry of Finance's policy. It was thought that some of the committee's policy proposals could be undesirable to Bratteli, and thereby compromise his minister position. This information was given to Trygve Bratteli from parliamentary secretary Haakon Bingen in January 1959. Binge had heard it from Egil Lothe, at the time a deputy under-secretary of state in the Ministry of Finance. A friend of Meisdalshagen, Lothe was thereby tied to the alleged intriguers. Jens Haugland noted the scheme of Trasti and Meisdalshagen in his diary, and that this caused Bratteli to keep himself "in the background". This was a part of a broader schism in the party, where Meisdalshagen was the "strongest man in the group" consisting of parliamentarians who deviated in questions of foreign policy: Finn Moe, Trygve Bull, Hans Offerdal, Sverre Løberg and Meisdalshagen. Meisdalshagen had been a supporter of the "Easter Uprising" of 1958, a voicing of dissent within the Labour Party, where the socialist students' association gained the signatures of Labour MPs on a NATO-critical resolution. In Meisdalshagen's obituary, he was likened to Olav Oksvik, another NATO-critical Labour politician.
Halfway through his fifth term in Parliament, on 21 November 1959, Meisdalshagen suffered from a sudden indisposition after a parliamentary speech. He was hospitalized, but died later that same day. The cause of death was intracranial hemorrhage. In Parliament he was replaced by Per Mellesmo, who advanced from deputy to regular representative. He was biographized in 1982 by Nils Oddvar Bergheim.
References
Citations
Bibliography
1903 births
1959 deaths
People from Nord-Aurdal
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Noregs Mållag leaders
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
University of Oslo alumni
Oppland politicians
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway
Norwegian cooperative organizers
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian expatriates in Sweden
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
20th-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav%20Meisdalshagen |
Kaare Meland (22 May 1915 – 31 December 2002) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.
He was born in Bergen.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hordaland in 1965, but was not re-elected in 1969. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the terms 1954–1957 and 1958–1961. From August to September 1963 he served as the Minister of Industry during the short-lived centre-right cabinet Lyng.
Meland was a member of Fana municipality council from 1945 to 1951, and later became mayor from 1956–1959. In 1955–1959 he was also a member of Hordaland county council.
Outside politics he graduated from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in 1939 and became an authorized financial auditor in 1945. He was CEO of Bergens sparebank from 1964 to 1980.
References
1915 births
2002 deaths
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Mayors of places in Hordaland
Politicians from Bergen
Norwegian School of Economics alumni
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaare%20Meland |
James Irvine (born 2 December 1948) is a retired field hockey defender from Australia, who was a member of the national team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was also a member of the team that finished fourth at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Irvine was born in Sydney, New South Wales. After his career he became a hockey coach. Irvine was the assistant of head coach Terry Walsh with the Men's National Team at the 2000 Summer Olympics, where The Kookaburras finished third. Later on he went to the Netherlands, where he coached Amsterdam for three seasons (2001–2004) and won the Dutch title twice.
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Australian field hockey coaches
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Sportspeople from Sydney
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Male field hockey defenders
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate field hockey players
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Field hockey people from New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Irvine%20%28field%20hockey%29 |
"Around the World" is the fourth single released by Ami Suzuki under the record label, Avex Trax.
Unlike her previous three singles, "Around the World" is a special limited edition single that only had 10,000 copies available for sale and only came in the CD format. It was released on the same day as her first album under Avex and also shared the same name. The single also contained a special photobook. As this single wasn't released in CD+DVD format, the music of "Around the World" was only available in the album.
The single includes a remixed version of song "Times", b-side originally included in "Negaigoto" single. Both tracks are dance tunes.
Track listing
Personnel
Ami Suzuki - vocals, backing vocals
Production
Producer - Max Matsuura
Live performances
14 October 2005 — Music Fighter
17 October 2005 — Hey!Hey!Hey! Music Champ
22 October 2005 — CD:TV
28 October 2005 — Music Station
28 October 2005 — PopJam
29 October 2005 — Melodix
17 December 2005 — Japan Cable Awards (Nihon Yusen Taisyo) 2005
31 December 2005 — 47th Japan Record Awards - "Eventful" and "Around the World"
Charts
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
Ami Suzuki songs
2005 singles
Song recordings produced by Max Matsuura
2005 songs
Songs written by Ami Suzuki
Avex Trax singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around%20the%20World%20%28Ami%20Suzuki%20song%29 |
This page is a List of people related to Quranic verses:
Ahl al-Bayt
The Ahl al-Bayt was Muhammad's household. Shi'a and Sunni have differing views regarding who is included among them, and also different views regarding which verses are associated with the household. Sunni considers Muhammad's wives, Children of Muhammad and uncles of Muhammad and their children are the Ahl al Bayt.
Generally
3:61
{{bq|And whoso disputeth with thee concerning him, after the knowledge which hath come unto thee, say (unto him): Come! We will summon our sons and your sons, and our women and your women, and ourselves and yourselves, then we will pray humbly (to our Lord) and (solemnly) invoke the curse of Allah upon those who lie.|}}
According to hadith collections, in 631 an Arab Christian envoy from Najran (currently in northern Yemen and partly in Saudi Arabia) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning Jesus. After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation, Muhammad called them to mubahala (cursing), where each party should ask God to destroy the lying party and their families. Muhammad, to prove to them that he is a prophet, brought his daughter Fatimah and his surviving grandchildren, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, and Ali ibn Abi Talib and came back to the Christians and said this is my family and covered himself and his family with a cloak. Allameh Tabatabaei explains in Tafsir al-Mizan that the word "Our selves" in this verse refers to Muhammad and Ali. Then he narrates Imam Ali al-Rida, eighth Shia Imam, in discussion with Al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, referred to this verse to prove the superiority of Muhammad's progeny over the rest of the Muslim community, and considered it as the proof for Ali's right for caliphate due to Allah made Ali like the self of Muhammad.
33:33
Surah Al-Ahzaab, Ayah 33:
"...Verily, Allah has decreed to remove fault from you, O' Ahlul Bayt, and sanctify you in a perfect way."
Surah Al-Ahzaab, Full Ayah 33:
"Stay in your houses and do not display your finery with the display of the former [days of] ignorance. Maintain the prayer and pay the zakat and obey Allah and His Apostle. Verily, Allah has decreed to remove fault from you, O' Ahlul Bayt, and sanctify you in a perfect way."
Each Ayah is an individual sign of Allah:
"Ayah or Aayah is the Arabic word for evidence or sign:
"These are the Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, revelations, etc.) of Allah, which We recite to you (O Muhammad) with truth. Then in which speech after Allah and His Ayat will they believe?" (Surah Al-Jathiya 45:6)
Secondly, this Ayah uses the words Ankum (from you) and Yutahhirakum (to purify you), which are both in the masculine plural form. Though it is known that in Arabic Masculine is unisex, there is a problem saying that since the fact that the previous sentence in reference to the wives used only feminine verbs and pronouns, while this sentences uses masculine. The feminine for the above would be Ankunna and Yutahhirakunna. The sudden change in grammatical gender reference means that it is not about the wives. Similar use of switching subjects after Ayahs are found all throughout the Quran. A great example of this is Surah Haqqah, which does so in nearly every Ayah.
Muhammad explicitly called few of his wives Aisha, Maria al-Qibtiyya and Umm Salama are also his Ahl al Bayt.
When Zayd ibn Arqam was older, he retold the hadith of the two weighty things, during the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate. One version is quoted in Sahih Muslim where he, after being asked several times, tells about the event and unwillingly concludes that Muhammad's wives are not part of the Ahl ul-Bayt. In another version, he gives a more vague answer.
Sahih Muslim #31:5920-2:
"Hussain Ibn Sabrah asked Zaid Ibn Arqam, "Who are the members of His household? Aren't His wives part of the members of his family?" Thereupon Zaid said, "His wives are members of his family [in a general sense], but (Islamically), the members of his family are those for whom acceptance of zakat is forbidden." Hussain asked, "Who are they?". Upon which Zaid said, "Ali and the offspring of Ali, Aqil and the offspring of Aqil, the offspring of Jaffer, and the offspring of Abbas." Hussain said "These are those for whom the acceptance of zakat is forbidden?" Zaid replied, "Yes."
In another version, he gives a more vague answer.
Hussain Then asked: "Aren't the wives (Of the Prophet) included amongst the members of the household?" He said, "No, by Allah, a woman lives with a man [as his wife] for a certain period; he then divorces her, and she goes back to her parents and her people. The members of his household include his own self, and his kith, and kin, for whom the acceptance of zakat is prohibited."
- Sahih Muslim #31:5923
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Before Shia & Sunni Ali is the one of Ahl al-Bayt.
Ali is the fourth Sunni Caliph and first Shia Imam.
2.207
In 622, the year of Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (now Medina), Ali risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad's bed to impersonate him and thwart an assassination plot, so that Muhammad could escape in safety. This night is called Laylat al-mabit. According to some hadith, a verse was revealed about Ali concerning his sacrifice on the night of Hijra which says, "
5.3
According to Sunni Tafsir this verse was delivered in Farewell Pilgrimage while according to Shia ones it refers to appointment of Ali ibn Abi Talib as the successor of Muhammad in pond of Khumm which happened while Muslims returned from Mecca to Medina, few days later.
5.55
It is unanimous among only Shia that this verse refers to Ali ibn Abi Talib and was revealed after he had given his ring away to someone in need who had entered the mosque while prayer was in progress.Tafsir al-Kashaf, Al-Zamakhshari, p.505, 649Tafsir al-Kabir, Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, p.186, 288-289Tafsir al-Khazin, p.68
13.7
Some Shia sources claim that when this verse was revealed when Mohammad said "I'm the warner and the guide and through you will be guided those who are to be guided."
Muhammad's wives
Khadija
Khadija was Muhammad's first wife. She was a businesswoman and Muhammad was her employee. Muhammad did not marry a second wife until after she died, an event which Muhammad greatly mourned. Muhammad was 50 years old when Khadija died.
Hafsa
These Ayahs are talking to Hafsa and Aisha, two of Muhammad's wives who disclose secret of Muhammad .
Surah at-Tahrim, Ayahs 3-5:
3"And when the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) secretly disclosed a matter to one of his wives, but when she mentioned it and Allah made it known to the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him), then the Prophet reminded her of some part of it and overlooked (to inform) the rest of it. Then when the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) informed her of it (that she had disclosed that secret), she said: ‘Who has told you of that?’ The Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) said: ‘The All-Knowing, All-Aware (Lord) has told me.’
.
4. If you both turn to Allah in repentance, (that is better for you) because the hearts of both of you have inclined (towards the same), but if you help one another in this matter (that may annoy the Holy Prophet [blessings and peace be upon him]). So surely Allah is the One Who is his Friend and Helper and Jibril (Gabriel) and the most pious believers and after them (all) angels too are (his) helpers.
If he divorces you, then it may well be that your Lord will give him in your place better wives than yourselves (who) will be obedient, true believers, submissive, penitent, worshippers, given to fasting, (some) formerly married and (some) virgins."
Zaynab bint Jahsh
Zaynab was married to Zayd ibn Harithah until they divorced and she married Muhammad.
33:36is not fitting for a Believer, man or woman, when a matter has been decided by Allah and His Messenger to have any option about their decision: if any one disobeys Allah and His Messenger, he is indeed on a clearly wrong Path.Sawda bint ZamaAnd they ask you a decision about women. Say: God makes known to you His decision concerning them, and that which is recited to you in the Book concerning female orphans whom you do not give what is appointed for them while you desire to marry them, and concerning the weak among children, and that you should deal towards orphans with equity; and whatever good you do, God surely knows it.Clans
Banu Abd-al-Manaf
A sub-clan of the Quraish tribe.
Generally
102.1-2"Engage (your) vying in exuberance, until ye come to the graves.".
A'as ibn Wa'il
A'as ibn Wa'il is the father of Amr ibn al-A'as.
108
Entire chapter
Banu Sahm
A sub-clan of the Quraish tribe.
Generally
102.1-2"Engage (your) vying in exuberance, until ye come to the graves.".
Banu Makhzum
A sub-clan of the Quraish tribe.
Walid ibn al-Mughira"Heed not the type of despicable men,- ready with oaths, A slanderer, going about with calumnies, (Habitually) hindering (all) good, transgressing beyond bounds, deep in sin, Violent (and cruel), with all that, base-born.".
Banu Zuhrah
A sub-clan of the Quraish tribe.
Sa'd ibn Abi-Waqqas"And We have enjoined man in respect of his parents-- his mother bears him with faintings upon faintings and his weaning takes two years-- saying: Be grateful to Me and to both your parents; to Me is the eventual coming. And if they contend with you that you should associate with Me what you have no knowledge of, do not obey them, and keep company with them in this world kindly, and follow the way of him who turns to Me, then to Me is your return, then will I inform you of what you did--"Banu Hashim
The Banu Hashim was Muhammads own clan
Generally
26.214"come out openly and warn the people of your own clan."Abu Lahab
Abu Lahab was an enemy of Muhammad, and the brother of Muhammad's father. His name means "father of fire" and is one of the three Meccan personal names mentioned in the Quran.(Other two names are Muhammad himself and his friend Zaid)
111.1-5Perish the two hands of Abû Lahab, and perish he!His wealth and his children (etc.) will not benefit him!He will be burnt in a Fire of blazing flames!And his wife too, who carries wood (thorns of Sadan which she used to put on the way of the Prophet or use to slander him).In her neck is a rope of Masad (fire).Unclassified clan
Akhnas ibn Shariq
Entire chapter.
An incident occurred prior to these verses being revealed. A man named Al-Akhnas ibn Shuriq came to Muhammad to embrace Islam, but as he turned to leave, he happened to pass by a pasture and grazing animals. He set it alight and killed the cattle. This verses express disapproval.
Uqbah ibn Abu Mu'ayt
One sources claims this verse is regarding Uqbah ibn Mu'ayt and Ubay ibn Khalaf.
Ubay ibn Khalaf
One sources claims this verse is regarding Uqbah ibn Mu'ayt and Ubay ibn Khalaf.
One sources stats he was ransomed from after Badr, but was killed by Muhammad himself with a spear in the Battle of Uhud (625 CE). Verse was revealed in this occasion.
Sahaba
Prophet Muhammad's companions.
Zayd ibn Harithah
Zayd was Muhammad's adopted son. He is the only companion of Muhammad whose name appears in the Quran.And when you said to him to whom Allah had shown favor and to whom you had shown a favor: Keep your wife to yourself and be careful of (your duty to) Allah; and you concealed in your soul what Allah would bring to light, and you feared men, and Allah had a greater right that you should fear Him. But when Zaid had accomplished his want of her, We gave her to you as a wife, so that there should be no difficulty for the believers in respect of the wives of their adopted sons, when they have accomplished their want of them; and Allah's command shall be performed.Salman the Persian
Salman was a companion of Muhammad, highly respected by both Shi'a and SunniAnd He (Allah) has sent him (Muhammad) also to other (Muslims).''
Notes
Works cited
Quran-related lists
Quranic verses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20related%20to%20Quranic%20verses |
John Newland (November 23, 1917 – January 10, 2000) was an American director, actor, television producer, and screenwriter.
Early life and career
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Newland began his career in vaudeville while still in his teens. After moving to New York City to study acting, he served in the United States Army Air Corps during World War II. After the war, he signed with Warner Bros. but was limited to playing bit parts. By the early 1950s, Newland began to focus solely on television roles, appearing in several episodes of Studio One, The Philco Television Playhouse, Tales of Tomorrow, Kraft Television Theatre, Robert Montgomery Presents and Schlitz Playhouse of Stars.
After directing episodes of Letter to Loretta in 1953, Newland went on to direct two episodes of Bachelor Father, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and Thriller (US TV series).
His feature film directorial debut That Night! (1957) was nominated for two British Academy Film Awards.
In 1959, Newland became the host and director of the paranormal television series One Step Beyond. The series ended its run in 1961 and Newland later hosted its short-lived counterpart The Next Step Beyond in 1978.
Following the demise of his One Step Beyond, Newland directed one of the early 1964 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. episodes called "The Double Affair". His episode was given additional footage and released to cinemas as a motion picture titled The Spy with My Face. In 1966 he produced and directed all episodes but one of the serious spy series The Man Who Never Was for which he also served as a writer. Some episodes were strung together and released outside the United States as a film called Danger Has Two Faces. He later directed episodes of The Sixth Sense, and Police Woman. In addition to acting, directing, and screenwriting, he produced several television movies.
Death
On January 10, 2000, Newland died of a stroke in Los Angeles, age 82.
Select filmography
Director
That Night! (1957)
The Thin Man (1 episode, 1958)
Bachelor Father (5 episodes, 1958–1959)
One Step Beyond (74 episodes, 1958–1961), also host
Checkmate (1 episode, 1961)
Thriller (4 episodes, 1961–1962)
Route 66 (1 episode, 1962)
Naked City (1 episode, 1962)
The Defenders (1 episode, 1962)
The Nurses (1 episode, 1963)
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1 episode, 1964)
The Man Who Never Was (TV series) (17 episodes 1966–1967)
Star Trek (1 episode, 1967)
Daniel Boone (3 episodes, 1967–1969)
Hawaii Five-O (1 episode, 1970)
The Name of the Game (1 episode, 1970)
My Lover My Son (1970)
The Legend of Hillbilly John (1972)
Night Gallery (1 episode, 1972)
The Sixth Sense (3 episodes, 1972)
Don't be Afraid of the Dark (1973)
Harry O (4 episodes, 1974–1975)
Matt Helm (1 episode, 1975)
Police Woman (13 episodes, 1974–1978)
The Next Step Beyond (17 episodes, 1978–1979), also host.
Wonder Woman (3 episodes, 1979)
Flamingo Road (1 episode, 1981)
Whiz Kids (1 episode, 1983)
Actor
Gentleman's Agreement (Uncredited, 1947)
Nora Prentiss (Uncredited, 1947)
13 Lead Soldiers (1948)
Kraft Television Theatre (11 episodes, 1949–1953)
Studio One (2 episodes, 1950–1951)
Lights Out (4 episodes, 1950–1952)
The Philco Television Playhouse (7 episodes, 1950–1952)
The Web (3 episodes, 1950–1953)
Armstrong Circle Theatre (3 episodes, 1951–1952)
Lux Video Theatre (1 episode, 1952)
Tales of Tomorrow (2 episodes, 1952–1953)
Robert Montgomery Presents (36 episodes, 1952–1957)
Schlitz Playhouse of Stars (5 episodes, 1953–1956)
Letter to Loretta (13 episodes, 1956–1960)
General Electric Theater (1 episode, 1958)
The Detectives Starring Robert Taylor (1 episode, 1959)
Thriller (Return of Andrew Bentley, 12-11-1961)
Dr. Kildare (2 episodes, 1964)
Night Gallery (1 episode, 1972)
Producer
The Deadly Hunt (1971)
Angel City (1980)
The Five of Me (1981)
The Execution (1985)
Arch of Triumph (1985)
Timestalkers (1987)
Too Good to Be True (1988)
Award nominations
References
Hawkins, Lisa (FATE Magazine, January/February 2019 - Issue No.733). "Your Guide into the World of the Unknown - ONE STEP BEYONDs Creator, John Newland' - An Appreciation on His Centenary" (pp. 102–105), fatemag.com.
External links
1917 births
2000 deaths
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American television directors
Television producers from Ohio
American male screenwriters
Vaudeville performers
Male actors from Ohio
Male actors from Cincinnati
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Film directors from Ohio
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American businesspeople
Screenwriters from Ohio
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Newland |
Patience Mather Cleveland (May 23, 1931 – May 27, 2004) was an American film and television actress.
Biography
Cleveland was born in New York City, the youngest of six siblings, to an old established New Hampshire family, where she was raised. Her older brother was James Colgate Cleveland. Her parents were Dr. Mather Cleveland, M.D., and his wife, Susan Colgate Cleveland. Her father authored New Hampshire and the Civil War and The Orthopedic Service at St. Luke's Hospital, New York City, 1859–1968. Her family has longstanding ties to Colby-Sawyer College, where the family papers, including her own, are archived.
A children's book that she wrote, The Lion Is Busy, was published in 1963. She made appearances in many television shows, including Seinfeld, Everybody Loves Raymond, That's Life, The Drew Carey Show, Angel, ER, along with voice acting in other shows such as Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, as well as many television commercials. She acted in several feature films, including playing the reclusive Roberta Sparrow, also known as "Grandma Death", in the 2001 cult film Donnie Darko.
Cleveland married French-born American character actor Peter Hobbs on October 24, 1965, in Los Angeles, California. The union was apparently childless and ended in divorce in 1968.
Cleveland died from cancer in Santa Monica, California, four days after her 73rd birthday.
Partial filmography
References
External links
Photos of Patience Cleveland from the Cleveland Colby Colgate Archives at Colby–Sawyer College
Patience Cleveland's diaries by Cleveland Colby Colgate Archives
1931 births
2004 deaths
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
20th-century American women writers
Actresses from New Hampshire
Writers from New Hampshire
Deaths from cancer in California
Smith College alumni
Actresses from New York City
Writers from New York City
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Miss Porter's School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience%20Cleveland |
Trever Keith (born May 28, 1969) is an American musician, producer and record label owner from Victorville, California, United States. He is the founding member of the So-Cal punk group Face to Face and has been the singer and guitarist of the band since their inception in 1991. Keith is also the owner and founder of the independent record labels Lady Luck Records, Antagonist Records and Folsom Records.
Outside of his work with Face to Face, Keith was also a part of the remix and mash-up duo The Legion of Doom and alternative rock group Viva Death. Additionally, in February 2008 he released a solo album titled Melancholics Anonymous.
Biography
Pre-Face to Face
After graduating high school in 1987, Keith formed a metal band with friends Matt Riddle, Matthew Altmire, and Rick Altmire. The band was named Victoria Manor. The band played shows in the high desert and recorded a three-song demo. After several years the band members parted ways and Keith and Riddle formed a new band called Zero Tolerance with drummer Rob Kurth and guitarist Mark Haake. Zero Tolerance drew heavily upon Keith's new wave influences but like Victoria Manor last just a short period of time.
Face to Face
After Zero Tolerance disbanded in early 1991, Keith formed Face to Face with bassist Matt Riddle and drummer Rob Kurth. Cited as a seminal California punk group, Face to Face has released nine full-length albums in their nearly 25-year history. In 2004 Face to Face disbanded to allow the band members the opportunity to focus on other projects. During this time, the band released a CD/DVD compilation, Shoot the Moon, on Keith's label, Antagonist Records. The DVD features a career retrospective documentary 'Punk Rock Eats Its Own - A Film About Face to Face' along with the band's final performance from their 'Only Goodbye Tour' at the House Of Blues in Los Angeles, CA on September 19, 2004.
On January 29, 2008, Keith announced via Face to Face's official website that the band had reunited, for a number of shows in the US. On April 5, 2008, the band performed together for the first time in four years at The Bamboozle Left festival in Orange County, CA. Since then the band has continued to perform numerous live shows since and has recorded 3 more records.
Outside Face to Face
In 1999 Keith produced the album Blindside by the band Peel fronted by former Ridel High singer Kevin Ridel. After Face to Face's initial break up in 2004, Keith retreated out of the limelight to focus on several music projects including, his debut solo record, his record label Antagonist Records, and also formed the remix / mash-up duo The Legion of Doom with creative partner Chad Blinman. Keith also contributed to the Once Percent Panic album as member of the band Viva Death along with face to face bassist Scott Shiflett. Also, Keith was a guest vocalist on "People Like You Are Why People Like Me Exist" by Say Anything.
Solo career
In February 2008, Keith released his debut solo album Melancholics Anonymous on his own label Antagonist Records. The album was also released digitally via his official website, where it was available to purchase for the price of $5, and available to stream in full for free. The CD version was limited to 1000 hand-signed & numbered copies, available only during his solo tour in 2008 and Warped Tour 2010. His Americana single "Heading South" dropped on May 28, 2021.
Production
Keith has recorded and produced several records, most notably for Vagrant Records bands No Motiv and Moneen. Keith has also produced records for Viva Death, Death On Wednesday, Jughead's Revenge and Seconds To Go.
Selected discography
Singles
"Heading South" (2021)
References
1969 births
Living people
American male singers
American punk rock singers
American punk rock guitarists
Singers from California
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Victorville, California
Guitarists from California
Face to Face (punk band) members
Viva Death members
20th-century American guitarists
American male guitarists
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trever%20Keith |
A Weapon Systems Officer (WSO), nicknamed "Wizzo", is an air flight officer directly involved in all air operations and weapon systems of a military aircraft.
Historically, aircrew duties in military aircraft were highly specialised and rigid, because the relevant controls, instruments/displays, and/or weapons were concentrated in front of particular seats, panels or positions. That included two-seat variants of fighter or attack/strike aircraft (including late 20th century types such as the F-4 Phantom II, A-6 Intruder, F-111 Aardvark, F-14 Tomcat, Panavia Tornado, Su-24 Fencer and Su-30MK Flanker-C, Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D).
From the 1970s onward an aircraft with two-member crews, such as the F-15E Strike Eagle, F/A-18F Super Hornet or Su-34 Fullback and Dassault Rafale B have often featured programmable multi-function displays. These programs allow roles to be more flexible than previous generation aircraft. Multiple crew members can be responsible for detecting, targeting and engaging air-to-air or ground targets, communications, datalinks and/or defensive systems. Roles can be customized based on experience, expertise, workload, tactics, and weapons being employed. Pilots usually retain the responsibility for flying the aircraft in tactical situations. However, the crews of dedicated bomber aircraft usually retain distinct, rigidly-defined and conventional roles.
United Kingdom
In the Royal Air Force, a WSO is a commissioned officer that operates aircraft mission systems formerly on the Tornado GR4, Sentinel R1 and Boeing E-3 Sentry, however now on the Reaper drone, the Boeing Rivet Joint, Shadow R1, and the Boeing P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft.
Non-commissioned Aircrew can serve as a WSOp (Weapon Systems Operator), an umbrella term for the various specialist aircrew responsible for assisting the pilot in operating the mission systems of the aircraft (e.g. linguists, loadmasters, crewman).
United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
In the United States Navy, WSOs are naval flight officers responsible for manning the weapon systems of the F/A-18F Super Hornet strike fighter from that jet's aft seat. Prior to the introduction of the F/A-18F, they were known as Radar Intercept Officers (RIO) in the aft seats of the F-4 Phantom II and F-14 Tomcat; as Bombardier/Navigators (B/N) in the right seat of the A-6 Intruder and the A-3 Skywarrior and in the aft seat in the A-5 Vigilante; and Reconnaissance Attack Navigators (RAN) in the aft seat of the RA-5C Vigilante.
In the United States Marine Corps, "WSO" refers to naval flight officers serving as the aft crew member of the F/A-18D Hornet. Prior to the introduction of the F/A-18D, they also served as Radar Intercept Officers (RIO) in the aft seat of the F-4 Phantom II, Reconnaissance Systems Officers (RSO) in the aft seat of reconnaissance aircraft such as the RF-4B Phantom II and as Bombardier/Navigators (B/N) in the right seat of the A-6 Intruder. Until mid-2019, the Marines also employed Naval Flight Officers in the EA-6B Prowler, where they were known as Electronic Countermeasures Officers (ECMO, pronounced “EK-mo”).
In U.S. Naval Aviation (USN & USMC), when designated as the mission commander (MC), the WSO is responsible for all phases of the assigned mission, especially if there are multiple aircraft involved. For example, the aircraft pilot could be the junior member of a flight crew such as a USN lieutenant, junior grade/USMC 1st lieutenant or USN lieutenant/USMC captain, and the weapon systems officer could be a senior officer such as a USN lieutenant commander, commander or captain, or a USMC major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel; this would likely make the WSO the mission commander. As of 2021, the USMC is moving away from the use of the F/A-18 Hornet to the F-35 which does not utilize the WSO position. Hence the last class of USMC WSO's graduated from NAS Pensacola in 2021.
U.S. Air Force
In the U.S. Air Force, "WSO" also refers to a USAF combat systems officer (CSO, formerly NOT USAF navigator) who is the aft crew member in the F-15E Strike Eagle. In the B-52, the CSO crew members on the lower deck of the aircraft who were previously designated as navigator and radar navigator (bombardier) are now known as weapon systems officers while the CSO on the upper deck is an electronic warfare officer. In the B-1B Lancer bomber, there are 2 weapon systems officers manning crew positions aft of the pilot and co-pilot. They are known as the Offensive Systems Officer (OSO), and the Defensive Systems Officer (DSO). WSOs also flew in the now-retired F-111 Aardvark strike bomber, flown by the US Air Force and Royal Australian Air Force, and the now retired USAF EF-111A Raven airborne jammer. In the F-111, the WSO (EWO in the EF-111) was seated directly to the right of the pilot/aircraft commander. The WSO integrates with the pilot to collectively achieve and maintain crew efficiency, situational awareness and mission effectiveness. In the U.S. Air Force fighter aircraft such as the F-15E Strike Eagle, the WSO can pilot the aircraft when required, although this is typically during non-tactical portions of the mission (e.g., en route to mission area or returning to base). When designated as the mission commander (MC), the WSO is also responsible for all phases of the assigned mission, especially if there are multiple aircraft involved. For example, the aircraft pilot could be the junior member of a flight crew such as a first lieutenant or captain, and the weapon systems officer could be a senior officer such as a major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel; regardless of rank, the WSO would be the mission commander if he/she is qualified.
Training
Currently, all USN WSOs begin their training as student naval flight officers (SNFO) at NAS Pensacola, Florida. Training begins with Introductory Flight Screening, where the WSO flies a Cessna 172 or Piper PA-28 variant to show they are competent enough in aviation to continue the rigorous training ahead. Then the SNFO starts the U.S. Navy indoctrination course called Aviation Preflight Indoctrination (API) with their student naval aviator (pilot) counterparts. After six weeks of ground school and basic water survival training during API, future SWSOs (Student WSOs), at that point known as student naval flight officers (SNFO) check into the primary Training Squadron for SNFOs, the VT-10 Wildcats.
Primary
Training begins with several weeks of ground school followed by remnants of the "super-fo" program from the U.S. Navy where the SNFO takes front seat of the new T-6 Texan II for six "contact" flights where the student will become familiar with the T-6. The SNFO is treated like a pilot training student for these six flights. After Contacts, the SNFO goes back to academics to learn instrument flying rules. Primary ends with a final instrument checkride. After primary the SNFO is compared to his or her shipmates and selected for either land-based naval aircraft or tailhook aircraft. Those SNFOs destined for the carrier-based E-2C or E-2D Hawkeye will be known as air control officers and combat information center officers, while those destined for the EA-18G Growler (USN only) will be electronic warfare officers (EWO). Those destined for the F/A-18F Super Hornet (USN Only) or the F/A-18D Hornet (USMC only) will become WSOs.
Intermediate
Intermediate picks up where Primary ends for USAF SWSOs. After the instrument phase of training, students move to visual navigation (VNAV) "low levels" at 2000'AGL, and finish in the T-6 with a final training block called "forms" (formation flying). Forms consist of four flights of learning the basics of close in formation flying. After forms, SWSOs head back to ground school to learn an entirely new aircraft, the USN T-39 Sabreliner. The T-39 is used as an intermediate instrument and low-level trainer for SWSOs, where they receive a total of eight flights. Students are required to learn the aircraft in a two-week ground school period before they go flight side. In contrast, T-6 ground school is four weeks. Training ends at either VT-10 or VT-4 with the "i-grad" ceremony and top graduate award.
Advanced
VT-86 is where all the training comes together to culminate in the SWSO receiving his or her wings of gold. In the T-45C, a USN single-engine jet trainer, SWSOs learn advanced instrument flying, radar navigation, and composite visual/radar navigation. SWSOs also receive instruction in Air-to-Ground strike training, Air-to-Air intercept training, Basic Fighter Maneuvering, and Close Air Support. A/G Training takes place on both VR and IR routes that criss-cross the south east United States. After completion of the syllabus, track selection takes place. Navy SWSOs select either the F/A-18F Super Hornet, or the E/A-18 Growler. Marine SWSOs by default select the F/A-18D Hornet. The final three months of some of the hardest training at Pensacola will leave the SWSO F/A-18 selectee with their wings of gold. Air Force WSOs no longer train at VT-86.
Graduate training
Following the winging ceremony, USN and USMC WSOs will proceed to a Fleet Replacement Squadron (FRS) and USAF WSOs to a Formal Training Unit (FTU) to complete advanced ground school and flight training to prepare them for their "operational" combat aircraft in the deployable operating forces.
Parachuting water survival
All USAF aviators with parachutes on the aircraft attend this three-day course at NAS Pensacola, Florida. During the course, USAF WSOs learn the basics of surviving an aircraft ejection over water, obtaining food and drinkable water when stranded at sea, combat evasion at sea, and how to be successfully rescued by boat or helicopter. For USN and USMC WSOs, this program was previously completed at NAS Pensacola during their Aviation Preflight Indoctrination (API) training.
Centrifuge training
This one-day course located at Brooks City-Base, San Antonio, Texas, tests USAF WSOs selected for the F-15E in their ability to withstand the g-forces routinely experienced by fighter aircrew.
SERE
The Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) training course trains all USAF aircrew basic survival skills, combat evasion, and techniques to resist exploitation if captured. WSOs also learn how to survive an aircraft ejection over land. For USAF personnel, the three-week course is taught at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington and the surrounding areas. The counterpart course for USN and USMC WSOs is taught at NAS North Island (academics) and Warner Springs, California (field exercise) for Pacific Fleet personnel and at Brunswick, Maine for Atlantic Fleet personnel.
IFF
USAF WSOs selected for the F-15E learn basic fighter maneuvers (BFM) and surface attack in the T-38C at Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals (IFF). WSOs complete this training at either the 435th Fighter Training Squadron at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas or the 49th Fighter Training Squadron at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi. WSOs also learn about the culture of being a young aircrew member in a USAF fighter squadron. The course lasts approximately eight weeks.
EWO
USAF WSOs selected for the B-1B, B-52H, and some F-15E selectees will become electronic warfare officers (EWOs) by attending this 12-week training program at the 563d Flying Training Squadron at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. A similar program for USN EWOs in the EA-18G and USMC ECMOs in the EA-6B is conducted at the Center for Information Dominance at Corry Station, Florida. In both programs, students learn the basics of radar theory, electronic attack, and electronic defense.
Gallery
See also
Aircrew (Flight crew)
Combat Systems Officer
Naval Flight Officer
References
Factsheet B-1B Lancer
Factsheet B-1B Lancer, Boeing
Factsheet F-15E Strike Eagle
F/A-18 C/D Fact Sheet
Military aviation occupations
United States Air Force specialisms
United States Navy job titles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon%20systems%20officer |
Hans Gerhard Colbjørnsen Meldahl (5 October 1815 – 25 December 1877) was a Norwegian jurist and politician.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1854 and 1857, representing the constituency of Trondhjem og Levanger. He was Minister of Justice and the Police from 17 December 1861 to 8 January 1874, except for the periods October 1863 to September 1864, October 1866 to October 1867, June 1869 to July 1870 and October 1871 to September 1872 when he was assigned as a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm.
Outside politics he was a jurist and had graduated as cand.jur. in 1837. In 1854 he was a stipendiary magistrate () of Trondhjem; in 1857 he had been appointed Supreme Court judge. He served as the sixth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway from 1874 to 1877.
References
1815 births
1877 deaths
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Trondheim
Government ministers of Norway
Chief justices of Norway
Ministers of Justice of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Gerhard%20Colbj%C3%B8rnsen%20Meldahl |
Jean-Baptiste Édouard Bornet (September 2, 1828, Guérigny – December 18, 1911, Paris) was a French botanist.
Life
Bornet studied medicine in Paris, and in 1886 became a member of the French Académie des sciences. With Gustave Thuret, he was co-author of Notes algologiques (1876-1880) and the Études phycologiques (1878), both works being published after Thuret's death in 1875. He helped establish the nature of lichens and was the first to find the reproductive process of red algae. In the field of lichenology, he wrote Recherches sur les gonidies des lichens (1873). With Charles Flahault, he published on Nostocaceae: Revision des Nostocacées héterocystées (1886–88).
Awards and honours
In 1877, botanist Munier-Chalmas published Bornetella is a genus of green algae in the family Dasycladaceae and named in Jean-Baptiste Édouard Bornet's honor.
Bornet was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1888.
He was awarded the Linnean Medal in 1891.
He was admitted as a Foreign Member to the United Kingdom's Royal Society in 1910.
See also
:Category:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Édouard Bornet
References
1828 births
1911 deaths
20th-century French botanists
People from Nièvre
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
French phycologists
19th-century French botanists
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste%20%C3%89douard%20Bornet |
Lars Olai Meling (1876–1951) was the Norwegian Minister of Trade 1924–1926 and 1933–1935.
References
1876 births
1951 deaths
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20Olai%20Meling |
Bookland can refer to:
Bookland, a fictitious location corresponding to a 978 prefix that converts a 10 digit ISBN into EAN-13 barcode (with checksum changes).
Bookland (law), a category of land in Anglo-Saxon law
"Bookland", a chain of small-format book stores owned by American retailer Books-A-Million | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookland%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The history of the Jews in Moldova reaches back to the 1st century BCE, when Roman Jews lived in the cities of the province of Lower Moesia. Bessarabian Jews have been living in the area for some time. Between the 4th-7th centuries CE, Moldova was part of an important trading route between Asia and Europe, and bordered the Khazar Khaganate, where Judaism was the state religion. Prior to the Second World War, violent antisemitic movements across the Bessarabian region badly affected the region's Jewish population. In the 1930s and '40s, under the Romanian governments of Octavian Goga and Ion Antonescu, government-directed pogroms and mass deportations led to the concentration and extermination of Jewish citizens followed, leading to the extermination of between 45,000-60,000 Jews across Bessarabia. The total number of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews who perished in territories under Romanian administration is between 280,000 and 380,000.
Today, the Jewish community in Moldova has been revived and are primarily represented by the Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova (JCM) organisation. The group was registered in its current form in 1997, but its roots stretch back to founding of the Union of Jewish Communities in Bessarabia on 3 November 1935. The group estimate that the total population of Moldovan Jews in 2022 to be approx. 20,000. The World Jewish Congress (of which the JCM is an affiliate member) states that there has been "a widespread development of a national self-consciousness and a return to their roots by the Jews of Moldova, with Jewish identity and culture being celebrated in a number of forms". Diplomatic relations with Israel began in 1992 and the Israeli consulate is located in the capital city, Chişinău. Since 2014, Moldova has been an observer country to the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, and since 2019 has adopted the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism for official use. The Museum of Jewish History was opened in Orhei on 30 January 2023.
There is one Jewish kindergarten in Chişinău, two Jewish schools and a municipal Jewish library named after Itzik Manger. A Jewish newspaper, Nash Golos ("Our Voice"), is published twice a month by the Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova. There is a Jewish Cultural Center in Chişinău, as well as seven synagogues, with synagogues also present in Orhei, Soroca, and Tiraspol, and "Memorials to the Kishinev ghetto, to the Victims of Fascism, to the Victims of Chişinău Pogrom are sites for remembrance in Chişinău." Other organisations include Chabad Lubavitch Moldova and Kedem.
The constitution of Moldova guarantees the right to freedom of religion and the total separation of church and state, while noting the "exceptional importance" of Orthodox Christianity. Holocaust denial and insulting the memory of the Holocaust are criminal offences. The "production, sale, distribution, or public use of fascist, racist, or xenophobic symbols or ideology, unless used for art, science, or education. The law prohibits the promotion of xenophobia, racism, fascism, and hatred and violence on ethnic, racial, or religious grounds." Since 2015, 27 January is annually recognised as the National Holocaust Remembrance Day. In 2016, the Moldovan parliament endorsed the Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania by Elie Wiesel. Discrimination on the basis of religious affiliation is illegal, and incitement to religious and ethnic hatred was made illegal in May 2022.
Bessarabian Jews
Early history
1889: There were 180,918 Jews of a total population of 1,628,867 in Bessarabia.
1897: The Jewish population had grown to 225,637 of a total of 1,936,392.
1903: Chișinău (Kishinev) in Russian Bessarabia had a Jewish population of 50,000, or 46%, out of a total of approximately 110,000. While almost non-existent in the countryside, Jews had been present in all major towns since the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. Jewish life flourished with 16 Jewish schools and over 2,000 pupils in Chișinău alone.
16 February 1903: The Kishinev pogrom occurs.
1920: The Jewish population had grown to approximately 267,000.
1930: Romanian census registers 270,000 Jews.
Kishinev pogrom
In 1903, a young Christian Russian boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, was found murdered in the town of Dubăsari (Dubossary), 37 km northeast of Chișinău. A Russian language antisemitic newspaper "Bessarabian" began to disseminate rumors about the murder being part of a Jewish ritual. This newspaper had been publishing rumors about the Jews that brought ruin to the local Jewish population. As for the murder, it reported that the victim visited the shop of a Jewish tobacconist before his disappearance. Other anti-Semitic newspapers called for a pogrom. Although the official investigation had determined the lack of any ritualism in the murder and eventually discovered that the boy had been killed by a relative (who was later found), the unrest caused by these and other rumors had resulted in a major pogrom during the Easter holidays. The pogrom lasted for three days, without the intervention of the police. Forty seven (some say 49) Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded, 500 slightly wounded and over 700 houses destroyed.
Many of the younger Jews, including Mendel Portugali, made an effort to defend the community. There was outcry from prominent Russian writers Leo Tolstoy and Maksim Gorky, as well as protests from Jews and non-Jews in Europe and the United States. Haim Nachman Bialik wrote about the pogrom in his poem, "The City of Slaughter", and Vladimir Korolenko in his book, House No. 13.
The Holocaust
Up to two-thirds of Bessarabian Jews fled before the retreat of the Soviet troops. 110,033 people from Bessarabia and Bukovina (the latter included at the time the counties of Cernăuţi, Storojineţ, Rădăuţi, Suceava, Câmpulung, and Dorohoi – approximately 100,000 Jews) – all except a small minority of the Jews that did not flee in 1941 – were deported to the Transnistria Governorate, a region which was under Romanian military control during 1941–44.
1941: The Einsatzkommandos, German mobile killing units drawn from the Nazi-Schutzstaffel (SS) and commanded by Otto Ohlendorf entered Bessarabia. They were instrumental in the massacre of many Jews in Bessarabia, who did not flee in face of the German advancement.
8 July 1941: Ion Antonescu, Romania's ruler at the time, made a declaration in front of the Ministers' Council:
... With the risk of not being understood by some traditionalists which may be among you, I am in favour of the forced migration of the entire Jew element from Bessarabia and Bukovina, which must be thrown over the border. Also, I am in favor of the forced migration of the Ukrainian element, which does not belong here at this time. I don't care if we appear in history as barbarians. The Roman Empire has made a series of barbaric acts from a contemporary point of view and, still, was the greatest political settlement. There has never been a more suitable moment. If necessary, shoot with the machine gun.
The killing squads of Einsatzgruppe D, together with special non-military units attached to the German Wehrmacht and the Romanian army were involved in many massacres in Bessarabia (over 10,000 in a single month of war, in June–July 1941), while deporting other thousands to Transnistria. From 1941 to 1942, those Jews deported to territories to distant regions of USSR and war zones on orders of Marshal Antonescu reached 56,089. A huge number of this population perished during the occupation of those territories.
In Nazi ghettos organized in several towns, as well as in Nazi concentration camps (there was also a comparable number of Jews from Transnistria in those camps) many people died from starvation or bad sanitation, or were shot by special Nazi units right before the arrival of Soviet troops in 1944. The Romanian military administration of Transnistria kept very poor records of the people in the ghettos and camps. The only exact number found in Romanian sources is 59,392 died in the ghettos and camps from the moment those were open until mid-1943 This number includes all internees regardless of their origin, but does not include those that perished on the way to the camps, those that perished between mid-1943 and spring 1944, as well as those that perished in the immediate aftermath of the Romanian army's occupation of Transnistria (see for example the Odessa massacre).
The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
After World War II, the number of Jews in Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic increased significantly, peaking at 98,001 in 1970. During the 1970s Soviet Union aliyah and immigration to the West and especially in the late 1980s, many of them emigrated to Israel, United States, Canada and some to Australia and Western Europe. The last Soviet census of 1989 registered 65,672 Jews in the Soviet Republic.
Contemporary situation
As of 2014, there are an estimated 15,000 Jews in Moldova, including over 10,000 in Chișinău alone. At the same time, there are 75,492 Moldovan Jews living in Israel, and also small communities in other parts of the world, such as Russia, the US, the UK, Germany, Romania, Australia, etc.
Since 2015, 27 January is annually recognised as the National Holocaust Remembrance Day. In 2016, the Moldovan parliament endorsed the Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania by Elie Wiesel. Discrimination on the basis of religious affiliation is illegal, and incitement to religious and ethnic hatred was made illegal in May 2022.
However, antisemitism is still commonplace; several churches and political organisations still refer to antisemitic rhetoric. In addition, far-right and neo-Nazi groups are active in the country. Because religion was heavily restricted in Soviet times, it is likely that there are many more people of ethnic Jewish heritage in Moldova than those who practice the religion, but many simply may not know about it.
Notable figures
Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894). Composer, pianist, conductor.
Yehuda Leib Tsirelson (1859-1941). Rabbi, writer.
Meir Dizengoff (1861-1936). First mayor of Tel Aviv, Israel.
Shmuel Cohen (1870-1940). Composer of Israel's national anthem 'Hatikvah'.
Anna Tumarkin (1875-1951). Philosopher and psychologist.
Lev Berg (1876-1950). Icthyologist, geographer, and zoologist.
Lewis Milestone (1895-1980). Film director, first winner of two Academy Awards.
Dovid Knut (1900-1955). Poet and member of the French Resistance.
Lazar Dubinovschi (1910-1982), sculptor.
Liviu Deleanu (1911-1967). Poet and writer, author of the MSSR anthem.
Izi Diamond (1920-1988). Screenwriter, Oscar Award-winner.
Saul Perlmutter (1959–present). Astrophysicist, Nobel Prize winner.
See also
Israel–Moldova relations
History of the Jews in Chișinău
History of the Jews in Romania
Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova
References
Further reading
External links
JewishMemory, a site about Jews in Moldova
Moldova
Moldova
Moldova
Moldova
Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Moldova |
Malcolm Evans may refer to:
Sir Malcolm Evans (academic lawyer), British jurist
Malcolm Evans (cartoonist), New Zealand cartoonist
Malcolm Evans (computer programmer), British computer programmer
Mal Evans, road manager for The Beatles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Evans |
Johan Egeberg Mellbye (11 November 1866 – 17 December 1954) was a Norwegian farmer and politician who served as the first leader of the Norwegian Centre Party from 1920–1921. He also served as Minister of Agriculture 1904–1905, then representing the Conservative Party.
His son Jan E. Mellbye ran the family farm and became chairman of the Norwegian Agrarian Association and Selskapet Ny Jord.
References
1866 births
1954 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway
Honorary Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20E.%20Mellbye |
Horsemonger Lane Gaol (also known as the Surrey County Gaol or the New Gaol) was a prison close to present-day Newington Causeway in Southwark, south London. Built at the end of the 18th century, it was in use until 1878.
History
The gaol was built to replace the old county gaol housed at what had been the nearby 'White Lion Inn' on Borough High Street, Southwark (informally called the 'Borough Gaol'). The new building was designed by George Gwilt the Elder, surveyor to the county of Surrey, and completed in 1799. It was adjacent to Sessions House, a court building also designed by Gwilt.
Horsemonger Lane remained Surrey’s principal prison and place of execution up to its closure in 1878. It was a common gaol, housing both debtors and criminals, with a capacity of around 300 inmates. In total, 131 men and four women were executed there between 1800 and 1877, the gallows being erected on the flat roof of the prison's gatehouse.
By 1859, the gaol was no longer known as 'Horsemonger Lane' following the road's change of name to Union Road (today: Harper Road), being renamed Surrey County Gaol (although its alternative name, the New Gaol, should not be confused with the New Prison, located north of the River Thames in Clerkenwell).
The gaol was demolished in 1881 and replaced by a public park, Newington Gardens, which opened in 1884.
Literary connections
In 1849, Charles Dickens attended the public hangings outside the gaol of husband and wife Frederick and Maria Manning, who had killed a friend for his money and buried him under the kitchen floor. Dickens wrote to The Times condemning such public spectacles.
Dickens later based the character of Hortense in Bleak House on Maria Manning, while Mrs Chivery's tobacco shop in Little Dorrit is located on Horsemonger Lane. Executions at Horsemonger Lane are also mentioned in Sarah Waters' novel Fingersmith.
Inmates
Inmates included:
William Chester Minor, convicted of murder
Edward Despard, convicted of high treason (executed at the gaol on 21 February 1803)
Leigh Hunt, convicted of criticism of the Prince Regent
Marie and Frederick Manning, convicted of murder (executed at the gaol on 13 November 1849)
Robert Taylor, convicted of blasphemy
Arthur Tooth, convicted of contempt of court
Margaret Waters, convicted of murder (executed at the gaol on 11 October 1870)
See also
Marshalsea
References
External links
London footprints: Crime & Punishment
'The Old Kent Road', Old and New London: Volume 6 (1878), pp. 248–55. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=45279. Date accessed: 19 December 2006.
Old Towns of England, London in 1839, Pt 6
Index to deaths, 1798-1878, in Surrey County Gaol
Defunct prisons in London
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark
1790s establishments in England
Buildings and structures demolished in 1881
1881 disestablishments in England
Demolished prisons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsemonger%20Lane%20Gaol |
Dingxi (), also known as Longyou () is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of Gansu province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,524,097 inhabitants, of which 422,383 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Anding urban district.
History
Dingxi was important in the development of some of China's earliest cultures, specifically along the Wei River, one of the Yellow River's biggest tributaries. Numerous Neolithic sites from various cultures are found throughout the area.
A series of earthquakes in July 2013 killed at least 95 people and destroyed 120,000 homes.
Geography
Dingxi City is located in central Gansu province, east of Lanzhou, giving it the nickname the "eastern gateway". The Wei River, a tributary of the Yellow River flows through the district and provides it with the majority of its water. Dingxi is semi-arid, with little precipitation. Even though sunlight here can be intense, temperatures are generally cool. The surrounding terrain is mostly loess hills and ravines in the north and highlands in the south. The area is .
After the Qianlong Emperor period (18th century), the land of Dingxi went from lush grasslands and forests to being severely deforested as a result of war, famines and overpopulation.
Climate
Dingxi has a monsoon- influenced cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) characterised like most of eastern Gansu by warm to very warm, humid summers and freezing, virtually snowless winters.
Administration
Dingxi has 1 urban district, 6 counties, and 119 towns with a total population of 2,698,622.
Economy
Dingxi has been one of the most poverty-stricken regions in Gansu province and China as a whole. Up to 1999, some citizens still lacked food and clothing. Although most of Gansu is arid, in other regions of the province a large portion of farmland is irrigated, whereas in Dingxi this was not the case. Especially after the 1960s, the agricultural output of Dingxi plummeted due to land degradation.
Agriculture and natural resource based industries are the key to Dingxi's economy. There are more than 300 different kinds of Chinese medicinal plants and herbs found in the area. Dingxi's Anding County is China's number one grower of yams. Zanthoxylum (also called Sichuan Pepper or prickly ash fruit), walnuts, wild apricots, and other fruit are some of Dingxi's famous dried exports. Potato is an important crop, and Dingxi has been described as the 'Potato Capital of China'.
Culture
The local Dingxi dialect of Central Plains Mandarin has only three tones instead of the normal four.
Food
Shouzhuarou, cooked mutton on the bone
Dingxi Niangpi, a type of noodle similar to Liangpi
Longxi Qianrou, a dish made from donkey tail
Minxian Fenyu, a type of noodle that looks like a small fish or tadpole
Transportation
G22 Qingdao–Lanzhou Expressway
G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway
China National Highway 312
Longhai railway
Xuzhou-Lanzhou High-Speed Railway
See also
Xihaigu, region in Ningxia with similar landscape and economic issues
References
External links
Dingxi Official Website
Prefecture-level divisions of Gansu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingxi |
Laucala Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It was centred on a suburb of Suva.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laucala%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Alternative trading system (ATS) is a US and Canadian regulatory term for a non-exchange trading venue that matches buyers and sellers to find counterparties for transactions. Alternative trading systems are typically regulated as broker-dealers rather than as exchanges (although an alternative trading system can apply to be regulated as a securities exchange). In general, for regulatory purposes, an alternative trading system is an organization or system that provides or maintains a market place or facilities for bringing together purchasers and sellers of securities, but does not set rules for subscribers (other than rules for the conduct of subscribers trading on the system). An ATS must be approved by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and is an alternative to a traditional stock exchange. The equivalent term under European legislation is a multilateral trading facility (MTF).
These venues play an important role in public markets for allowing alternative means of accessing liquidity. They can be used for trading large blocks of shares away from the normal exchange, a practice that could otherwise skew the market price in a particular direction, depending on a security's market capitalization and trading volume. ATSs are generally electronic but don't have to be. ATSs can be distinguished from electronic communication networks (ECNs), which are a "fully electronic subset of ATSs that automatically and anonymously match orders".
In recent years, the SEC and other regulators have ramped up their enforcement activities with respect to alternative trading systems, initiating broad investigations and bringing actions for various violations, such as trading against customer order flow or permitting external vendors to retain and make use of confidential customer trading information in the vendor’s trading activities.
Legal definition
Rule 300(a) of the SEC's Regulation ATS provides the following legal definition of an "alternative trading system":
Any organization, association, person, group of persons, or system:
That constitutes, maintains, or provides a market place or facilities for bringing together purchasers and sellers of securities or for otherwise performing with respect to securities the functions commonly performed by a stock exchange within the meaning of Rule 3b-16 of this chapter; and
That does not:
Set rules governing the conduct of subscribers other than the conduct of such subscribers' trading on such organization, association, person, group of persons, or system; or
Discipline subscribers other than by exclusion from trading.
Regulation ATS was introduced by the SEC in 1998 and is designed to protect investors and resolve any concerns arising from this type of trading system. Regulation ATS requires stricter record keeping and demands more intensive reporting on issues such as transparency once the system reaches more than 5% of the trading volume for any given security.
Specifically, it requires that an alternative trading system comply with the reporting and record keeping requirements Rule 301 (b)(5)(ii) of Reg ATS, if during at least 4 of the preceding 6 calendar months, such alternative trading system had:
With respect to any NMS stock, 5 percent or more of the average daily volume in that security reported by an effective transaction reporting plan;
With respect to an equity security that is not an NMS stock and for which transactions are reported to a self-regulatory organization, 5 percent or more of the average daily trading volume in that security as calculated by the self-regulatory organization to which such transactions are reported;
With respect to municipal securities, 5 percent or more of the average daily volume traded in the United States; or
With respect to corporate debt securities, 5 percent or more of the average daily volume traded in the United States.
Examples of ATS
Electronic communication networks
Call markets - An auction market where orders are grouped until they reach a certain amount, and then executed together at a predetermined time.
Electronic trade matching
Crossing networks
Dark pools
References
External links
List of US Alternative Trading Systems at sec.gov
Capitality
Financial markets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative%20trading%20system |
Trevor Smith (born 15 April 1949) is a retired field hockey player from Australia, who was a member of the national team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He also went to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, where the Australian team missed the medals, finishing fourth.
Personal
Trevor was involved with the business Hockeyworld along with younger brothers Roger Smith and Terry Smith who also played hockey for Australia.
Field hockey
International hockey
He made his Olympic debut at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal where the Kookaburras won a silver medal and also performed at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Smith%20%28field%20hockey%29 |
Ion Rațiu (; 6 June 1917 – 17 January 2000) was a Romanian lawyer, diplomat, journalist, businessman, writer, and politician. In addition, he was the official presidential candidate of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD) in the 1990 Romanian presidential election in which he subsequently finished third, behind the neo-communist Ion Iliescu of the National Salvation Front (FSN) and Radu Câmpeanu of the National Liberal Party (PNL), with only 617,007 votes (or 4.29%).
Subsequently, on more than one occasion, he was named by major newspapers and online publications in Romania as "the best president Romania never had". During his years spent in exile, Rațiu met and discussed with important political figures of the Western world such as former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (former leader of the British Conservative Party), former American President Jimmy Carter (of the American Democratic Party) as well as Republican Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole (also former presidential candidate on behalf of the Republican Party in the 1996 United States presidential election).
Although he wasn't the winner of the 1990 Romanian presidential election, Ion Rațiu successfully managed to remain in a significant part of the Romanian collective mindset as one of the most influential politicians of the 1990s, being admired and publicly revered by generations of subsequent Romanian politicians, some of whom had previously claimed to have even voted for him back in 1990, most notably, at least reportedly according to one of his books, the 5th and current President of Romania, Klaus Werner Iohannis.
Biography
Early life and academic studies
Born in Torda, Torda-Aranyos County, Austria-Hungary (now Turda, Cluj County, Romania), Ion Rațiu was the son of Dr. Augustin Rațiu, and a great-grand-nephew of Dr. , the leader of the Transylvanian Memorandum. His grandmother. Eugenia Turcu, was the daughter of Romanian activist and journalist Ion Codru-Drăgușanu. He attended school in Turda and from 1928 to 1933 the George Barițiu High School in Cluj, and in 1938 he earned a law degree from King Ferdinand I University in Cluj.
In 1940, Rațiu was named Counsellor at the Romanian Legation in London, under Minister Viorel V. Tilea. In September 1940, King Carol II fled Romania and this led to the formation of the National Legionary State. As a result, Rațiu resigned from the Foreign Service, and requested political asylum in the United Kingdom. In 1943, Rațiu earned an economics degree from the University of Cambridge. In 1945, Rațiu married Elisabeth Pilkington, the daughter of colonel Guy Pilkington; the couple had two children, Indrei and Nicolae.
Life in exile in the United Kingdom after World War II
Rațiu remained in exile in London after the Communist Party (PCR) came to power in Romania in 1947. From the start of World War II, he joined the fight against totalitarianism of any political colour, helping to organize the Central European Student and Youth Society (or Central East European Students for a New Society).
In 1961, he started publishing the Free Romanian Press, a weekly news bulletin, in association with FCI, Holland Road, London, directed by another prominent exile, Josef Josten. He also contributed regularly to the BBC Romanian service, Radio Free Europe, and Voice of America. In 1957, Rațiu published his critique of Western attitudes towards the Soviet Union and communism, ‘Policy for the West’.
In 1975, the year he published Contemporary Romania, he decided to devote all his energy to the pursuit of a free Romania. He played a key role in the setting up of the World Union of Free Romanians (), of which he was elected president at its first congress in Geneva (1984). Shortly after this, he started publishing The Free Romanian/Românul liber, a monthly newspaper in English and Romanian.
Political activity in post-1989 Romania
After he returned to Romania in January 1990, he helped to re-establish the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ), serving as its vice-president. Shortly thereafter, he unsuccessfully ran for president in the 1990 election on behalf of the PNȚCD while also being endorsed by the PSDR; subsequently, he was elected deputy of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Cluj County in both 1990 and 1992, and then Arad, in 1996. He also served as vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies as well as ambassador and negotiator for Romania's integration in NATO's structures. In 1991, he re-founded the newspaper Cotidianul.
Paraphrasing Evelyn Beatrice Hall, Rațiu offered in a televised debate in 1990 the most elegant definition of democracy: "I will fight until my last drop of blood so you have the right not to agree with me!"
After a short illness, Rațiu died in London on 17 January 2000, surrounded by his family. In accordance with his wishes, he was buried in his Transylvanian hometown, Turda.
Publications
Ion Rațiu published a series of self-biographical literary volumes known as 'Jurnalul' in Romanian. The respective literary volumes (or journals), narrate and detail his life in exile in the United Kingdom as well as his comeback in post-1989 Romania and the story of his 1990 presidential candidacy respectively. In addition, Ion Rațiu also published other literary volumes such as the 'Note zilnice' series (i.e. 'Daily notes') throughout the 1990s, revolving around national politics and geopolitics. Those volumes were published through the Univers (i.e. Universe) Romanian publishing house.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
Notes
References
External links
Short biography, on the "Rațiu Center for Democracy" website
Rațiu Family Foundation Website
1917 births
2000 deaths
People from Turda
Romanian Greek-Catholics
Romanian newspaper editors
Romanian newspaper founders
English people of Romanian descent
Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Candidates for President of Romania
Babeș-Bolyai University alumni
Romanian expatriates in England
Romanian democracy activists
Romanian defectors
Romanian dissidents
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
20th-century Romanian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20Ra%C8%9Biu |
Cape Romano is a cape on the Gulf Coast of Florida, United States. It is on Cape Romano Island, one of a group of islands known collectively as Kice-Morgan Island.
Marjory Stoneman Douglas stated that the cape was named for Bernard Romans, who charted all of the coasts of East and West Florida in 1774. The feature is called "Cape Roman or Punta Larga" on Romans's 1774 map. John Lee Williams, in 1837, refers to the south point of "Isle Roman" as "Cape Roman" "of the British [charts]", and "Puerta Longa", "Punta Longa", and "Cape Acies" "of the Spanish charts".
Kice-Morgan Island
Kice-Morgan Island is located south of Marco Island, in Collier County. It is separated from Marco Island by Caxambas Bay. John Lee Williams called the island south of Caxambas Bay "Isle Roman", and described it as long and wide. The island complex consists of narrow barrier beaches with large mangrove mangals (forests) behind the beaches. The Kice Island barrier beach was long in 1976, extending southsouthwest from Caxamabas Pass and Bay. Hurricane Wilma made landfall near Cape Romano in 2005, bringing a storm surge onto Kice Island. The storm opened an inlet, Morgan Pass, in the middle of the island. The southern portion of Kice Island is now called Morgan Island. In the decade following Hurricane Wilma, much of the beach on Morgan Island was eroded away. Some sand from the Kice-Morgan beaches has moved south, forming a spit at the southern end of Morgan Island. Other sand from the Kice-Morgan beaches has moved further south, onto the Cape Romano shoals south of the cape. As of 2023, the NOAA chart shows Cape Romano on Cape Romano Island, which lies behind the Morgan Island beach. The sand spit at the southern end of Morgan Island extends further south than Cape Romano Island.
Human presence
The town of Muspa, a sub-chiefdom of the Calusa, may have been located on or near Cape Romano. One Spanish map gave the name "Punta de Muspa" to the cape, and descriptions of the location of the town fit the cape, as well. John Lee Williams reported plantations in the vicinity of Caxambas Bay in 1837, which led Charlton Tebeau to suggest there may have been one at Cape Romano. A military expedition in 1838 camped on Cape Romano at the site of a former settlement, where they found fresh water. The cape was later reported to have a reliable fresh water well, which was used by residents of the area. Joe Dickman lived on Cape Romano as a hermit from the 1930s until the 1960s. Several houses were built on or near Cape Romano in the 1970s and 1980s, but beach erosion left them in open water, and hurricanes have washed them away, including the Cape Romano Dome House.
References
Romano
Landforms of Collier County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Romano |
Dan DiDio (; born October 13, 1959) is an American writer, editor, and publisher who has worked in the television and comic book industries. From February 2010 until February 2020, he was the co-publisher of DC Comics, along with Jim Lee. Wizard magazine recognized him as its first ever "Man of the Year" in 2003 for his work in the DC Universe line of comics.
Career
TV work
Prior to joining DC Comics, DiDio worked in television, beginning in 1981. DiDio was a freelance writer and story editor for Mainframe Entertainment, specifically working on ReBoot and War Planets.
DC Comics
DiDio joined DC Comics in January 2002, as vice president–editorial, as well as writer for Superboy (issues #94 to 100). He was promoted to vice president–executive editor, DC Universe in October 2004. In 2006, DiDio began writing a weekly column called "DC Nation" which appeared on the end page of most of DC Comics' main superhero titles. Originally, the column was tied to 52, a project he was overseeing. On February 18, 2010, DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson named DiDio as co-publisher of DC Comics, along with Jim Lee.
Dan DiDio returned to writing comics with short stories for the 2008 and 2009 DC Halloween specials and the 2009 Holiday special. In 2009, he returned to regular writing duties with the weekly Metal Men feature in Wednesday Comics. In January 2010, DiDio wrote the Weird Western Tales tie-in issue of the Blackest Night crossover and took over regular monthly scripting of The Outsiders. As Co-Publisher, he oversaw the reboot of all current DC titles and was the co-writer of the OMAC series with artist Keith Giffen. DiDio wrote a Challengers of the Unknown storyline for DC Universe Presents which was drawn by Jerry Ordway.
In July 2012, as part of the San Diego Comic-Con, DiDio and DC co-publisher Jim Lee participated in the production of "Heroic Proportions", an episode of the Syfy reality television competition series Face Off, in which special effects makeup artists compete to create the best makeup according to each episode's theme. Lee and DiDio presented the contestants with that episode's challenge, to create a new superhero, with six DC Comics artists on hand to help them develop their ideas. The winning entry's character, Infernal Core by Anthony Kosar, was featured in Justice League Dark #16 (March 2013), which was published January 30, 2013. The episode premiered on January 22, 2013, as the second episode of the fourth season.
A Phantom Stranger ongoing series written by DiDio and drawn by Brent Anderson began in September 2012. DiDio and Keith Giffen reunited on Infinity Man and the Forever People in 2014. DiDio, Justin Jordan, and Kenneth Rocafort created the Sideways series as part of DC's "Dark Matter" line.
On February 21, 2020, DiDio stepped down as Co-Publisher of DC Comics after ten years at that position. The company did not give a reason for the move, nor did it indicate whether it was his decision or the company's, though it was the latest event in a restructuring that began the previous month, as several top executives were laid off from the company. However, Bleeding Cool reported that he was fired.
Frank Miller Presents
On April 28, 2022, it was officially announced that Dan DiDio would serve as publisher for Frank Miller's newly-announced comic book company Frank Miller Presents (FMP).
Inkwell Awards Special Ambassador
On August 23, 2022, Dan DiDio was officially announced as new Special Ambassador to the Inkwell Awards advocacy group.
Bibliography
Comics
Adam Strange/Future Quest Special #1 (2017)
Batman and the Outsiders vol. 2 #40 (2011)
Batman Black and White vol. 2 #2 (2013)
Batman Incorporated Special #1 (2013)
DC Infinite Halloween Special #1 (2007)
DC Universe Presents #6–8 (Challengers of the Unknown); #0 (OMAC) (2012)
DCU Halloween Special #1 (2008)
DCU Holiday Special #1 (2009)
Infinity-Man and the Forever People #1–9 (2014–2015)
Infinity-Man and the Forever People: Futures End #1 (2014)
Justice League Dark # 23.1– 23.2 (2013)
Justice League International Annual vol. 2 #1 (2012)
Metal Men #1-12 (2019–2020)
O.M.A.C. vol. 3 #1–8 (2011–2012)
Outsiders vol. 4 #26–39 (2010–2011)
Phantom Stranger vol. 4 #0, #1–8 (2012–2013)
Sideways #1–13 (2018–2019)
Superboy vol. 3 #94–100 (2002)
Trinity of Sin: The Phantom Stranger: Futures End #1 (2014)
Wednesday Comics #1–12 (Metal Men) (2009)
Weird Western Tales #71 (2010)
Television
• series head writer denoted in bold
ReBoot (1997–1999): season 3
Shadow Raiders (1998–1999)
References
External links
Dan DiDio at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
1959 births
American business executives
American comics writers
Comic book editors
Comic book publishers (people)
DC Comics people
Living people
American people of Italian descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20DiDio |
Bling Kong was an indie rock band from New York City in early to mid 2000's. The band consisted of eleven members: three drummers, two guitarists, one bass guitar player, one videographer, and four cheerleaders. The band was known for their sexual, rock-driven, music with humorous lyrics, as well as their clothing line.
Discography
Greatest Hits 3.16.Ö3-5.20.Ö3 (2003) self-released
Do The Awesome (2005)
References
Musical groups from New York (state)
American indie rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bling%20Kong |
Reuben Gold Thwaites ( May 15, 1853 – October 22, 1913) was an American librarian and historical writer.
Biography
Thwaites was born in 1853 in Dorchester, Massachusetts. His parents were William George and Sarah Bibbs Thwaites, who had moved to Dorchester in 1850 from Yorkshire, England. The family moved to Omro, Wisconsin, in 1866, where Reuben worked on the farm, studied college-level coursework and reported for the Oshkosh Times. In 1874–1875 he studied English literature, economic history and international law at Yale University. Thwaites studied at Yale as a special student, and beyond that never formally studied at the collegiate level, although later in his life he was awarded an LLD from the University of Wisconsin.
From 1876 to 1886, Thwaites was managing editor of the Wisconsin State Journal, at Madison. In 1885 he became assistant corresponding secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, and when Lyman Draper retired as secretary 1887, Thwaites was appointed to succeed him. While leading the historical society he edited volumes XI-XIX of the Wisconsin Historical Collections, The Jesuit Relations, Early Western Travels, 1748–1846, and Original Journals of Lewis and Clark. He also authored a number of papers and monographs including a biography of Daniel Boone, a biography of Jacques Marquette, and a history of colonial North America.
Thwaites is credited with raising the scholarship surrounding the Lewis and Clark Expedition to a new level. Previous to the editions that were published under his leadership, general knowledge as well as serious scholarship were for the most part hampered by legend. Thwaites discovered and uncovered various additional original sources, including the journal of Charles Floyd, the only member of the Corps of Discovery to die on the expedition. By including these disparate sources and tying them together in a cohesive set of volumes, the nature and importance of the expedition became more generally recognized.
In 1892 Thwaites was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society, in 1899 he was president of the American Library Association, and in 1910 he was named president of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association.
Thwaites was well known for not being a mere academic, but rather as a historian who attempted to understand history by experiencing those aspects that he could, and bringing those experiences to life. In 1888 he took canoe trips on the Wisconsin, Fox and Rock rivers. In 1892 he undertook a bicycle tour of England, and in 1903 rowed down the Ohio River.
Thwaites' approach and work has been questioned, to some degree by his contemporaries but more so in modern times, especially by historian Donald Jackson, who called for a more thorough work of Lewis & Clark's manuscripts. His summaries include phraseology such as "[Europeans] left the most luxurious country in Europe to seek shelter in the foul and unwelcome huts of one of the most wretched races of man." When editing the Jesuit Relations, he included background information that is generally credible and thorough with respect to events and Europe, but is far less thorough in regard to the disruptions from disease and other sources that the indigenous people themselves were facing. In other words, the criticism is that the original works were insensitive, and Thwaites failed to fully account for the prejudicial and inaccurate reporting in the Relations. However, Thwaites is also recognized as being the pioneer in an approach to using the Relations that is continuing to be enriched by modern scholarship, and so in a sense he started a process by which his very work could be corrected and improved as historians learn more about the periods in question.
Thwaites died in 1913 of heart failure after a short hospitalization. He was survived by his wife Jessie, whom he married in 1882, and son Fredrik (1883-1961), renowned glacial geologist and geomorphologist.
References
Attributions
Publications
Other publications not already cited in the references include:
Wisconsin (1909)
School History of the United States (1912)
Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and explorations of the Jesuit missionaries in New France, 1610–1791, Cleveland: Burrows Bros. Co., 1896–1901.
Withers, Alexander Scott, Chronicles of Border Warfare, or a History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-Western Virginia, and of the Indian Wars and Massacres in that section of the State; with Reflections, Anecdotes, &c., Edited and annotated by Reuben Gold Thwaites, with several notes by Lyman Copeland Draper. (Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Company, or Steward and Kidd Publishers, 1895). Reprinted in 1958 by McClain Publishing Company, Parsons, W.Va., .
External links
Early Western Travels, 1748–1846, a series of annotated reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel : descriptive of the aborigines and social and economic conditions in the middle and far West, during the period of early American settlement / edited with notes, introduction, index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites.
1853 births
1913 deaths
American book editors
American male journalists
Presidents of the American Library Association
Presidents of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association
Writers from Boston
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
People from Omro, Wisconsin
Historians from Massachusetts
Historians from Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben%20Gold%20Thwaites |
Rev. Charles Franklin Thwing (November 9, 1853 – August 29, 1937) was an American clergyman and educator.
Birth
He was born in New Sharon, Maine on November 9, 1853. He graduated from Harvard University in 1876, and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1879. He then served as a pastor in churches in Cambridge, Massachusetts and Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Reverend Thwing became president of Adelbert College and Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1899, as president of Western Reserve, he signed a petition to President William McKinley to mediate the conflict between Great Britain and the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. In 1909 was a member of the National Negro Committee, the precursor to the NAACP. He was an active supporter of the new NAACP from 1909 through at least 1929. He died on August 29, 1937.
Writings
He was the author of:
The Reading of Books (1883)
The Family (1886; second edition, 1913), with Carrie F. Butler Thwing
Within College Walls (1893)
The College Woman (1894)
College Administration (1900)
God In His World (1900)
If I Were a College Student (1902)
History of Higher Education in America (1906)
Education in the Far East (1909)
A History of Education the United States since the Civil War (1910)
Universities of the World (1911)
Letters from a Father to his Son Entering College (1912)
Letters from a Father to His Daughter Entering College (1913)
The American College (1913)
The College Gateway (1918)
Human Australasia: Studies of Society and Education in Australia and New Zealand (1923)
Guides, Philosophers, and Friends Studies of College Men (1927)
The College President (1929)
The American and the German University: one Hundred Years of History (1928)
American Society: Interpretations of Educational and Other Forces (1931)
External links
More biographical information
Phillips Academy alumni
Harvard University alumni
American non-fiction writers
American educators
1853 births
1937 deaths
People from New Sharon, Maine
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
Presidents of Case Western Reserve University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Franklin%20Thwing |
Ḥají Mullá ʻAlí-Akbar S͟hahmírzádí ( 18421910), known as Ḥají Ák͟húnd, was an eminent follower of Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith. He was appointed a Hand of the Cause, and identified as one of the nineteen Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh.
Background
Hají Ákhúnd was born in the village of S͟hahmírzád, Iran. He was the son of Mullá Abbas who was a Bábí. Hají Ákhúnd thus grew up in a household where there was some mention of this new religion. After some preliminary studies, he went to Mashhad to attend a religious college. In 1861, he encountered Bábís and converted to the Báb's religion, which caused his immediate expulsion from the college and the city.
Imprisonment
Upon his return to his home village, he was also expelled and sent away by the local clergy. He settled in Tihrán, where he accepted Baháʼu'lláh and became a Baháʼí. It is recorded that when there was an outburst against the Baháʼís in Tihrán, he would wrap his cloak around himself and sit waiting for the guards to come and arrest him.
He was arrested many times in Tihrán: in 1886 on the orders of Mulla ʻAli Kani, in 1872 for seven months by Nayibu's-Saltanih, in 1882 for two years by Nayibu's-Saltanih, in 1887, and in 1891 for two years with Hájí Amín.
Travels
He visited ʻAkká, where Baháʼu'lláh and his family were prisoners, on three occasions: in 1873, 1888, and 1899. He was given the task of transferring the remains of the Báb from various secret locations to ʻAkká, where they remained for several years until they were eventually entombed in the Shrine of the Báb. He was one of the four Hands of the Cause appointed by Baháʼu'lláh himself, and was responsible for much of the Baháʼí activity in Iran until his death on 4 March, 1910.
Notes
References
External links
Biography by Moojan Momen.
1842 births
1910 deaths
Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh
Hands of the Cause
Iranian Bahá'ís
Converts to the Bahá'í Faith from Shia Islam
19th-century Bahá'ís
20th-century Bahá'ís | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj%C3%AD%20%C3%81kh%C3%BAnd |
The 1980–81 Yugoslav First League season was the 35th season of the First Federal League (), the top level association football competition of SFR Yugoslavia, since its establishment in 1946. A total of 18 teams competed in the league, with the previous season's champions Red Star successfully defending their title, finishing the season two points clear of runners-up Hajduk Split.
Teams
A total of eighteen teams contested the league, including sixteen sides from the 1979–80 season and two sides promoted from the 1979–80 Yugoslav Second League (YSL) as winners of the two second level divisions East and West. The league was contested in a double round robin format, with each club playing every other club twice, for a total of 34 rounds. Two points were awarded for wins and one point for draws.
Osijek and Čelik were relegated from the 1979–80 Yugoslav First League after finishing the season in bottom two places of the league table. The two clubs promoted were NK Zagreb and OFK Belgrade, returning to the top level after being relegated in the 1978–79 season.
League table
Results
Winning squad
Top scorers
See also
1980–81 Yugoslav Second League
1980–81 Yugoslav Cup
External links
Yugoslavia Domestic Football Full Tables
Yugoslav First League seasons
Yugo
1980–81 in Yugoslav football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381%20Yugoslav%20First%20League |
Albert Lee Ueltschi (May 15, 1917 – October 18, 2012) is considered the father of modern flight training and was the founder of FlightSafety International. Ueltschi was once personal pilot to Juan Trippe and an associate to Charles Lindbergh. On July 21, 2001, he was enshrined at Dayton, Ohio in the National Aviation Hall of Fame, along with test pilot Joe Engle, United States Marine Corps flying ace Marion Carl, and USAF ace Robin Olds. In 2013, Flying magazine ranked Ueltschi number 13 on its list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".
Life and career
Al Ueltschi was born and raised in Franklin County, Kentucky. He was the youngest of seven children of Robert and Lena Ueltschi. For the first four years of schooling he attended a one room school in Choateville, Kentucky until the family moved to Frankfort, Kentucky. Inspired by the new White Castle in town, at age 16 he opened a hamburger stand named "Little Hawk" across town from the chain restaurant and near his high school to pay for flying lessons. His first airplane, purchased using profits earned from Little Hawk, was a Waco 10. Ueltschi attended the University of Kentucky for a year but dropped out and instead started a barnstorming career, eventually teaching student pilots at the Queen City Flying Service in Cincinnati. On one occasion, he survived falling out of his airplane while on an instruction flight, parachuting into a briar patch while his student landed safely on his own.
He began his career with Pan Am in 1941 as Juan Trippe's private pilot, retiring in 1968 at the age of 50. While employed with Pan Am, Ueltschi married his wife Eileen in June 1944.
He founded FlightSafety International in 1951, the world's foremost aviation training organization, after noticing that corporate pilots did not receive the same rigorous training as airline pilots had. His first endorsement came from Trippe, who was President of Pan Am at the time. Ueltschi stepped down as President of FlightSafety in 2003, yet remained Chairman. The motto he started with still remains with FlightSafety today: "The best safety device in any aircraft is a well-trained crew." Berkshire Hathaway acquired FlightSafety in late 1996.
He spent his winters in Vero Beach, Florida, but worked daily in the warmer months at FlightSafety's headquarters at the Marine Air Terminal at LaGuardia Airport in Flushing, Queens, New York.
Philanthropy
Ueltschi helped launch and was a prolific contributor to Orbis International, a nonprofit, global development organization which operates a flying eye hospital (utilizing a specially equipped McDonnell Douglas DC-10) that offers sight-saving surgery and training to doctors around the world, and whose mission is to eliminate avoidable blindness in developing countries.
In 2010, Ueltschi cofounded HelpMeSee with his son Jim, to address cataract blindness in the developing world by training thousands of cataract specialists using techniques developed by Ueltschi himself.
On September 18, 2012, Ueltschi signed The Giving Pledge, noting his commitment to cataract relief.
The National Business Aviation Association offers the Al Ueltschi Award for Humanitarian Leadership, given in recognition of "the spirit of service demonstrated by humanitarian leaders within the business aviation community."
References
1917 births
2012 deaths
American aviation businesspeople
Philanthropists from Kentucky
Aviation pioneers
Aviators from Kentucky
21st-century American philanthropists
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
Pan Am people
People from Franklin County, Kentucky
University of Kentucky alumni
20th-century American philanthropists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Lee%20Ueltschi |
Cornelius Middelthon (12 April 1869 – 6 April 1934) was a Norwegian grocer and politician of the Conservative Party who served as Minister of Labour from 1920 to 1921 and again from 1923 to 1924.
1869 births
1934 deaths
Government ministers of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Middelthon |
Roddy Woomble (born 13 August 1976) is a Scottish singer, songwriter and writer. He is the lead vocalist of indie rock band Idlewild, with whom he has recorded nine studio albums. Celebrated for his poetic lyrics and warm, baritone voice, In 2006, Woomble released his folk-influenced debut solo album, My Secret Is My Silence, and has since released four subsequent studio albums: The Impossible Song & Other Songs (2011), Listen to Keep (2013), The Deluder (2017) and Lo! Soul (2021). In 2020 Woomble released the 'Everyday Sun' EP which featured largely spoken word pieces over minimal, ambient backing. He followed this sound and direction into 2021's 'Lo Soul' which he recorded at home during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2007, Woomble curated a collaborative studio album between Scottish writers and musicians, entitled Ballads of the Book, and recorded a collaborative album with folk musicians Kris Drever and John McCusker in 2008, called Before the Ruin.
Musical career
Idlewild
Idlewild was formed in 1995 in Edinburgh by Woomble, Rod Jones, Colin Newton and Phil Scanlon. The band achieved critical and commercial success over nine albums and have toured worldwide. Their sound has moved from the punk rock of their earlier records, to the refined and thoughtful melodic rock of their latter albums. Their last album was 2019's 'Interview Music'. In 2020 they celebrated twenty five years as a band with a special UK tour and accompanying book titled 'In The Beginning There Were Answers; 25 years of Idlewild' which was written by Woomble.
Solo
In 2006, Woomble worked with several musicians including Kate Rusby, Idlewild guitarist Rod Jones and
Dave Gow and Ailidh Lennon from Sons & Daughters on his debut solo album My Secret Is My Silence, produced by John McCusker. The album was released in July 2006, and Woomble toured the United Kingdom in support of the album's release. My Secret Is My Silence reached number one in the UK Folk Charts. A year later, on 10 July 2007, My Secret Is My Silence was released in the US on 7–10 Music.
Woomble's follow-up album, Before the Ruin, written and recorded with Kris Drever and John McCusker, was released on 15 September 2008 through Navigator Records.
In 2009 Woomble re-located to the Isle of Mull in the Scottish Hebrides and began work on a new album entitled 'The Impossible Song & other songs'. It was released in 2011 and was recorded entirely at the An Tobar arts centre in Tobermory on the Isle of Mull and features a cast of musicians from the Scottish folk scene. The album was accompanied by extensive touring around the U.K.
The country influenced Listen to Keep followed in 2013, before Woomble concentrated again on Idlewild, returning attention back to his solo career with 2017's The Deluder, a darker and more introspective album. After the release of 2019's Interview Music album with Idlewild, Woomble changed direction again with the Everyday Sun EP (2020) and Lo! Soul (2021) which both share a minimal, electronic sound.
In 2023 Womble launched a new project called Almost Nothing.
Writings
Woomble has published two books - a collection of his lyrics and poems entitled Instrumentals (2016) and a retrospective book about Idlewild In the Beginning There Were Answers (2020). He has also written columns and articles for a selection of publications including The Sunday Herald, The List, The Idler and The Great Outdoors.
Personal life
Woomble moved frequently during his childhood, living in Scotland, France, England and the United States. After Idlewild's initial success he lived in London then New York City, before returning to Glasgow in 2005. In 2008 Woomble and his wife Ailidh Lennon moved to the Isle of Mull; the family later relocated to Iona.
Discography
Studio albums
My Secret Is My Silence (2006)
Before the Ruin (2008) (with Kris Drever and John McCusker)
The Impossible Song & Other Songs (2011)
Listen to Keep (2013)
The Deluder (2017)
Lo! Soul (2021)
Almost Nothing (2023) (as Almost Nothing)
EPs
Everyday Sun (2020)
Live albums
Live at Kings Place (2014) (as Roddy Woomble & Band)
See also
Scottish folk music
Edinburgh culture
References
External links
Roddy Woomble official website
1976 births
Living people
21st-century Scottish male singers
Scottish male songwriters
People from Irvine, North Ayrshire
20th-century Scottish male singers
British male songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy%20Woomble |
UGC NET or NTA-UGC-NET, is the examination for determining the eligibility for the post of assistant professor and/or Junior Research Fellowship award in Indian universities and colleges. The examination is conducted by National Testing Agency on behalf of University Grants Commission. Until July 2018, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) conducted the UGC NET exam, which the NTA has been conducting since December 2018. Currently, the exam is being conducted twice a year in the months of June and December in online mode
Only top 6% from all appeared candidates will be qualified for UGC-NET Qualified Assistant Professorship.
Jobs for NET qualified candidates
University Grants Commission (UGC) announced in 2013 that the candidates who clear the NET successfully would be eligible for lucrative also for private college lectureship jobs in public sector undertakings (PSUs). PSUs can use UGC-NET scores for the recruitment process of the posts of executives in their organization in disciplines like science (R&D), management, corporate communications, human resources, and finance. This step taken by the UGC would also increase the number of students taking the UGC-NET examination which has witnessed a gradual decline in recent years.
UGC Net Qualifying Criteria And Cut Off Percentages
UGC NET Procedure and Criteria for the declaration of result steps:
Obtain minimum qualifying marks with aggregate 55% marks to General and 50% to others in master's degree.
The paper will be divided into two papers: Papers 1 and 2. The candidates would have to attempt a total of (both papers 1 and 2) 150 questions in three hours.
There is no separate cutoff for any of the papers and the cutoff is decided on the aggregate marks.
Amongst those candidates who have obtained Minimum marks a merit list will be prepared subject wise and category-wise using the aggregate marks of two papers secured by such candidates.
For lectureship, the aggregate cut off marks for General category is between 54 and 60, for OBC NCL it is 49–56, for SC/ST it is 45–54 and for EWS it is 48–58 (for all subjects).
On the other hand, Top 6% of candidates will be selected for eligibility of NET-Qualified Assistant Professor. Simultaneously, a separate list for JRF would be prepared.
A separate merit list for the award of JRF will be prepared from amongst the NET qualified candidates figuring in the above merit list prepared.
Until 2018 UGC released the certificates but from December 2018 onward, NTA releases the UGC NET e-certificate and JRF award letter on its official website for the qualified candidates. Successful candidates would be able to download their e-certificates and award letters online at ugcnet.nta.nic.in.
Reservations quota in UGC-NET and Junior Research Fellowships
Candidates clearing JRF exams are also eligible for the National Eligibility Test. UGC follows the Government of India's reservation policy in UGC-NET, as per which a minimum of 27%, 10%, 15%, 7.5% for OBC, EWS, SC, ST respectively and 5% for PWD (Earlier the reservation for Higher Education is 3% , now it is 5 percentage for PWD as per RPWD Act 2016 irrespective of the caste which they belong, Reservation for PWD is for benchmark disability)
The reservation is applicable for UGC-NET Examination being University Grants Commission comes under Central Education Institution Act under Sec. 2(d)(ii) and National Testing Agency (NTS) comes under Central Education Institution Act under Sec. 2(d)(v).
Now as per Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 National Testing Agency (NTA) & University Grants Commission (UGC) is obliged to provide 5% reservation to PWD as per Sec. 32(1) of RPWD Act, 2016 to those who are having above 40% disability being NTA is an Educational Agency registered under Societies Registration Act, 1860 and as per Central Educational Institution (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006 Sec. 2.(d)(v) an educational institution set up by the Central Government under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
Thereby as per Sec. 32(1) of the RPWD Act, 2016 Differentially abled persons (those who are above 40% disability) are eligible for 5% reservation in higher education. As per Central Education Institution (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006 UGC & NTA is providing the reservation to SC/ST, OBC, General-EWS etc.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
32. (1) All Government institutions of higher education and other higher education institutions receiving aid from the Government shall reserve not less than five per cent. seats for persons with benchmark disabilities.
UGC NET Age Limit and Relaxation
JRF: Candidate should not be more than 31 years as on 1 June 2022. There are a few relaxations as well.
Candidates (including women applicants) belonging to OBC-NCL/SC/ST/PwD/Transgender categories are provided a relaxation of up to five years.
Candidates who have research experience get a relaxation limited to the period they have spent on the research, but this relaxation is subject to a maximum of five years, only if you provide a certificate from the appropriate authority.
Candidates with the degree Master of Laws (L.L.M.) are provided with three years of relaxation in age.
Candidates who have served in the armed forces are provided with a relaxation of up to five years which is subject to the length of service in the armed forces up to the first day of the month in which the UGC NET examination is to be held.
Under any circumstances, the total relaxation of the above ground(s) shall not exceed five years.
Assistant Professor: There is no upper age limit for candidates to apply for UGC NET (Assistant Professor).
Number of applicants by year
See also
List of Public service commissions in India
List of Public Sector Undertakings in India
References
External links
Standardised tests in India
1989 establishments in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Eligibility%20Test |
Robert (Herbie) Haigh (born 27 March 1945 in Adelaide, South Australia) is a former hockey player from Australia, a three time olympian who won two Olympic silver medals as a member of the national team at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City and the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada. He also competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, where the Australian team finished fifth.
Since retiring as a player, he has worked closely with the Australian men's and women's national programs as an assistant coach and senior selector. He also spent a number of years as the South Australian Sports Institute head coach in charge of the men's and women's elite programs, and the Australian Hockey League coach of the SA Hotshots. He was an assistant coach to Ric Charlesworth with the Australian women's team, the Hockeyroos, during the golden era of Australian women's hockey and in 2010 was a selector for the men's national team, the Kookaburras. He was inducted into the Australian Hockey Hall of Fame in 2008 and South Australian Sport Hall of Fame in 2011.
Playing hockey
Club hockey
Haigh played with the Woodville Hockey Club in South Australia, where he is a life member and vice patron. The reserve on which the Woodville clubrooms and pitch are located are named after him. He was the Best & Fairest player in the men's competition in 1965, 1968, 1969 and 1970.
National hockey
Haigh represented South Australia in the senior hockey team from 1964 to 1976.
International hockey
Haigh played 106 tests as a member of the Australian men's hockey team from 1966 to 1976, was vice captain from 1969 to 1974 and captain in 1975–1976.
He competed in three Olympics, won two silver Olympic medals with the team at the 1968 and 1976 Summer Olympic Games and was the official flag carrier for Australia at the closing ceremony of the 1976 Games in Montreal.
Haigh also competed at two World Cups: Barcelona in 1971 and Kuala Lumpur in 1975 (captain).
Coaching hockey
Local and national
Haigh coached the SA Senior Men to a national championship in 1980. He was South Australian Sports Institute hockey coach from 2001 to 2006 and Hockey SA hockey development manager before that from 1991 to 1997, coaching numerous state junior teams in that time.
International
Haigh was an assistant coach for the Australia women's national field hockey team, the Hockeyroos under head coach Ric Charlesworth from 1997 to 2000 during which time they achieved the following results
Gold medal at the 1998 women's Hockey World Cup
Gold medal at the [[1998 Commonwealth Game
Gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.
He was also a selector for Australia men's national field hockey team, the Kookaburras, from 2009 to 2014. Haigh was the Fiji National Coach in 1981.
In 2008 he was inducted into the Australian Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2011, he was inducted into the South Australian Sport Hall of Fame.
Awards and recognition
1965 – The Advertiser Trophy for Best and Fairest in A1 Grade
1968-70 - The Advertiser Trophy for Best and Fairest in A1 Grade
Life Member and Vice Patron - Woodville Hockey Club
Life Member - Hockey SA
Inaugural Member of the Australian Hockey Hall of Fame
Member of the South Australian Sport Hall of Fame
References
External links
1945 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players from Adelaide
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic coaches for Australia
South Australian Sports Institute coaches
Sportsmen from South Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Haigh |
Abel Joseph "Jack" Diamond, (November 8, 1932 – October 30, 2022) was a South Africa-born Canadian architect. Diamond arrived in Canada in 1964 for the University of Toronto. In 1974, he established his architectural practice, A.J. Diamond Architects. This practice evolved into Diamond Schmitt Architects.
Personal life and education
Jack Diamond was born on November 8, 1932, in Piet Retief, South Africa, and he belongs to a Jewish family. Diamond's great-grandfather was a rabbi in London, England. In 1917, Diamond's grandfather died in a pogrom in Lithuania. Diamond's father, Jacob Diamond, migrated to South Africa before the Second World War.
Diamond's mother had kept a house plan that Diamond drew when he was four. His love of architecture began at a young age. To Diamond, buildings have been a unique way of playing house. Diamond has a passion for various forms of art; painting, sketching, and music.
Diamond has a love of watercolor paintings and sketches. His house is decorated with cities and landscapes paintings from throughout his career. His sketches are published in a book by Douglas & McIntyre, called Sketches: From Here and There. The book consists of many sketches that resemble his very own sketch book.
In 1956, Diamond received a Bachelor of Architecture from University of Cape Town. He subsequently studied philosophy, Politics and Economics at University College, Oxford, graduating in 1958. Diamond received his Masters of Architecture at University of Pennsylvania in 1962. It was at Oxford University where Diamond met his wife, Gillian. In Philadelphia, Diamond worked with the reputable architect, Louis Kahn. In 1964, Diamond moved to Canada and became the director of the Architecture Program at University of Toronto.
In 1995, Diamond was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and he was awarded the Order of Ontario in 1997.
He served as a member of the Ontario Human Rights Commission from 1986 to 1989, as Chairman of the Design Advisory Committee for the National Capital, Ottawa, and as a Commissioner of the Greater Toronto Area Task Force.
Diamond died at his Toronto home on October 30, 2022.
Career and design approach
Diamond began his career in architecture in 1968, shortly after he joined University of Toronto. He stayed with the University of Toronto until 1970.
In 1970, Diamond persuaded people in Toronto to consider heritage preservation of an old ceramics manufacturing plant. At the time, the idea of preserving an old warehouse was a bizarre concept. Diamond had borrowed money and renovated the building and lived in one of the floors. The project was successful and other individuals showed interest. The old warehouse went under renovation and was later sold to Ed Mirvish. Diamond is a known pioneer in Toronto's heritage restoration.
In 1975, Diamond established his practice A.J. Diamond Architects. In 1978, he formed a partnership with Donald Schmitt and Company and the practice evolved into Diamond and Schmitt Architects employing over 120 staff. Diamond Schmitt Architects have designed academic, cultural, commercial, healthcare, civic and residential buildings. Their approach to architecture revolves around human activity. They challenge design in hopes of creating spaces that create a better way of living by using creative design strategies.
Notable projects
Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts
The Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts opened in 2006. It is home to the Canadian Opera Company and the National Ballet of Canada. The Performing Arts Centre design keeps the city noise of Toronto out.
United Kingdom Holocaust Memorial Competition
The United Kingdom Holocaust Memorial was an international design competition held in 2017. Diamond Schmitt's entry was among the finalists, although it was ultimately not selected. Located in Victoria Tower Gardens, the entrance of the Memorial is a ramp that circles around the middle. The cast-iron walls are a darker material, a reminder of the events that took place in the Holocaust. The sunken middle opens up to the sky to bring lightness into the memorial and contrast to the darker walls. The middle of the Memorial is the 'Court of Conscience'. The recitation of the names of the victims are the only sounds heard within the quiet memorial.
Mariinsky II
The Mariinsky II opened in 2013 in St. Petersburg, Russia. This theater was one of the first major Russia opera houses to be constructed in over a century. Acoustic quality and the experience of a performance were two main goals when designing the Mariinsky II. The main auditorium of the theater is clad in Onyx. The warm glow from the Onyx can be seen at street level outside. The warm glow is considered to be the artistic spirit from art institutions in Russia. The backstage is designed to allow for 5 stages to be worked on simultaneously, making it easier for crews working on productions. The theater is a symbolism of the power art has within Russia.
Other projects
1978: Citadel Theatre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
1981: Central YMCA Toronto
1981: Village Terraces, 260 Heath Street West, Toronto
1986: Newcastle Town Hall
1988: Jerusalem City Hall, Israel
1988: York University Student Centre, Toronto, Ontario Canada
1989: Richmond Hill Library, Richmond Hill, Ontario Canada
1995: Baycrest Apotex Retirement Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2001: Jewish Community Center in Manhattan
2006: Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts, Toronto, Ontario Canada
2007: Harman Center for the Arts, Washington D.C., USA
2008: Southbrook Vineyards, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada
2009: Women's College Hospital Master Plan, Toronto, Ontario Canada
2010: Corus Quay Building, Toronto, Ontario Canada
2011 : Montreal Symphony House, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (with SNC Lavalin and Aedifica, Montreal)
2011: Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario Canada
2011: Burlington Performing Arts Centre, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
2012: Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, Ontario Canada
2013: Bridgepoint Health Chronic Long Term Health Care Complex, Toronto, Ontario Canada
2013: The Mariinsky Theatre (Second Stage) New Opera, St. Petersburg, Russia
Work in progress
Black Sea Residential Resorts, Obzor, Bulgaria (with Urbiarch, Obzor)
Publications
1996: Works: The Architecture of A. J. Diamond, Donald Schmitt and Company, 1968–1994
2007: "Urban Form, Transportation and Sustainability". Ideas that Matter, July 30
2007: "Sprawl is our 'Inconvenient Truth. The Globe and Mail, May 18
2008: Insight and On Site, The Architecture of Diamond and Schmitt.
2010: Sketches from Here and There
2022: Context and Content: Memoirs of a Fortunate Architect
Honors and awards
1976: Governor General's Medal in Architecture for the Citadel Theater in Edmonton
1984: Governor General's Medal in Architecture for the Metropolitan Toronto Central YMCA
1989: Toronto Arts Award for Architecture and Design
1990: Governor General's Medal in Architecture for the Earth Sciences Centre at University of Toronto
1991: Governor General's Medal in Architecture for the York University Student Centre<
1993: Governor General's Medal in Architecture for the Richmond Hill Central Library
1995: Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa), Dalhousie University
1995: Officer of the Order of Canada
1997: Order of Ontario
2001: Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Gold Medal
2001: Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Award of Excellence for Innovation in Architecture
2005: Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Award of Excellence for Innovation in Architecture
References
External links
Interview with Jack Diamond in Podcast Aesthetic Intent
Abel Joseph Diamond oral history interview held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
1932 births
People from Piet Retief, Mpumalanga
Canadian architects
Canadian Jews
Officers of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Ontario
University of Cape Town alumni
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Diamond%20%28architect%29 |
Essex in Ireland refers to the military campaign pursued in Ireland in 1599 by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, during the Nine Years War.
In 1598, Queen Elizabeth I of England had been troubled over the choice of a military commander for Ireland, at a time when two factions dominated her court - one led by Essex, the other by her principal secretary, Sir Robert Cecil. In the following year Essex found himself with no choice but to offer his services, which the Queen accepted. The ensuing campaign failed, and Essex returned in disgrace to England, where he made a treasonable challenge to Crown authority. He was convicted and put to death in 1601.
Appointment of Essex
In the 1590s Essex was especially popular in London, where he was considered a pillar of Protestantism. At the height of the Anglo-Spanish war (1585–1604) he pushed an offensive strategy, supporting the Dutch rebels and French Huguenots against their Catholic enemy. But even as he championed maritime attacks on Spain and outright war against the Irish rebel O'Neill, the broad alliance against Spain was broken by the decision of King Henry IV of France to sue for peace.
The Queen's principal secretary, Lord Burghley (father of Cecil and once guardian of Essex), strongly opposed this strategy, preferring peace and a steady hand in Ireland. In April 1598 he confronted Essex in the Council chamber for the last time. According to the chronicler William Camden, Essex denounced peace as dishonourable, but Burghley interrupted, saying, "he breathed forth nothing but war, slaughter and blood", and pointed to the text of his prayerbook: "Bloodthirsty and deceitful men shall not live out half their days."
In the summer, during the Council debate over the appointment of the next military commander for Ireland, Essex turned his back on the Queen, and she lost her temper, striking him across the head. He laid his hand on the hilt of his sword, but was held back by the Lord Admiral. Before leaving the chamber Essex (again, according to Camden) said, "he neither could nor would put up so great an affront and indignity, neither would he have taken it at King Henry the Eighth his hands". Tradition has it that he also called the Queen, "as crooked in her disposition as in her carcass".
His credit greatly reduced, he withdrew from Court - but the Queen's problems soon became more complex: in early August Burghley died; ten days later her army in Ireland suffered a stunning defeat at the Battle of the Yellow Ford; and a few weeks later Phillip II, the king of Spain. died.
The faction fight resumed, and Essex and the younger Cecil each tried to diminish the other's influence by proposing the Irish appointment (and therefore removal from Court) of members of the opposing faction. Once the list of candidates was exhausted the Cecil faction named Essex as the only remaining option, and he felt bound to offer his services. On December 30 the Queen formally opted for him, not merely as her deputy in Ireland but as Lord Lieutenant, and Essex announced his determination to beat O'Neill in the field.
Powers
On Twelfth Night Essex danced with the Queen at a party for the Danish ambassador. She had misgivings over the details of the campaign, but preparations were settled by the first week of March 1599. Letters patent were passed releasing Essex from the debts incurred by his father in the Irish service, and he received his appointment on 12 March, with power to pardon the rebel leader of his life upon submission and to confer knighthoods (but only where deserved by service and sufficient living).
The army was fixed at 16,000 troops, with 1,300 horse. Among the troops were 2,000 veterans from the Netherlands campaign, led by Henry Dowcra, which it was proposed to distribute in garrisons. The plan provided for reinforcements of 2,000 troops from England every three months to make up for expected losses, and a regular postal service was established between Dublin and London via Holyhead. Essex also had command of a squadron of five warships with an assortment of fly-boats, which was intended for a landing at Lough Foyle in the north. An emergency rendez-vous for the squadron was appointed at Berehaven (or Baltimore) in the southern province of Munster, in the event of Spanish aggression. Ultimately the ships were confined to southern waters and played no part in the northern campaign.
The army was the largest ever sent to Ireland, and was fully equipped with munitions, clothing, artillery, victuals, and ships. The expected cost of the campaign was put at £290,000 per annum, twice that of Elizabeth's Netherlands campaign. The Irish enemy was supplied from Spain and Scotland, and its troops estimated at 20-30,000, with up to half operating in the northern province of Ulster, where the crown's authority was confined to a few inland forts supplied by defended towns in the east.
Departure
Essex departed London on 27 March 1599. Prayers were offered in the churches for his success, and he was cheered on in the sunshine for four miles through a double line of citizens, until it began to rain and hail. With him were the noblemen Blount and Southampton, whom Essex appointed against the queen's wishes.
On April 5 Essex waited at Hilbre, an island at the mouth of the river Dee, for favourable winds in foggy conditions. A week later he sailed from Beaumaris after impatiently riding over Penmaen Mawr - "the worst way and in the extremest wet that I have endured" - while bidding his ships to meet him. After a violent passage he reached Dublin on April 15 and was sworn into office the same day, when the Archbishop of Dublin preached a notable sermon.
The campaign had already suffered a blow in January on the death at Dublin of Sir Richard Bingham, a veteran commander of the Irish wars who commanded 5,000 troops from England. After Essex's arrival there was a further blow on the death of the young Earl of Kildare, who was set to join the campaign when his ship foundered in the Irish Sea and he was drowned along with eighteen Irish noblemen.
In his first week in Ireland Essex mounted a lavish pageant of English chivalry during the Garter Feast at Dublin on St George's Day, April 23. It was a pointed display of the values he felt were ignored at Elizabeth's Court. In London the Queen had chosen a muted version of the same ceremony, owing to the hardships of the war, and on hearing the reports from Dublin she granted the valuable mastership of wards to Cecil rather than the Earl. There was more humiliation for Essex when he rode north to Drogheda to inspect the famous 1,200 strong Flanders regiment, now commanded by Arthur Chichester. Essex charged the parading troops with his mounted staff, but they chose not to see the joke and stood firm, forcing him to pull his horse back as he was pricked in the backside with a pike.
Campaign preparations
The grand strategy favoured at Dublin, of attacking by land and sea simultaneously, was probably impossible with English resources, given the rumours of a fresh Armada from Spain and the need to keep warships in southern waters. The amphibious expedition to establish a northern base at Lough Foyle was abandoned, and the Dublin Council switched from an immediate attack on O'Neill and his confederate, Hugh Roe O'Donnell, when it became clear the strategy would fail through want of forage, cattle, and draught-horses. But this advice was declined by the Privy Council at London, which settled on a straight attack north into Ulster.
The Dublin Council may have been right: O'Neill bore out its fears by stripping food and horses from the lands bordering the Pale (an area around Dublin traditionally loyal to crown government). The rebel leader then encouraged a rebellion by the White Knight in the southern province of Munster, while O'Donnell moved into the western province of Connacht, with the expectation O'Neill would push south to join with the White Knight. War was in preparation at every point of the compass.
The Dublin Council advised Essex to attack O'Neill's confederates in the east, around the Pale, where the rebels were reckoned at 3,000 plus 800 mercenaries sent from Ulster. Essex seems to have taken that advice, ordering 5,000 troops into garrisons along the border of the Pale. To counter the White Knight he reinforced Cork on the south coast, and more troops were ordered into Munster for Sir Thomas Norris (acting president of that province) and into Kilkenny for the Earl of Ormond. In the west the army of the President of Connacht, Sir Conyers Clifford, was increased to 3,000. Conditions on the ground had set Essex in opposition to the Council in London: he put the threat from the north on hold and chose, instead, to head south and subdue Ireland in a roundabout tour - through the Pale into Munster, and heading back to Dublin through south Leinster.
Southern campaign
Essex set out from Dublin on May 9 to muster his army in the champion fields of Kildare, the Curragh. He marched south, taking the castle of Athy, and was harried by the O'Mores as he passed beyond the Pale. He relieved the fort of Maryborough, and the first significant engagement came in the second week of May at the pass of Cashel in Queens County. The pass was wooded and boggy, with a plashed trench at either end. At the head of his advance were 40 shot and 20 swordsmen. In the face of rebel resistance the calivermen moved to point blank range and the swordsmen jumped into the trenches on the flanks; the vanguard moved through the calivermen in a frontal assault and pressed through to open country, where they halted until the whole column had joined them. Essex was said to have flown like lightning between the vanguard, battle, and rearguard. The English admitted to the loss of three officers and several men although the Irish claimed 500 were killed. The rebels captured many feathered helmets, and the battle became known as The Pass of the Plumes. According to Geoffrey Keating's History of Ireland, "in the year 1599, (Owney Mac Rory Óg O'More) cut off a great number of the troops of the Earl of Essex, in a defile in their progress through Leinster, at a place called from that circumstance Bearna-Cleitigh, signifying the Pass of Plumes, from the great quantity of plumes left there, which were worn in the helmets of the English knights who were slain."
On May 18 Essex marched south to Kilkenny with two-thirds of his force. The streets of the city were strewn in welcome with green herbs and rushes, and Essex endured some lively orations from the local dignitaries. After meeting with Thomas Norris he departed on May 22 with 2,500 foot and 300 horse and was received with jubilation in the town of Clonmel. Two miles below the town, on the river Suir, the castle of Derrylare was surrendered, and Essex then fixed his sights on Cahir Castle, the strongest fortress in Ireland.
Essex had accused Lord Cahir, whose brother had custody of the castle, of collusion with the White Knight. Upon the failure of a parley for the surrender of the castle the English took forceful action: in a cannonade lasting two days the curtain wall was breached and the garrison fled. Essex entered the castle on May 29 (see Siege of Cahir Castle).
Essex marched west to Limerick city, where he was well received on June 4. At this point the army was joined by a large train of baggage porters, which outnumbered the fighting men two-to-one and remained a drain on resources throughout the campaign. At Askeaton (centre of resistance to the crown in the Desmond rebellion 15 years earlier) the army was revictualled after an encounter at Adare with the Sugán Earl, a pretender to the Earldom of Desmond who had shown himself with 2-3,000 men.
Essex realised the Munster rebels would not allow themselves to be trapped between his army and the western seaboard and decided to march south in an effort to draw them into battle. At Kilmallock he consulted the president, Thomas Norris, but conditions had begun to deteriorate, and it was reported that the soldiers "went so coldly on" that Essex had to reproach their baseness. There was no money, no magazine, no remnant of victual from the crown stores, and scarce enough cows to supply the army for two days, ammunition only for three. The army marched further south while Essex went to Mallow on a mission to procure supplies. He rejoined his men with a MacCarthy ally, but by the time he entered the heart of Desmond country the Sugán Earl and the rest of the rebels had gone into the field and were beyond reach.
Essex forded the river Blackwater at Affane, where he held a council of war in his tent, allowing Norris 1,100 foot and a company of horse to pursue the war in Munster. He marched unhindered eastward through Lord Power's country to Waterford City, where he was received with two Latin orations and a joyful concourse of people on June 21. The army was ferried across the river, from Munster to Leinster, an operation that took a frustrating length of time, and Essex left Waterford on June 22.
Return to Dublin
The way to Dublin was north by Wicklow, where the English commander Henry Harrington had been heavily defeated at the Battle of Deputy's Pass near Wicklow on May 29 by the rebel Phelim MacFeagh O'Byrne. Essex marched over the river Slaney with 1,200 fighting men and a host of churls and horseboys, choosing to approach by the coast rather than risk the foothills. Along the way his men torched villages and houses, until confronted by O'Byrne with 1,000 troops four miles south of Arklow on the Clonnough river. The Earl of Southampton crossed in deep water with the horse, and the Earl of Ormond led the army over a ford near the sea. The rebels skirmished on the left flank but would not close until they saw the baggage train was vulnerable: they swept into a hard fight and routed the English, killing almost the entire force: "Though the English horse twice drove the Irish back - enabling one of the cavalry captains to rescue the infantry's drums and colours - the small army's morale was beyond help, and it broke and fled in all directions once open country was reached. Many were killed, and the fate of many survivors was little better". Essex marched on to Dublin, arriving on July 2.
After eight weeks Essex could barely muster 300 horsemen. Not a single rebel commander had submitted, and no district was left subdued. Many troops had been dispersed in garrisons in Leinster and Munster, and the strength of the army was much reduced by disease and desertion. In London Essex was further discredited at Court for repairing coastal defences at Waterford and elsewhere, when the Armada scare of that summer was at its height in England.
Essex planned a second offensive beyond the Pale, which went ahead despite the Queen's disapproval: Maryborough and Philipstown (where 60 men had just been lost) were resupplied around July 25 - by Blount and Essex respectively - and Essex fought on the border of Westmeath with the rebel Captain Tyrrell. Harrington took part in this offensive, and Clifford came from the west with reinforcements, only to lose many men in the fighting. A surprise attack on the O'Connors in the heart of their country was successful: their children were exposed to the might of the Crown army, their corn was burned, and 500 cows were seized in thick woods. But Essex had failed once more to engage a significant rebel force and he withdrew to Dublin.
Clifford returned to Connacht, where he was killed and his forces routed at the Battle of Curlew Pass. This defeat - so soon after the defeat of Harrington in Wicklow - was rated by Cecil as the heaviest blow ever suffered by the English in Ireland, and at Court the blame was laid on Essex. O'Neill was now free from threat in the west, and an attack on his territory in Ulster was unlikely. Crown authority in Ireland hung in the balance.
Northern campaign
During the campaign Essex had wilfully abused his power by dubbing 38 knights, and the Queen announced that "it is doubted that if he continues this course he will shortly bring in tag and rag, cut and long-tail, and so bring the order into contempt". But she failed to curtail her commander and, according to her godson Sir John Harington, raged impotently at the news from Ireland: "She walks much in her privy chamber and stamps with her feet at ill news, and thrusts her rusty sword at times into the arras in great rage." She could take no more and on 30 July 1599 ordered an immediate attack on O'Neill.
Essex agreed and announced his intention, but he was suffering from a recurrent ailment, possibly a kidney stone, which may have restrained his enthusiasm. Others too had misgivings about the Queen's plan, since the rebels were secure on their western front, making an attack from the south deeply hazardous without a base in Lough Foyle. A council of war declared against the plan, but a month later the Queen delivered a furious censure to Essex, complaining bitterly that only 5,000 fighting men were available, and not twice that number. Concerns over a rumoured Spanish landing on the Isle of Wight in England made reinforcement of the Irish army impracticable, while hopes of peace talks with Archduke Albert, the Spanish governor of Flanders, may have caused Essex to suspect treason amongst the Queen's councillors. But seven days after the controversial council of war Essex set out for the north with the hopeless notion that, "if he [O'Neill] has as much courage as he pretendeth we will on one side or the other end the war."
Essex departed Dublin on August 28, and the army was mustered three days later outside Kells, making up 3,700 foot and 300 horse. O'Neill's readiness to outflank him and attack the Pale restrained Essex from advancing further, and in a letter to the Queen ("weary with life") he explained that Kells should be the frontier garrison for the coming winter. On September 2 he marched to Ardee, where O'Neill was sighted with his army on the far side of the Lagan, "a mile and a half from our quarter, but a river and a wood between him and us". The English claimed variously that the rebel leader had 10,000 foot and 1,000 horse, or 5,000 and 700. Heeding counsel not to engage because of the inferiority of his forces, Essex embattled the army and encamped on the left bank of the Lagan. O'Neill marched on the flank, keeping to the woods, while his horse-scouts stayed within sight.
The opposing commanders communicated with each other, and on September 6 Essex advanced with 2,000 foot and 300 horse. On sighting O'Neill he readied his army in the formation of a St Andrew's cross, with cavalry on either flank and to the rear. The war council hoped for an Irish attack and determined not to take the initiative. The next day O'Neill's envoy told Essex his master sought the Queen's mercy, and proposed a meeting with Essex at the ford of Bellaclinthe on the river Glyde.
On September 7 Essex rejected the meeting place, but the impatient O'Neill found a spot to ride into the river up to his horse's belly. It was a gesture of humility, and Essex rode with a troop of horse to an overlooking hill before going down alone to the ford, where he conversed with the rebel for half an hour. Both men withdrew to their companies on the hills. A formal meeting followed later, with six witnesses on either side: Essex rode down to the ford with his men and remained on the bank, while the Irish rode into the river - again, up to their horses' bellies. O'Neill spoke bare-headed for a good while, saluting the viceregal party with great respect. After half-an-hour a further conference was arranged at Lagan ford for the following morning.
Essex continued his march to Drumcondra, while O'Neill returned to camp. At the planned conference on September 8 O'Neill was present, but not Essex. A cessation of arms was agreed for six weeks to six weeks, until May Day, either side being at liberty to break it on giving fourteen days warning; the English had liberty to attack O'Neill's confederates if they refused to be bound. The terms also provided for restitution of all spoils within 20 days after the warning, and the rebels were to hold all they then possessed, with no garrisons to be placed in new stations, free passages to be assured, all English garrisons to be apprised of the cessation, and commissioners for the borders between the English and Irish zones to be appointed. O'Neill was to ratify this on oath, Essex on his word. The terms were committed to writing and signed by O'Neill. The next day Essex dispersed his army and went to take physic at Drogheda, while O'Neill retired with all his forces into the heart of his country.
Flight of Essex
In mid-September 1599 the queen wrote to Essex with further criticisms and forbade him from leaving Ireland without special warrant. A week later he committed responsibility for his government to two lords justice, placing Ormond in command of the army under his old commission, and gave instruction that the cessation was to be maintained, with garrisons fully victualled for six months. On the same day - September 24 - Essex boldly sailed for England, relying on his general warrant to return granted under the Great Seal. He reached London on the 28th, where he disturbed the Queen in her chamber before she was fully dressed.
Elizabeth described the cessation as the, "quick end made of a slow proceeding", and it was generally concluded that Essex's presence in Ireland had been superfluous. Essex revealed only to the Queen what had passed between him and O'Neill, having promised to deliver the rebel request verbally. At first treason was not suspected, but Elizabeth was outspoken about O'Neill: "to trust this traitor upon oath is to trust a devil upon his religion". She ordered no ratification, nor pardon, without her authority; but in time she did admit the usefulness of the cessation. Meanwhile, Essex was committed to custody, and on 29 November the council condemned him in the Star Chamber.
O'Neill was in two minds about the cessation and came under pressure from his confederate, O'Donnell, who argued that too much had been ceded to the English. O'Neill issued a list of demands on religious freedom, withdrawal of English influence, and confirmation of lands in rebel possession - probably the bones of his private conference with Essex. In a report of November 18 the rebels were said to have, "made two Irish terms of scorn against the Earl of Essex; one that he never drew sword but to make knights; the other, that he came like a hasty messenger, that went away before he had done his errand." Later that month there was a further parley on the Lagan, and a one-month extension was agreed. In December O'Neill complained of breaches of the cessation, and in the spring of 1600 he turned south on a campaign through Munster.
Succession
The detail of the earl's private parley with O'Neill became the subject of speculation in England. Sir Henry Wotton, the earl's personal secretary, complained bitterly of the duplicity of interpreters, saying that they were Essex's worst enemies. Rumours of the earl's disloyalty abounded, and with the waning of his favour at court Essex chose to challenge the queen's authority by breaking house arrest and riding in force through London to gain an audience with her. He was compelled to turn back by a well-organised defence, and at Cecil's insistence was declared a traitor. After a swift trial on charges of treason Essex was convicted and suffered the death penalty in February 1601.
Intelligence received in Spain some years later from James Blake (the supposed assassin of O'Donnell) had it "that the Earl of Essex, the same who raided Cadiz, had dealings with the Prince Onel of Ireland about causing a rising against the Queen of England, for which reason he was beheaded in England, and the said Earl employed the deponent [Blake] as intermediary between himself and the said Prince." It was also put about that O'Neill had almost persuaded Essex to leave the service of Queen Elizabeth and to join that of King Philip III to whom, "they would deliver the whole kingdom". O'Neill was said to have promised Essex great favour on behalf of the Spanish king, and when Essex expressed doubt because of, "certain disservices he had done to the Crown of Spain", the rebel leader went so far as to offer Essex his son as a hostage in proof of his good faith.
As with so many late Elizabethan conspiracy theories Spanish calculations may have been of less importance than those of the queen's councillors. At the outset in 1599 Essex had realised he was taking a risk in departing the court and leaving the field open to Cecil, a risk that would pay off only if he defeated O'Neill. The Irish campaign proved far more difficult than anticipated - Essex was the last English commander of the age to underestimate rebel capability - and the situation at court deteriorated rapidly, with Cecil gaining an overwhelming influence over the queen. The private parley with O'Neill was especially significant at a time when Cecil was preparing the succession of the Scots king, James VI, to Elizabeth's throne. Essex's flight from Ireland was a desperate attempt to interfere with those preparations, and once this had failed his subsequent treason was down to his refusal to accept that it was Cecil, and not he, who would determine the succession.
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Bacon, Francis (1604) Sir Francis Bacon His Apologie, In Certaine Imputations Concerning the Late Earle of Essex
Vol. 1•Vol. 2
vol I, 1515-1574 • vol II, 1575-1588 • vol III, 1589–1600 • vol IV, 1601-1603 • vol V, Book of Howth; Miscellaneous • vol VI, 1603–1624
[NB For other volumes, see Annals of the Four Masters.]
Memoirs of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, from the year 1581 till her death, pp. 394 ff., Thomas Birch ed. (1754).
Nine Years' War (Ireland)
1599 in Ireland
1600 in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex%20in%20Ireland |
"Bookland" is the informal name for the Unique Country Code (UCC) prefix allocated in the 1980s for European Article Number (EAN) identifiers of published books, regardless of country of origin, so that the EAN namespace can catalogue books by ISBN rather than maintaining a redundant parallel numbering system. In other words, Bookland is a fictitious country that exists solely in EAN for the purposes of non-geographically cataloguing books in the otherwise geographically keyed EAN coding system.
History
Until January 1, 2007, all ISBNs were allocated as 9-digit numbers followed by a modulo 11 checksum character that was either a decimal digit or the letter "X". A Bookland EAN was generated by concatenating the Bookland UCC 978, the 9 digits of the book's ISBN other than its checksum, and the EAN checksum digit.
Since parts of the 10-character ISBN space are nearly full, all books published from 2007 on have been allocated a 13-digit ISBN, which is identical to the Bookland EAN. Most of UCC 979 (formerly "Musicland") has now been assigned for the expansion of Bookland, and was first used by publishers in the French language, which can now use the additional prefix "979-10-" in addition to the nearly full "978-2-" prefix (onto which legacy 10-character ISBNs starting with "2-" have been remapped). Books numbered with prefixes other than 978 will not be mappable to 10-character ISBNs.
The GS1 is the global identification standards organization for retail. Every country has an assigned country code which precedes the company code. The "country codes" 978 and 979 are now officially registered for allocation by the International ISBN Agency, which maintains the official international registry of ISBN numbers allocated to book publishers.
Similar mappings
ISSNs (which identify periodical publications) are mapped into the UCC 977.
ISMNs (which identify sheet music) are mapped into the UCC 979. Since the leading "M" of a legacy 10-digit ISMN number (such as M-345-24680-5) is transcoded as 0, the EAN prefix 979-0 is wholly reserved for sheet music and has been dubbed the fictitious country "Musicland". Like ISBNs, ISMNs have been officially allocated using 13 digits since mid-2008.
References
External links
Are you ready for ISBN-13? (archived 31 August 2008)
Informational website which converts ISBN-10 to ISBN-13
US agency to obtain ISBN numbers
The EAN System (archived 12 May 2007)
Book publishing
International Standard Book Number
Fictional countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookland |
Matthew "Matt" Pryor (born March 16, 1978) is an American musician who lives in Lawrence, Kansas. He is best known as a founding member and the lead vocalist of The Get Up Kids, one of the most influential acts of the second-wave emo music scene.
Early life
Matt Pryor was born in Kansas City, Missouri on March 16, 1978. He attended St Peter's Elementary and Bishop Miege High School, where he met his future wife. Pryor was raised Catholic, but described his experience with the church as "bigoted, mysoginist & homophobic."
Pryor's father played accordion when he was young, but otherwise describes his family as "not particularly musical." He described himself as a "young metalhead in grade school," citing Guns N' Roses and Mötley Crüe as early influences. Those bands, along with the likes of Metallica and The Misfits led him to discover the Washington, D.C. hardcore scene. Pryor was especially inspired by the DIY ethics of bands like Minor Threat, Fugazi and Descendents, which led him to get involved in the local Kansas City underground music scene.
Career
Early years
Matt Pryor's first involvement with music began as a drummer & guitarist with the post-punk band Take a Joke. The band released one cassette, entitled Bicycles for Afghanistan, a reference to a chapter from Cat's Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut. After that was a stint with an avant-garde noise rock band named Secular Theme, reflecting later "I used the guitar more as a weapon of torture rather than something to write melodies on."
After Secular Theme, Pryor began to drift more toward pop punk, joining the band Secret Decoder Ring, where he met future Get Up Kids collaborator Jim Suptic. After the dissolution of that band in 1995, the Suptic recruited his childhood friend Rob Pope and Nathan Shay, who he had recently met in art school to form The Get Up Kids.
The Get Up Kids (1995-2005)
After getting the attention of major labels with their first album, the Get Up Kids found widespread success and acclaim with the release of Something to Write Home About in 1999. It was around this time that he began releasing solo acoustic material under the moniker The New Amsterdams. While making music with The Get Up Kids, Pryor began to gravitate toward different sounds in his free time, listening to Steve Earle and Richard Buckner. "I wanted to try that, just to see if I could do something that wasn't so dependent on being incredibly loud." Over time, the project began to grow in scope as the sound expanded on later albums, incorporating a full band, and at times a pedal steel player or string and horn sections.
While touring to support the band's fourth album Guilt Show, Pryor had a breakdown in Australia brought on from the stresses from being away from his newborn first child. "My daughter was 2 years old, and my oldest son was about 3 months away from being born, and I was in a really dark headspace about leaving," he reflected years later. "I needed a break just to be at home... ultimately that's not what everyone else wanted. It was killing me." After quitting the band temporarily, the group decided to disband after one final tour the following year. It was during this time that he wrote Story Like a Scar, inspired largely by the band's troubles.
The Get Up Kids breakup (2005-2009)
After the breakup of The Get Up Kids, Pryor's musical focus shifted to The New Amsterdams, which had now become a full three-piece band. Pryor had two more children, and began writing children's music. His first children's album, If You Ever See an Owl...—recorded with The New Amsterdams under the moniker The Terrible Twos—was released in 2006.
In 2008, Pryor announced that The New Amsterdams (which had by that time grown into a full band) would be going on hiatus, allowing him to pursue a solo career. The first album released under Pryor's name was Confidence Man, released later that year on Vagrant Records. After a brief tour with Kevin Devine in support of the album.
The Get Up Kids Reunion (2009-present)
it was announced that The Get Up Kids would be reuniting after a surprise show in their native Kansas City.
In 2009, between tours supporting the ten-year anniversary of Something to Write Home About, The Get Up Kids entered the studio with longtime producer Ed Rose to record new material, resulting in the Simple Science EP and the band's fifth album There Are Rules.
After There Are Rules, The Get Up Kids went on a brief hiatus during which time Pryor looked to exit the music industry, taking up jobs as a farmhand and working out of a Lawrence, Kansas food truck.
Pryor's exit from the music industry was short-lived; In 2011, he formed the supergroup Lasorda with members of fun., White Whale and Kevin Devine's Goddamn Band, writing and recording their new album remotely in different studios across the country. That same year, he also ran a Kickstarter campaign to fund a second solo album, entitled May Day. The project was funded, and the album was released in January 2012, along with the companion album Still, There's a Light.
In 2013, Pryor released Outroduction, a collection of B-Sides meant to serve as the final release by The New Amsterdams. In 2018, Pryor teamed up with Get Up Kids bandmate Jim Suptic and Josh Berwanger of The Anniversary to form Radar State, a punk side-project that focused on fast, stripped-down songs made while waiting for the other members of the Get Up Kids schedules to free up.
Podcasting
In 2012, Pryor launched "Nothing to Write Home About," an interview podcast featuring one-on-one interviews with Pryor's musician friends. James Dewees was a regular guest on this podcast and they later announced plans to release a collaborative EP on vinyl/digital formats together. This self-titled EP was released on October 1, 2013.
In 2021, it was announced that Vagrant Records would begin releasing "Vagrant Records: 25 Years on the Streets," a retrospective podcast chronicling the history of the label from its inception to its lasting legacy, hosted and produced by Matt Pryor.
Discography
with The Get Up Kids
Four Minute Mile (1997)
Something to Write Home About (1999)
On a Wire (2002)
Guilt Show (2004)
Simple Science (2010)
There Are Rules (2011)
Kicker (2018)
Problems (2019)
with Reggie and the Full Effect
Greatest Hits 1984-1987 (1998)
Promotional Copy (2000)
with The New Amsterdams
Never You Mind (2000)
Para Toda Vida (2002)
Worse for the Wear (2003)
Killed or Cured (2005)
Story Like a Scar (2006)
At the Foot of My Rival (2007)
Outroduction (2013)
with The Terrible Twos
If You Ever See an Owl... (2007)
Jerzy the Giant (2008)
Solo
Confidence Man (2008)
May Day (2012)
Still, There's a Light (2012)
Wrist Slitter (2013)
Nine Forty Live (2014)
Memento Mori (2017)
May Day Companion [EP] (2020)
Music videos
"Kinda Go to Pieces" (2014)
With Lasorda
"Lasorda" (2012)
With James Dewees
Matt Pryor and James Dewees (2013)
With Radar State
"Strays" (2019)
References
Living people
American rock singers
Alternative rock guitarists
The Get Up Kids members
Musicians from Lawrence, Kansas
1978 births
Guitarists from Kansas
21st-century American singers
Reggie and the Full Effect members
The New Amsterdams members
Equal Vision Records artists
Alcopop! Records artists
American Roman Catholics
Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Guitarists from Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Pryor%20%28musician%29 |
The prime minister of Tonga (historically referred to as the premier) is the country's head of government. Tonga is a monarchy with the king, currently Tupou VI, former prime minister, as head of state. The current prime minister is Siaosi Sovaleni, who was elected on 15 December 2021 and appointed on 27 December 2021. Sovaleni was elected with 16 votes.
The office of prime minister was established by the Constitution of 1875, whose article 51 stipulates that the prime minister and other ministers are appointed and dismissed by the king.
The prime minister is assisted by the deputy prime minister.
2000s democratization
During the 2000s, the country experienced an increase in democratization. In March 2006, King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV appointed Feleti Sevele, a moderate member of the Human Rights and Democracy Movement, as prime minister. Sevele was the first commoner to hold this post since Shirley Waldemar Baker in 1881. All the prime ministers since Baker had been members of the nobility, or even the royal family.
In July 2008, King George Tupou V announced more substantial democratic reforms. He would abandon the essential part of his executive powers, and would henceforth follow the custom of monarchies such as the United Kingdom, exercising his prerogatives only with the prime minister's advice. In addition, he would no longer appoint the prime minister anyone he wished, but would appoint a member of the Legislative Assembly to be elected by the Legislative Assembly.
List of premiers/prime ministers of Tonga (1876–present)
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=8| Vacant (18 December 1879 – April 1881)
Timeline
See also
Politics of Tonga
List of monarchs of Tonga
Notes
References
External links
Prime Minister of Tonga at World Statesman Encyclopedia
Politics of Tonga
Government of Tonga
Tonga, Prime Minister of
Prime Minister
1876 establishments in Tonga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Minister%20of%20Tonga |
David Wayne Hooks Memorial Airport is a public-use airport located near the city of Tomball in unincorporated Harris County, Texas. It is northwest of the central business district of Houston. It is the busiest general aviation airport in Texas and one of the busiest general aviation airports in the United States. The airport is privately owned by Jag Gill.
The airport is notable because it is one of only a few privately owned airports with a Federal Aviation Administration control tower; the airport is owned by Jag Gill and managed by Roger Schmidt.
On June 27, 2007, The Texas State Legislature approved Tomball's request to annex Hooks Airport even though the airport does not border the Tomball city limits. Since the airport is in the city of Houston's extraterritorial jurisdiction, the city of Tomball must get permission from Houston to annex the airport. As of summer of 2010, the annex still has not been finalized.
Facilities and aircraft
David Wayne Hooks Memorial Airport covers an area of which contains two asphalt paved runways: 17R/35L measuring 7,009 x 100 ft (2,136 x 30 m). and 17L/35R measuring 3,500 x 35 ft (1,067 x 11 m). It also has a seaplane landing area designated as runway 17W/35W which is 2,530 x 100 ft (771 x 30 m).
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 152,198 aircraft operations, an average of 417 per day: 97% general aviation, 2% air taxi, <1% commercial, and <1% military. There were 136 aircraft based at this airport: 117 single-engine, 14 multi-engine, and 5 jet.
Facilities include:
The main Gill Aviation terminal
The Aviator Grill is a locally owned and operated restaurant connected to the Gill Aviation terminal which has views of the main ramps and runway 17R.
Tomball Jet Center
Helicopter Services Inc.
Memorial Hermann Life Flight operates its North Base on Tower Road. They maintain an EC-145 and aircrew quarters from which they provide both VFR and IFR helicopter air ambulance services 24/7.
Sunrise Helicopter, Inc.
The airport also includes a number of flight schools, including American Flyers, Texas Flight and United Flight Systems.
The airport was also previously a local favorite for its diverse mix of aircraft and openness. However, as of March 2012, citing safety concerns from pilots, barbed wire fencing went up around the airport, sealing off the previously popular observation areas and leaving only the inside of Aviator's Grill as the sole observation area for the public.
The small circular lake at the north end of the airport is 'Lake Transit' and the island in the lake center is 'Pinnacle Island'.
History
The Airport started when Charles Hooks built a runway for his own personal use. His hobby eventually became a business, and he subsequently built a runway and a main terminal building. It was first opened for public use in the 1960s.
Shortly after its opening, Hooks' son, David, was killed in the crash of a small plane that he was piloting under the supervision of a flight instructor. All four people on the plane were killed. David was 15 years old at the time of his death. The airport's name was changed from Houston Northwest Airport to David Wayne Hooks Memorial Airport in his memory.
Until the 1980s, the airport was run and maintained by Hooks, and his wife Irma. Upon the death of Mrs. Hooks, her daughter stepped in and helped with its operation.
In 1989, Charles Hooks retired and sold the airport to the Gill Family.
In 2009 a fire occurred at the airport. A man was burned, and several aircraft were destroyed.
On June 26, 2010, another fire occurred at the airport, destroying another large hangar. One helicopter and several aircraft components were destroyed.
In early 2010, Hooks Airport received a notable resident when the B-17G Flying Fortress 'Texas Raiders' was permanently moved from William P. Hobby Airport to a spacious hangar in the Tomball Jet Center as a cost-saving measure. 'Texas Raiders' used Hooks Airport as her base of operations for the 2010 air show season and several years afterward. The heavy bomber relocated again in March 2017 to General Aviation Services at Conroe North Houston Regional Airport in Conroe, Texas. The B-17 has a Wikipedia page of its own if you desire more in-depth information.
References
External links
David Wayne Hooks Airport, official web site
Airports in Harris County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Wayne%20Hooks%20Memorial%20Airport |
Graeme Reid (born 15 June 1948), also known as Graham Reid, is a retired field hockey player from Australia. He was a member of the national team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He also represented Australia at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany.
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Reid |
Ukash was a UK-based electronic money system that allowed users to exchange their cash for a secure code to make payments online. It was acquired by Skrill Group in April 2014 and merged into Austrian competitor paysafecard, acquired by Skrill a year earlier. All existing vouchers expired after 31 October 2015. Remaining ones could be exchanged into paysafecard PINs, in May 2016 paysafecard announced completion of the process.
The system allowed users to exchange their cash for a secure code. The code was then used to make payments online, to load cards or e-wallets or for money transfer. Codes were distributed around the world by participating retail locations, kiosks and ATMs.
History
The service was founded in 2005.
In 2013, the company supported the launch of AvoidOnlineScams.net, which offers information about how to avoid online scams and ransomware.
In June 2014 Ukash launched the Ukash Travel Money Prepaid MasterCard, a reloadable prepaid MasterCard for euros and U.S. dollars that could be used anywhere that accepted MasterCard.
In April 2015 Ukash became part of Skrill Group. As a result, the Ukash online cash voucher scheme was replaced with Skrill Group's paysafecard scheme on 31 October 2015. Ukash distribution stopped on 31 August 2015 and any existing vouchers could be spent until 31 October 2015.
Process
Ukash users were given a unique 19-digit code representing their prepaid money; this was entered when making a transfer, payment or purchase online. If the purchase was less than the value of the code a new 19-digit code could be provided by merchants able to issue ukash, just like change in an offline cash transaction.
Online scams
The "bearer" of Ukash could spend it online anywhere it was accepted. Some scammers were reported to have been exploiting the Ukash system for black market use by extorting codes from victims. Fraudsters promised cheap loans or other services in exchange for a fee. Some offered items for sale on sites like Gumtree but these items did not exist. Others would infect a computer with Ransomware and demand the payment using methods including Ukash.
In 2012, the company issued advice to consumers on staying safe with Ukash. It said "The best way for consumers to avoid becoming victims of fraud is to guard Ukash codes like cash. Each Ukash code is unique and like cash, must be kept safe and therefore never emailed or given to anyone else over the telephone."
Ukash was designed solely for making payments online and at participating merchants. Most online scams reported obtained Ukash by asking the victim to email the code or give it out over the telephone.
See also
E-commerce
Online banking
Prepayment for service
Vouchers
References
Electronic funds transfer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukash |
Ole Monsen Mjelde (12 September 1865 – 7 March 1942) was a Norwegian politician of the Liberal Party who served as the Minister of Labour 1920, 1921–1923, 1924–1926, 1928–1931 and 1933–1935, and also as head Ministry of Provisioning in 1921.
References
Government ministers of Norway
1865 births
1942 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole%20Monsen%20Mjelde |
Lars Magnus Moen (29 November 1885 – 22 April 1964) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party who served as Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1948 to 1953. He also served in the Storting from 1928 to 1957, spanning 30 years.
Biography
Moen was born in 1885 in Lesja, Oppland, to Tore Ingebrigtsen Moen and Marie Larsdotter Dale. When he was four, the family moved to the square Moen, and it was from here he had his name. After primary and secondary school, Lars traveled to Lillehammer to attend tailoring. It was probably here that he first met the young workers' movement who had come here in connection with the development of the railway.
After some time at Elverum, where Moen found his wife, he came to Dombås as a tailor in 1911. He resided there for the rest of his life. He was central to the construction of labour movements in Gudbrandsdalen, initially as a tenant of the local labour union, and as a tenant of the circuit party in Nord-Gudbrandsdalen. In 1932, he became chairman of the Gudbrandsdalen Labour Party, a position in which he held until 1949.
As minister, he earned a lot of respect, which was gained from his actions of establishing central cultural institutions, such as Riksteatret and Norsk Bygdekino, and his proposal for ninth grade schooling. He resigned as minister after suffering a stroke in 1953, but he remained active in parliament until the end of the 1953–1957 term.
References
1885 births
1964 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
People from Lesja
Ministers of Education of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20Magnus%20Moen |
This list of reptiles of Texas includes the snakes, lizards, crocodilians, and turtles native to the U.S. state of Texas.
Texas has a large range of habitats, from swamps, coastal marshes and pine forests in the east, rocky hills and limestone karst in the center, desert in the south and west, mountains in the far west, and grassland prairie in the north. This vast contrast in biomes makes Texas home to an extremely wide variety of herpetofauna. Its central position in the United States means that species found primarily in either the western or eastern parts of the country often have their ranges meeting in the state. Its proximity to Mexico is such that many species found there and into Central America range as far north as Texas. The abundance of reptiles makes the state a prime area for research, and most species found in Texas have been well studied.
Texas state law protects several reptile species; threatened species are denoted with a (T) and endangered species are denoted with an (E). The climate of Texas has also led to some species being introduced and establishing a permanent population, denoted with an (I).
Crocodilians
Lizards
Snakes
Turtles
See also
List of Texas amphibians
Further reading
Dixon, James R. 2013. Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas, with Keys, Taxonomic Synopses, Bibliography, and Distribution Maps. 3nd ed. Texas A&M University Press. College Station, Texas. viii, 477 pp.
Dixon, James R., John E. Werler, and Michael R. Forstner. 2020. Texas Snakes, A Field Guide, Revised Edition. University of Texas Press. Austin, Texas. xvi, 448 pp.
Ernst, Carl H. and Jeffrey E. Lovich. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. xii, 827 pp.
Ernst, Carl H. and Evelyn M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. ix, 668 pp.
Hibbitts, Troy D. and Toby L. Hibbitts. 2016. Texas Turtles and Crocodilians, A Field Guide. University of Texas Press. Austin. xvi, 257 pp.
Hibbitts, Troy D. and Toby J. Hibbitts. 2015. Texas Lizards, A Field Guide. University of Texas Press. Austin. xvi, 333 pp.
Jones, Lawrence L. C. and Robert E. Lovich. 2009. Lizards of the American Southwest, A Photographic Field Guide. Rio Nuevo Publishers. Tucson, Arizona. 567 pp.
Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 4rd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. xiii, 494 pp.
Werler, John E. and James R. Dixon. 2000. Texas Snakes, Identification, Distribution, and Natural History. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas. xv, 437 pp.
References
Texas Memorial Museum: Herps of Texas
Texas Parks & Wildlife: Endangered and Threatened Species of Texas
Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Reptiles
Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20reptiles%20of%20Texas |
Christian Fredrik Monsen (27 April 1878 – 31 January 1954) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party and the Communist Party.
History
He was born in Kristiania as a son of Ludvig Monsen (1854–1942) and Josefine Aurora Marcelie Dehn (1852–1942).
Monsen edited the newspaper from 1913 to 1916 and was a member of Hamar city council from 1907 to 1945, serving as mayor in 1916–1919. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from the Market towns of Hedmark and Oppland counties in 1922, and was re-elected on six occasions. He represented the Labour Party, except for the term 1925–1927 when he represented the Communist Party. During his last term, from December 10, 1945 to January 10, 1949, he was the President of the Storting. Already before the 1945 election, when the old Parliament was convened, Monsen was installed in the Presidium as the Labour Party dropped their former member of the presidium Magnus Nilssen.
Monsen headed the Ministry of Defence during the short-lived Hornsrud's Cabinet in 1928 and then during Nygaardsvold's Cabinet. Unusually for a Minister of Defence, Monsen was an antimilitarist and wrote three anti-militarist pamphlets (, and ).
References
1878 births
1954 deaths
Norwegian educators
Norwegian newspaper editors
Mayors of places in Hedmark
Politicians from Hamar
Presidents of the Storting
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Communist Party of Norway politicians
Norwegian male writers
Norwegian sports executives and administrators
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Defence ministers of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik%20Monsen |
Altynbek Sarsenbayuly (, Altynbek Särsenbaiūly; 12 September 1962 – 11 February 2006) was a Kazakh politician who served in the Government of Kazakhstan before becoming a political opposition leader. At the time of his death, he served as co-chairman of the opposition Naghyz Ak Zhol (True Bright Path) party.
In 2003, after a long career in senior Kazakh government positions, such as Information Minister and Ambassador to Russia, Sarsenbayuly joined the opposition ranks in protest against what he regarded as the administration's authoritarian policies.
Soon after his decision to contest in the 2005 Kazakh presidential election, Sarsenbayuly faced government intimidation tactics, including a physical assault by unidentified individuals during a presidential campaign meeting with voters and the alleged beating of his two nephews in November 2005.
Biography
Early life and education
Sarsenbayuly was born in the village of Qainar in family of 12 children. In 1982, he graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and then in 1985 from the Moscow State University.
Career
From 1985, he was an editor and senior editor of KazTAG. In 1987, Sarsenbayuly became an editor and executive secretary of the Arai - Zarya magazine. From 1989 to 1992, he was an editor of the Orken - Horizon newspaper.
In March 1992, Sarsenbayuly was appointed as the head of the Department of Culture and Interethnic Relations of the President. From August 1992, he served as the head of the Department of Internal Policy of the President.
On 20 January 1993, Sarsenbayuly was appointed as Minister of Press and Media. While serving the post, he founded the Democratic Party of Kazakhstan on 1 July 1995 and was its co-chairman until it was merged with Otan on 1 March 1999. On 14 October 1995, the Ministry was reorganized into National Agency for Press and Mass Media of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 14 October 1995 where Sarsenbayuly served its chairman.
On 13 October 1997, Sarsenbayuly became the Minister of Information and Public Accord. On 22 January 1999, after the Ministry was merged, he was appointed as the Minister of Culture, Information and Public Accord until becoming the secretary of the Security Council of Kazakhstan on 5 May 2001. On 25 January 2002, Sarsenbayuly was appointed as an Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Russia until being relieved from his post on 3 November 2003.
In December 2003, Sarsenbayuly became the co-chair of the Ak Zhol Democratic Party. From 12 July to 29 September 2004, he was the Minister of Information before resigning from the post after accusing of the government rigging the 2004 legislative elections. After Ak Zhol was split on 19 April 2005, Sarsenbayuly was the organizer and co-chairman of the unregistered Naghyz Ak Zhol party.
Murder and investigation
On 13 February 2006 the bodies of Sarsenbayuly, his bodyguard and his driver were found dead on a road near the city of Almaty, reportedly lying face-down, hands tied on their back, and shot in the head at point blank range.
On 22 February 2006 five officers of Kazakhstan's KNB security service, and specifically the elite Arystan combat division, were arrested for involvement in Sarsenbayuly's murder. According to Interior Minister Bauyrzhan Mukhamedzhanov the five men were paid $25,000 for committing the murder. Nartay Dutbayev, the chief national security officer in the government, resigned on 23 February, the day after his subordinates were arrested.
Police arrested Rustam Ibragimov, a former law enforcement officer, as a suspect for organizing the operation. Four more men were later arrested in connection with the assassination.
On 31 August 2006, all ten of the accused assassins were convicted of the murder of Sarsenbaev. Rustam Ibragimov was sentenced to death, while his nine accomplices received prison terms ranging from 3–20 years. Ibragimov's death sentence was commuted to life in prison in 2014.
The completion of the investigation in December 2013 was marked by a press conference with the Deputy Prosecutor General of Kazakhstan and the ranking American diplomat in Kazakhstan, Ambassador John Ordway.
Ordway praised the "exceptional cooperation" between Kazakh law enforcement and the American Federal Bureau of Investigation, and that the FBI's results were consistent with the findings of the Kazakhstani Procurator General. Ordway emphasized that the FBI's investigation was independent from the Procurator General's office, and the FBI had full and immediate access all materials and information.
References
External links
BBC News obituary
BBC News: Kazakh officers linked to murder
Kazakhstan: Freed Opposition Leader Returns To Almaty
Kazakh Court Upholds Sarsenbaev Murder Convictions
1962 births
2006 deaths
Kazakhstani murder victims
Deaths by firearm in Kazakhstan
People murdered in Kazakhstan
Government ministers of Kazakhstan
Naghyz Ak Zhol politicians
Ak Zhol Democratic Party politicians
2006 crimes in Kazakhstan
2000s murders in Kazakhstan
2006 murders in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altynbek%20Sarsenbayuly |
An Introduction to of Montreal is a special-edition vinyl record album by indie rock band of Montreal released on the Earworm record label.
Track listing
Side A
"Don't Ask Me to Explain" (Cherry Peel)
"Baby" (Cherry Peel)
"Everything Disappears When You Come Around" (Cherry Peel)
"I Can't Stop Your Memory" (Cherry Peel)
"You Are an Airplane" (The Bird Who Ate the Rabbit's Flower)
"If I Faltered Slightly Twice" (The Bird Who Ate the Rabbit's Flower)
"Little Viola Hidden in the Orchestra" (The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy)
"Panda Bear" (The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy)
Side B
"Sing You a Love You Song" (The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy)
"Easy to Sleep When Your Dead" (The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy)
"The Miniature Philosopher" (The Gay Parade)
"A Man's Life Flashing Before His Eyes While He and His Wife Drive Off a Cliff" (The Gay Parade)
"Jacques Lamure" (The Gay Parade)
"A Collection of Poems About Water" (The Gay Parade)
"Nickee Coco and the Invisible Tree" (The Gay Parade)
"Cast in the Haze"
Of Montreal albums
2001 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Introduction%20to%20Of%20Montreal |
The most common mode of healthcare delivery is through personal, face-to-face contact between a healthcare provider and a beneficiary (patient). There is, however, an increasing trend towards the provision of healthcare in the absence of personal contact. This limit of contact during patient care is known as health care.
Health care without face-to-face contact
healthcare, or distance medicine, occurs when the patient and care giver are at different locations, but still communicate by audio and video, or sometimes without any personal contact. A face-to-face contact is often a necessary prelude to rendering health care.
This, however, may not be necessary for care; in fact current technologies permit with no prior or concurrent contact. Some people argue that this type of medical care may derail the traditional sequences of examination, diagnosis and treatment, and that such a detour may challenge existing values of modern medicine. care assumes heightened relevance today because it is both convenient and risky.
Easy questionnaire-based online access to healthcare is convenient. The same resources provide hazardous pharmaceuticals, addictive and life style altering drugs.
On the other hand, for some people with busy lives, but a sensible attitude, it can be both cheaper and more convenient to receive an online diagnosis. Later purchasing one's medicines from a virtual chemist.
A history of care
In order to fairly weigh whether care is beneficial or dangerous, it is helpful to examine the past, because remote care is not simply a phenomenon of the cyber era. The roots of care are deeply embedded into ancient times, mixing with medical lore over nearly two thousand years.
On the one hand, aspects of online medicine have been described as an "asynchronous written exchange," and a "disembodied relationship," with "few analogues or precedents in medical practice." This trend has also been viewed as perhaps "anarchic" with potential to "set off a revolution in remote care" and promote "self-diagnosis." The safety of online consultations by "Cyberdoctors" has also been seriously questioned.
However, remote medical care has fulfilled an enduring human need over several centuries. What follows is a quick tour of the past medical practices.
Ancient practices
Ancient Egypt emphasized a tripartite system which exists even to this day. This system called for listening to the patient before an examination. Only after an observation, or an examination, did a diagnosis follow. Treatment was undertaken as the last component. Observation and examination before treatment played a central role that could not easily be circumvented. This sequence has been passed on as a tradition to us through Hippocrates and Galen.
During the height of Arabic and Jewish medicine (732–1096 CE), diagnosis called for an orderly sequence where examination, "by the feel of the hands," played an essential role. Ideally, healing entailed contact between the patient and a healer. Still, the practice of eliminating this personal contact as a prerequisite to healing was not unheard of.
At a later time when astrology, animal products, magic and incantations were part of the healing arts, formal contact with healers may have gradually become unnecessary. Ill-health was often viewed as the result of malevolent external influences. Amulets and ligatures were worn as barriers to ward off such evil demons. Sufferers wore them, stuck them under their pillows or hung them at doorways. Thus, care at a personal level by a physician was not the only means of regaining health; alternative health practices were emerging.
Galen
Galen (129–200 CE) chose, at times, to prescribe to patients without ever seeing them. Apparently, Galen was so skilled in understanding symptomatology that there were times when he preferred to diagnose without questioning the patient. He then went on to prescribe by mail with confidence. His elevated status permitted him to offer consultations by letter. He would receive generous rewards for his postal consultations: in one instance, it is said that he had received 400 gold pieces for curing a woman in this fashion.
More recent historical practices
Many illustrious English and European physicians had practiced medicine by post, including William Cullen, Herman Boerhaave, Nathaniel Johnston, and John Morgan.
Renaudot
The French physician and philanthropist Théophraste Renaudot (1584–1653) established a Paris practice that offered free treatment to the sick who were too poor to engage a physician. Renaudot's published a booklet titled, "La presence des absence" (The Presence of the Absent). The booklet listed a series of symptoms and carried diagrams of body parts. Patients were required to identify symptoms and check off body parts that hurt. This booklet enabled a patient to receive a diagnosis and treatment by post without a personal visit to the physician.
In Europe and England, between 1600 and 1800, dispensing and advising without direct contact with ailing persons had become a common practice. At that time, physical examination techniques were in their infancy. Auscultation (listening to the chest with a stethoscope) and ophthalmoscopy (examination of the interior of the eyes) had not found their way into the discipline of an examination until the early-to-mid-19th century.
At best, most physicians simply observed the patient's appearance and colour, and palpated the pulse. Any further physical examination was unnecessary.
Heberdeen
William Heberden (1710–1801), of angina pectoris (chest pain indicative of impaired blood supply to the heart muscle, and an impending heart attack) fame, had a reputation for his diagnostic skills merely through his "expert gaze." Diagnosis depended heavily on the listener's interpretive skills, and treatment relied more on compassion than medicinal chemistry. The conversations with the patients revealed more clues than the actual examination did. Thus, this was an environment which tolerated and even nurtured therapeutic initiatives without physical contact by doctors.
Boerhaave
The new-found notion of physical diagnosis was not the only reason for the growth of practice in the 17th and 18th centuries. Another major obstacle to face-to-face contact was the difficulty posed by distance and poor travel conditions. Because of this it was convenient for patients and their caregivers to seek medical help by writing to physicians of repute.
Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738) was at ease with such a concept and practice. He dispensed advice to other colleagues and apothecaries by mail. Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), grandfather of Charles Darwin, treated a patient with dizziness, not by seeing him but by recommending "scarifications" (making scars) on the back.
Cullen
William Cullen (1710–1790) of Edinburgh, Scotland had engaged in a flourishing mail order practice. In his early years of practice between 1764 and 1774, Cullen wrote approximately 20 consultation letters per year. This number jumped markedly to almost 200 a year from 1774 until his death in 1790. He had used an amanuensis and an early version of a copying machine to make it quicker and easier for him to respond. If he did not know the condition well, he cautiously avoided making a diagnosis. For the acutely ill, he preferred hospital admission and personal care. Cullen had recognized long ago the limitations of care.
Morgan
John Morgan (1735–1789) of Philadelphia, a founder of the University of Pennsylvania medical school in 1765, was equally active with regard to postal consultations. Morgan had studied under Cullen in Edinburgh between 1761 and 1764. He had announced his willingness to consult by post for those patients residing at a distance from Philadelphia. mail order treatments were popular, and moreover, turned out to be quite profitable.
Johnston
In addition to letters from patients, early physicians also recognised the importance of examining bodily excretions in establishing a diagnosis. Nathaniel Johnston (1627–1705) had carried out an extensive correspondence practice with his patients. In one instance a writer had sent a letter to him enclosing specimens of his wife's sputum and urine as samples. He had hoped that Johnston might use the specimens to narrow the diagnosis of his wife's chronic cough.
Even as early as the 1830s, there was an attempt at reducing the subjectivity of findings and narrations. Julius Herisson, an early inventor of sphygmomanometer (blood pressure measuring apparatus) in 1834, recommended that numerical aspects (quantitative data such as beats per minute) of pulse were more informative than their descriptive characteristics.
He had realised that actually seeing the patient was not an absolute requirement for reaching a diagnosis. This may well have been what led up to the data exchange that is now a common practice on the internet.
Not all diagnoses were based on honourable intentions: in the period 1900–1930, radio advertising arrived. Radio, much like the internet now, was a troublesome medium then. It presented new opportunities for technophiles of that period. A Kansas physician by the name of John R. Brinkley (1885–1942) exploited this new medium to maximum advantage between the years 1928 and 1941.
John R. Brinkley
Brinkley's life and career have been the subject of several books and theses. Perceiving an opportunity to advertise his skills, he exploited the emerging medium of radio broadcasting. Radio allowed him to spread the news of his surgery and also to start a "Medical Question Box." His live radio broadcasts diagnosed diseases of patients who wrote to him describing their symptoms. He then prescribed medication to his patients, having never set eyes on them; this brought him great wealth. The Federal Radio Commission, and later the Federal Communications Commission attempted to prosecute him, and much legal protesting on his part followed. In spite of this, in 1941, his radio career ended for good.
Brinkley justified his practice using his own interpretation of the history of medicine. He cited the practice of an 18th-century Swiss mountain doctor by the name of Michael Schuppach (1707–1781). Schuppach had practiced diagnosis and treatment by drawing on the powers of nature. His reputation was such that he could diagnose illnesses by the smell of a patient's shirt, or a flask of patient's urine mailed to him. Brinkley drew from history selectively to bolster his convictions.
Comparisons
healthcare has probably existed for more than 1500 years. This enduring practice owes its longevity to need fulfillment, convenience and – in some cases – the greed of the physicians. When viewed in the context of slow travel, healing was perfectly suited to fulfill a need of patients who could not travel to see a doctor in person. Famous healers, from Galen to Cullen, engaged in mail order practice even though they generally saw people face-to-face. They had used the technology of their day to help them make diagnoses quicker and more easily, and to reach persons from further away – no different from what we do today. To arrive at a diagnosis, physical examination itself was seen as less important than hearing the patient's story. Thus, personal contact, while desirable, may not have been essential.
Contemporary technology allows the transmission of videos, photos, and data to distant sites. It is not yet clear if this will eliminate the need for a physical examination also. Remote viewing of images and data are acceptable, but are no substitute for physical contact. This is especially the case with telemedicine, when a physician may consult with a remotely sited consultant. Here, however, a patient-physician relationship already exists between two parties. Indeed, data exchange serves as latter day equivalent of a third party physical examination in such instances.
Technology permits this kind of healthcare without any primary contact with a qualified caregiver. This type of care, "between strangers," is of uncertain merit. It is cheaper, quicker, and more convenient at a time when – some might say – that traditional health insurance and the cost of drugs are straying beyond the reach of many. The worried-well may seek care for discomfort that past generations would have dismissed as trivial or inevitable.
The same electronic information technologies that aid the health-providers also empower the health-seekers who can gain easier access, whilst remaining anonymous. While anonymity encourages honesty, it can sometimes mask a poor level of care, and perhaps even greed of some "caregivers".
Over time, barriers to access such as cost, inconvenience or embarrassment have encouraged patients to seek out care. The ultimate "balance sheet" of risks and benefits of remote care is yet to emerge. What is clear, however, is that care is not by any means a new phenomenon: e-doctors practising telemedicine is simply a technological variation on a theme as old as medicine itself.
References
Health care
Types of health care facilities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20absentia%20health%20care |
Erih Koš (Erich Kosch; Serbian Cyrillic: Ерих Кош) (April 15, 1913 – May 25, 2010) was a Jewish Bosnian writer and translator. He was born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (then a condominium in Austria-Hungary).
Biography
He graduated from the University of Belgrade's Law School and was active as a lawyer since 1935. In 1941, he participated in the resistance fight and held many different political-cultural positions during and after the Second World War in communist Yugoslavia. Koš wrote mainly novels and narrations, which treat topics of the resistance or problems of the Yugoslav society. Beside the telling work he wrote spirit-rich essays and translated Goethe and Chamisso into Serbian.
In 1967, he won prestigious NIN Prize for his novel Mreža (The Net).
In 1978 he was elected as a member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Department of Language and Literature.
Works
U vatri - narrations 1947
Tri hronike - narrations 1949
Zapisi o mladim ljudima - 1950
Vreme, narrations 1952
Čudnovata povest o Kitu Velikom takođe zvanom Veliki Mak, novel 1956; translated into English as The Strange Story of the Great Whale Also Known as Big Mac, 1962
Il tifo, a novel 1958
Kao vuci, narrations 1958
Sneg i led, a novel 1961
Novosadski pokolj, a novel 1961
Vrapci Van Pea, a novel 1962
Prvo lice jednine, narrations 1963
Imena, a novel 1964
Taj prokleti zanat spisateljski, essays 1965
Mreža, a novel 1967
Satire, 1968
Mešano društvo, narrations 1969
Zašto da ne 1971
Dosije Hrabak, a novel 1971
Cveće i bodlje, narrations 1972
The best years, narration dt. 1972
Na autobuskoj stanici, narrations 1974
U potrazi za Mesijom, 2 Bde., a novel 1978
Bosanske priče, narrations 1984
Satira i satiričari, essays 1985
Šamforova smrt, novel 1986
Pisac govora, 1989
Uzgredne zabeleške, Aphorisms 1990
Miševi, novel 1991
Translations published in around ten countries across Europe and in the USA.
References
External links
Serbian Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Serbian Website; photography)
1913 births
2010 deaths
Writers from Sarajevo
Jewish Bosnian writers
Bosnia and Herzegovina writers
Serbian translators
Serbian novelists
Serbian male short story writers
Serbian short story writers
Serbian non-fiction writers
Serbian science fiction writers
Yugoslav science fiction writers
Serbian literary critics
Literary critics of Serbian
Serbian autobiographers
German–Serbian translators
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
20th-century Serbian novelists
20th-century translators
20th-century short story writers
20th-century male writers
Male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erih%20Ko%C5%A1 |
Peter Andreas Amundsen Morell (1 January 1868 – 30 January 1948) was a Norwegian farmer and politician.
Peter Morell was born in Aker (now Akershus), Norway. He was the son of Ole Amundsen (1827-85) and Johanna Gustava Kjelin (1844-1918).
Morrell took over the Nedre Grefsen farm which had been purchased by his father in 1855. He later took over the nearby farms Storo (1889) and Østre Grefsen (1895) .
Morell was the mayor of Aker (1902-1907) and (1911-1916). He was elected to the Storting between 1903 and 1912. He was the Norwegian Minister of Social Affairs in the government formed by Ivar Lykke (1926 to 1928).
In 1890, he married Hanna Astrup (1869-1933), daughter of Harald Astrup. Her brothers included the architects Henning Astrup (1864–1896) and Thorvald Astrup (1876–1940), Arctic explorer Eivind Astrup (1871–1895) and member of Parliament Sigurd Astrup (1873–1949).
Peter Morell established a foundation (Hanna og Peter Andreas Morells legat) in support of higher education for residents of Grefsen. The neighbourhood, which was named after the Grefsen farm, was later incorporated into the district of Nordre Aker in Oslo.
References
External links
Grefsen a Hundred Years Ago ( Historielaget Grefsen • Kjelsås • Nydalen)
1868 births
1948 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Politicians from Aker
Mayors of places in Akershus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Andreas%20Morell |
Allan William Stewart (born 21 January 1977 in Coventry, England) is an English musician. He is the second guitarist in Idlewild, the bassist in Holy Mountain and guitarist for the band Desalvo. He grew up in Farnborough, Hampshire.
Stewart joined Idlewild as a touring guitarist in 2000 and became a full member in 2003. He features on the Idlewild albums Warnings/Promises, Make Another World and Post Electric Blues, of which, on the latter he is also pictured on the cover. He co-wrote "I Never Wanted" on The Remote Part.
Following Idlewild's hiatus in 2010, Stewart joined Glasgow band Holy Mountain with Pete Flett (drums) and Andy McGlone (vocals). Stewart also commenced work as a guitar, bass and drum tech for many popular touring bands such as Mogwai, The Jesus & Mary Chain, Franz Ferdinand, Primal Scream, Belle & Sebastian and Icelandic band, Of Monsters and Men.
In 2019, Stewart once again took up touring guitarist duties for Idlewild whom he continues to perform with. He continues to reside in Glasgow, Scotland, U.K. with his partner.
References
1977 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
English male guitarists
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
21st-century bass guitarists
21st-century British male musicians
Musicians from Coventry
People from Farnborough, Hampshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Stewart%20%28musician%29 |
Frozen with Fear is a 2000 Canadian crime/mystery film starring Bo Derek, Stephen Shellen and Wayne Rogers.
The picture was filmed in and around Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Synopsis
Katherine Sullivan, a severe agoraphobic, witnesses the murder of her husband and speaks with the investigating detective. Then both the body and the detective disappear. Katherine hires private investigator Jack Mize to figure out, only Mize isn't so sure that Katherine's version of reality is the truth.
Cast
Bo Derek as Katherine Sullivan
Stephen Shellen as Jack Mize
Wayne Rogers as Charles Sullivan III
Andrew Lambert as Darnell the street kid
Dawn McKelvie Cyr as Sarah Harper
Steven Morgan as Detective Bob Kelsey
Wally MacKinnon as Detective-Sergeant Al Sanderstin / Albert Heyes
Peggy Gedeon as Charlene
Janet Monid as Dr Eberson
Shawn Fitch as Dr Becker
Bryan McSorley as Andy
Mark A. Owen as Lt. Jennings
Notes
External links
Production Company (Milagro Films)
2001 films
2000s crime drama films
2000s mystery drama films
Films directed by Paul Lynch
Films shot in New Brunswick
Canadian crime drama films
Canadian mystery drama films
English-language Canadian films
Agoraphobia in fiction
Canadian detective films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen%20with%20Fear |
Rasmus Olai Mortensen (23 August 1869 – 30 July 1934) was the Norwegian Minister of Provisioning 1921–1922, as well as head of the Ministry of Social Affairs in 1922, then Minister of Social Affairs 1922–1923 in Blehr's Second Cabinet.
1869 births
1934 deaths
Government ministers of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus%20Olai%20Mortensen |
Ernst Motzfeldt (1 March 1842 – 10 June 1915) was a Norwegian member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm (Norske statsråder i Stockholm) 1893-1894 and Minister of Justice from 1894 to 1895 within the Second Cabinet of Prime Minister Emil Stang
Motzfeldt was born in Christiania to Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt and Anna Pauline Birch. He graduated as cand.jur. in 1864, and was named as a Supreme Court Justice from 1890 to 1912. He chaired the Norwegian Red Cross from 1905 to 1908. He was decorated as Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1891, and Commander in 1893, and was a Commander of the Order of the Polar Star.
References
1842 births
1915 deaths
Politicians from Oslo
Government ministers of Norway
Supreme Court of Norway justices
Presidents of the Norwegian Red Cross
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Judges from Oslo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Motzfeldt |
Stuart Surridge (3 September 1917 – 13 April 1992) was an English first-class cricketer who captained Surrey County Cricket Club.
Neither a remarkable batsman nor bowler, Surridge was one of the most successful team captains in the history of the County Championship who, when not playing cricket, helped develop his family sports equipment business, Stuart Surridge & Co.
Career
Born at Herne Hill, Surrey, and educated at Emanuel School in south London, Surridge died at Glossop, Derbyshire, being one of the most successful cricket captains in County Championship history.
Through aggressive tactics, he turned an under-performing Surrey team into a record-breaking success in the 1950s. Surrey won the title in each of the five years Surridge was captain, from 1952 to 1956, and then won two more under Peter May to create a sequence that has not been equalled.
From a famous family of cricket bat makers, Surridge was only a moderate cricketer: a lower order batsman and a right-arm fast-medium bowler, whose stats, by the standards of his time, were somewhat expensive. He was 30 before he played in a first-class match, and usually Surridge was only selected for the first team if other players were injured or on Test duty.
Surrey's team in the early 1950s included several top-class bowlers. Alec Bedser was the main strike bowler for England for ten seasons after the Second World War; Jim Laker was amongst the best off spin bowlers in the country; Tony Lock was an aggressive slow left-arm bowler; and Peter Loader. Batting resources were thinner but, in Peter May, Surrey had a talented batsman. Despite having these players, Surrey lacked success until Surridge was appointed team captain after the 1951 season. They had shared the 1950 Championship with Lancashire but that was their only success since before the First World War.
Surridge's belief was that bowlers and catches win matches, and he aimed to win as many matches as he could. A fearless fielder close to the wicket, he encouraged others to follow his example. In his five years as captain, only in 1953 did Surrey win less than half their matches; in 1955, the county won 23 out of 28 games, losing the other five and going through the whole season without a single draw. His tactics were sometimes ruthless: in one match against a weak Worcestershire, having dismissed his opponents for a total of 25 runs, Surridge declared the Surrey innings closed at just 92 for three wickets, before bowling Worcestershire out again for 40 to win by an innings and 27 runs. "The weather forecast had not been good", he said. Even when Surrey's Test cricketers were playing for England, Surridge would inspire their replacements to go well.
Recognised as Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1953, Surridge was selected to play for MCC 1954–56 and was elected President of Surrey CCC in 1981 (his widow, Betty, becoming President in 1997). In retirement after 1956, he served Surrey CCC on various committees as well as expanding his bat-making business, and was visiting the Surridge factory when he collapsed and died, aged 74. His son, also called Stuart, played once for Surrey in 1978.
Stuart Surridge & Co
In 1867, Percy Stuart Surridge, Stuart Surridge's grandfather started a company repairing cricket bats. The business expanded, making a host of equipment including the Rapid Driver cricket bat that had a reinforced toe (patent no. 19386/28) which was used by W. G. Grace, K. S. Ranjitsinhji, C. B. Fry and Sir Don Bradman amongst others. In 1923 the company received a patent for their design in reinforcing tennis rackets to stop strings fraying, and produced a variety of equipment for sports, including hockey. The business was originally based at 175 Borough High Street, London, before they opened factories including their main base in Witham, Essex, and a willow farm in Aldermaston, Berkshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aldermastonhistory.uk/new-contributions/aldermaston-businesses-cricket-bats|title=Aldermaston Businesses - Cricket Bats|website=Aldermaston History|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>
During the 1950s Stuart Surridge worked with his brother Percy at the business, introducing the SS logo during the 1960s. The company introduced the Cobbler football during this time, which was used in the Bundesliga and the 1976 Football League Cup final. During the 1970s Surridge entered the big hitter cricket bat market with its Jumbo, which was used by Viv Richards and Clive Rice. In 1979, Surridge manufactured the official ball of the English Football League, along with Mitre, with their version being called the UFO and was recognisable by its red stripe. The ball was most famously used by Justin Fashanu in the 1980 F.A. Cup match against Liverpool to score that year's BBC Goal of the Season.
In the 1980s, John Surridge, Stuart's nephew and Percy's son designed the Turbo cricket bat. It was revolutionary as it was made from several pieces of timber glued together, with the glue flexing to give the batsman more power. The bat was most famously used by Graham Gooch in 1990 to score his record 333 against India at Lord's.
During the 1980s the company provided Jimmy White with snooker cues, launching an eponymous range of cues for sale. In 1991 the company sponsored Paul Gascoigne. In the early 1990s the company successfully went to court in India over the SS branding, which was also used by Sareen Sports Industries.
Surridge died in 1992 at age 74 while visiting one of the company's factories in Glossop.
In 1993, after his death, the Surridge family sold the business to Dunlop Slazenger. The Surridge brand was then sold on to a group of Indian and South African investors in 2000, before being purchased in 2003 by the SDL Group, based at Burnley in Lancashire.
See also
Cricket clothing and equipmentWisden Cricketers' Almanack''
References
External links
Stuart Surridge – Cricketer of the Year, 1953
Surridge Sports
1917 births
1992 deaths
People from Herne Hill
People educated at Emanuel School
Cricketers from Surrey
Cricketers from the London Borough of Southwark
English cricketers
Surrey cricketers
Surrey cricket captains
Presidents of Surrey County Cricket Club
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Minor Counties cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
North v South cricketers
T. N. Pearce's XI cricketers
Sportswear brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Surridge |
Swim trunks, also known as swimming trunks, are a form of swimsuit - clothing worn specifically for swimming. As such, they are usually made of materials specifically designed for being wet and remaining comfortable and hydrodynamic to not impede the swimmer. The choice of materials makes them distinct from underwear which may have a similar shape. The term is a catch-all for a number of styles of garment - briefs (very short with no leg coverage), shorts (fabric extends beyond the crotch and slightly onto the legs) and "jammers" (extend further down the legs, to mid thigh or even the knee, and popular with competitive swimmers).
Especially in North America, the term swim trunks can also include water-friendly variants of such articles as beach shorts and boardshorts which are typically baggy, casual, and more modest—but which impede the performance of the swimmer.
Other usage
Other items of clothing can also be known as trunks, such as looser-fitting garments used for boxing and track and field events, and certain styles of underpants (especially in British English).
In American English, the term is sometimes used to refer to trunk hose, defined by the Collins American English Dictionary as "full, baggy breeches reaching about halfway down the thigh, worn in the 16th and 17th cent." More recently, “trunks” has been used as shorthand for the relatively new trunk briefs, a shorter version of boxer briefs.
References
Swimsuits
Trousers and shorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim%20trunks |
Ketil Melsted Johnsen Motzfeldt (10 August 1814 - 17 November 1889) was Norwegian Naval Officer and Government Official.
Background
Motzfeldt was born in Bergen, Norway. His parents were government minister Peter Motzfeldt (1777-1854) and Ernesta Birgitte Margrethe Stenersen (1789-1848).
He was the brother of Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt and brother-in-law of Christian Birch-Reichenwald. He was a nephew of both Frederik Motzfeldt and Carl Frederik Motzfeldt.
Career
Motzfeldt was naval cadet at Fredriksvern Norwegian naval base in 1826. He was a second lieutenant by 1841, then First Lieutenant in 1852. He entered the Norwegian Parliament in 1857. He was Minister of the Navy and Minister of Postal Affairs in 1860, member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm 1860–1861, and Minister of the Navy in 1861. From 1870 to 1885, he was elected as a member of Parliament from Jarlsberg og Laurvigs Amt (now Vestfold).
Personal life
He was married to Hedvig Susanne Amalie Rosenvinge (1840-1903), the daughter of Eiler Schøller Rosenvinge (1813-1849), a member of the aristocratic Rosenvinge family.
References
1814 births
1889 deaths
Politicians from Bergen
Military personnel from Bergen
Royal Norwegian Navy personnel
Government ministers of Norway
19th-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketil%20Motzfeldt |
The term informational self-determination was first used in the context of a German constitutional ruling relating to personal information collected during the 1983 census. The German term is informationelle Selbstbestimmung. It is formally defined as "the authority of the individual to decide himself, on the basis of the idea of self-determination, when and within what limits information about his private life should be communicated to others." Freedom of speech, protection of privacy, right to active private life, right to education, protection of personal data, and the right to public sector information all fall under the umbrella of informational self-determination.
On that occasion, the German Federal Constitutional Court ruled that: “[...] in the context of modern data processing, the protection of the individual against unlimited collection, storage, use and disclosure of his/her personal data is encompassed by the general personal rights of the German constitution. This basic right warrants in this respect the capacity of the individual to determine in principle the disclosure and use of his/her personal data. Limitations to this informational self-determination are allowed only in case of overriding public interest.”
Informational self-determination is often considered similar to the right to privacy but has unique characteristics that distinguish it from the "right to privacy" in the United States tradition. Informational self-determination reflects Westin's description of privacy: “The right of the individual to decide what information about himself should be communicated to others and under what circumstances” (Westin, 1970). In contrast, the "right to privacy" in the United States legal tradition is commonly considered to originate in Warren and Brandeis' article, which focuses on the right to "solitude" (i.e., being "left alone") and in the Constitution's Fourth Amendment, which protects persons and their belongings from warrantless search.
Views from Germany and the Czech Republic
The German Federal Constitutional Court Population Census Decision comprises a foundation in the improvement of federal data protection laws and is even alluded to as "the very key to the German view on data protection". In this decision, the Court invented the right to informational self-determination as a new constitutional right, which can be viewed as the constitutional basis for the right to be forgotten. The right to be forgotten can be viewed as a component of the right to informational self-determination. As this privilege just produces coordinate results when an official authority is involved, the different inquiries concerning private parties and their claims to delete data in the hands of different privates remain unanswered. Furthermore, there is no explicit definition of a right to be forgotten because it is nearly impossible for something on the internet to be forgotten. Neither the legislator nor the high courts use the term of a right to be forgotten the way, for instance, the new Draft Data Protection Regulation does. This makes it difficult to give a definite answer to the response to the subject of whether such a privilege can be found in German law.
In the age of information, countries like the Czech Republic have resorted to a form of public administration that can be accessed through the internet called eGovernment. The purpose of eGovernment is to help regulatory procedures, enhance the nature of the administrations and increments inside open division productivity. Additionally, advanced open administrations diminish the authoritative weight on organizations and residents by making their cooperation with open organizations quicker and effective, more advantageous and straightforward, and less expensive. Likewise, utilizing advanced advances as an incorporated piece of governments' modernization methodologies can open further monetary and social advantages for society overall.
Privacy notices
Privacy notices are instruments that are used to educate people of the handling of their own personal data, their rights as data subjects, and provide any other information required by data protection or privacy laws. Contrary to popular belief, European Union data protection laws do not require organizations to display a privacy notice on their websites. Although, such notices seem to be logical by-products of data protection and privacy laws, which requires that people are sufficiently informed about the processing of their personal data, these notices are not legally required.
American perspective
In the United States, there is regularly a more prominent accentuation on the liberty of speech and the freedom of press, than the right to informational self-determination.
See also
Data sovereignty
Digital citizenship
Digital identity
Digital integrity
Digital self-determination
References
Ruling of the German Constitutional Court (in German) defining informational self-determination.
Westin, A., Privacy and Freedom, New York: Atheneum, 1970.
"The Right to Privacy" (Warren and Brandeis) the seminal law review article for U.S. privacy law.
Privacy law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informational%20self-determination |
1921
Three Musicians (two versions)
Reading the Letter (La Lecture de la Lettre)
1922
Deux femmes courant sur la plage (La Course)
1923
The Pipes of Pan (La flûte de Pan) - Musée Picasso, Paris
Olga with a Fur Collar
La Lettre (La Réponse)
Los Enamorados ("The Lovers")
Harlequin (Arlequin) - Centre Pompidou, Musée National d'Art Moderne
Mother and Child
Two Nudes
Portrait d'Olga
1924
Picasso painted the walls of the garage at the Villa La Vigie in Juan-les-Pins during late July, the owner insisted that they be repainted. No photographs exist of the walls.
Still Life with Mandolin - Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
Still Life with a Mandolin - National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
Mandolin with Guitar - Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City
Juan-les-Pins - Sold by Heinz Berggruen in 1961 to Mr & Mrs Walter Oppenheimer; in their collection from 1961 to 2007. Sold at Christie's 2007 and sold at Sotheby's in 2018.
Trois Baigneuses - Acquired by a Scandinavian private collector from Perls Galleries, New York in 1989; sold by them at Sotheby's in 2019 for $1.095 million.
Snow Landscape
Still Life with Mandolin and Galette, Oil and sand on canvas, 38 1/2 x 51 1/2 in. (97.8 x 130.8 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
1925
Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, and Plaster Arm, Oil on canvas, 38 1/2 x 51 1/2 in. (97.8 x 130.8 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The Three Dancers (Les Trois Danseuses) - Tate, London
1926
Scène d'Intérieur - two versions at University of Michigan Museum of Art
1927
Seated Woman
Les Trois Amies (The Three Friends) - University of Michigan Museum of Art
Painter Working, observed by a nude model. Plate VIII for Balzac, 'Le Chef-d'oeu - University of Michigan Museum of Art
Bull and Horse. (Taureau et Cheval) Plate III for Balzac, Le Chef-d'oeuvre inco - University of Michigan Museum of Art
Harlequin, Oil on canvas, 32 in. × 25 5/8 in. (81.3 × 65.1 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Head of a Woman, Oil and charcoal on canvas, 21 3/4 x 13 1/4 in. (55.2 x 33.7 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
1928
The Studio
1929
Woman in a Red Armchair - Menil Collection, Houston
1930
Hand with Bouquet
Seated Bather
Crucifixion
1931
Figures at the Seashore
References
1921-1930
Picasso 1921-1930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Picasso%20artworks%201921%E2%80%931930 |
The appearance of the German language begins in the Early Middle Ages with the High German consonant shift. Old High German, Middle High German, and Early New High German span the duration of the Holy Roman Empire. The 19th and 20th centuries saw the rise of Standard German and a decrease of dialectal variety.
High German
Old High German
The earliest testimonies of Old High German are from scattered Elder Futhark inscriptions, especially in Alemannic, from the 6th century, the earliest glosses (Abrogans) date to the 8th and the oldest coherent texts (the Hildebrandslied, the Muspilli and the Merseburg Incantations) to the 9th century.
Middle High German
Middle High German (MHG, German Mittelhochdeutsch) is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350. It is preceded by Old High German and followed by Early New High German. In some older scholarship, the term covers a longer period, going up to 1500.
Early New High German
When the Protestant reformer Martin Luther translated the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534) he based his translation mainly on this already developed language, which was the most widely understood language at this time. This language was based on Eastern Upper and Eastern Central German dialects and preserved much of the grammatical system of Middle High German (unlike the spoken German dialects in Central and Upper Germany that at that time had already begun to lose the genitive case and the preterite).
Luther based his translation primarily on the of Saxony, spending much time among the population of Saxony researching the dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to Modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany, and promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area.
In the beginning, copies of the Bible had a long list for each region, which translated words unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics rejected Luther's translation at first and tried to create their own Catholic standard (gemeines Deutsch)—which, however, differed from "Protestant German" only in some minor details. It took until the middle of the 18th century to create a standard that was widely accepted, thus ending the period of Early New High German.
Low German
Low German, being at the crossroads between High German, Anglo-Frisian, Low Franconian and the South Jutlandic dialect of Danish, has a less clear-cut linguistic history, epitomizing the fact that the West Germanic group is really a dialect continuum.
Low German, which is often considered to be a distinct language from both German and Dutch, was the historical language of most of northern Germany. While Old Saxon and Middle Low German are totally recognized as Independent languages, the status of modern Low German is not that clear, because it is no Ausbaulanguage.
Low German was strongly by High German during the duration of the Holy Roman Empire. After the end of the Hanseatic League in the 17th century, Low German was marginalized to the status of local dialects.
Old Saxon
Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is a West Germanic language. It is documented from the 9th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German. It was spoken on the north-west coast of Germany and in Denmark by Saxon peoples. It is closely related to Old Anglo-Frisian (Old Frisian, Old English), partially participating in the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law.
Middle Low German
The Middle Low German language is an ancestor of the modern Low German. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1500, splitting into West Low German and East Low German. The neighbour languages within the dialect continuum of the West Germanic languages were Middle Dutch in the West and Middle High German in the South, later substituted by Early New High German. Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League, spoken all around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Based on the language of Lübeck, a standardized written language was developing, though it was never codified.
19th century
German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire. It indicated that the speaker was a merchant, an urbanite, not his nationality. Some cities, such as Budapest (Buda, German: Ofen), were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain. Others, such as Bratislava (German: Pressburg), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. A few cities such as Milan (German: Mailand) remained primarily non-German. However, most cities were primarily German at least during the early part of the century, such as Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, Zagreb (German: Agram), and Ljubljana (German: Laibach), though they were surrounded by territory where other languages were spoken.
Until about 1800, standard German was almost solely a written language. At this time, people in urban northern Germany, who spoke dialects very different from Standard German, learnt it almost as a foreign language and tried to pronounce it as close to the spelling as possible. Prescriptive pronunciation guides of that time considered northern German pronunciation to be the standard. However, the actual pronunciation of standard German varied from region to region. German was also used in the Baltic governates of the Russian Empire. For example, Riga employed German as its official language of administration until the installation of Russian in 1891. Similarly, Tallinn employed German until 1889.
Media and written works are almost all produced in standard German (often called Hochdeutsch in German), which is understood in all German-speaking areas (except by pre-school children in areas where only dialect is spoken, for example Switzerland—but in this age of television, even they now usually learn to understand Standard German before school age). The first dictionary of the Brothers Grimm, which was issued in 16 parts between 1852 and 1860, remains the most comprehensive guide to the lexicon of the German language.
20th century
In 1880, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, this was declared the standard definition of the German language. Standard German orthography subsequently went essentially unrevised until 1998, when the German spelling reform of 1996 was officially promulgated by government representatives of Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland. After the reform, German spelling underwent an eight-year transitional period, during which the reformed spelling was taught in most schools, while traditional and reformed spelling co-existed in the media.
During the late 19th century, German displaced Latin as the lingua franca of Western science, and remained the primary language of science through the first half of the 20th century. Many of the greatest scientific papers of that era were first published in the German language, such as Albert Einstein's Annus Mirabilis papers of 1905.
Everything changed with the end of World War II. After 1945, one-third of all German researchers and teachers had to be laid off because they were tainted by their involvement with the Third Reich; another third had already been expelled or killed by the Nazi regime; and another third were simply too old. The result was that a new generation of relatively young and untrained German academics were faced with the enormous task of rebuilding German science during the Reconstruction era in post-war Germany (1945–1990). By then, "Germany, German science, and German as the language of science had all lost their leading position in the scientific community."
See also
German language literature
German dialects
Standard German
German as a minority language
Ethnic Germans
References
Bibliography
German language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20German |
Margot Franssen, (born March 21, 1952) is a philanthropist, activist and former Canadian entrepreneur, the founder, partner and president of The Body Shop Canada. During the years that she ran and co-owned the Body Shop with her husband Hall "Quig" Tingley and her sister Betty-Ann Franssen the company raised more than $1.3 million for violence prevention and recovery programs in Canada. They led their team in using innovative communication techniques to achieve a brand recognition just behind McDonald's Restaurants Canada building a strong awareness without the use of traditional advertising. In 2004 The Body Shop Canada was sold to Body Shop International. Franssen is now a leading voice on the issues of funding women's rights and social justice for women and girls.
Born in the Netherlands, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1979 from York University, her major was Philosophy. Franssen holds an honorary Doctor of Human Letters from Mount Saint Vincent University and a Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa from the University of Windsor. Franssen is a Fellow of Ryerson Polytechnical University and was the Allard Chair in Business at Grant MacEwan College.
Franssen currently serves on the board of Goldcorp Inc. and in 2016 co-founded The Canadian Centre To End Human Trafficking, co-chairing the board. She also sits on the advisory board of the Mother Turtle Lodge and is an honorary board member of York University.
In 2014 Franssen co-chaired the National Task Force on Sex Trafficking of Canadian Girls. Since 1993 she has served on the board of the Canadian Women's Foundation, serving as chair for 6 years. Franssen is a past board member of CIBC bank (15 years) and has also served on the boards of Women Moving Millions, Women's College Hospital, the advisory committee for the Dalai Lama's Visit to Canada, The World Wildlife Fund, The Salvation Army Advisory Board, Toronto Family Service Association, Outward Bound, York University Foundation, and Women's Funding Network. From 1991 to 2003, she served on the Board of Governors of York University. She has served on the Round Table on the Environment and the Economy as well as the International Human Rights Jury.
Franssen served as the co-chair of Women Moving Millions, a break through organization raising million dollar gifts for the advancement of women and girls.
She has been a co-chair of York University's Campaign, a campaign leader for the Salvation Army Capital Campaign and was the co-chair of the Canadian Women's Foundation Endowment Campaign.
In 2002, Franssen was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and received the Queen's Diamond and Golden Jubilee Award. Franssen received the United Nations Grand Award for addressing an issue of vital concern (Violence Against Women) to the UN and was their guest speaker at the World Conference of Women in Beijing in 1995.
In 2015 Franssen received The International Alliance for Women World of Difference 100 award, in 2013 the Twenty-One Leaders for the Twenty First Century and in 2011 Top 25 Women of Influence in Canada. In 2004, she was awarded the United Nations Development Fund for Women Canada Award, given "for outstanding contributions towards the advancement of women". .An award is named after her at MicroSkills, the Margot Franssen Leadership Award. Franssen received numerous awards over the years including the Yorktown Family Services Humanitarian Award for Community Service in 2008. Changing the Face of Philanthropy/Women's Funding Network, Outstanding Achievement in the Elimination of Violence/Muriel McQueen Ferguson Foundation to name a few.
Business awards include but are not limited to 100 Best Companies to Work for in Canada/Financial Post, 50 Best Managed Companies/Financial Post, Toronto's Top 20 Companies/Arthur Anderson, Financial Post Environment Award and the Marketing Communication Award/Retail Council of Canada.
References
1952 births
Living people
Directors of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
Dutch expatriates in Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
York University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot%20Franssen |
George Townshend (1876–1957) was born in Ireland and was a well-known writer and Anglican clergyman who converted to the Baháʼí Faith at age 70. Baháʼí leader Shoghi Effendi named Townshend a Hand of the Cause of God and one of the United Kingdom's three luminaries of the Baháʼí Faith.
Early accomplishments
Townshend went to the University of Oxford for a time, then returned to Ireland where he was a lead writer for The Irish Times from 1900 to 1904. In 1904 he emigrated to the United States and was ordained in Salt Lake City. He then went to Sewanee, Tennessee, where he became Associate Professor of English at the University of the South.
Return to Ireland
Townshend spent many years near Ballinasloe, County Galway, where he was incumbent of Ahascragh and Archdeacon of Clonfert. Around this time he achieved recognition with "The Alter on the Hearth (1927)" and more widely with "The Genius of Ireland (1930)". He then moved to Dublin where he became a Canon of St. Patrick's Cathedral. However, this lasted for only a short time before his resignation.
Baháʼí life
In 1918, Townshend started correspondence with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the leader of the Baháʼí Faith. Townshend then adopted the Baháʼí teachings within his work as an Anglican clergyman, including his writing of two books, The Heart of the Gospel and The Promise of All Ages. This created increasing tensions between Townshend and other clergy and eventually caused Shoghi Effendi, the succeeding leader of the Baháʼí Faith, to call for Townshend to resign as a Canon of St. Patrick's Cathedral.
In 1947, at the age of 70, Townshend renounced his Anglican orders and wrote a pamphlet to all Christians under the title The Old Churches and the New World Faith, which was sent to 10,000 people in the British Isles on the occasion of his resignation. He then moved to a small bungalow outside of Dublin where he spent his last decade. Townshend was one of the founding members of the Dublin Local Spiritual Assembly and in 1951 was designated by Shoghi Effendi, then head of the religion, as a Hand of the Cause of God. With this designation he rendered many services to the religion, mainly in the area of writing, as Shoghi Effendi thought of him as "the best writer we have ... the pre-eminent Baháʼí writer". Townshend wrote the introduction the book God Passes By which recounted the events of the first century of the Baháʼí faith. In the introduction he was the first Baháʼí to mention the 1844 Edict of Toleration. Townshend also completed another book, Christ and Baháʼu'lláh, which Shoghi Effendi called "his crowning achievement" shortly before Townshend died from Parkinson's disease in 1957 at the age of 81.
Family
George had a wife Nancy, a son Brian and a daughter Una. Una and Brian helped him to write "Christ and Baháʼu'lláh" by writing down his dictations as he was dying from Parkinson's. Brian died in 1988 and Una in 2003. Una married Richard "Dick" Dean, Baháʼí and one time Harlem Globetrotter, she also was a founding member of the Dublin Local Spiritual Assembly as well as a Knight of Baháʼu'lláh, a designation given to those Baháʼís who were the first to reside in a country, hers being Malta.
Works
Shoghi Effendi once said about George Townshend that he feels "Mr. Townshend's services to the Faith can best be rendered by his writing about it, as he obviously has an outstanding ability in this direction..." (The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community, p. 198).
Christ and Baháʼu'lláh is notable for the changes made from the original publication to subsequent editions published after the passing of Shoghi Effendi. For example, a statement about the "first and present Guardian" has been removed and a section discussing "the lineage of succeeding Guardians" has been replaced with a section discussing "divinely guided institutions" in general.
References
External links
Baháʼí Reference Library Article
Books
Biography
Una's Obituary Article
Entry in The Townsend (Townshend) Family Records
Irish Bahá'ís
Converts to the Bahá'í Faith from Anglicanism
Hands of the Cause
Irish journalists
Sewanee: The University of the South faculty
1876 births
1957 deaths
20th-century Bahá'ís | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Townshend%20%28Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD%29 |
The 1976 Summer Olympics were held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 26 events in swimming were contested. There was a total of 471 participants from 51 countries competing.
Events
Participating nations
471 swimmers from 51 nations competed.
Medal table
Medal summary
Men's events
Women's events
Gallery of the medalists
Some of the Olympic medalists in Montreal:
References
1976 Summer Olympics events
1976
1976 in swimming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%201976%20Summer%20Olympics |
The Visitation is a 1999 contemporary Christian novel by Frank Peretti. Taking place in the fictional wheat town of Antioch, located in eastern Washington, The Visitation is told in first-person narrative by the protagonist, a former minister named Travis Jordan who struggles to reconcile his former pastoral life with that of a present-day false Messiah.
Plot summary
Centered on the life of Travis Jordan, The Visitation begins when miracles, ranging from a healing, weeping crucifix to sights of Jesus in the clouds, start occurring, giving way to the arrival of a man who calls himself Brandon Nichols. Nichols begins healing people; giving a man who lost the use of his legs in the Vietnam War the ability to walk, and performing various other "healings". Most of the townspeople — who are portrayed as disillusioned, post-Pentecostal farmers — begin to believe in Nichols as a Messiah.
Brandon Nichols begins to hold "revival meetings" on a large ranch outside of town every Sunday, and many churchgoers in town stop going to Sunday morning mass/services and instead listen to Brandon talk and watch him "heal". It is at this point that Nichols arouses the ire of one of the local ministers, Kyle Sherman. Enlisting the help of Travis Jordan, he seeks to prove that the so-called Brandon Nichols is not in fact a "better" Christian Messiah, but a puffed-up egomaniac using occult powers.
In the end, the team (along with the help of a few others) uncover a host of pseudonyms and a hefty helping of deception surrounding Nichols' past. Startling parallels are revealed with the life story of Travis Jordan, all of which come to light as the story progresses.
Parody
Numerous "in jokes" are to be found within the book, most of them referencing some Pentecostal belief or practice. For example, the entire life story of Travis Jordan is one of disillusionment with idyllic Charismaticism. The entire book is rife with slightly humorous stories of "leg-lengthening services" and long nights of wailing in tongues.
There is also a reference to a fictional "Bishop of the Island." This parodies some charismatic youth groups which reportedly spend all their time "praying in the Spirit" and "casting out demons" while never examining Bible scriptures or applying their precepts to their lives.
While some people might find such parody inappropriate/sacrilegious, many individuals who have grown up within the charismatic sub-culture find it quite humorous. As such, The Visitation has been considered somewhat lighter in nature than Peretti's other fiction.
Film Adaptation
A film based on The Visitation has been released by Twentieth Century Fox and stars Martin Donovan and Edward Furlong.
External links
Entry in FrankPeretti.com
1999 American novels
American horror novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels set in Washington (state)
Novels by Frank E. Peretti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Visitation%20%28novel%29 |
Oskar Davičo (; 18 January 1909 — 30 September 1989) was a Serbian and Yugoslavian novelist and poet. A leading literary figure of his generation, he was one of the most acclaimed Serbian surrealist writers, but also a revolutionary socialist activist and a politician. Davičo was awarded prestigious literary NIN Award a record three times.
Biography
Early life
Oskar Davičo was born on 18 January 1909 in Šabac to a Jewish family. His father was an atheist Jewish accountant and a socialist. During World War I in Serbia, Šabac was the scene of heavy fighting, so the whole family moved temporarily to Negotin.
Interwar period
Davičo finished the elementary school and lower gymnasium Šabac, and then continued his education at the First Belgrade Gymnasium in Belgrade. Davičo started to write poetry while in gymnasium. He was expelled from the gymnasium in 6th grade for criticizing religion in a self-published magazine. He later graduated as a part-time student in 1926. After that, he left for Paris and enrolled at the University of Paris, studying romance studies. In Paris he worked as a waiter, courier, shoe maker, boxing trainer, and a paid companion of wealthy women. While in Paris, Davičo attended meetings of the Communist Party of France. He left the university without passing a single exam. After two years in France, he returned to Belgrade in 1928 and enrolled at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy studying French language and French literature. He graduated in 1930 cum laude. Soon after graduation, he found employment as a French language teacher in a high school in Šibenik. He was fired after only three months on the job, and then got a part-time job as a teacher at the First Belgrade Gymnasium, the same school he was expelled from in 1925. In 1931 Davičo got a full-time job as a high school teacher in Bihać. While in Bihać, he secretly founded the local committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY). Communist activity was illegal in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after 1920. Davičo was arrested on 31 May 1932 after being betrayed by one of the members of the CPY, and the court sentenced him to five years in prison. He served his sentence at Lepoglava prison and Sremska Mitrovica prison. While incarcerated, he wrote a novel titled "Detinjstvo" (Childhood), but did not finish it. The manuscript was lost during his transfer from Lepoglava to Sremska Mitrovica in 1935. After his release, he lived in Belgrade and worked as a co-editor of a magazine called "Naša stvarnost" (Our Reality).
After a broad police action in Belgrade in 1938, Davičo was arrested again, but released soon after. He left Belgrade and moved to Kopaonik. While in Kopaonik, he wrote poem cycles "Hana" and "Srbija" and some other poems that were later published in a collection "Višnja za zidom" (A Cherry Tree behind a Wall). In 1939 he moved to Zagreb on orders of the leadership of the CPY. After he showed "Hana" to Miroslav Krleža and Vaso Bogdanov, they advised him to write a novel about his life in prison. Davičo finished the novel in March 1941, but the April War broke out soon after, and the novel was never printed.
World War II
Working illegally for the CPY, Davičo moved to Italian-occupied Split, where he was arrested in August 1941. To the Italian police, he gave a fake Jewish name Ostap Daburo, and they did not recognize him. He was taken to an Italian camp for Jews on the island of Korčula and then interned to Lombardy, Italy. During 1942, he tried to escape two times, but failed. He finally escaped in 1943, and moved back to Dalmatia via Monte Gargano. There, he joined the 1st Proletarian Brigade of the Yugoslav Partisans as a soldier. He saw fighting in Bosnia, Montenegro, Sandžak, Tara and Durmitor. He worked briefly in the press bureau of the Central Command on the island of Vis. Davičo rejoined the Brigade and participated in the Belgrade Offensive.
Post-World War II
After the liberation, Davičo stayed in Belgrade and worked for a month in the newly established Tanjug news agency. From there, he moved to Borba, and then to Glas newspaper. As a reporter, he reported from the Nuremberg Trials, from the Trieste during the Trieste crisis, and from the Greek Civil War, where he joined Markos Vafiadis and his Democratic Army of Greece. After publishing a travel novel about his experiences in Greece in 1947, Davičo left journalism and became a full-time writer. He spent the rest of his life in Belgrade.
Death
Oskar Davičo died on 30 September 1989 in Belgrade. He is interred in the Alley of Distinguished Citizens in the Belgrade New Cemetery.
Literary work
Davičo's literary work belongs to the surrealist movement. He started writing poetry in 1925, while in gymnasium. His early poetry is experimental and strongly surrealist. In the late 1930s, he added social and leftist elements to his poetry. Although mainly social, his 1938 poetry book "Pesme" (Poems) also contains humor, word play, and eroticism. His next two poetry books, "Hana" (1939) and "Višnja za zidom" (1950) are thematically linked to "Pesme" and they form a poetic trilogy. The main theme of "Hana" is love, while the theme of "Višnja za zidom" is revolutionary. Similar theme is explored in the poem "Zrenjanin" (1949) about the life and death of Partisan leader Žarko Zrenjanin. The climax of Davičo's surrealist poetry is reached in the poem "Čovekov čovek" (1953). After "Čovekov čovek", Davičo published a dozen more poetry books, which were poorly received with both critic and readers.
Davičo started writing novels during and after the World War II. Novels are the most important part of his work after the poetry. In the novels "Ćutnje" (1963), "Gladi" (1963) "Tajne" (1964), and "Bekstva" (1966), he wrote about the prison life of Yugoslavian Communists in the interwar period. In "Pesma" (1952) and "Gospodar zaborava" (1981), he writes about the World War II in Yugoslavia and the people's liberation movement. Finally, in "Beton i svici" (1956) and "Radni naslov beskraja" (1958), Davičo writes about the post-war build-up of Yugoslavia. The main characters of his novels are usually young revolutionary communists.
For his literary work, Davičo received numerous awards. He was the only author to be awarded the NIN Award for the novel of the year three times: in 1956 for "Beton i svici", in 1963 for "Gladi", and in 1964 for "Tajne".
Novels
"Pesma" (Poem), 1952
"Beton i svici" (Concrete and Fireflies), 1955
"Radni naslov beskraja" (Working Title of the Eternity), 1958
"Generalbas", 1962
"Ćutnje" (Silences), 1963
"Gladi" (Hungers), 1963
"Tajne" (Secrets), 1964
"Bekstva" (The Escapes), 1966
"Zavičaji" (Homelands), 1971
"Gospodar zaborava" (The Master of Oblivion), 1980
Poetry"Anatomija" (Anatomy), 1930"Pesme" (Poems), 1938"Hana", 1939"Zrenjanin", 1949"Višnja za zidom" (A Cherry Tree Behind a Wall), 1950"Čovekov čovek" (A Man's Man), 1953"Nastanjene oči" (Occupied Eyes), 1954"Flora", 1955"Pesme" (Poems), 1958"Kairos", 1959"Tropi" (Tropics), 1959"Sunovrati" (Downfalls), 1963"Snimci" (Recordings), 1963"Pročitani jezik" (A Language Read), 1972"Telo telu" (Body to Body), 1975"Veverice-leptiri ili nadopis obojenog žbuna" (Squirrel-butterflies, or By-writing of the Colored Bush), 1976"Misterije dana" (Mysteries of a Day), 1979
Other"Među Markosovim partizanima" (Amongst Markos' Partisans), a travel novel, 1947"Poezija i otpori" (Poetry and Resistance), an essay, 1952"Pre podne" (Ante meridiem), an essay, 1960"Crno na belo" (Black on White), a reportage, 1962"Trg M" (M Square), a poem, 1968"Ritual umiranja jezika" (The Ritual of Language Dying), an essay, 1971"Reči na delu" (Words on Work), a poem, 1977"Pod-tekst" (Sub-text''), essays and polemics, 1979
References
Sources
1909 births
1989 deaths
Writers from Šabac
Serbian Jews
Serbian novelists
Serbian male poets
Yugoslav poets
Serbian surrealist writers
Yugoslav Partisans members
University of Paris alumni
University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy alumni
20th-century Serbian novelists
20th-century Serbian poets
Yugoslav expatriates in France
Burials at Belgrade New Cemetery
Recipients of the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar%20Davi%C4%8Do |
Lautoka City (Open Constituency, Fiji) is a former electoral district in Fiji. It is 'open' in the sense that it is open to all registered voters, as opposed to communal constituencies, which only catered to local ethnic groups. Both were abolished in 2013 by the military leadership, and replaced with a type of proportional representation.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The vaginal vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2001
https://web.archive.org/web/20071208180324/http://www.lautokacity.org/
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautoka%20City%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
A Pollinaire Rave is a comedy tour by of Montreal lead singer Kevin Barnes, his wife, Nina Barnes, and his brother David Barnes. Both the titles and the artwork vary depending on the individual copy. A CD by the same name was sold, and five of the seven songs on the EP became songs on the Montreal album Satanic Panic in the Attic.
Partial track listing
The track listing below reflects the titles given by Kevin Barnes at the time, followed by the names the songs eventually took on.
Original titles
The Fading and Frozen Phallus in the Eye of a Young Brute
Whatever Happened to the Breath of Tom the Sandwidth
Nightmare Onanism
Gladiator Chestsex and the Collision
Shut the Orb Lady
Wednesday's Foam on Tuesday Again?
Yes, The Bird May Remember Being Hoofed
Finished titles
How Lester Lost His Wife (demo)
Chrissy Kiss the Corpse (demo)
City Bird (demo)
Erroneous Escape Into Eric Eckles (demo)
Everything About Her is Wrong
Epistle to a Pathological Creep
Eros' Entropic Tundra (demo)
Comedy albums by American artists
2005 live albums
2000s comedy albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Pollinaire%20Rave |
Peter Motzfeldt (3 August 1777 – 1 April 1854) was a Norwegian Military Officer and Government Minister. He served as a member of the Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814.
Background
Motzfeldt was born at Orkdal in Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. He was the son of infantry captain Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt (1738–83) and Andrea Birgitte Bull. When his father died in 1783, Motzfeldt lived with his uncle, Major Jacob Motzfeldt. He was a cousin of Frederik Motzfeldt and Carl Frederik Motzfeldt. In 1792, he entered the Artillery Academy in Copenhagen and became second lieutenants in the artillery with the station in Fredrikstad in 1796. He was stationed in the Danish West Indies and later held as a prisoner of war by Great Britain. In 1809, he became commander of an artillery corp in Bergen, Norway.
Political career
In 1814, he was elected as a representative from the Bergen Artillery Corp (Artillerie-Corpset) at the National Assembly in Eidsvoll. He supported the position of the Independence Party (Selvstendighetspartiet) and was a supporter of Crown Prince Christian Frederik and opponent of the union with Sweden. Motzfeldt was a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm 1814–1816, 1818–1819, 1824–1825, 1828–1829, 1831–1832, and 1834–1835, Minister of the Army 1816–1818 and 1819–1822, and Minister of Auditing 1829–1831, 1832–1834, 1835–1836, and 1836–1837.
Personal life
He was married to Ernesta Birgitte Margrethe Stenersen (1789–1848). They were the parents of jurist Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt and government official Ketil Motzfeldt. Their daughter Jacobine Ida Sophie Motzfeldt married politician Christian Birch-Reichenwald. Their grandson was statesman, Ernst Motzfeldt. Peter Motzfeldt died during 1854 and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo.
References
Other sources
1777 births
1854 deaths
People from Sør-Trøndelag
Napoleonic Wars prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom
Norwegian prisoners of war in the Napoleonic Wars
Norwegian Army personnel
Government ministers of Norway
Fathers of the Constitution of Norway
Defence ministers of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Motzfeldt |
"Oh! You Pretty Things" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie, released on his 1971 album Hunky Dory. It was the first song he wrote for the album. Bowie recorded the song as a demo before giving it to singer Peter Noone, lead singer of Herman's Hermits, who decided to release it as his debut solo single. Featuring Bowie on piano, Noone's recording was produced by Mickie Most and featured structural and lyrical differences from Bowie's later version. Released by RAK Records in April 1971 under the title "Oh! You Pretty Thing", the single peaked at number 12 in the UK, becoming Bowie's biggest success as a songwriter since his own single "Space Oddity" two years earlier.
Bowie recorded his own version at Trident Studios in London during the sessions for Hunky Dory between June and July 1971. Co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott, it featured the musicians who would later become known as the Spiders from Mars: guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist Trevor Bolder and drummer Mick Woodmansey. Bowie played piano, although Rick Wakeman, who played piano on the rest of the album, contended in 2017 that he contributed. Similar to other tracks on the album, the themes of "Oh! You Pretty Things" are dark, reflecting ideals of the occultist Aleister Crowley and philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, while making literary references to Arthur C. Clarke's 1953 novel Childhood's End and Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1871 novel The Coming Race.
"Oh! You Pretty Things" is considered by music critics as one of the best songs on Hunky Dory and by some publications as one of Bowie's best songs. Bowie performed the track multiple times for BBC radio programmes between 1971 and 1972 and once on the Ziggy Stardust Tour in 1973. Bowie's version has appeared on numerous compilation albums, while Noone's was included on a 2006 compilation named after the track. Other covers have been recorded by Seu Jorge and Au Revoir Simone.
Background and writing
Upon completing a promotional tour of America in early 1971, David Bowie returned to his home at Haddon Hall in Beckenham, London. After Tony Visconti moved out of Haddon, Bowie acquired a piano for the building, which he used to write songs. It was a first for Bowie, who previously composed songs primarily on acoustic guitar. In total, he composed over three-dozen songs at Haddon, many of which would appear on his next album Hunky Dory and its follow-up The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.
The first song Bowie wrote for Hunky Dory was "Oh! You Pretty Things". The song came to him in the early hours of a morning in January 1971. He recalled: "I couldn't sleep... this song was going 'round in my head. I had to get out of bed and just play it... so that I could get back to sleep again." He requested studio time from his music publisher Chrysalis, whose partner Bob Grace booked time at London's Radio Luxembourg Studios to record a demo. Bowie recorded the demo sometime between February and March 1971. Paul Trynka states that it featured him on solo piano, his only accompaniment being "the jangling of the bracelets he was wearing". According to biographer Marc Spitz, Bowie's demos of "Oh! You Pretty Things" and other Hunky Dory tracks "Life on Mars?" and "Andy Warhol" inspired Bowie's new manager, Tony Defries, to look into securing a new record contract for Bowie, eventually signing him with RCA Records.
After recording its demo, Bowie gave the tape to Grace, who showed it to producer Mickie Most, the most well-known independent producer in the UK at the time. He chose Most due to his popularity, having produced numerous hits for bands such as the Animals and Herman's Hermits, telling Record Collector magazine years later: "The most sure-fire way of getting a hit in those days was if you got Mickie Most to produce your song." Most liked the song and contacted Herman's Hermits' singer Peter Noone, who believed the song would be Noone's first solo hit. Noone recalled, "[Most] only played the intro and I said, 'That's it, it's perfect!
Peter Noone's version
Noone's version of "Oh! You Pretty Things" was recorded at London's Kingsway Studios on 26 March 1971. With Most producing, the lineup consisted of Noone on lead vocals, Bowie on piano and backing vocals, session player Clem Cattini on drums and Herbie Flowers on bass; Flowers had previously worked with Bowie on his 1969 self-titled album. According to Noone, Bowie struggled with the piano part: "David had some trouble playing it through completely, so we recorded it in three sections, something Mickie Most helped arrange." Most also used acoustic guitar on the recording; according to biographer Chris O'Leary, this was "to help the chord changes fall easier on the ear". He also states that Noone's version is "bookended by refrains". Trynka states that it features a "lumpy, pedestrian arrangement" that "failed to hamper" the song's melody. To avoid being banned from radio stations, the line "the Earth is a bitch" was changed with "the Earth is a beast". NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray opined the change to be "one of rock and roll's most outstanding examples of a singer failing to achieve any degree of empathy whatsoever with the mood and content of a lyric."
Released in April 1971 by RAK Records, Noone's version of "Oh! You Pretty Things", titled "Oh! You Pretty Thing", was a commercial success, peaking at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart in May and at number 100 in Australia. In addition to being Bowie's biggest success since "Space Oddity" two years earlier, it was the first time most listeners had heard of Bowie since then. Noone told NME at the time: "My view is that David Bowie is the best writer in Britain at the moment... certainly the best since [John] Lennon and [Paul] McCartney... David Bowie has more than enough talent to write hit songs... for just about any kind of singer." Bowie commented: "I don't know if Peter knows what [the song] means. It's all about Homo Superior. Herman goes heavy." He would perform the song with Noone on Britain's Top of the Pops on 9 June 1971.
Recording
Work on Hunky Dory officially began at Trident Studios in London on 8 June 1971 and concluded on 6 August. Bowie's own version of "Oh! You Pretty Things" was recorded sometime between 21 June and late July, according to O'Leary. Kevin Cann writes that the song had been recorded by 26 July, as the finished track appeared on a promotional album compiled for Gem Productions.
Co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott, it was recorded with the musicians who would later become known as the Spiders from Mars: guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist Trevor Bolder and drummer Mick Woodmansey; according to O'Leary, Ronson's only contributions was a cello arrangement and backing vocals. He also states that Bowie played piano on the track alone without Rick Wakeman, who played piano on the rest of the album. However, Wakeman contended in a 2017 BBC interview that Bowie played piano in the beginning section before he took over for the rest of the track.
Composition
Lyrics
The lyrics of "Oh! You Pretty Things" concern the establishment of a master race that will take over the world. Bowie had explored a similar premise in the 1967 track "We Are Hungry Men". Like other tracks on Hunky Dory, particularly "Quicksand", the themes of "Oh! You Pretty Things" are dark, reflecting ideals of the occultist Aleister Crowley and his Golden Dawn, and philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and his theory of Übermensch, or "Superman". Other songs Bowie had written during this period, including "The Supermen" from The Man Who Sold the World, reflect Nietzsche's theory of Übermensch. There is a "strong hint" of Arthur C. Clarke's 1953 science fiction novel Childhood's End and a direct reference to Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1871 novel The Coming Race. Perone writes that the "pretty things" are not gender-specific, leading to possible homosexual interpretations.
In a January 1972 interview with Melody Maker Bowie explains that "we have created a new kind of person in a way. We have created a child who will be so exposed to the media that he will be lost to his parents by age 12". He adds "all the things we can't do they will". In 1976 Bowie said "a lot of the songs do in fact deal with song kind of schizophrenia, or alternating id problems, and 'Pretty Things' is one of them. Remarking on the 'crack in the sky' mentioned in the song Bowie said "According to Jung, to see cracks in the sky is not, is not really quite on. And I did, you know, the sky for me representing something solid that could be cracked and I still had a dome over the world which again I found out was just my own repressions".
Carr and Murray state that the lyrics herald "the impending obsolescence of the human race in favour of an alliance between arriving aliens and the youth of the present society." O'Leary states that the song contains "more acceptance than dread", with a blunt note being "the earth is a bitch". He comments on Bowie's indifferent delivery of the line "all the nightmares came today / And it looks as though they're here to stay", which he compares to Black Sabbath. In his analysis, the song praises the children that will replace us, but because they will suffer the same fate as us, there's no reason to fear the upcoming apocalypse. Pegg cites Biff Rose's 1968 song "Mama's Boy" from his The Thorn in Mrs. Rose's Side as a likely inspiration, stating that the lyric "But the kids are growing up as fine as can be / Members of a new society" "prefigures" the lyric for "Oh! You Pretty Things"; Bowie covered another song from that album, "Fill Your Heart", for Hunky Dory. The darker themes provide a contrast to the music itself.
Music
Musically, the song has been characterised as pop. The song contains a descending diatonic major progression that Bowie would use for fellow album track "Changes" and later "All the Young Dudes". It opens on piano in the key of F major. Its time signature starts in 2/4, before using a waltz bar (3/4) to transition to 4/4 common time. The simple piano style has been compared with the Beatles' 1968 track "Martha My Dear". The opening lyrics concern a man waking someone up for breakfast in the middle of what O'Leary describes as a "fresh, apocalyptic morning". Here, it transitions out of G major using B7 and D chords. In the first verse, Bowie uses sudden shifts in tonality, from holding one note on the line "wake up you sleepyhead" to ranging across intervals: lowering on "put another log on the fire for me" (which goes from G to B) and rising on "and it looks as though they're here to stay". He hits an operatic high C on "Homo Superior". This line is the inspiration for the name of a group of young telepaths called the Homo Superior in Roger Price's 1973 The Tomorrow People. Price was a fan of Bowie and even interviewed him on one occasion.
Bowie compared the song's bassline in the refrain to the works of Paul McCartney. Doggett describes Bowie's vocal performance as "quite unadorned, presented so starkly... that it [is] almost unsettling". It ends the same way it began: on piano. The album's following track, "Eight Line Poem", was designed to sound like a "continuation" of "Oh! You Pretty Things".
Release and reception
RCA Records released Hunky Dory on 17 December 1971, with "Oh! You Pretty Things" sequenced as the second track on side one of the original LP, between "Changes" and "Eight Line Poem". Cann argues that the song's placement on Hunky Dory displayed Bowie's growing evolution as a songwriter. Although "Changes" was released as the first single from the album, some commentators argued that "Oh! You Pretty Things" was the better choice. In a contemporary review, Billboard named it as one of the strongest songs on the album. Retrospectively, Michael Gallucci of Ultimate Classic Rock also called it one of the best songs on the album, citing it as an example of showcasing Bowie's growth as a songwriter and proving he would become an unpredictable artist. Ned Raggett of AllMusic also considers it one of the best songs on the album and one of his best efforts in general. Some reviewers have called it a homosexual anthem.
"Oh! You Pretty Things" has been ranked by some publications as one of Bowie's best songs. In 2008, Uncut magazine ranked it number 19 in a list of Bowie's 30 best songs. In 2015, Mojo magazine considered it Bowie's 17th greatest song. Meanwhile, while the staff of NME placed it at number ten in a list of Bowie's 40 best songs in 2018. Two years later, Alexis Petridis of The Guardian voted it number eight in his list of Bowie's 50 greatest songs, describing it as one of Bowie's finest uses of an apocalyptic scenario up to that point and concluding: "[It is] a song that sets an incredibly bleak message to a melody so lovely it could be covered by the lead singer of Herman's Hermits."
Live versions
Bowie recorded "Oh! You Pretty Things" three times for BBC radio programmes: on 3 June and 21 September 1971, and 22 May 1972 for In Concert: John Peel, Sounds of the 70s: Bob Harris, and The Johnnie Walker Lunchtime Show, respectively. The 3 June performance was cut from the show before broadcast and is now lost. The September recording, a duo performance between Bowie and Ronson, was released on the Japanese edition of the 2000 release Bowie at the Beeb and on the 2016 vinyl version of that album, while the May 1972 performance was released on the standard edition of Bowie at the Beeb.
A live version recorded at the Hammersmith Odeon in London on 3 July 1973 during the Ziggy Stardust Tour was released on the album Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture in 1983. It was performed as a medley with "Wild Eyed Boy from Freecloud" and "All the Young Dudes". It was also recorded on 8 February 1972 for the BBC's The Old Grey Whistle Test, though the performance was not broadcast until over ten years later. This performance is available on the Best of Bowie DVD. An outtake from the same session, in which Bowie stumbles over the lines and gets them wrong on several occasions, is hidden among easter eggs on the same DVD.
Covers and subsequent releases
"Oh! You Pretty Things" has appeared on numerous compilation albums, including Changestwobowie (1981), The Singles Collection (1993), The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 (1997), Best of Bowie (2002), The Platinum Collection (2006), Nothing Has Changed (2014), and Legacy (The Very Best of David Bowie) (2016). In 2015, the song, along with its parent album, was remastered for the Five Years (1969–1973) box set. It was released in CD, vinyl, and digital formats. Noone's version also appeared on the 2006 compilation Oh! You Pretty Things, named after the track.
Brazilian singer Seu Jorge recorded a Portuguese version of "Oh! You Pretty Things!" for the 2004 film The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, while Au Revoir Simone recorded it for the tribute compilation Life Beyond Mars.
Personnel
According to biographer Chris O'Leary:
David Bowie lead vocals, piano, handclaps
Mick Ronson backing vocals, string arrangements, handclaps
Trevor Bolder bass guitar
Mick Woodmansey drums
Rick Wakeman piano
Unknown musician – cello
Production
David Bowie producer
Ken Scott producer, engineer
Charts
Notes
References
Sources
External links
"Oh! You Pretty Things" (2014 Remaster) – David Bowie on YouTube
Peter Noone's version on YouTube
1971 singles
1971 songs
David Bowie songs
Peter Noone songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Mickie Most
RAK Records singles
LGBT-related songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%21%20You%20Pretty%20Things |
Bryn Celynnog Comprehensive School is an 11–18 mixed, English-medium, community secondary school and sixth form in Beddau, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales.
History
Built as the Beddau Girls School and dated 1928. One of a series of schools with similarities in style by the Glamorgan County Architect, D Pugh Jones. This example is relatively small for a secondary school, perhaps because it was for girls only. Shown on an Ordnance Survey map of 1948 with the same E-shaped plan as today. A dotted line is shown across the rear, perhaps representing a fence which would have bounded a courtyard. It is possible that a rear range was planned but not built.
Notable alumni
Ellis Jenkins, rugby union player
Gethin Jenkins, rugby union player
Neil Jenkins, rugby union player and coach
Adrian Lewis Morgan, actor
Kelly Morgan, badminton player
Michael Owen, rugby union player
David Roberts, swimmer
Notable staff
Paul John, former PE teacher
References
External links
Pontypridd
Secondary schools in Rhondda Cynon Taf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn%20Celynnog%20Comprehensive%20School |
The Leyte Kalipayan Dance Company is a Philippine folkloric dance troupe based in the island of Leyte in the Eastern Visayas region of the Philippines. According to its official website,
Its repertoire consists of Philippine traditional dances and music showing a kaleidoscope of Philippine culture through the performing arts.
The company was founded in 1960 at the Holy Infant College in Tacloban City in Leyte by Teresita Veloso Pil. The group was initially called the Leyte Filipiniana Dance Troupe. Sister Mary Canisius, the school directress of Holy Infant College, is also credited as having encouraged the formation of the dance troupe. The troupe first performed in September 1961 at the same college's celebration of its College Day. The success of the dance troupe resulted in invitations for the group to perform in other parts of Tacloban and eventually the rest of the country and the world.
Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal designated the dance troupe as Official Cultural Ambassadors of the Philippines to the United States for 1965. The group toured the United States and even appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show.
In 1975, the group became an independent entity from the Holy Infant College and was reorganized. In 1977, the group received its present name upon the creation of the Leyte Kalipayan Cultural Foundation, which to this day still manages the activities of the dance troupe. The word kalipayan comes from the Waray-Waray language and means happiness.
The group has toured in various cities around the world in Asia, Europe, the Americas.
References
External links
Intangible Cultural Heritage Platform for Asia and the Pacific
Official Site of the Leyte Kalipayan Dance Company
Filipino dance groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte%20Kalipayan%20Dance%20Company |
Mathia (, before 1927: Δράγκα - Dragka) is a small village located near the top of the Mount Lycodimos. It is part of the municipal unit of Petalidi, in Messenia, Greece, 7 kilometres from the coastline. Under Ottoman occupation, it was referred to as Draga. Pirates had destroyed its original location. In the Greek War of Independence in 1821, the legendary Captain Yannis Makriyannis (Γιάννης Μαακρυγιαννης) aka Iannis Triantaphyllou and his heroic men destroyed the Turkish army. His monument stands in the village's entrance, as a reminder to the new generations.
References
Populated places in Messenia
Messini | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathia%2C%20Messenia |
The Barber coinage consists of a dime, quarter, and half dollar designed by United States Bureau of the Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber. They were minted between 1892 and 1916, though no half dollars were struck in the final year of the series.
By the late 1880s, there were increasing calls for the replacement of the Seated Liberty design, used since the 1830s on most denominations of silver coins. In 1891, Mint Director Edward O. Leech, having been authorized by Congress to approve coin redesigns, ordered a competition, seeking a new look for the silver coins. As only the winner would receive a cash prize, invited artists refused to participate and no entry from the public proved suitable. Leech instructed Barber to prepare new designs for the dime, quarter, and half dollar, and after the chief engraver made changes to secure Leech's endorsement, they were approved by President Benjamin Harrison in November 1891. Striking of the new coins began the following January.
Public and artistic opinion of the new pieces was, and remains, mixed. In 1915, Mint officials began plans to replace them once the design's minimum term expired in 1916. The Mint issued Barber dimes and quarters in 1916 to meet commercial demand, but before the end of the year, the Mercury dime, Standing Liberty quarter, and Walking Liberty half dollar had begun production. Most dates in the Barber coin series are not difficult to obtain, but the 1894 dime struck at the San Francisco Mint (1894-S), with a mintage of 24, is a great rarity.
Background
Charles Barber
Charles E. Barber was born in London in 1840. His grandfather, John Barber, led the family to America in the early 1850s. Both John and his son William were engravers and Charles followed in their footsteps. The Barber family initially lived in Boston upon their arrival to the United States, though they later moved to Providence to allow William to work for the Gorham Manufacturing Company. William Barber's skills came to the attention of Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre, who hired him as an assistant engraver in 1865; when Longacre died in 1869, William Barber became chief engraver and Charles was hired as an assistant engraver.
William Barber died on August 31, 1879, of an illness contracted after swimming at Atlantic City, New Jersey. His son applied for the position of chief engraver, as did George T. Morgan, another British-born engraver hired by the Mint. In early December 1879, Treasury Secretary John Sherman, Mint Director Horatio Burchard, and Philadelphia Mint Superintendent A. Loudon Snowden met to determine the issue. They decided to recommend the appointment of Barber, who was subsequently nominated by President Rutherford B. Hayes and in February 1880, was confirmed by the Senate. Barber would serve nine presidents in the position, remaining until his death in 1917, when Morgan would succeed him.
Coinage redesign was being considered during Barber's early years as chief engraver. Superintendent Snowden believed that the base-metal coins then being struck (the one-, three-, and five-cent pieces) should have uniform designs, as did many of the silver pieces, and also some gold coins. He had Barber create experimental pattern coins. In spite of Snowden's desires, the only design modified was that of the five-cent coin, or nickel; Barber's design, known as the Liberty Head nickel, entered production in 1883. The new coin had its denomination designated by a Roman numeral "V" on the reverse; the three-cent coin had always had a "III" to designate its denomination. Enterprising fraudsters soon realized that the nickel and half eagle (or five-dollar gold piece) were close in size, and plated the base metal coins to pass to the unwary. Amid public ridicule of the Mint, production came to a halt until Barber hastily added the word "cents" to the reverse of his design.
Movement towards redesign
For much of the second half of the 19th century, most U.S. silver coins bore a design of a seated Liberty. This design had been created by Christian Gobrecht, an engraver at the United States Mint in Philadelphia, after a sketch by artist Thomas Sully, and introduced to U.S. coins in the late 1830s. The design reflected an English influence, and as artistic tastes changed over time, was increasingly disliked in the United States. In 1876, The Galaxy magazine said of the then current silver coins:
Public dissatisfaction with the newly-issued Morgan dollar led the Mint's engravers to submit designs for the smaller silver coins in 1879. Among those who called for new coinage was editor Richard Watson Gilder of The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Sometime in the early 1880s, he, along with one of his reporters and sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens visited Mint Director Burchard to argue for the creation of new designs. They brought along classic Greek and Roman coins in an attempt to persuade Burchard that the coinage could easily be made more beautiful. The visitors left disappointed, after learning that Burchard considered the much-criticized Morgan dollar as beautiful as any of them.
In 1885, Burchard was succeeded as Mint director by James Kimball. The new director was more receptive to Gilder's ideas and in 1887 announced a competition for new designs for the non-gold coinage. These plans were scuttled when Vermont Senator Justin Morrill questioned the Mint's authority to produce new designs. The Mint had claimed authority under the Coinage Act of 1873 in issuing the Morgan dollar in 1878 and the Liberty Head nickel in 1883. Morrill was a supporter of coin redesign and had in the past introduced bills to accomplish this; he felt, however, that this could not be done without an act of Congress. Kimball submitted the issue to government lawyers; they indicated that the Mint lacked the claimed authority. All three men worked to secure a bill to authorize new designs: Morrill by introducing and pressing legislation, Kimball by lobbying for the authority in his annual report, and Gilder by orchestrating favorable coverage. With legislators busy with other matters, it was not until September 26, 1890, that President Benjamin Harrison signed legislation making all denominations of U.S. coins available for immediate redesign by the Mint upon obtaining the Secretary of the Treasury's approval. Each coin could thereafter be altered from the 25th year after it was first produced; for example, a coin first struck in 1892 would be eligible for redesign in 1916.
Inception
Three days before the signing of the 1890 act, Barber wrote to the superintendent of the Philadelphia Mint, Oliver Bosbyshell, setting forth proposed terms of a competition to select new coin designs. Barber suggested that entrants be required to submit models, as opposed to drawings, and that the designs be in low relief, which was used for coins. He proposed that the entries include the lettering and denomination, as submissions without them would not adequately show the appearance of the finished coin. He received a reply that due to other work, the Mint would not be able to address the question until the spring of 1891.
On October 16, 1890, a new Mint director, Edward O. Leech, took office. Leech, aged 38 at the time, had spent his career at the Bureau of the Mint, and was an enthusiastic supporter of redesign. He took the precaution of obtaining recommendations from Barber as to suitable outside artists who might participate in a competition. Since most of the proposed artists were New York-based, Andrew Mason, superintendent of the New York Assay Office, was given the task of finalizing the list of invitees. Leading Mason's list of ten names was that of Saint-Gaudens. Mason sent Leech the recommendations on April 3, 1891; the following day, the Mint director announced the competition, open to the public, but he specifically invited the ten artists named by Mason to participate. Besides Saint-Gaudens, artists asked to compete included Daniel Chester French, Herbert Adams and Kenyon Cox. Although Barber had warned the director that reputable artists would likely not enter a contest in which only the winner received compensation, Leech offered a $500 prize to the winner, and no payments to anyone else. He sought new designs for both sides of the dollar, and for the obverses of the half dollar, quarter, and dime—Leech was content to let the reverses of the Seated Liberty coins continue. By law, an eagle had to appear on the quarter and half dollar, but could not appear on the dime.
Most of the artists conferred in New York and responded in a joint letter that they would be willing to participate, but not on the terms set. They proposed a competition with set fees for sketches and designs submitted by the invited artists, to be judged by a jury of their peers, and with the Mint committed to replace the Seated Liberty coins with the result. They also insisted that the same artist create both sides of a given coin, and that more time be given to allow the development of designs. Leech was unable to meet these terms, as there was only enough money available for the single prize. In addition to inviting the ten artists, he had sent thousands of solicitations through the country; a number of designs were submitted in response to the circulars. To judge the submissions, he appointed a jury consisting of Saint-Gaudens, Barber, and Henry Mitchell, a Boston seal engraver and member of the 1890 Assay Commission. The committee met in June 1891 and quickly rejected all entries.
Leech was quoted in the press regarding the result of the contest:
Barber wrote years later about the competition, "many [entries] were sent in, but Mr. St. Gaudens, who was appointed one of the committee to pass upon designs, objected to everything submitted". Numismatic historian Roger Burdette explained the artistic differences between the two men:
Preparation
Frustrated at the competition's outcome, Leech instructed Barber on June 11, 1891, to prepare designs for the half dollar, quarter, and dime. As the Morgan dollar was then being heavily struck, the Mint director decided to leave that design unaltered for the time being. For the obverse of the new coins, Leech suggested a depiction of Liberty similar to that on the French coins of the period; he was content that the current reverses be continued. Leech had previously suggested to Barber that he engage outside help if the work was to be done at the Mint; the chief engraver replied that he was aware of no one who could be of help in the preparation of new designs. Leech had spoken with Saint-Gaudens on the same subject; the sculptor stated that only four men in the world were capable of executing high-quality coin designs; three lived in France and he was the fourth.
Leech announced the decision to have Barber do the work in July, stating that he had instructed the engraver to prepare designs for presentation to Secretary of the Treasury Charles Foster. In a letter printed in the New York Tribune, Gilder expressed disappointment that the Mint was planning to generate the new designs in-house, feeling that the Mint, essentially a factory for coins, was ill-equipped to generate artistic coin designs. Due to Gilder's prominence in the coinage redesign movement, Leech felt the need to respond personally, which he did in early August. He told Gilder that "artistic designs for coins, that would meet the ideas of an art critic like yourself, and artists generally, are not always adapted for practical coining". He assured Gilder that the designs which Barber had already prepared had met with the approval of Mitchell, though Leech himself had some improvements to suggest to the chief engraver.
Barber's first attempt, modeled for the half dollar, disregarded Leech's instructions. Instead of a design based on French coinage, it depicted a standing figure of Columbia, bearing a pileus (a crown fashioned from an olive branch) atop a liberty pole; an eagle spreading its wings stands behind her. The reverse utilized the heraldic eagle from the Great Seal of the United States, enclosed inside a thick oak wreath, with the required legends surrounding the rim. Leech rejected the design, and Barber submitted a revised obverse in mid-September with a head of Liberty similar to that on the adopted coin. Leech got feedback from friends and from Secretary Foster; on September 28, he wrote Barber that Liberty's lips were "rather voluptuous" and directed him to prepare a reverse without the wreath. Barber did so, and pattern coins based on the revised design were struck. Barber complained, in a letter on October 2 to Superintendent Bosbyshell, but intended for Leech, that the constant demands for changes were wasting his time. Leech replied, stating that he did not care how much effort was expended in order to improve the design, especially since, once issued, they would have to be used for 25 years. Barber's reply was transmitted to Leech on October 6 with a cover letter from Acting Superintendent Mark Cobb (Bosbyshell was traveling) stating that Barber "disclaims any intention to be captious and certainly did not intend to question your prerogative as one of the officers designed by law to pass upon new designs for coinage". The letter from Barber was a lengthy technical explanation for various design elements, and requested further advice from Leech if he had preferences; the overall tone was argumentative. Leech chose not to write again; he addressed one concern, about whether the olive branches in the design were rendered accurately, by visiting the National Botanical Garden, obtaining one, and sending it to Barber.
The question of how to render the stars (representing the 13 original states) on the coin was posed in the letters; in the end, Leech opted for six-pointed stars on the obverse and five-pointed ones on the reverse. Barber had prepared three versions of the design, each with clouds over the eagle; Leech approved one on October 31 and ordered working dies prepared, but then began to question the presence of the clouds, and had two more versions made. On November 6, President Harrison and his Cabinet considered which of the designs to approve, and chose one without the clouds; the following day, Leech ordered working dies prepared. Barber scaled down his design for the quarter and dime. While the Cabinet approved the designs, members requested that the Mint embolden the words "Liberty" on the obverse and "E Pluribus Unum" on the reverse, believing that these legends would wear away in circulation; despite the resulting changes, this proved to be accurate. For the reverse of the dime, on which, by law, an eagle could not appear, a slight modification of the reverse of the Seated Liberty dime was used, with a wreath of foliage and produce surrounding the words "One Dime".
It is uncertain when pattern dimes and quarters were struck, but this was most likely in mid-November 1891. One variety each of pattern dime and quarter are known, whereas five different half dollars are extant; all known Barber coin patterns are in the National Numismatic Collection and none are in private hands. On December 11, Bosbyshell requested a delay in production to mid-January 1892 to allow the dies to be more thoroughly tested; Leech refused. The first Barber coins were struck at the Philadelphia Mint on January 2, 1892, at 9:00 a.m. By the end of the day, all three denominations had been coined.
Design
All three denominations of the Barber coinage depict a head of Liberty, facing right. She wears a pileus and a small headband inscribed "Liberty". On the quarter and half dollar, the motto "In God We Trust" appears above her head; she is otherwise surrounded with 13 six-pointed stars and the date. On the dime, her head is surrounded with "United States of America" and the year. The reverse of the quarter and the half dollar depicts a heraldic eagle, based on the Great Seal. The bird holds in its mouth a scroll inscribed "E Pluribus Unum" and in its right claws an olive branch; in its left it holds 13 arrows. Above the eagle are 13 five-pointed stars; it is surrounded by the name of the country and by the coin's denomination. The reverse of the dime depicts a wreath of corn, wheat, maple and oak leaves surrounding the words "One Dime". Barber's monogram "B" is on the cutoff of Liberty's neck; the mint mark, on the dime, is placed beneath the wreath on the reverse and beneath the eagle on the larger denominations.
Barber's head of Liberty is purely classical, and is rendered in the Roman style. The head is modeled after the French "Ceres" silver coinage of the late 19th century, but bears a resemblance to Morgan's design for the silver dollar. This did not escape numismatist Walter Breen in his comprehensive guide to U.S. coins: "Barber must have been feeling unusually lazy. He left the [dime] rev[erse] design as it had been since 1860, with minor simplifications. His obv[erse] was a mirror image of the Morgan dollar head, with much of Miss Anna Willess Williams' back hair cropped off, the rest concealed ... within a disproportionately large cap." In his text introducing the Barber quarter, Breen states, "the whole composition is Germanically stolid, prosy, crowded (especially on rev[erse]), and without discernible merit aside from the technical one of low relief". Burdette terms Barber's designs, "typically mediocre imitations of the current French-style—hardly better than the arcane seated Liberty type they replaced".
Art historian Cornelius Vermeule, in his work on U.S. coins, took a more positive view of Barber's coinage: "the last word as to their aesthetic merits has yet to be written. Little admired or collected for more than three generations after their appearance [writing in 1971], these essentially conservative but most dignified coins have suddenly become extremely popular with collectors". Vermeule argued that "the designs of Barber's coins were more attuned to the times than he perhaps realized. The plumpish, matronly gravitas of Liberty had come to America seven years earlier in the person of Frédéric Bartholdi's giant statue [the Statue of Liberty] ... " He suggested that the features of Daniel Chester French's huge statue Republic, created for the World Columbian Exposition, "were absolutely in harmony with what Charles Barber had created for the coinage in the year of the Fair's opening".
Reception
Leech released the new designs to the press about November 10, 1891. According to numismatist David Lange, the new coinage received mixed reviews: "while the general press and public seemed satisfied with the new dime, quarter dollar, and half dollar, numismatists were either mildly disappointed with the new coins or remained silent on the matter." Moran records a number of unfavorable reviews, without listing any favorable ones. Vermeule stated that "the initial comment on the new coinage concerned the novelty of a contest, its failure, and the inevitable result that the commission would go, as always, to the Chief Engraver [Barber] and his staff."
George Heath, editor of The Numismatist, discussed the new pieces: "the mechanical work is all that could be desired, and it is probable that owing to the conventional rut in which our mint authorities seem obliged to keep, this is the best that could be done". W.T.R. Martin wrote in the American Journal of Numismatics, "The general effect is pleasing, of the three the Dime is to many the most attractive piece. The head of Liberty is dignified, but although the silly story has been started that the profile is that of a 'reigning belle' of New York, she can hardly be called a beauty; there is a suggestion ... of the classic heads on some of the Roman coins, and a much stronger suggestion of the head on the French Francs of 1871 and onward ... these coins are an advance on what has hitherto been accomplished, but there is yet a long distance between them and the ideal National coin."
Other reactions were unfavorable. Artist Kenyon Cox, one of the invited artists to the 1891 competition, stated, "I think it disgraceful that this great country should have such a coin as this." Harper's Weekly proclaimed, "The mountain had labored and brought forth a mouse." Saint-Gaudens was also interviewed, and as author Moran put it, "injudiciously ranted": "This is inept; this looks like it had been designed by a young lady of sixteen, a miss who had taken only a few lessons in modeling. It is beneath criticism ... There are hundreds of artists in this country, any of whom, with the aid of a designer, could have made a very respectable coin, which this is not."
Production and collecting
Soon after issuance of the new quarters, the Mint received complaints that they would not stack properly. Barber made adjustments in his design to remedy this problem. Accordingly, there are two versions of the 1892 quarter, dubbed "Type I" and "Type II", both for the version without mint mark struck at Philadelphia and for those struck at the New Orleans Mint (1892-O) and the San Francisco Mint (1892-S). They may be distinguished by their reverses: Type I quarters have about half of the letter "E" in "UNITED" covered by the eagle's wing; with Type II quarters, the letter is almost entirely obscured. Type I quarters are rarer for each mint.
The 1894-S Barber dime is one of the great numismatic rarities, with a published mintage of 24 proof pieces. Various stories attend the question of how so few came to be coined. According to Nancy Oliver and Richard Kelly in their 2011 article for The Numismatist, the San Francisco Mint in June 1894 needed to coin $2.40 in silver left over from the melting of worn-out coins, just enough to coin 24 dimes. More ten-cent pieces were expected to be struck there later in the year, but this did not occur. Breen, on the other hand, related that San Francisco Mint Superintendent John Daggett had the dimes struck for a group of banker friends, giving three to each. He also gave three to his young daughter Hallie, telling her to retain them until she was as old as he was, and she would be able to sell them for a good price. According to the story, she spent one on a dish of ice cream, but kept the other two until 1954. One of the approximately nine known dimes was retrieved from circulation in 1957, and Breen speculated this may have been the ice cream specimen. One sold for $1,552,500 at auction in 2007.
In 1900, Barber modified the dies. This change resulted in quarters that were thinner, so that 21 of the new coins would stack in the space occupied by 20 of the old. Barber again set to work on the dies. San Francisco Mint officials wanted permission to use the old dies, which was refused, as it was felt that all mints should be producing coins with the same specifications. There are small differences between quarters produced at the different mints.
Except for the 1894-S dime, there are no great rarities in the Barber series, as mintages were generally adequate to high. Key dates for the dime include the 1895-O (with the lowest mintage), 1896-S, 1897-O, 1901-S and 1903-S. For the quarter, key dates are the very low mintage 1896-S, 1901-S, and 1913-S issues, with the 1901-S particularly scarce. The rarest half dollar is the 1892-O "Micro O", in which the mint mark "O" for New Orleans was impressed on the half dollar die with a puncheon intended for the quarter; other key dates are the regular 1892-O, 1892-S, 1893-S, 1897-O, 1897-S, 1913, 1914, and 1915. The last three dates have very low mintages but were preserved in substantial numbers. As half dollars were heavily circulated, prices tend to steeply rise for all coins in higher grades. "Condition rarities", relatively common and inexpensive in circulated condition but costly in high grades, include the 1901-S, 1904-S, and 1907-S half dollars. Thus, although most dates are easily obtainable, many are scarce in higher and uncirculated grades. Also, in 1909, a new half dollar hub was introduced, which made the headband word "Liberty" stronger, thus changing a grading diagnostic. Earlier Barber halves are frequently separately graded for their obverse and reverse characteristics, as the reverse tended to wear faster. Finally, large quantities of lower grade Barber coins were melted for bullion when silver prices rose in 1979 and early 1980.
Replacement
According to Burdette, "agitation to replace Barber's banal 1892 Liberty head began almost before the first coins were cold from the press." In 1894, the American Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, in conjunction with various artistic and educational institutes, began to advocate for better designs for U.S. coins, but no change took place in the remainder of the 19th century.
In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt started to push for improvements to U.S. coins, and arranged for the Mint to engage Saint-Gaudens to redesign coins which could be changed under the 1890 act. Before his death in 1907, the sculptor provided designs for the double eagle and eagle, though the double eagle required adjustment by Barber to lower the relief before it could be released as a circulating coin. Redesign of the smaller gold pieces, Lincoln cent, and Buffalo nickel followed between 1908 and 1913. By then, the dime, quarter, and half dollar were the only coins being struck which had not received a redesign in the 20th century. As the 1916 date approached when the Barber coins could be changed without an act of Congress, calls for a new design increased.
In 1915, a new Mint director, Robert W. Woolley, took office. Woolley advocated the replacement of the silver coins when it was legal to do so, and instructed Barber and Morgan to prepare new designs. He consulted with the Commission of Fine Arts, asking them to examine the designs produced by the Mint's engravers and, if they felt they were not suitable, to recommend artists to design the new coins. The Commission rejected the Barber and Morgan designs and proposed Adolph Weinman, Hermon MacNeil, and Albin Polasek as designers. Although Woolley had hoped that each artist would produce one design, different concepts by Weinman were accepted for the dime and half dollar, and one by MacNeil for the quarter.
Woolley had hoped to begin production of the new coins on July 1, 1916. There was heavy demand for small change, and as delays in actual production stretched into the second half of the year, Woolley was forced to have Barber prepare dies for 1916-dated dimes and quarters bearing the chief engraver's 1892 design. According to numismatist David Lange, "Barber must have secretly smiled to himself as his familiar Roman bust of Liberty once again dropped from the presses by the thousands, and then by the millions." There were sufficient half dollars from 1915 available to meet demand; no Barber halves were struck in 1916. The production difficulties were eventually ironed out, and at least token quantities of each of the new coins were struck in 1916, putting an end to the Barber coinage series.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Other sources
</ref>
Excerpt from
External links
CoinCommunity.com - US Barber Coinage Information
Coins of the United States
Currencies introduced in 1892
Eagles on coins
Goddess of Liberty on coins
United States silver coins
Works by Charles E. Barber | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber%20coinage |
, was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II who served as Chief of Staff of the Combined Fleet. Fellow Admiral Jinichi Kusaka was his cousin. Kusaka was also the 4th Headmaster of Ittō Shōden Mutō-ryū Kenjutsu, a famous school of swordsmanship founded by Yamaoka Tesshū.
Biography
Born to a director of the Sumitomo zaibatsu in Tokyo in 1893, Kusaka's family registry officially listed him as a native of Ishikawa Prefecture, and he was schooled in Osaka.
He entered the 41st class of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy graduating 14th out of a class of 118 in 1913 and graduating from the Naval Gunnery School in 1920. He did his midshipman service on the cruisers and . After he was commissioned as ensign, he was assigned to the battleship and cruiser . He later served on the battleship and destroyer . After his promotion to lieutenant on 1 December 1919, he was assigned to the battleships and , destroyer , and repair ship Kantō. He was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1925, and graduated from the Naval Staff College the same year, specializing in naval aviation. He subsequently captained a naval fighter group based at Kasumigaura and served in numerous staff positions.
On 1 September 1933, he was appointed executive officer of the cruiser , and on 16 November 1936—after his promotion to captain—he was given his first command: the aircraft carrier . In 1939, he became captain of the aircraft carrier .
Promoted to rear admiral on 15 November 1940, he was commander of the 24th Air Flotilla before being appointed Chief of Staff of the 1st Air Fleet under Admiral Chūichi Nagumo in April 1941. He was involved in strategic and tactical planning and execution, including the attack on Pearl Harbor and Battle of Midway. During the aftermath of the Battle of Midway, Kusaka was able to dissuade the fleet commander and senior officers from committing suicide after the Japanese defeat. Kusaka badly sprained both ankles and was burned during the evacuation from the critically damaged Akagi during the battle.
Kusaka remained with the fleet until November 1942, and accepted a number of staff positions thereafter. He was promoted to vice admiral on 1 May 1944 and transferred to the Combined Fleet as Chief of Staff under commander-in-chief Admiral Soemu Toyoda in November 1944. His final assignment was command of the 5th Air Fleet after the suicide of Matome Ugaki, exactly the day Japan surrendered to the Allies.
Kusaka was interviewed by Walter Lord and gave detailed accounts for the books Day of Infamy (1957) and Incredible Victory (1967).
Portrayals
Kusaka was portrayed by Ichirō Ryūzaki in the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!, by Pat Morita in the 1976 movie Midway, by Tatsuya Mihashi in the 1981 film Rengō Kantai (lit. "Combined Fleet", released in the United States as The Imperial Navy) and by Ryûzô Hayashi in Toei's 2005 film Otokotachi no Yamato.
References
Notes
Books
Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001,
Websites
1893 births
1971 deaths
Military personnel from Ishikawa Prefecture
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Battle of Midway
Japanese naval aviators
Japanese admirals of World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke%20Kusaka |
Raymond Thomas Pierrehumbert is the Halley Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford. Previously, he was Louis Block Professor in Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago. He was a lead author on the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and a co-author of the National Research Council report on abrupt climate change.
Education and awards
He earned a degree in Physics (A.B) from Harvard College and a PhD in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
He was awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship in 1996, which was used to launch collaborative work on the climate of early Mars with collaborators in Paris. He is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and has been named Chevalier de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques by the Republic of France. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2015 and sits on the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. In 2020, Pierrehumbert was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Research
Pierrehumbert's central research interest is how climate works as a system and developing idealized mathematical models to be used to address questions of climate science such as how the earth kept from freezing over: the faint young sun paradox.
Pierrehumbert contributes to RealClimate and is a strong critic of solar geoengineering research.
Personal life
Pierrehumbert is married to Janet Pierrehumbert, professor of Language Modeling at the University of Oxford.
Selected papers
Pierrehumbert R.T. 2002: "The Hydrologic Cycle in Deep Time Climate Problems", Nature, 419, 191–198.
Pierrehumbert R.T. 2003: "Counting the Cost", Nature, 422 (6929), 263.
Goodman, J.C. and R.T. Pierrehumbert 2003: "Glacial flow of floating marine ice in Snowball Earth", J. Geophys. Res., 108 (C10), 3308, .
Alley R.B., J. Marotzke, W.D. Nordhaus, J.T. Overpeck, D.M. Peteet, R.A. Pielke Jr., R.T. Pierrehumbert, P.B. Rhines, T.F. Stocker, L. Talley and J.M. Wallace, 2003: "Abrupt Climate Change", Science, 299, 2005–2010.
Pierrehumbert, R.T. 2004: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation", Nature, 429, 646–649.
Pierrehumbert, R.T. 2004: "Warming the world: Greenhouse effect: Fourier’s concept of planetary energy balance is still relevant today". Nature, 432, 677.
Pierrehumbert, R.T. 2005: "Climate dynamics of a hard snowball Earth", J. Geophys. Res., 110 (D01111), .
References
External links
UChicago homepage
Google Scholar page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Chicago faculty
American geophysicists
Environmental bloggers
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Fellows of Jesus College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Pierrehumbert |
The Hebrides (; ) is a concert overture that was composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1830, revised in 1832, and published the next year as Mendelssohn's Op. 26. Some consider it an early tone poem.
It was inspired by one of Mendelssohn's trips to the British Isles, specifically an 1829 excursion to the Scottish island of Staffa, with its basalt sea cave known as Fingal's Cave. It was reported that the composer immediately jotted down the opening theme for his composition after seeing the island. He at first called the work To the Lonely Island or Zur einsamen Insel, but then settled on the present title. However, in 1834, the year after the first publication, Breitkopf & Härtel issued an edition with the name Fingalshöhle (Fingal's Cave) and this title stuck, causing some confusion.
Being a concert overture, The Hebrides does not precede a play or opera, but is instead a standalone composition in a form common for the Romantic period. Dedicated to Frederick William IV of Prussia, then Crown Prince of Prussia, the B minor work became part of the standard orchestral repertoire and retains this position to the present day. The original handwritten score for the overture was purchased by the Bodleian Library on the 400th anniversary of its founding in 2002 for £600k.
As an indication of the esteem in which it is held by musicians, Johannes Brahms once said "I would gladly give all I have written, to have composed something like the Hebrides Overture".
Background
Mendelssohn's first visited England in 1829 following invitations from Sir George Smart and the Philharmonic Society. Following his tour of England, Mendelssohn proceeded to Scotland, where he began work on his Symphony No. 3, Scottish. He was engaged on a tour of Scotland with his travelling companion Karl Klingemann when he sent a letter to his family with the opening phrase of the overture written on it. In a note to his sister Fanny, he said: "In order to make you understand how extraordinarily the Hebrides affected me, I send you the following, which came into my head there." The cave at that time was approximately high and over deep, and contained black basalt pillars.
The work was completed on 16 December 1830 and was originally entitled Die einsame Insel (The Lonely Island). However, Mendelssohn later revised the score and renamed the piece Die Hebriden (The Hebrides). Despite this, the title of Fingal's Cave was also used: on the orchestral parts he labelled the music The Hebrides, but on the score Mendelssohn labelled the music Fingal's Cave. This revision of the overture was premiered on 14 May 1832 in London in a concert conducted by Thomas Attwood, that also featured Mendelssohn's Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream. The final revision was completed by 20 June 1832. and premiered on 10 January 1833 in Berlin under the composer's own baton.
Description
The music, though labelled as an overture, is intended to stand as a complete work. Although programme music, it does not tell a specific story and is not "about" anything; instead, the piece depicts a mood and "sets a scene", making it an early example of such musical tone poems. The overture consists of two primary themes; the opening notes of the overture state the theme Mendelssohn wrote while visiting the cave, and is played initially by the violas, cellos, and bassoons. This lyrical theme, suggestive of the power and stunning beauty of the cave, is intended to develop feelings of loneliness and solitude. The second theme, meanwhile, depicts movement at sea and "rolling waves".
The piece is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings.
Performances of the overture typically last between 10½ and 11 minutes. The autograph manuscript of the work is held in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
In popular culture
The overture can be heard in Luis Buñuel's film L'Age d'Or (1930).
The full work provides the soundtrack for the 1941 experimental film Moods of the Sea by Slavko Vorkapić and John Hoffman.
An extract served as a leitmotif for the inscrutable, omnipotent mynah bird who featured in the Inki cartoon series produced by Warner Bros., inevitably hopping along with the music.
An a cappella arrangement can be heard in Crash Twinsanity.
Heard in the 1943 film The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp by Michael Powell.
The overture is used in a 1949 CSIRO video "Division of radiophysics" .
Can be heard in the 1954 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated cartoon short From A to Z-Z-Z-Z.
The opening 2 minutes of the piece featured in the PlayStation video game Colony Wars: Vengeance during selected cutscenes.
The passages after the second theme, leading to the end of the exposition, were used for great dramatic effect on the “Lone Ranger” radio broadcasts.
See also
Mendelssohn on Mull Festival
References
External links
1830 compositions
1830 in Scotland
Compositions by Felix Mendelssohn
Compositions in B minor
Concert overtures
Hebrides
Frederick William IV of Prussia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hebrides%20%28overture%29 |
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