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Einar Hole Moxnes (11 June 1921 in Alstahaug – 20 January 2006 in Trondheim) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Sør-Trøndelag in 1969, and
served as a deputy representative during the terms 1958–1961, 1961–1965, 1965–1969 and 1973–1977. From 1965 to 1968 he met as a regular representative, replacing Per Borten who was Prime Minister.
He was the acting Minister of Fisheries from March to November 1968 during the cabinet Borten. On 8 November, he was formally appointed to the position. During this period he was replaced in the Norwegian Parliament by Olina Storsand. He lost the job when the cabinet Borten fell in 1971, but he returned as Minister of Agriculture from 1972 to 1973 during the cabinet Korvald. During this period he was replaced in the Norwegian Parliament by Johan Syrstad.
On the local level he was mayor of Åfjord municipality from 1955 to 1966. From 1958 to 1963 he was also a member of Sør-Trøndelag county council. His political career ended with the position of County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag, which he held from 1974 to 1986.
References
1921 births
2006 deaths
People from Alstahaug
People from Åfjord
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway
Mayors of places in Sør-Trøndelag
Members of the Storting
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
County governors of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar%20Hole%20Moxnes |
Kurt Paul Schmitt (7 October 1886 – 2 November 1950) was a German jurist versed in economic matters. A supporter of the Nazis since 1930, he joined the Nazi party in 1933, becoming also an honorary SS. He presided over Allianz insurance company, and was the Reich Economy Minister from 1933 to 1934. His antisemitic views let him believe that the role Jews played in politics, law and the arts was excessive, and had to be drastically curtailed if not totally eliminated.
Biography
Born in Heidelberg, jurist Kurt Schmitt graduated in 1911 in Munich with the thesis "The Ongoing Information File, in Particular the Information Convention", and then went into the service of the Allianz AG insurance company. From 1914 to 1917 he participated in the First World War and was discharged having reached the rank of captain. In 1917, he became a member of the Allianz board of directors, leading the company from 1921 to 1933 as chairman of the board. During these years, he made a name for himself as one of the most gifted leaders when it came to organization in the Weimar Republic's insurance industry.
Allianz's leadership, represented by directors Kurt Schmitt and Eduard Hilgard, led a policy of drawing nearer to the Nazis, even before they seized power. Already in October 1930, ties were forged with Hermann Göring. These contacts were realized through company dinners and by providing private financial loans. Heinrich Brüning and Franz von Papen tried without success to get Schmitt a ministerial office.
Schmitt, who was also General Director of the Stuttgart Social Insurance Corporation (Stuttgarter Verein-Versicherungs AG) by 1931, was included in Hjalmar Schacht's objectives in mid-1931.
On 18 December 1932 he participated in a meeting of the Circle of Friends of the Economy (Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft), or Circle of Twelve (Zwölferkreis) at the Berlin Kaiserhof, where the Nazi Party agreed to lend its support. Schmitt now had closer relations with the Nazi leadership and on 20 February 1933, he, along with Hermann Göring, took part in a meeting that Adolf Hitler had with German industrialists, at which Schmitt made an election campaign donation to the Nazis of RM 10,000. In early 1933, Schmitt joined the Nazi Party (membership no. 2,651,252). He likewise took over the posts of Vice President of the Berlin Chamber of Industry and of the Chamber of Commerce in 1933.
Meanwhile, Schmitt was convinced that the Nazis could deal with the problem of joblessness if the economy was led by people like him. Furthermore, he held Hitler to be a great statesman and believed that over time, the Führer would grow to become less radical. Moreover, he had a latent antisemitic attitude, which Gerald D. Feldmann describes as follows: "Schmitt shared the belief that Jews were overrepresented within the academic professions, and that the rôle that they played in politics, law, and the arts would have to be greatly limited, if not utterly eliminated. He believed, however, that they were entitled to a place in German economic life, and made it into a maxim of his year in office as Reich Economy Minister that there was no "Jewish question in the economy".
On 29 June 1933 Schmitt was appointed Reich Minister of Economics as well as Prussian Minister of Economics and Labor, succeeding Alfred Hugenberg, and he also took on honorary membership in the SS (member number 101,346). In August 1933 he took the function of Prussian Plenipotentiary in the Reich Government. On 11 July 1933, he was named to the recently reconstituted Prussian State Council by Prussian Minister President Hermann Göring. On 3 October he became an inaugural member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law.
On 13 March 1934 Schmitt made known what the new arrangement would be for the industrial economy. The leader of the overall organization of the industrial economy was to be Philipp Kessler, as leader of the Reich Federation of the Electrical Industry. When Schmitt wanted to replace the Reich Federation of German Industry with overall state control, he ran up against concentrated resistance from business leaders. Furthermore, Hjalmar Schacht undertook efforts to oust Schmitt from his ministerial office so that he could take it over himself. During a speech on 28 June 1934 Schmitt had a heart attack and collapsed. He used this opportunity to go on a long recuperative holiday. When he departed on this extended leave of absence, Schacht took over the management of Schmitt's ministries on 3 August 1934. On 30 January 1935, Hitler approved Schmitt's dismissal from ministerial office and Schacht formally became Reich and Prussian Economy Minister.
After coming back from his extended leave in 1935, Schmitt took over the chairmanship in the supervisory board of AEG AG and the Deutsche Continental Gasgesellschaft (a gas company) in Dessau. In 1937, and until 1945, he held the board chairmanship of Münchener Rückversicherung AG. He was also on Allianz AG's supervisory board until 1945. As a member of the Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS, Heinrich Himmler promoted him to SS-Brigadeführer on 15 September 1935. Since Schmitt was functioning as AEG supervisory board chairman, they donated to Himmler between RM 12,000 and 15,000 yearly, and Münchner Rückversicherung and Continental Gasgesellschaft between RM 6,000 and 8,000.
From 1945 to 1949, Schmitt had to undergo Denazification, administered by the United States Army. He lost all his offices, and he was barred from practising his profession. In 1946 he was classified as a Hauptschuldiger (lit. "main culprit"). This designation was reviewed in several court proceedings, and was overturned in 1949. He would now only be classified as a Mitläufer, or follower. He nevertheless still had to pay a fine and the court costs.
Decorations
In 1914, Schmitt was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd class. He also received the Verwundetenabzeichen in black, an award given wounded soldiers. Further decorations: the War Merit Cross first class without swords, the War Merit Cross 2nd class without swords. From the SS he received the "Reichsführer-SS Sword of Honour" and the "Totenkopfring der SS" (SS Death's Head Ring).
References
Literature
Gerald D. Feldman, Die Allianz und die deutsche Versicherungswirtschaft 1933 bis 1945, C.H. Beck Verlag, Munich 2001
August Heinrichsbauer, Schwerindistrie und Politik, Essen 1948
Ulrich Völklein, Geschäfte mit dem Feind, Hamburg 2002,
External links
Picture of Kurt Schmitt
(in German)
See Wachsende Gegensätze (in German)
Schmitt as a member of Himmler's circle of friends
1886 births
1950 deaths
German Army personnel of World War I
Economy ministers of Germany
German chief executives
German economists
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Nazi Germany ministers
Nazi Party officials
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Politicians from Heidelberg
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Recipients of the War Merit Cross
SS-Brigadeführer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Schmitt |
Svein Magnus Munkejord (born 26 September 1948) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. He was personal secretary to the Minister of Fisheries 1981–1983, state secretary to the Minister of Fisheries 1984–1985, and Minister of Fisheries 1989–1990.
References
1948 births
Living people
Government ministers of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svein%20Munkejord |
Irene Kampen (April 18, 1922, in Brooklyn, New York – February 1, 1998, in Oceanside, California) was an American newspaperwoman and writer who wrote several books about events in her life.
Biography
Born Irene Trepel in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Great Neck, New York, she graduated from Great Neck High School. Kampen attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison before becoming a copy girl at the newspaper, New York Journal American, in 1943. She soon married Owen Kampen, an active-duty World War II pilot with the United States Army Air Forces. She went on to work at several weekly newspapers, becoming a reporter for the Levittown Tribune when the family moved to Levittown, New York, in 1948.
In 1954, the Kampens moved to a new house in Ridgefield, Connecticut, soon divorcing her husband after a fourteen-year marriage. While working at her father's flower shop in New York City, she wrote fiction stories. She also frequently contributed to the local newspaper, The Ridgefield Press, using the pseudonym, H. Loomis Fenstermacher.
Kampen's first book, Life Without George, was published by Doubleday in 1961 and was about her divorce. The book became the basis for The Lucy Show, a television series that ran from 1962 to 1968 and starred Lucille Ball, who had also experienced divorce, from Desi Arnaz, just a few months before Kampen's book was published. Producers re-wrote Ball's character, Lucille Carmichael, as a widow, but the show portrayed Vivian Vance's character, Vivian Bagley, as a divorcée.
Kampen lived in Connecticut until 1988, when she moved to California. She died February 1, 1998, of breast cancer at the age of 75.
Select bibliography
Kampen's published books include:
Life Without George
Are You Carrying Any Gold Or Living Relatives?
Due to Lack of Interest, Tomorrow Has Been Canceled
Fear Without Childbirth
Nobody Calls At This Hour Just To Say Hello
Here Comes The Bride, There Goes Mother
Europe Without George
We That Are Left
Last Year At Sugarbush
References
External links
Levittown Tribune Obituary, February 20th, 1998
1922 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American memoirists
People from Ridgefield, Connecticut
20th-century American women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%20Kampen |
The Collège Stanislas de Paris (), colloquially known as Stan, is a highly selective private Catholic school in Paris, situated on "Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs" in the 6th arrondissement. It has more than 3,000 students, from preschool to classes préparatoires (classes to prepare students for entrance to the elite grandes écoles such as École Polytechnique, CentraleSupélec, ESSEC Business School, ESCP Business School and HEC Paris), and is the largest private school in France. Stanislas is considered one of the most prestigious and elite French schools. The school was ranked 1st from 2019 to 2022 for middle school and 1st in 2019 for high school.
History
Founded in 1804 by Father Claude Liautard, the Collège has both traditional buildings and modern constructions. Under contract with the French government, it offers curricula identical to those of public education, also offering religious education on specific days - originally Wednesdays, since the Jules Ferry Laws of 1882, but now Saturdays.
In 1822, its formal name was declared, after the Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński, the great-grandfather of the King of France Louis XVIII, whose second forename was "Stanislas".
Since 1903 Collège has been the property of a S.A. corporation founded by former alumni.
Private education in France was indirectly, yet deeply, affected by the strong anti-clerical movement that inspired French politicians throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, beginning with the Concordat of 1801. As a result, the Collège almost disappeared but ultimately was kept open by the efforts of former alumni. Even today, it remains isolated from Paris' foremost public Lycées, although Stanislas' "Classes Préparatoires" ultimately leads its students to the same Grandes Écoles as its rivals.
Famous alumni
The following are notable people associated with Collège Stanislas de Paris. If the person was a Collège Stanislas de Paris student, the number in parentheses indicates the year of graduation (if known); if the person was a faculty or staff member, that person's title and years of association are included. See also : :fr:Liste d'anciens élèves du Collège Stanislas de Paris
Pierre Duhem, physicist, philosopher and historian of physics
General Charles de Gaulle, President of the French Republic
King Alfonso XII of Spain
Albert I, Prince of Monaco
Louis II, Prince of Monaco
King Charles Albert of Sardinia
Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia
Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans
Prince Henri of Orléans
Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza
Roger Frey, President of the Constitutional Council of France
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, Prime Minister of France
Auguste Champetier de Ribes, President of the Council of the Republic of France
Pierre Audi
Francis Bouygues
Jacques Cousteau
Gustave Cunéo d'Ornano (1845–1906), lawyer, journalist and politician
André Dauchez, painter
Christian Dior
Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (1819-1868), scientist of Foucault's pendulum fame
Anatole France, Nobel Prize
Carlos Ghosn
Georges Guynemer
Job
Jacques Lacan
Marcel L'Herbier
Gilles Perrault
Edmond Rostand
Marc Sangnier
Claude Simon, Nobel Prize
Alain Soral
Eugenie Niarchos
Stavros Niarchos II
Youssef Salim Karam, former Lebanese MP, descendant of Youssef Bey Karam
Taittinger family
See also
Roger Ninféi
References
External links
(French) Official school website (School's history page)
Stanislas
Boarding schools in France
Private schools in France
Catholic secondary schools in France
Educational institutions established in 1804
Catholic boarding schools
Buildings and structures in the 6th arrondissement of Paris
1804 establishments in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge%20Stanislas%20de%20Paris |
Matija Ban (; 6 December 1818 – 14 March 1903) was a Serbo-Croatian poet, dramatist, and playwright. He is known as one of the earliest proponents of the Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik.
Ban was born in Petrovo Selo near Dubrovnik, then in the Kingdom of Dalmatia in the Austrian Empire, now in Croatia. Matija Ban settled in Serbia in 1844. He is commonly regarded as being the first to use the term "Yugoslav", in a poem in 1835. In 1848 he came from Serbia to Dalmatia to study the state of national sentiment there. He is known for his Romanticist popular tragedies.
See also
Ignjat Job
Ivan Stojanović
Milan Rešetar
Vicko Adamović
Konstantin Branković
References
Further reading
Jovan Skerlić, Istorija Nove Srpske Književnosti/ A History of Modern Serbian Literature (Belgrade, 1921), pages 199-201.
Njegos.org Short Biography
1818 births
1903 deaths
People from Dubrovnik
Writers from the Kingdom of Dalmatia
Serbian dramatists and playwrights
Serbian male poets
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Serbs of Croatia
Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik
19th-century poets
19th-century Serbian dramatists and playwrights
Academic staff of the Lyceum of the Principality of Serbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matija%20Ban |
1-Bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (BCDMH or bromochlorodimethylhydantoin) is a chemical structurally related to hydantoin. It is a white crystalline compound with a slight bromine and acetone odor and is insoluble in water, but soluble in acetone.
BCDMH is an excellent source of both chlorine and bromine as it reacts slowly with water releasing hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid. It used as a chemical disinfectant for recreational water sanitation and drinking water purification. BCDMH works in the following manner:
The initial BCDMH reacts with water (R = Dimethylhydantoin):
BrClR + 2 H2O → HOBr + HOCl + RH2
Hypobromous acid partially dissociates in water:
HOBr → H+ + OBr−
Hypobromous acid oxidizes the substrate, itself being reduced to bromide:
HOBr + Live pathogens → Br− + Dead pathogens
The bromide ions are oxidized with the hypochlorous acid that was formed from the initial BCDMH:
Br− + HOCl → HOBr + Cl−
This produces more hypobromous acid; the hypochlorous acid itself act directly as a disinfectant in the process.
Preparation
This compound is prepared by first brominating, then chlorinating 5,5-dimethylhydantoin:
References
External links
PubChem Public Chemical Database (nih.gov)
External MSDS
Disinfectants
Organobromides
Organochlorides
Hydantoins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCDMH |
In projective geometry, a collineation is a one-to-one and onto map (a bijection) from one projective space to another, or from a projective space to itself, such that the images of collinear points are themselves collinear. A collineation is thus an isomorphism between projective spaces, or an automorphism from a projective space to itself. Some authors restrict the definition of collineation to the case where it is an automorphism. The set of all collineations of a space to itself form a group, called the collineation group.
Definition
Simply, a collineation is a one-to-one map from one projective space to another, or from a projective space to itself, such that the images of collinear points are themselves collinear. One may formalize this using various ways of presenting a projective space. Also, the case of the projective line is special, and hence generally treated differently.
Linear algebra
For a projective space defined in terms of linear algebra (as the projectivization of a vector space), a collineation is a map between the projective spaces that is order-preserving with respect to inclusion of subspaces.
Formally, let V be a vector space over a field K and W a vector space over a field L. Consider the projective spaces PG(V) and PG(W), consisting of the vector lines of V and W.
Call D(V) and D(W) the set of subspaces of V and W respectively. A collineation from PG(V) to PG(W) is a map α : D(V) → D(W), such that:
α is a bijection.
A ⊆ B ⇔ α(A) ⊆ α(B) for all A, B in D(V).
Axiomatically
Given a projective space defined axiomatically in terms of an incidence structure (a set of points P, lines L, and an incidence relation I specifying which points lie on which lines, satisfying certain axioms), a collineation between projective spaces thus defined then being a bijective function f between the sets of points and a bijective function g between the set of lines, preserving the incidence relation.
Every projective space of dimension greater than or equal to three is isomorphic to the projectivization of a linear space over a division ring, so in these dimensions this definition is no more general than the linear-algebraic one above, but in dimension two there are other projective planes, namely the non-Desarguesian planes, and this definition allows one to define collineations in such projective planes.
For dimension one, the set of points lying on a single projective line defines a projective space, and the resulting notion of collineation is just any bijection of the set.
Collineations of the projective line
For a projective space of dimension one (a projective line; the projectivization of a vector space of dimension two), all points are collinear, so the collineation group is exactly the symmetric group of the points of the projective line. This is different from the behavior in higher dimensions, and thus one gives a more restrictive definition, specified so that the fundamental theorem of projective geometry holds.
In this definition, when V has dimension two, a collineation from PG(V) to PG(W) is a map , such that:
The zero subspace of V is mapped to the zero subspace of W.
V is mapped to W.
There is a nonsingular semilinear map β from V to W such that, for all v in V,
This last requirement ensures that collineations are all semilinear maps.
Types
The main examples of collineations are projective linear transformations (also known as homographies) and automorphic collineations. For projective spaces coming from a linear space, the fundamental theorem of projective geometry states that all collineations are a combination of these, as described below.
Projective linear transformations
Projective linear transformations (homographies) are collineations (planes in a vector space correspond to lines in the associated projective space, and linear transformations map planes to planes, so projective linear transformations map lines to lines), but in general not all collineations are projective linear transformations. The group of projective linear transformations (PGL) is in general a proper subgroup of the collineation group.
Automorphic collineations
An is a map that, in coordinates, is a field automorphism applied to the coordinates.
Fundamental theorem of projective geometry
If the geometric dimension of a pappian projective space is at least 2, then every collineation is the product of a homography (a projective linear transformation) and an automorphic collineation. More precisely, the collineation group is the projective semilinear group, which is the semidirect product of homographies by automorphic collineations.
In particular, the collineations of are exactly the homographies, as R has no non-trivial automorphisms (that is, Gal(R/Q) is trivial).
Suppose φ is a nonsingular semilinear map from V to W, with the dimension of V at least three. Define by saying that for all Z in D(V). As φ is semilinear, one easily checks that this map is properly defined, and furthermore, as φ is not singular, it is bijective. It is obvious now that α is a collineation. We say that α is induced by φ.
The fundamental theorem of projective geometry states the converse:
Suppose V is a vector space over a field K with dimension at least three, W is a vector space over a field L, and α is a collineation from PG(V) to PG(W). This implies K and L are isomorphic fields, V and W have the same dimension, and there is a semilinear map φ such that φ induces α.
For , the collineation group is the projective semilinear group, PΓL – this is PGL, twisted by field automorphisms; formally, the semidirect product , where k is the prime field for K.
Linear structure
Thus for K a prime field ( or ), we have , but for K not a prime field (such as or for ), the projective linear group is in general a proper subgroup of the collineation group, which can be thought of as "transformations preserving a projective semi-linear structure". Correspondingly, the quotient group corresponds to "choices of linear structure", with the identity (base point) being the existing linear structure. Given a projective space without an identification as the projectivization of a linear space, there is no natural isomorphism between the collineation group and PΓL, and the choice of a linear structure (realization as projectivization of a linear space) corresponds to a choice of subgroup , these choices forming a torsor over Gal(K/k).
History
The idea of a line was abstracted to a ternary relation determined by collinearity (points lying on a single line). According to Wilhelm Blaschke it was August Möbius that first abstracted this essence of geometrical transformation:
What do our geometric transformations mean now? Möbius threw out and fielded this question already in his Barycentric Calculus (1827). There he spoke not of transformations but of permutations [Verwandtschaften], when he said two elements drawn from a domain were permuted when they were interchanged by an arbitrary equation. In our particular case, linear equations between homogeneous point coordinates, Möbius called a permutation [Verwandtschaft] of both point spaces in particular a collineation. This signification would be changed later by Chasles to homography. Möbius’ expression is immediately comprehended when we follow Möbius in calling points collinear when they lie on the same line. Möbius' designation can be expressed by saying, collinear points are mapped by a permutation to collinear points, or in plain speech, straight lines stay straight.
Contemporary mathematicians view geometry as an incidence structure with an automorphism group consisting of mappings of the underlying space that preserve incidence. Such a mapping permutes the lines of the incidence structure, and the notion of collineation persists.
As mentioned by Blaschke and Klein, Michel Chasles preferred the term homography to collineation. A distinction between the terms arose when the distinction was clarified between the real projective plane and the complex projective line. Since there are no non-trivial field automorphisms of the real number field, all the collineations are homographies in the real projective plane, however due to the field automorphism of complex conjugation, not all collineations of the complex projective line are homographies. In applications such as computer vision where the underlying field is the real number field, homography and collineation can be used interchangeably.
Anti-homography
The operation of taking the complex conjugate in the complex plane amounts to a reflection in the real line. With the notation z∗ for the conjugate of z, an anti-homography is given by
Thus an anti-homography is the composition of conjugation with a homography, and so is an example of a collineation which is not an homography. For example, geometrically, the mapping amounts to circle inversion. The transformations of inversive geometry of the plane are frequently described as the collection of all homographies and anti-homographies of the complex plane.
Notes
References
External links
Projective geometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collineation |
The 1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment (1-320th FAR) is the field artillery battalion assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division. The battalion has been assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division, 11th Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division. The battalion has participated in World War I, World War II, Operation Power Pack, Operation Urgent Fury, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Inherent Resolve.
History
World War I
The 1-320 FAR's beginnings can be traced back to America's entry into the First World War. As part of the nation's mobilization, 1-320th was constituted, organized and activated in August 1917 as Battery A, 320th Field Artillery (A/320th FA). As part of the original 82nd Division, A/320th FA played a key role at Lorraine, St. Mihiel, and the Meuse Argonne region in France. Following the Armistice, the 320th FA demobilized, only to be reconstituted in June 1921 as part of the United States Organized Reserves.
World War II
In August 1942, when the 82nd Infantry Division was converted to an airborne division, the 320th FA (including A/320th) was reorganized and redesignated as the 320th Glider Field Artillery Battalion (GFAB). As part of the 82nd Airborne Division, the 320th GFAB fought in a number of hot spots. First, the 320th GFAB was part of the campaign in Sicily, acting in reserve. The unit first saw action at the Volturno River on the Italian mainland. The crucial Normandy invasion was the next stop for the 320th GFAB. Under difficult conditions, the unit helped make the invasion a success. As a result of the 320th's actions during Operation Overlord, the unit was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. The 320th GFAB next fought in Operation Market Garden and then the Battle of the Bulge when the Germans attempted their last-ditch offensive. The 320th GFAB then fought and played a role in the final push through the Rhineland to defeat Germany. Upon the war's end the unit completed its duties in Europe as part of the post-war occupation in Berlin.
Post-World War II
After the war, the 320th GFAB went through a number of transitions. It was inactivated on 15 December 1948 and relieved from assignment to the 82nd Airborne Division on 14 December 1950. On 1 August 1951 it was reorganized and redesignated as the 320th Airborne Field Artillery Battalion (AFAB), and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia.
Post-Korean War
During the 1950s, the 320th FA served as the field artillery battalion of the separate 508th Airborne Regimental Combat Team. When the Army eliminated infantry regiments and battalions from division and organized under the Pentomic structure, the 320th Field Artillery was reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regiment System. A/320th FA was assigned to the 11th Airborne Division in Germany. A/320th FA was inactivated on 1 July 1958 in Germany when the 11th Airborne was inactivated and replaced by the 24th Infantry Division. A/320th FA were redesignated on 15 November 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 320th Artillery, and assigned to the 82d Airborne Division (organic elements concurrently constituted).
26 April 1965, President Johnson ordered paratroopers from the 82d Airborne Division; XVIII Airborne Corps; Company E, 7th Special Forces Group; and Marines from the Amphibious Squadron 10 to the Dominican Republic as part of Operation Power Pack to protect American lives and to prevent a possible Castro-type takeover by Communist elements. The 1-320 FAR was alerted on 28 April 1965 and ordered to move to the Dominican Republic by 1 May 1965 as part of Task Force Power Pack II, which contained two airborne infantry battalions of the 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment (AIR) and other supporting elements totaling 2,276 men. The remainder of the 325th AIR and 1-320 FAR were sent as part of Power Pack III a few days later. On 26 May 1965, US Forces began withdrawal from the Dominican Republic as Central and South American troops assumed peacekeeping duties.
Post-Vietnam
On the evening of 24 October 1983, (the day after the Bombing of the Marine Barracks in Beirut) the 2nd Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division, including the 1-320th FAR and other support units were formally alerted as the 82d Airborne Division's "Division Ready Brigade" to begin its 18-hour rapid deployment sequence to execute combat operations in support of Operation Urgent Fury on the Caribbean island of Grenada. The DRF 1 (Division Ready Force 1) package was activated and paratroopers of 2d Brigade were "wheels up" from Pope Air Force Base within 17 hours of notice. Parts of the 1-320 FAR were sent to an intermediate staging base (ISB) in Barbados to await the staging of the rest of the division to concentrate the projection of forces from a shorter distance. Once Rangers from 1st & 2nd Battalions had secured Point Salinas Airport during an airborne assault of the airport, the 82d Airborne elements cancelled their airborne assault and air-landed at Point Salinas. Elements of Batteries B and C arrived on the island during the evening of 25 October 1983 without their guns and provided rear area security in the vicinity of the runway. Early on the morning of 26 October 1983, Battery B's guns began arriving, followed closely by most of C Battery's guns. Battery B began firing direct support missions later that morning from the south side of Point Salinas airfield, bombarding the "Cuban Barracks" early that morning and later firing the prep fire for the Ranger assault on the campus at Grand Anse and the rescue of the students held there. Once Battery C's guns arrived, the guns originally joined B Battery. Once the majority of C battery arrived, it was repositioned to the north side of the runway near the airport terminal. Battery B was moved to join Battery C the next day. From there, Batteries B & C fired the 30-minute prep fires for the assault by the Rangers on Calvigny Barracks. The Batteries were both lived north to the vicinity of the Golflands golf course on the Sunday of the first week of the operation. This allowed them to cover portions of the island being secured by the 325th Infantry Battalions. Batteries B and C redeployed to Fort Bragg early in November 1983. Combat operations continued till 15 December 1983 when last elements of the battalion redeployed to Fort Bragg, NC.
On 2 October 1986, 1-320 FAR was relieved from assignment to the 82d Airborne Division and assigned to the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). No personnel moved in this transition; instead, 1-320 FAR in the 82nd reflagged as 2-319 (which had been assigned to the 101st) and 1-321 FAR in the 101st reflagged as 1-320 FAR. Simultaneous assignments resulted in all three field artillery battalions in the 82nd carrying the designation of the 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment (AFAR) and all in the 101st being flagged as elements of the 320th Field Artillery Regiment. Prior to the reflagging, the 82nd Division Artillery consisted of 1–319, 1–320, and 2–321 FA, while the 101st Division Artillery consisted of 3–319, 2–320, and 1–321 FA.
Gulf War
1-320 FAR next saw action in the Middle East from 1990 until 1991. As a part of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), the battalion was part of the massive US force that drove the Iraqi Army from Kuwait.
Operation Iraqi Freedom I
During the preparations for OIF I, A/1-320 FAR deployed two weeks ahead of the battalion's main body to support port operations of the entire invasion.
Operation Iraqi Freedom III
1-320 FAR under the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) was ordered to deploy to the CENTCOM AOR in late September 2005. Upon completion of a JRTC mission rehearsal exercise in April 2005, it began a 5-month intensive train up to prepare for the next deployment.
LTC Rafael Torres, Jr. took command of the unit on 17 March 2005 and immediately began to prepare for Iraq. The battalion conducted live fire exercises in June and then began transitional training in motorized infantry tactics due to the change of mission for Iraq.
The battalion began deployment in August 2005. The rest of the battalion began deploying in late September to Camp Taji the second week of October 2005. Iraqi National elections were scheduled to be held on 15 October, equipment was delayed in Kuwait until the 20th, after the elections. The unit conducted a RIP/TOA (relief in place/transfer of authority) with 1–118th FA (Georgia Army National Guard) and the 70th Engineer Battalion (3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division) and completed the TOA on the 26th. The 1–320th detached a firing platoon from B Battery to 1–502 Infantry Battalion to conduct counter fire operations in Mahmudiyah. The battalion's radar section deployed with the 4th BDE 101st, to the Mahmudiyah area also. While in Mahmudiyah, the Radar section conducted numerous counter-fire missions which resulted in the firing of over 1400 rounds of artillery. The 1–320th also detached a MiTT (Military Transition Team) team to work with an Iraqi Army Battalion in support of 1–22 IN and 1–10 CAV in and around Southeast Baghdad and at FOB Falcon.
1–320th FA controlled check points, conducted cordon and searches and patrolled villages with populations up to 1000 residents. The battalion detained over 100 insurgents, which resulted in a third of them being prosecuted and imprisoned at Abu Ghraib. The unit was also responsible for finding numerous weapons and ammo caches which included hundreds of mortar, artillery, tank rounds and 200 pound aerial bombs; seized weapons including 8 mortar tubes, 500 rifles and RPG launchers, and thousands of rounds of small arms ammunition.
In Taji, Iraq the battalion suffered 6 KIAs by enemy action:
MSG James F. Hayes, Battery A
SSG James E. Estep, Battery A
SGT Clarence L. Floyd, Battery A
SPC Matthew J. Holley, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery
SPC Alexis Roman-Cruz, Battery A
PFC Travis J. Grigg, Battery A
In late November, the battalion received a change of mission to assume the duties of the Area Defense Operations Cell (ADOC) at Camp Victory located in the Victory Base Complex (VBC) surrounding the Baghdad International Airport.
The 1–320th conducted a RIP/TOA with the 2–299th IN (Hawaii Army National Guard) and completed the TOA on 7 January 2006. Its mission on Camp Victory required the 1-320th to conduct patrols in three villages neighboring the camp in Baghdad, control entry access and patrol the Al Faw Palace, as well as numerous Force Protection missions to ensure the security of the Multi-National Coalition-Iraq (MNC-I) and Multi-National Forces-Iraq (MNF-I) Headquarters on Camp Victory.
While conducting ADOC operations on Camp Victory, 1-320th FAR distinguished themselves by providing exceptional security and CMO operations to the VBC and surrounding villages of Al Furat, Iraqi Family Village, and Airport Village. 1–320th completed over 200 force protection improvement projects on Camp Victory and conducted over 3 million dollars in projects to improve the quality of life for our Iraqi neighbors. Meanwhile, at FOB Falcon, 16 soldiers of the "Top Guns" Battalion Military Transition Team (MiTT) were conducting continuous combat operations in support of 1–22 IN and 1–10 CAV in and around Southeast Baghdad.
The battalion redeployed to Fort Campbell in August 2006.
Operation Iraqi Freedom V
1-320 FA deployed to Iraq for a third time in October 2007, remaining more than a year and redeploying in late 2008.
Operation Enduring Freedom 10–11
1-320 FA deployed to southern Afghanistan in July 2010. Under the command of LTC David Flynn, Task Force Top Guns operated as a maneuver battalion in the Arghandab District of Kandahar Province. The battalion was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions from 13 July - 12 August 2010. They participated in Operation Dragon Strike.
Eight members of Task Force Top Guns were KIA during this deployment:
PFC Brandon M. King, Battery A, 14 July 2010
SPC Michael L. Stansbery Jr., Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 30 July 2010
SGT Kyle B. Stout, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 30 July 2010
MSG (R) Robert W. Pittman, Jr., Asymmetric Warfare Group, attached to 1-320th, 30 July 2010.
SGT Patrick K. Durham, Battery B, 28 August 2010
SPC Andrew J. Castro, Company B, 2nd Brigade Special Troops Battalion, attached to 1-320th, 28 August 2010
1LT Todd W. Weaver, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 9 September 2010
SSG Eric S. Trueblood, 720th Explosive Ordnance Disposal Company, attached to 1-320th, 10 March 2011
Operation Enduring Freedom 12
In early 2012, the 1-320th deployed with 2nd BCT to conduct security force assistance in northeast Afghanistan.
Operation Enduring Freedom 14
From February to November 2014, 1-320th deployed to Afghanistan, its sixth deployment of the Global War on Terror. Under the command of LTC Mark Sherkey, the battalion provided security force assistance to Afghan National Security Forces as well as maintaining the security of Bagram Air Field. The battalion conducted Operations Mountain Guardian, Top Guns, and Strike I, II and III, as well as providing security for numerous VIPs, including the President of the United States, the US Secretary of Defense, the Czech Republic Minister of Defense, numerous US congressmen and ambassadors from various countries. During this deployment, the battalion was the first unit to employ the M119A3 howitzer in combat. In a ceremony on 1 November 2014, the battalion transferred its responsibilities to the 2nd Squadron, 3rd Stryker Cavalry Regiment and the Georgian Army's 51st Light Infantry Battalion.
In May 2015, SFC Daniel King, from Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, was awarded the Gruber award by the Commandant of the Field Artillery, for his contributions advising and assisting the 201st Afghan National Army Corps Fires Center of Excellence at Gamberi.
Lineage and honors
Lineage
Constituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army as Battery A, 320th Field Artillery, an element of the 82d Division
Organized 29 August 1917 at Camp Gordon, Georgia
Demobilized 12 May 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey
Reconstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Battery A, 320th Field Artillery, an element of the 82d Division (later redesignated as the 82d Airborne Division)
Organized in December 1921 at Columbia, South Carolina
Reorganized and redesignated 13 February 1942 as Battery A, 320th Field Artillery Battalion
Ordered into active military service 25 March 1942 and reorganized at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana
Reorganized and redesignated 15 August 1942 as Battery A, 320th Glider Field Artillery Battalion
(Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps)
Withdrawn 15 November 1948 from the Organized Reserve Corps and allotted to the Regular Army
Inactivated 15 December 1948 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
(320th Glider Field Artillery Battalion relieved 14 December 1950 from assignment to the 82d Airborne Division)
Redesignated 1 August 1951 as Battery A, 320th Airborne Field Artillery Battalion, and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia
Reorganized and redesignated 1 March 1957 as Battery A, 320th Artillery, and assigned to the 11th Airborne Division
Inactivated 1 July 1958 in Germany and relieved from assignment to the 11th Airborne Division
Redesignated 15 November 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 320th Artillery, and assigned to the 82d Airborne Division (organic elements concurrently constituted)
Battalion activated 7 December 1962 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Redesignated 1 September 1971 as the 1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery
Relieved 2 October 1986 from assignment to the 82d Airborne Division and assigned to the 101st Airborne Division
Relieved 16 September 2004 from assignment to the 101st Airborne Division and assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division
Campaign participation credit
World War I: St. Mihiel; Meuse-Argonne; Lorraine 1918
World War II: Sicily; Naples Foggia; Normandy (with arrowhead); Rhineland (with arrowhead); Ardennes-Alsace; Central Europe
Armed Forces Expeditions: Dominican Republic; Grenada
Southwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait
War on Terrorism
Afghanistan: Consolidation III; Transition I
Iraq: Liberation of Iraq; Transition of Iraq; Iraqi Governance; National Resolution; Iraqi Surge
Note: The published Army lineage, dated 18 September 1996, shows no War on Terrorism campaigns. Comparison of the battalion's deployment dates with the War on Terrorism campaigns estimates that the battalion will be credited with participation in the seven campaigns listed.
Decorations
Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for STE. MERE EGLISE
Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for AFGHANISTAN 2010
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for IRAQ 2003
Meritorious Unit Commendation for IRAQ 2005-2006
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for IRAQ 2007-2008
French Crois de Guerre with Palm, World War II for STE. MERE EGLISE
French Crois de Guerre with Palm, World War II for COTENTIN
French Crois de Guerre with Palm, World War II Fourrragere
Military Order of William (Degree of the Knight of the Fourth Class) for NIJMEGEN 1944
Netherlands Orange Lanyard
Belgian Fourragere 1940
Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in the ARDENNES
Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in BELGIUM AND GERMANY
Note: Separately cited awards are not listed on the official lineage published by the Center for Military History.
Heraldry
Distinctive unit insignia
320th Field Artillery Regiment Distinctive Unit Insignia
Coat of arms
320th Field Artillery Regiment Coat of Arms
See also
Field Artillery Branch (United States)
Lower Babur
Khosrow Sofla
References
External links
320th FAR Regimental Association
Official Unit Facebook Page
320 1
Military units and formations established in 1917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Battalion%2C%20320th%20Field%20Artillery%20Regiment |
Adolph Frederik Munthe (12 July 1817 – 7 September 1884) was a Norwegian military officer and government official. He was the Norwegian Minister of the Army 1877–1879, 1880–1881 and 1881–1884, as well as member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm 1879–1880 and 1881.
References
1817 births
1884 deaths
People from Ullensaker
Government ministers of Norway
Defence ministers of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph%20Frederik%20Munthe |
Oddmund Myklebust (21 April 1915 – 14 September 1972) was a Norwegian fisher and politician for the Centre Party.
He was born in Sandøy.
In 1965 he was appointed Minister of Fisheries in the centre-right cabinet Borten. He remained in this position until the 8 November 1968, being replaced by Einar Hole Moxnes.
Myklebust was involved in local politics in Haram from 1945 to 1953 and 1963 to 1965, and in Sandøy from 1971 to 1972.
References
1915 births
1972 deaths
People from Haram, Norway
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
Government ministers of Norway
Møre og Romsdal politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddmund%20Myklebust |
Social contract is a broad class of theories that try to explain the ways in which people form states and/or maintain social order.
Social Contract may also refer to:
Policies
Social Contract (Britain), a policy of the British Labour party in the 1970s
Social contract (Malaysia), an agreement concerning citizenship rights
Social Contract (Ontario), a 1993 wage restraint initiative in Ontario
Books
The Social Contract, a book Jean-Jacques Rousseau published in 1762
The Social Contract (1970 book), a paleoanthropology book by Robert Ardrey
A New Social Contract, a 2021 manifesto by Dutch politician Pieter Omtzigt
Other
"The Social Contract" (House), an episode of House
The Social Contract Press, a printing company
Debian Social Contract, which frames the moral agenda of the Debian project
New Social Contract, a Dutch political party
See also
Contractualism, ethical theories based on social contract theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20Contract%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Vernon Lee Evans (born October 11, 1949) is a contract killer convicted for murdering two witnesses scheduled to testify against the leader of a drug gang. In 1984, he was convicted and sentenced to death together with drug kingpin Anthony Grandison for the 1983 murders of Susan Kennedy and David Scott Piechowicz. David Piechowicz and his wife Cheryl (Susan Kennedy's sister) had been scheduled to testify against Grandison at trial on federal drug charges.
The case was intensely discussed in the political debate about eliminating the death penalty in Maryland.
Conviction and sentencing
Evans' death sentence was overturned on appeal in 1991. The following year, a new jury again sentenced him to die. In 1994, the new sentence was upheld on direct appeal to the Maryland Court of Appeals, and in 1997 a petition for post-conviction relief was denied. The U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland denied Evans' federal habeas corpus petition in 1999, and in 2000 that decision was upheld by the Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit.
Since then, Evans has filed motions for a new trial and to correct an illegal sentence. Those, however, have been denied as well. He was scheduled for execution in February 2006, but his execution was suspended. All executions in Maryland were placed on hold until the state drafted and approved new execution procedures.
The status of Evans' death sentence became unclear (along with that of four other convicted murderers, including Grandison) when the Maryland House of Delegates voted in 2013 to abolish the death penalty.
On December 31, 2014, Evans' death sentence was one of four commuted to life without parole by outgoing governor Martin O'Malley.
Evans was 65 when his sentence was commuted, and the eldest of the four remaining death row inmates.
Anti death penalty activism
Concern that anti death penalty activists would protest Evans' execution violently, Maryland State Police carried out undercover surveillance of anti death penalty activists for fourteen months. The operation was ended when it came to light; Governor Martin O'Malley called it an "infring(ment) on citizens' rights to free speech or public assembly."
While on death row, anti death penalty activists enabled Evans to write an advice blog designed, according to the Chicago Tribune as "the leading edge of a strategy by death penalty opponents to use new technologies" by making the public see criminals sentenced to death as "human beings with lives beyond the crimes they are accused of." In his blog, Evans claimed not to have committed the murder.
See also
Capital punishment in Maryland
Capital punishment in the United States
References
General References
Article from ANSA press agency "Rinviata l'esecuzione di Vernon Lee Evans"
http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bal-md.crimebriefs271aug27,0,6841296.story
1949 births
Living people
American prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by Maryland
American people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Maryland
Recipients of American gubernatorial clemency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon%20Lee%20Evans |
Kirsten Elise Myklevoll (25 September 1928 – 11 December 1996) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. She was Minister of Administration and Consumer Affairs 1978–1979. She was a member of the Parliament of Norway for Troms 1973–81 and county mayor of Troms 1986–91.
References
1928 births
1996 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten%20Myklevoll |
NASCAR on ESPN is the now-defunct former package and branding of coverage of NASCAR races on ESPN, ESPN2, and ABC. ABC, and later the ESPN family of networks, carried NASCAR events from the sanctioning body's top three divisions at various points from the early 1960s until 2000, after the Truck Series rights were lost. However, ESPN resumed coverage of NASCAR with the Nationwide Series race at Daytona in February 2007 and the then-Nextel Cup Series at Indianapolis in July 2007. ESPN's final race was the Ford EcoBoost 400 at the Homestead–Miami Speedway on November 16, 2014, with Kevin Harvick winning that year's NASCAR Sprint Cup Series championship.
History
1961–2000: ABC
ABC's involvement with NASCAR began in the days of ABC's Wide World of Sports in the 1960s, in which it presented some of the biggest races in stock car racing. One of its events was the Daytona 500. ABC showed the last half of the race, except in 1976, when it showed the first 30 laps, went to the Olympics and then came back for the wild finish, in which David Pearson edged out Richard Petty with both cars sliding sideways across the track. The race TV rights went to CBS Sports in 1979, who reportedly pioneered live flag-to-flag NASCAR race coverage. For much of the 1970s and 1980s, ABC broadcast NASCAR races on tape delay. The commentary was added later in post production. They would actually sit in the booth and call something live if they needed to for the satellite feed. Otherwise, ABC would do all the editing afterwards for the final telecast.
1981–2000: ESPN
ESPN began showing NASCAR races in 1981, with the first event being at North Carolina Speedway. The last of its 265 Cup telecasts (that number includes some on ABC Sports) was the 2000 NAPA 500 in Atlanta (now the Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500). Even though Fox, FX, NBC, and TNT were the exclusive broadcasters of the Winston/Nextel Cup Series and the Busch Series from 2001 to 2006, the ESPN networks still carried the Craftsman Truck Series in 2001 and 2002 because the Truck races were under a separate contract; ESPN had been broadcasting Truck races since the inaugural race in 1995. Speed Channel took over the Truck broadcasts in 2003.
2007–2014
The TV show promo of NASCAR on ESPN, ESPN2 and ABC in 2007 can be seen as a sneak peek in the 2006 Disney/Pixar animated film Cars on DVD and VHS in the 2.39:1 widescreen and 1.33:1 fullscreen versions. ESPN (and ABC) regained rights to air NASCAR races in 2007 after NBC Sports dropped NASCAR at the end of 2006. Each race telecast began with the pre-race show NASCAR Countdown. As of the 2011 season Nicole Briscoe was the usual host, with Brad Daugherty and Rusty Wallace providing commentary. It was typically 1 hour for Sprint Cup and major Nationwide races and a half-hour for all other Nationwide races. In addition to the races, ESPN2 aired a daily show called NASCAR Now, which was similar to Baseball Tonight and NFL Primetime. It aired daily on ESPN2 and was hosted by Briscoe, with various others substituting. Unlike other league shows on ESPN such as NFL Live, Baseball Tonight, and College Football Live, NASCAR Now only aired during the NASCAR season.
In 2007, 29 of the 35 Busch races aired on ESPN2, with the other five airing on ABC. ESPN2 started its coverage with the Orbitz 300 at Daytona International Speedway on February 17, 2007. ABC's first race was the Sam's Town 300 at Las Vegas on March 10. The first NEXTEL Cup race telecast was the Brickyard 400 on July 29 on ESPN. The next 5 races aired on ESPN and the Richmond race and the final 10 races (the Chase for the NEXTEL Cup) appeared on ABC.
The initial broadcast team consisted of Jerry Punch as the lead announcer with Wallace and Andy Petree as analysts. Allen Bestwick, Mike Massaro, Jamie Little, and Dave Burns were the pit reporters. Brent Musburger, Suzy Kolber, and Chris Fowler contributed as studio hosts.
In 2008, ESPN moved Wallace and Bestwick from their positions. Bestwick became studio host while Wallace joined the studio team. Dale Jarrett, who had retired during the 2008 season and had worked part-time for the network afterward, joined Punch and Petree as booth analyst. Shannon Spake replaced Bestwick on pit road.
In 2009, the Monday edition of NASCAR Now became a roundtable show, similar to the old Inside NEXTEL Cup show that was on Speed Channel. Bestwick hosts the roundtable; he is also the former host of the Speed Channel program. The panelists rotate and have included Mike Massaro, Johnny Benson, Boris Said, Ray Evernham, and Ricky Craven. Massaro has also filled in as host, including after the 2010 Daytona 500. Beginning with the 2010 season, ESPN carried fourteen of the seventeen races, including the entire Chase for the Sprint Cup except for the Bank of America 500 which continued to be televised on ABC. ABC acquired the Irwin Tools Night Race and kept the Air Guard 400 as part of its race coverage. Previously, ABC aired the entire Chase for the Sprint Cup and the Richmond race (now known as the Federated Auto Parts 400), but NASCAR's decision to standardize early start times conflicted with ABC's expanding Sunday morning political talk show lineup. This led to consternation among ABC's Southern affiliates, who counted on the races as a bulwark against NFL games on competing CBS and Fox stations. This decision was in-line with ESPN taking over the rights to the Rose Bowl and the British Open as part of an ongoing strategy to shift sports programming from ABC to ESPN, to the outrage of many sports fans.
The ESPN family of networks continued to be exclusive home for almost every NASCAR Nationwide Series event. 22 of those races were on ESPN2, with ABC carrying four and ESPN nine. Marty Reid, who for the past several seasons was the lead play-by-play announcer for Indy Racing League events on the ESPN family of networks, became its lead NASCAR voice for the 2010 season replacing Jerry Punch. Andy Petree and Dale Jarrett returned as color commentators, while Punch moved to lead pit reporter. The April 2011 race from Richmond International Raceway was produced and broadcast by SPEED due to conflicts with the NFL Draft and the NBA Playoffs which are also broadcast by ESPN. The April 2013 and April 2014 Richmond races had the same conflicts, but in those years were carried on ESPNews.
The end of NASCAR's 30-year run on ESPN
On November 16, 2014, the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway marked the end of NASCAR's 30-year, to-stint run on ESPN, dating back to 1981 and also, ending an eight-year stint with the network since 2007. Allen Bestwick, who served as lap-by-lap announcer for ESPN's Sprint Cup Series races since 2011, worked his final NASCAR broadcast on network television, marking the end of his role with the network in 29 years covering the sport and remained with ESPN and ABC covering IndyCar races from 2015 to 2018.
Production
Each broadcast began with NASCAR Countdown, ESPN's pre-race show. Using a mobile pit studio similar to FOX's Hollywood Hotel, the pre-race was typically led by host Nicole Briscoe with Brad Daugherty and Rusty Wallace. Daugherty and Wallace may be absent for weekends of Nationwide-only races, and Wallace occasionally moved to the broadcast booth for Nationwide races. The studio was not used at Nationwide races where ESPN was responsible for both the Sprint Cup and Nationwide Series races at two different tracks. The studio had not been used at Road America events where ESPN had brought a skeleton crew since the race was ESPN's only broadcast of the weekend due to the Little League World Series. The pre-race show was 30 minutes for Nationwide races and an hour for Sprint Cup races. Cuts to commercials saw a plastic NASCAR Countdown logo in city attractions outside the track.
Practice and qualifying session broadcasts also originated from the studio and drivers would occasionally enter the studio during qualifying to preview their runs. Sprint Cup drivers had also been seen in the booth to commentate on Nationwide races.
All races were presented in high-definition, and all cameras, including those in the race cars, were capable of sending out HD pictures. Starting in 2011, in-car cameras were able to provide two camera angles instead of just one.
At the Bashas' Supermarkets 200 at Phoenix International Raceway on April 20, 2007, NASCAR on ESPN unveiled a new feature, "Full Throttle". In this feature, which took place on one restart a race, the audio was provided by various team communications between drivers, crew chiefs, and spotters, similar to Fox's "Crank it Up". Typically, this lasted for about one lap. This frequency had been reduced from its earlier use, and was not seen at all in 2011.
Also in 2011, NASCAR on ESPN switched to a 16:9 aspect ratio letterbox presentation, matching that of Fox. This letterbox presentation, which was seen on ESPN and ESPN2, was not seen on Nationwide and Sprint Cup Series races aired on ABC, which still showed the race in the 4:3 standard-definition, non-letterbox format.
When NASCAR returned to ESPN in 2007, the starting grid was shown scrolling across the top of the screen, and it was not discussed. The time was instead used for ESPN's "In-Race Reporter" segment, in which fan questions were asked to drivers over the radio. Fox also used this tactic at the time (doing pit reports over the starting grid), an idea used by Fox from 2004–2008. However, while Fox switched back to traditional starting grids in 2009 and discussing them, ESPN continued using the scrolling grid throughout its entire run. On two occasions, ESPN did run a traditional starting grid with drivers' full names and talked about the grid. These occasions were the 2007 Busch Series race at Mexico City, in which many of the drivers were not regular NASCAR drivers and background information was warranted, and the 2014 season finale at Homestead-Miami, which was ESPN's final NASCAR broadcast.
The pit studio
The ESPN pit studio was one of the most technologically advanced mobile studios in all of sports. It was the size of a big-rig trailer and weighed . The interior was wide and held five production crew members, three robotic cameras and the on-air hosts. The entire studio could be elevated and had of glass so the hosts and the fans could see the track. In 2008, the studio was re-decorated and used by ABC News to cover the New Hampshire presidential primary. The studio also used state-of-the-art LED lighting to light up the hosts.
Coverage and other controversies
General
Many visitors to forums and blogs such as The Daly Planet complained that the coverage seen on ESPN and its related networks between 2007 and 2014 were not up to the standards set by the earlier version of network coverage. Their biggest complaints were excessive commercials, bored announcers, abuse of production technology, and language that seemed to talk down to them. Many said that they had found alternate means of racing coverage, including NASCAR Hot Pass, radio broadcasts, the magazine NASCAR Illustrated and the NASCAR website. Some were even looking forward to the return of NASCAR on Fox, despite the gimmicks inherent to that portion of the racing season.
On October 4, 2008, SportsCenter reported that the Roush-Fenway Racing trio of Matt Kenseth, Carl Edwards, and Greg Biffle were leading the championship standings. Johnson has always driven for Hendrick Motorsports during his Cup career, and never for Roush-Fenway Racing.
The many changes made in 2008, specifically the removal of on-air personalities with no previous NASCAR backgrounds and the reassignment of Wallace, may have come in response to these complaints.
NASCAR itself was disappointed at the production job done by ESPN at 2009 AMP Energy 500, the fall Talladega race. The morning of the race, in response to recent accidents at the track where cars went airborne (specifically, Carl Edwards flying into the catch fence after being turned in the tri-oval by Brad Keselowski on the last lap of the spring race), NASCAR instituted a rule banning bump drafting during the race. ESPN commentators frequently commented on how boring the race was because of the rule change, despite statistically (with 57 lead changes and 25 leaders) being comparable to past races at the track. The rule change itself proved ineffective at preventing car flips and accidents, as evidenced by Ryan Newman's blowover with five laps to go on the back straightaway, then Mark Martin's turnover in a crash in the tri-oval during the attempt at a green-white-checkered finish, and was quickly reversed before the 2010 season.
ESPN often did not recognize the title sponsors of events in its coverage unless their respective sponsors also pay a sponsorship fee to ESPN. Events without sponsorship deals with ESPN are presented by the network under generic titles with ESPN-furnished sponsors; for example, the Sunoco Red Cross Pennsylvania 500 was once branded as "NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Pocono presented by Old Spice" by the network.
In NASCAR on ESPNs advertising campaign, their slogan was "Feel your heart race", a slogan which had already been trademarked by Kyle Petty's Victory Junction Gang. The latter's advertising also appeared on ESPN-carried races. This was changed to "Cause it's Racing" in 2010 and "Nothing Beats First Place" in 2011 and 2012.
During broadcasts since 2010, several improvements were made, including reduction in technology. There were also changes in announcing and pit reporters, most notably the moving Jerry Punch to pit road and IndyCar and occasional Nationwide Series lead announcer Marty Reid to lead broadcaster for the majority of NASCAR broadcasts beginning in 2010, including the Sprint Cup races. Sponsorship by non-NASCAR sponsors was also reduced. Allen Bestwick, formerly the lap-by-lap announcer for NBC's NASCAR coverage from 2001 to 2004, took over as lead broadcaster for Sprint Cup Series races in 2011.
Once the Chase for the Sprint Cup began and even in the races leading up to the Chase, ESPN often shifted its focus to the drivers in the Chase, in particular Jimmie Johnson. Often if a driver not in the Chase was leading and was passed for the lead by a Chase driver, he was not spoken of again for the rest of the broadcast. Case in point: in the November 2009 race in Texas, the vast majority of the broadcast was spent talking about Jimmie Johnson despite the fact he crashed on lap 3 and finished 38th. This was a fear of many once the Chase was introduced.
Finally, in 2010, ESPN with the consent of NASCAR, changed the networks that races were broadcast on. While the final eleven races of the season were broadcast on ABC from 2007–2009, all Sprint Cup races except for the three Saturday Night races in ESPN's portion of the schedule were switched to ESPN (the Bristol night race, previously on ESPN, was moved to ABC). This left only 3 races on over-the-air broadcasters for the last two-thirds of the NASCAR season. This, combined with the moving of the Brickyard 400, arguably NASCAR's second biggest race to ESPN, angered fans and sponsors.
Broadcast interruptions
Due to ESPN's various sports commitments, there were several interferences with NASCAR broadcasts. This was especially true once college football season started, when Nationwide Series races would often follow an early college football game. The broadcast start had also been delayed by the Little League World Series and ATP tennis. Many times (at least 15 as of 2010), NASCAR Countdown and even the start of the race were moved to ESPN Classic or, later, ESPNEWS. Due to contractual agreements with Turner, ESPN could not put broadcasts with ESPN3, another fact that angered fans. However, in 2011 an agreement was reached letting ESPN put all NASCAR programming on WatchESPN.
In 2010, because of the movement of the Chase races to ESPN and the earlier standardized 1:00 PM ET start times instituted by NASCAR, ESPN moved NASCAR Countdown to ESPN2 for all Chase races starting at 1:00 PM ET to avoid shortening or moving its Sunday NFL Countdown program. Viewers had to switch to the race at 1:00 PM ET from ESPN2 to ESPN. The next year, NASCAR moved the Chase races to later times (2:00 ET, then 3:00 ET for the final three races; Martinsville maintained a 1:30 PM ET starting time because, at the time, that track lacked lights and the grandstands cast long shadows over the racing surface in the late afternoon).
Network preemptions and relocations
On September 30, 2007, the end of the LifeLock 400, part of that season's Chase, was moved from ABC to ESPN2 when a rain delay went past 6 p.m. ET, the end of the allotted broadcast window. This was in contrast to Fox and NBC coverage, which typically stayed on those stations even if the races ran long past the expected time.
On March 15, 2008, the Sharpie Mini 300 moved from ABC to ESPN Classic at 6:15 p.m. so that ABC could show World News Saturday in the Eastern and Central time zones. The race was in a rain delay at the time and it was not resumed.
On May 2, 2008, the Lipton Tea 250 was moved from ESPN2 to ESPN Classic due to ESPN2's commitment to cover game 6 of the Cleveland Cavaliers-Washington Wizards first-round NBA playoff series. Because ESPN Classic had a much more limited potential audience than ESPN or ESPN2, NASCAR asked Speed Channel to simulcast the race, and it agreed. ESPN2 then rebroadcast the race in its entirety after the basketball game. A similar arrangement was reached for the Kroger On Track for the Cure 250, scheduled for October 2008 at Memphis Motorsports Park, due to conflicts with college football and the Breeders' Cup.
On November 9, 2008, the conclusion of the Checker O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 moved from ABC to ESPN2 because the race exceeded the allowable broadcast window due to two red-flag delays. ABC affiliates in the Eastern and Central time zones aired America's Funniest Home Videos instead, while those in the Mountain and Pacific time zones stayed with race coverage, with ESPN2 serving as a simulcast.
On August 22, 2009, at the Sharpie 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway, both the invocation and the national anthem were preempted because the Little League World Series game ran long.
On July 31, 2010, the first 23 laps of the Nationwide Series U.S. Cellular 250 at the Iowa Speedway, as well as all pre-race programming, were moved to ESPN Classic because of a semifinal match at the ATP Legg Mason Classic that ran long. This came shortly after the channel was upgraded to more expensive channel tiers on DirecTV and Dish Network, among other providers.
The following day, on August 1, the final round of the Women's British Open ran a few minutes past 1 p.m. ET, meaning that the pre-race ceremonies of the Pennsylvania 500 were preempted. ESPN2, which picked up NASCAR Countdown from ESPN due to the conflict, had to start its coverage of the X Games at that time. However, the race itself was not affected.
On October 2, 2010, NASCAR Countdown and the first several laps of the Kansas Lottery 300 were aired on ESPN Classic due to the Clemson-Miami football game running longer than anticipated.
On October 31, 2010, due to technical difficulties, the last 45 minutes of the Sunday NFL Countdown and the first 57 laps of the 2010 AMP Energy Juice 500 were preempted on some providers.
The 2011 Bubba Burger 250 scheduled for April 29 was moved from ESPN to Speed due to anticipated conflicts on both ESPN (with the second night of the 2011 NFL Draft) and ESPN2 (one or more NBA playoff games). Unlike past conflicts, this broadcast was produced entirely by SPEED combining their Truck & FOX's Sprint Cup broadcasting teams. In 2013 and 2014, when faced with a similar predicament, the Richmond spring Nationwide race was scheduled for ESPNEWS, but the 2014 race, whose start was delayed by rain, was moved to ESPN2 after the Toronto Raptors-Brooklyn Nets game ended.
ESPNEWS was also used for the Nationwide Kentucky fall race due to its scheduling for a Saturday night during college football season.
On September 20, 2014, NASCAR Countdown for the VisitMyrtleBeach.com 300 Nationwide race at Kentucky Speedway was preempted by a college football game between Texas State and Illinois that was delayed by lightning.
On October 11, 2014, the 2014 Bank of America 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway, the final race to be broadcast on ABC, had its opening preempted by a late running college football game between TCU and Baylor. Coverage was moved to ESPNEWS (where it was also preempted because of a preseason NBA game between the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Miami Heat from Rio de Janeiro going into overtime), and was also stated to be on WatchESPN.com, which it wasn't. Fans voiced their anger on NASCAR's official live chat, and RaceBuddy was not provided on the website due to the race being on a broadcast network (RaceBuddy was later provided for all races starting in 2015, possibly in response to the controversy surrounding this race). The only way fans could get the start was by radio broadcast on PRN, or from the live lap-by-lap feed on the NASCAR App for smartphones. The first 25 laps were missed, and coverage was joined at a planned competition caution. A recap of the first 25 laps was almost immediately shown. NASCAR was also unhappy with the move and issued an apology. NASCAR later posted the full race (a practice that they had begun at Pocono's August race in 2014) on their official YouTube channel but with the world feed; the difference was all ESPN logos on graphics were removed. The race was further preempted on KATV in Little Rock, Arkansas when they went into local news instead, as did a few other ABC affiliates across the country.
Local station preemptions
The Subway 500 from Martinsville Speedway was not shown on KABC in Los Angeles (the second largest media market in the United States) on October 21 due to the California wildfires of October 2007, specifically the Buckweed fire in Santa Clarita and the Canyon fire in Malibu. Instead, the broadcast was shown on their 7.2 digital subchannel, which did not have universal availability.
Several stations chose to preempt NASCAR Countdown for local news or to fulfill their weekly FCC-required educational and information programming requirements, either through the Saturday morning ABC Kids lineup or later, Litton's Weekend Adventure. KABC did so before every Saturday night race in 2007 and 2008, and also did it before the 2007 Ford 400, a Sunday-afternoon event due to E/I requirements. This also occurred with WPLG in Miami, Florida and KSAT-TV in San Antonio, Texas at least once in 2007, and on November 1, 2009, the day of the 2009 AMP Energy 500, when KXLY-TV in Spokane, Washington preempted NASCAR Countdown to carry ABC Kids programming.
Other stations preempted NASCAR Countdown for their own paid programming, as has been done by some ABC affiliates for NBA Countdown.
At the other end of the scale, KTKA in Topeka, Kansas left the 2007 Bank of America 500 on October 13 to launch its nightly late newscast at 10 p.m. Central time and did not return. Topeka is located about 60 miles from Emporia, Clint Bowyer's hometown. KSAT also aired a brief news update, which came during a red flag, but returned in time for the checkered flag.
The 2008 Sharpie Mini 300 was not seen on several ABC stations for various reasons, ranging from weather bulletins (WSB in Atlanta and WSOC in Charlotte) to the Big 12 basketball tournament (KLKN in Lincoln, Nebraska and WOI in Des Moines, Iowa, among other stations in the conference's footprint). In addition, WABC in New York City carried the race, but preempted NASCAR Countdown and the rain delay to cover breaking news involving a construction accident at a high-rise building in Manhattan.
The pre-race for the 2008 Bank of America 500 was not seen on at least seven stations: KABC, KSAT, WPVI in Philadelphia, WXYZ-TV in Detroit (of which Brad Keselowski's hometown of Rochester Hills is a suburb), WEWS in Cleveland, WFTS in the Tampa Bay area, and KXLY. All of them aired newscasts, except for WXYZ, which aired a charity fundraiser.
The final eight laps of the 2008 Pep Boys Auto 500 were not shown on KOAT, the ABC affiliate in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The station cut away at 4 p.m. Mountain time for a live pre-scheduled congressional debate for the state's 1st District seat. The ending was shifted to ESPN2, but only those receiving KOAT on local cable (mostly Comcast) were able to see it; those who received the station via satellite continued to get the national feed of ESPN2.
Multiple stations every August preempted the Irwin Tools Night Race for local coverage of NFL preseason football; in most cases the race then aired live on a station's digital subchannel or sister station, had a local substitution on a local cable channel or ESPN/ESPN2, or was not carried at all. Rarely, they were tape-delayed for overnight viewing. One market, West Michigan, is unique in having two ABC affiliates, and when WZZM-TV preempted the 2012 race due to a Detroit Lions preseason game, WOTV broadcast the race live as to not tie up affiliate distribution complications to the market.
In 2010, the Irwin Tools Night Race was preempted on WXYZ-TV for coverage of the Woodward Dream Cruise.
In 2011, the Irwin Tools Night Race was preempted on most Mid-Atlantic and Northeast ABC affiliates for local news coverage of Hurricane Irene.
During a rain delay in the 2012 Federated Auto Parts 400, WJLA-TV in Washington, DC cut out of the ESPN on ABC broadcast of the race to air the primetime local news and did not return to the race broadcast when the race resumed. After running the newscast, WJLA went to a local commercial break and then rejoined the race broadcast at 11:46 p.m., several minutes after the race resumed.
Missing race endings
On August 24, 2007, the final five laps of the Food City 250 NBS race at Bristol Motor Speedway were not televised by ESPN2 (but were shown on broadcasters outside of the United States, such as Canada's TSN). The reason was that a satellite uplink path was somehow eliminated, preventing the master control at the network headquarters (ironically in Bristol, Connecticut; the track is in Bristol, Tennessee) from re-transmitting the event to cable and satellite providers. Instead, viewers saw a blank screen, then the ESPN2 logo "screensaver", then some commercials. By the time the problem was rectified, the race was over, with Kasey Kahne as the winner. Jerry Punch, the lap-by-lap announcer, apologized for the error immediately and the final two laps were shown on a replay unedited. In addition, the first rebroadcast showed the same laps as they were intended to be broadcast with an on-screen ticker and GEICO sponsorship bug just after 4:30 a.m. ET the next morning. An ESPN spokesman blamed a "human error" of an unspecified nature.
With nine laps remaining in the 2008 Federated Auto Parts 300, one or more feeds of ESPN2 on DirecTV suddenly cut off and was replaced by a static screen of the provider's logo, with audio from XM Satellite Radio's Top Tracks channel. By the time the picture returned, the race was over and Brad Keselowski celebrated his first win in the series, by then renamed Nationwide Series. The exact cause of the failure is unknown. Blogger John M. Daly blamed the problem on an error in the routing system in which the picture is sent to master control, and that neither ESPN2HD nor cable companies were affected. However, on a message board dealing with TV auto racing, moderator Cheryl Lauer reported that the opposite had happened to her, that HD was out while SD was broadcasting normally. She thought the problem was due to a complication in testing signals from a new satellite, D11.
Other problems/issues
Due to college football commitments and an exceedingly long race which had 25 caution flags, coverage of the Busch Series' Sam's Town 250 on October 27, 2007, ended the moment David Reutimann took the checkered flag to win the race. There was no post-race interview with Reutimann, summary of the finishing order, or any other usual post-race programming. No interview aired on ESPNEWS or SportsCenter either, another decision that rankled some long-time fans.
Coverage of the Nationwide Series' Jimmy John's Freaky Fast 300 at Chicagoland Speedway on September 13, 2014, ended the moment Kevin Harvick took the checkered flag due to the race exceeding its broadcast window and ESPN2 having a college football game between Alabama and Southern Mississippi, scheduled right after the race.
Some drivers had testy relationships with ESPN reporters.
Tony Stewart was fined and docked 25 points after his win at the Allstate 400 in 2007 when he used an obscenity in his post-race interview. During it, he implied unfair treatment by the network in the past.
Also in 2007, Dale Earnhardt Jr. looked very uneasy in his interview with Mike Massaro at the Chevy Rock and Roll 400; Massaro ran a lengthy talk after Earnhardt Jr. dropped out with engine failure.
In 2009, Juan Pablo Montoya walked out on an interview with Vince Welch after the Pennsylvania 500 due to a line of questioning he was not happy with.
In 2010, during driver intros, Jamie Little kept giving Kevin Harvick questions while Harvick was visibly annoyed and replied with short answers and even following him onto the truck continuing the conversation.
In 2011, Kurt Busch, while getting ready to do an interview with Jerry Punch, kept telling him in a profanity-laced insult to hurry up. Punch canceled it but it was leaked on camera which led to the resigning of Kurt Busch at Penske Racing.
Most of the races broadcast on ESPN on ABC had minimal or no post-race coverage. Several times, ESPN only interviewed the winner and second-place finisher. The most likely explanation is that the next program was, typically, ABC World News Sunday or a local newscast; the network wanted to start the newscast as soon as possible.
At the 2007 Dickies 500 at Texas Motor Speedway, the majority of the coverage was focused on Jeff Gordon and Jimmie Johnson. There was only one mention when Juan Pablo Montoya led the opening laps of the race and ESPN on ABC did not air several of the lead changes or mention them on air. In addition, during the Busch Series O'Reilly Challenge race at Texas, the final laps were broadcast from an in-car camera of points championship leader Carl Edwards. ESPN did not air the finish of the race where Kevin Harvick won and instead stayed with an in-car shot of Edwards through the finish.
At the 2007 UAW-Ford 500 at Talladega, ESPN on ABC did not air the final lead change as they were covering a battle a little deeper in the field. Jeff Gordon made the race winning move without mention of the lead change on ESPN on ABC until well after it had happened. Gordon won the race.
At the 2010 Sunoco Red Cross Pennsylvania 500, Kurt Busch and Elliott Sadler crashed violently on lap 165. ESPN could get multiple angles of Busch's crash, but due to this being a blind spot on the track, ESPN only had one angle showing Sadler's crash (even then, partially out of frame), leaving many fans angry about not knowing how Sadler crashed and hit the inside wall.
Shortly after the 2011 DRIVE4COPD 300, ESPN lost audio just as race winner Tony Stewart was about to answer a question. Due to those technical problems, ESPN began its special edition of SportsCenter from an infield studio at Daytona early. The interviews with Stewart and Dale Earnhardt Jr. were still recorded and played back 18 minutes later with the audio restored. However, the usual final tape montage and proper sign-off was not shown, at least not in the original live versions.
At the 2011 Tums Fast Relief 500 at Martinsville, ESPN did not show the final lead change, because Brad Keselowski spun around while Tony Stewart made the race winning move around Jimmie Johnson. RaceBuddy viewers, though, were able to see it from Stewart and Johnson's onboards.
At the 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series event at Kentucky Speedway, Marty Reid made a human error and said that Ryan Blaney had won the race when the white flag was waving, even though Blaney continued on and won the race. The following Tuesday, Reid retired from the network; his future plans have not been discussed. Allen Bestwick called the rest of the 2013 and most of the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series events and also called ABC's IndyCar events starting in 2014.
At the 2014 GEICO 500 at Talladega, the ESPN broadcast completely missed Tony Stewart spinning out in the tri-oval with two laps to go. The commentators didn't notice nor mentioned it after the race ended.
Ultimate NASCAR
In addition to race coverage, ESPN aired a series of programs called Ultimate NASCAR. The series began in April 2007, when the network began to air a series of 100 one-minute vignettes highlighting NASCAR's most important moments as selected by a panel of experts. The vignettes aired every day until July 29. These moments are also recounted in a companion book published by the network.
In July 2007, ESPN aired a series of related documentaries. Three of them were countdown shows, ranking the greatest drivers, races, and rivalries in the sport's history. The other shows were "The Explosion" (a general overview), "The Dirt" (the origins of NASCAR), "The Cars" (the evolution of the NASCAR race car), "The Families" (an in-depth look at the Allison, Earnhardt and Petty families), and "Speed and Danger" (in which NASCAR drivers discuss the risks they take).
Lineup variations
In order to reduce the workload of announcers during the first half of the season, ESPN constantly changed the lineup of those who covered the activities on the race track. In the 2007 season, ESPN used three different lap-by-lap announcers (Punch, Marty Reid, and Allen Bestwick), four different color commentators (Wallace, Petree, Jarrett, and Randy LaJoie), ten different pit reporters (Jack Arute, Bestwick, Dave Burns, Gary Gerould, Jamie Little, Mike Massaro, Marty Smith, Spake, Johnson, and Vince Welch), six infield studio hosts (Musburger, Bestwick, Massaro, Chris Fowler, Erik Kuselias, and Suzy Kolber), and at least four infield studio analysts (Daugherty, Brewer, Wallace, and Ray Evernham). Three times during the season, the network did not use an infield studio for NASCAR Countdown, during the split races (where Nextel Cup and Busch Series were in different venues during the same weekend). Also, none of the talent was at every race. In 2007, Daugherty had the longest streak, being at every race until the Meijer 300 at Kentucky Speedway on June 16.
The main booth remained the same for all Sprint Cup races.
In 2008, Jarrett was to be granted two months off from the end of April to the end of June to prepare for being the analyst for all 17 Sprint Cup races.
The exact team to be used at each race is listed in an ESPN press release on this page.
See below for a more detailed list of announcers and their roles.
Announcers
Studio and pre-race shows
– John Kernan was the primary weekday host. On weekends that ESPN and ABC were covering Cup races, a weekend host would fill in on the Friday editions, as well as if there was a race postponed until Monday, through November 2000.
Race Coverage
NOTE: Ned Jarrett only appeared on races broadcast by the ESPN family of networks during his time there. He had a separate contract with CBS Sports and was thus precluded from working races televised on ABC.
See also
NASCAR Countdown
NASCAR Now
NASCAR Drivers: Non-Stop
ESPN2 Garage
Jayski's Silly Season Site
NASCAR in Primetime
References
External links
NASCAR.com (NASCAR's Official website)
Jayski
FanZone Sports (NASCAR News)
The Daly Planet (Website breaks down TV and Media coverage)
NASCAR on ESPN Media Guide
NASCAR Issues Still Confusing ESPN
1981 American television series debuts
2002 American television series endings
2007 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
ABC Sports
ESPN original programming
ESPN
1990s American television series
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR%20on%20ESPN |
Ole Myrvoll (18 May 1911 – 16 July 1988) was a Norwegian professor in economy and politician for the Liberal Party and later the New People's Party.
He was born in Kragerø.
He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Bergen during the terms 1965–1969 and 1969–1973. From August to September 1963 he was Minister of Wages and Prices during the short-lived centre-right cabinet Lyng. He became Minister of Finance from 1965 to 1971 during the cabinet Borten. In December 1972, Myrvoll joined the New People's Party which split from the Liberal Party over disagreements of Norway's proposed entry to the European Economic Community. He was elected to Norwegian Parliament for this party in 1973, this time from Hordaland as Bergen had ceased to be a county and as such constituency.
On the local level Myrvoll was a member of the executive committee of Bergen city council from 1947 to 1955 and 1974 to 1975. He served as mayor from 1972 to 1973.
An economist by profession, he graduated with a cand.oecon. degree in 1935, and with an MA degree from the University of Virginia in 1937. He was hired as a research fellow at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in 1942, and was given the professorate following his doctorate degree in 1957 at the same school.
References
1911 births
1988 deaths
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Liberal People's Party (Norway, 1972) politicians
Mayors of Bergen
University of Virginia alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian School of Economics
Ministers of Finance of Norway
20th-century Norwegian economists
20th-century Norwegian politicians
People from Kragerø | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole%20Myrvoll |
Agrotera (Gr. , "the huntress") was an epithet of the Greek goddess Artemis, the most important goddess to Attic hunters.
At Agrae on the Ilissos, where she was believed to have first hunted after her arrival from Delos, Artemis Agrotera had a temple, dating to the 5th century BC, with a statue carrying a bow. During the Boedromia, on the seventh day of Boedromion (roughly, the beginning of September), an armed procession would take 600 goats to this temple, where they would all be sacrificed by the polemarch in honor of the victory at the Battle of Marathon. This rite derived from a vow made before the Battle of Marathon, which in turn derived from the custom of making a "slaughter sacrifice", or sphagion (), to Artemis Agrotera before a battle. The temple was destroyed in 1778, when the Ottoman forces occupying Athens set about demolishing ancient sites for building material to construct a wall around the city. The ruins of the temple survive today on Ardettou Street, tightly surrounded by modern buildings. There is an ongoing campaign for the expropriation of adjacent buildings and the restoration of the temple.
Under this name Agrotera was also worshiped at Aigeira, Sparta, and elsewhere. The name Agrotera is synonymous with the epithet Agraea, but Eustathius derives it from the town of Agrae.
The epithet Agrotera was also sometimes applied to the nymph Cyrene.
References
External links
ArtemisAgrotera.org - information on the archaeological site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera
Epithets of Artemis
Religion in ancient Athens
Religion in ancient Sparta
Battle of Marathon
Greek animal sacrifice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrotera |
The Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (RAI) is a long-established anthropological organisation, and Learned Society, with a global membership. Its remit includes all the component fields of anthropology, such as biological anthropology, evolutionary anthropology, social anthropology, cultural anthropology, visual anthropology and medical anthropology, as well as sub-specialisms within these, and interests shared with neighbouring disciplines such as human genetics, archaeology and linguistics. It seeks to combine a tradition of scholarship with services to anthropologists, including students.
The RAI promotes the public understanding of anthropology, as well as the contribution anthropology can make to public affairs and social issues. It includes within its constituency not only academic anthropologists, but also those with a general interest in the subject, and those trained in anthropology who work in other fields.
History
The institute's fellows are lineal successors to the founding fellows of the Ethnological Society of London, who in February 1843 formed a breakaway group of the Aborigines' Protection Society, which had been founded in 1837. The new society was to be 'a centre and depository for the collection and systematisation of all observations made on human races'.
Between 1863 and 1870 there were two organisations, the Ethnological Society and the Anthropological Society. The Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1871) was the result of a merger between these two rival bodies. Permission to add the word 'Royal' was granted in 1907.
Individuals seeking full Fellowship status are usually required to be proposed by current Fellows who personally know the potential member. Fellowship in the institute is primarily for notable scholars who have professional or academic achievement in the field of the study of humankind or the social sciences. Fellows are elected by the RAI Council, and are entitled to use the honorific post-nominal letters FRAI.
Publications
The Institute publishes three journals:
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, formerly Man, is a quarterly journal with articles on all aspects of anthropology, as well as correspondence and a section of book reviews. The Journal provides an important forum for 'anthropology as a whole', embracing social anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology and the study of material culture. A Special (fifth) issue was inaugurated in 2006. The Special Issue appears annually, is guest-edited or single-authored, and addresses different themes in anthropology from year to year.
Anthropology Today is a bimonthly publication which aims to provide a forum for the application of anthropological analysis to public and topical issues, while reflecting the breadth of interests within the discipline of anthropology. It is committed to promoting debate at the interface between anthropology and areas of applied knowledge such as education, medicine and development; as well as that between anthropology and other academic disciplines.
Anthropological Index Online was launched in 1997. The Index is an online bibliographic service for researchers, teachers and students of anthropology worldwide. Access is free to individual users; institutional users (except those in developing countries) pay an annual subscription. Major European and other languages of scholarship are covered, and new material is added on a continuing basis.
The Indian Antiquary was published under the authority of the Council of the Royal Anthropological Institute from 1925 to 1932.
RAI Collection
The RAI has a unique reference and research collection comprising photos, films, archives and manuscripts.
The photographic library consists of over 75,000 historic prints, negatives, lantern-slides and other images, the earliest dating from the 1860s. The photo library illustrates the great diversity and vitality of the world's cultures as well as the history of photographic image-making itself.
The RAI is actively involved in developing ethnographic film and video, as a mode of anthropological enquiry and as an educational resource. It has an extensive collection of videos, copies of which are available for sale for educational and academic purposes. Films can be studied and previewed onsite.
The archive and manuscript collection spans a period of over 150 years, providing a unique historical record of the discipline and of the Institute itself. Much unpublished textual and visual material entrusted to the RAI over the years is held in the manuscript collection, which is being conserved and catalogued on a continuing basis.
Access to the RAI Collection is free to all RAI Fellows, Members, Student Associates and all undergraduate students by prior appointment. Others may visit the Collection on payment of an access fee.
The RAI has a close association with the British Museum's Anthropology Library, which incorporates the former RAI Library given to the Museum in 1976. The Library is located within the Centre for Anthropology at the British Museum, and is effectively Britain's national anthropological library. All may use the Library on site; RAI Fellows may borrow books acquired by the RAI.
Awards
Huxley Memorial Medal
The Huxley Memorial Medal and Lecture was established in 1900 in memory of Thomas Henry Huxley to identify and acknowledge the work of scientists, British or foreign, distinguished in any field of anthropological research. The highest honour awarded by the Royal Anthropological Institute, it is awarded annually by ballot of the council. The recipient delivers a lecture which is usually published.
Rivers Memorial Medal
The Medal was founded in 1923 by the Council of the Institute in memory of its late President, William Halse Rivers, originally for 'anthropological work in the field'. However, in the 1960s the rules were amended to reflect anthropological work in a broader sense. The Medal shall be awarded for a recent body of work published over a period of five years which makes, as a whole, a significant contribution to social, physical or cultural anthropology or archaeology. Recipients include:
RAI events
From time to time, the RAI runs lectures, workshops and other special events on topical issues. Its International Festivals of Ethnographic Film, run every two years in partnership with UK universities and other hosts, are a recognised part of the international ethnographic film calendar. Competitions for the Film Prizes attract entries from film-makers throughout the world.
FRAI (Fellowship of the Royal Anthropological Institute)
This is a prestigious fellowship in the discipline of Anthropology worldwide. Fellows are elected by the Council of the RAI through a rigorous process.
Presidents
The President of the RAI were generally elected for a two-year period:
See also
List of anthropology awards
Notes
External links
The Royal Anthropological Institute
Discover Anthropology Outreach Programme
London Anthropology Day
RAI International Festival of Ethnographic Film
1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
Anthropology organizations
Learned societies of the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the London Borough of Camden
Organizations established in 1871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Anthropological%20Institute%20of%20Great%20Britain%20and%20Ireland |
Persuasion (Kara Killgrave, formerly known as the Purple Girl and the Purple Woman) is a fictional mutant superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
Fictional character biography
Zebediah Killgrave, alias Purple Man, used his powers on a woman named Melanie to force her to marry him. Eventually, Killgrave realized that he was actually in love with Melanie and released her from his control. Becoming aware of what he had done, Melanie rejected Killgrave and he left. Soon after, Melanie returned to Toronto, but learned she was pregnant. She successfully gave birth to a daughter, Kara.
At the onset of puberty, Kara's whole body turned purple. When she revealed her plight to her mother, Melanie Killgrave, her mother revealed to Kara the identity of her father. Unable to cope with her change in appearance and the circumstances of her conception, Kara ran off.
She made her way to a skiing exhibition, where her sporting hero Jean-Paul Beaubier was scheduled to make an appearance. While in a washroom, preparing to meet him, a young woman repeatedly banged on the cubicle door. In anger, she told the woman to, "go jump off a cliff." The woman, unable to control herself, did exactly that and had to be saved by Beaubier. In doing so, he had no choice but to reveal his secret identity as Northstar to everyone in the vicinity. When Beaubier realized that Kara was responsible for the woman's actions, he berated her, but she took control of him and commanded him to take her to a desert island. While swimming on the island, Northstar had to rescue Kara from a crocodile. In the process, Kara lost her control over him when he went underwater. Northstar took her to Tamarind Island, the headquarters of Alpha Flight. Believing that Alpha Flight intended to harm her, she took control of the whole team and escaped, taking Madison Jeffries with her. While on the run, they were captured by the Auctioneer. Alpha Flight rescued them, and Heather Hudson decided to recruit Kara as the first member of a new Beta Flight. Kara started a brief romance with the second member to be recruited, Manikin.
Beta Flight
Kara became a valued member of Beta and Alpha Flights and fought alongside them in battles against such foes as the Dreamqueen, the Great Beasts, the Derangers, Scramble, China Force, and what she believed to be her own father's reanimated corpse. After being injured in battle with China Force and being left behind by Alpha Flight, who had gone to confront the Dreamqueen, she decided to quit the team, believing she had been abandoned.
When she decided to return to the group, she was contacted by Talisman, who was recruiting a team to rescue Northstar from Asgard. After the completion of this mission, she became a member of Beta Flight again under a re-structured Department H. She struck a close friendship with most members, especially Goblyn, Pathway, and Witchfire. In a supposed training team, she found herself in battle on a number of occasions. During this time, she fought against villains such as Firebug, the Jackal, Omega Flight, the Master, and the Hardliners.
While still in training, Box (Madison Jeffries) had her assist him against the composite being known as Omega. Kara was able to compel it to separate back into Box (Roger Bochs) and Scramble, but Scramble then lobotomized Bochs and reformed Omega. Madison was then forced to kill Omega.
Kara returned home with her friends Goblyn and Laura Dean. Following the Joshua Lord incident and the disbanding of Department H, she was imprisoned in Neverland, the mutant concentration camp created by Weapon X under Malcolm Colcord. She was one of the exceptions after House of M who retained her powers. Much later, Persuasion was one of the mutants who had retained their mutant abilities after M-Day. Kara was seen celebrating the holidays in San Francisco with the X-Men and other mutants still remaining after M-Day.
Fear Itself
During the Fear Itself storyline, Kara allied herself with the anti-government Citadel to steal a server that would reveal the truth about the Unity Party running to form government in Canada. She was taken down by Alpha Flight members. The Unity Party, secretly working for Master of the World, took office and brainwashed Kara with the "Unity" program to join the group Alpha Strike. Alpha Strike is formed after the Unity Government deems Alpha Flight a threat and included many villains gathered by Vindicator and Department H to spread the "Unity" program and to take down Alpha Flight. In battle with Alpha Flight, Kara is captured by the heroic team and strapped into a machine so her powers can be used to stop the brainwashing caused through the "Unity" program. Later, she shows up imprisoned in Pace Penitentiary and is visited by Hope Summers, who replicates her mind manipulation powers.
Jessica Jones: Purple Daughter
Kara resurfaces later in New York City. She is knocked out, drowned (to neutralize her pheromone-based powers), and slammed into the ground in a surprise attack by Jessica Jones, who believes Kara has something to do with her daughter Danielle's skin turning purple. After regaining consciousness and gaining awareness of the situation, she tells Jones she had nothing to do with Danielle's skin turning purple. Jessica Jones apologizes for pummeling Kara, noting she has issues with Kara's powers and purple face due to past traumatic experiences with her father, The Purple Man. Kara gives Jones some words of advice about her daughter. Unbeknownst to them, the Purple Children are watching them from a distance and report their findings to an unknown assailant.
Later, when they're supposed to meet, Jessica is attacked by Kara from behind, who is (ironically) being mind-controlled herself. Jessica defensively throws her off with force, breaking Kara's arm in the process. Kara continues the attack and Jessica has no choice but to knock her out. After the serum used to control Kara wears off, she joins her siblings the Purple Children in keeping their father the Purple Man unconscious so he will not escape. Jessica later thanks them all for helping her.
Joining the Thunderbolts
Seeking redemption, Kara joins the new Thunderbolts team led by Luke Cage and Hawkeye, fighting under the name Persuasion.
Powers and abilities
Persuasion can control a person through the use of pheromones, reducing them to a near-mindless state, extremely receptive to suggestion. A side effect of her power is that the people she controls turn purple temporarily. Upon recovery from Kara's power, her victims usually have a splitting headache. Persuasion's powers apparently cannot affect the body's involuntary systems. An order to "drop dead" would only result in the loss of consciousness. She can steal control of people from other mind controllers such as Mesmero. Her power can be nullified by encasing Kara in plastic or other forms of airtight imprisonment (thus preventing her pheromones from affecting others), as does submerging the affected person.
Over time, her powers grew to the extent that she could control people without saying a word. She also extended her range of control for several miles. At one point, Kara controlled all of Alpha Flight. Kara can create a mindlink with people, making their minds one. This was never fully explained, but it was stated that she could merge her mind with whomever she wanted. She once merged her mind with a living planet, but it was too much for her and couldn't keep the connection for long.
Other versions
Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse timeline, Persuasion joins with a group of low-level telepaths to create a kind of "psychic pyramid scheme" known as the Overmind which Quentin Quire, the mastermind behind the Overmind, uses to increase his own limited skills. Persuasion and the telepaths that compose the Overmind are later confronted and killed by the Shadow King.
References
External links
AlphaFlight.Net Alphanex Entry on - Persuasion
Comics characters introduced in 1986
Fictional characters from Ontario
Fictional offspring of rape
Marvel Comics telepaths
Marvel Comics mutants
Characters created by Bill Mantlo
Marvel Comics female superheroes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion%20%28comics%29 |
Paul Herbert Johnson (May 18, 1935 – July 17, 2016) was an American ice hockey forward.
Career
Johnson was a member of the United States hockey team that won the gold medal at Squaw Valley, California, during the 1960 Winter Olympics. He scored the pivotal go-ahead goal in the medal round game against Canada.
Personal life
Johnson died on July 17, 2016, at the age of 81.
References
External links
Minnesota's Mister Hockey 1953 - http://www.mnhockeyhub.com/news_article/show/106156-mister-hockey
US Hockey Hall of Fame - http://www.ushockeyhalloffame.com/page/show/829976-paul-johnson
Miracle on Ice 1960 - http://www.usahockeymagazine.com/article/2010-02/original-golden-boys
1935 births
2016 deaths
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Des Moines Oak Leafs players
Ice hockey players from Minnesota
Ice hockey players at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Minneapolis Millers (IHL) players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in ice hockey
People from West St. Paul, Minnesota
Ice hockey people from Dakota County, Minnesota
St. Paul Saints (IHL) players
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Johnson%20%28ice%20hockey%29 |
Greg Stumon (born May 26, 1963) is a former award-winning defensive end and linebacker who played the Canadian Football League.
A native of Plain Dealing, Louisiana, he attended the Southern Arkansas University, and was inducted into that school's Sports Hall of Fame in 2003.
He began his CFL career with the BC Lions in 1986, playing until 1988. He won the CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award in 1987. He made the 1987 all-star team as a defensive end and the 1988 all-star team as an outside linebacker. After one season with the Edmonton Eskimos (1989) he moved on to the Ottawa Rough Riders (1990–92) where he made the 1990 all-star team as a defensive end. He later played with the expansion Shreveport Pirates for 1994 and 1995.
He trialled with the Dallas Cowboys in 1990 but was cut before the season started.
References
1963 births
Living people
People from Plain Dealing, Louisiana
BC Lions players
Canadian football defensive linemen
Canadian football linebackers
Edmonton Elks players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Shreveport Pirates players
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award winners
Southern Arkansas Muleriders football players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Stumon |
John Camel Heenan (May 2, 1834 – October 28, 1873), also known as the Benicia Boy, was an American bare-knuckle prize fighter. Though highly regarded, he had only three formal fights in his career, losing two and drawing one.
Heenan is best remembered for his second contest, when he traveled to England to fight British champion Tom Sayers. The bout ended in chaos when spectators broke into the ring and the police intervened. The referee finally called a draw. The Benicia Boy came home to a hero's welcome, but later returned to England, where he had just one more fight, losing controversially to new British champion Tom King. Heenan died at Green River Station, Wyoming Territory in October 1873, and is buried at St Agnes Cemetery, Albany, New York.
Early years
John Camel Heenan was born on May 2, 1834 in West Troy (now Watervliet) on the Hudson River. The family had emigrated from Templemore, County Tipperary, Ireland shortly before, and after receiving an elementary education, the boy began work at Watervliet Arsenal, where his father, Timothy Heenan was also employed.
At the age of seventeen, Heenan crossed the continent to California, which had become a lawless and chaotic place following the 1849 gold rush. There is no detailed record of what he did there, but the New York Clipper reports he was a local celebrity as a powerful boxer, and had proved uniformly successful in fights in private bar rooms. During his time in California he was also known to have spent some time in the workshop of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company in Benicia, which served as state capital in 1853–54.
Six feet two inches tall, and weighing around 190 pounds, his strength and endurance became legendary, and his success in many casual brawls earned him the nickname Benicia Boy. Spotting his talent, itinerant English trainer Jim Cusick took him to New York, where it might best be exploited. He was reported to have taken up residence in New York in the fall of 1857.
Prize ring career
The prize ring was in fact outlawed, but on December 10, 1857, Heenan fought a legal exhibition bout against Joe Coburn at the National Hall, Canal Street. He made a living as a "shoulder hitter" – a strong-arm man who might be hired for enforcement or protection in the seamy and often violent worlds of New York business and politics. His efforts earned him a sinecure in the New York Customs House.
The fight with John Morrissey
Jim Cusick, determined that his easy-going protégé should not rest on his laurels, pushed him to challenge for the national title. The American champion at this time was the Irish-born John Morrissey Morrissey had been raised in Troy, near to where Heenan had grown up and had also been out to California during the gold rush. After much wrangling, the two men finally met in 1858 – in Canada, where the US authorities could not intervene. As well as there being a personal rivalry between the combatants, there was a social and political dimension to the fight as the nativist faction in the city tended to favour Heenan. The location of the fight, chosen by the Morrissey camp, was Long Point Island, about 80 miles from Buffalo. Stakes were set at $2500 a-side. Heenan was trained for the fight by the English prizefighter, Aaron Jones, who had recently fought and been beaten by Tom Sayers. Heenan, whose training had been disrupted by injury, and who was not fully fit, was an unlucky loser.
According to Alan Wright's account in The Great Prize Fight, Heenan damaged his right hand on a ring post early on in the bout, making him fight one handed. Even so, he was getting the better of Morrissey which incurred the wrath of Morrissey's supporters who had bet heavily on their man. They were well known for employing violent and unpleasant methods to help their man and some accounts say they stepped on Heenan's damaged hand every time he went down. One journalist reported that they would punch Heenan in the kidneys when he leaned against the ropes. The fight ended in the 11th round when Morrissey knocked out Heenan.
Morrissey, refusing a return bout, effectively retired from the ring. This was seen by many as indicating that Morrissey knew he could not get the better of Heenan in a fair fight. Heenan became champion by default, but had difficulty finding other opponents in America. Jim Cusick accordingly decided that his next fight should be against British champion Tom Sayers, to whom Heenan issued a challenge in 1859. Heenan crossed the Atlantic on the ship "Asia", landing in Liverpool on January 16, 1860.
The fight with Tom Sayers
The prize ring was also illegal in England, and by 1859 it was followed only by a small number of enthusiasts. But the Heenan–Sayers contest caught the public imagination in both countries. As Harper's Weekly put it, "the bulk of the people in England and America are heart and soul engrossed in a fight compared to which a Spanish bull-bait is but a mild and diverting pastime."
On the other side of the Atlantic, The Manchester Guardian observed that "no pugilistic contest ever decided has excited so great an interest, both in this and other countries, as the forthcoming conflict between Sayers and Heenan."
Heenan's training (unlike that of Sayers) was frequently disrupted by the interventions of police and magistrates, but by the day of battle he was in prime condition, and confident of victory over an opponent eight years older, forty pounds lighter and five inches shorter. The fight came off at Farnborough, Hampshire on April 17, 1860.
In Heenan's corner were seconds, Jack MacDonald and James Cusick.
In a fierce and protracted battle, both men were handicapped from an early stage – Sayers by an injury to his right arm after it was hit with a heavy blow in the 6th round, and Heenan by being unable to see through his swollen right eye, an injury he picked up in the 7th round. The action went on for forty-two rounds spread over more than two hours, by the end of which Heenan's face was so cut and bruised as to be virtually unrecognisable (in addition to his right-eye being closed early in the contest, it was observed that his left eye was nearly shut in the 33rd round).
The defining moment came in the 37th round when Heenan almost illegally strangled Sayers by forcing his head down over the top rope. Amidst scenes of chaos, the ropes were cut, the crowd surged into the fighting area. Although it is generally believed that the police intervened at this point and stopped the fight, this was not the case.
The mayhem brought on by the ring invasion was brought to near-order and the ring was re-pitched yards away. The fight restarted with neither man able to box proficiently. Heenan was to say much later that he was nearly blind when the second bout began. The fight went on for five rounds until the police were seen approaching, causing the crowd and fighters to immediately disperse.
The referee had little option but to declare a draw, but the American Heenan complained bitterly that police had colluded with Sayers's supporters in breaking up the fight as soon as it became clear that the Englishman was beaten. Sayers's supporters protested that their man, not Heenan, had actually been the winner. The wrangling went on for some weeks.
Heenan loudly demanded a rematch, but Sayers's damaged arm made this impossible, and the two men were finally reconciled, each being awarded a championship belt. They then went on a joint tour of the country, but only the relative success of the Irish and Scottish legs of this tour redeemed the failure of the English part. Heenan returned to the United States, setting out on July 4, 1860. He was forced to leave his championship belt behind as it was kept as security against a sum of money advanced to the jeweller who had made the belt. A large crowd of "sporting men" thronged the London station from which Heenan departed on his way to Southampton to catch the steamer to America. When Sayers arrived with his little boy and Owen Swift to bid farewell to the Benicia Boy, there "commenced such cheering as had never been heard before between the walls of that station".
On his return, Heenan was given a hero's welcome and a gift of $10,000 raised by public subscription.
Championship fight with Tom King
Heenan did not remain long in the U.S. Just a year after the battle at Farnborough, the country was torn apart by civil war, and the Benicia Boy returned to England in March 1862. There the following year, by which time the surge in public interest in the prize ring had subsided, he fought once more for the championship on December 10, 1863 in Wadhurst.
His opponent was reigning champion Tom King, whom he was widely expected to beat. Articles for the fight with each side staking £1000 were signed on March 17, 1863. After a strong start with several successful throws, Heenan faded, and King, landing a series of blows to Heenan's face, knocked him out in the 24th round. The result was controversial: many American observers later agreed that King had been given longer than the rules allowed to recover from a knock-down in the eighteenth round, and Heenan claimed some time after the fight that his subsequent collapse occurred because he had been drugged.
Heenan had been trained for the fight by his countryman, John MacDonald. John Heenan's brother James had also helped to look after the fighter. On the morning of the fight, MacDonald was surprised to find out that Sayers would be his assistant in the corner, having been told that James Heenan would be fulfilling that role. In theory this switch should have been a sound decision, as Sayers had displayed crafty ring-tactics as a fighter. However, by this time, he was in the later stages of untreated diabetes and was of no help whatsoever to Heenan as the fight slipped away from him. Sayers had bet heavily on Heenan, losing hundreds of pounds on the fighter's loss. In January 1864, legal proceedings were initiated against the fighters, seconds and other prominent participants in the prizefight. The proceedings concluded in April with the chief participants having to lodge £100 surety with the court in case of further court action.
Heenan was in England at the time of Tom Sayers' funeral, but did not attend.
After retirement
Heenan never fought again. After the King fight, he set himself up as a racetrack bookmaker in England and had some success until he was badly injured in a railway accident on June 9, 1864.
He married the actress Adah Isaacs Menken on April 3, 1859, but by October 1861, she was "united to R. H. Newell, the humorist". Heenan and Menken were divorced in 1862 by an Indiana court. According to a biography of the actress: "it was generally known that Heenan had treated her in the most brutal and ignominious manner." In 1865 he returned to America, where he married actress Sarah Stevens, and had mixed success in the gambling business. In 1870 he appeared onstage with English fighter James Mace - the American as Hamlet and James Mace as Laertes in the "Great Fighting Scene". Eight years after his return to America, he became seriously ill with tuberculosis.
Quitting his New York home for the purer air of the west, he died at Green River Station, Wyoming Territory on October 28, 1873. His old manager, Jim Cusick, who was with him when he died, took his body back to New York for burial. His burial, on November 2, 1873 at St. Agnes Cemetery, Watervliet, was described in the New York Clipper.
Career record
|-
| align="center" colspan=8|2 Losses, 1 Draw
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Duration
|-
| Loss
| John Morrissey
| 1858-10-20
| Long Point, Canada
| 21 minutes (11 rounds)
|-
| style="background: #dae2f1"|Draw
| Tom Sayers
| 1860-04-17
| Farnborough, Hampshire, England
| 2 hours 10 minutes (42 rounds)
|-
| Loss
| Tom King
| 1863-12-10
| Wadhurst, Sussex, England
| 39 minutes (24 rounds)
Notes
Further reading
Langley, Tom. The Life of Tom Sayers. Vance Harvey Publishing, 1973.
Lloyd, Alan. The Great Prize Fight. Cassell, 1977.
Manson, Iain. The Lion and the Eagle. SportsBooks, 2008.
Wright, Alan. Tom Sayers: the last great bare-knuckle champion. The Book Guild, 1994.
External links
History of the bare-knuckle prize ring
John Camel Heenan
Tom Sayers
Sayers–Heenan fight
1834 births
1873 deaths
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Bare-knuckle boxers
American people of Irish descent
People from Benicia, California
Sportspeople from Solano County, California
People from Watervliet, New York
American male boxers
Tuberculosis deaths in Wyoming
Catholics from New York (state)
Catholics from California
Burials at St. Agnes Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Heenan |
GOST 16876-71 () is a romanization system (for transliteration of Russian Cyrillic alphabet texts into the Latin alphabet) devised by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography of the Soviet Union. It is based on the scientific transliteration system used in linguistics. GOST was an international standard so it included provision for a number of the languages of the Soviet Union. The standard was revised twice in 1973 and 1980 with minor changes.
GOST 16876-71 contains two tables of a transliteration:
Table 1: one Cyrillic char to one Latin char, some with diacritics
Table 2: one Cyrillic char to one or many Latin char, but without diacritics
In 1978, COMECON adopted GOST 16876-71 with minor modifications as its official transliteration standard, under the name of SEV 1362-78 ().
GOST 16876-71 was used by the United Nations to develop its romanization system for geographical names, which was adopted for official use by the United Nations at the Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1987. UN system relies on diacritics to compensate for non-Russian Cyrillic alphabets.
In 2002, the Russian Federation along with a number of CIS countries abandoned the use of GOST 16876 in favor of ISO 9:1995, which was adopted as GOST 7.79-2000.
Russian
Notes
* In parentheses the acceptable additional variants are shown.
† It is recommended to use c before i, e, y, and j, and cz in all other cases.
‡ Cyrillic і in Ukrainian and Belarusian is always transliterated as Latin i, as well as in Old Russian and Old Bulgarian texts where it is usually used before vowels. In the rare case where it falls before a consonant (for example, in the word міръ) it is transliterated with an apostrophe i'.
The letters і, ѳ, ѣ, ѵ are found in texts from before the Russian orthographic reform of 1918.
Ukrainian
During 1995—2009 the Ukrainian Derzhstandart tried to introduce the new system of transliteration instead of the Soviet one, though none of the draft projects were accepted officially.
Note: * System B (without diacritics)
See also
Romanization of Russian
Romanization of Ukrainian
GOST standards
References
External links
Official documents
GOST 16876—71
GOST 16876—71 (1981), scan
GOST 7.79—2000
Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names, compiled by the UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems; Version 2.2, January 2003.
Romanization of Cyrillic
Russian language
GOST standards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOST%2016876-71 |
Dean Phillip Carter (born August 30, 1955) is an American convicted spree killer who was sentenced to death for the murders of four women: Susan Knoll, Jillette Mills, Bonnie Guthrie, and Janette Cullins. He was also implicated in the death of a fifth woman, Tok Chum Kim. In total, Carter was suspected of 30 murders throughout the western United States.
See also
List of death row inmates in the United States
References
1955 births
20th-century American criminals
Alaska Native people
American people convicted of murder
American people of Inuit descent
American prisoners sentenced to death
American rapists
American spree killers
Criminals from Alaska
Living people
People convicted of murder by California
People from Anchorage, Alaska
People from Fairbanks, Alaska
People from Nome, Alaska
Prisoners and detainees of Alaska
Prisoners and detainees of Oregon
Prisoners sentenced to death by California
Suspected serial killers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Carter |
"Easy/Lucky/Free" is a single by the band Bright Eyes from their album Digital Ash in a Digital Urn. It was released July 25, 2005. The music video features Conor Oberst entering a room, and then writing the lyrics and drawings on a transparent wall as the song plays. "Easy/Lucky/Free" is featured in the 2008 Mexican film Voy a Explotar.
Track listing
"Easy/Lucky/Free" - Radio Edit
"Gold Mine Gutted"
"Gold Mine Gutted" - Her Space Holiday Mix (packaging incorrectly lists "Easy/Lucky/Free" - Her Space Holiday Mix)
Official Versions
Album Version 5:32
Radio Edit 4:35
James Figurine Remix 4:48
Danger Mouse Remix 3:37
Dawes Cover 5:25
References
External links
Listen to "Easy/Lucky/Free" on NPR's All Songs Considered (RealPlayer, Windows Media Player)
Music video for "Easy/Lucky/Free", directed by Lily Thorne with Lauri Faggioni
2005 singles
Bright Eyes (band) songs
Protest songs
Anti-war songs
Political songs
2005 songs
Saddle Creek Records singles
Songs written by Conor Oberst | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy/Lucky/Free |
A grantor–grantee index is a general term for two lists of real property transfers maintained in alphabetical order of the last name of the parties transferring the property. One list is the grantor index, an alphabetic list of sellers (grantors). The other list is the grantee index, an alphabetic list of purchasers (grantees).
In a typical county in the United States, the index is kept by an official known as the County Recorder (or the Recorder of Deeds). Transfers are not necessarily listed in strict alphabetical order, but are often placed chronologically in a letter index corresponding to the first letter of the party's last name. In the grantor index, the alphabetic order of entries is by the grantors' last names. In each entry, the name of the grantee (purchaser) is then given, along with the location of the affected parcel and the volume and page number where the full text of the deed or other recorded instrument describing the transfer may be found. In the grantee index, the order of entries is by the grantees' last names, and each entry provides the same identifying information for the recorded instrument.
Historically, the full-text records were kept in large bound volumes, and each volume held indexed entries for a single year, group of years, or partial year. More recently, in many United States offices, the records have been stored on microform or on computer.
See also
Tract index
Recording (real estate)
Grant (law)
References
Real property law
Real estate in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantor%E2%80%93grantee%20index |
Cohen syndrome (also known as Pepper syndrome or Cervenka syndrome) is a very rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder with varied expression, characterised by obesity, intellectual disability, distinct craniofacial abnormalities and potential ocular dysfunction.
Signs and symptoms
Patients with Cohen syndrome very frequently exhibit abnormal eyelash and eyelid morphology, teeth abnormalities, lingual aplasia or hypoplasia, arachnodactyly, chorioretinal dystrophy, downslanted palpebral fissures, gingival overgrowth, global developmental delay, a high and narrow palate, maxillary hypoplasia, zygomatic bone hypoplasia, hypotonia, intellectual disability, long eyelashes, low anterior hairline, microcephaly, micrognathia, myopia, neurological speech impairment, neutropenia, open mouth, prominent nasal bridge, sandal gap, short philtrum, slender toes, tapered fingers, and thick eyebrows.
Some other frequently observed symptoms include abnormal skin pigmentation, cat cry, clinodactyly, cubitus valgus, decreased fetal movement, delayed puberty, failure to thrive during infancy, feeding difficulties during infancy, syndactyly, genu valgum, intrauterine growth retardation, joint hyperflexibility, macrodontia, narrow palm, obesity, short stature, thick hair, and a weak cry.
Genetics
This syndrome is caused by pathogenic variants (mutations) in the VPS13B gene at chromosomal locus 8q22. It has an autosomal recessive transmission with variable expression. Variants in VSP13B also cause Mirhosseini–Holmes–Walton syndrome, which is now considered to be the same entity as Cohen syndrome
Diagnosis
Cohen syndrome is diagnosed by clinical examination but is often difficult due to variation in expression. Ocular complications, though rare, are listed as optic atrophy, microphthalmia, pigmentary chorioretinitis, hemeralopia (decreased vision in bright light), myopia, strabismus, nystagmus and iris/retinal coloboma.
General appearance is obesity with thin/elongated arms and legs. micrognathia, short philtrum and high vaulted palate are common. Variable intellectual disability with occasional seizure and deafness also is characteristic of Cohen syndrome.
Management
Some of the symptoms of Cohen syndrome can be addressed through early intervention with medical specialists. Those who have this disease may benefit from early exposure to speech, physical, and occupational therapy to correct symptoms such as joint overflexibility, developmental delays, hypotonia, and motor clumsiness. Diagnosis may potentially be delayed due to the lack of a definitive molecular test as well as the clinical variability of published case reports.
Glasses are beneficial to those who have severe nearsightedness, whereas individuals with retinal degeneration need training for the visually impaired, which is usually more beneficial when this is addressed at a young age. Younger patients start out having unimpaired vision, but it starts to deteriorate at a young age and does so slowly. If vision is able to improve with the use of glasses, they should be worn to help facilitate concept development. Retinal degeneration cannot be ameliorated with glasses.
The type of therapy needed for each individual varies, as not every affected individual would benefit from speech, physical, and occupational therapies. The type of therapy for each person is highly individualized. Individuals who have Cohen syndrome may also benefit from psychosocial support.
Many people who have Cohen syndrome also have neutropenia which is a condition in which an individual has an abnormally low number of white blood cells called neutrophils. Having this condition may make these individuals susceptible to infections. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is one possible treatment for neutropenia.
Monitoring weight gain and growth is crucial, as well as annual ophthalmologic and hematologic evaluations and checkups. While there are treatments available to people with Cohen syndrome, there are no known cures for the disease.
Prevalence
Over the past several years, there have been approximately 50 new cases worldwide. There are population groups with this condition in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and the US. It still seems to go undiagnosed, leaving the number of known cases less than 500.
Etymology
The syndrome is named after Michael Cohen, William Pepper and Jaroslav Cervenka, who researched the illness.
See also
List of syndromes
Characteristics of syndromic ASD conditions
References
External links
GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Cohen syndrome
Inherited disorders of trafficking
Syndromes with intellectual disability
Syndromes with obesity
Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities
Rare syndromes
Syndromes with microcephaly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen%20syndrome |
The Welman submarine was a Second World War one-man British midget submarine developed by the Special Operations Executive. It only saw action once and was not particularly successful.
Design
Designed by the Commanding Officer of SOE's Inter Services Research Bureau (ISRB), Lt Col. John Dolphin, as a method of delivering a large explosive charge below an enemy ship, the Welman was a submersible craft in length (including explosive charge), weighing about . Unlike the "Chariot" human torpedo, the operator was enclosed within the craft, and did not need to wear diving gear. The Welman could transport a time-fused explosive charge of Torpex, which was intended to be magnetically attached to a target's hull. Vision was through armoured glass segments in the small conning tower, and no periscope was fitted.
Production
Following trials in the Queen Mary Reservoir near Staines towards the end of 1942, the Welman was put into production, the production being contracted out to Morris Motors Limited's requisitioned factory at Oxford.
Despite the craft's inability to cut a way through anti-submarine nets (which both X class submarines and Chariot manned torpedoes could do) and the poor visibility available to the crewman, 150 production examples were ordered in February 1943.
Production was halted in October 1943 when operational research showed the concept suffered from too many disadvantages, by which time some 100 examples had been produced (precise numbers are unknown).
Operational service
In early 1943 the Royal Navy establishment on board the submarine depot ship HMS Titania was expanded to carry out sea trials of the Welman. Training courses for operators were located at Fort Blockhouse in Gosport. Trainees were drawn from the Royal Navy, the Royal Navy Reserve, and other Special Forces groups which included the Special Boat Section of the Commandos.
HMS Titania was relocated to Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin, south of Cape Wrath, in the north west of Scotland, which became a secret training base for all mini submarine operations. A Welman (W10) was lost on exercise in Rothesay Bay on 9 September.
By autumn 1943, sufficient trained operators and craft existed for the Welman to be considered for operational use.
In the autumn of 1943 the Combined Ops commander, General Sir Robert Laycock (who took over from the then Lord Louis Mountbatten) decided that the Welman was unsuitable for their purposes, so the craft were returned to the Royal Navy. Admiral Sir Lionel Wells, Flag Officer commanding Orkney and Shetland, thought they might be useful for attacks on German shipping using coastal waters inside the Leads off Norway. Motor Torpedo Boats (MTBs) of the 30th Flotilla, manned by officers and men of the Royal Norwegian Navy, were making these raids already and agreed to try the Welmans in an attack on the Floating Dock in Bergen harbour (eventually sunk in September 1944 by X-24). On 20 November 1943 MTB635 and MTB625 left Lunna Voe, Shetland, carrying Welmans W45 (Lt. C. Johnsen, Royal Norwegian Navy), W46 (Lt Bjørn Pedersen (1922), Norwegian Army), W47 (Lt. B. Marris, RNVR) and W48 (Lt. J. Holmes, RN). The craft were launched at the entrance to the fjord.
Pedersen's W46 encountered an anti-submarine net and was forced to the surface, where she was spotted by a German patrol craft. Pedersen was captured along with the Welman, surviving the war in a prison camp. The other three, having lost the element of surprise, could not press the attack and so eventually had to be scuttled. Their operators made their way north with the help of Norwegian resistance members and were picked up in February 1944 by MTB653. The failure made the Royal Navy concentrate on X craft and XE craft, although further Welman trials occurred, especially in Australia.
Subsequent to the failed attack the Germans salvaged one of the craft. Even though the German navy were appalled by the unsophisticated quality of the engineering they found in the Welman, there is some similarity between it and the Biber midget submarines used against Allied shipping in 1944.
The major drawback of the Welman from its operators' point of view was that it had no periscope. Without a way of viewing its surroundings without surfacing, it was impossible to navigate covertly. It was also found that when travelling on the surface the operator's eye level was so close to sea level that objects more than two miles away were not visible.
See also
Welfreighter
Citations
References
External links
Picture of the Welman submarine at Station IX
Lt Jimmy Holmes RN in Welman demonstrating low freeboard of 'conning tower' hatch
Midget submarines
World War II submarines of the United Kingdom
Special Operations Executive | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welman%20submarine |
The peripheral drift illusion (PDI) refers to a motion illusion generated by the presentation of a sawtooth luminance grating in the visual periphery. This illusion was first described by Faubert and Herbert (1999), although a similar effect called the "escalator illusion" was reported by Fraser and Wilcox (1979). A variant of the PDI was created by Kitaoka Akiyoshi and Ashida (2003) who took the continuous sawtooth luminance change, and reversed the intermediate greys. Kitaoka has created numerous variants of the PDI, and one called "rotating snakes" has become very popular. The latter demonstration has kindled great interest in the PDI.
The illusion is easily seen when fixating off to the side of it, and then blinking as fast as possible. Most observers can see the illusion easily when reading text with the illusion figure in the periphery. The motion of such illusions is consistently perceived in a dark-to-light direction.
Two papers have been published examining the neural mechanisms involved in seeing the PDI (Backus & Oruç, 2005; Conway et al., 2005). Faubert and Herbert (1999) suggested the illusion was based on temporal differences in luminance processing producing a signal that tricks the motion system. Both of the articles from 2005 are broadly consistent with those ideas, although contrast appears to be an important factor (Backus & Oruç, 2005).
Rotating snakes
Rotating snakes is an optical illusion developed by Professor Akiyoshi Kitaoka in 2003. A type of peripheral drift illusion, the "snakes" consist of several bands of color which resemble coiled serpents. Although the image is static, the snakes appear to be moving in circles. The speed of perceived motion depends on the frequency of microsaccadic eye movements (Alexander & Martinez-Conde, 2019).
Gallery
References
Inline citations
General references
Faubert, J. & Herbert, A.M. (1999). The peripheral drift illusion: A motion illusion in the visual periphery. Perception, 28, 617–622.
Fraser, A., Wilcox, K.J. (1979). Perception of illusory movement. Nature, 281, 565–566.
Kitaoka. A., Ashida. H. (2003). Phenomenal characteristics of the peripheral drift illusion. Vision, 15, 261–262.
Backus, B.T. & Oruç, İ. (2005). Illusory motion from change over time in the response to contrast and luminance. Journal of Vision, 5(11), 1055–1069, , .
Conway, B.R., Kitaoka, A., Yazdanbakhsh, A., Pack, C.C., Livingstone, M.S. (2005). Neural basis for a powerful static motion illusion. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 5651–5656.
Alexander, R. G.; Martinez-Conde, S (2019). "Fixational eye movements". Eye Movement Research. Springer, Cham, 104–106,
External links
Rotating snakes at Akiyoshi's illusion pages
Rotating rings at Sarcone's optical illusion pattern page
These patterns move, but it’s an illusion by Smithsonian Research Lab
Does your pet see Peripheral drift? a slideshow designed for testing on animals
Optical illusions
Vision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral%20drift%20illusion |
Below is a list of prime ministers of the Netherlands Antilles from 1951 to 2010. In 2010 the position of Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles was abolished, together with the dissolution of the country itself.
List of prime ministers of the Netherlands Antilles
Political parties:
Christian democratic
PNP
Social democratic
MAN FOL
Liberal
PAR
Notes
See also
Governor of the Netherlands Antilles
Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation (British West Indies)
References
External links
World Statesmen – Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles)
Government of the Netherlands Antilles
Prime Ministers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Minister%20of%20the%20Netherlands%20Antilles |
Juana Azurduy de Padilla (July 12, 1780 – May 25, 1862) was a guerrilla military leader from Chuquisaca, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (now Sucre, Bolivia). She fought for Bolivian and Argentine independence alongside her husband, Manuel Ascencio Padilla, earning the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. She was noted for her strong support for and military leadership of the indigenous people of Upper Peru. Today, she is regarded as an independence hero in both countries.
In 2015, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, a statue of Azurduy replaced the one of Christopher Columbus in front of the Casa Rosada, causing some controversy.
Biography
Early life
Juana Azurduy was born on July 12, 1780, in Chuquisaca, Upper Peru, a territory of the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Her father, Don Matías Azurduy, was a white Spaniard of Basque origin, patrón of an hacienda in Toroca. Her mother, Doña Eulalia Bermudez, was a chola (a woman with a mestizo and an indigenous parent) from a poor family in Chuquisaca. Her family was unusual under the strict casta system of Spanish colonial rule, under which Juana was considered mestiza. She had an older brother, Blas, who died in infancy, and a younger sister, Rosalía. After the death of her mother in 1787, she developed an especially close relationship with her father. Despite the staunchly Catholic and conservative gender roles of colonial society, Don Matías taught her to become a skilled rider and sharpshooter, and she accompanied him to work the land alongside indigenous laborers. As well as her native Spanish, she became fluent in Quechua and Aymara, the languages of the local indigenous people, and she was known to spend days at a time in their villages.
In her early teens, the death of their father left the Azurduy sisters orphans. They became wards of their aunt Petrona Azurduy and her husband Francisco Días Vayo, who administered the properties left by Don Matías to the girls upon their adulthood. Doña Petrona found Juana's unconventional behavior both undesirable and difficult to control. A tutor was hired to provide her both academic and social instruction, but failed to tame Juana's frequent rebellious outbursts. When Juana rebelled against her aunt's control, she was sent away to the prestigious Convento de Santa Teresa de Chuquisaca to become a nun. During her time there, classmates remember Azurduy idolizing the warrior Saint Joan of Arc and declaring her aspirations for the battlefield. Due to her rebellious temperament and clashes with the Sisters, Azurduy was expelled from the convent at the age of 17.
In 1797, Azurduy returned to live on her father's hacienda, spending her days with the indigenous people who lived on his land. She witnessed the brutality of their work in Spanish silver mines, and became a passionate ally to the indigenous revolutionary movement. In 1805, Azurduy married her neighbor and childhood friend Manuel Ascencio Padilla, a fellow revolutionary who left a Royalist law school to join the independence movement. Their marriage was remarkably progressive, with Padilla standing alongside his wife on and off the battlefield. Before their military engagements began, the Padillas had two sons. Both would die tragically young due to disease and malnutrition in military camps.
Military life and career
On May 25, 1809, Azurduy and her husband joined the Chuquisaca Revolution, which ousted the governor of the Real Audencia of Charcas, Ramón García de León y Pizarro, and in September 1810, established a governing Junta de Buenos Aires. The revolutionary government was forced out of Chuquisaca in 1811 by royalist troops, but across the Viceroyalty, rebels maintained control of a patchwork of republiquetas, or independent territories. In the fighting, Azurduy was captured and held prisoner in her home by Spanish soldiers, but Padilla killed her guards in a successful rescue. The Padilla couple escaped Chuquisaca in 1811 to the republiqueta of La Laguna, where they continued to organize rebel forces.
In 1811, the couple joined the Army of the North under José Castelli and Antonio Balcarce, sent from newly independent Buenos Aires to fight the Spanish occupation of Upper Peru. They attempted to block invasion of Upper Peru by the Spanish army of the Viceroyalty of Peru, but were outnumbered and eventually defeated, in the June 20 Battle of Huaqui. The hacienda properties of the Padillas were confiscated and Juana Azurduy and her sons were captured, though Padilla managed to rescue them, taking refuge in the heights of Tarabuco.
In 1812 Padilla and Juana Azurduy served under General Manuel Belgrano, the new head of the Army of the North, helping him to recruit 10,000 militiamen across the republiqueta system. Azurduy was a famous recruiting force, inspiring indigenous people, criados, and even other women, known as the Amazonas, to join the cause. When their mountain territories became overrun by royalist forces, their militia served as the rear guard for generals Belgrano and Eustoquio Díaz Vélez as they retreated and regrouped in independent Argentina.
Azurduy then took charge of the "Loyal Battalions," a fighting force of indigenous men and women known for their fierce loyalty to their commander. With only slingshots and wooden spears, the "Loyals" beat back Spanish forces in the Battle of Ayohuma on November 9, 1813. General Belgrano was so impressed with her leadership and the bravery of her soldiers that he gifted her his own sword, symbolic of his military power. The Argentine Army of the North, outnumbered and outgunned, was eventually beat back to their border, and the Padilla couple began a phase of guerrilla warfare.
During an 1815 battle at Pintatora, Azurduy left the battlefield to give birth to her fourth son. In an act that would become legend, returning hours later to the front lines to rally her troops, and personally captured the standard of the defeated Spanish forces. On March 3, 1816, near Villa, Bolivia, Azurduy led 30 cavalry, including her Amazonas, to attack the La Hera Spanish forces. The women captured their standard and a valuable cache of rifles and ammunitions for their undersupplied forces. On March 8, 1816, Azurduy's cavalry forces temporarily captured the Cerro Rico of Potosí, the main source of Spanish silver, also leading a charge which captured the enemy standard. When word of these victories reached General Juan Martín de Pueyrredón of the Argentine army, he formally granted her the title of Lieutenant Colonel in an August 16, 1816, ceremony.
During the Battle of La Laguna in September 1816, Juana, who was expecting her fifth child, was injured, and her husband was shot and captured by Spanish forces while trying to rescue her. He was beheaded by Royalists on September 14, and his head was mounted on a pike in the village of Laguna. Juana found herself in a desperate situation: single, pregnant and with Royalist armies effectively controlling the territory. With the death of Padilla, the northern guerilla forces dissolved, and Juana was forced to survive in the region of Salta. She led a counterattack to recover the body of her husband.
In 1818 the Spanish temporarily took control of Chuquisaca, and she was forced to flee again with her soldiers to Northern Argentina, where she continued to fight under the command of the Argentinean General Martín Miguel de Güemes. She was appointed to the position of commander of the Northern Army of the Revolutionary Government of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. She was able to establish an independent zone on the border between Argentina and Upper Peru until the Spanish forces withdrew from the area. At the highest point of her control, she commanded an army with an estimated strength of 6,000 men.
Later life
In 1825, upon the withdrawal of Spanish forces from Upper Peru, Azurduy petitioned the independent government for aid in returning to her hometown, newly renamed Sucre. In 1825, Azurduy was granted a Colonel's military pension by the independent government under Simón Bolívar. After visiting Azurduy to commend her service, Bolívar commented to Marshal Antonio José de Sucre: "This country should not be named Bolivia in my honor, but Padilla or Azurduy, because it was them who made it free."
In her old age, Azurduy adopted an indigenous boy named Indalecio Sandi, who cared for her. The two traveled to Salta to petition the Bolivian government for the return of her father's property, seized by the Spanish. In 1857, her pension was revoked during bureaucratic reorganization under the government of José María Linares. Azurduy died impoverished on May 25, 1862, at the age of 82, and was buried in a communal grave.
Legacy
At the time of her death on May 25, 1862, the anniversary of the 1810 revolution in Argentina, she was forgotten and in poverty, but was remembered as a hero only a century later. Her remains were exhumed 100 years later and moved to a mausoleum constructed in her honor in the city of Sucre. In Bolivia, President Evo Morales named her birthday (July 12) as the Day of Argentine-Bolivian Fellowship. The air terminal at Sucre is named Juana Azurduy de Padilla International Airport. The Azurduy Province in Bolivia is also named for her.
In 2009, President Néstor Kirchner raised her posthumously to the rank of general of the Argentine Army. She also has “The National Programme for Women's Rights and Participation” of Argentina named after her. Azurduy was also the subject of a children's cartoon designed to promote knowledge of Argentine history. In spring 2014, a bas relief sculpture of Azurduy was on display as part of an outdoor exhibition of famous Latin Americans in the Pan American Union Building in Washington, D.C.
Controversy of Azurduy statue in Buenos Aires
In July 2015, a 25-ton, 52-foot-high statue of Azurduy commissioned by Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner with the aid of a US$1 million donation by Bolivian president Evo Morales. Azurduy was an exemplar of the forgotten or suppressed history of the nation's indigenous populations. The Argentine sculptor and activist for indigenous rights chosen for the commission, Andrés Zerneri, said the Azurduy monument provided Argentines with "a way of seeing our identity", articulating "not just a representation of our shared past, but also a call for future action." The huge statue was inaugurated in the space where a statue of Cristopher Columbus stood, donated by the Argentine Italian community for the 1910 centennial of Argentine independence. As of December 2015, months after its inauguration, it showed weather damage. With Fernández de Kirchner succeeded by conservative Mauricio Macri in the presidency and a vote by the municipal government of Buenos Aires, and due to the construction of the Paseo del Bajo highway, the Azurduy statue was moved to the Plaza del Correo, in front of the "Palacio de Correos y Telecomunicaciones", which hosts the Kirchner Cultural Centre, and Zerneri was able to repair the statue, which had been inaugurated in a rush before Kirchner left office.
See also
History of Bolivia (1809–1920)
Argentine War of Independence
Women in warfare and the military in the 19th century
Feminist history
References
Further reading
Frei, Cheryl Jiménez. "Columbus, Juana, and the Politics of the Plaza: Battles over Monuments, Memory and Identity in Buenos Aires," Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 51, (3) August 2019, pp. 607-638.
Salmonson, Jessica Amanda. (1991) The Encyclopedia of Amazons. Paragon House. Page 26.
Link to the Book Chapters of: Pacho O'Donnell (1994). The Woman Lieutenant Colonel, in Spanish. Planeta: Buenos Aires.
External links
1780 births
1862 deaths
Bolivian people of indigenous peoples descent
Bolivian people of Spanish descent
Bolivian people of Basque descent
Bolivian military personnel
Bolivian expatriates in Argentina
Argentine generals
People of the Argentine War of Independence
People from Potosí Department
Women in 19th-century warfare
Women in war in South America
Argentine guerrillas
19th-century Argentine people
19th-century Bolivian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana%20Azurduy%20de%20Padilla |
Lomaivuna Namosi Kadavu Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It covered the island of Kadavu and the southern part of the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 election, Ted Young won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomaivuna%20Namosi%20Kadavu%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
The Carcarañá River (Spanish, Arroyo Saladillo or Río Saladillo) is a river in Argentina. It begins at the confluence of the Río Tercero and the Saladillo River (the lower course of the Río Cuarto) in the south-east of the province of Córdoba (near Cruz Alta, at ) and flows eastward into the province of Santa Fe, which it crosses.
In Santa Fe the river first turns south, then east and finally north-east, passing by the city of Carcarañá. It receives the waters of the Cañada de Gómez (near the city of the same name, at ), develops cascades and becomes constrained within ravines up to high. It then turns north and empties into the Coronda River (Río Coronda) or Riacho Coronda), south of Gaboto. The Coronda empties into the Paraná River about below the mouth of the Carcarañá, at .
The Carcarañá basin comprises 2 percent of the territory of Santa Fe and 4 percent of its population lives within it. It has a total length of and it is navigable only by medium ships. It passes by or near the cities and towns of Inriville, Los Surgentes and Cruz Alta in Córdoba, and Arteaga, San José de la Esquina, Los Nogales, Arequito, Los Molinos, Casilda, Carcarañá, Andino and Gaboto in Santa Fe, traversing one of the richest agricultural districts in the world.
The Carcarañá's potential for the generation of hydroelectricity was taken advantage of since the 19th century and until the 1930s.
History
The mouth of the Carcarañá River was the location of the first European settlement in the Río de la Plata region and present-day Argentina. In 1527 Sebastian Cabot, a Venetian at the service of Spain, established the Sancti Spiritus Fort there. Years later this was also the meeting point of Juan de Garay, founder of the city of Santa Fe, and the envoy of Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, founder of Córdoba.
References
External links
Santa Fe - Hidrografía
Timbúes Turístico - Website of Timbúes, Santa Fe, with historical information.
Satellite view of the city of Carcarañá
Rivers of Argentina
Rivers of Córdoba Province, Argentina
Rivers of Santa Fe Province
Tributaries of the Paraná River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcara%C3%B1%C3%A1%20River |
In computer science, particularly the study of approximation algorithms, an
L-reduction ("linear reduction") is a transformation of optimization problems which linearly preserves approximability features; it is one type of approximation-preserving reduction. L-reductions in studies of approximability of optimization problems play a similar role to that of polynomial reductions in the studies of computational complexity of decision problems.
The term L reduction is sometimes used to refer to log-space reductions, by analogy with the complexity class L, but this is a different concept.
Definition
Let A and B be optimization problems and cA and cB their respective cost functions. A pair of functions f and g is an L-reduction if all of the following conditions are met:
functions f and g are computable in polynomial time,
if x is an instance of problem A, then f(x) is an instance of problem B,
if y' is a solution to f(x), then g(y' ) is a solution to x,
there exists a positive constant α such that
,
there exists a positive constant β such that for every solution y' to f(x)
.
Properties
Implication of PTAS reduction
An L-reduction from problem A to problem B implies an AP-reduction when A and B are minimization problems and a PTAS reduction when A and B are maximization problems. In both cases, when B has a PTAS and there is an L-reduction from A to B, then A also has a PTAS. This enables the use of L-reduction as a replacement for showing the existence of a PTAS-reduction; Crescenzi has suggested that the more natural formulation of L-reduction is actually more useful in many cases due to ease of usage.
Proof (minimization case)
Let the approximation ratio of B be .
Begin with the approximation ratio of A, .
We can remove absolute values around the third condition of the L-reduction definition since we know A and B are minimization problems. Substitute that condition to obtain
Simplifying, and substituting the first condition, we have
But the term in parentheses on the right-hand side actually equals . Thus, the approximation ratio of A is .
This meets the conditions for AP-reduction.
Proof (maximization case)
Let the approximation ratio of B be .
Begin with the approximation ratio of A, .
We can remove absolute values around the third condition of the L-reduction definition since we know A and B are maximization problems. Substitute that condition to obtain
Simplifying, and substituting the first condition, we have
But the term in parentheses on the right-hand side actually equals . Thus, the approximation ratio of A is .
If , then , which meets the requirements for PTAS reduction but not AP-reduction.
Other properties
L-reductions also imply P-reduction. One may deduce that L-reductions imply PTAS reductions from this fact and the fact that P-reductions imply PTAS reductions.
L-reductions preserve membership in APX for the minimizing case only, as a result of implying AP-reductions.
Examples
Dominating set: an example with α = β = 1
Token reconfiguration: an example with α = 1/5, β = 2
See also
MAXSNP
Approximation-preserving reduction
PTAS reduction
References
G. Ausiello, P. Crescenzi, G. Gambosi, V. Kann, A. Marchetti-Spaccamela, M. Protasi. Complexity and Approximation. Combinatorial optimization problems and their approximability properties. 1999, Springer.
Reduction (complexity)
Approximation algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-reduction |
Hatoyama (written: 鳩山, lit. dove mountain) may refer to:
People with the surname
Hatoyama family, a prominent Japanese political family
Kazuo Hatoyama (1856–1911), academic and politician
Haruko Hatoyama (1861–1938), educator and political matriarch
Ichirō Hatoyama (1883–1959), politician and Prime Minister of Japan
Hideo Hatoyama (1884–1946), Japanese jurist
Kaoru Hatoyama (1888–1982), educator, administrator, and wife of Prime Minister Ichirō Hatoyama
Iichirō Hatoyama (1918–1993), politician and diplomat
Yasuko Hatoyama (1922–2013), wife of Iichirō, and mother of Kazuko, Yukio and Kunio
Yukio Hatoyama (born 1947), politician and Prime Minister of Japan
Kunio Hatoyama (1948–2016), politician
Emily Hatoyama (born 1955), Japanese actor and model
Other uses
Hatoyama, Saitama (鳩山町; -machi), a town in Japan
See also
Liberal Party–Hatoyama, a former Japanese political party
Japanese-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatoyama |
Ahmed Muradbegović (3 March 1898 – 15 March 1972) was a Bosniak writer, dramatist and novelist.
Early life
Muradbegović was born in the eastern Bosnian town of Gradačac in March 1898, while Bosnia was occupied by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He attended elementary school in his city of birth, but went to high school in Tuzla, Sarajevo and Bihać, graduating in 1919, after the end of World War I. That same year, he enrolled in law school in Zagreb. After two months of that, he transferred to the Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (Faculty of Philosophy of Zagreb). At the same time, he attended drama school starting in 1920 and completing two years later.
Muradbegović entered literature at the age of 19 in the year 1917, when his poem U krvi i plamenu (In Blood and Fire) was published in a Sarajevo newspaper. Two more of his poems were published in the following two years; Oslobođeni robovi (Freed Slaves) in 1918 and Seda kaduna in 1919. After a two-year break from writing, he released Haremska lirika in 1921.
Professional career
In 1921, Muradbegović became a member of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb and an assistant to the theatre director Branko Gavella. He later became a drama teacher and professor at the First Grammar School (Prva realna gimnazija).
During World War II, he worked as the manager of the Sarajevo National Theatre (known as the Croatian State Theatre in Sarajevo between 1941–45), for which he was legally tried. After receiving amnesty, he was appointed correspondent for the Cooperative Union in Gradačac.
In 1947, he was transferred to the City National Theatre in Tuzla where he led the drama section known as the "Mitar Trifunović Učo" and participated in the founding of the National Theatre Tuzla.
In the "Učinoj" drama section, Muradbegović directed the comedy Prosidba i Zelena grana (Propsal and Green Branches). In the National Theatre, he directed Duboko je korijenje (Deep Roots, 1949), Sumnjivo lice (Suspicious Face, 1950) and Hasanaginica (1950). He also directed some of his own works such as Rasemin sevdah (1952) and Majka (Mother, 1953).
Muradbegović moved to Dubrovnik, Croatia in 1954 and became a director and artistic director of the National Theatre there. He participated in the launch of the Dubrovnik Summer Festival.
Between 1956 and 1960, he was Director of Drama in the Banja Luka National Theatre. In 1960, he retired and moved to Dubrovnik, where he spent the rest of life.
Death
He died on 15 March 1972 in Dubrovnik and was buried in Dubrovnik's cemetery Boninovo.
Legacy
On 20 March 1998, a stamp with an image of Muradbegović was issued in Bosnia and Herzegovina to mark 100 years since his birth.
Works
U krvi i plamenu (1917)
Oslobođeni robovi (1918)
Seda kaduna (1919)
Haremska lirika (1921)
Prvi cjelov (1921)
Haremske novele (1924)
Nojemova ladja (1924)
Majka, drama u tri čina (1934)
Na Božjem putu, drama u tri čina (1936)
Svijet u opancima (1936)
U vezirovim odajama (1941)
Husein-beg Gradaščević (1942)
Omer-Paša Latas u Bosni 1850.-1852. (1944)
Ljubav u planini (1944)
References
External links
Ahmed Muradbegović
1898 births
1972 deaths
People from Gradačac
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina Muslims
Bosniak writers
Bosniak poets
Bosnia and Herzegovina writers
20th-century poets
Burials at Boninovo Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Muradbegovi%C4%87 |
Roztocze National Park () is a national park in Lublin Voivodeship of southeastern Poland. It protects the most valuable natural areas of the middle part of the Roztocze range. Its current size is , of which forests occupy 81.02 km2, and strictly protected areas 8.06 km2. The park has its headquarters in Zwierzyniec.
History
The history of this area is closely connected with the Zamoyski family estate, which was founded in 1589. The estate's headquarters were at Zwierzyniec.
The beginnings of nature protection in the region date to 1934, when the Bukowa Góra Preserve was created (now it is a strictly protected area). In 1938, for the first time in Poland, a bill was issued that stated that prey birds on the Zamoyski family estate were protected. The park was created from State Forests of the districts of Kosobudy and Zwierzyniec, which had belonged to the Zamoyski family estate.
The area of the park and adjacent lands witnessed numerous battles during the Polish January Uprising and both World Wars. Tragic reminiscences of these times are in cemeteries in Zwierzyniec and other locations.
Roztocze National Park was created in 1974 and initially covered area of 48.01 km2. The park's management is in the restored house of the former Zamoyski's estate administrator in Zwierzyniec.
Geography
The park is located in the picturesque Roztocze Środkowe region in the upper Wieprz river valley. These parts separate Lublin Upland (Polish: Wyżyna Lubelska) from Sandomierz Dale (Polish: Kotlina Sandomierska). The water of the main river running through the park — the Wieprz — is of the second class of purity. There are two streams that originate here: the Szum (2.5 km) and the Świerszcz (7.5 km).
Roztoczański National Park boasts unique tree formations. There are more than 400 ancient trees there referred to as "nature monuments" as well as some of the largest firs in all of in Poland (up to 50 meters high). Tourists have a choice of using five walking trails or a dedicated bicycle trail.
Wildlife
Among mammals living in the park are red deer, roe deer, boar, red fox, grey wolf, and eurasian badger. In 1979 European beavers were reintroduced and now colonies of the mammal thrive in the Wieprz valley. In 1982 Polish ponies were brought here.
There have been registered around 190 species of birds, including eagles, storks, and woodpeckers. Reptiles are represented by lizards, common European adders, and grass snakes as well as the endangered European pond terrapin. Insect fauna is interesting, with more than 2000 species.
Gallery
External links
Official website
National parks of Poland
Parks in Lublin Voivodeship
Protected areas established in 1974
1974 establishments in Poland
Central European mixed forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztocze%20National%20Park |
The Golden Age of Mexican Cinema () is a boom period in the history of Mexican cinema, which began in 1936 with the premiere of the film Allá en el Rancho Grande, and culminated in 1956.
In 1939, during World War II, the film industry in the US and Europe declined, because the materials previously destined for film production now were for the new arms industry. Many countries began to focus on making films about war, leaving an opportunity for Mexico to produce commercial films for the Mexican and Latin American markets. This cultural environment favored the emergence of a new generation of directors and actors still considered icons in Mexico and in other Hispanic countries.
Mexican cinema of the Golden Age is also credited with propelling Norteño music into Chilean popular culture.
Origins
In 1939 Europe and the United States participated in World War II, and the film industries of these regions were severely affected. Europe due to its location and the United States because the materials used to produce films (such as cellulose), became scarce and were rationed. In 1942, when German submarines destroyed a Mexican tanker, Mexico joined the Allies in the war against Germany. Mexico won the status of most favored nation. Thus, the Mexican film industry found new sources of materials and equipment and secured its position in the production of quality films worldwide. During World War II, the film industry in France, Italy, Spain, Argentina and the United States focused on war films, which made it possible for the Mexican film industry, with much more versatile themes in its films, to become dominant in the markets of Mexico and Latin America.
Since the beginning of talkies in Mexico, some films like Santa (1932), directed by Antonio Moreno and The Woman of the Port (1934), directed by Arcady Boytler, were a huge blockbuster that showed that Mexico had the equipment and talent needed to sustain a strong film industry.
One of the first blockbusters was the film Allá en el Rancho Grande by Fernando de Fuentes, which became the first classic of Mexican cinema; this film is referred to as the initiator of the "Mexican film industry". In the early 1940s began the emergence of great Mexican film studios settled in Mexico City, they begin to support the mass production of films. Among the most important are CLASA Films, FILMEX, Films Mundiales, Cinematográfica Calderón, Películas Rodriguez and Producciones Mier y Brooks, among others.
Mexican cinema continued to produce works of superb quality and began to explore other genres such as comedy, romance and musical. In 1943, the film Wild Flower, brought together a team comprising the filmmaker Emilio Fernández, the photographer Gabriel Figueroa, the actor Pedro Armendariz and actress Dolores del Río. The films María Candelaria (1943) and The Pearl (1947), were considered pivotal works by Fernández and his team, and gave Mexican cinema enormous prestige, with their works being shown worldwide in major film festivals. María Candelaria was awarded in 1946 with the Golden Palm in the Cannes Film Festival. The Pearl was awarded the Golden Globe of the American film industry, being the first Spanish film to receive such recognition.
Cinematographic genres
Comedy
Many other comedians achieved consecration in Mexican cinema. From comic slapstick couples (in the style of Laurel and Hardy) to independent actors who achieved a huge poster. Many of these comedians emerged from the called Carpas or Mexican popular theaters.
Joaquín Pardavé, was a popular actor who captivated with the same dramatic or comic characters. Pardavé was also a composer and film director, and his beginnings in the industry, from the Silent films, made him a "symbolic father" of all Mexican comedians from the thirties to the sixties.
Antonio Espino y Mora, better known as Clavillazo was another Mexican actor who began his career in the Carpas. More than 30 films are in his repertoire and is one of the most beloved and remembered artists. Another artist who started in the Carpas and also his sympathy, noted for his picturesque way of dancing was Adalberto Martínez "Resortes", who had a long career, then worked for over 70 years in film and television.
Gaspar Henaine and Marco Antonio Campos better known as "Viruta and Capulina" were a comic duo that were found in the form of white humor win the affection of the people. Viruta and Capulina began their career together in 1952, although individually had worked on other projects. They filmed more than 25 films.
Although they do not have a large number of films together, Manuel Palacios "Manolín" and Estanislao Shilinsky Bachanska are remembered for their great chemistry in the theaters and later in the films.
Musical and Rumberas films
The Musical film genre in Mexico was strongly influenced by the Mexican folk music or Ranchero music. Stars as Pedro Infante, Jorge Negrete, Luis Aguilar and Antonio Aguilar made dozens of musical films of these genre who served as a platform to promote Mexican music. The songs of important composers like Agustín Lara or José Alfredo Jiménez served as the basis for the arguments of many films. Libertad Lamarque also highlighted by her performances where music and songs were the main protagonists.
The tropical music that was popular in Mexico and Latin America since the 1930s, and was also reflected in Mexican cinema. Numerous music magazines were made in the 1940s and 1950s. In these productions it was common to see figures ranging from Damaso Perez Prado, Toña la Negra, Rita Montaner, María Victoria or Los Panchos. However, the musical film in Mexico was mostly represented by the so-called Rumberas film, a unique cinematic curiosity of Mexico, dedicated to the film exaltation of the figure of the "rumba" (dancers of Afro-Antillean rhythms). The main figures of this genre were Cubans María Antonieta Pons, Amalia Aguilar, Ninón Sevilla and Rosa Carmina and Mexican Meche Barba. Between 1938 and 1965 more than one hundred Rumberas films were made.
Film Noir
In Mexico, the Film Noir genre popular in Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s was represented by the actor and director Juan Orol. Inspired by the popular Gangster film and figures like Humphrey Bogart and Edward G. Robinson, Orol created a filmic universe and a particular style by mixing elements of classic Film Noir with Mexican folklore, urban environments, cabaret, and tropical music. Examples include the classic film Gangsters Versus Cowboys (1948).
Horror films
Although the 1960s are considered the Golden Age of Horror and science fiction in Mexican cinema, during the Golden Age they were found some remarkable works. Chano Urueta, a prolific director who began in the silent era, had had their approaches with the supernatural in The Sign of Death (1939), however his greatest contributions come with The Amazing Beast (1952), film that first introduced the wrestlers in the genre. Other works in the genre would La Bruja (1954), and Ladrón de Cadáveres (1956).
Decline
On April 15, 1957, the whole country mourned with the news of the death of Pedro Infante. His death was one of the markers of the end of the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema.
The first Mexican television transmissions started in 1950. By 1956, TV antennas were common in Mexican homes, and new media grew rapidly in the country outside the capital city. Despite the first black and white television pictures not having the clarity and sharpness of movie films, filmmakers immediately felt sharp competition from this new media, not only in Mexico but throughout the world. The competition forced the film industry to seek new ways to showcase its art, and in the treatment of subjects and genres.
Technical innovations came from Hollywood. Wide screens, three-dimensional cinema, color improvement and stereo sound were some of the innovations introduced by American cinema during the early 1950s. At the time, the high cost of these technologies made it difficult for Mexico to compete; therefore, not for some years was it able to produce films incorporating these innovations.
One of the nations where Mexican cinema was most popular was Yugoslavia, where for much of the 1950s, Mexican films comprised the majority of the films that were screened. The 1950 film Un día de vida, which premiered in 1952 in Yugoslavia, was one of the most popular films of the decade in that nation. The popularity of Mexican films led to the so-called Yu-Mex craze, as Mexican music and fashions were much imitated in Yugoslavia in the 1950s.
The world was changing and so was the way film was produced by other countries. The elimination of censorship in the United States allowed a more bold and realistic treatment of many topics. In France, a young generation of filmmakers educated in film criticism began the New Wave movement. In Italy, the Neorealism had claimed the careers of several filmmakers. The Swedish film with Ingmar Bergman made its appearance, while in Japan Akira Kurosawa appeared.
Meanwhile, Mexican cinema had been stalled by bureaucracy and difficulties with the union. Film production was now concentrated in a few hands, and the ability to see new filmmakers emerge was very difficult due to the demands on the directors on the part of the Union of Workers of Cinematographic Production (STPC). Three of the most important film studios disappeared between 1957 and 1958: Tepeyac, Clasa Films and Azteca.
Also in 1958, the Mexican Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences decided to discontinue the Ariel Award recognizing the best productions of the national cinema. The Ariel was instituted in 1946 and emphasized the thriving state of the industry. Nevertheless, the award was revived in 1972 and has taken place annually since then.
Studios
Estudios Churubusco
Televisa San Ángel
References
Further reading
GARCÍA RIERA, Emilio (1986) Época de oro del cine mexicano Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP)
GARCÍA RIERA, Emilio (1992–97) Historia documental del cine mexicano Universidad de Guadalajara, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA), Secretaría de Cultura del Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco y el Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografía (IMCINE)
GARCÍA, Gustavo y AVIÑA, Rafael (1993) Época de oro del cine mexicano ed. Clío
PARANAGUÁ, Paulo Antonio (1995) Mexican Cinema British Film Institute (BFI) Publishing en asociación con el Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografía (IMCINE) y el Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA)
HERSHFIELD, Joanne (1996) Mexican Cinema, Mexican Woman (1940–1950) University of Arizona Press
AYALA BLANCO, Jorge (1997) La aventura del cine mexicano: En la época de oro y después ed. Grijalba
MACIEL, David R. Mexico's Cinema: A Century of Film and Filmmakers, Wilmington, Delaware: SR Books, 1999.
MORA, Carl J. Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society, 1896–2004, Berkeley: University of California Press, 3rd edition 2005.
NOBLE, Andrea, Mexican National Cinema, Taylor & Francis, 2005,
Paxman, Andrew. "Who Killed the Mexican Film Industry? The Decline of the Golden Age, 1946-1960." Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe 29, no. 1 (2018): 9-33.
External links
More of 100 Years of Mexican Cinema en el sitio del ITESM.
Cineteca Nacional del Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes de México (Conaculta)
Cinema of Mexico
Mexican cinema | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Age%20of%20Mexican%20Cinema |
WHDF (channel 15) is a television station licensed to Florence, Alabama, United States, serving as the CW outlet for the Huntsville area. It is owned and operated by network majority owner Nexstar Media Group alongside CBS affiliate WHNT-TV (channel 19). Both stations share studios on Holmes Avenue Northwest in downtown Huntsville, while WHDF's transmitter is located southeast of Minor Hill, Tennessee.
In addition to its own digital signal, WHDF is simulcast in 720p high definition on WHNT-TV's second digital subchannel (19.2) from a transmitter on Monte Sano Mountain.
History
The station began on October 28, 1957 as WOWL-TV, based in Florence. The station was owned by Richard "Dick" Biddle's TV Muscle Shoals, Inc. Up until late 1999, that station broadcast NBC programs to northwestern Alabama and portions of southern middle Tennessee and northeastern Mississippi; it also carried some popular CBS shows like the soap opera As the World Turns.
WOWL-TV always faced competing NBC affiliates in Huntsville/Decatur (in later years WAFF, channel 48) or even Tupelo (WTVA), whose signals reached much of its broadcast area. However, it retained viewership in northwest Alabama (Florence, Sheffield, Muscle Shoals, Tuscumbia and areas known as "The Shoals" in recent times and referred to as "The Quad Cities" years ago) by offering local newscasts, which for most of the station's 40-plus years were the only newscasts concerned specifically with northwestern Alabama. Over time, though, with the Huntsville stations, especially WAFF, expanding news bureaus of their own into the Shoals in the 1980s and 1990s, WOWL-TV lost much of its traditional advantage.
By the late 1990s, this duplication had progressed to the point that the station could no longer focus solely on northwest Alabama and remain viable. The owners opted to sell to outside interests, who dropped NBC in favor of UPN in the fall of 1999, making WAFF the sole NBC outlet in north Alabama. Shortly before that, on July 19, the call letters were changed to the current WHDF, with a move of the transmitter and tower to Giles County, Tennessee. The new tower transmitted from a location high enough to provide a coverage area comparable to the other north Alabama stations, while remaining within of Florence as required by FCC regulations.
In 2004, Lockwood Broadcast Group acquired WHDF. Lockwood provided content delivery and back-office function from the company's headquarters in Virginia. Completed in 2007, the "hub" facility has remotely operated WHDF since that year.
In September 2006, both UPN and The WB ceased operations. A single new network, The CW, replaced those two struggling entities. WHDF, the UPN affiliate, was granted the northern Alabama affiliation rights for the new network earlier that year, and rebranded as The Valley's CW at midnight on July 27, 2006. (The former WB affiliate, meanwhile, became WAMY-TV, affiliated with MyNetworkTV.)
Local employees at WHDF's Florence and Huntsville facilities totaled fewer than ten, according to Census business statistics in 2010.
On July 15, 2018, Lockwood Broadcast Group reached an agreement to sell WHDF to Nexstar Media Group for $2.25 million; Nexstar concurrently took over the station's operations through a time brokerage agreement. The sale was completed on November 9, creating a duopoly with Fox affiliate WZDX (channel 54).
Only 24 days after the acquisition of WHDF by Nexstar closed, on December 3, 2018, Nexstar announced it would acquire the assets of Chicago-based Tribune Media—which has owned CBS affiliate WHNT-TV since December 2013—for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. Because WHNT and WZDX rank as two of the top four stations in the Huntsville market, FCC regulations prohibit common ownership of both stations. (Furthermore, any attempt by Nexstar to assume the operations of WHNT through local marketing or shared services agreements while also retaining control of WZDX would have been subject to regulatory hurdles that could have delayed completion of the FCC and Justice Department's review and approval process for the acquisition.) As such, Nexstar opted to keep the higher-rated WHNT and designate WZDX as one of the stations to be sold to Tegna to resolve the ownership conflict. (As WHDF station does not rank among the top four in total-day viewership, it could be retained by Nexstar with its duopoly partner.) The acquisition of WHNT was approved by the FCC on September 16 and was completed on September 19, 2019.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WHDF shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 15, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 14, using PSIP to display WHDF's virtual channel as 15 on digital television receivers.
References
External links
Nexstar Media Group
The CW affiliates
Court TV affiliates
Rewind TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1957
1957 establishments in Alabama
Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area
HDF | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHDF |
Alain "Alay" Soler (born October 9, 1979) is a former baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball for the New York Mets in .
Soler attended high school at Espa Armani Arenado and played baseball for four years. He graduated from Nancy Uranga University with a physical education degree.
Soler played baseball for his country in the World University Games in Cuba in and in Italy in . He also participated in the World Youth Games in 1996 and was a teammate of José Contreras on Pinar del Río in the Cuban National Series. He later played as a member of the Cuban national team.
Soler defected from Cuba in November, 2003, receiving political asylum in the Dominican Republic. He pitched for Leones del Escogido in the Dominican Winter Baseball League in , recording a 0–2 record and a 5.28 ERA in five games. In 15.1 innings, he allowed 14 hits, nine runs, with six walks and 23 strikeouts. He recorded 10 strikeouts and permitted one hit in 5.0 innings of work on October 26 vs. Estrellas Orientales. Soler averaged 13.5 strikeouts per nine innings pitched.
In September, , Soler signed a three-year, $2.8 million major league contract with the New York Mets. However, he was unable to obtain a visa for entry into the United States until November, 2005. He began his career as a Met with the Single-A St. Lucie Mets in April, , but was quickly promoted to the Double-A Binghamton Mets in May, 2006.
Soler made his major league debut as a starter at Shea Stadium on May 24, 2006. He gave up two earned runs, five hits and four walks in six innings with no decision as the Mets defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 5–4. In Soler's fourth career start (June 10, 2006) he hurled his first complete game shutout, a two-hitter against the Arizona Diamondbacks. Through the first half of 2006, Soler posted a 2–3 record with a 6.00 ERA.
On July 3, 2006, Soler was sent back to the Norfolk Tides after a poor performance the night before against the New York Yankees.
Soler was given his unconditional release by the Mets on March 12, 2007. He had pitched unimpressively during spring training. On March 19, 2007, he signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates. At the beginning of the season, Soler was assigned to the Pirates Double-A affiliate, the Altoona Curve. He went 1–1 with a 6.00 ERA in 14 appearances before being released on June 28, 2007.
Soler signed with the Houston Astros in April , but was released. Soler then pitched for the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League. He announced his retirement on September 12, 2008, but in 2009 he would pitch in seven games for the Newark Bears.
See also
List of baseball players who defected from Cuba
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Major League Baseball players from Cuba
Cuban expatriate baseball players in the United States
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Mets players
St. Lucie Mets players
Brooklyn Cyclones players
Norfolk Tides players
Altoona Curve players
Águilas Cibaeñas players
Cuban expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Newark Bears players
Long Island Ducks players
Criollos de Caguas players
Cangrejeros de Santurce (baseball) players
Leones de Ponce players
Cuban expatriate baseball players in Puerto Rico
Binghamton Mets players
Sportspeople from Pinar del Río | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alay%20Soler |
Silver Bow is a neighborhood in Butte, Montana, United States. It lies near the interchange of Interstate 15 and Interstate 90, near Rocker. It is the location of a major rail junction on the Burlington Northern Railroad. Silver Bow is at Exit 119 off I-15, near the Port of Montana. It is well known locally as the location of the Silver Bow Twin Drive-In.
Notable person
Erin Popovich, Paralympic swimmer and multiple gold medalist, was raised in Silver Bow
References
Populated places in Silver Bow County, Montana
Neighborhoods in Montana
Ghost towns in Montana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Bow%2C%20Butte |
The American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization Tables for Russian, or the Library of Congress system, are a set of rules for the romanization of Russian-language text from Cyrillic script to Latin script.
The ALA-LC Romanization tables comprise a set of standards for romanization of texts in various languages, written in non-Latin writing systems. These romanization systems are intended for bibliographic cataloguing, and used in US and Canadian libraries, by the British Library since 1975, and in many publications worldwide.
The romanization tables were first discussed by the American Library Association in 1885, and published in 1904 and 1908, including rules for romanizing some languages written in Cyrillic script: Church Slavic, Serbo-Croatian, and Russian in the pre-reform alphabet. Revised tables including more languages were published in 1941, and a since-discontinued version of the entire standard was printed in 1997. The system for Russian remains virtually unchanged from 1941 to the latest release, with the current Russian table published online in 2012.
The formal, unambiguous version of the system requires some diacritics and two-letter tie characters which are often omitted in practice.
The table below combines material from the ALA-LC tables for Russian (2012) and, for some obsolete letters, Church Slavic (2011).
See also
Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic (1898)
(PI) (1899)
Romanization of Russian
References
External links
ALA-LC Romanization Tables at the U.S. Library of Congress
CyrAcademisator Bi-directional online transliteration of Russian according to ALA-LC (diacritics). Supports Old Slavonic characters
Online Russian Transliterator Supports ALA-LC, ISO 9, GOST 7.79B and other standards.
ALA-LC romanization
Romanization of Cyrillic
Russian language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALA-LC%20romanization%20for%20Russian |
Hypobromous acid is a weak, unstable acid with chemical formula of HOBr. It is mainly produced and handled in an aqueous solution. It is generated both biologically and commercially as a disinfectant. Salts of hypobromite are rarely isolated as solids.
Synthesis and properties
Addition of bromine to water gives hypobromous acid and hydrobromic acid (HBr) via a disproportionation reaction.
Br2 + H2O HOBr + HBr
In nature, hypobromous acid is produced by bromoperoxidases, which are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of bromide with hydrogen peroxide:
Br− + H2O2 HOBr + OH−
Hypobromous acid has a pKa of 8.65 and is therefore only partially dissociated in water at pH 7. Like the acid, hypobromite salts are unstable and undergo a slow disproportionation reaction to yield the respective bromate and bromide salts.
3 BrO−(aq) → 2 Br−(aq) + (aq)
Its chemical and physical properties are similar to those of other hypohalites.
Uses
HOBr is used as a bleach, an oxidizer, a deodorant, and a disinfectant, due to its ability to kill the cells of many pathogens. The compound is generated in warm-blooded vertebrate organisms especially by eosinophils, which produce it by the action of eosinophil peroxidase, an enzyme which preferentially uses bromide. Bromide is also used in hot tubs and spas as a germicidal agent, using the action of an oxidizing agent to generate hypobromite in a similar fashion to the peroxidase in eosinophils.
It is especially effective when used in combination with its congener, hypochlorous acid.
References
Hypobromites
Hydrogen compounds
Oxidizing acids
Oxidizing agents
Halogen oxoacids
Triatomic molecules | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypobromous%20acid |
During its history, a number of Canadian families have produced multiple politicians. As there are no term limits in Canada for any legislative or executive office, these families have sometimes held uninterrupted political power.
Families
Amery
(father, son)
Moe Amery, Alberta PC MLA for Calgary-East
Mickey Amery, UCP MLA for Calgary-Cross
Ashton
(father, daughter)
Steve Ashton, Manitoba NDP cabinet minister for Thompson
Niki Ashton, NDP MP for Churchill—Keewatinook Aski
Bédard
Marc-André Bédard, Vice-Premier of Quebec and Quebec Minister of Justice
Stéphane Bédard, leader of the opposition in the National Assembly of Quebec and interim leader of the Parti Québécois
Éric Bédard, adjunct-director for the cabinet of Quebec Premier Jacques Parizeau and counsellor for the Parti Québécois led by Pauline Marois (not to be confused with Éric Bédard (historian))
Bennett
(3rd cousins once removed, son)
R. B. Bennett, eleventh prime minister of Canada
W. A. C. Bennett, Premier of British Columbia, 1952–1972
William R. Bennett, Premier of British Columbia, 1975–1986
Brad Bennett, Chair of BC Hydro 2015–present
Bernier
(father, son)
Gilles Bernier, Quebec Progressive Conservative then Independent MP
Maxime Bernier, Quebec Conservative MP and cabinet minister then People's Party of Canada founder and leader
Blaikie
(father, daughter, son)
Bill Blaikie, Manitoba NDP MP, MLA, and provincial cabinet minister
Rebecca Blaikie, President of the federal NDP
Daniel Blaikie, Manitoba NDP MP
Braden
(brothers)
George Braden, 2nd Premier of the Northwest Territories
Bill Braden, MLA, Northwest Territories
Bradford
(mother, son)
Valerie Bradford, Liberal MP for Kitchener South—Hespeler
Brad Bradford, Toronto city councillor and mayoral candidate in 2023
Brewin
(father, son, daughter-in-law)
Andrew Brewin, Ontario NDP MP
John Brewin, BC NDP MP
Gretchen Brewin, Mayor of Victoria, BC NDP MLA, and Speaker of the BC legislature
Andrew Brewin's grandfather Andrew George Blair was also Liberal Premier of New Brunswick and a federal MP and cabinet minister
Cadman
(husband, wife)
Chuck Cadman, Reform, Canadian Alliance, and Independent MP for Surrey North (1997–2005)
Dona Cadman, Conservative MP for Surrey North (2008–2011)
Cannon–Power
(GGG-grandfather, G-grandfather, granduncles, grandfathers, uncles, son)
John Cannon, member of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
William Power, member of the House of Commons
Joseph Ignatius Power, member of the Quebec Legislative Assembly
William Gerard Power, member of the Quebec Legislative Council
Lawrence Arthur Dumoulin Cannon, member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec and Supreme Court Justice
Charles Gavan Power, federal cabinet minister (Minister of Pensions and National Health, Postmaster General), Senator
Lucien Cannon, federal cabinet minister (Solicitor General)
Francis Gavan Power, member of the House of Commons
Charles-Arthur Dumoulin Cannon, member of the House of Commons
Lawrence Cannon, provincial cabinet minister (Parliamentary Secretaries to the Ministers of Foreign Trade and Technological Development, Tourism; Minister for Communications) and federal cabinet minister (Foreign Minister, Minister of Transport)
Philippe Cannon, chief of staff in two ministries of Quebec
Caouette
(father, son)
Réal Caouette, MP for Pontiac (1946–1949), MP for Villeneuve (1962–1968,) Leader of the Ralliement créditiste (1963–1971), MP for Témiscamingue (1968–1976), Leader of the Social Credit Party (1971–1976)
Gilles Caouette, MP for Charlevoix (1972–1974), MP for Témiscamingue (1976–1979), Acting Leader of the Social Credit Party (1976)
Caplan
(mother, son)
Elinor Caplan, Liberal MPP and provincial cabinet (Health, Management Board), Liberal MP and federal cabinet minister (as Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, National Revenue)
David Caplan, Liberal MPP and provincial minister (Health, Infrastructure)
Carr
(two twin brothers and their older brother)
Jack Carr, MLA, New Brunswick
Jody Carr, MLA, New Brunswick
Jeff Carr, MLA, New Brunswick
(father, son)
Jim Carr, Manitoba MLA, Liberal MP for Winnipeg Centre and federal minister
Ben Carr (politician), Liberal MP for Winnipeg Centre
Casgrain-Beaubien
Charles-Eusèbe Casgrain Sr, MLA Lower Canada
Philippe Baby Casgrain MNA, son of Charles-Eusèbe
Charles Eusèbe Casgrain, Senator for Ontario, son of Charles-Eusèbe
Thomas Chase Casgrain MNA, MP, son of Charles Eusèbe
Léon Casgrain (1892–1967), Quebec MLA, great-grandson of Charles-Eusèbe
Pierre Beaubien, MLA Canada East, president of SSJBM, municipal politician in Montreal
Joseph-Octave Beaubien (nephew), MLA Canada East, MP
Louis Beaubien, MNA, president of SSJBM, co-founder of Outremont
Charles-Philippe Beaubien (son of Louis), senator
Louis-Philippe Beaubien (grandson of Louis), senator
(many more, see :fr:Famille Casgrain)
Chiarelli
(cousins)
Bob Chiarelli, mayor of Ottawa, Regional Chair of Ottawa-Carleton, provincial MPP and cabinet minister (Ministers of Energy, Municipal Affairs and Housing, Transportation, Energy and Infrastructure)
Rick Chiarelli, city councillor in Ottawa
John Chiarelli, former Catholic school board trustee in Ottawa
Chartrand
Michel Chartrand, president of CSN union federation, founder of Parti Socialiste du Québec
Simonne Monet-Chartrand (wife of Michel), founder of Fédération des femmes du Québec
Chrétien–Desmarais
(father-nephew-daughter)
Jean Chrétien, prime minister
Raymond Chrétien, Ambassador to the USA
France Chrétien Desmarais, husband advisor to Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (China) international advisors council
Clark
(husband-wife-their daughter)
Joe Clark, 16th Prime Minister of Canada (1979-1980)
Maureen McTeer, 1988 Progressive Conservative candidate in Carleton—Gloucester, and legal scholar and ethicist
Catherine Clark, Cable Public Affairs Channel presenter and marketing consultant
Clement
(stepfather-stepson)
John Clement, Ontario cabinet minister
Tony Clement, Ontario cabinet minister, federal cabinet minister
Copps
(father-daughter)
Victor K. Copps, mayor of Hamilton, Ontario
Sheila Copps, federal cabinet minister
Crosbie
(grandfather, father, son)
Sir John Chalker Crosbie, cabinet minister in pre-Confederation Newfoundland
Chesley Crosbie, politician and anti-Confederation campaigner
John Crosbie, federal cabinet minister
Ches Crosbie, MHA, Leader of the Newfoundland and Labrador Progressive Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition
David
(great-grandfather, grandfather, father, sisters)
Laurent-Olivier David, MNA Montréal-Est, senator Mille-Isles, founder of newspapers, journalist, historian
Athanase David, federal cabinet minister, senator
Paul David, senator
Françoise David, co-speaker of Québec Solidaire, MNA for Gouin
Hélène David, Quebec minister of Culture and communications, Liberal MNA for Outremont
Davie Fulton
(2 brothers, son-in-law, grandson)
Theodore Davie, Premier of British Columbia, 1878–1879
Alexander Edmund Batson Davie, Premier of British Columbia 1892–1895 (brother of Theodore Davie)
Frederick John Fulton, Unionist Member of Parliament for Cariboo, 1917 (father of Davie Fulton)
Davie Fulton, Member of Parliament Progressive Conservative and British Columbia Conservative Leader (grandson of Premier Davie)
De Lorimier
Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier Jr, MLA Lower Canada
François-Marie-Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier (grandson of brother), notary, Parti patriote activist, captain of patriot army, executed at Pied-du-Courant Prison
De Lotbinière
Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière, MLA Lower Canada (Speaker in 1794-1797)
Antoine Chartier de Lotbinière Harwood (grandson of Michel), MLA Canada-East, MNA
Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (grandson of Michel), MLA Canada-East, MNA, Premier of Quebec (1878–1879), MP, federal minister
Dewar
(mother-son)
Marion Dewar, mayor of Ottawa and New Democratic Party (NDP) Member of Parliament
Paul Dewar, NDP Member of Parliament
Dorion
Pierre-Antoine Dorion, MLA Lower Canada
Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion, MLA Canada East, co-founder of Institut canadien de Montréal
Antoine-Aimé Dorion, MLA Canada East, Premier Canada East 1858–1858 & 1863–1864
Vincislas-Paul-Wilfrid Dorion, lawyer, journalist, politician, judge
Douglas
(father, daughter)
Tommy Douglas, Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and then founder of the New Democratic Party (NDP), member of Canadian House of Commons (CCF), MLA, leader of the Saskatchewan CCF and Premier of Saskatchewan (CCF), set up North America's first single-payer, universal healthcare program (Saskatchewan), leader of federal NDP, Canadian Member of Parliament (NDP)
Shirley Douglas (daughter of Tommy Douglas), Canadian actress and activist, ex-wife of actor Donald Sutherland, mother of Thomas Emil Sicks, actor Kiefer Sutherland, and film and television producer Rachel Sutherland
Duceppe
(grandfather, father, son)
Jean Duceppe, actor, radio personality, president of Union des artistes
Gilles Duceppe, first MP elected as Bloc Québécois, leader of Bloc Québécois, 24th federal Leader of Opposition
Alexis Brunelle-Duceppe, Bloc Québécois MP for Lac-Saint-Jean
Eyking
(husband, wife)
Mark Eyking, Liberal MP
Pam Eyking, Liberal MLA
Ferron
J.-Émile Ferron, MP (PLC), lawyer
Jacques Ferron (son of J.-Émile), founder of the Rhinoceros Party of Canada (1963–93), physician, writer
Madeleine Ferron (daughter of J.-Émile), wife of politician/judge Robert Cliche
Flaherty-Elliott
(husband, wife)
Jim Flaherty, late provincial and federal cabinet minister
Christine Elliott, PC MPP
Ford
Doug Ford, Sr., former PC MPP (1995–1999)
Rob Ford, 64th Mayor of Toronto, Toronto City Councillor; son of Doug
Doug Ford, Jr., 26th Premier of Ontario, Toronto City Councillor; son of Doug
Michael Ford, Toronto City Councillor; nephew of Rob and Doug Jr
Additionally, Rob Ford's widow Renata Ford was People's Party candidate in the 2019 federal election in Etobicoke North, and Doug Ford, Jr.'s daughter Krista Haynes advocates controversial positions about vaccines and public health measures.
Gérin-Lajoie (see also Lacoste)
Antoine Gérin-Lajoie, writer, lawyer, author of the political song "Un Canadien errant"
Marie Lacoste-Gérin-Lajoie, promoter of women's rights, got Quebec's Code Civil modified
Marie Gérin-Lajoie (daughter of Marie L & Henri/Henry), founder of Notre-Dame-du-Bon-Conseil institute and of FNSJB (feminist organisation)
Paul Gérin-Lajoie, MNA, founder of the Ministry of Education of Quebec; see also Gérin-Lajoie doctrine (international policy)
Gerretsen
(father, son)
John Gerretsen, 90th Mayor of Kingston, Ontario (1980–1988), Ontario Liberal MPP for Kingston and the Islands (1995–2014)
Mark Gerretsen, Mayor of Kingston Ontario (2010–2014), Liberal MP for Kingston and the Islands (2015-)
Ghiz
(father, son)
Joe Ghiz, Premier of Prince Edward Island (1986–1993)
Robert Ghiz, Premier of Prince Edward Island (2007–2015)
Grewal
(husband, wife)
Gurmant Grewal and Nina Grewal, Conservative Members of Parliament, the first married couple to serve as MPs in the same session of Parliament
Hampton–Martel
(husband-wife, wife's father and maternal grandfather)
Norman Fawcett, New Democrat MP
Elie Martel, Ontario New Democrat MPP (married Fawcett's daughter)
Shelley Martel, Ontario New Democrat MPP
Howard Hampton, Ontario New Democrat leader, 1996–2009
Harris
(father, son)
Mike Harris, Progressive Conservative premier of Ontario (1995–2002)
Mike Harris Jr., Ontario Progressive Conservative MPP for Kitchener—Conestoga
Henderson
(father, son)
George Henderson, federal MP (1980–1988)
Robert Henderson, PEI provincial MLA (2007–present)
Hinman
(grandfather, grandson)
Edgar Hinman, Provincial Treasurer, Alberta
Paul Hinman, leader of the Alberta Alliance Party
Horner
Ralph Horner, patriarch for the Horner family, Senator (1933–1964)
Samuel Norval Horner, brother, Saskatchewan MLA (1929–1934)
Jack Horner, son, MP (1958–1959)
Nate Horner, grandson, MLA (2019–present)
Hugh Horner, son, MP (1958–1967)
Norval Horner, son, MP (1972–1974)
Norval Horner, son to Norval Horner, Alberta Liberal Party candidate in the 2012 election
Albert Horner, nephew, MP (1958–1968)
Doug Horner, son of Alberta Horner, Alberta MLA and Cabinet Minister (2001–2015)
Byron Horner, grandson, Conservative candidate for Courtenay-Alberni in the 2019 federal election
Ignatieff
(great-grandfather, grandfather, father, son)
Count Nikolai Pavlovich Ignatiev, Minister of the Interior (Russia)
Count Paul Ignatieff, Minister of Education (Russia)
George Ignatieff, ambassador/president of UN security council (1968–1969)
Michael Ignatieff, federal Member of Parliament and leader of the Liberal Party of Canada (2008–2011)
Jackman
(grandfather, son-in-law, son-in-law's children)
Newton Rowell, Ontario Liberal Party leader
Harry Jackman, Member of Parliament (married Rowell's daughter)
Hal Jackman, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
Nancy Ruth, Senator
Johnson
(father-sons)
Daniel Johnson, Sr., Union Nationale Premier of Quebec 1966–1968
Pierre-Marc Johnson, Parti Québécois Premier of Quebec, 1985; son of Daniel, Sr.
Daniel Johnson, Jr., Liberal Party of Quebec Premier of Quebec, 1994; son of Daniel, Sr.; brother of Pierre-Marc
Kelley
(father-son, wife)
Geoffrey Kelley, Quebec Liberal Party MNA for Jacques-Cartier 1994–2018
Greg Kelley, Quebec Liberal Party MNA for Jacques-Cartier 2018–present; son of Geoffrey
Marwah Rizqy, Quebec Liberal Party MNA for Saint-Laurent 2018–present; wife of Greg, daughter-in-law of Geoffrey
Lacoste
Alexandre Lacoste, president of senate
Marie Lacoste-Gérin-Lajoie (daughter of Alexandre) (see Gérin-Lajoie)
Justine Lacoste-Beaubien (daughter of Alexandre), co-founder & director of Hôpital Sainte-Justine
Lamoureux
(father, daughter)
Kevin Lamoureux, federal Liberal Member of Parliament for Winnipeg North
Cindy Lamoureux, Manitoba Liberal MLA
(Darrin Lamoureux, Kevin's brother, was leader of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party at a time that party was a minor party unrepresented in the legislature.)
Layton
(great-grandfather, grandfather, father, his wife, his son)
Gilbert Layton, Member of the National Assembly of Quebec and cabinet minister
Robert Layton, federal Member of Parliament and cabinet minister
Jack Layton, Toronto City Councillor and leader of the federal New Democratic Party
Olivia Chow, Mayor of Toronto, and Toronto City Councillor and Member of Parliament
Mike Layton, Toronto City Councillor (son of Jack, stepson of Olivia)
(Jack Layton is also a descendant of William Steeves, a Father of Confederation and Senator, on his maternal side.)
LeBlanc
(father, son)
Roméo LeBlanc, federal cabinet minister, Speaker of the Senate, 25th Governor General of Canada
Dominic LeBlanc, federal cabinet minister
Léger
(father, son, daughter)
Marcel Léger, co-founder of Léger Marketing, Member of the National Assembly of Quebec, PQ cabinet minister, founder of Parti nationaliste du Québec
Jean-Marc Léger, co-founder and current leader of Léger Marketing (one of the two main pollsters of Quebec politics)
Nicole Léger, Member of the National Assembly of Quebec, PQ cabinet minister
Lewis
(father and son)
David Lewis, leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada
Stephen Lewis, leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party, Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations
Lougheed
(grandfather and grandson)
Sir James Lougheed, Senator
Peter Lougheed, Premier of Alberta
MacKay
(father-son)
Elmer MacKay, Progressive Conservative MP and cabinet minister
Peter MacKay, Progressive Conservative and then Conservative MP and former Progressive Conservative leader
Manly
(father-son)
James Manly, BC NDP MP
Paul Manly, BC Green Party MP
Manning
(father-son)
Ernest Manning, Premier of Alberta, 1943–1968
Preston Manning, founder of the Reform Party, MP
Martin
(father-son)
Paul Martin Sr., long serving Cabinet minister
Paul Martin, 21st prime minister
Macdonald
(father-son)
John A. Macdonald, first prime minister of Canada
Hugh John Macdonald, federal cabinet minister, premier of Manitoba
Mackenzie King
(grandfather-grandson)
William Lyon Mackenzie, rebel, first mayor of Toronto
William Lyon Mackenzie King, Canada's longest serving prime minister
Marcelino
(sister-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law's daughter)
Flor Marcelino, former Manitoba NDP MLA, cabinet minister, and interim party and opposition leader
Ted Marcelino, former Manitoba NDP MLA
Malaya Marcelino, Manitoba NDP MLA
Mathyssen
(mother, daughter)
Irene Mathyssen, former NDP MP for London—Fanshawe
Lindsay Mathyssen, NDP MP for London—Fanshawe
McGuinty
(father-son)
Dalton McGuinty, Sr., MPP from Ottawa South
Dalton McGuinty, MPP from Ottawa South, and Premier of Ontario
David McGuinty, MP from Ottawa South
McLeod
(brothers)
Bob McLeod, Premier of the Northwest Territories
Michael McLeod, MLA in the Northwest Territories and Liberal MP for Northwest Territories
Meighen
(father, son, daughter, grandson, grandson's stepfather)
Arthur Meighen, ninth prime minister of Canada
Lillian Meighen, philanthropist
Theodore Meighen, lawyer and philanthropist
Michael Meighen, Senator
Hartland Molson, Senator, married Theodore Meighen's widow
Mercier-Gouin
Honoré Mercier, Premier of Quebec (1887–1891)
Honoré Mercier Jr. (son of Honoré & brother-in-law of Lomer Gouin), MNA
Honoré Mercier III, MNA
Lomer Gouin, Premier of Quebec (1905–1920)
Paul Gouin (son of Lomer & Éliza, grandson of Honoré), MNA, founder of Action Libérale Nationale party, co-founder of Bloc populaire party
Léon Mercier Gouin (son of Lomer & Éliza, grandson of Honoré), co-founder of HEC Montréal university, political writer
Ollivier Mercier Gouin (son of Léon-Mercier), writer, reporter, actor
Louis Gouin (?), MLA Lower Canada
Thomas Mulcair, great-great-grandson of Honoré Sr. and great-great-great-grandson of Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau, Federal Leader of Opposition for NPD, cabinet minister in Quebec
Miville-Dechêne
François-Gilbert Miville Dechêne, MLA, cabinet minister in Québec
Alphonse-Arthur Miville Déchêne, MP, senator, brother of François-Gilbert
Aimé-Miville Déchêne, MP, son of Alphonse-Arthur
Louis-Auguste Dupuis, MLA Québec, president of notaries, nephew of François-Gilbert & Alphonse-Arthur
Pamphile-Gaspard Verreault, MLA Québec, other uncle of Louis-Auguste
Jean-Baptiste Couillard Dupuis, MLA Québec, father-in-law of Pamphile-Gaspard
Joseph Miville Dechene, MP, MLA Alberta, city councillor
Mulroney
(father, daughter, son)
Brian Mulroney, 18th prime minister of Canada (1984-1993)
Caroline Mulroney, provincial Progressive Conservative Ontario Minister of Transportation and Minister of Francophone Affairs; daughter of Brian Mulroney
Ben Mulroney, Canadian television host; son of Brian Mulroney
Jessica Mulroney, Canadian fashion stylist and marketing consultant; wife of Ben Mulroney, daughter-in-law of Brian Mulroney
Nickle
(father, son)
William Folger Nickle, MP for Kingston and namesake of the Nickle Resolution
William McAdam Nickle, MPP for Kingston
Nixon (Alberta)
(brother, brother)
Jason Nixon, Alberta United Conservative Party MLA
Jeremy Nixon, Alberta United Conservative Party MLA
Nixon (Ontario)
(grandfather, father, daughter)
Harry Nixon, Ontario premier
Robert Nixon, Ontario Liberal Party leader
Jane Stewart, Liberal MP, cabinet minister, chief of staff
Notley
(father, daughter)
Grant Notley, Alberta MLA, Leader of the Alberta New Democratic Party
Rachel Notley, Premier of Alberta
Nowlan
(father, son)
George Nowlan, federal minister of finance
Pat Nowlan, MP for Annapolis Valley—Hants
O'Toole
(father, son)
John O'Toole, Ontario Progressive Conservative MPP for Durham
Erin O'Toole, leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and leader of the Official Opposition (2020–2022), and MP for Durham
Papineau
(see also Viger)
Joseph Papineau, MLA Lower Canada
Louis-Joseph Papineau (#1, son of Joseph), leader of the Parti patriote
Talbot Mercer Papineau (grandson of Louis-Joseph #1, son of Louis-Joseph #2, cousin of Henri Bourassa)
Denis-Benjamin Papineau (son of Joseph), MLA Canada East, Premier of Canada East (1846–1848)
Denis-Émery Papineau (son of Denis-Benjamin), MLA Canada East
Henri Bourassa (son of Mrs Azélie Papineau), MP, MNA, founder of Ligue nationaliste, founder of Le Devoir newspaper
Louis-Joseph Papineau (#3, son of Narcisse), MP, MNA
François Bourassa (uncle of Henri, brother-in-law of Azélie), captain of patriote army, MLA Canada-East, MP
Parizeau
Damase Dalpé dit Parizeau, MNA
Télesphore Parizeau, dean of medecine at Université de Montréal
Gérard Parizeau, insurer & historian
Jacques Parizeau (great-grandson of Damase), Deputy Minister, MNA, Minister of Finance of Quebec, Premier of Quebec (1994–1996)
Alice Parizeau (Alicja Poznańska) (1st wife of Jacques), writer, journalist, criminologist, Croix de Guerre (WW2 French decoration)
Lisette Lapointe (or Lizette) (2nd wife of Jacques), MNA, mayor of Saint-Adolphe-d'Howard
Peterson
(brother, brother, brother and wife)
Jim Peterson, MP for Willowdale and Cabinet Minister
David Peterson, MPP for London Centre and Premier of Ontario
Tim Peterson, MPP for Mississauga South
Deb Matthews, MPP for London North Centre
Pouliot
Jean-Baptiste Pouliot, MP for Témiscouata, MLA Canada-East for Témiscouata
Joseph-Camille Pouliot, son of Jean-Baptiste, lawyer, judge of Superior Court of Quebec
Georges Bouchard, son-in-law of Joseph-Camille, MP for Kamouraska
Camille Pouliot (Camille-Eugène), son of Joseph-Camille, MNA for Gaspé-Sud, minister, mayor
Rodolphe Lemieux, brother of 3rd wife of Joseph-Camille, senator
Charles-Eugène Pouliot, son of Jean-Baptiste, MP for Témiscouata, MNA for Témiscouata
Jean-François Pouliot, son of Charles-Eugène, MP for Témiscouata
Rae
(father-brother-brother)
Saul Rae, career diplomat
Bob Rae, New Democratic Party of Ontario premier of Ontario, diplomat, candidate in the 2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election
John Rae, strategic political advisor to Liberal prime ministers
Regan-Harrison
(maternal grandfather-father-son-son's wife)
John Harrison, Saskatchewan Liberal MP
Gerald A. Regan, Liberal Party of Nova Scotia premier of Nova Scotia, federal cabinet minister
Geoff Regan, federal Liberal cabinet minister
Kelly Regan, provincial MLA
Roblin
(grandfather-grandson)
Rodmond Roblin, premier of Manitoba
Dufferin ("Duff") Roblin, premier of Manitoba, federal senator
Rowe
(father-daughter)
William Earl Rowe, Ontario Conservative Party leader and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
Jean Casselman Wadds, Member of Parliament and diplomat
Rowe
(father-daughter)
William Earl Rowe, Ontario Conservative Party leader and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
Jean Casselman Wadds, Member of Parliament and diplomat
Schulz- Schreyer
(grandfather-son-in-law-grandson)
Jacob Schulz, CCF Member of Parliament for Springfield
Ed Schreyer, NDP Premier of Manitoba and Governor General of Canada
Jason Schreyer, Winnipeg City Councillor for Elmwood-East Kildonan
Shaw–McDonough
(father-daughter)
Lloyd R. Shaw, first research director of the federal CCF, and provincial secretary of the Nova Scotia CCF
Alexa McDonough, Member of the Legislative Assembly and leader of the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party, and Member of Parliament and leader of the federal NDP (the NDP being the CCF's successor)
Singh
(brothers)
Jagmeet Singh, former Ontario NDP MPP for Bramalea—Gore—Malton, Leader of the New Democratic Party
Gurratan Singh, Ontario NDP MPP for Brampton East
Sifton
(father-sons)
John Wright Sifton, MLA, speaker of the house in Manitoba
Arthur Sifton, premier of Alberta, federal cabinet minister
Clifford Sifton, Manitoba cabinet minister, federal cabinet minister
Simpson
(father, son)
Rocky Simpson Sr., Northwest Territories MLA for Hay River South
R. J. Simpson, Northwest Territories MLA for Hay River North
Sinclair–Trudeau
(grandfather, son-in-law, grandson)
James Sinclair, federal cabinet minister (Minister of Fisheries) and father of Margaret Trudeau
Pierre Trudeau, federal Liberal cabinet minister, 15th prime minister of Canada
Justin Trudeau, 23rd prime minister of Canada
Alexandre Trudeau, television journalist
Strahl
(father, son)
Chuck Strahl, Former Conservative MP for Chilliwack—Fraser Canyon
Mark Strahl, Conservative MP for Chilliwack—Hope, previously Chilliwack—Fraser Canyon
Streatch-Keddy
(father, daughter, son)
Ken Streatch, former Conservative MP for Chilliwack—Fraser Canyon
Steve Streatch, former Halifax Regional Municipality Councillor
Judy Streatch, former Progressive Conservative MLA for Chester-St. Margaret's
Gerald Keddy, former Conservative MP for South Shore-St. Margaret's (married to Judy Streatch)
Stronach
(father, daughter)
Frank Stronach, Austrian-Canadian businessman, founder of Magna International and Team Stronach
Belinda Stronach, businesswoman and MP for Newmarket—Aurora from 2004 to 2008, crossing the floor from Conservative to Liberal in 2005
Taschereau
Gabriel-Elzéar Taschereau, MLA Lower Canada
Jean-Thomas Taschereau (1778–1832) Sr, MLA Lower Canada, judge
Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau, first catholic cardinal born in Canada
Jean-Thomas Taschereau Jr, Quebec Superior Court
Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, Premier of Quebec 1920–1936
Robert Taschereau, chief justice of Supreme Court, interim Governor General
Thomas-Pierre-Joseph Taschereau, businessman, judge, Legislative Council of Lower Canada
Joseph-André Taschereau, lawyer, MLA Lower Canada, MLA Canada-East, judge of Superior Court of Quebec
Pierre-Elzéar Taschereau, lawyer, MLA Lower Canada, MLA Canada-East
Henri-Elzéar Taschereau, MLA Canada-East, first French-Canadian chief justice of Supreme Court, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Taylor
(father-children)
Tom Taylor, mayor of Newmarket, Ontario (1997–2006)
John Taylor, mayor of Newmarket, Ontario (2018–present)
Leah Taylor Roy, Liberal MP for Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill (2021–present)
Tupper
(father-sons)
Charles Tupper, 6th prime minister of Canada
Charles Hibbert Tupper, Minister of Justice
William Johnston Tupper, Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba
Vallières
Yvon Vallières, MNA, President of Assemblée Nationale
Monique Gagnon-Tremblay, MNA, Vice-Premier, wife of Yvon Vallières
Karine Vallières, MNA, daughter
Viger
(see also Papineau)
Denis Viger, MLA Lower Canada
Denis-Benjamin Viger, owner of newspapers, MLA Lower Canada, MLA Canada East, Premier of Canada East (1843–1846)
Jacques Viger (sr), MLA Lower Canada
Jacques Viger (1787–1858) (Jr), 1st mayor of Montreal
Bonaventure Viger, patriote in Lower Canada Rebellion, cousin of Denis-Benjamin
Joseph Viger, MLA Lower Canada
Louis-Michel Viger, MLA Lower Canada, MLA Canada East
Wagner
(father-son)
Claude Wagner, judge, Quebec Liberal MNA and cabinet minister and Progressive Conservative MP and Senator
Richard Wagner, judge, Chief Justice of Canada, Administrator of Canada
Whelan
(brother-father-daughter)
Edward Charles Whelan, Member of Legislative Assembly (Saskatchewan) 1960–1979, Minister of Mineral Resources 1975–1976, Minister of Consumer Affairs 1976–1979
Eugene Whelan, Member of Parliament 1962–1984, Minister of Agricultuture 1972–1979 and 1980–1984, Canadian Senate 1996–1999, Officer of the Order of Canada
Susan Whelan, Member of Parliament 1993–2004, Minister for International Cooperation
Whitehead
(grandfather-father-daughter)
Joseph Whitehead, Member of Parliament (Huron North, Ontario) 1867–1871
Joseph Donovan Ross, Member of Legislative Assembly (Alberta) 1952–1971, Minister of Health 1955–1968, Minister of Lands and Forests 1968-1971
Val Meredith, Member of Parliament (South Surrey - White Rock - Langley, British Columbia) 1993–2004
Woodsworth-MacInnis
(father-son in law-daughter)
J.S. Woodsworth, founding leader of the CCF, MP 1921–1942
Angus MacInnis, MP from BC 1930–1957, involved in founding of the CCF, husband of Grace MacInnis
Grace MacInnis, BC CCF MLA 1941–45, NDP MP 1965–1974, daughter of J.S. Woodsworth
Yakabuski
(father-son)
Paul Yakabuski, Reeve of Barry's Bay, Ontario, MPP, Renfrew South, Ontario
John Yakabuski MPP, Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke, Ontario
References
See also
Political families of the world
Families
List
Lists of political families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Canadian%20political%20families |
NASCAR on NBC (visually branded as NBC NASCAR in logos shown within on-air graphics and network promotions) is the branding used for broadcasts of NASCAR races that are produced by NBC Sports, and televised on several NBCUniversal-owned television networks, including the NBC broadcast network in the United States. The network originally aired races, typically during the second half of the season, from 1999 to 2006.
On July 23, 2013, NBC signed a new agreement with NASCAR to obtain the rights to races from the NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, ARCA Menards Series East, ARCA Menards Series West and NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour seasons starting in 2015. In addition, NBC Universal also gained the rights to the NASCAR Toyota Series starting in 2014, airing on its Spanish-language network channels initially for selected races, with NBC obtaining Spanish-language rights to all NASCAR series starting in 2015.
History
Prior to the original 1999 contract between NASCAR and NBC, the network aired races such as the National 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway from 1979 to 1981, the 1981 Mountain Dew 500 at Pocono International Raceway, the Winston 500 at Alabama International Motor Speedway from 1983 to 1985, and the Miami 300 and Pennzoil 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway in both 1999 and 2000.
During the 1970s and 1980s, NBC often pre-recorded coverage of NASCAR races, with the edited broadcasts airing as part of the network's sports anthology series Sportsworld.
Original run (2001–2006)
Background
On November 11, 1999, NASCAR signed a five-year, US$2.48 billion contract which split the American television rights for NASCAR races between Fox, its cable partner FX, NBC and Turner Sports. The contract began in 2001 and went as follows.
Fox and FX would air races in the first half of the season, with their slate of events coming to an end with the Sonoma event most years.
NBC would partner with TBS, Turner's long time home for NASCAR, and cover the remainder of the season beginning with the July races.
As part of the contract, the Daytona 500 would be shared between Fox and NBC. Fox had the rights to the race, as well as the Budweiser Shootout, the Busch Series event, and all qualifying events including the qualifying races, in odd numbered years while NBC would air those events in even numbered years. The network that did not air the Daytona 500 would instead air the Pepsi 400.
As 2001 began, however, Turner Sports decided to make a change to its broadcast arrangement. At the time, Turner Broadcasting was in the midst of a format change for its cable channel TNT that was to make it a drama-centric network. To keep with the branding the network took on, "We Know Drama", Turner Sports decided to make TNT be NBC's cable partner and end the seventeen-year relationship TBS had with NASCAR.
The initial NBC/TNT broadcast team consisted of Allen Bestwick on play-by-play. Bestwick had been tabbed by NBC for its coverage of the first two Cup Series race weekends held at Homestead-Miami Speedway, and had been the lead broadcaster for TBS for the last two years. NBC signed Benny Parsons away from ESPN to serve as lead analyst, and later added former driver Wally Dallenbach Jr. after Dallenbach stepped away from full-time competition following the 2000 season. The lead pit road reporter was Bill Weber, formerly of ESPN. He was joined by fellow ESPN alumni Dave Burns and Matt Yocum, the latter of whom also signed on for Fox’s coverage, and CNNSI motorsports reporter Marty Snider.
In 2006, NBC moved the conclusion of Daytona 500 qualifying to FOX-owned SPEED at 3pm Eastern Time, with NBC graphics and commentary retained. The move was due to conflicts with the 2006 Olympic Winter Games. The postponed Budweiser Shootout was then seen on TNT. It would be the only time that NBC/TNT would carry it's NASCAR coverage on SPEED.
Regular segments
Some of the regular features of NBC's race coverage were:
The Aflac Trivia Question, which Benny Parsons always introduced by saying "cue the duck".
"Wally's World", where Wally Dallenbach would take a lap around the race track. In the earliest form, the segment was an analysis segment where Dallenbach told the viewers what the drivers could expect. Later, he would conduct an interview with a celebrity guest who took the ride with him.
“Dave Discovers”, in which pit reporter Dave Burns would provide some trivia related to the track, or take part in activities, such as bowling on the high banks of Bristol, or fishing out Wally’s driver signature from a pond at Darlington.
“Golden Benny Awards”, where Benny Parsons would hand out the “Golden Benny” to someone in the NASCAR community. The segment was retired after the Golden Benny was possessed by “a demon”, and it was destroyed with a hammer by crew chief Frank Stoddard.
During the broadcasts' opening sequence later in the run of the initial contract, a driver can be heard shouting over his radio, "Good job guys, good job." The audio for this clip was taken from Rusty Wallace after his win during the spring 2004 race at Martinsville Speedway.
Music
The Metallica song "Fuel" was used as the theme song for NBC and TNT's NASCAR broadcasts from mid-2001 to the 2003 season, and was also used for the 2004 Daytona 500 (which aired on NBC), with the song's instrumental backing used as background music and commercial bumpers. However, for part of the 2001 season, the opening scream used in the opening was removed because of its close association with terrorists in the wake of the September 11 attacks. The use of a heavy metal song was intended by producer Sam Flood to create a "rock-and-roll feel, musically, setting the tone for telecasts."
The pre-release version of the song entitled "Fuel For Fire" (with different lyrics) was released as part of the NASCAR Full Throttle CD.
NASCAR leaves NBC
In October 2005, NBC announced that it might not renew its contract end of the NASCAR contract after the 2006 season, largely because of its acquisition of the Sunday Night Football telecast from ESPN.
The restructured broadcast deal awarded Fox the rights to the Daytona 500 from 2007 until 2014. The contract also allowed ESPN and ABC to regain NASCAR rights, taking the second half of the season's races; meanwhile, TNT retained its broadcast rights and signed a contract to air six mid-season races. The ESPN family of networks became the exclusive home of the NASCAR Busch/Nationwide Series as part of the contract, replacing TNT, NBC, Fox and FX as broadcasters.
As the NFL and NASCAR contracts overlapped during the 2006 Chase for the Nextel Cup, some of NBC's post-race shows were moved to CNBC in order to allow the broadcast network's NFL pre-game show Football Night in America to start on time.
NASCAR returns to NBC
On July 23, 2013, NASCAR announced a nine-year contract with NBC Sports to broadcast the final 20 races of the NASCAR Cup Series season (from the Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Daytona International Speedway through the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead from 2015 to 2017; in 2018 and 2019, NBC's coverage started at Chicagoland and ended at Homestead and since 2020 starts in Chicagoland and ends at Phoenix), the final 19 races of the Xfinity Series season, along with coverage of select regional series events and the NASCAR Mexico Series, succeeding both former partners TNT and ESPN. The deal also awarded NBC Sports the rights to provide coverage on digital platforms, rights to Spanish-language coverage for Telemundo and mun2 (now Universo), broadcast rights to the NASCAR Hall of Fame induction ceremony and post-season awards banquets. The deal runs from 2015 to 2024, although the Mexico Series race at Phoenix International Raceway began in 2014.
The majority of NBC's NASCAR coverage under the new contract will air on NBCSN (which was swapped to the USA Network after the former network's closure), however seven (ten in 2023 and beyond) races will be broadcast by the NBC broadcast network; in 2015 and 2016, they were the Coke Zero Sugar 400, the Bojangles' Southern 500 at Darlington, the Chase races at Charlotte and Kansas, and the last three races (Texas, Phoenix and Homestead-Miami) consecutively.
NBC Sports took over the portion of the contract previously held by ESPN and Turner Sports. While financial details were not disclosed, NBC reportedly paid 50% more than the $2.7 billion paid by ESPN and Turner combined under the previous contract.
Former Turner Sports executive Jeff Behnke serves as vice president of NASCAR programming for NBC Sports.
NBC began to lead into its new contract in February 2014 with the premiere of a nightly news and analysis program, NASCAR America, on NBCSN, and a broadcast of the Toyota 120 from Phoenix International Raceway – the opening event of the 2014 season of the NASCAR Toyota Series, on mun2.
On February 3, 2015, NBC Sports announced an agreement to air 39 regional series races from the ARCA Menards Series East and West, Whelen Modified Tour and Whelen Southern Modified Tour on NBCSN.
The first U.S.-series race under the contract was The Hart to Heart Breast Cancer Foundation 150—the first race of the 2015 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East season—at New Smyrna Speedway, and was aired on February 19 on NBCSN.
During Summer Olympic years (three during the contract, in 2016, 2021, and 2024), NBC will assign different NBCUniversal channels to air races as a result of scheduling conflicts. For 2016, CNBC (used for English Premier League, IndyCar, and Formula One for NBCSN conflicts) carried Sprint Cup and Xfinity qualifying along with one Xfinity race, and USA Network (which will also be used for Premier League conflicts) carried two Xfinity and one Sprint Cup race. In 2021, the Cup Series schedule took two weeks off from competition to minimize any conflict with the Olympics; the Watkins Glen race ran on the day of the Games' closing ceremony. The one Xfinity Series race that occurred during the Games (at Watkins Glen) aired on CNBC, in 2024 the cup series will once again take two weeks off to minimize conflict with the games and air a race on the closing ceremony of the games, however the Xfinity series will also do the same for three weeks, with no races of any NASCAR series airing during the Olympics, If a NASCAR race is postponed to Monday and it conflicts with an English Premier League match, the race will move to USA (CNBC is also unavailable on weekdays due to its stock market coverage), though this has not happened yet as of the end of the 2020 season.
COVID-19 pandemic impact and NBCSN's closure
In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the NBC team initially broadcast all races from the broadcast booth at Charlotte Motor Speedway with only 2-3 pit reporters onsite. Although NBC has a small studio in Charlotte for NASCAR America segments, the studio was deemed too small to be able to do race broadcasts and maintain social distancing. For the Indianapolis race weekend, Mike Tirico hosted from the track; Tirico lives close enough to Indianapolis he was able to drive to the track to host. For the final 5 races of the season (starting with the Charlotte Roval Race) the NBC on-air team resumed travel to race sites.
NASCAR America stopped airing when the pandemic began and has not yet returned to air. NBC has cited other conflicting live events as the reason the program has not returned to air; NBCSN aired the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs throughout the show's timeslot in July and August. The show now airs only as a pre-race & post-race show with some airings on Peacock.
On January 22, 2021, an internal memo sent by NBC Sports president Pete Bevacqua announced that NBCSN would cease operations by the end of the year, and that USA Network would begin "carrying and/or simulcasting certain NBC Sports programming," including the Stanley Cup playoffs and NASCAR races, before NBCSN's shutdown. Peacock, NBCUniversal's new streaming service, will also carry some of the network's former programming starting in 2022. The move was cited by industry analysts as a response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sports and television industries, the acceleration of cord-cutting, as well as formidable competition from rival sports networks such as ESPN and Fox Sports 1.
Commentators
On December 3, 2013, Jeff Burton was confirmed as the first member of the broadcast team and is one of the color commentators.
On December 4, 2013, Rick Allen, who previously worked at Fox Sports as an announcer for its NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series coverage as well as for several Xfinity Series races, signed a multi-year contract to serve as the lead announcer for NBC's race broadcasts, a position he continues to hold.
On January 9, 2014, it was confirmed that Steve Letarte would leave his role as Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s crew chief at Hendrick Motorsports and join NBC Sports as a color analyst. Behnke explained that the on-air makeup of NBC Sports' broadcasts would have "a relevancy that hasn't been seen in a long, long time", citing the recent involvements of both Burton and Letarte in NASCAR prior to their move to broadcasting.
On June 1, 2015, Brian Vickers announced via Twitter that he would be joining the telecasts of the New Hampshire and Michigan races.
Leigh Diffey, lead announcer for NBC's IndyCar coverage, announced via Twitter he would be commentating at some Xfinity races for NBC. Additionally, Diffey would be lead announcer for the Cup races at Watkins Glen & Michigan in 2017.
The pit reporters for 2018 consisted of Dave Burns, Marty Snider, Kelli Stavast, Parker Kligerman (who replaced Mike Massaro following the 2016 season), and Ralph Sheheen, Burns and Snider were with NBC's original NASCAR pit crew, while Massaro joins from ESPN's NASCAR team and Stavast from the network's sports car coverage. The pre-race show was hosted by former Fox reporter Krista Voda along with former ESPN analyst Dale Jarrett, former TNT analyst Kyle Petty, and Top Gear host Rutledge Wood.
On April 15, 2015, it was announced that Ralph Sheheen and Ray Evernham would be part of the booth of the NBCSN telecasts of the Whelen Modified Tour and Whelen Southern Modified Tour.
On September 1, 2015, it was announced that Ken Squier and Ned Jarrett would commentate a portion of the 2015 Bojangles' Southern 500 along with current NASCAR on NBC commentator Dale Jarrett. Squier was also in the broadcast booth for Sprint Cup Series final practice. This has become a standard tradition at the Southern 500, due to NASCAR designating the race as a throwback weekend where teams bring retro paint schemes to the track.
On September 11, 2015, it was announced that Carl Edwards would be in the NBCSN broadcast booth as a guest analyst for the Xfinity race at Richmond alongside Dale Jarrett and Diffey. Jamie McMurray was a guest analyst for the NXS race at Chicagoland.
On July 24, 2017, it was announced that Dale Earnhardt Jr. would join the NASCAR on NBC broadcasting team for the 2018 season, incidentally reuniting with his former crew chief Letarte.
In November 2017, it was announced that Bob Costas would co-anchor NBC's pre-race coverage leading into the NASCAR Cup Series finale from Homestead. alongside Krista Voda, Similarly, in the 2018 Cup race at Daytona, NBC's Mike Tirico appeared on the pre-race show.
In July 2019, it was announced that Danielle Trotta will join NBC Sports’ NASCAR coverage as host of the “Victory Lap” post-race show for select Cup Series races this year.
On July 28, 2020, it was announced that Brad Daugherty would be an analyst for NASCAR on NBC from the first Michigan International Speedway race onwards. At the conclusion of the 2020 season, Krista Voda revealed on social media she would not be returning to NBC. Voda stated NBC had elected to eliminate her position from race broadcasts.
Music and graphics
While Fox Sports innovated the practice of using the team's number fonts (such as the Petty #43 or Jeff Gordon's #24) in their on-screen graphics, NBC took the next step by using these fonts in the running order graphic at the top of the screen, starting with the 2001 Pepsi 400. This was only used for Winston Cup broadcasts on NBC, while TNT races and all Busch Series races (regardless of network) used a generic font with a blue background. This practice was dropped after the inaugural race at Kansas, and starting at Charlotte all Winston Cup broadcasts used a generic font in the running order with a limited number of background colors to roughly correspond with the car. The accurate colors and fonts returned when NBC's coverage resumed in 2015, and by then this had become common practice for most TV networks for major auto racing series.
In 2018, a new secondary leaderboard graphic was introduced and is displayed vertically on the left side of the screen, essentially the same thing as the graphic introduced in Fox’s coverage earlier that year. However, unlike with Fox, NBC only used this leaderboard during portions of the race depending on the camera angles and picture or if they wanted to show more of the field on the leaderboard (up to 20 cars) at a time (with the leaderboard on the top of the screen, NBC only shows four cars at a time), whereas Fox used it for the entire race regardless of camera angles and picture.
From 2015–17, the intro for the revived run of NASCAR on NBC was "Bringing Back the Sunshine" performed by country music artist Blake Shelton, who is also one of the coaches on NBC's own prime time hit show, The Voice. NBC introduced a new opening for their coverage starting in 2018, using a cover version of the Tom Petty song "Runnin' Down a Dream", done by ZZ Ward. No theme was used in 2020; the theme was accompanied by a video featuring fans, NBC executives cited that airing the theme when there were no fans in attendance at races would be inappropriate. In 2021, singer Marcus King used his song "The Well" for the new opening theme song. In 2023, "Woohoo" By Jordan Baum Is the intro
NBC's peacock logo bug turns green, yellow, red, or white when the respective racing flag is deployed, but only if a race airs on NBC or CNBC. This feature is unavailable during USA Network races (due to the way USA network's logo is made).
On-air staff
Broadcast booth
Lap-by-lap announcers
Rick Allen – 2015–present (NASCAR Cup Series/Xfinity Series)
Dave Burns (fill in) – 2016–present (select NASCAR Cup Series/Xfinity Series)
Leigh Diffey (fill in) – 2015–2017 (select NASCAR Cup Series/Xfinity Series)
Charlie Krall – 2020–present (ARCA Menards Series East/ARCA Menards Series West)
Mike Bagley – 2017–2019, 2021–present (only for radio-style broadcasts at the road course races)
Color commentators
Jeff Burton – 2015–present
Steve Letarte – 2015–present
Dale Earnhardt Jr. – 2018–present
Dale Jarrett (Fill in) – 2015–present (select Xfinity Series races)
Kyle Petty – 2015–present (select Xfinity Series races, practice/qualifying sessions)
Parker Kligerman – 2015–present (select ARCA Menards Series East and ARCA Menards Series West races)
James Hinchcliffe – (2015, 2022–present) (select Xfinity Series races)
Pre-race and post-race shows
Kyle Petty – rotating analyst (2015–present)
Dale Jarrett – rotating analyst (2015–present)
Brad Daugherty – rotating analyst (2020–present)
Rutledge Wood – roving/specialty reporter (2015–2022)
Rick Allen – pre and post-race show host for ARCA Menards Series East/West only (2020–present)
Marty Snider – pre and post-race show host (2021–present)
Pit reporters
Marty Snider (1999–2006, 2015–present)
Dave Burns (2000–2006, 2015–present; also fill-in lap-by-lap announcer)
Parker Kligerman (2015–present)
Dillon Welch (fill-in, select Cup/Xfinity Series races) (2018–present)
Kim Coon (fill-in, select Cup/Xfinity Series races) (2022–present)
Kevin Lee – fill-in pit reporter for standalone Xfinity Series races (2018–present)
Matt Yocum – fill-in pit reporter for standalone Xfinity Series races (2023-present)
Former
Allen Bestwick – lap-by-lap announcer/pit reporter (1999–2006)
Ato Boldon – roving reporter (2017)
Ricky Carmichael – guest color commentator at Darlington only (2021)
Landon Cassill – fill-in pit reporter, Xfinity Series standalone races (2018)
Jac Collinsworth – pre-race show host/roving reporter (2021)
Bob Costas – guest host for pre-race show at Cup race at Homestead only (2017)
Lindsay Czarniak – pit reporter (2005–2006)
Wally Dallenbach Jr. – color analyst (2001–2006)
Carl Edwards – guest color commentator at Richmond only (2015)
Brendan Gaughan – fill-in pit reporter, Xfinity Series standalone races (2018)
Joe Gibbs – color commentator (1999)
Alex Hayden – fill-in pit reporter, Xfinity Series standalone races (2015–2016)
Jesse Iwuji – pit reporter for Cup and Xfinity Series at Daytona in July only (2019) and select Xfinity Series races (2020)
Ned Jarrett – guest color commentator at Darlington only (2015–2017)
Carolyn Manno – NASCAR Victory Lap host (2015–2018)
Mike Massaro – pit reporter (1999-2000; 2015–2016)
Jamie McMurray – guest color commentator at Chicagoland only (2015)
Jim Noble – fill-in pit reporter, Xfinity Series standalone races (2015–2016)
Benny Parsons – color commentator (2000–2006)
Dorsey Schroeder – pit reporter (1999)
Ken Squier – guest lap-by-lap announcer at Darlington only (2015–2017)
Kelli Stavast – pit reporter (2015–2021)
Mike Tirico – guest host for pre-race show at Cup race at Daytona in July only (2018), Indianapolis in July only (2020)
Danielle Trotta - NASCAR Victory Lap host (2019)
Krista Voda – pre and post-race show host (2015–2020)
Mike Wallace – color commentator (1999)
Bill Weber – host/pit reporter/lap-by-lap announcer (2001–2006)
Brian Williams – host (1999)
References
External links
NBC Sports
NBC
NBCSN shows
CNBC original programming
USA Network original programming
1979 American television series debuts
1981 American television series endings
1983 American television series debuts
1985 American television series endings
1999 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2015 American television series debuts
1970s American television series
1990s American television series
2010s American television series
2020s American television series
Sportsworld (American TV series)
American television series revived after cancellation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR%20on%20NBC |
Daniel Paul Schrag (born January 25, 1966) is the Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology, Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering at Harvard University and Director of the Harvard University Center for the Environment. He also co-directs the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard University Harvard Kennedy School. He is also an external professor at the Santa Fe Institute.
He has also worked on a variety of clean energy projects incorporating carbon capture and storage to reduce emissions from power plants, fuel refineries and fertilizer plants. With John Marshall, he co-founded The Potential Energy Coalition, an environmental NGO aimed at deploying more effective communication strategies around climate change. With Eric Love, he co-founded The Carbon Endowment, an environmental NGO aimed at acquiring underground coal reserves and conserving them in perpetuity. He has served on the advisory boards of a variety of clean energy companies including Kobold Metals, a company trying to accelerate the discovery of critical metals for lithium ion batteries.
In 2023, an investigative report in the Harvard Crimson revealed that Schrag has faced allegations of bullying and creation of toxic workplace environments going back several decades, although the report only cited specific comments from the past three years. Twelve former students who worked with Schrag wrote a letter to the Crimson, following the initial publication, stating that their experiences with Schrag were extremely positive and contradicted the findings of these reporters. Moreover, they stated that "Many of us felt, when we were contacted by The Crimson, that the reporters were searching [not for truth but rather] for dirt".
Early life and education
Schrag received his B.S. in geology & geophysics and political science from Yale University in 1988. He received his Ph.D. in geology from University of California, Berkeley in 1993 under the supervision of Donald J. DePaolo, co-advised by Frank Richter from the University of Chicago.
Career
Much of his early research focused on reconstructing past climate change, including work on a deep sea sediments from the Cretaceous and early Cenozoic; theories for Pleistocene ice-age cycles, including a new way of reconstructing deep ocean temperature and salinity using pore fluids; and reconstructing tropical climate variability from geochemical variations in corals and trees. His work on radiocarbon in corals with Tom Guilderson led to an interest in the oceanography of the tropical Pacific, including recent work on possible mechanisms for decadal variability. He has also worked on more ancient times in Earth history, collaborating with his colleague Paul F. Hoffman on developing and extending the Snowball Earth hypothesis, as well as work on developing a mechanistic understanding for how atmospheric oxygen has evolved through Earth history. His interest in modern and future climate change led to a focus on technological approaches to mitigating future climate change, including work on carbon capture and storage (CCS), low-carbon options for transportation fuels, and a wide variety of other issues in energy technology and policy including direct air capture of carbon dioxide.
Current
Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology, Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering, Harvard University
Co-Director, Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, Harvard Kennedy School
Director, Harvard University Center for the Environment
External Faculty and Co-Chair of Science Board, Santa Fe Institute
Board Chair and co-founder, The Carbon Endowment
Board member and co-founder, Potential Energy Coalition
Past
2014-2021 Area Chair for Environmental Science and Engineering, Harvard University
2009-2017 President Obama's Council of Advisors for Science and Technology (PCAST)
2011-2018 Chair, Environmental Advisory Board, JPB Foundation
2002-2005 Board of Reviewing Editors, Science
1997-2000 Associate Professor, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University
1995-2014 Senior Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
1994-1997 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geosciences, Princeton University
1993 Visiting Researcher, Indiana University
1988 Geologist, Newmont Mining
Memberships
American Geophysical Union
Geochemical Society
American Meteorological Society
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Awards and honors
Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2019)
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2012)
James B. Macelwane Medal, American Geophysical Union (2001)
MacArthur Fellow (2000)
Technology Review TR100 – 100 young innovators for the next century (1999)
Ocean Drilling Program Fellowship, Berkeley (1992)
Samuel Lewis Penfield Prize in Mineralogy, Yale (1988)
Katherine K. Walker Prize in Political Science, Yale (1988)
Frank M. Patterson Prize in Political Science, Yale (1987)
Westinghouse Science Talent Search Finalist (1984)
References
External links
Daniel Schrag - Harvard University
Snowball Earth Theory
“IDEAS Boston; WGBH Forum Network; Daniel Schrag: Geoengineering,” 2008-10-30, WGBH, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC.
American geologists
Harvard University faculty
Yale University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
MacArthur Fellows
Living people
1966 births
Santa Fe Institute people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20P.%20Schrag |
may refer to:
Ishibashi (surname)
Ishibashi, Tochigi, a town located in Shimotsuga District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan
Ishibashi handai-mae Station, formerly Ishibashi Station, a train station located in Ikeda, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Ishibashi Park is a park in Hama-machi, Kagoshima, Japan
Ishibashi Station (Tochigi), a train station located in Ishibashi, Tochigi, Japan
Minakuchi Ishibashi Station, a passenger railway station in located in the Japanese city of Kōka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishibashi |
Summary
Friendship House was a Catholic apostolate serving the poor, founded in Toronto in 1934 by Russian-born Catholic lay leader Catherine de Hueck. After its closure in 1936, de Hueck moved to Harlem, where others again joined her—living among the black community, responding to the needs they encountered, and challenging the racial discrimination of the times. The movement spread to Chicago and other American cities. In 1947 Catherine de Hueck withdrew from active participation. In the 60s and 70s, the focus gradually shifted from social work to interracial justice and social action. Friendship House in Harlem closed in 1960 and the Chicago branch, in 2000.
Beginnings
The Friendship House movement was rooted in the spiritual call of its foundress. Born in 1896 to a wealthy Russian family, Catherine de Hueck Doherty underwent the horrors of World War I, the Russian Revolution and Civil War. She and her first husband, Boris de Hueck, came to Canada in 1921, where she experienced grinding poverty. Raised in the Russian Orthodox Church, she had become a Catholic in 1919.
In the early 1930s, de Hueck began to experience a call from God to abandon her newly acquired security and to go live among the poor, sharing their lives, and responding to the needs that presented themselves. There was no model for this in the Catholic Church of the time, but Archbishop Neil McNeil of Toronto believed in her. He asked her to wait a year and then gave her his blessing.
Catherine had conceived her call as a solitary vocation, but when others, attracted by her Christian vision, asked to join her, the archbishop confirmed that this was God's will.
Friendship House Toronto
On September 14, 1934, Friendship House opened its doors in Toronto. The Great Depression was in full swing; the needs were great and were being exploited by Communist activists. Catherine and her associates begged food and clothing. They organized activities for the children and youth, opened a Catholic lending library, offered English classes for immigrants, and meals for the homeless. In answer to the Communist propaganda, she organized study clubs where the social encyclicals of the popes were discussed. Above all, they offered friendship.
In 1936 a Friendship House was opened in Ottawa and shortly after in Hamilton. But Archbishop McNeil had died prior to the Friendship House opening, and his successor, Cardinal James McGuigan, was not supportive. Clashes with local clergy and laity—partly in reaction to Catherine's advocacy of the poor, partly sparked by her inexperience and personality—as well as rumors and outright calumny, led to the closure of Friendship House in 1936.
Friendship House Harlem
At the suggestion of well-known social activist and editor John La Farge, SJ and of Fr. Paul Francis Watson of Graymoor, in Garrison, New York, Fr. Michael Mulvoy, CSSP, pastor of St. Mark the Evangelist parish in New York's Harlem, invited Catherine to work in his parish. Arriving in February 1938, and with the backing of Cardinal Patrick Hayes, Catherine founded an interracial ministry that would spread to other American cities and become well known in the American Catholic Church.
Friendship House ran an employment center, credit union, and co-op. There was also the Martin de Porres Library, Cub Scout and CYO groups. The young people who joined lived in community among those whom they served and maintained a way of life based on prayer and the sacraments. Motivated by the gospel, they sought to serve Christ in “the least of [his] brothers.”
Through her work, lectures, and writing, Catherine became one of the leading proponents of interracial justice in the pre-civil rights era, challenging Catholic leaders and laity alike to abandon the sin of racial discrimination.
Friendship House Chicago
In 1942 at the request of Auxiliary Bishop Bernard J. Sheil, Friendship House opened a branch in Chicago, headed by Ann Harrigan and Ellen Tarry. However, dissentions caused by personal rifts and differences in vision increased, and these were heightened by Catherine's 1947 marriage to newspaper reporter Eddie Doherty. The situation eventually led to her resignation as Director General and withdrawal to Canada. There another apostolate, Madonna House, would develop and thrive.
Later History
Friendship House continued to grow in the United States until the late 1950s, with new foundations in Washington, D.C. (1948), Portland, Oregon (1951), Shreveport, Louisiana (1953) and others. In the 1950s the Friendship Houses in Portland and in Washington, D.C. changed their affiliation to Madonna House.
As the social climate in the U.S. evolved, Friendship House's work shifted from social welfare to interracial justice and social action, from ‘direct assistance to… working for institutional change,” from “Friendship House as a way of life to the common vocation of all Christians to humanize the social order.” From a faith-based community living in voluntary poverty, it became an organization focused on interracial justice with a hired staff receiving a small salary.
Catherine de Hueck Doherty resigned from the council and executive board in October 1956, severing her association with the American branch. By 1960, Friendship House had become a national movement for interracial justice with headquarters in Chicago. The Harlem house closed that year due to long-standing problems with financial support and management. Declining participation and lack of funds finally led to the closure of Friendship House in Chicago in 2000.
Others similarly named
Catherine de Hueck's Friendship House Apostolate should not be confused with the separate Friendship House Association, which was founded in 1904, and operated a settlement house and community center in Washington D.C. until 2008; nor with the Peoria Friendship House of Christian Service in Peoria, Illinois, also an unrelated entity. to the Friendship House movement founded by Catherine de Hueck Doherty, continues "to serve the poor, homeless, unemployed, The name Friendship House has been adopted by a variety of social service organization providing services as varied as assistance to mothers, the homeless, and American-Indians constituencies.
See also
Kurt Adler, musical director, Friendship House, New York City, 1939–41
Madonna House Apostolate
Catholic Worker Movement
Ellen Tarry
Friendship House (Washington, D.C.)
References
External links
Friendship House, Chicago IL
Schorsch, Albert, III. "Uncommon Women and Others: Memoirs and Lessons from Radical Catholics at Friendship House". U.S. Catholic Historian, Fall 1990 — 9(4):371-386.
Catholic lay organisations
History of African-American civil rights
History of civil rights in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship%20House |
is a Japanese snack food made by Meiji Seika since 1979. It comes in a package with two compartments. One side has biscuit sticks (which can be sometimes called cracker sticks), the other side has chocolate, strawberry, vanilla, or yogurt flavored frosting used for dipping. The sticks themselves may also be flavored. Some Yan Yan products are sold in rectangular containers with 9 sticks and dip. There is also a new version which includes two flavored dips.
In 1982, British company KP Snacks began licensing Yan Yan for UK markets releasing it under the name Choc Dips.
The sticks
The sticks were once plain, but recently Meiji has placed pictures of various animals on them with quotes relating to that animal. The quotes are in English, but often appear unorthodox to native English speakers. Examples of these animal quotes include:
Balloon: Goes Pop
Bat: Only In The Night / Flying Mammal
Beetle: Thick Shiny Shell / Lucky Color: Brown
Butterfly: Flower to Flower
Cat: Has Nine Lives / Say Meow
Chick: Eager to Hatch / Lucky Color: Yellow
Chicken: Kokekokko / Cluck Cluck
Cow: Moooooo
Duck: Go For A Swim / Quack, Quack
Elephant: Jumbo / Longest Nose
Fox: Beware Of Lies / Cunning And Sly
Frog: Amphibian / Ribbit
Giraffe: Tallest Mammal / Longest Neck
Goat: You Are Lucky Today / Don't Feed Paper
Grown Baby: Cradle Them All
Horse: Gallop Away / My "Neigh"bor
Kettle: Goes Ssss
Lion: Roar
Mole: In A Hole / Born to Dig
Mouse: Eats Cheese / Do Not Be Timid
Octopus: Eight Arms / Lucky Number: 8
Owl: Active At Night / Night Predator
Panda: Go for More / Loves Bamboo
Rabbit: Eat More Carrots
Rhinoceros: Think Big / Nose Horn
Seal: Loves To Sun Tan / Barks Underwater
Sheep: Wool Sweaters
Snail: Snail Mail? / Slow Mail
Squid: Black Ink
Squirrel: Your Best Friend / Nut Burrower
Stag Beetle: Love It / Powerful Jaw
Starfish: Star in the Sea / Star+Fish / Sea Star
Whale: Biggesy Mammal (Typo: Should be "Biggest Mammal") / Largest Mammal
Zebra: Herbivore / Fancy Stripes
Some of the animal-related quotes relate not to facts about the animals, but instead to the noise the animal makes, which is printed in a Japanese-influenced English dialect. For example:
Chicken: Kokekokko
Cow: Muuuuu
There are also two "golden" non-animal quotes: Golden Egg and Golden Log.
Flavors
Yan Yan comes in a variety of flavors. This includes vanilla sticks with chocolate, strawberry, mango, vanilla cream, and the newest, hazelnut, or chocolate sticks with vanilla cream.
Relation to other snacks
Pocky is a similar Japanese snack which includes thinner sticks pre-dipped in cream. The cream comes in a much wider variety of flavors such as green tea cream or honey-flavored cream. Yan Yan is dipped by the consumer themselves, and comes in a more limited assortment of flavors. Meiji also produces another snack called Hello Panda. It is a panda-shaped biscuit with either chocolate, strawberry, vanilla, or matcha (green tea) flavored fillings. Yan Yan is also similar to the American snack Dunk-a-roos.
Nutella has a similar snack called "Nutella & Go" that includes breadsticks or pretzels for dipping into their signature hazelnut spread. It has similar packaging to Yan Yan, but Yan Yan is significantly taller while Nutella & Go is wider.
References
External links
Products introduced in 1979
Japanese brand foods
Snack foods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Yan%20%28snack%29 |
Sir Robert Francis Cooper (born 28 August 1947) is a British diplomat and adviser who served as a Special Adviser at the European Commission for Myanmar between 2013 and 2014. He was also a member of the European Council on Foreign Relations and is an acclaimed writer on international relations.
Career
He was born on 28 August 1947, in Brentwood, Essex, the son of Norman and Frances Cooper, and educated at the Delamere School for Boys, Nairobi, Kenya, and Worcester College, Oxford. He won a Thouron Award, and spent the academic year 1969–70 at the University of Pennsylvania, joining the Diplomatic Service of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1970.
As a diplomat, he has worked at various British embassies abroad, notably those in Tokyo and Bonn. At the Foreign Office, he was Head of the Policy Planning Staff from 1989 to 1993. He has also been seconded to the Bank of England and spent a period in the Cabinet Office as Deputy Secretary for Defence and Overseas Affairs. He was the UK's Special Representative in Afghanistan until mid-2002.
In 2002, he began to work for the European Union (EU). He assumed the role of Director-General for External and Politico-Military Affairs at the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. In that role, he was responsible to Javier Solana, the former High Representative of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, and has assisted with the implementation of European strategic, security and defence policy. Since 2007 he has also been a member of the European Council on Foreign Relations.
After the Treaty of Lisbon's shake-up of EU foreign policy structures, and Solana's replacement by Catherine Ashton, Cooper sat on the steering committee which drew up the proposals for the new European External Action Service (EEAS). After the EEAS, the EU's foreign service, was formally established in December 2010 Cooper was made an EEAS "Counsellor". Subsequently he was released from the EEAS, but appointed as a Special Adviser to the Vice-President of the European Commission Catherine Ashton, primarily with regard to Myanmar, from April 2013 to March 2014.
Personal life
His longtime partner is Dame Mitsuko Uchida, the internationally acclaimed concert pianist.
Controversy
In March 2011, Cooper apparently came under fire for his support of Bahraini government crackdowns against protesters, waving off suggestions of police violence and saying "accidents happen." His comments came a week after a video surfaced showing a Bahraini police convoy performing drive-by shootings against unarmed protesters.
Honours and distinctions
Following the state visit to Japan by Queen Elizabeth II, he was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order. He was subsequently appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG).
In 2004, Cooper was awarded the Orwell Prize for The Breaking of Nations.
In November 2005, he was listed among the top 100 in Prospect magazine's Global Intellectuals Poll.
On 14 November 2012, he was listed by EurActiv, the European media network, as the 28th out of 40 "most influential Britons on EU policy".
Cooper was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to international peace and security.
Doctrine
Cooper is best known for his exposition of the doctrine of "new liberal imperialism", as expressed in his The Post-Modern State (2002). This contains such ideas as the designation of countries as "Failed states", "Modern states" and "Postmodern states", and statements such as "The challenge to the postmodern world is to get used to the idea of double standards". His world-view is said to have been influential in the political thinking of Tony Blair as well as the development of European Security and Defence Policy.
Publications
His publications, apart from a number of articles in Prospect and elsewhere, include:
The Post-Modern State, in Mark Leonard (ed.) Re-Ordering the World: The long-term implications of 11 September (Foreign Policy Centre: London, 2002) Observer Special Report Full text (pdf)
The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century (Atlantic Press, 2003), .
The Ambassadors: Thinking about Diplomacy from Machiavelli to Modern Times (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2021), .
References
External links
2003 interview in the Daily Telegraph
Robert Cooper, working hard for the EU, 2005 interview with Cafe Babel
The new liberal imperialism, Robert Cooper in the Guardian
Imperial Liberalism by Robert Cooper
Robert Cooper on the assets and shortfalls of EU crisis response capacity and the need for a unified political strategy
Saudi News Today Bahrain's Interior Minister Meets Robert Cooper, 20 March 2011.
euobserver, Robert Cooper defends Bahrain Crackdown
Guardian, Robert Cooper in the Guardian "Accidents happen"
1947 births
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Living people
People from Brentwood, Essex
20th-century British diplomats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Cooper%20%28diplomat%29 |
The USSTRATCOM Center for Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction (SCC-WMD) is a United States Strategic Command center built in cooperation with the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).
The SCC-WMD is housed in the Defense Threat Reduction Center (DTRC), the headquarters building of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) that opened January 26, 2006, just outside Washington, D.C.
History and background
At the opening of the new DTRC on January 26, 2006, Dr. James A. Tegnelia, DTRA director, also announced the Initial Operating Capability (IOC) of the SCC-WMD. Guests at the ceremony included: Sen. Richard Lugar, R-Ind.; Hon. Kenneth J. Kreig, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics; Gen. James E. Cartwright, USMC, Combatant Commander, U.S. Strategic Command; Dale E. Klein, assistant to the secretary of defense for nuclear and chemical and biological defense programs; Stephen Younger, former director of DTRA; and Maj. Gen. Trudy H. Clark, USAF, DTRA deputy director.
Senator Lugar, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, was the keynote speaker for the ceremony.
Resources
The components of USSTRATCOM.
DTRA News Release 26 Jan 06
See also
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
United States Strategic Command
National Counterproliferation Center
United States Department of Defense agencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSTRATCOM%20Center%20for%20Combating%20Weapons%20of%20Mass%20Destruction |
Anura Tennekoon (born 29 October 1946) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer and captain of the Sri Lanka national cricket team. He was educated at the S. Thomas' College in Mount Lavinia.
After captaining the school team and being selected as best schoolboy batsman of the year, Tennekoon went on to play first-class cricket for the Ceylon team (later Sri Lanka). He was regarded as an accomplished batsman. He made his ODI debut in 1975 against West Indies, leading Sri Lanka in the first Cricket World Cup of 1975. went on to lead them in the 1979 World Cup as well, although his participation was impeded by an injury during the tournament.
He was the chief executive of Sri Lanka Cricket from 2000 to 2003, and is now a selector for the national team. In September 2018, he was one of 49 former Sri Lankan cricketers felicitated by Sri Lanka Cricket, to honour them for their services before Sri Lanka became a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).
Personal life and early career
Anura Punchi Banda Tennekoon was born in Anuradhapura to a Family from Nikaweratiya. At the age of six, he moved to Colombo, and was admitted to S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia. Staying at the school hostel, Tennekoon was soon accustomed with cricket, and became part of the school cricket team. He eventually went on to captain the Thomian cricket team, and was chosen as Sri Lanka's best schoolboy batsman in 1964. He had had the best batting average of 56.84 in the previous season, having scored a total of 513 runs.
He played his first first-class match for Ceylon against an English side in 1966, and was later picked up by the Sinhalese Sports Club (SSC). Tennekoon also played for the Ceylon Board President's XI in Gopalan Trophy matches. He was selected to tour England with the Ceylon team in 1968, but the tour was cancelled just before it was due to begin.
He made his career's highest score in a first class match against India in 1974, hitting an unbeaten 169. This is regarded as one of the best centuries scored by a Sri Lankan batsman before the country gained Test status.
International career
Tennekoon was the ninth ODI cap for Sri Lanka, and played four One Day International (ODI) matches, leading the Sri Lankan side in all of them. Tennekoon captained the Sri Lankan cricket team at the inaugural Cricket World Cup of 1975, during which he played his first three ODIs. The first match was played against the West Indies on 7 June 1975, ended in defeat for Sri Lanka who managed to score only 86 runs. Tennekoon too was unsuccessful in this match, having been caught by David Murray off the bowling of Bernard Julien without scoring. The Sri Lankan team played their second match of the tournament against Australia on 11 June 1975. They lost the match, but Tennekoon was more successful this time – he scored 48 runs off 71 deliveries, before being bowled out by Ian Chappell just two runs short of his half century. According to the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, Tennekoon and teammate Michael Tissera batted without being intimidated by the Australian fast bowling attack despite two of their teammates having to retire after being injured. Sri Lanka's third and last match in the tournament was against Pakistan on 14 June 1975. Tennekoon made 30 runs for his team, but Pakistan easily defeated Sri Lanka.
Tennekoon's fourth and final ODI was against New Zealand on 9 June 1979, as part of the 1979 Cricket World Cup. He made the highest score and only half-century of his ODI career during this match, making 59 runs off 96 deliveries before being bowled out by Warren Stott. Later, he damaged a hamstring during practices and could not play for the rest of the tournament. He was replaced as captain by Bandula Warnapura. Sri Lanka received full member status of the International Cricket Council in 1982, two years after Tennekoon's retirement. The achievements of Sri Lankan players like Tennekoon may have contributed to this.
Cricket administration
After his retirement from the game, Tennekoon has functioned as the manager of the Sri Lanka A cricket team. He was appointed chief executive officer of Sri Lanka Cricket, the governing body for cricket in Sri Lanka, in December 2000. He held the position until late 2003, when he resigned due to personal reasons. In 2009, Tennekoon was appointed to the selection committee for the national cricket team.
See also
List of St. Thomas' College alumni
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan cricket captains
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup
All-Ceylon cricketers
People from Anuradhapura | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura%20Tennekoon |
Estádio Municipal Alberto Oliveira, usually known as Estádio Joia da Princesa, is a multi-use stadium in Feira de Santana, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 16,274. It was built in 1953.Bahia de Feira, Feirense and Fluminense de Feira play their home games at the stadium. Palmeiras Nordeste also played at the stadium
Estádio Joia da Princesa is owned by the Feira de Santana Town Hall. The stadium's formal name honors Alberto Oliveira, who was a Feira de Santana's alderman (vereador, in Portuguese language) and was a president of Fluminense de Feira.
History
In 1953, the works on Estádio Joia da Princesa were completed. The inaugural match was played on April 23 of that year, when Bahia de Feira beat Galícia Esporte Clube 2-0. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Bahia de Feira's Mário Porto.
The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 20,254, set on August 22, 1985 when Fluminense de Feira beat Vasco da Gama 1-0.
References
Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.
External links
Templos do Futebol
Joia da Princesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio%20Joia%20da%20Princesa |
Estádio Fredis Saldívar, commonly known as Douradão, is a multi-use stadium in Dourados, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 30,000. It was built in 1986.
Douradão is owned by the Mato Grosso do Sul state government and by the Dourados City Hall. The stadium is named after Fredis Saldívar, who donated the groundplot where the stadium was built.
History
In 1986, the works on Douradão were completed. The inaugural match was played on April 12 of that year, when Ubiratan beat Mixto 4–2. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Ubiratan's Ademir Patrício.
The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 18,780, set on July 17, 1988 when Ubiratan and Operário de Dourados drew 1-1.
References
Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.
External links
Templos do Futebol
Football venues in Mato Grosso do Sul
Sports venues in Mato Grosso do Sul | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dourad%C3%A3o |
Abd Allah ibn Rawahah ibn Tha'laba (), was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who was martyred in the Battle of Mu'tah.
Biography
Ibn Rawaha was from the Arabian tribe of Banu Khazraj. At a time when writing was not a common skill, he was a scribe and a poet.
He was one of the twelve representatives of the Ansar who took an oath of allegiance before the Hijrah, and later spread Islam to Medina. Also he was among the 73 that pledged allegiance to Muhammad in Medina.
He is said to have been alert to the supposed plots of Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy.
Military expeditions and death
Abdullah ibn Rawaha was third in command during the Battle of Mu'tah and was subsequently martyred during the battle. He also led his own expedition known as the Expedition of Abdullah ibn Rawaha, where he was sent to assassinate Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam.
See also
Sunni view of the Sahaba
References
Companions of the Prophet
Year of birth unknown
629 deaths
Medieval Arabs killed in battle
Khazrajite people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%20Allah%20ibn%20Rawahah |
Wickford Junction station is a commuter rail station located in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, United States. It is the southern terminus of the MBTA Commuter Rail Providence/Stoughton Line and serves as a park and ride location for commuters to Providence and Boston. The station consists of a single high-level side platform on a stub-end siding next to the Northeast Corridor mainline.
The first station at the site opened in 1844. In 1870, the Newport and Wickford Railroad and Steamboat Company was opened from the station to Wickford Landing, where it connected with steamships to Newport, Rhode Island. The station was rebuilt in 1871, expanded in 1887, and rebuilt again around 1890 after a fire. Branch service ended in 1925, but the station remained open until 1981. A new station and parking garage opened on the same site on April 23, 2012, as part of the South County Commuter Rail project, which also included the new T. F. Green Airport station.
History
Former station
In 1844, seven years after the Rhode Island section of the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad opened, a small station was placed at Wickford. The Newport and Wickford Railroad and Steamboat Company opened in 1870 as a branch from the mainline to Wickford Landing, where wealthy riders would board steamships to the resorts and summer homes of Newport, Rhode Island. A new station named Wickford Junction was built in 1871 at a cost of $8,000; a $3,500 addition was added sixteen years later. The station burned and was replaced by a smaller structure around 1890. Passenger service on the branch ended in 1925, though some mainline service continued to stop.
The station building was torn down in 1969 as rail service declined, leaving just the stone foundation, which was later filled with gravel. The pedestrian overpass was moved in 1971 to Route 128 station, where it remained until Route 128 station was rebuilt in 2000. The station, by then just bare platforms, was served by a single New London-Providence round trip (cut to Westerly-Providence by Penn Central on November 22, 1971). The commuter train was discontinued on June 3, 1977. Amtrak's New Haven-Boston Beacon Hill began service on April 30, 1978, including a stop at Wickford Junction. The Beacon Hill was discontinued on October 1, 1981.
The Wickford Landing branch's right-of-way is still extant, as are the remains of a turntable about north of Ten Rod Road. The state is considering building a bikeway along the right-of-way to connect the Wickford town center with the Wickford Junction development and station.
Modern station
After Beacon Hill service ended in 1981, some residents proposed a new station and the restoration of service. Bob Coie, a local builder, had bought a strip of land along the tracks in 1959 and acquired a large parcel along their west side in 1982. In 1985, he convinced the town to upzone the land for commercial use with the intention of eventually building a "pre-planned business district" and commuter rail station there. A state study of rail corridors was completed in 1994 and the Northeast Corridor was designated as the highest-priority line for commuter service to Providence. An addendum in 1995, assuming a quick start to operations, projected that daily ridership from Wickford would be 2,869 in 2000 and 3,386 in 2020. An operations plan was released in 2001, and environmental assessment was completed in 2003.
By November 2006, the station and associated track work was expected to cost $43.7 million, of which $24.99 million would be Federal Transit Administration New Starts funding. The station received a total of $59 million in federal funds, including the $24.99 million from New Starts and $4.35 million in stimulus funds. In late 2009, the State of Rhode Island spent $3.2 million to purchase of land for the station and parking garage, with hopes that it could be in service in 2011.
Ground was broken for the new station on August 18, 2010. Primary construction work on the station platform and garage was completed on time and under budget in December 2011, and a test train was run to the station in March 2012. The station opened on April 23, 2012. A major part of the modern station is the four-story parking garage, which was modeled after the nearby Lafayette Mill. The garage includes an indoor waiting room—rare in the MBTA system—and a small coffee/snack shop. An -tall bronze sculpture celebrating the history of rail service at Wickford Junction was completed in October 2015.
Ridership
Ridership at Wickford Junction has been far below projections, some of which had assumed that transit-oriented development would be constructed at the station. Daily boardings were projected to reach 3,544 in 2025 according to the 1995 analysis. This was reduced to 1,669 by 2020 in the 2003 Environmental Assessment, but raised again to 3,386 by 2020 in a 2005 analysis.
Initial ridership in May 2012 was 130 inbound riders per day, of whom 80 percent rode to Providence and 20 percent to Boston. Ridership increased to 150 riders per day by early June and to 175 daily by February 2014.
Ridership averaged 292 daily boardings in the first quarter of 2017. For the second half of 2017, the state offered free intrastate rides in an attempt to promote the under-utilized T.F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction stations. The six-month promotion was expected to cost about $102,000. Ridership increased by 50% within the first month of the promotion. However, a 2018 count totalled only 235 daily boardings.
the station only has weekday service, but planners hope to add weekend service eventually. Previous official discussions about adding weekend service to T. F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction took place in 2014.
Bus operations and consolidation
Wickford Junction's drop-off lane also serves as a busway, which RIPTA bus route 66 URI/Galilee briefly served before it was rerouted to a park-and-ride closer to Route 2. In January 2013, RIDOT began planning to sell the park-and-ride property and reroute the 66 and the new 65X Wakefield Express to Wickford Junction on all trips; however, the plan was held up by concerns about eliminating free parking in the lot in favor of the paid garage. In July 2015, the agency renewed plans to sell the park-and-ride lot for an estimated $1.9 million and reroute the buses, but similar concerns were voiced at a public meeting. A judge blocked RIDOT's sale plan in July 2017 over concerns that the family of the original property owners (from whom it was taken by eminent domain in the 1930s) may have had the right to buy back the property.
In August 2015, RIDOT announced that it would be taking over operations and maintenance at Wickford Junction from a private contractor. The savings from the change—estimated at $340,000 annually—were to be used to increase frequencies on the 65X route. At the same time, RIDOT began a two-week, $372,500 project to allow bus operations to be shifted to the station, which involved constructing a bus depot next to the garage and a new access driveway from Route 102.
Only several days of "preliminary work" were completed by August 31 when Coie's company, owner of the adjacent shopping plaza, filed a lawsuit against RIDOT. The suit alleged that the changes would reduce traffic to the shopping center and cause a safety issue. RIDOT answered the claim, saying that the 2009 land deal gave the agency exclusive rights to the transit facility land. The state settled the lawsuit with the company in November 2015 by agreeing to pay $750,000 by July 2016. Effective December 7, 2015, all 65X and 66 trips were rerouted to Wickford Junction, with the garage now open 24/7. The restrooms and waiting room had full hours beginning in January 2016.
Rail operations
The station opened on April 23, 2012, with ten trains in each direction on weekdays. Two off-peak trains ran only as far as Providence, while the other eight—including five rush hour trains—ran to Boston. Travel time is approximately 35 minutes to Providence and 100 minutes to Boston.
The station is located on a siding which connects to the southbound mainline track of the Northeast Corridor at Stony interlocking, north of the station. The siding allows Amtrak trains to pass while a commuter train is stopped at the station and laying over. Wickford Junction station is located at milepost 165.8 on the Northeast Corridor, from Providence and from Boston.
The 2014 State Rail Plan recommended the implementation of shuttle service between Wickford Junction and Providence via T.F. Green Airport with half-hour headways. The service, which could be operated with multiple units rather than conventional locomotive-hauled commuter trains, was expected to increase ridership at Wickford to as much as 3,400 riders per day.
References
External links
MBTA - Wickford Junction
Wickford Junction station from Route 102 on Google Maps Street View
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Rhode Island
Former Amtrak stations in Rhode Island
Stations on the Northeast Corridor
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2012
Buildings and structures in North Kingstown, Rhode Island
Transportation buildings and structures in Washington County, Rhode Island
Former New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickford%20Junction%20station |
Estádio Municipal Juscelino Kubitschek, usually known as Estádio JK, is a multi-use stadium in Itumbiara, Goiás, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 14,445. It was built in 1977.
The stadium is owned by the Itumbiara City Hall. It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek, who was president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961.
History
In 1977, the works on Estádio JK were completed. The inaugural match was played on October 12 of that year, when Itumbiara Esporte Clube and Vasco da Gama drew 0-0. The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 41,235, set in the inaugural match.
The first goal of the stadium was scored by Itumbiara's Zé Carlos, on October 19, 1977.
On March 7, 1984, the largest goal score of the stadium was set, when Itumbiara beat Goiás 6–1.
References
Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.
External links
Templos do Futebol
JK
Sports venues in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio%20JK |
Ugrin (III) from the kindred Csák (, , ; died in 1311) was a prominent Hungarian baron and oligarch in the early 14th century. He was born into an ancient Hungarian clan. He actively participated in the various internal conflicts during the era of feudal anarchy since the reign of Ladislaus IV of Hungary. He held various dignities in the royal court in the 1270s. Simultaneously, he established a province surrounding his centre Syrmia in the southern parts of the kingdom.
Initially, he supported the efforts of Andrew III of Hungary, but later turned against him, and became the guardian and the most ardent domestic partisan of the young pretender Charles. After the extinction of the Árpád dynasty in 1301, he was among the so-called oligarchs or provincial lords, who ruled de facto independently their dominions. Charles I fought for the Hungarian throne during the civil war relying on his hinterland in Ugrin Csák's province. The elderly lord died in 1311, his dominion was soon integrated into the royal administration.
Family
Ugrin III was born into the Újlak (or Ilok) branch of the powerful and prestigious gens (clan) Csák, as the son of Pós (or Pous), who served as Ban of Severin and Master of the treasury in 1235. Genealogist Pál Engel incorrectly distinguished two noblemen named Pós, assuming father-son relationship between them. In fact, Pós, who was considered Duke Béla's confidant in the 1220s, and the influential baron in the next decade, was identical. Accordingly, Ugrin's uncle was the renowned military leader, Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa. Pós died by 1240, when his minor sons and their cousin Csák were involved in a lawsuit against the St. Michael church in Vas County. During the case, the children were represented by Demetrius Csák from the clan's Ugod branch and their uncle, Archbishop Ugrin. The document, issued by Judge royal Andrew, son of Serafin on 20 December 1240, confirms that Ugrin was born sometime in the 1230s and had at least one unidentified brother, whose name and fate is unknown.
Despite Ugrin has lived at least seventy years, he had only one known son from his much younger unidentified wife, Nicholas, whose career rose to its peak during the early reign of Louis I of Hungary and died in 1359 or 1360. The Újlak branch became extinct with Ugrin's grandson Ladislaus, who died in 1364 without heirs.
Early career
After the indirect reference to his person in the above-mentioned document from 1240, Ugrin first appeared in contemporary records in 1268, when he already served as Ban of Severin. In that year, he donated the villages of Felsőpetény and Alsópetény in Nógrád County to his faithful familiaris Denis Zsadány. It is uncertain whether Ugrin has supported Béla IV or his son Duke Stephen in their emerging conflict and civil war in the early 1260s. Following Stephen' victory and the division of the kingdom, the Banate of Severin belonged to Stephen's realm. However, Ugrin narrates in his charter that he was granted the dignity due to "King Béla's goodness". Ugrin's lands laid in both realms during that time. As historian Péter Galambosi considers, Ugrin was made ban by Duke Stephen, but later joined the allegiance of Béla, who confirmed him in that position. In the same year, 1268, but also without exact date, Alexander Karászi was referred to as the "current" Ban of Severin by Duke Stephen.
Ugrin did not hold any positions during the short reign of Stephen V. Initially, he possibly belonged to the Kőszegi–Gutkeled baronial group, which had kidnapped Stephen's eldest son and heir Ladislaus in the summer of 1272. Stephen V died shortly thereafter. The minor Ladislaus was crowned king, and fell under the influence of Henry I Kőszegi's party. Ugrin was made Master of the horse and ispán of Syrmia County () in the autumn of 1272. Despite the rapid "changes of government" between the Kőszegis and their rival, the Trencsén branch of the Csáks, in the subsequent months, Ugrin retained his positions for a year, until the autumn of 1273, which reflected the relative insignificance of his political influence and court dignity in that time. His relationship with the Kőszegi group had deteriorated by then, as a result he lost his positions, when they again took the supreme power in the royal council. Ugrin joined the rival group, which was dominated by his distant relatives, Matthew II and Peter I Csák. Following the Battle of Föveny, where Henry Kőszegi was killed, Ugrin was made Ban of Severin in September 1274. He held the office until June 1275, when the Kőszegis retook the power. A new civil war broke out between Joachim Gutkeled and Peter Csák in the following months; Ugrin took the first step in the emerging conflict, when attacked Joachim's troops near Föveny, where the aforementioned battle took place one year earlier. However, Ugrin failed and the following royal charter issued by the Kőszegi-dominated royal council in the name of Ladislaus IV called him "treasonous".
Before December 1275, another shift in the government occurred; Ugrin Csák elevated into the dignity of Voivode of Transylvania. He was appointed Judge royal on 10 December. He held the dignity until January 1276, when he became voivode again and served in that capacity in the first half of that year. These high-ranking positions show that Ugrin's influence gradually increased within the baronial group, becoming its third most important leader after his relatives, brothers Matthew II and Peter I Csák. Ugrin was again Ban of Severin in 1276.
Provincial lord
Establishment of his province
Joachim Gutkeled died while battling against the Babonići in April 1277. A month later, the general assembly declared Ladislaus IV to be of age, who was also authorized to restore internal peace with all possible means. These events ended the five-year chaotic conditions in the realm. Ugrin was appointed Master of the treasury around November 1277, and held the dignity until December 1279. Beside that he was also ispán of Bánya (Árkibánya) ispánate, which laid in the territory of Nyitra County. He was made Ban of Macsó and Bosnia in 1279. He was styled as "ban and lord" of the two territories by a royal document in the summer of 1279. He was again referred to as "lord of Bosnia" in December in that year. According to historian Péter Galambosi, his title reflects an extended power over his court dignities. Accordingly, when Ladislaus IV concluded an agreement with the Gutkeleds, and gave royal pardon to Joachim's brothers in June 1278, Ugrin Csák was entrusted to govern the southern part of the Hungarian kingdom, which meant a significant victory for the Csák clan.
When Ladislaus IV imprisoned papal legate Philip of Fermo in late 1279, Ugrin lost his dignity during a major change in the composition of the royal council. However, thereafter Ladislaus himself was also captured by some lords. In less than two months, both the legate and the king were set free and Ladislaus took a new oath to enforce the Cuman laws. In accordance with the agreement, Ugrin was appointed Master of the treasury again in the spring of 1280. However he lost the position within months. Based on some indirect data in the contemporary documents, it is plausible that Ugrin became disgraced in the royal court for the remaining part of the reign of Ladislaus. This includes that the king's mother, Queen Dowager Elizabeth the Cuman was created Duchess of Macsó and Bosnia in 1279, which seriously violated and threatened the local interests of Ugrin. With this appointment, Ladislaus IV intended to restore royal power over the southern border area against Ugrin, who increasingly dominated the region with his informal power.
Ugrin retired to his province across the river Sava for the upcoming decades. He extended his influence over the whole territory of Syrmia County. He built his residence, Újlak Castle () in Valkó County in the 1280s, after obtained the lordship from his distant relative Dominic Csák under unknown circumstances. Ugrin also acquired some lands in Požega County. He was referred to as the ispán of the county in 1293. Initially, he was a loyal confidant of King Andrew III, who ruled Hungary since 1290, after Ladislaus' assassination. According to a royal charter issued by Andrew III in July 1298, Ugrin and his familiares crossed the river Sava and defeated an invading Tatar army, who had plundered the region of Macsó. The two generals of the Tatars were executed and their heads were sent to Buda. It is possible the army was hired by Bulgarian warlords Darman and Kudelin against Stephen Dragutin's realm, who ruled the neighboring Hungarian banates and northern Serbia, altogether known as Lower Syrmia. These events presumably occurred at the turn of 1291 and 1292. In the latter year, Andrew sent Ugrin to Primorje in order to escort his mother Tomasina Morosini to Hungary, but he was captured and imprisoned by certain "disloyal barons". He was freed from captivity by Radoslav Babonić, Ban of Slavonia upon the king's order. The Kőszegis rose up in open rebellion against Andrew in spring 1292, acknowledging Charles Martel, as King of Hungary. Under this situation, Ugrin's territory functioned as a buffer zone between the royal lands and Slavonia, where the majority of lords accepted Charles' suzerainty. However Andrew III appointed his mother Duchess of Slavonia to administer Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia. Due to her activities, the Babonići, Šubići, and the Dalmatian towns acknowledged Andrew's rule. As previously Queen Elizabeth, Tomasina also became Ugrin's rival in the region. Ugrin held Syrmia and Valkó counties firmly under his control, but Tomasina's duchy prevented his western expansion into Požega County.
Charles' guardian
Andrew III made his maternal uncle, Albertino Morosini, Duke of Slavonia, in July 1299, stirring up the Slavonian and Croatian noblemen to revolt. A powerful Croatian baron, Paul Šubić, sent his brother, George, to Italy in early 1300 to convince Charles II of Naples to send his grandson to Hungary to claim the throne in person. The king accepted the proposal and the twelve-year-old Charles arrived to Hungary with his escort. They landed at Split in Dalmatia in August 1300. From Split, Paul Šubić escorted him to Zagreb, where Ugrin Csák swore loyalty to Charles, who also handed over Požega Castle to him. Ugrin placed the young pretender under his guardianship. He was also called Charles' protector (). Other sources confirm that he already took an oath of allegiance to the pretender prior to that. According to the Illuminated Chronicle, Ugrin was one of those lords, who requested Pope Boniface VIII to provide a new king for Hungary. In February 1300, Charles II listed Ugrin's name among those Hungarian barons, who urged him to send his grandson to Hungary. His familiaris and skilled diplomat, Benedict also visited the Neapolitan court several times in that period. It is possible that Ugrin turned against Andrew already in 1298, as he did not countersign the decrees of the national diet in that year, which aimed to destroy forts built without permission and ordered the punishment of those who had seized landed property with force. Ugrin did present neither before the king's judicial court in 1300, during a lawsuit regarding his former palace in Esztergom.
Andrew III died on 14 January 1301. With his death, the House of Árpád became extinct. A civil war between various claimants to the throne – Charles of Anjou, Wenceslaus of Bohemia, and Otto of Bavaria – followed Andrew's death and lasted for seven years. Hungary and Croatia had disintegrated into about a dozen independent provinces, each ruled by a powerful lord, or oligarch. Among them, Ugrin's distant relative, Matthew III Csák dominated the northwestern parts of Hungary (which now form the western territories of present-day Slovakia), Amadeus Aba controlled the northeastern lands, the Kőszegis ruled Transdanubia, James Borsa dominated Tiszántúl, and Ladislaus Kán governed Transylvania, while Paul Šubić ruled over Littoral Croatia and Bosnia as a de facto king. Ugrin Csák was the de facto ruler of Upper Syrmia. He was styled as ispán of Syrmia, Valkó, Bács and Požega counties in August 1303, thus he was considered the omnipotent lord in the region. Historian Pál Engel argued he held these dignities since the beginning of the 14th century until his death.
Ugrin was the most ardent domestic supporter of Charles' claim to the Hungarian throne for a decade until his death. The so-called Chronicon Posoniense ("Chronicle of Pressburg"; present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) also emphasized his importance several times, which fact suggests that the chronicle was written in the court of the Csáks' Újlak branch. In the lists of barons, which were part of the royal charters issued by Charles in the first decade of the 14th century, Ugrin's name was constantly placed to the first place, ahead of the king's another mainstay Amadeus Aba. Following Andrew's death, Ugrin had an important role in the subsequent events; under his guidance, Charles hurried Székesfehérvár, then Esztergom, where he was crowned king irregularly in the spring of 1301. Being Pope Boniface's candidate for the Hungarian throne, Charles had always been unpopular, because the Hungarian lords feared that they would "lose their freedom by accepting a king appointed by the Church", as the Illuminated Chronicle narrates. The majority of the lords supported Wenceslaus instead of him. After Wenceslaus's coronation, Charles withdrew to Ugrin Csák's domains in the southern regions of the kingdom.
Despite his advanced age, Ugrin participated in the unsuccessful siege of Buda in September 1302. Through his diplomat Benedict, he also played a decisive role in the concluding alliance between Charles and his cousin Rudolph III of Austria, in Pressburg on 24 August 1304. According to the Chronicon Posoniense, Ladislaus Kán handed over his prisoner, the self-declared claimant Otto of Bavaria sometimes in the second half of 1307 in Szeged to Ugrin, who "expelled" Charles' last rival pretender from Hungary. In the same year, Vincent, Archbishop of Kalocsa withdrew the punishment of excommunication against Peter Monoszló, Bishop of Transylvania at the request of Charles and Ugrin Csák. The elderly bishop, formerly, refused to fulfill the pope's order to excommunicate Ladislaus Kán and confiscate his unlawfully acquired lands. Ugrin was made Master of the treasury around September 1307 and held the office until late 1309 or early 1310. His dignity became temporarily the most prestigious position in the royal court, as half dozen of lords arbitrarily took the title Palatine, which caused the "devaluation" of that dignity. Gyula Kristó considered the dignity of Master of the treasury elevated into its highest status because of Ugrin's privileged position in the inner circle of Charles. Ugrin was present at the Diet of Rákos on 10 October 1307, which confirmed Charles's claim to the throne. Due to his advanced age and possible declining health, he gradually retired from public life. He did not attend the synod of Buda in November 1308 nor the second coronation of Charles I on 15 June 1309 personally; he was represented by his envoys at both events. Historian Iván Bertényi argued Ugrin Csák functioned as Judge royal from 1304 to 1311, however majority of the historians do not accept his theory, and considered that the position of Judge royal was in a state of vacancy for a decade, until Charles's third coronation was performed in full accordance with customary law in August 1310. Ugrin Csák performed his judicial role exclusively in his province in Syrmia, thus he did not hold the dignity of Judge royal necessarily. The first known office-holder in the Angevin era was Ugrin's second nephew John Csák.
His dominion
Ugrin Csák dominated the southern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, acquiring suzerainty over Upper Syrmia and other territories along the river Sava. Historian Gyula Pauler simply called him the "powerful lord of Syrmia" in the late 19th century. Bálint Hóman considered his influence extended to Trans-Drava, Syrmia and the Banate of Macsó. According to Pál Engel and Attila Zsoldos, his dominion extended in the territory from Požega to Temesvár (present-day Timișoara, Romania), and ruled over the counties of Požega, Valkó, Bács, Syrmia, Torontál, Keve and possibly Temes and Krassó. It is plausible that Ugrin dominated Syrmia County since the end of the 1270s as there were no records of any office-holders (ispáns) in the county since then. Around the same time, Ugrin also extended his influence in the neighboring Valkó County, where he built his centre Újlak (Ilok). Following his local rival Queen Tomasina's death, he acquired the whole county for himself. In 1303, the curialis comes of Valkó County styled himself as the "official" of Ugrin Csák, which demonstrates his lordship in the region. When Albertino Morosini left Hungary shortly after Andrew III's death, Ugrin marched into Požega County and captured his duchy. Ugrin also extended his influence over Bács County during the era of Interregnum. With this expansion, his dominion spread to the other bank of the Danube. His biographer, Péter Galambosi doubted Engel's theory that the counties to the east of Syrmia (Keve, Krassó and Temes) belonged to Ugrin's province.
Because of his persistent loyalty to Charles, several historians did not list him among the oligarchs. The young pretender was put under the protection of Ugrin Csák. He resided in Bélakút Abbey (near present-day Petrovaradin, Serbia), which laid in the neighbor of Újlak, Ugrin's seat. In his dominion, Charles performed judicial powers, donated lands and customs, granted privileges of tax exemption and judicial freedom, while the possessions of those who died without an heir returned to the Crown. Charles donated lands and granted privileges in Ugrin's territory even after he left the province for Buda in 1307, when his troops seized the town. Therefore, Attila Zsoldos draws a distinction between the "oligarchs" and "provincial lords" regarding the role of the royal power in the provincial administration. While, accordingly, Ugrin was considered "only" provincial lord, Charles' other faithful partisans, Amadeus Aba or Stephen Ákos, who exercised sovereign rights in their domains but remained loyal to the king, were regarded as "loyal oligarchs". While the Aba, Ákos and Kán sons rebelled against Charles after their fathers' deaths, Charles managed to restore full royal power without any resistance in Ugrin's domain after his death, despite the fact that he had a son, as royally appointed ispáns appear at the head of the counties which had formerly belonged to his province.
Ugrin's familiares entered the service of Charles, while retained the allegiance and loyalty to their lord, which reflects a power-sharing between the monarch and Ugrin Csák in his province. Among them, Denis Zsadány was a long-time servant of Ugrin. He was present, when the king restored the privileges and rights of the church of Buda in September 1308. He attended the second coronation of Charles as the envoy of Ugrin in June 1309. His skilled diplomat Benedict also represented him in the event; on his way to home, he was captured by the partisans of Henry II Kőszegi. His remaining fate is unknown. The renowned military leader, Paul Garai initially also belonged to Ugrin's household; he served as castellan of Požega Castle, when it was granted to the arriving Charles. He participated in the war against Bohemia in the autumn of 1304. The neighboring oligarch, Stephen Dragutin's troops pillaged Ugrin Csák's domains in 1307, but Garai made a counter-attack and defeated Dragutin's army, according to the narration of a royal charter issued on 13 October 1307. Records of the destructions that Dragutin and his troops made in Valkó and Syrmia counties most probably refer to Dragutin's frequent raids against Ugrin Csák's territories in 1309 and 1310. Dragutin's army was led by John Smaragd, but he was defeated and captured by Paul Garai. Formerly, Ugrin's province also faced a series of attacks by the Kőszegis at the turn of 1304 and 1305; firstly they ravaged Požega County, then Valkó County (Henry Kőszegi issued his charter there in January 1305). Their troops marched to the town of Eng, which then was liberated by Paul Garai. Thereafter his army gradually ousted the invaders from Ugrin's territory.
Ugrin Csák died by the end of 1311; his son Nicholas confirmed one of his former land donations in Požega County on 27 December 1317 and noted the act occurred in the sixth year after his father's death. Following Ugrin's death, his province had disintegrated without resistance and merged into the royal administration. Albeit Nicholas did not inherit his father's oligarchic power, he was able to retain his family's private equity, as he issued his charter in Újlak. Consequently, Ugrin Csák's dominion became the basis of the wealth of the emerging Újlaki family, which was granted the lands once owned by Ugrin after his branch died out in 1364.
References
Sources
|-
1230s births
1311 deaths
Ugrin
13th-century Hungarian people
14th-century Hungarian people
14th century in Croatia
History of Syrmia
Medieval history of Vojvodina
History of Slavonia
14th century in Serbia
Judges royal
Voivodes of Transylvania
Bans of Macsó
Masters of the treasury (Kingdom of Hungary)
Oligarchs of the Kingdom of Hungary
Bans of Severin
Masters of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugrin%20Cs%C3%A1k |
Estádio Luiz José de Lacerda, usually known as Lacerdão, is a multi-purpose stadium in Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil. It is currently used primarily for football matches. The stadium was built in 1980 and has a capacity of 30,000.
The Lacerdão is owned by Central Sport Club. The stadium is named after Luiz José de Lacerda, who was president of Central Sport Club from 1962 to 1964, 1966, 1977 to 1983, and 1992 to 1993.
History
In 1980, the works on Lacerdão were completed. The inaugural match was played on October 19 of that year, when Central defeated the Nigeria national football team 3–1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Central's Gil Mineiro.
The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 24,450 when Central beat Flamengo 2–1 on October 22, 1986.
In the 1980s, the stadium was reformed and renamed to its current name. Its original name was Estádio Pedro Victor de Albuquerque. Pedro Victor de Albuquerque was one of the first presidents of Central.
References
Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.
External links
Templos do Futebol
Federação Pernambucana de Futebol
Football venues in Pernambuco
Multi-purpose stadiums in Brazil
Sports venues in Pernambuco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacerd%C3%A3o |
The Bird Who Ate the Rabbit's Flower is an EP by indie rock band of Montreal. The five tracks were later re-released on The Bird Who Continues to Eat the Rabbit's Flower.
Track listing
You Are An Airplane
The Inner Light
When a Man Is In Love With A Man
If I Faltered Slightly Twice
Disguises
Personnel
Derek Almstead - drums, vocals
Bryan Poole - bass, vocals
Kevin Barnes - guitar, vocals
1997 EPs
Of Montreal albums
Kindercore Records EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bird%20Who%20Ate%20the%20Rabbit%27s%20Flower |
Estádio Olímpico Colosso da Lagoa is a multi-use stadium in Erechim, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 22,000. It was built in 1970.
The stadium is owned by Ypiranga Futebol Clube. The stadium is named after the Lagoa Vermelha (meaning Red Lake), which is located near the stadium.
History
In 1970, the works on Colosso da Lagoa were completed. The inaugural match was played on September 2 of that year, when Santos beat Grêmio 2–0. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Santos' Pelé, who received a trophy awarded by Rádio Tupi after the match.
The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 25,000, set on August 18, 1974 when Internacional beat Ypiranga 2–0.
References
Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.
External links
Templos do Futebol
Football venues in Rio Grande do Sul
Ypiranga Futebol Clube | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio%20Ol%C3%ADmpico%20Colosso%20da%20Lagoa |
Brady Paul Poppinga (born September 21, 1979) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Green Bay Packers, St. Louis Rams, and Dallas Cowboys. With the Packers, he won Super Bowl XLV over the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football for the Brigham Young University (BYU) Cougars.
Early years
Poppinga attended Evanston High School in Evanston, Wyoming. He lettered three years in football and basketball, and four years in track. In football, he was an All-State selection at both linebacker and tight end. He was named both 4-A lineman and Wyoming Athlete of the Year as a senior while leading the team to a 9–1 record and a 4-A state title. In 1995, he earned the rank of Eagle Scout. He also finished second in a 1997 high school discus competition.
College career
After graduating from high school, Poppinga served a two-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Uruguay and enrolled at BYU in 2001. Poppinga quickly earned a place on the Cougar roster. He played in all 12 games of the 2001 season at defensive end, recording 10 tackles, a fumble recovery, and one pass defended on the season. Poppinga also made a significant contribution on special teams.
Poppinga's performance as a freshman gave him even more playing time in the 2002 season, including two starts and playing time in all 12 contests. He responded with a conference-leading eight sacks, and was named to the first-team All-MWC and as an MWC All-Academic selection. Poppinga also forced three fumbles and had three quarterback pressures on the season. He was also given an award as BYU's top defensive lineman.
He started all 12 contests at defensive end in the 2003 season. He led the team and finished seventh in the conference in sacks with six and was among the top players in the conference in tackles with 55 (34 solo) and once again earned All-MWC honors. One of his most notable games of the season was a September 6 contest against the Trojans of USC, in which he earned co-defensive player of the game honors for a six-tackle performance that included five solo tackles and a sack of star USC quarterback Matt Leinart.
In 2004, Poppinga started every game of his senior season, shifting near the end of the season from defensive end to outside linebacker. He finished third on the team in tackles with 79 (35 solo), also accumulating six sacks and one forced fumble, and for the third time in his career was selected for first-team All-MWC honors. Poppinga was also a candidate among 58 others for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy for the nation's top defensive player. He was named defensive player of the game for a September 4 contest against Notre Dame in which he posted 12 tackles (seven solo), a sack, a forced fumble and a fumble recovery.
Pre-draft measurables
Professional career
Green Bay Packers
Poppinga entered the NFL on April 24, 2005, when he was selected in the fourth round (125th overall selection) of the 2005 draft by the Green Bay Packers. On July 26, 2005 Poppinga signed a four-year $2.4 million contract with the Packers.
The Packers were excited about Poppinga's speed and skills as a pass rushing linebacker. However, Poppinga suffered a hamstring injury during training camp, forcing him to miss three preseason games. Because of the injury, he was unable to compete for a starting position at outside linebacker in the 2005 season, and took a backup role, occasionally playing as part of a deep linebacker corps also featuring Na'il Diggs, Roy Manning, Robert Thomas, and Paris Lenon.
Poppinga contributed most significantly to the 2005 season with his high-energy play as a coverage man on special teams plays, posting a team-high 22 special teams tackles through the Packers' first 13 contests. Though Poppinga never started at linebacker in 2005, he saw more and more playing time through the season due both to injuries suffered by the starting players and because of his ability as a pass-rusher. This special pass-rushing role played to Poppinga's strengths and allowed him to post two sacks during the 2005 season. His best single-game performance was an October 23 contest against the Minnesota Vikings, in which he accumulated five tackles (3 solo) and one sack of Vikings quarterback Daunte Culpepper.
Green Bay's coaching staff was impressed by Poppinga's high motor and relentlessness on every play. He displayed both in one of the few Packer victories of the season, a 33–25 contest against the Atlanta Falcons. Though the play resulted in an Atlanta touchdown, Poppinga displayed his range and quickness by nearly running down superstar quarterback Michael Vick on a one-yard scramble into the end-zone. Poppinga's pursuit forced Vick to stretch the play all the way to the right sideline, and only Vick's speed allowed him to dive past Poppinga and over the end zone pylon. The fact that Poppinga had begun the play at the left side of the formation displayed his unrelenting attitude and sharp instincts. In August 2006 packers' linebackers coach Winston Moss said "I'll bet he sleeps with his eyes open,", referring to Poppinga's endless energy.
Poppinga's season was cut short by an ACL tear on December 11 in a game against the Detroit Lions. He received surgery for the injury on December 26, and participated in the August 2006 training camp. Though some athletes who suffer this particular injury never regain their former speed or mobility, doctors who performed surgery on Poppinga and those working on his rehabilitation were optimistic about his chances for a full recovery.
Poppinga won a starting job despite limited action in training camp due to his continuing rehabilitation from injury in 2006. He played at strong side linebacker in the 2006 season opener, alongside fellow linebackers Nick Barnett and A. J. Hawk.
In his fifth start of the 2007 season, during a 27–20 loss to the Chicago Bears on October 7, 2007 Poppinga intercepted a Brian Griese pass in the fourth quarter, extending the streak of at least one Packer interception per game for the 11th consecutive game. This matched the longest streak in team history, which occurred during an 11-game stretch in 1984–1985.
On July 24, 2008, the Packers signed Poppinga to a five-year $17 million extension that ran through the 2012 season. Poppinga was scheduled to make $927,000 in 2008 under the terms of the four-year deal he signed in 2005. According to his agent, four years were added beyond this year.
In 2008, Poppinga played all 16 games with 12 starts and recorded 68 tackles. He was released on July 28, 2011.
St. Louis Rams
On August 2, 2011, Poppinga signed with the St. Louis Rams. He wasn't re-signed after the season.
Dallas Cowboys
On November 25, 2012, Poppinga was signed by the Dallas Cowboys to replace an injured Bruce Carter. He was not re-signed after the season.
NFL career statistics
Broadcasting career
Poppinga currently works as an NFL sideline reporter and analyst for Fox Deportes, utilizing his fluency in Spanish. In February 2014, he was a part of the team providing commentary for the first U.S. Spanish-language network televised Super Bowl.
Personal life
Poppinga comes from a very athletic family. His father, Dennis, played as a tight end at BYU from 1968 to 1971; his brother, Casey, played the same position at Utah State University (USU) and appeared on the practice squads of the Seattle Seahawks, Kansas City Chiefs, and Philadelphia Eagles during the 2004 NFL season; his brother Kelly played linebacker at BYU, signed with the St. Louis Rams, and now is the special teams coordinator at BYU; and his older sister, Tara, played volleyball at USU.
Poppinga received a bachelor's degree in business management at BYU. While in college he did some work as a motivational speaker at a school for troubled teenagers, and taught Sunday School in his LDS Church congregation in Provo, Utah. He is bilingual (English and Spanish) as a result of his missionary service in Uruguay.
He married Brooke Hubbard in 2002; the couple has 3 daughters and a son.
On February 15, 2008, Poppinga appeared with Senator Barack Obama in support of his presidential campaign in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Charity
Poppinga was the Packers' 2007 nominee, and one of 32 finalists, for the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, honoring contributions for both humanitarianism and performance on the field.
Poppinga is extremely involved in the LDS Church. He postponed his college football career for two seasons while serving as a missionary in Uruguay. He currently acts as a youth leader, giving hour-long motivational and moral lessons weekly as well as supporting other youth activities. He has given a devotional on faith, family and football, an event that was open to the entire community.
Poppinga has supported the Boy Scouts of America by way of a public service announcement, for which he recorded both an English and Spanish version. In the same way, he has lent his support to the American Family Insurance Military Cap Campaign by shooting various promos. Poppinga also recorded an intro for one of the units included in the Green Bay Packers Fit Kids program. He was a participant in the All-Pro Dad event, encouraging fathers to become more involved in their children's lives.
Poppinga has hosted a football camp, "The Poppinga Football Experience," in Utah, as well as a charity fundraiser football camp in Wyoming for a Children's Hospital. He has served as an instructor in several other football camps. In addition, he has supported his coach's and teammates' fundraising efforts through participation in Mark Tauscher's Trifecta Foundation Annual Golf Outing, the Brett Favre Fourward Foundation Annual Celebrity Softball Game, the Donald Driver Foundation Dinner, and the Family Services of Northeast Wisconsin Green and Gold Gala, an annual event hosted by Coach Mike McCarthy.
Poppinga has made various monetary donations to the community and beyond. He donated hundreds of dollars worth of new toys to a local nursery, as well as autographed items to an event that benefited the memorial of a fallen Green Bay Fire Fighter. He donated items to the Los Angeles Fire Department, where his brother-in-law is a fire fighter, as a contribution to a fundraiser that benefited victims of 9/11. Through the Fistula Foundation, he paid for surgeries of two women in Ethiopia, and through the Invisible Children Foundation, he purchased school supplies for students in Uganda. He also supported Amnesty International to assist in the case of someone who was unfairly imprisoned.
References
External links
Green Bay Packers profile
1979 births
Living people
American football outside linebackers
BYU Cougars football players
Dallas Cowboys players
Green Bay Packers players
St. Louis Rams players
People from Evanston, Wyoming
Players of American football from Wyoming
American Latter Day Saints
American Mormon missionaries in Uruguay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady%20Poppinga |
A Christmas Album is the fifth album and first Christmas album by Bright Eyes released in 2002. The proceeds of the album go to the Nebraska AIDS Project.
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" appeared in the films Imaginary Heroes and Krampus, and "Blue Christmas" was featured in an episode of The O.C., entitled "The Best Chrismukkah Ever". Initially released only online, it was released on 180 g white vinyl in 2009.
This album is the 48th release of Saddle Creek Records.
Track listing
Personnel
The album was arranged by Conor Oberst and Maria Taylor. The performers also include Jake Bellows, Gretta Cohn, Armand Costanzo, Denver Dalley, Stefanie Drootin, Orenda Fink, Neely Jenkins, Jiha Lee, Andy LeMaster, Mike Mogis, Matt Oberst, Stephen Pedersen, Blake Sennett, Macey Taylor, and Nick White.
References
External links
Nebraska AIDS Project
Bright Eyes (band) albums
Saddle Creek Records albums
2002 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Christmas%20Album%20%28Bright%20Eyes%20album%29 |
Major General Trudy H. Clark, USAF (retired) is a former Deputy Director of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) in Fort Belvoir, Virginia in the United States.
Military career
Clark received her commission in 1973 as a distinguished graduate of Officer Training School. From her commissioning until 1984, she served as chief of communications branches at various Air Force bases in the United States and in Turkey and South Korea. In July 1984, she was assigned as commander of the 1880th Information Systems Squadron at the Tonopah Test Range, Nev. She then completed Air Command and Staff College before taking her assignment as chief of Tactical Command and Control Communication Systems, and later executive officer for the Deputy Director of Programs and Evaluation at U.S. Air Force Headquarters, Washington, D.C., in 1989. While in Washington, she was assigned as commander of the Staff Support Unit, and presidential communications officer in the White House Communications Agency. In 1992, she left Washington to attend Armed Forces Staff College and the Air War College.
After completing the Air War College, she was assigned to Travis Air Force Base, Calif., where she served as commander of the 60th Communications Group, chief of the Communications Division and commander of the 615th Air Mobility Communications Squadron. In 1995, Clark was named commander of the 17th Support Group, Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, before returning to Washington, D.C., as executive officer to the Air Force Chief of Staff. In 1997, she was named commandant of the Squadron Officer School at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama. She served there for two years before being named director for Command, Control, Communications and Computer Systems at U.S. Strategic Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.
Prior to assuming her current duties, Clark was the deputy chief information officer (CIO), Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. There, she assisted the CIO in leading the Air Force in creating and enforcing information technology standards, in promoting and shaping effective strategic and operational Information Technology (IT) planning processes, and in acquiring IT systems. The general worked with other Air Force leaders to ensure that IT processes were efficient and effective in meeting the needs of the Air Force.
Clark was promoted to major general on March 1, 2003. Major General Clark retired from the USAF on December 1, 2006.
Education
1972 Bachelor of arts degree in sociology, with honors, University of Maryland where she became a member of Pi Beta Phi
1980 Distinguished graduate, Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
1987 Master of science degree in guidance and counseling, Troy State University, Montgomery, Alabama
1987 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
1992 Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia
1993 Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
2001 Senior Information Warfare Applications Course, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
2002 National Security Leadership Course, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
2003 National Security Decision-Making Seminar, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, D.C.
2004 U.S. - Russia Executive Security Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Assignments
September 1973 - July 1974, student, Communications-Electronics Officer School, Keesler AFB, Mississippi
July 1974 - September 1976, Chief of Telephone Installations, 392nd Communications Group, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif.
September 1976 - January 1979, Chief, Programs Management Division, 2006th Communications Group, Incirlik Air Base, Turkey
January 1979 - July 1981, Chief, Communication Branch, Joint Studies Group, later, Chief of Threats Analysis, 4440th Tactical Fighter Training Group, Red Flag, Nellis AFB, Nev.
July 1981 - August 1982, Chief, Facilities Operation Branch, 2146th Communications Group, Osan Air Base, South Korea
August 1982 - July 1984, Chief, Telecommunications Division and Executive Officer, Headquarters Tactical Communications Division, Langley AFB, Va.
July 1984 - July 1986, Commander, 1880th Information Systems Squadron, Tonopah Test Range, Nev.
August 1986 - June 1987, student, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
June 1987 - August 1989, Chief of Tactical Command and Control Communication Systems, Directorate of Programs and Evaluation, later, Executive Officer for the Deputy Director of Programs and Evaluation, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
August 1989 - April 1992, Commander, Staff Support Unit, and Presidential Communications Officer, White House Communications Agency, Washington, D.C.
April 1992 - July 1992, student, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Va.
August 1992 - June 1993, student, Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
June 1993 - July 1994, Commander, 60th Communications Group, and Chief, Communications Division, Headquarters 15th Air Force, Travis AFB, Calif.
July 1994 - April 1995, Chief, Communications Division, Headquarters 15th Air Force, and Commander, 615th Air Mobility Communications Squadron, Travis AFB, Calif.
April 1995 - June 1996, Commander, 17th Support Group, Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas
June 1996 - November 1997, Executive Officer to the Air Force Chief of Staff, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
November 1997 - August 1999, Commandant, Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
August 1999 - September 2001, Director for Command, Control, Communications and Computer Systems, U.S. Strategic Command, Offutt AFB, Neb.
September 2001 - May 2003, Deputy Chief Information Officer, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
June 2003 - December 2006, Deputy Director, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Va.
Awards and decorations
Effective dates of promotion
References
DTRA Official Biography
Air Force Official Biography
Living people
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Troy University alumni
Syracuse University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Female generals of the United States Air Force
1951 births
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudy%20H.%20Clark |
Estadio Atilio Paiva Olivera is a multi-use stadium in Rivera, Uruguay. It is currently used mostly for football matches.
The stadium holds 27,135 people. It was used for the 1995 Copa América and the 1999 South American Under-17 Football Championship.
On 23 June 2011, Uruguay played a friendly match in this stadium against Estonia where the locals won 3–0.
References
External links
Google Map of Stadium
Photo of Stadium
Atilio Paiva Olivera
Atilio Paiva Olivera
Copa América stadiums
Buildings and structures in Rivera Department
Rivera
Sport in Rivera Department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio%20Atilio%20Paiva%20Olivera |
Axxis is a German heavy metal band that was founded in 1988. Their debut album, Kingdom of the Night, became the best-selling debut album by a hard rock band in Germany in 1989.
Biography
Axxis' musical roots lie within the traditional hard rock of the 1970s and 1980s, including influences of 1990s electronic music. The band was formed in early 1980s, with the name Anvil. They released several self-recorded demos under that name, before discovering the Canadian band Anvil who had already released an album internationally.
In response to this, the band changed their name in the year 1980 to “Axis”. In interview with Battle Helm in 2015, vocalist Bernhard Weiß stated that the new band name must be a small word to get bigger letters on the promotional posters, but he also stated that they chose the name because "the name AXIS sounds a bit like guitar axes, but also meaning wise".
They recorded a demo entitled "Tears of the Trees" (later to appear on the Kingdom of the Night album) in 1988. Which they submitted to EMI records several times, and were eventually signed to EMI Electrola. Due to an EMI subsidiary in Germany also named Axis, the band introduced a second X in their name, becoming “Axxis”. At this time, the band consisted of vocalist Bernhard Weiß, guitarist Walter Pietsch, bassist Werner Kleinhans and drummer Richard Michaelski.
Axxis then released their debut album, Kingdom of the Night in 1989. This album was released in Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia and the USA, and sold 100,000 copies. It became 1989's best selling debut album by a hard rock band in Germany. Axxis toured to promote the album, opening for such bands as Black Sabbath.
In 1990, Axxis released Axxis II, which achieved similar success. Keyboard player Harry Oellers was added for the album. The album also contained the single "Touch the Rainbow" and the fan-favourite "Little Look Back" (later to become an anthem in their live shows), and was followed by Access All Areas in 1991, the first live album by the band.
The band then released The Big Thrill in 1993. Produced by Joey Balin and recorded in Philadelphia, it was the first international production by Axxis. The album became a best seller in 1993. It was promoted by the band in various shows, including in Japan, where acoustic performances by Weiß and Pietsch would later be included in Profile – The Best of Axxis, a 1994 Japan-only release.
Axxis continued to record in America for their next album Matters of Survival, and had Keith Olsen to produce it. Axxis originally wanted Olsen to produce their previous album The Big Thrill, but Olsen declined due to time restraints. Weiß later implied that Olsen tried to change the band’s sound from heavy metal to alternative, which was trending at that time. Matters of Survival was released in 1995, and fans rejected it due to the change in sound. Weiß admitted later this album was “not metal enough”.
Axxis continued to play with a modern rock style in their 1996 album, Voodoo Vibes, the last album they recorded under EMI. Axxis then parted ways with long-time guitarist Walter Pietsch. According to Weiß, Pietsch choose to be a producer, and has since become a well-known producer in Germany.
Axxis then signed with Massacre Records in 2000 to record the album Back to the Kingdom, with a name implying the return to their classic heavy metal sound. The new album was received well among fans, and the followed up in 2000 and 2001 with the compilation albums Collection of Power and Eyes of Darkness.
Bernhard Weiß’ unique vocal style is significantly characteristic trademark of the band, and he (along with Oellers) has been Axxis’ most constant member, featuring in the band from 1988 to present. Over time Axxis have adopted an increasing amount of both classic and modern power metal into their sound, this is significantly heard on the albums Time Machine (2004), Paradise in Flames (2006), Doom of Destiny (2007) and Utopia (2009).
The band celebrated their 20th anniversary in 2011, releasing 20 Years of Axxis on their publishing company, Phonotraxx. The anniversary production was an official bootleg live recording released on both CD and DVD, the following year they released the cover album reDISCOver(ed), featuring covers of "Ma Baker", "Stayin' Alive, "My Heart Will Go On" and many more.
In 2014, the band returned to their roots similarly to Back to the Kingdom with the release of Kingdom of the Night II a double-CD release sequel to their debut album. The double-CDs were released as the hard rock oriented “white” and the heavy metal and power metal oriented “black” versions, respectively, with completely different songs on them, and were both sold separately as well as packaged together in a “Deluxe” edition.
Axxis celebrated their 25th anniversary similar to their 20th, with the live release of 25 Years of Rock & Power in 2015. Early 2017 saw the release of Retrolution, a heavy metal and hard rock oriented album, taking various throwback elements to the bands which Axxis had listened to over the years. The title implies this, word-playing “retro” with “revolution”.
In October 2018, they released their new studio album Monster Hero.
In 2019, they celebrated their 30th anniversary with a tour, their first ever live Blu-Ray Bang Your Head with Axxis, as well as a double album Best of EMI-Years with re-recordings of songs from the years 1989-1997.
Members
Bernhard Weiß – guitars, vocals (1988–present)
Harry Oellers – keyboards (1990–present)
Rob Schomaker – bass (2004–present)
Dirk Brand – drums (2012–present)
Stefan Weber – guitars (2015–present)
Former members
Guido Wehmeyer – guitars (1998–2006)
Werner Kleinhaus – bass (1988–1993)
Walter Pietsch – guitars (1988–1998)
Markus Gfeller – bass (1993–1998)
Richard Michalski – drums (1988–2004)
Kuno Niemeyer – bass (1998–2004)
André Hilgers – drums (2004–2008)
Alex Landenburg – drums (2008–2011)
Marco Wriedt – guitars (2007–2015)
Timeline
Discography
Albums
1989: Kingdom of the Night (GER: #42)
1990: Axxis II (GER: #32)
1993: The Big Thrill (GER: #38)
1995: Matters of Survival (GER: #48)
1997: Voodoo Vibes (GER: #82)
1999: Pure and Rough
2000: Back to the Kingdom (GER: #59)
2001: Eyes of Darkness (GER: #83)
2004: Time Machine (GER: #72)
2006: Paradise in Flames (GER: #45)
2007: Doom of Destiny
2009: Utopia (GER: #40)
2012: reDISCOver(ed) - Cover Album
2014: Kingdom of the Night II (GER: #28)
2017: Retrolution (GER: #36. CH: #87)
2018: Monster Hero (GER: #76)
2020: Virus of a Modern Time Digital EP (GER: #49)
Live albums
Access All Areas (1991)
20 Years of Axxis (2011)
25 Years of Rock & Power (2015)
Compilation albums
Profile - The Best of Axxis (1994) (Japan release)
Collection of Power (2000)
Best of Axxis (2006)
DVDs
20 Years of Axxis (2011)
25 Years of Rock & Power (2015)
References
External links
Official website
Axxis at Metal Storm
Musical groups established in 1988
German power metal musical groups
German musical quintets
German hard rock musical groups
German electronic rock musical groups
Harvest Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axxis |
Carlos Leal (born 9 July 1969) is a Swiss rapper and actor.
Leal was born in Lausanne to Galician immigrants. In 1990, he co-founded Sens Unik. The group produced four gold records and contributed music to the films La Haine (1995) and Neutre (2001).
He produced videos with Sens Unik, and after making an appearance in the documentary Babylon 2 (1993), Leal decided to pursue a serious acting career. He trained under director Jack Garfein at The Actors Studio in Paris. He made his film debut in Week End Break (2002), a comedy short film, which led to roles in a number of French and Swiss productions.
In 2005, Leal appeared in the Swiss film , in his first major cinematic role. For his performance, he was awarded the prize for Best Actor at the Africa Film Festival, and Swiss Film Prize for Best Performance in a Leading Role.
In 2006, Leal played the role of croupier and poker tournament organizer in the James Bond film Casino Royale.
In 2020, he portrayed Max Epperson aka Bob Weir, in the Netflix film The Last Thing He Wanted.
Filmography
Week End Break (Switzerland, short subject, 2002) - Phil
Anomalies passagères (France, TV, 2003) - Le photographe
Les Amateurs (2003) - Britannicus
Hildes Reise (Switzerland, 2004) - Monk at monastery
Love Express (Switzerland, 2004) - Al
Visite Médicale (Switzerland/France, short subject, 2005) - Le suisse
(Switzerland, 2005) - Paco
Casino Royale (USA, 2006) - Tournament Director
L'Écart (2007) - Chemist
El internado (Spain, 2007) - Jaques Noiret
(Germany, 2007) - José Rodríguez
Chef's Special (2008) - Pascal Sánchez
Dirty Money l'infiltré (2008)
Broken Embraces (2009)
Verso (2009) - Victor Preiswerk
El mal ajeno (2010) - Armand
The Way (2010) - Jean
Sennentuntschi (Switzerland/Germany, 2011) - Martin
La rosa de nadie (2011) - DANIEL
There Be Dragons (2011) - Captain Jorge
CHAOS (USA, 2011) - Luc Mounia
Carré Blanc (France, 2011) - Jean Luc
Looking for Eimish (Spain, 2012) - Kai
Escape from Tibet (Switzerland/Germany, 2011) - Jean François
Collision (2013) - Cyril
Who Killed Johnny (2013) - Marcel, Carlos
Oro verde (2014) - Augusto
20 Rules for Sylvie (Switzerland, 2013) - Adalbert
The Team (TV series, 2015) - Jean-Louis Poquelin
Spaceman (2016) - Gino Lapue
Training Day (TV series, 2017) - Comandante Felix Ruiz "El Jaguar"
Shooter (TV series, 2017) - Banker for Atlas
Better Call Saul (TV series, 2018) - Foreign engineer
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
Swiss male rappers
Swiss male film actors
Swiss people of Galician descent
Swiss people of Spanish descent
Swiss male television actors
Actors from Lausanne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Leal |
UKNC () is a Soviet PDP-11-compatible educational micro computer, aimed at teaching school informatics courses. It is also known as Elektronika MS-0511. UKNC stands for Educational Computer by Scientific Centre.
Hardware
Processor: KM1801VM2 1801 series CPU @ 8 MHz, 16 bit data bus, 17 bit address bus
Peripheral processor: KM1801VM2 @ 6.25 MHz
CPU RAM: 64 KiB
PPU RAM: 32 KiB
ROM: 32 KiB
video RAM: 96 KiB (3 planes 32 KiB each, each 3-bit pixel had a bit in each plane)
Graphics: max 640×288 with 8 colors in one line (16 or 53 colors on whole screen), it is possible to set an individual palette, resolution (80, 160, 320, or 640 dots per line) and memory address for each of 288 screen lines; no text mode.
Keyboard: 88 keys (MS-7007), JCUKEN layout
built-in LAN controller
built-in controller for common or special tape-recorder with computer control (to use for data storage, usually 5-inch FDD's were used)
One unique part of the design is the usage of a peripheral processing unit (PPU). Management of peripheral devices (display, audio, and so on) was offloaded to the PPU, which can also run user programs.
The computer was released in 3 sub-models: 0511, 0511.1, 0511.2. The 0511.1 model, intended for home use, has a power supply for 220 V AC, while others use 42 V AC. The 0511.2 features new firmware with extended functionality and changed the marking of the keyboard's gray keys, compared to the initial version. The photo shows an 0511.2 variant.
There is no active cooling, and at least the 0511.2 variant tends to overheat and halt after several hours of operation.
The design of the case, the layout of the keyboard, the location and the shape of expansion slots are inspired by the Yamaha MSX system, which was purchased by the Soviet Union in the early 1980s for use in schools. The same case, with changed markings, is found with the IBM PC clone called Elektronika MS-1502. The same case and keyboard are found on another educational computer called Rusich (i8085 based).
Software
Operating system: RAFOS, FODOS (RT-11 clones), or RT-11SJ/FB
LAN control program
Programming languages:
BASIC (Vilnius BASIC)
Fortran
Pascal
Modula-2
C
Assembler
Rapira
E-practicum
Logo
Prolog
Forth
FOCAL
See also
DVK
Elektronika BK-0010
SM EVM
External links
UKNC emulator project; contains RT-11 images
Archive software and documentation for Soviet computers UK-NC, DVK, and BK0010.
Microcomputers
Ministry of the Electronics Industry (Soviet Union) computers
PDP-11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKNC |
General Thomas Carleton (c. 1735 – 2 February 1817) was an Irish-born British Army officer who was promoted to colonel during the American Revolutionary War after relieving the siege of Quebec in 1776. After the war, he was appointed as Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, and supervised the resettlement of Loyalists from the United States in the province. He held this position until his death, although he was absent in England for the last fourteen years of his tenure, refusing orders to return in a dispute about seniority.
Early life and education
Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, in Ulster, Ireland, to Christoper Carleton and his wife Catherine Ball, he was the younger brother of The 1st Baron Dorchester. As part of a military family, Thomas joined the British Army at a young age.
Military career
In 1753, he was an ensign in the 20th Regiment of Foot and saw action with his regiment during the Seven Years' War. After the conclusion of the Seven Years' War, Thomas Carleton served as an observer during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774.
In 1776 during the American Revolutionary War, as a lieutenant colonel, he arrived in Quebec City with forces to relieve his brother, Sir Guy Carleton, the Governor General of Canada, who was besieged in the city by Continental Army troops. With the death of Lt. Col. Patrick Gordon on July 25, 1776, Col. Carleton was promoted to command the 29th Regiment of Foot. In 1777, Thomas Carleton's nephew Christopher Carleton joined the 29th regiment as a major and served under his uncle's command for the rest of the war. Col. Thomas Carleton did not get along well with his new commander, Frederick Haldimand, who replaced Guy Carleton in 1778 as Governor General of Canada. He refused when in 1782 Haldimand demanded that he resign his position as quartermaster general before his planned departure for New York, where his brother Guy had replaced the disgraced Henry Clinton. Thomas Carleton returned to England where he lodged with Lord Shelburne, who at the time was First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords.
Political career
In summer 1784, with the administration of Government safely under Shelburne's colleague Pitt the Younger, Col. Thomas Carleton was appointed as the first Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick. Here, he helped to re-settle the many Loyalists leaving the United States. He was made major-general in the regular army on 12 October 1793, and colonel commandant of a battalion of the 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot in August 1794.
Carleton saw off a censure motion and attempted ouster by some assemblymen, led by James Glenie, in the closing years of the 18th century; but Glenie had been found guilty in 1780 by a court-martial board, which included Carleton, "of having behaved unbecoming the Character of an Officer and a Gentleman on many occasions", and so future events between the two would necessarily have been poisoned.
Carleton would serve as Governor of New Brunswick until his death on February 2, 1817. In 1803 he departed for England and administered from there, as he never returned to the province, In view of heightened tensions following the 1807 Chesapeake–Leopard affair and New Brunswick's strategic position on the border with the United States, Carleton was ordered to return to his post. However, Carleton refused on the grounds that the new Governor General, Sir James Henry Craig, was only a lieutenant-general while Carleton was a full general, and that “officers of a superior rank in the King’s Army cannot with propriety serve under the command of inferiors”. Carleton's duties in New Brunswick had to be borne by a succession of local officers.
Legacy
Of Carleton and wife Hannah Foy (née Van Horn) were born son William and daughters Emma and Anne. Stepson Captain Nathaniel Foy was born to Hannah in her first marriage.
Mount Carleton, the tallest mountain in New Brunswick, is named for him.
Notes
Sources
The American Journals of Lt. John Enys, John Enys and Elizabeth Cometti (editor), Syracuse University Press, 1976
Travels Through the Interior Parts of America 1776-1781 Volumes 1 and 2, Thomas Anburey, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1923
The Burning of the Valleys, Gavin K. Watt, Dundurn Press, 1997
Carleton's Raid, Ida H. Washington and Paul A. Washington, Cherry Tree Books, 1977
External links
St Swithuns Church Nately Scures England - showing Memorial for Guy Carleton, Governor of Quebec & Thomas Carleton Governor of New Brunswick
1735 births
1817 deaths
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
29th Regiment of Foot officers
Worcestershire Regiment officers
Lancashire Fusiliers officers
Governors of the Colony of New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick people
18th-century Anglo-Irish people
People from Strabane
Military personnel from County Tyrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Carleton |
Vellalar is a group of castes in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and northeastern parts of Sri Lanka. The Vellalar are members of several endogamous castes such as the numerically strong Arunattu Vellalar, Chozhia Vellalar, Karkarthar Vellalar, Kongu Vellalar, Thuluva Vellalar and Sri Lankan Vellalar.
Etymology
The earliest occurrence of the term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) in Sangam literature is in Paripadal where it is used in the sense of a landowner. The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) can be derived from the word Vel (வேள்), Vel being a title that was borne by the Velir chieftains of Sangam age among other things.
The word Vellalar (வெள்ளாளர் ) may come from the root Vellam for flood, which gave rise to various rights of land; and it is because of the acquisition of land rights that the Vellalar got their name.
History
The Vellalars have a long cultural history that goes back to over two millennia in southern India, where once they were the ruling and land-owning community. Though the Vellalar have generally been associated with the landed gentry and agriculture, they are not a homogenous group and various people from diverse backgrounds have identified themselves as a Vellalar in the course of history.
In Sangam literature
The Vellalar are spoken of as a group of people right from the Sangam period and are mentioned in many of the classical works of Sangam literature. The Tolkappiyam does not contain the term Vellalar but refers to a group of people called Velaan Maanthar who apart from practising agriculture had the right to carry weapons and wear garlands when they were involved in affairs of the state. The term Vellalar itself occurs in the sense of a landowner in Paripadal. The poem Pattinappaalai lists the six virtues of Vellalar as abstention from killing, abstention from stealing, propagation of religion, hospitality, justice and honesty.
Post-Sangam period
In the years that immediately followed the Sangam age (from third to sixth century CE), the Tamil lands were ruled by a dynasty called Kalabhras. Historians believe that the Kalabhras belonged to the Vellalar community of warriors who were possibly once the feudatories of the Cholas and the Pallavas. Scholar and historian M. Raghava Iyengar identifies the Kalabhras with the Kalappalar section of the Vellalar and equates king Achyuta Vikranta with Achyuta Kalappala the father of Meykandar. Buddhadatta, the Pali writer who stayed in the Chola kingdom and authored Buddhist manuals refers (in the Nigamanagātha of Vinayavinicchaya, verse 3179) to his patron Achyuta Vikranta who was then (fifth century CE) ruling the Chola kingdom as Kalamba-kula nandane meaning the favourite of the Kalamba family. In Pali language as in Tamil, the word Kalamba or Kalambam (in Tamil) means the Kadamba tree, the sacred totemic symbol that is associated with Tamil god Murugan.
The Velir
The Velir were an ancient group of Tamil chieftains who claimed Yadava (Yadu) descent. The Ay Vels were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around Venad during the Sangam period. The word Venad is derived from Vel -nadu, that is the country ruled by Vel chieftains. We know of a queen of Vikramaditya Varaguna, an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions. Her father, an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth, in the Huzur plates of king Karunandakkan, the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna.
The Irunkovel or Irukkuvel chieftains were another ancient Velir clan who ruled from their capital Kodumbalur (near Pudukottai district). They were related to the Cholas by marriage. In an inscription of Rajadhiraja Chola an Irukkuvel feudatory who was a high-ranking military officer (Dandanayaka) of the king is described as a Velala.
The Irungovels are considered to be of the same stock as the Hoysalas as in one of the Sangam poems, the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai. This city is identified with the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra by some historians. Also, the legend of the chief killing a tiger (Pulikadimal) has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where ‘'sala'’ kills the tiger to save a sage. As per historian Arokiaswami, the Hoysala title ‘'Ballala'’ is only a variant of the Tamil word ‘'Vellala'’. The Hoysala king Veera Ballala III is even now locally known as the ‘'Vellala Maharaja'’ in Thiruvannamalai, the town that served as their capital in 14th century.
The Chola period
According to the anthropologist Kathleen Gough, "the Vellalars were the dominant secular aristocratic caste under the Chola kings, providing the courtiers, most of the army officers, the lower ranks of the kingdom's bureaucracy, and the upper layer of the peasantry".
Two identical Tamil inscriptions from Avani and Uttanur in Mulbagal Taluk dated in the 3rd year of Kulottunga I (about 1072-1073 CE) describe how the great army of the right hand class (perumpadai valangai mahasenai) having arrived with great weapons of war from the 78-nadus of Chola-mandalam and the 48000-bhumi of Jayangonda-cholamandalam (the northern districts of Tamil Nadu that is Tondaimandalam) conquered and colonized southern Karnataka (Kolar district) by the grace of Rajendrachola (Kulottunga I).
Historian Burton Stein who has done a detailed analysis of this inscription equates the Valangai military forces and the Velaikkara troops of the Cholas with the Vellalas and notes that the contents of the above inscription confirm this identification. The Velaikkara troops were special units of armed forces drawn from the right-hand castes that were close to the king. The units were generally named after the king like Rajaraja-terinda-valangai-velaikkarar, that is the known (terinda) forces of king Rajaraja Chola I. The Chola inscriptions state that the Velaikkara forces pledged under oath to commit suicide in case they failed to defend their king or in the event of his death. The Chalukya kings were also known by the title Velpularasar, that is kings of Vel country (pulam means region or country in Tamil) and as Velkulattarasar, that is kings of the Vel clan (kulam), in epigraphs and in the old Tamil lexicon Divakaram.
The Vellalar also contributed to the Bhakti movement in south India from the seventh century CE onwards and helped revive Hinduism. Many of the Nayanmars, the Shaiva saints, were Vellalar. In the 12th century CE, saint Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva sang the glories of these Nayanmars in his magnum opus, the Periyapuranam. Sekkizhar was born in a Vellala family in Kundrathur in Thondaimandalam and had the title Uttama Chola Pallavaraiyan. Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva was an elder contemporary of Kulothunga Chola II, the king who is said to have persecuted the Brahmin philosopher Ramanuja for his Vaishnavite preachings by forcing him to sign a document stating Shiva is the greatest god.
Sri Lanka
The Vellalars of Sri Lanka have been chronicled in the Yalpana Vaipava Malai and other historical texts of the Jaffna kingdom. They form half of the Sri Lankan Tamil population and are the major husbandmen, involved in tillage and cattle cultivation. Local Sri Lankan literature, such as the Kailiyai Malai, an account on Kalinga Magha, narrates the migration of Vellala Nattar chiefs from the Coromandel Coast to Sri Lanka.
Their dominance rose under Dutch rule and they formed one of the colonial political elites of the island.
In Jainism
At present, most of the Tamil Jains are from the Vellalar social group. Also, the Saiva Velaalar sect are originally believed to have been Jainas before they embraced Hinduism. The Tamil Jains refer to the Saiva Velaalar as nīr-pūci-nayinārs or nīr-pūci-vellalars meaning the vellalars who left Jainism by smearing the sacred ash or (tiru)-nīru. While some of the Jains assign this conversion to the period of the Bhakti movement in Tamil nadu others link it to a conflict with a ruler of the Vijayanagar empire in the 15th century. The villages and areas settled by the Saiva Velaalar even now have a small number of Jaina families and inscriptional evidence indicate that these were earlier Jaina settlements as is evident by the existence of old Jaina temples.
Current usage
Even though at present, the term "Vellalar" is uncertain, a number of non-cultivating landholding castes like Kaarukaatha Velaalar and the Kondaikatti Velaalar who served ruling dynasties in various capacities also identify themselves as Vellalar. Likewise, the Kottai Pillaimar who were traditionally land-holders and lived inside forts, neither lease land for agriculture nor do they till their own fields. They also do not supervise cultivation directly due to the stigma attached to farming and manual labor. Similarly, the Vellala Chettis, a branch of the Chozhia Vellalars were traders and merchants. The Adi-saiva vellalar sect is a strictly vegetarian Saivite group that traditionally served as priests.
Social status
The Vellalar were considered to be of high status and enjoyed a high rank during the Chola period. They helped promote and stabilize Shaivism during the Chola era and many of the cult's leaders were drawn from the ranks of the Vellalar. They were a prosperous community of farmers and landowners who had provided economic support to Shiva temples in the Tamil country. In the Tamil region, Vellalar like Mudaliyar and Pillai along with certain other non-brahmin groups enjoyed a status equal to that of the Brahmins. The Vellalar also had more authority, power and status than the Brahmins in some social and ritual contexts. They were more orthodox than the Brahmins in their religious practices. The Vellalar nobles had marriage alliances with Chola royal families.
The Smarta Brahmins have always competed with the Tamil Shaivites for religious influence in the temples in the Kaveri delta region. The Smarta adopted the worship of Hindu deities and combined their Sanskritic background with Tamil Saiva and Vaishnava devotionalism and eventually identified themselves as Shaivites and started worshipping in Shiva temples.
From the Sangam period to the Chola period of Indian history (A.d. 600 to 1200), state-level political authority was in the hands of relatively low, Vellalar chieftains, who endowed local and nonlocal Brahmins with land and honors, and were in turn legitimized by them.
See also
Pallavaraiyan
List of Vellalars
List of Vellalar sub castes
Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family
Notes
References
Further reading
Social groups of Tamil Nadu
Indian castes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellalar |
Daniel Garodnick (born May 5, 1972) is an American lawyer and a former Democratic New York City Councilmember for the 4th district. He is currently the Chair of the New York City Planning Commission. He also served as president and chief executive officer of the Riverside Park Conservancy.
Early life and education
Garodnick was born in New York City and is a graduate of Trinity School (1990). He received his B.A. from Dartmouth College (1994). He earned a J.D. from the University of Pennsylvania Law School (2000), where he was Editor-in-Chief of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review.
Between college and law school, Garodnick spent time in both Millen, Georgia and Portsmouth, Virginia helping to rebuild African American churches that had been burned by arson. He also spent two years working for the New York Civil Rights Coalition as the director of a program to teach New York City public school ways to combat racial discrimination, and how to use government to effect social change.
Career
An attorney, Garodnick practiced as a litigator at the New York law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison where he focused on securities litigation and internal investigations of companies. While there, he represented the Partnership for New York City in the successful Campaign for Fiscal Equity lawsuit regarding public school funding., and same-sex couples seeking marriage equality in New York State.
Prior to joining the firm, he served as a law clerk to Judge Colleen McMahon of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Personal life
In May 2008, Garodnick married Zoe Segal-Reichlin, senior associate general counsel and director of advocacy of Planned Parenthood. They have two children.
New York City Council
Garodnick was elected to New York City Council in 2005, winning 63 percent of the vote in the general election and defeating both the Republican and Libertarian candidates. In the five-way Democratic primary that year he won 59% of the vote. He won reelection in 2009 and 2013.
During his twelve-year tenure, The New York Times praised Garodnick for his “independent streak” and noted that he had “distinguished himself in the fight to preserve middle-class housing.” The Wall Street Journal has called him “smart and fair” and POLITICO New York noted that he is known as a “policy wonk” who has “bucked the establishment."
In 2017, City & State called Garodnick a “no-nonsense negotiator.” Garodnick earned this reputation for repeatedly bringing parties to an agreement in difficult negotiations. In 2007, Garodnick successfully stepped in to broker an agreement between renowned Chef Daniel Boulud and the staff at his eponymous restaurant, who sought redress and compensation after Asian and Latino employees had been discriminated against and passed over for promotions. In 2008, when a developer proposed rezoning the largest stretch of undeveloped, privately owned land in Manhattan, Garodnick was able to adjust the plan to reduce the height of the towers, provide for acres of gardens and a school, as well as a $10 million contribution from the developer for a future pedestrian bridge over the FDR Drive. In 2015, when the de Blasio administration and Council Member Carlos Menchaca were at a logjam over the $115 million redevelopment of the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal, Garodnick helped broker an agreement between both sides.
Garodnick is best known for his work fighting for his childhood home in Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village, where he spearheaded the largest housing preservation deal in New York City history in 2015, with 5,000 units for middle-class families. He wrote a book on the subject, called "Saving Stuyvesant Town: How One Community Defeated the Worst Real Estate Deal in History," published by Three Hills Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press. He also negotiated the East Midtown Rezoning in 2017, covering an 80 block area in midtown Manhattan, which almost immediately began to generate new commercial space, and to deliver significant public improvements to the area.
Garodnick's last term as councilman ended on December 31, 2017, when he was succeeded by Keith Powers.
Garodnick authored and passed over 60 laws during his tenure on the New York City Council.
New York City Comptroller campaign
On April 3, 2012 Garodnick announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for New York City Comptroller. On November 28, 2012 Garodnick dropped out of the Comptroller race, and immediately endorsed Scott Stringer, while pledging to run for re-election in District 4. Stringer had previously been running for Mayor. Garodnick was opposed in his bid for re-election by attorney Helene Jnane.
City Planning
On February 7, 2022, Mayor Eric Adams appointed Garodnick as Director of the Department of City Planning, and Chair of the City Planning Commission. In that role he is leading the administration’s ambitious land use agenda, including proposed changes related to the impact of zoning on climate, changes to the city zoning law related to business development and housing, including for office to housing conversions. Garodnick is also focused on support for proposed changes near the new Metro-North Stations coming to the Bronx, a key stretch of Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, Manufacturing Districts in Midtown Manhattan, and downtown Jamaica in Queens. In July 2023, Garodnick was named in the top ten of City & State Newspaper's Real Estate Power 100.
Election history
References
External links
Official campaign site
1972 births
Living people
Dartmouth College alumni
New York City Council members
New York (state) Democrats
Trinity School (New York City) alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Politicians from Manhattan
21st-century American politicians
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Garodnick |
Gammage can refer to:
Johnny Gammage (died 1995), American motorist who died in police custody
Grady Gammage (1892–1959), American university president
Robert Gammage (born 1938), American politician
The Gammage Cup, Newbery Honor-winning children's book
Gammage Auditorium, building on the campus of Arizona State University named for Grady Gammage
See also
Gamage, a surname | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammage |
In human perception, contingent aftereffects are illusory percepts that are apparent on a test stimulus after exposure to an induction stimulus for an extended period. Contingent aftereffects can be contrasted with simple aftereffects, the latter requiring no test stimulus for the illusion/mis-perception to be apparent. Contingent aftereffects have been studied in different perceptual domains. For instance, visual contingent aftereffects, auditory contingent aftereffects and haptic contingent aftereffects have all been discovered.
An example of a visual contingent aftereffect is the McCollough effect. The McCollough effect is one of a family of contingent aftereffects related to the processing of color and orientation. One can induce the aftereffect by exposure to a magenta and black vertical grating alternating with a green and black horizontal grating. After a few minutes of induction (5 or more is best), followed by a break of a few minutes, black-and-white vertical and horizontal gratings will appear colored. The verticals will look green and horizontals pink in the example given. Therefore, the illusory color apparent on the test fields is contingent on the orientation of the lines in that test field. Furthermore, the orientation-color contingencies present in the illusion are the reverse of those present in the adapting stimulus (i.e., the magenta-vertical and green-horizontal adaptation gratings produced illusory magenta on the horizontal test gratings and illusory green on the vertical test grating). The illusion will reverse if one rotates one's head 90°. This is because the effect is retino-topic, that is, the effect is dependent on the orientation of the test lines on the retina.
There are also color-contingent motion aftereffects, and other varieties of these phenomena.
See also
Optical illusion
Visual perception
References
Favreau O.E., Emerson V.F., Corballis M.C. (1972) Motion Perception: A Color-Contingent Aftereffect. Science, 7, 78–79.
Optical illusions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent%20aftereffect |
Warp was a New Zealand magazine and official organ of the National Association for Science Fiction (NASF), the country's first national science fiction fan organisation.
History
First published in November 1977, Warp continued on a usually two-monthly schedule until the late 1990s, surviving for a short period independently after NASF went into recess. The magazine was published by Transworld. Excluding the APA Aotearapa, Warp was the first New Zealand science fiction publication to reach 100 issues, which it did in June 1995. In all, some 115 editions of Warp were produced. Its largest issues were 44 pages in length.
The location of Warp's publishing varied according to the home city of its editor, although during much of the later 1980s it was based in Christchurch, and during the early and mid 1990s it was based in Dunedin. At times the magazine's schedule was erratic, especially during the late 1980s and shortly before its demise in the late 1990s.
Originally published in A4 format, for much of its run it was A5 in size, returning to A4 shortly before its demise.
The Warped Tour, established in 1994, is named after the magazine.
Kelly Anna
Kelly Anna, a talented artist, has made significant contributions to Wrap Magazine. Known for her bold and vibrant illustrations, Kelly Anna's work brings a dynamic energy to the pages of Wrap. Her distinctive style and use of vibrant colors create visually captivating compositions that explore themes of female empowerment, body positivity, and strength. Through her collaboration with Wrap magazine, Kelly Anna's artwork adds a fresh and empowering perspective, inspiring readers with her expressive and empowering imagery.
See also
Literature in New Zealand
List of print media in New Zealand
References
1977 establishments in New Zealand
Defunct magazines published in New Zealand
Mass media in Christchurch
Mass media in Dunedin
Magazines established in 1977
Magazines with year of disestablishment missing
Literary magazines published in New Zealand
Speculative fiction magazines published in New Zealand
New Zealand science fiction
Bi-monthly magazines
Defunct literary magazines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp%20%28magazine%29 |
Kevin Gelshenen Rafferty II (May 25, 1947 – July 2, 2020) was an American documentary film cinematographer, director, and producer, best known for his 1982 documentary The Atomic Cafe.
Background
Rafferty was born in Boston on May 25, 1947. He studied architecture at Harvard and film at the California Institute of the Arts. He helped teach the craft of filmmaking to Michael Moore during the production of Roger & Me in 1989, and Moore has acknowledged Rafferty's influence on his own filmmaking. Rafferty teamed up with his brother Pierce and Jayne Loader
to produce the cult classic documentary film The Atomic Cafe. He was the director, producer, editor and cinematographer of many documentary projects, including Blood in the Face, The War Room, Feed, and The Last Cigarette. His last project was Harvard Beats Yale 29-29.
Rafferty was a nephew of Barbara Bush, and a cousin of George W. Bush.
Rafferty died from cancer at his home in Manhattan on July 2, 2020, at age 73.
Filmography
As director or producer
Harvard Beats Yale 29-29 (2008)
Who Wants to Be President? (2000)
The Last Cigarette (1999/I)
Feed (1992)
Blood in the Face (1991)
Radio Bikini (1988)
The Atomic Cafe (1982)
Hurry Tomorrow (1975)
As cinematographer
Good Money (1996)
The War Room (1993)
Roger & Me (1989)
As himself
Manufacturing Dissent (2007)
SexTV (2003) (TV)
Reception
Thom Powers of Harvardwood writes that Rafferty is "renowned for his wit and fresh perspectives on American culture". His various films have received positive reception. Of Hurry Tomorrow, Rafferty's documentary indictment of a California State psychiatric hospital, Colin Bennet of The Age wrote "Its anger and courage are the kind that lead to reform".
Michael Atkinson of IFC calls Rafferty's latest, Harvard Beats Yale 29-29, "a hypnotic pleasure," and Fast Company calls it an "engrossing documentary" which was "the best sports film we've seen in years", and Manohla Dargis of New York Times writes "while it seems absurd to include such a picayune event in the annals, the filmmaker Kevin Rafferty makes the case for remembrance and for the art of the story in his preposterously entertaining documentary Harvard Beats Yale 29-29".
The Atomic Cafe had received praise as one of the best Cold War movies of all time.
Accolades
1991, nomination, Grand Jury Prize for Blood in the Face by Sundance Film Festival
1983, nomination, Flaherty Documentary Award for Best Documentary for The Atomic Cafe by British Academy of Film and Television Arts
2016, The Atomic Cafe selected to the National Film Registry
References
External links
Kevin Rafferty at All Movie Guide
1947 births
2020 deaths
American documentary filmmakers
Bush family
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Collage filmmakers
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Film directors from New York City
Film producers from New York (state)
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Rafferty |
Nat Langham (20 May 1820 – 1 September 1871) was an English middleweight bare-knuckle prize fighter. He had the distinction of being the only person ever to beat Thomas Sayers while defending the English middleweight championship. Langham first took the championship by defeating George Gutteridge on 23 November 1846. Langham was considered a scientific boxer, and known for using sharp, well-timed blows, particularly with his left, though he was right handed. He was a 1992 inductee into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and a mentor to the British boxers Tom King and Jem Mace.
Early life
Stephen Nathaniel Langham was born to Nathaniel and Mary Langham, frame knitters of stockings, amidst the slum-like conditions of Cross Keys Yard on Upper Castle Street in Hinckley, Leicestershire in May of 1820. He always spoke with a speech impediment, the result of a childhood incident when at eight he stole a hot potato from a market stall—caught in the act, the vendor thrust the steaming potato into his mouth, causing severe permanent tissue scarring. He said later in his life that he laboured in the fields as a child but this may have been a story he invented as a result of the shame and resentment he felt from the impoverished urban environs of his early life. Sources concur that he later made his way to Leicester where he was hired to help deliver goods by horse and cart. He started to box in the early 1840s, fighting with "rural roughs".
Langham grew to around tall, and in weight. The poverty he experienced in his childhood caused him to suffer ill health all his life, and he was said to have weak lungs.
Career
After a neighborhood brawl, he was discovered by Leicester pugilist Dick Cain , and learned to box at Cain's sparring rooms at the Castle Tavern, at Leicester's 43 Gallowtree Gate. After studying his craft, Langham became known as a scientific boxer with quick, well-timed hands and great skill in his left. His closing style was to jab his opponent's eyes until they closed; His finishing blow, the "pick-axe" was a left hook that started low. During his career, boxing was an illegal clandestine profession, carried out in comparative secrecy, so his fights and the ones he later arranged, occurred in remote spots, and rarely near London city limits.
Middleweight champion, 1842
Langham first took the English Middleweight title for the modest sum of £5, on 9 February 1842, according to the records of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, in an eighth round knockout against the older, larger, and more experienced William Ellis of Sabcote, near Langham's birthplace of Hinkley, Leicestershire, England. Ellis gave up the fight in the eighth after having his eyes blackened and other clear marks of heavy and frequent blows.
Langham fought a non-title bout on 7 May 1844 against Tom Lowe, winning the bout when Lowe unexpectedly conceded the match in the 43rd round. Ben Caunt had some influence in arranging and approving the match. The bout was described as a "curious, scrambling affair" by the sporting publication Bell's Life.
Langham defeated Doc Campbell, known as the "Brighton Bomber" on 12 June 1845, in a twelve round match that went 27 minutes.
On 23 September 1846, Langham defended what most boxing historians now believe was the English middleweight title against George Gutteridge at South Farm Pastures, three miles from Bourne, England in an 93rd round knockout, taking only twenty-three minutes to complete. The championship bout was fought for £25 a-side. Gutteridge took a defining lead in the first half of the bout, striking several blows that floored Langham. But Gutteridge had received punches to both eyes in the early fighting and eventually tired by mid-fight. After he recovered from a hard fought early bout, in the 53rd round Langham gained a second wind, and landed a series of lefts and rights at arm's length, followed by a near knockout blow that sent Gutteridge into a heap near his corner. In most of the subsequent short rounds, Langham dealt blows to Gutteridge, who often went to the ground after being hit to avoid further attack. This continued until Gutteridge became too fatigued to throw Langham or strongly counterpunch, until the 93rd and final round when Gutteridge's second, Hodgkiss called the fight.
Langham met William Sparks on 4 May 1847 in a 67 round win at Woking Common before a very select crowd of 100 and an impressive purse of £50 a side. Langham dominated with a more scientific style until the 62nd round when in a fall, he fell on his back with Sparks on top of him, unintentionally breaking Sparks's hand as it was squeezed between his back and the ground, putting his opponent at a decided disadvantage. In the remaining five rounds, Sparks could fight only with his remaining hand, and Langham easily found his mark using both hands against the limited ability of his opponent. Finally in the 67th round, Sparks' second Johnny Broome threw up the sponge to end the match.
Only career loss vs. Harry Orme
Langham, fighting at 158 pounds, lost his only career bout on the evening of 6 May 1851 for £50 pounds a side against Harry Orme in an 117 round knockout that took two hours and forty-seven minutes to complete. The fight took place at Lower Hope Point, within twenty-five miles of London off the River Thames, near what is now London Gateway Park and was attended by Lords, Lawyers, celebrities, and well known boxers. Though Langham had a slight height advantage, Orme, who was younger and weighed more, threw him in the sixth round, and Langham may never have fully recovered from the fall. Orme threw Langham again in the eleventh. Though Langham continued to apply his left near the end, after 117 rounds had been fought, his seconds threw up the sponge to end the match, after being thrown again in the closing rounds.
Defeating Thomas Sayers, 1853
In spite of the small prizes available, his prowess in the ring earned him a considerable fortune. After having worked as a bar keep and boxing tutor at public house in Cambridge, Langham came out of his temporary boxing retirement and fought for the English middleweight championship for the last time on 18 October 1853. In the victory for which he became best known, Langham defeated Thomas Sayers, in a 61 round knockout in two hours at Lakenheath, Suffolk, England, twenty miles Northeast of Cambridge, before two thousand who paid admission and as many as a thousand more who waited outside to see the match. Some sources note that Sayers had not been in his best health prior to the match, suffering from a bout of influenza. By the 30th round, Langham appeared weak, but he fought with skill and continued to land such well placed blows to the face of Sayers that it appeared his opponent would soon lose all vision. It was clear by the 56th round that Sayers's vision in both eyes would not last much longer from the frequent blows of Langham. Puglistica wrote that in the final rounds, "it was beyond a doubt now that Sayers could not see what he was doing" and his backers called for him to be taken away. By the 60th round Langham landed three or four telling blows, and in the following round, Sayer's seconds gave up the match. The Era of London considered the match, "game, scientific, and manly", and emphasized that despite the short rounds and hard fighting, it was apparent that the contestants fought a scientific, somewhat finessed battle.
After retiring from the ring, Nat married Elizabeth Watson on 10 December 1853 at St Martins in the Fields, near his home in Westminster. His mentor and promoter Ben Caunt stood as one of the witnesses. The couple had two sons who both died in childhood, and two daughters, Alice and Elizabeth. In his boxing retirement, he became the matchmaking manager of the first official English heavyweight champion, Jem Mace, and occasionally mentored Mace's student Tom King. Mace also performed as one of the boxers at Langham's Rum Pum-Pas boxing club.
Fight with Ben Caunt, 1857
Langham met his mentor and promoter Ben Caunt, a former claimant of the English heavyweight title, on Stanley Island, off England's River Medway in a sixty round draw, fought in one hour and twenty-nine minutes, on 22 September 1857. Langham was attended by his recent boxing adversary and friend Tom Sayers and fought for a substantial purse of £200. Caunt was the Uncle of Langham's wife, and it is odd he would seek to fight his own mentor and business manager. What prompted Langham to come out of boxing retirement may have been a family dispute between each boxer's wife, for which he wished to settle the score. Caunt was nearly three inches taller and forty pounds heavier, and confident he would win the match, though the reporter for Puglistica noted that Caunt looked fitter and healthier than Langham prior to the commencement of the match. As the battle progressed, Caunt became somewhat perplexed he could not land his best blows against Langham's speed and defenses. Langham fought scientifically and landed precise blows, while still evading Caunt, who injured his hand against the stakes of the ring in the 51st round. For the next eight rounds, Langham had the advantage, though he occasionally went down hard as Caunt landed a few blows with his single remaining hand. In the sixtieth round, the combatants were persuaded to end the bout, and they shook hands. Langham, who ended the fight with a clear advantage, later protested the referee's decision to call the bout a draw and hoped for a rematch, but none ever occurred, as neither men's backers planned for one. The owner of the land that hosted the event brought a complaint to recover £10 from Caunt for damage to his property, including some fencing, by the unruly crowd, and a similar action was brought against Langham.
Careers outside boxing
In his early boxing retirement, Langham opened a boxing booth, a place where boxers could spar or fight exhibitions for the entertainment of crowds, often conducted at county fairs in the London area. In the first half of 1853, after the Orme fight, Langham set himself up at the Ram Inn on Bridge Street in Cambridge where he kept the Inn and found a number of boxing students from Cambridge University, Trinity College, and the surrounding area. He became one of the first boxing champions to introduce boxing as a sport to College students.
Cambrian Stores tavern, 1853
Moving back to London, Langham opened the Cambrian Stores, a London area tavern or public house on what is now Charing Cross Road, where he lived out most of his remaining life as an inn keeper or publican in a prosperous side of the city in Westminster near Covent Gardens. Capitalizing on his fame as a boxer, Langham had placed a well lit sign outside his pub that read "King of the Middleweights". From his tavern, he sometimes clandestinely sold tickets to several matches including the Tom King, Jem Mace bout in 1862, as he knew Mace well.
In an 1860 letter to the London Times, a concerned observer wrote that the preliminaries of prize-fights were staged at the Cambrian Stores club, and that the boxers were weighed there before the bout, and appeared after the bout. There was sparring, singing and dancing at the club nearly every night. The dancing was with heavy clogs and pipes and was noisy. Before, during, and after every great fight, between 2,000 and 3,000 of the lowest and most lawless London underclass assembled with swearing, struggling, sparring and shouting. They crowded Langham's Cambrian Stores and surrounding streets worrying the police and compelling the frightened neighbors to close their shops.
Nat’s wife Elizabeth died from peritonitis on 3 October 1860 at their home at Cambrian Stores. In the 1861 census of London Langham appears as a victualler or inn keeper and as a widower living on Castle Street, the address of Cambrian Stores.
The Rum Pum-Pas Club
As a more lucrative venture, he also opened the Rum Pum-Pas Club, in the early 1850s, on an upper floor of his Cambrian Stores in Westminster, which offered dining, boxing instruction, and boxing matches for wealthy and aristocratic patrons of the boxing arts. His patrons included high ranking naval officers, powerful businessmen, and members of Parliament. Several upper crust boxing students and alumni from Cambridge University were boxing students of Langham when he lived in Cambridge and may have remained supporters of his club. Tom Sayers found a worthy adversary to box and spar with at the club when his career was flagging. Morning boxing matches for purses were staged in the club and sometimes in remote spots closer to Epsom, and were often preceded by lengthy late night meals followed by the Club's prized plum pudding. Bouts inside the club sometimes featured boxers fighting in the nude, for the unique tastes of some of the aristocratic patrons. Meals were famously consumed inside a regulation 24 square foot boxing ring, despite the tight fit as Langham acted as Master of Ceremonies. Aristocratic patrons included James Grimston, known as Lord Verulam, a former member of both the House of Lords and Commons, Lord Caledon, and Admiral Lord Edward Russell. Other wealthy patrons included Lord Robert Grimston, brother of James, Sir Robert Peel, amateur boxer and son of the Prime Minister, and Robert's brother Royal Navy Captain William Peel, also an accomplished amateur boxer. Other distinguished patrons included Royal Navy Commander William Hope-Johnstone and Brown and Harris of the London Stock Exchange. Jem Mace claimed to have once boxed Archibald William Douglas (1818-1856), the 8th Marquess of Queensbury, known as (Viscount Drumlanrig) at the Club. Douglas had served as a former member of the House of Commons and was the father of John Douglas, credited with helping to establish boxing's modern Marquess of Queensberry Rules. The top rated boxers, Cambridge students, and aristocracy who frequented the Club cemented Langham's legacy, and place in society. When Langham died, the fights and sparring matches staged there moved to retired boxer, club patron, and good friend Alex Keene's "Two Tuns" Tavern.
Loss of Cambrian Stores Tavern
In April of 1860, the Westminster licensing board turned down an appeal to have Mace's publican license renewed for his Cambrian Stores Tavern, likely due to the low standing of boxers, constant noise from the crowds both inside and outside the club, and a recent assault and robbery that had occurred at his public house. Langham had sold his share of the Cambrian Stores public house by October 1861 though he continued to act as a boxing promoter, and second. In his later years, Langham was host of the "Mitre" Tavern on London's Upper St. Martin's Lane, another location familiar to the boxing crowd that staged the occasional bout. The Mitre was only a few miles from his former pub at the Cambrian Stores on Castle Street, and he remained at the Mitre at least through 1868 acting as both barkeep and landlord.
Langham died of consumption on 1 September 1871 at his house at Cambrian Stores, Castle Street, Leicester Square, Westminster, at the age of 52 in London. Although prosperous during his life, it is believed he left a personal estate of less than £100. He is buried in London's historic Brompton Cemetery in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and though his memory survives, his simple grave and casket have fallen into disrepair.
A blue plaque now commemorates Langham's place of birth on Church Street, Hinckley, and a road "Langham Close" now bears his name.
Selected fights
|-
| align="center" colspan=8|8 wins, 1 loss, 1 draw, English Champion 1843-53
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent(s)
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Duration
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-
| Win
| Bill Crozier
| 1842
| England
| 8 rounds
|
|-
| Win
| Ned Ellis
| 1842
| England
| 8 rounds
|
|-
| Win
| William Ellis
| 9 February 1843
| Near Hinkley, Leicestershire, England
| 8 rounds
| First took English Middleweight championship
|-
| Win
| Tom Lowe
| 7 May 1844
| Woking Common, England
| 43 rounds
|
|-
| Win
| Doc Campbell
| 12 June 1845
|
| 27 rounds
|
|-
| Win
| George Gutteridge
| 23 September 1846
| South Farm Pastures, Bourne, England
| 93rd Round knockout, fought in (1:25:00)
| Retained English Middleweight championship
|-
| Win
| William Sparks
| 4 May 1847
| Woking Common
| 67 Rounds
| Sparsely publicized bout
|-
| Loss
| Harry Orme
| 6 May 1851
| Lower Hope Point, on the Thames River
| 117 Round knockout, fought in (2:59:00)
| Only known career loss, Orme threw Langham repeatedly
|-
| Win
| Tom Sayers
| 18 October 1853
| Lakenheath, Suffolk, England
| 61st Round Knockout, fought in (2:02:00)
| Retained Middleweight championship but retired
|-
| style="background: #dae2f1"|Draw
| Ben Caunt
| 22 September 1857
| Stanley Island, off River Medway, 10 miles from Chatham
| 60 Round draw, in (1:40:00)
| Retired permanently after fight
References
1820 births
1871 deaths
Bare-knuckle boxers
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
English male boxers
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Tuberculosis deaths in England
People from Hinckley
Sportspeople from Leicestershire
Middleweight boxers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%20Langham |
Fukuda (written: ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
, Japanese long jumper
, Japanese historian of political thought
, Japanese singer
, Japanese politician
, Japanese feminist activist
, Japanese film director
, birth name of , member of J-pop group S/mileage
, Japanese speed skater
, photographer
Keiji Fukuda (born c. 1955), American physician with expertise in influenza epidemiology
, Japanese-American judo 10th dan
Koichi Fukuda, Japanese-American guitarist/keyboardist in Static-X
, Japanese mathematician
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese professional wrestler
, Japanese tennis player
, Japanese Actress
, Japanese animation director
Robert Fukuda (1922–2013), American politician and lawyer
, Japanese critic and philosopher
, Japanese sculptor and graphic designer
, Japanese classical guitarist
, Japanese basketball player and coach
, Japanese baseball player
, 67th Prime Minister of Japan
, Japanese politician
, Japanese hurdler
, Japanese economist
, Japanese sport wrestler and sports official
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese photographer
, Japanese dramatist, translator and literary critic
, Japanese composer and keyboardist
, 91st Prime Minister of Japan
, founder of Aiful consumer finance company
See also
Fukuda Denshi Arena, a football stadium in Chiba, Japan
Japanese-language surnames
Steve W. Fukuda, a Japanese American photographer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuda |
Lip's was a Japanese idol group formed in 1990 through the 1989 UCC Can Coffee "Miss Contest Grand Prix". Lip's consisted of Takako Katō, Natsue Yoshimura, and Kyoko Yamamoto. The group disbanded in 1993.
After being signed to CBS Sony, the group released its debut single, , on March 21, 1990. The single peaked at number 43 on the Oricon Singles Chart and charted for four weeks. Another single called "Splendid Love" followed on June 1, 1990. It peaked at number 65 on the Oricon Singles Chart and charted for three weeks. Both "Ai no Maryoku" and "Splendid Love" were used as promotional songs for UCC Can Coffee commercials. The group's first album, , was released on September 21, 1990. The album peaked at number 79 on the Oricon Albums Chart. In November 1990, Lip's teamed up with idol trio Rakutenshi and idol singer Rumi Shishido to form the special Christmas group . They released a single in November 1990 and a holiday album on December 1, 1990.
Lip's released the single, , on August 1, 1991. The song was originally recorded by Seiko Matsuda in 1980. "Aoi Sangoshō (Blue Lagoon Dance Mix)" was used as the image song for Return to the Blue Lagoon promotions in Japan. Lip's final single, , was released on July 1, 1992. "Isogaba Maware!" was used as the theme song for Wowow's TV show Carmel.
Lip's disbanded in 1993. The members went on to pursue careers in acting, modelling, and music.
References
External links
Idol80 Discography (in Japanese)
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
All-female bands
Japanese idol groups
Japanese girl groups
Japanese pop music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%27s |
Miss E may refer to:
A character in The Letter People, American literary program
Miss E... So Addictive, 2001 hip-hop album by Missy Elliott | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20E |
Magnus was a Belgian joint dance music project comprising Tom Barman (from the rock band dEUS) and CJ Bolland. Magnus' debut album, The Body Gave You Everything, was released on 29 March 2004. Four of its tracks were released as singles: "Summer's Here", "Jumpneedle", "French Movies" and "Hunter/Collector".
"Summer's Here" (which uses a sample of Donald Byrd's song "Christo Redentor") and "Rhythm Is Deified" also appeared on the soundtrack of Barman's 2003 film Any Way the Wind Blows. In the years following their debut album, Tom Barman and CJ Bolland performed together as DJs on several festivals.
After a long hiatus, the band released a second album in 2014 titled Where Neon Goes to Die. It was preceded by the single "Singing Man", with vocals by Tom Smith, leader of Editors. Other guest vocalists on the album included David Eugene Edwards, Selah Sue, Mina Tindle, Tim Vanhamel, Billie Kawende and Portuguese female rap artist Blaya. Briefly after the release of the album, an alternate version of "Singing Man" was recorded with Mark Lanegan.
In December 2014, Magnus released "Slecht Gaan", a collaboration with Dutch rap act De Jeugd Van Tegenwoordig which was not featured on Where Neon Goes to Die.
Albums
Singles and EPs
External links
Official website
Belgian electronic music groups
Belgian dance music groups
Belgian musical duos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20%28band%29 |
Are You Carrying Any Gold Or Living Relatives: Through The Soviet Union with Nila is a book by Irene Kampen about her travels in the Soviet Union in the summer of 1969. In the book Kampen visits the Soviet Union with her friend and translator Nila Magidoff.
American travel books
1970 non-fiction books
Books about the Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are%20You%20Carrying%20Any%20Gold%20or%20Living%20Relatives%3F |
MAD World is the international television service of MAD TV that broadcasts the 'best of MAD' programming to Greeks abroad. Unlike its counterpart in Greece, MAD World airs only Greek music content, no international music.
Mad World is on the air 24 hours a day, broadcasting all genres of Greek music (pop, hip hop, rock, etc.), 'rockumentaries' dedicated to famous Greek artists, and daily live shows that keep the audience informed about the events that take place in Greece. Mad World also focuses on the classic Greek hits of the last decade that are very popular among the Greeks worldwide.
Mission
Mad TV's production team is behind all the creative new formulas of Mad World and its ultimate goal is to make it the best satellite music channel. Mad TV wishes to spread Greek music all over the world through Mad World. What is more, it truly hopes to bring together Greek emigrants by informing their audience about current music events that take place in Greece, and/or the live appearances of the Greek artists abroad, thus benefiting both the Greek artists/singers and Greek songwriters.
Availability
It launched in December 2005 in Asia, Africa and Australia on UBI World TV and launched in New Zealand in 2008 when UBI World TV expanded their services to New Zealand. In June 2012, UBI World TV ceased operations, resulting in MAD World going off the air as UBI was the only provider (at the time) offering the channel anywhere in the world.
In December 2013, Mad World re-launched on Bell Fibe TV in Canada via a partnership with Canadian ethnic broadcaster Ethnic Channels Group.
Programs
Mad World features programs that are tailored specifically for the station:
MAD Video Requests is a show that lets viewers request their favourite music video via email and SMS.
MAD TOP 10 - The Top 10 Music videos from Greece.
MAD News has the latest music news on the hour.
POP World - Pop music and popular music videos.
3 apo 1 - three video clips from the same artist.
Κlassika - Classic hits from that last 20 years.
Jukebox - Viewers select their favourite from among two video clips.
Mad4Bouzoukia - Live performances.
Μousiko Κouti - All the latest news from the world of music and showbiz.
Polu Dunata - All the latest Greek pop hits.
Rythmos Εllinikos - Non-stop music mix of the latest hits from Greece.
Τa Εrotika - Ballads from the world of pop, rock, techno and modern Greek music.
Τop 5 has Five of the biggest hits from a specific artist, interspersed with interviews.
Trash Me - Late night segment with a logo of a dog, an innuendo for the derogatory Skiladiko (Dog music) genre, which features lower budget "trash" clips that did not traditionally enjoy much broadcasting. Also includes songs that established a cult following in the nightlife.
External links
Official site
Television channels in Greece
MAD TV (Greece)
Greek-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAD%20World |
Now That's What I Call Music (also simply titled Now or Now 1) is the first album from the popular Now! series that was released in the United Kingdom on 28 November 1983. Initial pressings were released on vinyl and audio cassette. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the album and series, the album was re-released on CD for the first time in 2009. Alternative longer mixes of "Only for Love", "Double Dutch" and "Candy Girl" were included in place of the original shorter single mixes from 1983. A double vinyl re-release followed for Record Store Day on 18 April 2015. In July 2018, the album was newly remastered and re-released on CD, vinyl and cassette to commemorate the release of the 100th volume of the series.
In December 1983, the compilation debuted at number seven on the UK Albums Chart and reached number one a week later, staying at the top for five non-consecutive weeks.
Track listing
Now That's What I Call Music video
A video selection was also released featuring selected tracks from the main album, one track that later featured on Volume II of the series and two which did not appear on any Now album.
Phil Collins : "You Can't Hurry Love"
Duran Duran : "Is There Something I Should Know"
UB40 : "Red Red Wine"
Limahl : "Only for Love"
Heaven 17 : "Temptation"
Malcolm McLaren : "Double Dutch"
Culture Club : "Karma Chameleon"
Men Without Hats : "The Safety Dance"
Kajagoogoo : "Too Shy"
Mike Oldfield : "Moonlight Shadow"
Rock Steady Crew : "(Hey You) The Rock Steady Crew"
Tina Turner : "Let's Stay Together"
Freeez : "I.O.U." †
Howard Jones : "New Song"
UB40 : "Please Don't Make Me Cry"
Will Powers : "Kissing with Confidence"
Genesis : "That's All"
Kajagoogoo : "Big Apple"
The Assembly : "Never Never" †
Thompson Twins : "Hold Me Now" ††
Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack : "Tonight I Celebrate My Love"
† Never appeared on any of the numbered NOW albums but did appear on Now 1983 in the 10th Anniversary Series.
†† Later appeared on NOW 2.
Charts
References
External links
Now That's What I Call Music television commercial
1983 compilation albums
001
EMI Records compilation albums
Sony Music compilation albums
Virgin Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%20That%27s%20What%20I%20Call%20Music%20%28original%20UK%20album%29 |
Brian Steen Nielsen (born 28 December 1968) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. Most notably, he made 66 appearances for the Denmark national team between 1990 and 2002, scoring three goals. After his retirement from his active career, he worked as the director of football at former club AGF until 2014.
Biography
Born in Vejle, Steen Nielsen started his senior career at Vejle Boldklub (VB) in October 1988. He received the 1989 Danish U21 Player of the Year award, and on 14 February 1990 he debuted for the Denmark national team. He came on as a half-time substitute in a friendly match 0–0 draw with Egypt, but he did not become a constant part of the team, playing three further games until June 1991. He switched from Vejle to rival team Odense Boldklub (OB) in 1992, where he won the 1993 Danish Cup trophy. After a year at OB, he made the jump abroad to play in Turkey for Fenerbahçe.
The move to Fenerbahçe saw him return to the Danish national team in 1993, and during the last years of coach Richard Møller Nielsen's reign, Brian Steen was a part of the defensive midfield, playing many games alongside John "Faxe" Jensen. He moved back to play for OB in 1995, who he represented when he competed for Denmark in the UEFA Euro 1996. After the championship, he moved to Japan to play for Urawa Red Diamonds, and following Møller Nielsen's retirement as Denmark coach in June 1996, Brian Steen was eventually dropped by new coach Bo Johansson.
He moved back to OB once more in 1997, before playing for Akademisk Boldklub (AB), where his experience made him the natural team captain. His time at AB culminated in the 1999 Danish Cup triumph, at which time he had returned to the national team where he played a number of games in a midfield pairing with hard-hitter Stig Tøfting. Following the emergence of the eight-year younger Thomas Gravesen on the national team, Brian Steen slowly took on the role of substitute following the UEFA Euro 2000. After 11 minutes of play in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, under new coach Morten Olsen, his national team career had come to an end.
He ended his club career in Denmark with AGF, playing his last years alongside Stig Tøfting, though his stay at the club would be marked by him head-butting teammate Nikolaj Hust at the club training. He was not sued by Hust, but the press got hold of the news and Brian Steen was charged by the police and was convicted of mild violence, resulting in ten £50 fines. He stopped his career at Aarhus GF in the fall of 2004, but stayed around the club, both as a caretaker manager and he is the current sports director.
In April 2016, it was made public that his name was found amongst those in the Panama Papers. Allegedly, he set up a company in Panama with the intent of evading Danish tax.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
OB
Danish Cup: 1993
AB
Danish Cup: 1999
Denmark
FIFA Confederations Cup: 1995
References
External links
Vejle Boldklub profile
1968 births
Living people
1995 King Fahd Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Danish men's footballers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Denmark men's international footballers
Fenerbahçe S.K. footballers
Aarhus Gymnastikforening players
Odense Boldklub players
Akademisk Boldklub players
Vejle Boldklub players
Malmö FF players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Danish Superliga players
Danish 1st Division players
Allsvenskan players
Süper Lig players
J1 League players
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
UEFA Euro 1996 players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
People from Vejle Municipality
People named in the Panama Papers
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from the Region of Southern Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Steen%20Nielsen |
In public transport, a request stop, flag stop, or whistle stop is a stop or station at which buses or trains, respectively, stop only on request; that is, only if there are passengers or freight to be picked up or dropped off. In this way, stops with low passenger counts can be incorporated into a route without introducing unnecessary delay. Vehicles may also save fuel by continuing through a station when there is no need to stop.
"Flag stop" airline service was historically offered by several scheduled passenger air carriers in the past into destinations with low airline passenger demand. As an example, in its June 1, 1969 worldwide system timetable, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) had this explanation: "Flag stop: A stop will be made and traffic will be accepted only when operating conditions permit, and provided request to stop is made sufficiently in advance."
There may not always be significant savings on time if there is no one to pick up because vehicles going past a request stop may need to slow down enough to be able to stop if there are passengers waiting. Request stops may also introduce extra travel time variability and increase the need for schedule padding.
The appearance of request stops varies greatly. Many are clearly signed, but many others rely on local knowledge.
Implementations
The methods by which transit vehicles are notified that there are passengers waiting to be picked up at a request stop vary by transit system and by route.
Local transport
Many local bus systems operate most of their stops as request stops. Buses do not service stops unless there is an awaiting passenger or an onboard passenger utilizes an electric bell to signal a stop (generally by pulling a cord, or pushing a button or yellow signaling strip). Stops that are served on every trip are often called stations and placed at the terminus of a route. Such stops are often also used as timing points.
However, some systems use this term to distinguish between marked stops that must be hailed (as if hailing a taxicab) and marked stops where the driver will stop for any awaiting passengers (as above). This practice was common on certain Transport for London routes until 2008, with different signs distinguishing between the two sorts of stops.
Still other systems may use the term "request stop" to refer to a servicing location other than a marked bus stop. This sort of service can be found on hail and ride routes, designated portions of routes, or special late-night service. In hail and ride operations, there are few or no marked stops and passengers can request the bus be stopped at any point where the driver can safely and reasonably do so. This is common in some cities, such as Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, where bus stops were infrequently signed before 2019. Some services operate in this way only late at night, allowing for drop-off between marked stops, thereby decreasing walking time for safety and convenience. Examples include Winnipeg Transit and New York City MTA Bus (known as Late-night Request-A-Stop).
Long-distance transport
In long-distance transport, transit vehicles, such as passenger trains or buses operating on motorways, usually operate at higher speeds than local transport. This means that stopping is more troublesome (and more worth avoiding) and that it may be very difficult to see a passenger in time to stop for them. This difference often results in more complicated ways of signalling a stop to the vehicle.
Some services, like Amtrak, require that a ticket be purchased in advance, specifying a specific origin and destination. Since the train's crew know what tickets were sold, they also know where people are coming from and going to, and they simply stop only at those stations required by the tickets. Services that lack advanced ticketing, or that sell tickets for a range of destinations or travel times, require ways of knowing whether or not someone is waiting at a station or platform. These may range from a passenger speaking to a dispatcher on a phone located at a station or to a station employee to simply pressing a button to activate a signal such as a flashing light somewhere before the station that the driver can see in time to slow down safely.
In the United Kingdom, there exist approximately 150 railway request stops, of which Great Britain has around 135. When leaving from a request stop, the passenger has to signal the train driver by hand signal. When planning to disembark at a request stop, the passenger needs to inform the train conductor in advance. Some request stops in Scotland, eight on the Far North Line, have had a ‘Request to Stop’ kiosk installed at the station. This has live information for passengers and a button that can be pressed to alert the driver of their intent to board the train before it arrives in view from the platforms. This alerts the driver about any waiting passengers in advance; if there is no requirement to stop, the train can maintain line speed through the station, thus improving reliability on the whole line. On , Scotscalder station became the trial site for a "Press & Ride" request stop system developed by Transport Scotland.
Following the successful trial at Scotscalder, this system was expanded on to cover five more request stops on the line, namely , , , and . The last two kiosks, at and , are expected to be in operation from spring 2023.
Ferries
Along some ferry routes in the fjords in Norway, some stops are equipped with a light that embarking passengers must switch on in order for the ferry to include the stop and pick them up. The system is known under the name signalanløp. Similar to Norway, in Sweden commuter ferries are requested to stop by a semaphore signal. The many islands of the Stockholm archipelago are an example of this.
See also
Halt
Hail and ride
References
External links
Railway stations
Bus terminology
Stations, terminals and stops
Scheduling (transportation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request%20stop |
Arthur Macalister, (18 January 1818 – 23 March 1883) was three times Premier of Queensland, Australia.
Early life
Macalister was born in Glasgow, Scotland, son of John Macalister, a cabinet maker, and his wife Mary, née Scoullar. Macalister was educated in Glasgow and emigrated to Australia with his wife Elizabeth Wallace née Tassie. They arrived in Sydney on 28 September 1839 on the Abbotsford.
Macalister was appointed to the positions of clerk of Petty Sessions and postmaster at Scone, New South Wales in June 1840. In 1846 he was working for a solicitor in Sydney. In 1850 he was admitted as a solicitor and attorney.
Political career
Macalister then settled in the Moreton Bay district, then part of New South Wales. Macalister took part in the movement for separation, and was elected a representative for Ipswich in the New South Wales parliament on 14 June 1859.
In 1859, the colony of Queensland was separated from New South Wales and Macalister was elected to the first parliament as member for his old district and was made chairman of committees. In March 1862 he joined the Herbert ministry as Secretary for Public Lands and Works, and when Herbert resigned on 1 February 1866, became Premier.
Macalister's ministry only lasted until 20 July 1866, when he resigned owing to the Governor, Sir George Bowen, refusing to sanction a proposed issue of "inconvertible government notes". Bowen called on Herbert to form a new ministry which immediately carried an act authorizing the issue of exchequer bills. This carried the colony through a financial crisis caused by the failure of the Agra and Masterman's Bank, which had arranged a loan for railway extensions.
Herbert had to leave for England almost at once, a reconstruction of the ministry was made, and Macalister again became Premier on 7 August 1866. He resigned a year later and was again elected Chairman of Committees. When Charles Lilley became Premier in November 1868, Macalister took office as Secretary for Public Lands and Works, and for the goldfields. This ministry resigned in May 1870 and, in November, Macalister was elected Speaker. Macalister lost his seat after a hectic campaign in June 1871 but was re-elected for Ipswich in 1872 in a by-election. Macalister formed his third ministry in January 1874 and resigned in June 1876 to become Agent-General for Queensland in London.
Later life
Macalister's health was failing in 1881 and he resigned his office as Agent-General; he was granted a pension of £500 a year by the Queensland parliament. He was created Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1876.
Macalister died near Glasgow on 23 March 1883 at the age of 65. He was survived by his wife, who died 14 September 1894.
Family
Macalister married Elizabeth Wallace Tassie in Edinburgh, Scotland with whom he had 9 children.
Legacy
A number of street names in the Brisbane suburb of Carina Heights are identical to the surnames of former Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. One of these is Macalister Street.
The electoral district of Macalister created in the 2017 Queensland state electoral redistribution was named after him.
The Macalister Range along the Far North Queensland coast between Cairns and Port Douglas was named in honor of the Premier by George Augustus Frederick Elphinstone Dalrymple during the 1873 ‘Queensland North-East Coast Expedition.
The township of Macalister on the Western Darling Downs was named after him.
See also
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1860–1863; 1863–1867; 1867–1868; 1868–1870; 1870–1871; 1871–1873; 1873–1878
References
External links
1818 births
1883 deaths
Premiers of Queensland
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
Lawyers from Glasgow
Speakers of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
19th-century Australian politicians
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Macalister |
The Mark Riley Show is a weekday radio show on the Air America Radio network hosted by long-time talk radio host Mark Riley.
Background
Originally it was part of a larger Air America Mornings program, but as of September 18, 2006 the show was billed on its own. The show features news items read by Riley and his commentary on each of them. Riley interviews a wide variety of guests, though these segments are often pre-recorded due to the early airtime of the show. Riley often takes listener calls on a specific topic in a rapid-fire fashion.
The show began on January 2, 2006, originally airing weekdays from 5AM - 7AM ET. It now airs on weekdays from 5AM - 6AM ET on some Air America affiliates.
The show came to an end on May 11, 2007.
Regular features
Sunrise Soundbites - audio clips from some of yesterdays important news stories
Last Night's Clips - audio clips from the late-night television comedy shows
Overseas Live - Riley talks with an overseas reporter on the day's major international story
On the Grapevine - entertainment news
Nice Try of the Week - a political figure's failed attempt to justify their actions
Weekly Conversation with Robert Reich - Riley and Reich discuss the week's economic news
Winners and Losers - Friday roundup
Wayne Gillman - the morning AAR newscaster joins the show during the second hour
Common Sense Commentary - Jim Hightower's daily commentary
The Numbers - A list of numerical facts similar to Harper's Index
Music
Theme: "Float On" by Modest Mouse
Bumpers: various jazz tunes
Staff
Host: Mark Riley
Producer: Ron Dodd
Producer: John Crimmings
Sports reporter: Larry Hardesty
Sound Engineer: Kris Lo Presto
External links
Air America (radio network)
American talk radio programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mark%20Riley%20Show |
Elaine Scruggs (Non-Partisan), is the former mayor of Glendale, Arizona, relocated from Pasadena, California with her husband Larry in 1971. Scruggs served as mayor of Glendale from 1993 to 2013.
In 2004 she was elected as chairman of the Maricopa Association of Governments' Transportation Policy Committee which guides transportation investments.
Through her efforts, Glendale was named the first Kids at Hope city in the United States of America.
References
Women mayors of places in Arizona
Mayors of places in Arizona
People from Glendale, Arizona
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine%20Scruggs |
Gandaraditha Chola () succeeded his father Parantaka I and became the Chola king about 955 CE. He was also a Tamil literary poet in the Thiruvisaippa Palandu. He had a son named Madurantaka Chola also known as Uttama Chola, who became Chola emperor after his cousin Sundara Chola.
Turbulent period
From the death of Parantaka I, to the accession of Rajaraja I in 985 CE, Chola history is obscure. During this period of 30 years there were five princes who must have occupied the throne. There are several theories surrounding the rapid ascension to the Chola throne.
One was that there were internal feuds among the different members of the royal family. The other is that the effects of the Rashtrakuta invasion, under Krishna III and his brother-in-law Ganga Butuga, and the defeat of the Chola army at Takkolam resulting in the death of heir-apparent Rajaditya Chola (the first in line to the throne - "aanai mael thunjiya devar") must have brought large-scale disorder in the kingdom.
The second theory has more merit since the sons of Parantaka I (specifically Gandaraditya and Arinjaya) must have also fought along with their brother, Rajaditya in that epic battle and must have been variously injured and died rapidly. Thus, Parantaka I was forced to get his grandson Sundara Chola (the son of Arinjaya and probably the oldest surviving prince) to be the heir-apparent.
Reluctant ruler
As noted earlier, the eldest son of Parantaka I, prince Rajaditya lost his life in the Battle of Takkolam (c. 949 CE). Takkalom is identified with the area around present day Arakonam in the North Arcot district. Parantaka I must have made his second son Gandaraditya as heir apparent.
Gandaraditya was a reluctant monarch and focussed more on religious work and not on empire building. The Tondaimandalam continued to be occupied by the Rashtrakutas and Gandaratitya did not seem to have made any attempt to retrieve it. It is not clear if this is because he was uninterested in war or that he was assimilating his position south of the Paalar River and cutting his losses to keep Eelam (which was fast slipping out of Chola control) and to keep a resurgent Pandya Kingdom at bay.
For the time being, the martial Chola power seemed to have been toned down but trade (especially maritime) continued to flourish. There are only very few inscriptions to be found that could be directly attributed to him and this may be because earlier inscriptions were consciously deleted by later Uttama Chola who undertook the task of converting South Indian temples into granite from brick-and-mortar under the "Kalpani" scheme. The conscious decision by Uttama Chola is mentioned in his inscriptions at Kanchipuram.
He spent more time in religious discourse. He is credited with writing a Tamil hymn on Siva of the Chidambaram Temple.
Co-regent
Very early in his reign Gandharaditya must have made his younger brother Arinjaya co-regent and heir-apparent. It is possible that Gandaradhitya was without issue for a long time and in attempt to secure the continuation of the Vijayalaya dynasty, Gandharaditya made his brother heir apparent.
Personal life
Gandaraditya had two queens namely Sembiyan Mahadevi, described as the daughter of Mazhavarayar and another called Viranarayaniyar who is described as the daughter of Solamadeviyar. Sembiyan Madeviyar bore him a son called Madhurantaka Uttama Chola. This must have been very late in his life. At the time of Gandaraditya’s death (c. 956 CE), Uttama Chola must have been a young boy, as he was set aside in the order of succession and Arinjaya took over the Chola crown. Sembiyan Madeviyar survived her husband for a long time. She seems to have been a pious lady as she figures in several inscriptions, making donations to various temples. She died c. 1001 CE during Rajaraja’s reign. She was the daughter of Mazhavarayar clan chieftain and is described thus in inscriptions.
Gandaraditya was also known as "Merkey elundarulina devar" - the king who rose in the west, that is who went west and attained salvation. The meaning of this phrase is not clearly understood but could possibly mean the king who went west to Kerala. There are claims that Gandaraditya in his later life adapted the Jain faith and went to the Kannada land in the west of the Chola country with a Jain ascetic named Loka-pala acharya. This claim does not have many supporters amongst historians especially because of his Saivaite background and his wife's and son's continued persuasion of this faith.
Contributions to Tamil literature
It has been widely accepted by researchers of Tamil literature and Saiva religious scholars that Gandaraditya was the author of a Thiruvisaippa on Siva at the Temple of Chidambaram. In this there is a distinct statement that Parantaka I conquered the Pandya country and Eelam (Sri Lanka) and covered the temple of Nataraja with gold. Gandaraditya composed eleven poems on Lord Nataraja of Chidambaram. These are part of the ninth volume of the Tirumurai and are called Tiruvisaippa. He refers to himself as "Koli(Kozhi) Vendan Thanjaiyar Kon Gandaradittan" in these poems. It is not clear when he composed this poetry and whether it was he who covered the Chidambaram shrine in lieu of his father, or if it was done at Parantaka I's term.
Notes
References
Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1987). Outlines of South Indian History. (Rev. edn.) New Delhi: Vikram.
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
Epigraphy, by Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle
Historical Perspectives of Warfare in India: Some Morale and Matériel Determinants, by Sri Nandan Prasad, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India)
The History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 4 by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
The Twelve Thirumurai - http://tamilnation.co/sathyam/east/thirumurai.htm
Chola emperors
956 deaths
Hindu monarchs
Year of birth unknown
10th-century Hindus
10th-century Indian monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaraditya |
is a Japanese singer and voice actress from Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Shishido debuted as an idol singer with Sony Records in 1990 with the single "Cosmic Rendezvous." In 1992, she left her management and began releasing music independently.
Around the same time Shishido left her management, she also debuted as a voice actress, with her breakthrough role being Mikako Koda from Neighborhood Story. Other notable roles she has played include Onpu Segawa from Ojamajo Doremi, Rosemary Applefield from Ashita no Nadja, Viper from Reborn!, M.O.M.O. from the Xenosaga series, Diana and Luna from the Jewelpet series, and June Amou from Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live and King of Prism.
Early life
Shishido was born in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan as the only daughter of an old Samurai family; her grandfather was a buddhist monk. When Shishido was two years old, she moved to Hiroshima with her mother after her parents divorced. She was a cheerleader at school. Prior to being scouted, she was studying abroad in Seattle, Washington.
Career
Musical career
Citing Etsuko Ichihara as her inspiration, in 1989, Shishido decided to audition for a contest hosted by Lotte through the encouragement of her mother. At the age of 16, Shishido was selected as the winner out of 85,000 contestants and appeared on their television commercial in the following year. Shishido's debut single, titled , was released in 1990. Known by her idol nickname , Shishido also joined the members of Lip's and Rakutenshi to form the project group Nanatsuboshi. During her time as an idol, she faced strict regulations during public appearances and was not allowed to speak out of turn, nor was she allowed to befriend other idols from rival managements.
In 1992, Shishido terminated her contract, citing interest in other career paths such as acting and film. Shishido continued her singing career as an independent singer. Her first indie album, Set Me Free, released in 1995 and had cost to produce. Shishido's album was positively received, and Neil Strauss of The New York Times compared her "ripe, melodic voice" to Debbie Gibson and Liz Phair.
Since meeting guitarist Kohei Shigihara, most of Shishido's music has been composed by him. The first song produced by the two was titled in 2006, which Shishido describes as the song "[seeming] to have been [her] image" and that "[t]hough [she is] refreshing, [she sings] the sense of the vanity of life of the man and woman".
On May 9, 2010, Shishido celebrated her 20th anniversary in the music industry with a commemorative performance that was streamed live on Ustream. Shishido's performance set a record of having the most people view her video on the entire history of the website.
Voice acting career
Shishido's first start at a voice acting career was in 1992, when she voiced Uni Charm Password from the OVA series of KO Beast. In 1995, she broke through with her first leading role as Mikako Koda from Neighborhood Story and was encouraged to audition after producer Hiromi Seki had heard her speaking voice through her album, Do-Re-Mi-Fa-So-La-Ti-Do-Shi-Shi-Do-Ru-Mi. Shishido auditioned for the role of Doremi in Ojamajo Doremi but did not get the part. Despite that, she was later cast as Onpu, a role that boosted her popularity as a voice actress.
Filmography
Film
Television
OVA
Original Net Animation
Video games
CD Drama
Digimon Drama CD Natsu e No Tobira as Natsu-chan
Live-action films
Dubbing
Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater - Fangora
Discography
Studio albums
Do-Re-Mi-Fa-So-La-Ti-Do-Shi-Shi-Do-Ru-Mi (1990)
Punsuka (1992)
Set Me Free (1995)
Shinya Haikai (1997)
Bambi Garden (1999)
Rumi Roll (2003)
Cherbourgh → Brighton (2010)
Onna (2012)
Luminescence (2013)
Eight (2017)
Compilation albums
Idol Miracle Bible Series: Rumi Shishido (2005)
Singles
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Voice actresses from Hiroshima
Actors from Hiroshima
Japanese film actresses
Japanese idols
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Voice actresses from Fukuoka Prefecture
20th-century Japanese actresses
20th-century Japanese singers
20th-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi%20Shishido |
The lamellipodium (: lamellipodia) (from Latin lamella, related to , "thin sheet", and the Greek radical pod-, "foot") is a cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell. It contains a quasi-two-dimensional actin mesh; the whole structure propels the cell across a substrate. Within the lamellipodia are ribs of actin called microspikes, which, when they spread beyond the lamellipodium frontier, are called filopodia. The lamellipodium is born of actin nucleation in the plasma membrane of the cell and is the primary area of actin incorporation or microfilament formation of the cell.
Description
Lamellipodia are found primarily in all mobile cells, such as the keratinocytes of fish and frogs, which are involved in the quick repair of wounds. The lamellipodia of these keratinocytes allow them to move at speeds of 10–20 μm / min over epithelial surfaces. When separated from the main part of a cell, a lamellipodium can still crawl about freely on its own.
Lamellipodia are a characteristic feature at the front, leading edge, of motile cells. They are believed to be the actual motor which pulls the cell forward during the process of cell migration. The tip of the lamellipodium is the site where exocytosis occurs in migrating mammalian cells as part of their clathrin-mediated endocytic cycle. This, together with actin-polymerisation there, helps extend the lamella forward and thus advance the cell's front. It thus acts as a steering device for cells in the process of chemotaxis. It is also the site from which particles or aggregates attached to the cell surface migrate in a process known as cap formation.
Structure
Structurally, the barbed ends of the microfilaments (localized actin monomers in an ATP-bound form) face the "seeking" edge of the cell, while the pointed ends (localized actin monomers in an ADP-bound form) face the lamella behind. This creates treadmilling throughout the lamellipodium, which aids in the retrograde flow of particles throughout. Arp2/3 complexes are present at microfilament-microfilament junctions in lamellipodia, and help create the actin meshwork. Arp 2/3 can only join onto previously existing microfilaments, but once bound it creates a site for the extension of new microfilaments, which creates branching. Another molecule that is often found in polymerizing actin with Arp2/3 is cortactin, which appears to link tyrosine kinase signalling to cytoskeletal reorganization in the lamellipodium and its associated structures.
Rac and Cdc42 are two Rho-family GTPases which are normally cytosolic but can also be found in the cell membrane under certain conditions. When Cdc42 is activated, it can interact with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) family receptors, in particular N-WASp, which then activates Arp2/3. This stimulates actin branching and increases cell motility. Rac1 induces cortactin to localize to the cell membrane, where it simultaneously binds F-actin and Arp2/3. The result is a structural reorganization of the lamellipodium and ensuing cell motility. Rac promotes lamellipodia while cdc42 promotes filopodia.
Ena/VASP proteins are found at the leading edge of lamellipodia, where they promote actin polymerization necessary for lamellipodial protrusion and chemotaxis. Further, Ena/VASP prevents the action of capping protein, which halts actin polymerization.
References
External links
MBInfo - Lamellipodia
MBInfo - Lamellipodia Assembly
Video tour of cell motility
Cell movement
Cytoskeleton
Actin-based structures
de:Lamellipodium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellipodium |
(also Ohira, Oohira) is a Japanese surname and place name.
Astronomy
8533 Oohira, a main-belt asteroid
Oohira Station, alternative name for the Nihondaira Observatory
Places
Ōhira, Miyagi, a village located in Kurokawa District, Miyagi, Japan
Ōhira, Tochigi, a former town located in Shimotsuga District, Tochigi, Japan
People
Ichiji Ohira, member of the Japanese rock band, Anzen Chitai
Masayoshi Ōhira (1910–1980), 68th and 69th Prime Minister of Japan
Minoru Ohira (born 1950), Japanese-born artist
Motoori Ōhira (1756–1833), scholar of Kokugaku
Shuzo Ohira (1930–1998), professional Go player
Takayuki Ohira (born 1970), Japanese engineer and the creator of the Megastar, a world record-holding planetarium projector
Takehiro Ōhira, professional shogi player
Tōru Ōhira (1929–2016), Japanese voice actor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohira |
In computing, traditionally cycle stealing is a method of accessing computer memory (RAM) or bus without interfering with the CPU. It is similar to direct memory access (DMA) for allowing I/O controllers to read or write RAM without CPU intervention. Clever exploitation of specific CPU or bus timings can permit the CPU to run at full speed without any delay if external devices access memory not actively participating in the CPU's current activity and complete the operations before any possible CPU conflict.
Cycle stealing was common in older platforms, first on supercomputers which used complex systems to time their memory access, and later on early microcomputers where cycle stealing was used both for peripherals as well as display drivers. It is more difficult to implement in modern platforms because there are often several layers of memory running at different speeds, and access is often mediated by the memory management unit. In the cases where the functionality is needed, modern systems often use dual-port RAM which allows access by two systems, but this tends to be expensive.
In older references, the term is also used to describe traditional DMA systems where the CPU stops during memory transfers. In this case the device is stealing cycles from the CPU, so it is the opposite sense of the more modern usage.
In the smaller models of the IBM System/360 and System/370, the control store contains microcode for both the processor architecture and the channel architecture. When a channel needs service, the hardware steals cycles from the CPU microcode in order to run the channel microcode.
Common implementations
Some processors were designed to allow cycle stealing, or at least supported it easily. This was the case for the Motorola 6800 and MOS 6502 systems due to a design feature which meant the CPU only accessed memory every other clock cycle. Using RAM that was running twice as fast as the CPU clock allowed a second system to interleave its accesses between the CPUs by timing themselves on every other clock cycle. This was widely used for updating the display using main memory as a framebuffer. Common RAM of the late 1970s ran at 2 MHz, so most machines had a CPU running around 1 MHz. The BBC Micro secured a supply of 4 MHz RAM which allowed its CPU to run at 2 MHz.
Another common solution was to use separate banks of memory that stored instructions vs. data, or more than one pool of data. In these cases the I/O systems can access their data memory while the processor is using a different bank. One example is the Zilog Z80, whose M1 line indicates that the processor is reading instructions; if those instructions are in a different bank, or more commonly ROM, the I/O systems can access RAM without interfering with the processor.
Modern architecture
Cycle stealing is difficult to achieve in modern systems due to many factors such as pipelining, where pre-fetch and concurrent elements are constantly accessing memory, leaving few predictable idle times to sneak in memory access. DMA is the only formal and predictable method for external devices to access RAM.
This term is less common in modern computer architecture (above 66-100 MHz), where the various external buses and controllers generally run at different rates, and CPU internal operations are no longer closely coupled to I/O bus operations.
Examples in actual computer systems
Unexpected cycle stealing by the rendezvous radar during descent nearly caused the Apollo 11 landing to be aborted, but the design of the Guidance Computer allowed the landing to continue by dropping low-priority tasks.
The IBM 1130's "cycle steal" is really DMA because the CPU clock is stopped during memory access. Several I/O controllers access RAM this way. They self-arbitrate via a fixed priority scheme. Most controllers deliberately pace RAM access to minimize impact on the system's ability to run instructions, but others, such as graphic video adapters, operate at higher speed and may slow down the system.
The cycle-stealing concept of the 1130
permits the CPU program to start an operation on an I/O device and then continue the mainline program while the I/O device is performing its operation. Each I/O device that operates in this manner takes (steals) a cycle from the CPU when it is needed.
The CPU is "tied up" only one cycle while a data character is being transferred. The frequency at which devices steal cycles depends on the type of device.
Since the CPU is much faster than any I/O device on the system, the CPU may be performing another function, such as arithmetic, at the same time an I/O operation is being performed. In fact, several I/O operations may be overlapped with each other and with other CPU functions.
Cycle stealing has been the cause of major performance degradation on machine such as the Sinclair QL, where, for economy reasons, the video RAM was not dual access. Consequently, the M68008 CPU was denied access to the memory bus when the ZX8301 "master controller" was accessing memory, and the machine performed poorly when compared with machines using similar processors at similar speeds.
References
Central processing unit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle%20stealing |
Trashman is a video game developed by Malcolm Evans for the ZX Spectrum and released by New Generation Software in 1984.
Later the same year, it was followed by Travel with Trashman. The third game in the series, Trashman Through Time, was never completed, however Trashman Goes Moonlighting was made for the Amstrad CPC although it may only have been distributed in Italy.
Gameplay
There are seven levels each consisting of one street each named after streets in and around Bath, Somerset. The player starts at the bottom of the street and has to empty the bin from each house into the dustcart that moves slowly up the left lane of the road. The first level consists of five houses each with a bin to be emptied, the second level has six houses, and so on. Once all the bins are emptied, the player simply walks to the top of the street to complete the level.
Each level has a time limit, if the player fails to empty all the bins within this limit then the player has to repeat the level. If a level is played three times exceeding the time limit, the game is over. The player must avoid stepping onto grass, as doing so will cause the time counter to decrease very rapidly until they step off it. But if the player manages to empty a bin without stepping onto any grass, the householder appears at the door and invites the player in for a few seconds. This will increase the time limit, as well as providing a little humorous conversation, such as "Could you look at my TV?" - "I meant mend it, not watch it".
The biggest threat to the player is the passing traffic in the road: if the player is run over by a car the game ends immediately. Sometimes if the player steps onto the grass, a dog comes out of the house and tries to bite the player, making them limp for a minute or two. In later levels, pavement cyclists must be avoided as well.
Development
Reception
The game received good reviews for its detailed graphics, good use of colours, and the use of bright and normal colours to create an effect of shadow.
The ZX Spectrum version reached the top of the UK video game charts in May 1984.
References
External links
Trashman at Gamebase 64
"Travels with Trashman", a gamer's report on finding the prototype locations of the game levels in the real-life city of Bath
1984 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 64 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
New Generation Software games
Quicksilva games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in Somerset
ZX Spectrum games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trashman%20%28video%20game%29 |
Egunkaria (Basque for The Daily) for thirteen years was the only fully Basque language newspaper in circulation until it was closed down on 20 February 2003 by the Spanish authorities due to allegations of an illegal association with ETA, the armed Basque separatist group. After seven years, on 15 April 2010 the defendants were acquitted on all charges related to ties to ETA. The issue of damages for the closure of the newspaper (which no longer operates) remains open, as well as the alleged torture of the members of the newspaper's executive board during detention.
History and profile
Egunkaria was established in 1990 as the only Basque-language daily newspaper in the Basque Country (there had already been bilingual newspapers and monolingual weeklies). The founders initially expected, when launched in 1990, to reach a circulation of 8,000 to 15,000 copies and 40,000 potential readers, a goal later achieved, later growing into a widely respected publication as well as a meeting point for the Basque speaking community. The paper was sold in both the French and Spanish parts of the Basque Country and its revenue from sales and advertising was complemented by subsidies from the Basque regional government.
Police operation and closure
Closure in police operation
On 20 February 2003, the Spanish Civil Guard on orders from Juan del Olmo – a Spanish investigating judge in the – raided the newspaper's offices in Andoain and other delegations, seized documents and computers, and froze the newspaper's assets. In addition, ten individuals who were or had been members of staff were arrested in dawn raids and detained. The operation was launched under the political-juridical umbrella "Everything is ETA" implemented by the Spanish Conservatives in office. According to the incumbent Spanish Minister of Interior Ángel Acebes, "the closure aims at defending the freedom of expression and thinking in their language". Minister of Justice José María Michavila labelled the newspaper "an instrument for terrorist action".
The redaction issued an improvised new daily, ("Every day"), with the help of competitors , and .
In June, a new fully-Basque daily ("The news"/"The new one") appeared.
In December 2004, Iñaki Uria, Joan Mari Torrealdai, Txema Auzmendi, Xabier Alegria, Pello Zubiria, Xabier Oleaga, and Martxelo Otamendi were arrested for forming an "illegal association" at the time of establishment, and for "membership of, or collaboration with, ETA". Following their detention, at the doors of the prison, the daily director Martxelo Otamendi denounced live on Basque public TV that he had been subjected to torture in custody and that he heard other people being tortured too. That had a deep impact in Basque society. In two days hundreds of thousands of people marched in San Sebastian against the closure of , in the biggest demonstration of the Basque Country in decades.
Aznar's government refused to launch an investigation, instead initiating prosecution against director, claiming that by denouncing torture he was allegedly "collaborating with ETA". The lawsuit against Otamendi was then filed by the Secretary Deputy of Interior María Dolores de Cospedal; the lawsuit stalled soon after.
All detainees were later cleared of all charges and released. The newspaper was effectively forced into liquidation as its assets were sold off by court-appointed administrators, meaning that regardless of the outcome of the case, had ceased to exist. Due to irregularities and a breach of guarantees for the defendants, all decisions made since April 2007 related to the economic proceedings have been overturned. The bilingual (Spanish-Basque) nationalist leftist newspaper was also closed under similar circumstances.
The closure of resulted in grass-roots indignation, with widespread criticism coming from different circles (Basque regional government, reputed writers, Spanish journalists, etc.) towards the Spanish authorities. The writer Salman Rushdie denounced the closure as "appalling".
Final verdict
In 2010, the final and unanimous sentence by the Criminal Court of the states that there was no grounds to have the newspaper closed. The sentence confirms that "the narrow and erroneous view according to which everything that has to do with the Basque language and with culture in that language is promoted and/or controlled by ETA leads to an incorrect assessment of facts and figures, and to the inconsistency of the accusation." It goes on to note that the closure was an "interference with press freedom". Finally, the sentence declares that "the allegations have not proven that the defendants have the slightest relation with ETA, and this determines in itself the acquittal with all pronouncements favorable to the defendants."
In 2012, the European Court for Human Rights sentenced against Spain for not investigating properly the torture accusations raised by the detainees.
References
Martxelo Otamendi's allegations of torture
Freedom of expression group Article 19's criticisms
Basque newspaper Berria covers Salman Rushdie's participation
External links
Juicio a Egunkaria – Spanish language blog on the trial to the Basque newspaper by L. Fernández, one of its journalists.
Egunkaria International – English, French and Spanish language webpage about the case.
Newspapers established in 1990
Publications disestablished in 2003
Defunct newspapers published in France
Daily newspapers published in Spain
Defunct newspapers published in Spain
Basque-language newspapers
Basque history
Censorship in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egunkaria |
Joanie Louise Cunningham is a fictional character, played by Erin Moran on the sitcoms Happy Days and Joanie Loves Chachi. Her first appearance was on one episode of Love, American Style, where she was played by Susan Neher.
The character is the daughter of Howard and Marion Cunningham, and the younger sister of Chuck and Richie Cunningham. In early seasons, Joanie is always nosy toward Richie's makeout sessions with his girlfriends. Also, in early seasons, Joanie is a member of a girl scout-type organization called the "Junior Chipmunks". She develops a brief crush on Potsie after he sings to her (see "They Call It Potsie Love" from Season 3). As she grows older, Joanie becomes best friends with the promiscuous Jenny Piccalo, who is only referred to but not revealed onscreen until Season 8. Joanie always complains and pouts whenever she is sent to her room by her parents for mischief, talking back, or whenever a conversation ensued that her parents didn't want her to hear.
Joanie Cunningham was the quintessential example of the All-American, 1950s teenage girl. Fonzie becomes fond of Joanie, affectionately referring to her as "Shortcake", and, like her brother Richie, Fonzie looks after her well-being. One such notable case occurs in Season 11, when Joanie takes a teaching job at the high school where Fonzie and Roger are faculty members. An obnoxious student tries to hit on her and Fonzie comes to her rescue. There is another related event that occurs in Season 4, when an arrogant classmate of Joanie's beats Joanie out of cheerleading tryouts; and even though Fonzie is overtly tired from pushing his broken-down motorcycle home, he helps Joanie retaliate by beating her cheerleading rival in a dance marathon. Also in Season 4; Fonzie, Richie, Potsie, Ralph, and Carmine Ragusa (from Laverne & Shirley) defend Joanie's honor against a troublesome gang called the Red Devils (see "Joanie's Weird Boyfriend" from that season).
When Chachi comes to town, he develops a huge crush on Joanie, which for a while went unrequited. However, Joanie eventually accepts a date with Chachi, making him so overwhelmed with excitement that he inadvertently sets fire to Arnold's (see "Hot Stuff" from Season 7). A serious relationship develops between the two and episode plots were eventually written revolving around the couple. Joanie and Chachi become aspiring musicians, forming their own band, which leads to their short-lived spin-off series Joanie Loves Chachi. After Joanie Loves Chachi was cancelled, she and Chachi returned to Happy Days and become married in the series finale "Passages" from Season 11.
External links
Happy Days characters
American female characters in television
Television characters introduced in 1972
Teenage characters in television
Fictional characters from Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanie%20Cunningham |
Land of the Pharaohs is a 1955 American epic historical drama film in CinemaScope and WarnerColor from Warner Brothers, produced and directed by Howard Hawks. The cast was headed by Jack Hawkins as Pharaoh Khufu and Joan Collins as one of his wives, Nellifer. The film is a fictional account of the building of the Great Pyramid. Nobel Prize-winning novelist William Faulkner was one of the film's three credited screenwriters.
Land of the Pharaohs had a cast of thousands – Warners' press office claimed there were 9,787 extras in one scene – and was one of Hollywood's largest-scale, ancient world epics, made in the same spirit as The Robe, The Ten Commandments and Ben-Hur.
Plot
Throughout his reign, Pharaoh Khufu amasses a great treasure. He wants to be entombed with it when he dies, free from the threat of grave robbers. Dissatisfied with the unoriginal plans of his architects for his tomb, he offers Vashtar, a brilliant slave, a bargain: freedom for his enslaved people if he can design a robber-proof pyramid; however, Vashtar will be killed once it is completed, so the secrets of the design will die with him. Vashtar agrees. After much thought, he comes up with an ingenious design that seals the labyrinth to the burial chamber after burial via an ingenious system of jars filled with sand which, when broken, will release huge blocks of stone to slide into place and close the labyrinth.
As the years of construction pass, Khufu's subjects who once joyously viewed the building of the pyramid as holy work become disillusioned by decades of misery and drudgery. Yet Khufu presses on, levying high taxes on tributary states to continue financing his tomb. The province of Cyprus, however, offers the beautiful Princess Nellifer to him in lieu of taxes, and Nellifer eventually becomes his second wife. She plots and schemes to become his heir; her attempted assassination of Khufu's young son instead claims the life of the boy's mother, Queen Nailla, when she shields her son from a deadly cobra with her own body.
Meantime, Vashtar's aging eyes begin to fail, and he is forced to rely his son Senta for help with the supervision of the construction, teaching him its secrets. One day on the construction site, Senta saves Khufu from a runaway stone block; promised any reward in Khufu's power to bestow, he chooses Nellifer's slave Kyra. When Nellifer protests, Khufu harshly rebukes her in front of the court. Humiliated, Nellifer conspires to have the pharaoh meet an early fate and ultimately manipulates him into a sword fight with Treneh, the captain of his guard, whom Nellifer has seduced. Though Khufu wins, he is seriously wounded and collapses from blood loss. Nellifer refuses his pleas for help and watches him die.
Khufu's loyal high priest and lifelong friend, Hamar, releases Vashtar's people as promised and generously allows Vashtar to join them, as the design does not have to be kept secret. Khufu's treasure is moved into the tomb so that the deceased can enjoy them in the next life. Hamar then tells Nellifer that she, as queen, must preside over the ceremony in the central burial chamber. Once she gives the order to seal the sarcophagus, the jars of sand are broken, and massive stone blocks seal the way out. "There's no way out!" Hamar tells her. "This is what you lied and schemed and murdered to achieve. This is your kingdom!" Nellifer vainly screams for mercy as she, Hamar and the priests who accompanied them are interred in the tomb.
The film ends with Vashtar, Senta and their people, on their way to their homeland, briefly pausing to look back at the pyramid as they hear the seals boom shut.
Cast
Jack Hawkins as Pharaoh Khufu
Joan Collins as Princess Nellifer
Dewey Martin as Senta
Alexis Minotis as Hamar (dubbed by Robert Rietty)
James Robertson Justice as Vashtar
Luisella Boni as Kyra (as Luisa Boni)
Sydney Chaplin as Treneh
James Hayter as Mikka
Kerima as Queen Nailla
Piero Giagnoni as Prince Xenon
Carlo D'Angelo as Nabuna (uncredited)
Production
Hawks had between 3,000 and 10,000 extras working each day during the fifty-plus day shooting schedule. The government supplied those extras, half of whom were soldiers in the Egyptian Army.
The film was shot on location in Egypt and in Rome's Titanus studios. For scenes showing the pyramid under construction, the film crew cleared the sand away from a ninety-foot deep shaft that was part of the unfinished pyramid of Baka. Elsewhere, they built a ramp and foundation the size of the original pyramid, where thousands of extras were filmed pulling huge stone blocks. Other scenes were shot at a limestone quarry at Tourah, near Cairo, and at Aswan, a granite quarry located 500 miles away. At these sites, 9,787 actors were filmed for one scene.
The costume designs are the work of French painter and costume designer Mayo, who worked on Les Enfants du paradis (1945) and La Beauté du diable (1950).
When the Pharaoh was inspecting, and rejecting, the Egyptian architects' models for his tomb, the third model he looks at is a model of the actual interior of the pyramid built for Khufu.
Reception
Lacking a big name cast, Land of the Pharaohs was unsuccessful at the box office, earning $450,000 short of its $3,150,000 production budget.
A. H. Weiler of The New York Times wrote that "while it is impressively sweeping in its eye-filling pageantry, this saga of the building of a colossal pyramid 5,000 years ago is staged on the creaky foundation of a tale of palace intrigue that must have been banal even in the First Dynasty." Variety wrote, "While shy of proven draw value in cast names, the Howard Hawks production for Warners makes up for the lack of romance, adventure and intrigue played against a grandioso backdrop of actual story locales populated with teeming masses of thousands upon thousands of extras." Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "Hawks has invested his subject with enthralling spectacle from the first victorious march home of the Pharaoh with his captives. The actual story can hardly be designated as having an equally grand concept, and is made exceptional mainly by technical devices." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote that the technical aspects of the film "will provide moments of complete fascination," but thought that screenwriter "Faulkner, abetted by Harry Kurnitz and Harold Jack Bloom, has laid a Hollywooden egg." Harrison's Reports wrote that the film "grips one's attention throughout," due to the "overwhelming grandeur and vast production values" and "fascinating story." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "The attraction of such epics as Land of the Pharaohs lies almost entirely in their incidental detail, since whatever the period in time, the situation is predictable and the players are doomed to remain within the limitations of Hollywood's historical imagination. It says much for Jack Hawkins' Pharaoh (a performance of integrity and surprising vigour) that it surmounts the occasional absurdities of dress and unlikely figures of speech, even if we remain unconvinced that he is a living god."
The film was banned in Egypt on the grounds of "distortion of historical facts."
Land of the Pharaohs was Howard Hawks's first commercial failure; it caused him to take a break from directing and to travel through Europe for several years. Hawks made his next film, Rio Bravo (1959), four years later; this was the longest break between two feature films in his career.
Cult status
The film has drawn more interest over the years and has been defended by Martin Scorsese, French critics supporting the auteur theory, and for numerous elements of its physical production. Danny Peary in his book Cult Movies (1981), selected it as a cult classic. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 78% rating based on 9 reviews.
In a 1978 article Martin Scorsese listed the film as among his favorites
I'd always been addicted to historical epics, but this one was different: it gave the sense that we were really there. This is the way people lived; this is what they believed, thought, and felt. You get it through the overall look of the picture: the low ceilings, the torchlit interiors, the shape of the pillars, the look of the extras. There's a marvelous moment when the dead are being taken away from battle in their coffins, and someone says, "Let us hear the gods of Egypt speak." The camera pans over to one of the statues of the gods, and it talks. That's it-the statue talks! You don't see the mouth moving, you just hear the voice. Then they pan over to the other god-and now he talks. Soon there are about four gods talking. You're never told, "This is how they did it: it was a joke, a trick." In a sense, you're taken into confidence by the Egyptians; you're let in on a religion. I watch this movie over and over again.
See also
List of American films of 1955
List of epic films
List of historical drama films
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices
References
External links
1955 films
1955 drama films
American drama films
1950s English-language films
American epic films
Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin
Films directed by Howard Hawks
Films set in ancient Egypt
Warner Bros. films
Films shot in Egypt
Cultural depictions of Khufu
Fiction set in the 26th century BC
Films with screenplays by Harry Kurnitz
Films with screenplays by William Faulkner
CinemaScope films
1950s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20of%20the%20Pharaohs |
Ella and Louis is a studio album by Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong, accompanied by the Oscar Peterson Quartet, released in October 1956. Having previously collaborated in the late 1940s for the Decca label, this was the first of three albums that Fitzgerald and Armstrong were to record together for Verve Records, later followed by 1957's Ella and Louis Again and 1959's Porgy and Bess.
The album
Norman Granz, the founder of the Verve label, selected eleven ballads for Fitzgerald and Armstrong, mainly played in a slow or moderate tempo. Recording began August 16, 1956, at the new Capitol Studios in Hollywood. Though Granz produced the album, Armstrong was given final say over songs and keys.
The success of Ella and Louis was replicated by Ella and Louis Again and Porgy and Bess. All three were released as The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve. Verve also released the album as one of the first ones in SACD.
Reception
AllMusic's Scott Yanow wrote, "Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong make for a charming team on this CD… This is primarily a vocal set with the emphasis on tasteful renditions of ballads." Jasen and Jones called the set a "pinnacle of popular singing". The Penguin Guide to Jazz, compiled by Richard Cook and Brian Morton, says that while the approaches of Armstrong and Fitzgerald may not have been entirely compatible, the results are "hard to resist", and awards the album three and a half stars.
In 2000 it was voted number 636 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.
Björk chose the album as one of her favourites in a 1993 Q feature. "I love the way Ella and Louis work together," she remarked. "They were opposites in how they sung, but were still completely functional together, and respectful of each other."
Track listing
Side one
Side two
Personnel
Ella Fitzgerald – vocals
Louis Armstrong – vocals, trumpet
Oscar Peterson – piano
Herb Ellis – guitar
Ray Brown – bass
Buddy Rich – drums
Additional personnel
Val Valentin – session engineer
Phil Stern – photography
Charts
Sources
Ella Fitzgerald albums
Louis Armstrong albums
1956 albums
Verve Records albums
Vocal duet albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Albums recorded at Capitol Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20and%20Louis |
Harrow RFC are an English rugby union club that are based in Stanmore in London. They currently play in London Counties 2 Herts/Middlesex - a league at tier 8 of the English rugby union system
History/Background
Founded in 1891 Harrow RFC has been a constant presence in the community and a successful rugby club for players of all ages. The club has been at Grove Field, Wood Lane, Stanmore since 1953 and continues to attract members, supporters and players from the Harrow, Pinner, Edgware, Bushey and Watford region. The foremost club in the area, Harrow RFC is a well established member of the community and community rugby.
Harrow RFC is a Partner Club with Saracens. Players enjoy close contact including training with some of the game's leading players.
Harrow RFC has 15 teams competing in all age groups from Under 7 to Veterans. The Harrow 1st XV plays in the RFU London & SE Division in the London North West 3 Division.
Harrow RFC promotes high standards of Safety, Conduct and Coaching. The commitment to the all-volunteer club is such that the club has achieved the highest level of recognition for sports clubs.
Sponsors of Harrow RFC receive widespread recognition from the 300+ players, over 1000 members, supporters and parents and visiting teams throughout the 9 month rugby season as well as the benefit of supporting one of the leading community sports clubs in the whole region.
Club Honours
Herts/Middlesex 2 champions (2): 1996–97, 2011–12
Herts/Middlesex 4 champions: 2009–10
Herts/Middlesex 3 champions: 2010–11
Middlesex Senior Vase winners (2): 2011, 2013
Herts/Middlesex 1 champions: 2012–13
London 3 North West champions: 2013–14
London 2 North West champions: 2014–15
Kit
Harrow plays in a blue and white, horizontally stripped top. With blue shorts, and blue and white socks.
See also
Rugby Union
External links
Harrow RFC Website
Rugby union teams in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow%20RFC |
The Stud is a 1978 British drama film directed by Quentin Masters and starring Joan Collins and Oliver Tobias. It is based on the 1969 novel of the same name by Collins' younger sister Jackie Collins.
Plot
Fontaine Khaled (Joan Collins) is the London wife of a wealthy Arab businessman. She spends his money on her nightclub, Hobo, and her rather hedonistic partying lifestyle. She hires a handsome manager, Tony (Oliver Tobias), to run her club, but it is understood that his job security is dependent on his satisfying her nymphomaniac demands. Tony loses interest in Fontaine, as she treats him like a plaything, and turns his attention to her young stepdaughter Alexandra Khaled (Emma Jacobs), who uses him to get back at Fontaine after she discovers a video tape of Fontaine and Tony having sex in the Khaleds' private elevator, cheating on her father. Fontaine then dumps Tony and is divorced by her husband for adultery.
Cast
Joan Collins as Fontaine Khaled
Oliver Tobias as Tony Blake
Sue Lloyd as Vanessa Grant
Walter Gotell as Benjamin Khaled
Mark Burns as Leonard Grant
Doug Fisher as Sammy
Emma Jacobs as Alex Khaled
Peter Lukas as Ian Thane
Natalie Ogle as Maddy
Constantin De Goguel as Lord Newton
Guy Ward as Peter
Sarah Lawson as Anne Khaled
Jeremy Child as Lawyer
Peter Dennis as Marc
Chris Jagger as Rock star
Peter Bourke as Gordon
Tania Rogers as Janine
Felicity Buirski as Deborah
Minah Bird as Molly
Sharon Fussey as Denise
Hilda Fenemore as Mrs Blake
Bernard Stone as Mr Blake
John Conteh as himself
Milo Sperber as Kamara (uncredited)
Suzanne Danielle as Disco dancer (uncredited)
Susie Silvey as Girl in shower (uncredited)
Additional footage involving disco dancing was added for the US release. This footage involved members of the UK dance troupe Legs & Co., appearing (uncredited) as discotheque patrons.
Production notes
Joan had asked her sister Jackie for the film rights for free and Jackie agreed whilst contributing to the screenplay.
Joan met producer Brent Walker at the Cannes Film festival in 1977. He became excited by the project as it was proposed as a British alternative to Saturday Night Fever.
Both Joan Collins' husband, Ron Kass, and Jackie Collins' husband, Oscar Lerhman, also acted as producers on the project.
Joan Collins said she was drunk during the orgy scene.
Soundtrack
A successful soundtrack album was released on Ronco Records to tie-in with the film. The album contained twenty tracks, including original material penned by Biddu specifically for the film, as well as a number of major British chart hits which were licensed for use in the film. The majority of the tracks were disco flavoured, although some non-disco tracks were also included. The album rose to number 2 on the UK albums chart, kept off the top spot by the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack album.
Soundtrack album track list:
Side One
1. The Biddu Orchestra – "The Stud"
2. Michael Zager Band – "Let's All Chant"
3. Samantha Sang – "Emotion"
4. The Real Thing – "Let's Go Disco"
5. Baccara – "Sorry, I'm a Lady"
6. Rod Stewart – "You Wear It Well"
7. Odyssey – "Native New Yorker"
8. K.C. and the Sunshine Band – "That's the Way (I Like It)"
9. Linda Lewis – "It's Good"
10.Space – "Deliverance"
Side Two
1. Leo Sayer – "Moonlighting"
2. Tina Charles – "Fire Down Below"
3. Manfred Mann's Earth Band – "Davy's On The Road Again"
4. 10cc – "I'm Not in Love"
5. Rose Royce – "Car Wash"
6. David Soul – "Silver Lady"
7. Goldie – "Making Up Again"
8. Patti Smith Group – "Because The Night"
9. Bill Fredericks – "Almost"
10.Heatwave – The Groove Line"
Release
Box office
Made for $600,000 (US), the film netted over $20,000,000 internationally. The film was one of the most popular movies of 1978 at the British box office.
Legacy
The film helped to revitalise Joan Collins' career and she credits The Stud and its sequel The Bitch (1979) with bringing her to the attention of Aaron Spelling and Esther Shapiro, the producers of Dynasty in 1981. However, Tobias later claimed that his part in the film led to typecasting and ruined his career.
References
Bibliography
Simon Sheridan Keeping the British End Up: Four Decades of Saucy Cinema, Titan Books (fourth edition, 2011)
External links
1978 films
1970s erotic drama films
British erotic drama films
Films based on British novels
Films set in London
1978 drama films
1970s English-language films
Films scored by Biddu
Films directed by Quentin Masters
1970s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Stud%20%28film%29 |
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