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Emergent design is a phrase coined by David Cavallo to describe a theoretical framework for the implementation of systemic change in education and learning environments. This examines how choice of design methodology contributes to the success or failure of education reforms through studies in Thailand. It is related to the theories of situated learning and of constructionist learning. The term constructionism was coined by Seymour Papert under whom Cavallo studied. Emergent design holds that education systems cannot adapt effectively to technology change unless the education is rooted in the existing skills and needs of the local culture.
Applications
The most notable non-theoretical application of the principles of emergent design is in the OLPC, whose concept work is supported in Cavallo's paper "Models of growth — towards fundamental change in learning environment".
Emergent design in agile software development
Emergent design is a consistent topic in agile software development, as a result of the methodology's focus on delivering small pieces of working code with business value. With emergent design, a development organization starts delivering functionality and lets the design emerge. Development will take a piece of functionality A and implement it using best practices and proper test coverage and then move on to delivering functionality B. Once B is built, or while it is being built, the organization will look at what A and B have in common and refactor out the commonality, allowing the design to emerge. This process continues as the organization continually delivers functionality. At the end of an agile release cycle, development is left with the smallest set of the design needed, as opposed to the design that could have been anticipated in advance. The end result is a simpler design with a smaller code base, which is more easily understood and maintained and naturally has less room for defects.
Emergent design for social change
Emergent design is also being used in social change movements, such as a group of Canadian NGOs that are bringing together a group of civic leaders to discuss how their work scales up and scales deep. A series of events are being organized by the Carold Institute and Ashoka Canada in 2013 through to 2015. The project goals currently include, but are not limited to:
Engage emerging leaders in redefining models and systems that will support a vibrant and dynamic civil society in Canada.
Strengthen and broaden the impact of their leadership
Discover and disseminate new knowledge related to systems change and emerging systems
Share key learning, insights, innovative strategies and new models of engagement among participants and with key stakeholders and sponsoring organizations
References
External links
Models of Growth
David Cavallo bio page
David Cavallo MIT Media Lab page
Emergent design and learning environments: building on indigenous knowledge
Technology integration models
Educational psychology
Learning
Systems engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent%20design |
"The Injury" is the twelfth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's eighteenth episode overall. The episode was written by Mindy Kaling, who also acts in the show as Kelly Kapoor, and directed by Bryan Gordon. "The Injury" first aired in the United States on January 12, 2006, on NBC. The episode guest starred Marcus York as Billy Merchant.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) accidentally burns his foot on his George Foreman Grill, but insists on coming to work anyway. When none of his employees, except for Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson), help him, Michael feels under-appreciated. Meanwhile, Dwight starts acting strangely nice to everyone, especially Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer).
"The Injury" was originally conceived by Greg Daniels to be a humorous follow-up to the previous episode, "Booze Cruise". According to B. J. Novak, the episode started out as an idea in the writing room that just "spun out of control". The episode was originally going to be called "My Grilled Foot", but it was later changed when the writers decided the name was "too weird". "The Injury" received widespread acclaim from critics and is widely regarded by critics as one of the show's greatest episodes. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 5.1 in the 18–49 demographic and was viewed by 10.3 million viewers, making it, at the time, the highest-rated episode of the series.
Plot
Michael Scott (Steve Carell) accidentally burns his foot while grilling bacon on his George Foreman Grill, which he keeps next to his bed. After he makes a distress call to the office, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) comes to "rescue" him, but crashes his car into a fence pole. Dwight becomes more easygoing and friendly to his co-workers. He and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) strike up a friendship as a result.
Michael becomes upset with the staff's lack of compassion towards his "disability". Under false pretenses, he brings in Billy Merchant (Marcus A. York), the building's property manager who uses a wheelchair, to discuss what it is like to be disabled. Billy leaves after Michael makes several offensive remarks, but not before pointing out to Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) that Dwight has suffered a concussion from his car crash.
Jim and Michael take Dwight to the hospital. Before they go, Pam bids "goodbye" to the concussed Dwight, aware that she will probably never see the good-natured version of Dwight Schrute ever again. They take Meredith Palmer's mini-van, and as Jim drives, he uses a spray bottle to squirt Dwight to keep him from drinking liquor from a bottle he found under the seat. Jim then turns the squirt bottle on Michael to stop him from wrestling the liquor bottle away from Dwight.
At the hospital, Michael insists that his burned foot is a more serious injury than Dwight's, to no avail. To add insult to over-dramatic injury, Dwight gets in a "that's what she said" joke that makes the doctor chuckle. Jim calls Pam to report Dwight's results. Pam coyly tells Oscar Martinez about Dwight's recovery as a way of getting the good news to Angela Martin, who is between them, as Pam is the only person in the office aware that Angela is Dwight's girlfriend.
Production
This episode was the second episode of the series directed by Bryan Gordon. Gordon had previously directed the first season episode "The Alliance". "The Injury" was written by Mindy Kaling, who also acts for the show as customer service representative Kelly Kapoor. After the character development that had occurred in the previous episode, "Booze Cruise", Greg Daniels decided to create a more inane episode that involved "Michael's grilled foot".
Writer and actor B. J. Novak said the idea for "Injury" started out as an idea in the writing room that just "spun out of control". The original plan was for Michael to have fallen asleep in the sun, while having sunblock all over him, except for his foot. According to BJ Novak, the episode was originally going to be called "My Grilled Foot", but writer Mindy Kaling thought it was "too weird for people to tune in and watch that". Novak has described "The Injury" as one of his favorite episodes, and said of it, "I don't think any other TV show would have made an episode from that starting point, and yet it was one of the funniest and most relatable episodes as it went on that we've ever had."
The episode guest starred Marcus York, as the "no-nonsense" building manager for the Scranton business park. York described his character as "just trying to do his job". York recalls being nervous during filming, and "drawing a blank" on his lines during the first 'run-through', because of his anxiousness around the cast members, but soon Marcus "smoothed-out". After his portrayal of the character, York received several positive fan letters, who praised his performance as the straight man in a hectic work environment. John Krasinski said that the van scene was his favorite to shoot, and that it "will go down in history as one of the most fun moments I've ever been a part of".
Cultural references
Michael reveals that he burned his foot on a George Foreman Grill, a product promoted by George Foreman, a former champion boxer. The "Prism DuroSport" that Pam received from Roy as a Christmas present serves as a knock off of the popular music device, the iPod. When Michael asks the office what his foot looks like, Stanley replies, "Mail Boxes Etc.", a reference to the name of a company absorbed by UPS in 2001.
During Michael's seminar on famous disabled people, two pictures on the wall are of Tom Hanks: one from the 1994 film Forrest Gump, and one from the 1988 film Big, which Michael confuses for the 1993 film Philadelphia. During the scene, Kelly also name-drops Robert Loggia. In an attempt to get Dwight into Meredith's van, Jim tells him that they are going to Chuck E. Cheese, to which Michael replies that he is "so sick of" the restaurant.
Reception
"The Injury" originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 12, 2006. The episode received a 5.1 rating/12% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 5.1% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 12% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode ranked as the third half-hour comedy during the week of January 16, and the series ranked as the fifteenth-highest-rated series out of 113 others, in the 18–49 demographic. The episode was viewed by 10.3 million viewers, making it the highest-rated episode of The Office at the time, beating the series' pilot, which received a Nielsen rating of only 5.0.
An encore presentation of the episode, on July 5, 2006, received a 1.8/6 rating and was viewed by over 3.9 million viewers: an increase by 29 percent of its lead-in audience. Another encore presentation on August 22, 2006, received a 2.0/6 rating, was viewed by 5.3 million viewers, retained 100 percent of its lead-in "My Name is Earl" audience, and ranked as the most-watched episode of The Office during the summer of 2006.
Since its airing, "The Injury" has received critical acclaim from television critics. The scene featuring Dwight crashing his car received specific attention. IGN ranked the scene with Dwight getting in a car accident as its seventh-best moment in the first two seasons, noting that "[t]he fact that this show can get such inspired and unusual comedy from what is essentially a puke joke is a testament to how clever The Office is." Rolling Stone named the same scene as the twentieth-funniest in The Offices first three seasons. TV Squad's Michael Sciannamea said that "The Injury" was "another solid episode" and that the "show gets better with each and every week". M. Giant of Television Without Pity graded the episode with an "A−". Francis Rizzo III from DVD Talk wrote positively of the episode and praised the performance of Rainn Wilson as Dwight and wrote that "nothing he does compares" to his performance in "The Injury". He called Wilson's performance as Dwight "flat-out strange" and noted that the episode, along with several others, "wouldn't be nearly as entertaining" without his character. Mindy Kaling later stated in an interview that it was her favorite episode of the show that she had written. She later expanded that the entry's "full-on loopy" quality made it humorous. She noted that the episode was "so funny to me, because what happened to [Michael] is so stupid".
References
External links
"The Injury" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 2) episodes
2006 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Mindy Kaling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Injury |
Douglas Kennedy may refer to:
Douglas Kennedy (politician) (1916–2003), Canadian politician
Douglas Kennedy (writer) (born 1955), American writer
Douglas Kennedy (actor) (1915–1973), American actor
Douglas Harriman Kennedy (born 1967), American broadcast journalist, son of Robert F. Kennedy
Douglas Kennedy (folk dancer), English folk musician and dancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Kennedy |
The 99 B-Line is an express bus line with bus rapid transit elements in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It travels along Broadway, a major east–west thoroughfare, and connects the University of British Columbia (UBC) to Commercial–Broadway station on the SkyTrain system. It is operated by Coast Mountain Bus Company and funded by TransLink.
It is the first and the most popular of the B-Line routes in the regional system. The other B-Lines that followed are based on the 99 B-Line in terms of the use of articulated buses (which can carry 120 passengers) and frequent arrivals for buses. The waiting time for a bus during peak hours on a weekday is 1.5–3 minutes. All of the buses on this route are built by New Flyer Industries of Winnipeg, Manitoba. On average it takes 42 minutes to complete the entire route, or half an hour near the last runs at the end of the night.
The 99 B-Line is the busiest bus route in Canada and the United States, with a 2018 average weekday ridership of 55,900 passengers. This number is up from approximately 45,000 passengers per day in 2007. The COVID-19 pandemic lowered the ridership of the line; by 2022, it saw around 30,780 trips per weekday, about 54 percent of its peak levels of 57,240 in 2019.
History
The 99 B-Line was created to connect UBC to Lougheed Mall in Burnaby via 10th Avenue, Broadway and Lougheed Highway. Then under the jurisdiction of BC Transit, it was launched on September 3, 1996 and started out using a few high-floor articulated buses and regular-sized buses. It became apparent that the regular buses could not handle the demand as this route soon became the most popular route in the system. By September 1998, 60-foot low-floor articulated buses were used for all trips, adorned with a distinctive B-Line livery. During rush hours, the B-Line uses curb lanes designated as bus lanes on Broadway from Commercial–Broadway station to Arbutus Street.
An estimated 12,000 passengers per day used the route daily during its first two years of operation, 30% more than had been estimated. Of that number, 20% of the passengers used to drive to their destination rather than take public transit. Service had to be extended to late-nights, Sundays and holidays.
Service began with a 10-minute headway between UBC and Broadway station, 10–20 minute headway between UBC and Brentwood Mall, and 30 minute headway between UBC and Lougheed Mall. Frequency was increased as demand increased, but only in the UBC to Broadway station section, with 7.5 minute headway. Soon the Lougheed Mall section was improved to 15-minute headway. Today the 99 B-Line operates on a 2-minute headway in the morning peak direction, with a 4.5 minute day base headway.
In the late 1990s, the British Columbia government approved the construction of a new SkyTrain line called the Millennium Line. This new line replaced the eastern portion of the 99 B-Line, from Broadway station to its old terminus at Lougheed Mall. It opened in 2002, with the 99 B-Line terminating at then-Broadway station (now Commercial–Broadway station as a result of the 2009 combining of the Expo Line's Broadway station and the Millennium Line's Commercial station).
As the fair bulk of the route's riders are students at UBC, the introduction of the U-Pass in 2003, a discounted bus pass for university students, put even more strain on the route's resources. A peak-hour B-Line route called the #99 Special was introduced in 2004, featuring non-stop service to UBC during the morning rush hours and to Broadway station during evening rush hours. This route's "non-stop" moniker was revoked in 2005 to supply more stops along the corridor, and was discontinued completely in January 2006 to make way for a new route that is about as fast as the #99 Special, the #84, which operates from UBC to the new VCC–Clark station. This new route is supposed to take some pressure off the 99 B-Line. Additionally, curb lanes on Broadway have been converted into bus lanes for rush-hour periods.
On June 25, 2007, the 99 B-Line route became the first route in the TransLink system to allow passengers with valid proof of payment to board using any of the three doors at any stop. To facilitate this, the bus driver controls the operation of all three doors at each of the stops. Passengers who are paying cash must board through the front door. Fare Enforcement is carried out by Transit Security Officers. Transit Security Officers may board the bus at any time to conduct a Fare Inspection. Passengers without valid fare could be removed from the bus or fined.
With the rest of the B-Line routes having been rebranded as RapidBus in January 2020, it was decided to keep the 99 B-Line unchanged instead of including it in the rebranding as the Millennium Line Broadway extension will be replacing the eastern section of the 99 B-Line. The extension will include 6 stations running from VCC-Clark station to Arbutus Street, where the truncated service will continue from a new bus loop. These changes left the 99 B-Line as the only B-Line still in service.
Stops and transfer points
UBC Exchange – The western terminus of the line, serving UBC's campus centre; transfer point for services to other Vancouver-area neighbourhoods, Richmond and Burnaby.
Allison – The easternmost stop in the University Endowment Lands before the route enters the city of Vancouver. Serves the University Marketplace shopping area as well as the residents around it.
Sasamat – The westernmost stop in Vancouver before entering the University Endowment Lands. Serves the West Point Grey neighbourhood.
Alma/W 10th – Connects to trolley bus routes serving the Dunbar corridor.
Macdonald – Transfer point for the #2 bus, which travels into downtown Vancouver.
Arbutus – This stop was added on December 14, 2009. Serves the Kitsilano neighbourhood and provides connections to the #16 Arbutus bus.
Granville – Connects to the #10 bus, which runs along Granville Street and into downtown. Other connections are the #14 UBC/Hastings, #16 Arbutus/29th Avenue station, and the N9/N10 Night Bus routes.
Heather/Willow – Serves Vancouver General Hospital and the southern False Creek area. Also a transfer point for route #17 Oak.
Cambie – Transfer point for the Canada Line (Broadway–City Hall station) to downtown, Richmond and Vancouver International Airport. Provides service to Vancouver City Hall and connects to the #15 bus that runs along Cambie Street.
Main – Transfer point for the #3 bus that operates along Main Street. Transfer point for the #19 bus that operates between Stanley Park and Metrotown station.
Fraser – This stop was added on December 14, 2009; provides connections to the #8 Fraser bus.
Clark – Serves Vancouver Community College. Also a short walk from the VCC–Clark SkyTrain station. Transfer point for the #22 bus operating down Knight Street. The stop at Clark was added on April 14, 1997.
Commercial–Broadway station – Eastern terminus of the 99 B-Line. Serves the Commercial–Broadway SkyTrain station. Also a transfer point for the #20 bus operating along Commercial Drive and Victoria Drive.
Beyond Commercial–Broadway station
Before SkyTrain's Millennium Line was opened, the 99 B-Line served these stops in addition to the ones above.
Boundary Road – Served the area at the Burnaby/Vancouver border. Was also a transfer point for the #9 bus. It was just prior to this stop that the route leaves Broadway, which turns into Lougheed Highway. Some runs of the current #99 B-Line service Boundary when going to and from the Burnaby bus depot.
Brentwood Mall – Served the Brentwood Town Centre shopping mall and was the first stop in Burnaby (excluding Boundary, because it straddled city limits). Brentwood still is a popular transfer point for North Burnaby bus routes to this day. Replaced by Brentwood Town Centre station on the SkyTrain.
Austin – Stopped at Government during peak hours. It was one of the first stops servicing Lougheed Mall and was also close to bus connections to Simon Fraser University.
Lougheed Mall – Served the Lougheed Town Centre shopping mall and was the eastern terminus of the 99 B-Line. It is still home to many routes going to Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam, Port Moody, Pitt Meadows and Maple Ridge. The stop was replaced by Lougheed Town Centre station on the SkyTrain.
See also
97 B-Line
98 B-Line
R1 King George Blvd (formerly 96 B-Line)
R5 Hastings St (formerly 95 B-Line)
List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver
References
External links
TransLink
Bus timetable
University Endowment Lands
B-Line (Vancouver)
Transport in Greater Vancouver
1996 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99%20B-Line |
Belmont Public Schools is a school district that serves Belmont, Massachusetts, United States.
Schools
There are four public elementary schools in Belmont: the Burbank, Butler, Winn Brook, and Wellington schools, with the Wellington Elementary having been rebuilt in 2011. Two other public elementary schools, Payson Park and Kendall, burned down in the 1970s and 1990s, respectively. There is one public middle school, the Winthrop Louis Chenery Middle School (W.L. Chenery Middle School) which burned down in 1995, but was rebuilt later, and one public high school, Belmont High School. Belmont has had many school fires; in the town's history, four schools have been partially or completely destroyed by fire, as was one former school (the Kendall), which was being used as an arts center at the time.
The transition from public elementary school to middle school in Belmont occurs from 4th to 5th grade, slightly earlier than in most communities (which transition from 5th to 6th grade). The W.L. Chenery Middle school, slated for demolition and rebuilding at the time, was destroyed by fire in 1995. When the new school opened in the fall of 1997, it was expanded to include the 5th grade (which had previously been housed in the town's elementary schools) in addition to grades 6 through 8.
In coming years, the town of Belmont has planned to rebuild their high school and make it into a 7-12th grade school. The middle school (W.L. Chenery), will become a 4th to 6th grade school, and the four elementary schools will become K through 3rd grade.
The W.L. Chenery Middle School's teams are all called the "Cheetahs", and Belmont High School's teams are all called the "Marauders".
External links
School districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Belmont, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont%20Public%20Schools |
Carroll High School can refer to:
In the United States
Carroll High School (Alabama), Ozark, Alabama
Carroll High School (Flora, Indiana), Flora, Indiana
Carroll High School (Fort Wayne, Indiana), Fort Wayne, Indiana
Carroll High School (Iowa), Carroll, Iowa
Carroll County High School (Kentucky), Carrollton, Kentucky
Carroll High School (Monroe, Louisiana), Monroe, Louisiana
Carroll High School (Dayton, Ohio), Dayton, Ohio
Archbishop John Carroll High School, Radnor, Pennsylvania
Mary Carroll High School, Corpus Christi, Texas
Carroll Senior High School, Southlake, Texas
Carroll County High School (Virginia), Hillsville, Virginia
Archbishop Carroll High School (Washington, D.C.), Washington, D.C.
In Liberia
Carroll High School (Yekepa), Yekepa, Nimba County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll%20High%20School |
This is a list of the Canadian musical artists named Entertainer of the Year at the Juno Awards in those years in which this award or its nearest equivalent was awarded.
Winners
Canadian Entertainer of the Year (1987)
1987 - Bryan Adams
Canadian Entertainer of the Year (1989 - 1994)
1989 - Glass Tiger
1990 - The Jeff Healey Band
1991 - The Tragically Hip
1992 - Bryan Adams
1993 - The Tragically Hip
1994 - The Rankin Family
Entertainer of the Year (1995)
1995 - The Tragically Hip
Levi's Entertainer of the Year (1996)
1996 - Shania Twain
References
Entertainer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20Award%20for%20Entertainer%20of%20the%20Year |
Hexadimethrine bromide (commercial brand name Polybrene) is a cationic polymer with several uses. Currently, it is primarily used to increase the efficiency of transduction of certain cells with retrovirus in cell culture. Hexadimethrine bromide acts by neutralizing the charge repulsion between virions and sialic acid on the cell surface. Use of Polybrene can improve transduction efficiency 100-1000 fold although it can be toxic to some cell types. Polybrene in combination with DMSO shock is used to transfect some cell types such as NIH-3T3 and CHO. It has other uses, including a role in protein sequencing.
Hexadimethrine bromide also reverses heparin anticoagulation during open-heart surgery, and it was the original reversal agents used in the 1950s and 1960s. It was replaced by protamine sulfate in 1969, after it was shown that hexadimethrine bromide could potentially cause kidney failure in dogs when used in doses in excess of its therapeutic range. It is still used as an alternative to protamine sulfate for patients who are sensitive to protamine, and at least one surgical center has gone back to using it as their standard reversal agent, since protamine sulfate causes at least a mild hypotensive reaction in most or all patients
Hexadimethrine bromide is also used in enzyme kinetic assays in order to reduce spontaneous activation of zymogens that are prone to auto activation.
References
Organic polymers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadimethrine%20bromide |
The 1951 Pan American Games (the I Pan American Games) were held in Buenos Aires, Argentina between February 25 and March 9, 1951. The Pan American Games' origins were at the Games of the X Olympiad in Los Angeles, United States, where officials representing the National Olympic Committees of the Americas discussed the staging of an Olympic-style regional athletic competition for the athletes of the Americas.
During the Pan-American Exposition at Dallas in 1937, a limited sports program was staged. These included Athletics, Boxing, and Wrestling among others. This program was considered a success and a meeting of Olympic officials from the Americas was held.
At the Pan American Sports Conference held in 1940, it was decided to hold the 1st Pan American Games at Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1942. The Pan American Sports Committee was formed to govern the games. Avery Brundage was elected as the first President. However, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought much of the Americas into World War II, thus forcing the cancellation of the 1942 games.
A second conference was held in 1948. Avery Brundage was re-elected as the President of the PASC. It was decided that Buenos Aires would still host the 1st Pan American Games, this time in 1951.
Venues
River Plate Stadium - Athletics
Luna Park Stadium - Basketball and Boxing
Racing Club Stadium - Football
Club Universitario de Buenos Aires - Diving, Swimming and Waterpolo
Pista Nacional de Remo, Tigre - Rowing
Velódromo Municipal - Cycling
Campo de Mayo - Pan American Village
Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony took place at the Racing Club Stadium, which had been recently inaugurated. The Greek athlete Aristeidis Roubanis lit the pebble for the first time, while local athlete Delfo Cabrera was the bearer of the Argentine flag.
The inauguration event was attended by the Argentine President Juan Perón and the member of the Pan-American Games Commission, Avery Brundage.
Medal count
Sports
References
External links
Buenos Aires 1951 - I Pan American Games - Official Report at PanamSports.org | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20Pan%20American%20Games |
Anime-influenced animation refers to non-Japanese works of animation that are similar to or inspired by anime. Generally, the term anime refers to a style of animation originating from Japan. As Japanese anime became increasingly popular, Western animation studios began implementing some visual stylizations typical in anime—such as exaggerated facial expressions and "super deformed" versions of characters.
Although outside Japan, anime is specifically used to mean animation from Japan or as a Japanese-disseminated animation style often characterized by colorful graphics, vibrant characters and fantastical themes, there is a debate over whether the culturally abstract approach to the word's meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan.
Americas
United States
Television
One of the first noted attempts from American companies on making a series visually inspired by anime was The King Kong Show in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was the result of a collaboration between Toei Animation from Japan and Videocraft from America. The result was an animation with an Anime-like visual style and a Japanese Kaiju theme, that incorporated the cartoonish style of the Hanna-Barbera era in American TV animation. Likewise, Hanna-Barbera's earlier series Frankenstein Jr. was heavily inspired by the Gigantor anime series, although its art style was more similar to that of other American cartoons of the time. Another early example of this might be Johnny Cypher in Dimension Zero.
Toei Animation continued this type of collaboration in the Transformers TV series, which aired in the 1980s. While this animation was animated by Toei Animation, the series was produced by and for Americans. Transformers showed many influences and elements of anime including story, themes, and a style that resembled Mecha anime.
This trend continued throughout the 1980s with series like Dungeons & Dragons, again co-produced by Toei Animation. Throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, many American shows started to be outsourced to Japanese animators, most notably TMS Entertainment, which animated popular television productions such as X-Men, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, ThunderCats, Inspector Gadget, The Real Ghostbusters, Rainbow Brite, Tiny Toon Adventures, DuckTales, Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, TaleSpin, Darkwing Duck, Animaniacs and Spider-Man, most of which visually or thematically were not reminiscent of Japanese anime. TaleSpin did, however, take inspiration from Hayao Miyazaki's 1989 manga Hikōtei Jidai.
Throughout the 1990s, some American cartoons began showing a strong influence from anime without having any Japanese artists directly involved in the project. Examples of this can be seen in Cartoon Network shows like The Powerpuff Girls and Dexter's Laboratory or the Disney Channel show Kim Possible.
Other notable examples of series with an anime influence are Batman: The Animated Series which was actually partially outsourced to Japanese artists, Gargoyles, and Teen Titans, The Boondocks, Megas XLR, and The Batman. Batman Beyond displayed some characteristics of anime; in particular, some of its production processes were outsourced to Japan. The advent of Japanese anime stylizations appearing in Western animation questioned the established meaning of "anime".
Glen Murakami was also a strong influence in inspiring American cartoons with Japanese elements. He animated alongside Bruce Timm on Batman: The Animated Series and its sequel, Batman: Beyond. Keeping the sharp-edged angular style of Timm and mixing in his own personal influences, the show was given cyberpunk and sci-fi elements with a Japanese twist. American television producer Sam Register - who created anime inspired works such as Ben 10: Alien Force and Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi - also worked alongside Murakami to create the Teen Titans television show in 2003, giving rise to a unique style referred to as "murakanime". In 2004, Murakami also produced The Batman, which showed much stronger anime influence than even its predecessor Batman Beyond.
Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! is the first Jetix original show to be produced by Japanese artists and use an anime concept for the characters, including a transformation sequence for the series' main protagonist, Chiro. Series creator Ciro Nieli, who had also previously served as a director on Teen Titans, would later become showrunner of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012), which also featured anime-inspired moments, some of the most notable examples being seen in the characters' reaction shots. In addition, a parody of the anime series Voltron: Defender of the Universe was featured within the series throughout the second season, titled Super Robo Mecha Force Five!
Avatar: The Last Airbender and its sequel series The Legend of Korra are other examples of Western series influenced by anime so heavily that they started discussions among fans and viewers about what anime is and whether a non-Japanese animation should be called anime. Avatar creators Bryan Konietzko and Michael Dante DiMartino confirmed an anime influence in a magazine interview; that of "Hayao Miyazaki, especially Spirited Away and Princess Mononoke" as well as My Neighbor Totoro. Other studios from which inspiration was drawn include Studio 4°C, Production I.G, Polygon Pictures and Studio Ghibli.
The same strong resemblance can be seen in Voltron: Legendary Defender, a reboot of the Voltron franchise, this time produced completely by American artists. Lauren Montgomery and Joaquim Dos Santos, both known for their work on the Avatar: The Last Airbender and its sequel The Legend of Korra, served as showrunners while fellow crew member Tim Hedrick served as head writer. Other heavily anime-inspired American-made shows are the Netflix series Castlevania, created by Warren Ellis, and Blood of Zeus, created by Charley and Vlas Parlapanides. These anime-influenced series have become defined as "anime" by some sources, in an attempt to classify all Japanese-anime styled works of non-Japanese origin.
The American sitcom The Boondocks has many anime-style features, and uses Japanese style fighting. It is shown in many scenes, as Japanese sword styles have been used.
The web series RWBY, produced by Texas-based company Rooster Teeth, is produced using an anime-influenced art style and has been referred to as an American anime by multiple sources. For example, when the series was licensed for release in Japan, AdWeek reported on the situation using the headline "American-made anime from Rooster Teeth gets licensed in Japan". The CEO of Rooster Teeth, Matt Hullum, commented on the licensing agreement, saying "This is the first time any American-made anime has been marketed to Japan. It definitely usually works the other way around, and we're really pleased about that." In 2013, Monty Oum, the creator of RWBY, said "Some believe just like Scotch needs to be made in Scotland, an American company can't make anime. I think that's a narrow way of seeing it. Anime is an art form, and to say only one country can make this art is wrong."
In 2015, Netflix announced that it intended to produce anime. In doing so, the company is offering a more accessible channel for distribution to Western markets.
Defining anime as style has been contentious amongst fans, with John Oppliger stating, "The insistence on referring to original American art as "anime" or "manga" robs the work of its cultural identity."
On the other hand, series like Avatar: The Last Airbender, its sequel and Voltron: Legendary Defender have opened up more debates on whether these works should be called "anime", and whether the culturally abstract approach to the word's meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. While some Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism with some fans and critics arguing that the term should be defined as a "style" rather than as a national product, which leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries.
Stitch! is the anime spin-off of Disney's Lilo & Stitch franchise and the successor to Lilo & Stitch: The Series. It debuted in Japan in October 2008. The show features a Japanese girl named Yuna in place of Lilo, and is set on a fictional island in the Ryukyus off the shore of Okinawa instead of Hawaii.
ND Stevenson and the crew of She-Ra and the Princesses of Power were strongly influenced by anime, especially those with magical girls.
Film
The production on The Animatrix began when the Wachowskis visited some of the creators of the anime films that had been strong influences on their work, and decided to collaborate with them.
Japanese anime has influenced Disney, Pixar and DreamWorks productions. Glen Keane, the animator for successful Disney films such as The Black Cauldron (1985), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), and Tangled, has credited Hayao Miyazaki as a "huge influence" on Disney's animated films ever since The Rescuers Down Under (1990). Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, the directors of Disney films such as Beauty and the Beast, Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), and Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001), are fans of anime and have cited Miyazaki's works as a major influence on their own work. Miyazaki's influence on Disney dates back to The Great Mouse Detective (1986), which was influenced by Miyazaki's Lupin III film Castle of Cagliostro (1979) and which in turn paved the way for the Disney Renaissance.
Controversially, Disney's The Lion King (1994) was accused of plagiarizing Osamu Tezuka's 1960s anime series Kimba the White Lion, due to both works sharing numerous similarities, leading to a protest upon release in Japan. However, Disney denied the accusation of plagiarism. The controversy surrounding Kimba and The Lion King was parodied in a 1995 episode of The Simpsons. A similar controversy surrounded another Disney film, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, which was alleged to have plagiarized the Studio Gainax anime series Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990). Atlantis directors Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise denied the allegation, but nevertheless acknowledged Miyazaki's films as a major influence on their work.
Miyazaki's work deeply influenced Pixar co-founder John Lasseter, who described how Miyazaki's influence upon his life and work began when he first saw Castle of Cagliostro. Pete Docter, director of the popular Pixar films Monsters, Inc. (2001) and Up (2009) as well as a co-creator of other Pixar works, has also described anime, specifically Miyazaki, as an influence on his work. Jennifer Lee and Chris Buck cited the influence of Miyazaki's anime productions on Frozen (2013), stating that they were inspired by their sense of "epic adventure and that big scope and scale and then the intimacy of funny quirky characters." Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois described Miyazaki's flight and pacifist themes as an influence for creating How to Train Your Dragon (2010). Joel Crawford, the director of Puss in Boots: The Last Wish (2022), cited Akira (1988) as an influence on the design of the characters and action within the film. Additionally, the film utilized 2D animation to "highlight the personal touch of hand-drawn animation that is found in traditional anime", as noted by Variety'''s Jazz Tangsay.
Brazil
Since the 2000s there have already been countless independent projects for animated series inspired by anime. One of the first attempts was an animated adaptation of the popular manga-styled comic Holy Avenger after its completion in 2003, however due to financial and production problems the series was never developed. Over the years several other attempts for independent projects for animation inspired by Brazil were created, the most notable being Dogmons!, XDragoon and Magma.
In 2021 an independent platform for anime-inspired animations titled Anistage was created.
Among the anime-inspired Brazilian animated series that premiered on TV are Os Under-Undergrounds that debuted in May 2016, Nickelodeon and Turma da Mônica Jovem, based on the manga-styled comic created by Mauricio de Sousa, that debuted on November 7, 2019.
Despite being a series entirely made in Japan, No Game No Life is often credited by many Brazilians as an authentic Brazilian anime, due to the Brazilian origin of its creator Yuu Kamiya.
Chile
Animated series such as Golpea Duro Hara, a show which was an inspiration of the Japanese series such as Dragon Ball and One-Punch Man, was released in 2018. It gived the second season in 2020 on Cartoon Network.
In 2020, the Chilean-Brazilian animated film, Nahuel and the Magic Book, was created and inspired by the works of Hayao Miyazaki's projects such as Future Boy Conan and the entire Studio Ghibli with the mixtures of other Western animated series such as Steven Universe and Gravity Falls based on its characters. It became the first Latin American feature to win the Tokyo Anime Award for Award of Excellence a year later.
Other countries in the Americas
In 2007, the Canadian anime-style animated short Flutter became the first work from a non-Asian nation to win the Open Entries Grand Prize at the Tokyo Anime Awards.
Europe
France
The French-American international co-production W.I.T.C.H., a magical girl series, has been noted as having an anime-influenced visual style. First season director Marc Gordon-Bates cited anime such as Neon Genesis Evangelion as design inspiration. The animated series is based on Italian comics of the same name themselves drawn in line with manga conventions, as opposed to the more rounded style traditionally used by publisher and co-producer Disney. Co-executive producer Olivier Dumont noted that the high-quality animation was intended to be true to the detailed artwork of the comics series.
The producers of the French anime Code Lyoko, one of the most successful works of European anime, explicitly stated in their introductory document that they were: "Influenced by the poetry and the visual impact of Japanese animation, the series proposes a graphic universe that's particularly original and strong."
The animation and style in Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir is practically influenced by various Magical girl anime. Toei Animation does some of the modeling for the series, and was originally going to be in an anime-esque art-style. Thomas Astruc, the creator of the show, stated that the production team switched to CGI instead because Ladybug's spots were hard to animate around that time.
Another example of anime-influenced animation can be seen in Wakfu: The Animated Series, a flash animation series based on a video game of the same title.
Spain
In 2018, Movistar+ released Virtual Hero, a Spanish animated series created by YouTube personality El Rubius. It was dubbed as the "first anime in Spanish history". The Netflix original "The Idhun Chronicles", based on The Idhún's Memories book saga written by Laura Gallego, premiered in 2021, also featuring an anime-style animation.
Other European countries
Some French, Italian and Canadian co-produced series have also been influenced by anime, such as Totally Spies!, Martin Mystery, and Team Galaxy.
The visual style of the Italian animated series Winx Club is a mixture of European and Japanese elements, and also very similar to magical girl subgenre.
Asia
Middle East
The Emirati-Filipino produced TV series called Torkaizer is dubbed as the "Middle East's First Anime Show", inspired from Japanese mecha media franchise Gundam, and is currently in production, which is currently looking for funding.
Southeast Asia
In June 2021, the Singaporean anime-influenced TV series, Trese was released on Netflix. It is an adaptation of the Filipino komik series of the same name produced by South East Asian BASE Entertainment.
South Asia
Pakistan
A Pakistani hand drawn romantic anime film called The Glassworker is currently in production. It is directed by Usman Riaz. The trailer of the film was released in October 2016. The film will release in 2023 as described by the animation studio's website. It is also Pakistan's and South Asia's first crowd funded movie as it had raised $116,000 on Kickstarter. The reason for this high raise was due to Usman Riaz being a famous musician, speaker. The movie is hand drawn so the scenes of the movie gives it a Studio Ghibli vibe.
India
In India, Karmachakra was produced as one of the first Indian anime influenced animations under Studio Durga. It is a low budget 2D film, despite being anime influenced the pilot of the movie says otherwise, due to its low budget the developers made use of classic 2D style animation which makes it different from anime.
Co-productions with Japan
Occasionally, animated series are developed as outright international co-productions between Japan and one or more other countries, as opposed to having stylistic influence. In the 1980s, there were Japanese-European productions such as Ulysses 31, The Mysterious Cities of Gold, Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds, Sherlock Hound and The Jungle Book. More recent examples of Canadian and French co-productions include Cybersix (1999) as well as Oban Star-Racers and Spider Riders, both from 2006.Ōban Star-Racers is known as one of the European animations that strongly resemble anime. While the majority of the creative directors and writers were French, the production team moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team.
Animation such as Oban Star-Racers and Code Lyoko, like Avatar: The Last Airbender, are examples over which some critics and fans debate about the term anime and whether it is defined as a "style" rather than as a national product, which leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries.
A Japanese-Filipino produced anime television series Barangay 143 is currently airing on GMA Network.
In April 2020, a studio named Manga Production from Saudi Arabia announced the release of The Journey and Future's Folktales, co-produced with Toei.
Japanese-American Pacific Rim: The Black, an anime adaptation of the film of the same name made by Legendary Television co-produced with Polygon Pictures released in March 2021.
Japanese-American Yasuke, an anime adaptation of the historical figure of the same name made by LeSean Thomas co-produced with MAPPA released in April 2021.
Japanese-American Cannon_Busters, an anime adaptation of the comic book of the same name made by LeSean Thomas co-produced with Satelight and Yumeta Company released in August 15, 2019.
Polish-Japanese Cyberpunk: Edgerunners, an anime adaptation of the video game of the same name made by CD Projekt co-produced with Studio Trigger released in September 2022.
In advertising
The American fast-food Taco Bell advertisement Fry Force has many anime-style features, particularly from Japanese mecha anime Gundam. It is shown in many scenes, as Gundam fighting styles have been used.
The Odyssey Interactive Omega Strikers action sport video game has anime influence on its launching advertisement video because made by Japanese Studio Trigger in celebration of the premiere launch of its video game.
The Bulgarian juice company Florina had anime-style mascots of the juice flavours named Flo Force'', advertised in many youth activities.
See also
Dubbing
Original English-language manga
La nouvelle manga
Limited animation
Orientalism
References
Sources
Anime and manga terminology
Japan in non-Japanese culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime-influenced%20animation |
Erich Wolfgang Korngold composed his Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 35, in 1945.
Instrumentation
The work is scored for solo violin, two flutes (one doubling piccolo), two oboes (one doubling cor anglais), two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), four horns, two trumpets, trombone, harp, strings, and a colorful percussion section of timpani, bass drum, cymbals, gong, tubular bell, glockenspiel, vibraphone, xylophone, and celesta.
Movements
Moderato nobile: The violin solo which opens the concerto is a theme from Another Dawn (1937), running over two octaves in five notes. Juarez (1939) provided the second theme (the Maximilian & Carlotta theme), more expansive and reliant upon the orchestra.
Romance: The solo violin introduces the principal theme of the slow movement, quoted from Anthony Adverse (1936) and revisited after a contrasting middle section that seems to have been uniquely composed for the concerto.
Allegro assai vivace: The most demanding movement for the soloist begins with a staccato jig, which leads to a second theme based like the first on the main motif from The Prince and the Pauper (1937) and builds up to a virtuoso climax.
A typical performance lasts about 25 minutes.
Overview
Korngold had vowed to give up composing anything other than film music, with which he supported himself and his family, until Hitler had been defeated. With the end of World War II, he retired from films to concentrate on music for the concert hall. The Violin Concerto was the first such work that Korngold penned, following some initial persuasion from the violinist and fellow émigré Bronisław Huberman. Korngold had been hurt by the assumption that a successful film composer was one who had sold his integrity to Hollywood, just as earlier he had been hurt by many critics' assumptions that his works were performed only because he was the son of music critic Julius Korngold. He was thus determined to prove himself with a work that combined vitality and superb craftsmanship.
The concerto was dedicated to Alma Mahler, the widow of Korngold's childhood mentor Gustav Mahler. It was premiered on 15 February 1947 by Jascha Heifetz and the St. Louis Symphony under conductor Vladimir Golschmann. It received the most enthusiastic ovation in St. Louis concert history. On 30 March 1947, Heifetz played the concerto in Carnegie Hall with the New York Philharmonic conducted by Efrem Kurtz; the broadcast performance was recorded on transcription discs. The composer wrote about Heifetz's playing of the work:
In spite of the demand for virtuosity in the finale, the work with its many melodic and lyric episodes was contemplated more for a Caruso than for a Paganini. It is needless to say how delighted I am to have my concerto performed by Caruso and Paganini in one person: Jascha Heifetz.
Heifetz's performance launched the work into the standard repertoire, and it quickly became Korngold's most popular piece. However, the fame of the violin concerto, combined with Korngold's eminent association with Hollywood film music, has helped obscure the rest of his legacy as a composer of concert-hall works written before and after his arrival in the United States.
Although Korngold was credited with introducing the sophisticated musical language of his classical training to the soundscapes of Hollywood films, a kind of reverse inspiration also occurred. Like many of Korngold's "serious" works in traditional genres, the violin concerto borrows thematic material from his movie scores in each of its three movements.
Notable recordings
Nigel Armstrong and Neville Marriner with the Colburn Orchestra
Kristóf Baráti and Otto Tausk with the South Netherlands Philharmonic
Nicola Benedetti and Kirill Karabits with the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra
Renaud Capuçon and Yannick Nézet-Séguin with the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra
Miranda Cuckson and Paul Freeman with the Czech National Symphony Orchestra
Glenn Dicterow and David Robertson with the New York Philharmonic
James Ehnes and Bramwell Tovey with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra
Liza Ferschtman and Jiří Malát with the Prague Symphony Orchestra
Vilde Frang and James Gaffigan with the Frankfurt Radio Symphony
Alexander A. Gilman and Perry So with the Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra
Vadim Gluzman and Neeme Järvi with the Residentie Orchestra
Caroline Goulding and Kevin John Edusei with the Bern Symphony Orchestra
Ilya Gringolts and Julien Salemkour with the Copenhagen Philharmonic
Andrew Haveron and Jiří Bělohlávek with the BBC Symphony Orchestra
Andrew Haveron and John Wilson with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra
Jascha Heifetz and Alfred Wallenstein with the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. This recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Ulf Hoelscher and Willy Mattes with the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra
Daniel Hope and Alexander Shelley with the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra
Thomas Albertus Irnberger and Doron Salomon with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
Chantal Juillet and John Mauceri with the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra
Laurent Korcia and Jean-Jacques Kantorow with the Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège
Ji-yoon Lee and Kristiina Poska with the Odense Symphony Orchestra
Jack Liebeck and Paul Watkins with the Ulster Orchestra
Ulrike-Anima Mathé and Andrew Litton with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra
Anne-Sophie Mutter and André Previn with the London Symphony Orchestra
František Novotný and Martin Turnovský with the Brno Philharmonic
Hyehoon Park and Lawrence Renes with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra
Itzhak Perlman and André Previn with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra
Philippe Quint and Carlos Miguel Prieto with the Orquesta Sinfonica de Mineria
Benjamin Schmid and Seiji Ozawa with the Wiener Philharmoniker
Gil Shaham and André Previn with the London Symphony Orchestra
Baiba Skride and Santtu-Matias Rouvali with the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra
Arabella Steinbacher and Lawrence Foster with the Gulbenkian Orchestra
Matthew Trusler and Yasuo Shinozaki with the Dusseldorfer Symphoniker
Paul Waltman and David Björkman with the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra
Vera Tsu and Yu Long with the Razumovsky Sinfonia
Nikolaj Znaider and Valery Gergiev with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Sound Files (MP3) of The Japanese Premiere of Korngold:Violin Concerto (1989)
American Symphony Orchestra program notes, September 20, 1992
National Symphony Orchestra program notes, February 3-5, 2005
Korngold: Violin Concerto; Schauspiel Overture; Much Adio About Nothing - Philippe Quint | Songs, Reviews, Credits
Violinist.com interview with Philippe Quint: for the Love of Korngold
Korngold
Compositions by Erich Wolfgang Korngold
1945 compositions
Compositions in D major | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin%20Concerto%20%28Korngold%29 |
An alga (plural algae) is a type of photosynthetic organism.
Alga may also refer to:
Places
Burkina Faso
Alga, Burkina Faso
Alga-Fulbé
Italy
San Giorgio in Alga, an island of the Venetian lagoon, northern Italy
Kazakhstan
Alga District
Alga, Kazakhstan, a town in the Alga District; one of a number of communities in Kazakhstan with this name
Kyrgyzstan
Alga, Kadamjay, Kadamjay District, Batken Region
Alga, Leylek, Leylek District, Batken Region
Alga, Chüy, Chüy District, Chüy Region
Alga, Osh, Özgön District, Osh Region
Other uses
AlGa, an aluminium-gallium alloy
"Alga!", a Crimean Tatar war cry.
See also
Algae (disambiguation)
Algal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Hadrian's Gate (, meaning "The Three Gates") is a memorial gate located in Antalya, Turkey, which was built in the name of the Roman emperor Hadrian, who visited the city in 130 CE. It was later incorporated in the walls that surround the city and harbor, of which it is the only remaining entrance gate today.
The gate was rediscovered by the Irish hydrographer Francis Beaufort in 1817, while commanding on HMS Fridericksteen.
Description
Hadrian's Gate consists of two colonnaded facades, three entry arches rising above four pylons and a tower standing on either side. It is about 8 meters (26.2 feet) high. The Southern Tower, known as the Julia Sancta, is from the Roman era but was likely built independently of the gate. The bottom section of the Northern Tower is from Roman times, but the upper part was rebuilt in the first half of the thirteenth century AD during the reign of Seljuk sultan Alaeddin Keykubat I and contains an inscription in Arabic script.
It is considered to be Pamphylia's most beautiful gate. The upper part has three apertures in the shape of a cupola, and except for the pillars (made of granite) is built entirely of white marble. The three passage ways are decorated with floral and rosette reliefs. The ornamentation is very striking. The original gate was two stories, and although little is known of the top story, it is believed to have held statues of the emperor and his family. An entablature on the top of the Gate extends to both sides with a height of 1.28 meters (4.2 feet). It includes a frieze decorated with floral motifs and an ornate cornice with lion heads.
Formerly the city walls enclosed the outside of the gate and it was not used for many years. This may be the reason why it has not been harmed, and it was only revealed when the walls collapsed in the 1950s. The gate was restored in 1959. The pavement was stripped away to reveal the original Roman era walkway, which can be seen through perspex flooring while walking through the main arch. Visitors to the Gate can look down and see incredibly deep grooves where the pavement was worn away by countless carts passing in and out of the city.
When the gate was uncovered and restored, a dozen bronze letters were found at the foot of the gate. These letters were part of an inscription honoring Hadrian. As of 2017, the letters are split between different museums and private collections around the world. Nine letters are in Vienna, two are in Berlin, and there are some in England, at the British Museum in London and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. It is believed the missing second story would have also held an inscription.
Legends
According to local legend, Sultana Belkis, the Queen of Sheba, is said to have passed under those gates and enjoyed a happy day in the palace in Aspendos on her way to visit King Solomon. However, if she did so, she would have passed through a predecessor version of Hadrian's Gate, as she and Solomon lived approximately a thousand years before Hadrian.
Gallery
See also
Arch of Hadrian (Athens)
Arch of Hadrian (Jerash)
Arch of Hadrian (Capua)
List of Roman triumphal arches
References
External links
http://www.turkishclass.com/turkey_pictures_gallery_211 Pictures of the gate.
How to go to Hadrian' s Gate
Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
Ancient Roman triumphal arches
Buildings and structures in Antalya
Tourist attractions in Antalya
Seljuk architecture
Hadrian
Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Turkey
Muratpaşa District
1812 archaeological discoveries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s%20Gate |
Richard Larter (19 May 1929 – 25 July 2014) was an Australian painter, often identified as one of Australia's few highly recognisable pop artists. Larter also frequently painted in a Pointillist style. He took advantage of unusual techniques with painting: using a syringe filled with paint to create his early works, and juxtaposing multiple images on to a canvas. Many of his works are brightly coloured and draw on popular culture for source materials, reproducing news photographs, film stills, and images from pornography. He was married to Pat Larter, an artist who was involved in the Mail art movement, then performance art and finally painting in a brightly coloured style similar to Richard's. The Larters emigrated to Australia in 1962. Richard Larter's pop art was less ironic than his American and English counterparts. In this Larter is similar to other noted Australian pop artists, such as, Mike Brown and Martin Sharp.
Exhibitions
Larter was exhibited consistently from 1965 on across Australia, including as the subject of over 60 solo shows, most often at Niagara Galleries, Melbourne, and Watters Gallery, Sydney, and over 100 group shows spanning almost 50 years. Notable exhibitions include his 2002 show Stripperama: Richard Larter at the Heide Museum of Modern Art and the show Andy and Oz: parallel visions organised by the National Gallery of Australia (NGA), and exhibited at The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, US, in 2007.
Larter was honoured with a retrospective of his work at the NGA in 2008, the exhibition revealing him continuing to be a leading Australian contemporary artist.
Collections
Larter is represented in the collections of major galleries, such as the National Gallery of Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Art Gallery of South Australia, Art Gallery of Western Australia and Ballarat Fine Art Gallery, as well as numerous state, regional, university and private collections throughout Australia.
Death
He died in Canberra on 25 July 2014.
Awards and honors
Berrima Prize - 1965
Muswellbrook Art Prize - 1966
Perth Prize for Drawing, Art Gallery of Western Australia - 1967
Queensland Art Gallery Trustee Prize - 1976
Broken Hill Centenary Art Acquisitive Prize - 1983
Clemenger Contemporary Art Award, National Gallery of Victoria - 1996
See also
Australian art
References
External links
One of Larter's works at the National Gallery of Victoria.
Richard Larter Retrospective at the National Gallery of Australia, 2008
1929 births
Australian painters
2014 deaths
Pop artists
Visual artists in late 20th-century Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Larter |
The "Juno Award for Best Selling Single" was awarded from 1975-1993 for the best selling single in Canada. It was also known as "Best Selling International Single" and "International Single of the Year".
Winners
Best Selling International Single (1975 - 1980)
1975 - Paper Lace, "The Night Chicago Died"
Paul McCartney & Wings, "Band on the Run"
Ray Stevens, "The Streak"
Charlie Rich, "The Most Beautiful Girl"
George McCrae, "Rock Your Baby"
1976 - The Captain and Tennille, "Love Will Keep Us Together"
Carol Douglas. "Doctor's Orders"
Dickie Goodman, "Mr. Jaws"
KC and the Sunshine Band, "That's the Way (I Like It)"
Shirley & Company, "Shame, Shame, Shame"
1977 - Tina Charles, "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)"
Bay City Rollers, "Saturday Night"
Rick Dees, "Disco Duck"
KC and the Sunshine Band, "That's the Way (I Like It)"
Walter Murphy, "A Fifth of Beethoven"
1978 - Leo Sayer, "When I Need You"
Debby Boone, "You Light Up My Life"
Donna Summer, "I Feel Love"
Elvis Presley, "My Way"
Meco, "Star Wars Theme"
1979 - John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John, "You're the One That I Want"
Bee Gees, "Night Fever"
Bee Gees, "Stayin' Alive"
Frankie Valli, "Grease"
A Taste of Honey, "Boogie Oogie Oogie"
1980 - Blondie, "Heart of Glass"
Patrick Hernandez, "Born to Be Alive"
Rod Stewart, "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?"
Chic, "Le Freak"
Village People, "Y.M.C.A."
International Single of the Year (1981 - 1991)
1981 - Pink Floyd, "Another Brick in the Wall"
Queen, "Another One Bites the Dust"
Lipps Inc., "Funkytown"
Billy Joel, "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me"
The Sugarhill Gang, "Rapper's Delight"
1982 - Kim Carnes, "Bette Davis Eyes"
Kool & the Gang, "Celebration"
Diana Ross & Lionel Richie, "Endless Love"
Stars on 45, "Stars on 45" (Medley: "Venus" / "Sugar, Sugar" / "No Reply" / "I'll Be Back" / "Drive My Car" / "Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "We Can Work It Out" / "I Should Have Known Better" / "Nowhere Man" / "You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Stars on 45".)
Blondie, "The Tide Is High"
1983 - Survivor, "Eye of the Tiger"
Steve Miller Band, "Abracadabra"
Trio, "Da Da Da"
Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
Olivia Newton-John, "Physical"
1984 - Michael Jackson, "Billie Jean"
The Police, "Every Breath You Take"
Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton, "Islands in the Stream"
David Bowie, "Let's Dance"
Cyndi Lauper, "Girls Just Want to Have Fun"
1985 - Foreigner, "I Want to Know What Love Is"
Wham!, "Careless Whisper"
Stevie Wonder, "I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Tears for Fears, "Shout"
Wham!, "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go"
1986 - Opus, "Live Is Life"
Kool & the Gang, "Cherish"
Elton John, "Nikita"
Falco, "Rock Me Amadeus"
Lionel Richie, "Say You, Say Me"
1987 - Bananarama, "Venus"
Madonna, "Papa Don't Preach"
Timex Social Club, "Rumours"
Chris de Burgh, "The Lady in Red"
Samantha Fox, "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)"
1989 - MARRS, "Pump Up the Volume"
George Michael, "Faith"
Phil Collins, "A Groovy Kind of Love"
Tiffany, "I Think We're Alone Now"
Kylie Minogue, "The Locomotion"
1990 - Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers, "Swing the Mood"
New Kids on the Block, "Hangin' Tough"
Madonna, "Like a Prayer"
Fine Young Cannibals, "She Drives Me Crazy"
Paula Abdul, "Straight Up"
1991 - Madonna, "Vogue"
Soul II Soul, "Back to Life (However Do You Want Me)"
Kaoma, "Lambada"
New Kids on the Block, "Step by Step"
Poison, "Unskinny Bop"
Best Selling Single by a Foreign Artist (1992 - 1992)
1992 - Extreme, "More Than Words"
Michael Jackson, "Black or White"
Metallica, "Enter Sandman"
Roxette, "Joyride"
EMF, "Unbelievable"
Best Selling Single (Foreign or Domestic) (1993)
1993 - Billy Ray Cyrus, "Achy Breaky Heart"
Michael Jackson, "Black or White"
Kris Kross, "Jump"
The KLF, "Justified & Ancient"
KWS, "Please Don't Go"
References
Single - Best Selling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20Award%20for%20Best%20Selling%20Single |
Chinese Ghouls and Goblins is a book on the supernatural in Chinese folklore written by British author Gerald Willoughby-Meade and published in London in 1928.
The book is 431 pages long and divided into 15 chapters. A notable chapter of the book is devoted to Chinese Vampires referred to as Ch'iang Shih, and it was extensively cited by Montague Summers in his book The Vampire, His Kith and Kin (1928, London). The book was also cited by a number of other works, such as Chinese Lineage and Society and Rats, Cats, Rogues, and Heroes: Glimpses of China's Hidden Past.
References
1928 books
Chinese folklore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Ghouls%20and%20Goblins |
The Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year is an annual award presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) for the best French-language album in Canada. Wanting to add a more inclusive Canadian content to the Award show, Isba Music's Larry Mancini lobbied CARAS to add this award to its roster. It was awarded as the Best Selling Francophone Album, based entirely on album sales, but is now chosen by a jury vote.
Recipients
Best Selling Francophone Album (1992–2002)
Francophone Album of the Year (2003–present)
References
Francophone Album
Album awards
Francophone music
French-language mass media in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20Award%20for%20Francophone%20Album%20of%20the%20Year |
Marbán is a province in the Beni Department, Bolivia. The capital is Loreto.
Places of interest
Cachimbo Lake
San Jorge Lake
Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory
References
Provinces of Beni Department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marb%C3%A1n%20Province |
Vaca Diéz is a province in the Beni Department, Bolivia. The two largest settlements in Vaca Diéz are Guayaramerín with a population of 35,764 in 2012, along with Riberalta with a population of 78,754. Vaca Diéz measures 16,228 km² (10,083 miles) in size.
See also
Exaltación, Vaca Diéz
References
Provinces of Beni Department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaca%20D%C3%ADez%20Province |
These are the twelve men's team squads that competed in the field hockey tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.
Pool A
Argentina
Head Coach: Miguel MacCormík
Pablo Moreira (GK, c)
Jorge Querejeta
Edgardo Pailos
Diego Chiodo
Alejandro Doherty
Fernando Moresi
Rodolfo Pérez
Carlos Retegui
Jorge Lombi
Gabriel Minadeo
Fernando Ferrara
Leandro Baccaro
Rodolfo Schmitt
Santiago Capurro
Maximiliano Caldas
Pablo Lombi
Germany
Head Coach: Paul Lissek
Christopher Reitz (GK)
Michael Knauth
Jan-Peter Tewes
Carsten Fischer
Christian Blunck
Stefan Saliger
Björn Emmerling
Patrick Bellenbaum
Sven Meinhardt
Christoph Bechmann
Oliver Domke
Andreas Becker
Michael Green
Klaus Michler
Volker Fried
Christian Mayerhöfer
India
Head Coach: Cedric D'Souza
Subbaiah Anjaparavanda
Harpreet Singh
Mohammed Riaz
Sanjeev Kumar
Baljit Singh Saini
Sabu Varkey
Mukesh Kumar
Rahul Singh
Dhanraj Pillay
Pargat Singh (c)
Baljit Singh Dhillon
Alloysius Edwards
Anil Alexander Aldrin
Gavin Ferreira
Ramandeep Singh
Dilip Tirkey
Pakistan
Head Coach: Jahangir Butt
Mansoor Ahmed (c, GK)
Muhammad Danish Kaleem
Naveed Alam
Muhammad Usman
Muhammad Khalid
Muhammad Shafqat Malik
Muhammad Sarwar
Tahir Zaman
Kamran Ashraf
Muhammad Shahbaz
Shahbaz Ahmed
Khalid Mahmood
Mujahid Ali Rana
Irfan Mahmood
Aleem Raza
Rahim Khan
Spain
Head Coach: Toni Forrellat
Ramón Jufresa (GK)
Óscar Barrena
Joaquim Malgosa
Jordi Arnau
Juantxo García-Mauriño
Jaume Amat
Juan Escarré
Victor Pujol
Ignacio Cobos
Xavier Escudé
Javier Arnau
Ramón Sala
Juan Dinarés
Pol Amat
Pablo Usoz
Antonio González
United States
Head Coach: Jon Clark
Tom Vano
Steve Danielson
Larry Amar
Marq Mellor
Scott Williams
Steve Jennings
Steven van Randwijck
Mark Wentges
John O'Neill
Eelco Wassenaar
Nick Butcher
Ahmed Elmaghraby
Phil Sykes
Otto Steffers
Ben Maruquin
Steve Wagner (GK)
Pool B
Australia
Head Coach: Frank Murray
Mark Hager
Stephen Davies
Baeden Choppy
Lachlan Elmer
Stuart Carruthers
Grant Smith
Damon Diletti (GK)
Lachlan Dreher (GK)
Brendan Garard
Paul Gaudoin
Paul Lewis
Matthew Smith
Jay Stacy
Daniel Sproule
Ken Wark
Michael York
Great Britain
Head Coach: Jonathon Copp
Simon Mason (GK)
David Luckes (GK)
Jon Wyatt
Julian Halls
Soma Singh
Simon Hazlitt
Jason Laslett
Kalbir Takher
Jason Lee
Nick Thompson
Chris Mayer
Phil McGuire
Russell Garcia
John Shaw
Calum Giles
Daniel Hall
South Korea
Head Coach: Jeon Jae-hong
Gu Jin-su (GK)
Sin Seok-gyo
Han Byeong-guk
Yu Myeong-gun
Cho Myung-jun
Jeon Jong-ha
Yu Seung-jin
Park Sin-heung
Kang Keon-wook
Kim Jong-i
Jeong Yong-gyun
Song Seung-tae
Kim Yong-bae
Hong Gyeong-seop
Kim Yeong-gwi
Kim Yoon
Malaysia
Head Coach: Volker Knapp
Mohamed Nasihin Nubil Ibrahim
Maninderjit Singh Magmar
Lailin Abu Hassan
Brian Siva
Lim Chiow Chuan
Charles David
Chairil Anwar Abdul Aziz
Lam Mun Fatt
Shankar Ramu
Nor Saiful Zaini Nasir-ud-Din
Kaliswaran Muniandy
Aphthar Singh Piara
Mirnawan Nawawi
Calvin Fernandez
Kuhan Shanmuganathan
Hamdan Hamzah
Netherlands
Head Coach: Roelant Oltmans
Ronald Jansen (GK)
Bram Lomans
Leo Klein Gebbink
Erik Jazet
Tycho van Meer
Wouter van Pelt
Marc Delissen
Jacques Brinkman
Maurits Crucq
Stephan Veen
Floris Jan Bovelander
Jeroen Delmee (c)
Guus Vogels (GK)
Teun de Nooijer
Remco van Wijk
Taco van den Honert
South Africa
Head Coach: Gavin Featherstone
Brian Myburgh (GK)
Brad Milne
Shaun Cooke
Craig Jackson
Craig Fulton
Bradley Michalaro
Gregg Clark
Gary Boddington
Alistar Frederdicks
Wayne Graham
Kevin Chree
Charles Teversham
Greg Nicol
Matthew Hallowes
Grant Fulton
Murray Anderson
References
External links
1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20hockey%20at%20the%201996%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20team%20squads |
José Ballivián is a province of the Beni Department in northern Bolivia. It is named for José Ballivián, a general and former president of Bolivia who lived from 1805 until 1852. The province has a north-south extent. To the west the province is bounded by the Beni River (with the La Paz Department on the west (left) bank), to the east it borders on the Yacuma Province of the Beni Department.
The capital of the José Ballivián is Reyes (Reyes, Bolivia). Other towns in the province are San Borja, Rurrenabaque and Santa Rosa.
The province is sparsely populated. According to Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Bolivia the population in 2001 was , of this in urban area and in rural area.
Using Rurrenabaque as the starting point the pampas east of Reyes (Reyes, Bolivia) with its rich wildlife is a popular destination.
Rurrenabaque is also the point of access to the 'jungle', la 'selva', that is the rain forest west and south of Rurrenabaque, with the Madidi National Park known for its great biodiversity.
But the name of the José Ballivián Province is probably only known by very few of the tourists visiting the area, and very likely the same applies to the knowledge that crossing the Beni River means going from the Beni Department to the La Paz Department of Bolivia.
Places of interest
Beni Biological Station Biosphere Reserve
Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands
References
Provinces of Beni Department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Ballivi%C3%A1n%20Province |
Gentzen's consistency proof is a result of proof theory in mathematical logic, published by Gerhard Gentzen in 1936. It shows that the Peano axioms of first-order arithmetic do not contain a contradiction (i.e. are "consistent"), as long as a certain other system used in the proof does not contain any contradictions either. This other system, today called "primitive recursive arithmetic with the additional principle of quantifier-free transfinite induction up to the ordinal ε0", is neither weaker nor stronger than the system of Peano axioms. Gentzen argued that it avoids the questionable modes of inference contained in Peano arithmetic and that its consistency is therefore less controversial.
Gentzen's theorem
Gentzen's theorem is concerned with first-order arithmetic: the theory of the natural numbers, including their addition and multiplication, axiomatized by the first-order Peano axioms. This is a "first-order" theory: the quantifiers extend over natural numbers, but not over sets or functions of natural numbers. The theory is strong enough to describe recursively defined integer functions such as exponentiation, factorials or the Fibonacci sequence.
Gentzen showed that the consistency of the first-order Peano axioms is provable over the base theory of primitive recursive arithmetic with the additional principle of quantifier-free transfinite induction up to the ordinal ε0. Primitive recursive arithmetic is a much simplified form of arithmetic that is rather uncontroversial. The additional principle means, informally, that there is a well-ordering on the set of finite rooted trees. Formally, ε0 is the first ordinal such that , i.e. the limit of the sequence
It is a countable ordinal much smaller than large countable ordinals. To express ordinals in the language of arithmetic, an ordinal notation is needed, i.e. a way to assign natural numbers to ordinals less than ε0. This can be done in various ways, one example provided by Cantor's normal form theorem. Gentzen's proof is based on the following assumption: for any quantifier-free formula A(x), if there is an ordinal a< ε0 for which A(a) is false, then there is a least such ordinal.
Gentzen defines a notion of "reduction procedure" for proofs in Peano arithmetic. For a given proof, such a procedure produces a tree of proofs, with the given one serving as the root of the tree, and the other proofs being, in a sense, "simpler" than the given one. This increasing simplicity is formalized by attaching an ordinal < ε0 to every proof, and showing that, as one moves down the tree, these ordinals get smaller with every step. He then shows that if there were a proof of a contradiction, the reduction procedure would result in an infinite strictly descending sequence of ordinals smaller than ε0 produced by a primitive recursive operation on proofs corresponding to a quantifier-free formula.
Relation to Hilbert's program and Gödel's theorem
Gentzen's proof highlights one commonly missed aspect of Gödel's second incompleteness theorem. It is sometimes claimed that the consistency of a theory can only be proved in a stronger theory. Gentzen's theory obtained by adding quantifier-free transfinite induction to primitive recursive arithmetic proves the consistency of first-order Peano arithmetic (PA) but does not contain PA. For example, it does not prove ordinary mathematical induction for all formulae, whereas PA does (since all instances of induction are axioms of PA). Gentzen's theory is not contained in PA, either, however, since it can prove a number-theoretical fact—the consistency of PA—that PA cannot. Therefore, the two theories are, in one sense, incomparable.
That said, there are other, finer ways to compare the strength of theories, the most important of which is defined in terms of the notion of interpretability. It can be shown that, if one theory T is interpretable in another B, then T is consistent if B is. (Indeed, this is a large point of the notion of interpretability.) And, assuming that T is not extremely weak, T itself will be able to prove this very conditional: If B is consistent, then so is T. Hence, T cannot prove that B is consistent, by the second incompleteness theorem, whereas B may well be able to prove that T is consistent. This is what motivates the idea of using interpretability to compare theories, i.e., the thought that, if B interprets T, then B is at least as strong (in the sense of 'consistency strength') as T is.
A strong form of the second incompleteness theorem, proved by Pavel Pudlák, who was building on earlier work by Solomon Feferman, states that no consistent theory T that contains Robinson arithmetic, Q, can interpret Q plus Con(T), the statement that T is consistent. By contrast, Q+Con(T) does interpret T, by a strong form of the arithmetized completeness theorem. So Q+Con(T) is always stronger (in one good sense) than T is. But Gentzen's theory trivially interprets Q+Con(PA), since it contains Q and proves Con(PA), and so Gentzen's theory interprets PA. But, by Pudlák's result, PA cannot interpret Gentzen's theory, since Gentzen's theory (as just said) interprets Q+Con(PA), and interpretability is transitive. That is: If PA did interpret Gentzen's theory, then it would also interpret Q+Con(PA) and so would be inconsistent, by Pudlák's result. So, in the sense of consistency strength, as characterized by interpretability, Gentzen's theory is stronger than Peano arithmetic.
Hermann Weyl made the following comment in 1946 regarding the significance of Gentzen's consistency result following the devastating impact of Gödel's 1931 incompleteness result on Hilbert's plan to prove the consistency of mathematics.
It is likely that all mathematicians ultimately would have accepted Hilbert's approach had he been able to carry it out successfully. The first steps were inspiring and promising. But then Gödel dealt it a terrific blow (1931), from which it has not yet recovered. Gödel enumerated the symbols, formulas, and sequences of formulas in Hilbert's formalism in a certain way, and thus transformed the assertion of consistency into an arithmetic proposition. He could show that this proposition can neither be proved nor disproved within the formalism. This can mean only two things: either the reasoning by which a proof of consistency is given must contain some argument that has no formal counterpart within the system, i.e., we have not succeeded in completely formalizing the procedure of mathematical induction; or hope for a strictly "finitistic" proof of consistency must be given up altogether. When G. Gentzen finally succeeded in proving the consistency of arithmetic he trespassed those limits indeed by claiming as evident a type of reasoning that penetrates into Cantor's "second class of ordinal numbers."
made the following comment in 1952 on the significance of Gentzen's result, particularly in the context of the formalist program which was initiated by Hilbert.
The original proposals of the formalists to make classical mathematics secure by a consistency proof did not contemplate that such a method as transfinite induction up to ε0 would have to be used. To what extent the Gentzen proof can be accepted as securing classical number theory in the sense of that problem formulation is in the present state of affairs a matter for individual judgement, depending on how ready one is to accept induction up to ε0 as a finitary method.
In contrast, Bernays (1967) commented on whether Hilbert's confinement to finitary methods was too restrictive:
It thus became apparent that the 'finite Standpunkt' is not the only alternative to classical ways of reasoning and is not necessarily implied by the idea of proof theory. An enlarging of the methods of proof theory was therefore suggested: instead of a reduction to finitist methods of reasoning, it was required only that the arguments be of a constructive character, allowing us to deal with more general forms of inference.
Other consistency proofs of arithmetic
Gentzen's first version of his consistency proof was not published during his lifetime because Paul Bernays had objected to a method implicitly used in the proof. The modified proof, described above, was published in 1936 in the Annals. Gentzen went on to publish two more consistency proofs, one in 1938 and one in 1943. All of these are contained in .
Kurt Gödel reinterpreted Gentzen's 1936 proof in a lecture in 1938 in what came to be known as the no-counterexample interpretation. Both the original proof and the reformulation can be understood in game-theoretic terms. .
In 1940 Wilhelm Ackermann published another consistency proof for Peano arithmetic, also using the ordinal ε0.
Another proof of consistency of Arithmetic was published by I. N. Khlodovskii, in 1959.
Yet other proofs of consistency of Arithmetic were published by: T. J. Stępień and Ł. T. Stępień (in 2018) and by S. Artemov (in 2019). In the Stępieńs' paper it has been claimed that the proof of consistency (published there), of the Arithmetic System, is done within this System.
In Artemov's paper it has been stated that the proof published there, is formalizable in Peano Arithmetic.
Work initiated by Gentzen's proof
Gentzen's proof is the first example of what is called proof-theoretic ordinal analysis. In ordinal analysis one gauges the strength of theories by measuring how large the (constructive) ordinals are that can be proven to be well-ordered, or equivalently for how large a (constructive) ordinal can transfinite induction be proven. A constructive ordinal is the order type of a recursive well-ordering of natural numbers.
In this language, Gentzen's work establishes that the proof-theoretic ordinal of first-order Peano arithmetic is ε0.
Laurence Kirby and Jeff Paris proved in 1982 that Goodstein's theorem cannot be proven in Peano arithmetic. Their proof was based on Gentzen's theorem.
Notes
References
– Translated as "The consistency of arithmetic", in .
– Translated as "New version of the consistency proof for elementary number theory", in .
- an English translation of papers.
Metatheorems
Proof theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentzen%27s%20consistency%20proof |
The Ackland Art Museum is a museum and academic unit of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It was founded through the bequest of William Hayes Ackland (1855–1940) to The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It is located at 101 S. Columbia Street near the intersection of Franklin Street at the northern edge of campus.
It is free of charge to visitors, and offers a wide selection of events related to exhibition, community, and university topics.
History
William Hayes Ackland, a native of Tennessee and an amateur art collector, wanted to leave money in his will to establish an art museum at a Southern university. In a 1936 will, he initially narrowed his choices to Duke University, UNC-Chapel Hill, and Rollins College in Florida, in that order, with UNC receiving the donation if Duke refused it. After a visit to Duke's campus and meetings with the then-eager administration, Ackland decided that only Duke should receive the $1.25 million bequest and removed UNC from his will, with Rollins receiving a much smaller donation. Ackland, who had turned down the chance to attend Harvard College due to family pressure to stay near home, always regretted the decision. Some commentators speculate that he might have viewed Duke as "the Harvard of the South."
Ackland bequeathed Duke his entire fortune on the condition that he be buried within the newly built museum. After Ackland died in 1940, Duke decided the gift had "too many strings attached" and declined it. But three Duke benefactors—all from the Duke family—had already been buried on the Duke campus.
Ackland's nieces and nephews went to court to claim the inheritance for themselves, and Rollins College (represented by former United States Attorney General Homer Cummings) and the University of North Carolina (represented by attorney O. Max Gardner) followed in an attempt by each college to receive the funds for the art museum. The relatives took the case to the United States Supreme Court, arguing that since only Duke had been mentioned in their uncle's will, only Duke could receive the gift. They should receive the money due to Duke's refusal.
Five years after the suit was filed, Ackland's family members lost their case in the Supreme Court. In 1947 a Washington, DC court found that in his final days, Ackland had been more partial to Rollins than UNC; it ruled for Rollins to receive the bequest. But the Ackland trustees had decided that UNC-Chapel Hill should receive the donation, based on both the financial condition of the university and its proximity to Duke. An appeal of the lower court decision resulted in UNC being ruled the recipient of Ackland's bequest (which had grown to $1.4 million) in 1949. Ackland's remains were moved from Mount Olivet cemetery in Nashville and he was reinterred at the museum at UNC.
Collection
The permanent collection at the Ackland holds about 17,000 works, with its most notable regional holdings in Asian art as well as works of art on paper (i.e. prints, photographs, and drawings). The collection also has important holdings of European masterworks, twentieth-century and contemporary art, African art, and North Carolina pottery. Artists in the collection include Eugène Delacroix, Albrecht Dürer, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Käthe Kollwitz, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, and Max Weber.
See also
List of places named after people
References
External links
Official website
Art museums and galleries in North Carolina
University museums in North Carolina
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill landmarks
Museums in Chapel Hill, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackland%20Art%20Museum |
The Namekagon River (pronounced NAM-uh-KAH-gun) is a tributary of the St. Croix River. It is long and is located in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States. Its course is protected as part of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway.
According to the Geographic Names Information System, the river's name has also been spelled Namakagon, Namekagan, and Namekagun; the United States Board on Geographic Names issued a decision setting "Namekagon" as the river's spelling in 1933. Its name is derived from the Ojibwe language Namekaagong-ziibi, meaning "river at the place abundant with sturgeons."
Course
The Namekagon River issues from Lake Namakagon in southeastern Bayfield County and flows southwestwardly through Sawyer and Washburn counties, past Hayward, and northwestwardly into Burnett County, where it joins the St. Croix, south of the city of Superior. Near its mouth it collects the Totagatic River.
History
The Namekagon River was an integral part in the transportation of lumber during the timber boom of the 1800's. Before the lumber boom, the river was used as a primary form of transportation by fur-traders, explorers and missionaries. In Trego, a sign stands which says,
Native American culture (pre-1831)
The Namekagon was used by the Ojibwe tribe as a source of food and transportation. Every May the Ojibwe used a fish dam to fish the sturgeon that took residence in the river. Large rocks blocked the sturgeon passing on either side so they would swim through the center, where fisherman would spear the fish as they swam into large baskets. The river was also used as a primary source of transportation for the Ojibwe as discovered by European explorers and fur traders. They noted there were heavily used portages between the large bodies of water. Pictographs were drawn on trees that provided information of different species of the area. On the upper portion of the river sat an Ojibwe village off of Lake Pacwawong, where the Native Americans grew wild rice on the river, as well as blueberries, pumpkins, corn, potatoes, and beans.
European-American culture (1831-1860)
Henry Schoolcraft, an explorer who lived among Native American tribes, led two different expeditions along the Namekagon. Schoolcraft described the river at northern portage near Cable, Wisconsin as being seventy-five feet wide and eighteen inches at the deepest part. The river banks were rich with large pines, hardwood and spruce. Brook Trout was in abundance along the river, and was used as a primary food source by the explorers at the time. A few years after Schoolcraft's expedition, the United States government enlisted geologists to describe the riverbed floor. The geologists found that the river bed was a mixture of thin sandy silt with gravelly riverbanks and contained a range of rock sizes from small pebbles to large boulders that sat in the middle of the river.
Logging (1861-1901)
Before the construction of the state road in 1877, the Namekagon River was a primary means of transportation. Early logging in the area was accomplished by selecting the trees closest to the river bank, and floating them down the river to the saw mill. The arrival of the railway saw an opportunity for the Lumber companies to expand the marketplaces across state lines to larger markets. In 1855, Anthony Hayward was given permission from the Wisconsin Legislature to build, operate and maintain dam sites along the Namekagon.
Recreation
The Namekagon is a site of many recreational activities such as recreational tubing, kayaking, canoeing, fishing, hiking, snowshoeing, and other activities.
Wildlife
The Namekagon River offers a variety of wildlife. Most prominent wildlife are the Brook Trout. In addition, there is also walleye, bass, muskellunge, northern pike and panfish.
See also
List of Wisconsin rivers
References
Rivers of Wisconsin
Rivers of Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Burnett County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Sawyer County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Washburn County, Wisconsin
Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States
Tributaries of the St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namekagon%20River |
"The Dundies" is the first episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's seventh episode overall. Written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Greg Daniels, who is also a producer for the show, the episode originally aired in the United States on September 20, 2005 on NBC.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) hosts "The Dundies", the annual awards show in which he presents awards to various members of the office. But the night does not turn out as he plans, and Michael ends up angering or humiliating the majority of the office staff. Meanwhile, after Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) argues with her fiancé, she becomes obviously intoxicated and kisses Jim Halpert (John Krasinski).
"The Dundies" was the second episode of the series directed by Greg Daniels. Many of the scenes at the Chili's had to be changed so the restaurant would allow filming, most notably the scenes where Pam falls over. "The Dundies" was viewed by an estimated 9.0 million viewers and received a 4.3/10 rating share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, making it the highest episode of the series since the show's pilot. The episode received positive reviews from critics.
Plot
Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is the only person who looks forward to "The Dundies", his annual awards show at the local Chili's restaurant. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) tries to dissuade Michael from once again awarding Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) the "World's Longest Engagement" award. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) learns that there is graffiti about Michael on the ladies' room wall (later revealed to have been written by Pam), and his attempts to investigate are embarrassingly unsuccessful.
At the awards show, Michael's performance as MC falls flat. Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) is embarrassed when Michael awards him "Hottest in the Office". Pam's fiancé Roy Anderson (David Denman) and Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) leave, taking Pam with them. In the parking lot, Roy and Pam argue, and Pam returns alone to the restaurant, where she begins drinking beer and margaritas. Heckled by other customers, Michael decides to end the show, but an intoxicated Pam leads the office in encouraging him to continue. Relieved upon winning the Dundie for "Whitest Sneakers" (as opposed to a demeaning and sexual award), Pam gives a drunken acceptance speech and kisses Jim on the lips. This leaves Jim surprised, but happy.
As Jim recaps the Dundies for the camera, Pam stares at Jim with dazed fascination and then falls off her stool, and Dwight springs to her rescue, thinking Pam is having a seizure. He then tries to take off his dress shirt and tie, but a Chili's employee stops him. The employee then talks to the camera and says that Pam apparently was sneaking drinks off of others' tables, which is against the restaurant's rules. He then tells the audience that he Xeroxed her driver's license and she is never welcome at Chili's again. After the party is over, Pam runs to the camera and screams "I would just like to say that this was the best Dundies ever! Whoo!". In the parking lot, Pam admits to Jim that it was she who wrote the graffiti. She begins to ask Jim a question, but stops when she notices the camera. Jim helps Pam into Angela Martin's (Angela Kinsey) car and smiles as they leave.
Production
"The Dundies" was the second episode of the series directed by Greg Daniels. Daniels had previously directed the first season episode "Basketball". "The Dundies" was written by Mindy Kaling, who also acts for the show as customer service representative Kelly Kapoor. According to Daniels, while he worked on the Fox animated series King of the Hill, the show would have an annual Dundies-type event called the "Swampy Awards". He previously considered using the plot from this episode for the pilot, but decided it was a "very risky thing to do" and decided to make the pilot a direct adaption of the first episode of the British version. Following the mixed reaction towards the first season, the writers attempted to make the series more "optimistic" and make Michael more likable. They also began fleshing out the supporting characters of the series more by giving them actual personalities. Finally, to further differentiate the series from its British inspiration, the producers made the lights in the office brighter.
The episode was filmed at a former Chili's in the San Fernando Valley, in the city of Panorama City, California, on the corner of Roscoe Blvd. and Tobias Ave, across the street from Panorama Mall.
The episode was filmed "from dawn, until very late at night", according to Kaling. During filming breaks, Kaling explained that she took "ladylike" naps while Paul Lieberstein made notes on the episode and its script. While filming, many parts of the script were changed so the restaurant would allow the shoot to continue. For instance, in the original script, Pam vomits at Chili's and Dwight responds, "A woman has vomited!" Because the completed script was not available for Chili's to review until shooting had already started, when they were finally given a chance to read it, they objected to a customer vomiting in their restaurant. Chili's withdrew its permission to shoot, but, after a few hours, Steve Carell developed a compromise: Pam would fall off her bar stool and Dwight would respond, "A woman has had a seizure!" In the original version, Pam was also to be over-served alcohol by the Chili's staff, but Chili's—feeling that this would reflect poorly on their character as a company—did not want this in the episode either. To solve this issue, the writers had Pam steal drinks off other tables. The writers and producers also agreed to include a scene in which a Chili's manager (played by actor Christopher T. Wood) makes it clear that the restaurant does not over-serve alcohol to its customers. Since Jenna Fischer does not drink much in real life, B. J. Novak took her out so she could get drunk while Novak described to her how she was behaving and how it did not match her own perception. She drew upon this experience for her performance.
Cultural references
Michael calls Jim "Fat Halpert", using a voice reminiscent of the cartoon character Fat Albert. During the "Last Year's Dundies" video, Michael awards Oscar the "Show Me the Money" award, a reference to the 1996 movie Jerry Maguire. Dwight later plays a recorder version of Lou Bega's 1999 cover of "Mambo No. 5" while Michael sings parody lyrics. During a phone call, Jan makes reference to a "tsunami relief fundraiser which somehow lost a lot of money." Michael defends his actions, noting that it was a "fun-raiser", in an attempt to raise the morale of the people in the office following the events of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Michael's psychic act is a blatant rip-off of Johnny Carson's Carnac the Magnificent act.
At the Dundies party Michael sings various song parodies, including spoofs of Naughty by Nature's 1991 hit "O.P.P." ("You Down with the Dundies") and Elton John's 1971 hit "Tiny Dancer" ("You Have Won a Tiny Dundie"). He also sings Hot Chocolate's 1975 single "You Sexy Thing" while presenting the "Hottest in the Office" award. Originally, a parody of Eminem's 2002 hit "Lose Yourself" was slated to be featured in the episode, but was axed when Eminem refused to allow permission. In the background of one scene, Michael is seen singing the 1987 song "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes. The final scene in the episode features "Tiny Dancer" playing over the actual footage of the show.
Release and reception
"The Dundies" originally aired on NBC in the United States on September 20, 2005. In its original American broadcast, the episode received a 4.3/10% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 2.4% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 6% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode was seen by 9.0 million viewers, making it the highest-rated episode of the series since the show's pilot episode.
"The Dundies" represented a turning point in the series, in which the show found its own tone and differentiated itself from the British version. It received critical acclaim, unlike the first season. In its "The Top 10 Moments from The Office", IGN ranked Pam's drunken scene at Chili's as number five. Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad stated that "This season's first episode showed a marked improvement over the final episode from last season", and went on to praise the episode's expansion of supporting characters as one of the main reasons for the improvement. In a Flashback review, Travis Fickett of IGN complimented the episode for creating the personalities of the supporting characters and for the workers affection towards Michael in the episode. He also praised the Jim and Pam moments in the episode. He ultimately gave the episode a 9.0/10. Seb Patrick of Noise to Signal, while comparing the American version of The Office favorably to its UK counterpart, writes that the series "could be finding its feet again over the course of its opening couple of episodes."
Jacob Clifton from Television Without Pity gave the episode an A rating. Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B". Part of his review focused on the scene wherein Pam and Jim both convince Michael to continue on with the Dundies celebration, writing that "they’re clapping and chanting for Michael Scott, human being, and that’s incredibly important for the episodes that will follow". However, he felt that the episode's reputation was slightly inflated by its success, and that the episode, while good, is merely just a start for the success that would follow it.
Notes
References
External links
"The Dundies" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 2) episodes
2005 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Greg Daniels
Television episodes written by Mindy Kaling
fr:La Remise des prix | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dundies |
Natsue Yoshimura (吉村夏枝 Yoshimura Natsue, born 19 August 1973) is a former J-pop singer and member of the groups Lip's and Nanatsuboshi. She was born in Shimane Prefecture, Japan, and made her debut on 21 March 1990.
External links
1973 births
Living people
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese idols
Japanese actresses
Japanese television personalities
Singers from Shimane Prefecture
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsue%20Yoshimura |
Nikki Nelson (born January 3, 1969, in La Mesa, California) is an American country music singer. When she was seven, she and her family moved to Topaz Lake, Nevada. In 1991, she replaced Paulette Carlson as lead vocalist for the band Highway 101, and their first album together was that year's Bing Bang Boom. She also sang lead vocals on the band's next album, 1993's The New Frontier.
Carlson returned to Highway 101 in 1995 for the album Reunited, and Nelson signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records, Nashville. She released the single "Too Little Too Much" in 1997 and charted at No. 62 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Chrislynn Lee replaced Carlson after the Reunited album, and remained that band's lead vocalist until 2006, when Nelson rejoined.
Discography
Singles
Music videos
References
1969 births
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
Columbia Records artists
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Highway 101 members
Country musicians from California
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki%20Nelson |
Germán Busch is a province in the Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia. Most of the surface is covered by the Pantanal, the largest wetland area in the world.
History
The province was founded on 30 November 1984 by rearranging the provinces of Ángel Sandoval and Chiquitos. It is named after Germán Busch, a former Bolivian military officer and president of Bolivia who is regarded as a war hero for his role in the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay.
Subdivision
The province is divided into three municipalities which are further subdivided into cantons.
Places of interest
Otuquis National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area
Provinces of Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)
Pantanal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n%20Busch%20Province |
Holy Land is a term used by Jews, Christians, and Muslims to describe the Land of Israel and Palestinian territories.
Holy Land, The Holy Land or Holyland may also refer to:
Places
Holy Land, a name often used for the Crusader states
Holyland (Belfast), an area in Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
Holy Land of the English a nickname for The Fens due to the number of monasteries.
Holy Land (Liverpool), an area of south Toxteth, Liverpool, UK
The Holyland (Wisconsin), a region in Wisconsin, US
Arts and entertainment
Holy Land (album), an album by Brazilian power metal band Angra
The Holy Land (album), an album by American country singer Johnny Cash
The Holy Land (film), a 2001 Israeli drama film directed by Eitan Gorlin
Holy Lands, a 2017 film starring James Caan
Holyland (manga), a Japanese manga series by Kōji Mori
Holy Land Experience, a theme park in Orlando, Florida, US
Holy Land, a planned attraction at Ghost Town in the Sky theme park in Maggie Valley, North Carolina, US
Other uses
Holyland Case, a legal case about the Holyland complex in Jerusalem
Holyland Model of Jerusalem, a 1:50 scale model of the city of Jerusalem in the late Second Temple period
Holy Land USA, a miniature representation of Jerusalem and Bethlehem in Waterbury, Connecticut
William Hopkins Holyland (1807–1882), English accountant
Sacred spaces in general
See also
Holiest sites in Islam (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Land%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Paul Andrew Hutton is an American writer, and television personality. He is also Distinguished Professor of History at the University of New Mexico and the former executive director of Western History Association and past president of Western Writers of America.
Career
Research and literary works
At the University of New Mexico, Hutton helped to gather information about George Armstrong Custer for the readers. The result of Hutton's research was The Custer Reader, a collection of essays, photographs, and fiction regarding Custer and his complex personality. Hutton's 1985 book Phil Sheridan and His Army received many awards for historical writing, including the Ray Allen Billington Award. Other books he has written include:
He has written many other award-winning essays, scripts, and articles. He has done a great deal of work in television documentaries, and was a historical consultant for the films The Missing and "Cowboys and Aliens". Dr Hutton has appeared in, written or narrated over 150 television documentaries on CBS, NBC, PBS, Discover, Disney Channel, TBS, TNN, A&E, and the History Channel. Listed below are recent samples of his work.
Film and television writing credits
Eighty Acres of Hell (TV) – (writer) (2006)
Investigating History TV series – (unknown episodes) (2003)
Carson and Cody: The Hunter Heroes (TV) – (writer) (2003)
Hutton also served as the President of the Western Writers of America from 2002 to 2004.
Television producing credits
Investigating History – TV series (co-producer) (unknown episodes) (2003)
Carson and Cody: The Hunter Heroes – (2003) (TV) (producer)
Television and film appearances
As self:
The Real West (A&E) – 60 episodes (1993–2006)
Biography – Billy the Kid (2006)
Biography – The James Gang: Outlaw Brothers (TV episode) (1995)
CBS – Wyatt Earp: Walk with a Legend (TV)(1994)
American Experience: Wyatt Earp (2010)
American Experience: Custer's Last Stand (2012)
American Experience: Butch Cassidy & The Sundance Kid (2014)
As actor:
Naked Gun : The Final Insult (1991) as Doctor
Hutton made his cameo appearance in the movie Naked Gun 33 (as a doctor at the very end of the film) while he was collaborating with David Zucker on a screenplay about Davy Crockett.
Personal
A native German, adopted by an American Air Force couple, he was reared primarily in England, Texas, Taiwan, and Indiana. Hutton married the former Vicki Bauer on July 25, 1972. They had a daughter. They were divorced August 1984. He then married Lynn Brittner in 1989 and they had two children. They eventually divorced.
He married Tracy Cogdill in 2001 and adopted her two daughters from a previous marriage.
Education
Dr Hutton graduated with a B.A. in History from Indiana University, in 1972, where he also obtained his M.A. (1974) and his Ph.D. in History (1981).
References
External links
Paul Hutton official site
Rambles: Paul Andrew Hutton
1949 births
Living people
German adoptees
Emigrants from West Germany to the United States
Historians of the United States
Indiana University alumni
University of New Mexico faculty
Writers from Indiana
Writers from New Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Andrew%20Hutton |
Seyla Benhabib ( born September 9, 1950) is a Turkish-born American philosopher. Benhabib is a senior research scholar and adjunct professor of law at Columbia Law School. She is also an affiliate faculty member in the Columbia University Department of Philosophy and a senior fellow at the Columbia Center for Contemporary Critical Thought. She was a scholar in residence at the Law School from 2018 to 2019 and was also the James S. Carpentier Visiting Professor of Law in spring 2019. She was the Eugene Mayer Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at Yale University from 2001 to 2020. She was director of the program in Ethics, Politics, and Economics from 2002 to 2008. Benhabib is well known for her work in political philosophy, which draws on critical theory and feminist political theory. She has written extensively on the philosophers Hannah Arendt and Jürgen Habermas, as well as on the topic of human migration. She is the author of numerous books, and has received several prestigious awards and lectureships in recognition of her work.
Life
Born in Istanbul, Benhabib was educated at English-language schools in that city. She received her high school diploma in 1970 from Robert College, then called the American College for Girls in Istanbul, before leaving for the United States. She received a B.A. from Brandeis University in 1972 and a Ph.D. from Yale in 1977. She traces her family history back to the 1492 expulsion of Jews from Spain on the "second reconquista".
Benhabib taught in the departments of philosophy at Boston University, SUNY Stony Brook, the New School for Social Research, and the Department of Government at Harvard University, before taking her current position at Yale. She has also served on editorial advisory boards for a number of journals, including Political Theory, Human Rights Review, Journal of International Political Theory, and Ethics & International Affairs. From 1986 to 1994 she was co-editor of Praxis International. In 1992, she co-founded with Andrew Arato the journal Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory and served as its co-editor-in-chief until 1997. She served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2006–2007.
Benhabib has received numerous honors and awards for her work. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1995. She held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam in 2000 and was a Tanner Lecturer at UC, Berkeley in 2004. In the 2008–2009 academic year, she was a Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Berlin (Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin). In 2012 she was awarded the Dr. Leopold-Lucas Prize by the University of Tübingen in recognition of outstanding achievement in the field of theology, intellectual history, historical research and philosophy, as well as the commitment to international understanding and tolerance. In 2014, she received an Honorary Doctorate of Human Letters from Georgetown University and the Meister Eckhart Prize for her work on the subject of identity.
She is married to author and journalist Jim Sleeper.
Thought
Democratic theorist
Democratic theorists advocate discussion within cultures and support social change. Benhabib is a liberal democratic theorist who does not believe in the purity of cultures; she thinks of them as formed through dialogues with other cultures. Human cultures are, according to Benhabib, the constant change of imaginary boundaries. They influence each other and sometimes radicalize or conform as a reaction on other cultures. Benhabib argues that in democratic theory it is assumed that every single person should be able to determine their own life. She argues that pluralism, the existence of fundamentally different cultures, is compatible with cosmopolitanism, if three conditions are fulfilled. These conditions are:
Egalitarian reciprocity: Members of minorities must have equal civil, political, economic and cultural rights as the majority.
Voluntary self-ascription: When a person is born, it should not be expected that he or she will automatically be a member of a particular religion or culture. The state should not let groups define the lives of individuals. Members of a society have the right to express themselves and it is desirable that adult individuals be asked whether they choose to continue membership in their community.
Freedom of exit and association: Every individual must be able to exit their group. When group members marry someone from another group, they have the right to be a member. Accommodations must be found for inter-group marriages and the resulting children.
It is contested whether cultural diversity and democratic equality can co-exist. Many cultures are not compatible with one or more of the three given conditions. For example, the first condition is violated within several cultures, such as the Kurds in Turkey or the Roma in Eastern Europe. Every nation state has groups that are not accepted by the majority. Some governments do nothing to stop discrimination against minorities. The second and third condition are also problematic. Thus, at present there seems to be no examples of states practicing a perfect version of Benhabib's system of mixing pluralism with cosmopolitanism. This does, of course, not rule out that it is possible, nor that it is a societal goal worth striving for.
Porous borders
Benhabib prefers a world with porous borders. She argues that political boundaries define some as members, but lock others out. She has written: "I think it is possible to have an empire without borders; I don't think it is possible to have a democracy without borders."
More and more people live in countries which are not their own, as state sovereignty is not as strong as in the past. Benhabib argues that somebody who is stateless is seen as an outcast and is in a way rightless. Current policy still sees national borders as a means to keep out strangers.
Benhabib's cosmopolitan view is inspired by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kant's Perpetual peace concerns three articles which together are key to creating perpetual peace. In the third article Kant says that the rights of world citizens shall be limited to the right of universal hospitality. In Kant's view, every single person has the right to go wherever they like without fear of hostility from their hosts.
Benhabib takes this right as a starting point which resulted in her thoughts about migration and refugee problems. Benhabib goes further than Kant, arguing that the human right of hospitality should not apply to a single visit, but in some cases to long-term stays. For example, a country shouldn't send a refugee back when it is not sure whether they are safe in the country of origin. Nations should have obligations to exiles and refugees, and these obligations are different from the obligations to immigrants.
Selected bibliography
Books
Exile, Statelessness, and Migration: Playing Chess with History from Hannah Arendt to Isaiah Berlin (Princeton University Press, 2018)
Dignity in Adversity: Human Rights in Troubled Times (Polity, 2011)
Politics in Dark Times: Encounters with Hannah Arendt (editor; Cambridge University Press, 2010)
Another Cosmopolitanism (Oxford University Press, 2006)
The Rights of Others (Cambridge University Press, 2004)
The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah Arendt (Rowman and Littlefield, 2003)
The Claims of Culture (Princeton University Press, 2002)
Democracy and Difference (Princeton University Press, 1996)
Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics (Routledge, 1992)
Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange (with Judith Butler, Nancy Fraser, and Drucilla Cornell; Routledge 1994)
Critique, Norm and Utopia. A Study of the Foundations of Critical Theory (Columbia University Press, 1986)
Articles
"Modernity and the Aporias of Critical Theory". Telos 49 (Fall 1981). New York: Telos Press
Translator
Herbert Marcuse, Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity (MIT Press 1987).
Graduate Student Theses Supervised
Boston University: Doctoral Dissertation Committee Member (1981-1985)
Arash Abizadeh, Kenneth Baynes, James Bohman, Johanna Meehan, Raphael Sassover, Greg Horowitz, Maurizio Passerin d’Entreves, Adi Ophir
Harvard University: Associate Professor without Tenure (1987-1989)
Mark Lilla
New School for Social Research: Graduate Faculty: (1991-1993)
Eduardo Mendieta, Espen Hammer
Harvard University: Full Professor (1993-2001) Dissertation Director
Bernard Harcourt, Patchen Markell, Sankhar Muthu, Arash Abizadeh, Danielle Allen, Edwina Barvosa, Michaela Ferguson, David Siu
Yale University: Full Professor (2001-2020). Dissertation Director
Raluca Munteanu, Daniel Ernst, David Leslie, Shatema Threadcraft, Sonali Chakravarti, Turkuler Isiksel, Brandon Terry, Peter Verovsek, David Lebow, Matthew Longo, Erin Pineda, Adom Getachew, Stefan Eich, Blake Emerson (recused; committee member), Umur Basdas, Anna Jurkevics, Paul Linden-Retek, Devin Goure, Carmen Dege, Matthew Shafer.
See also
Liberal theory
Iris Marion Young
Cosmopolitanism
Deliberative democracy
References
External links
Yale University Website
Columbia Law School Website
Columbia Department of Philosophy Website
Columbia Contemporary Critical Thought Website
Mairead Enright interviews Selya Benhabib
Harry Kreisler conversation with Seyla Benhabib
Interview with Seyla Benhabib: The Guest is Always a Fellow Citizen
Video: Migrations and Human Rights - Seyla Benhabib interviewed by Reset-Dialogues on Civilizations
Seyla Benhabib Papers - Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University
1950 births
Robert College alumni
Living people
American people of Turkish descent
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American political philosophers
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
American women philosophers
Feminist studies scholars
American feminist writers
Sephardi Jews
Turkish Jews
Jewish philosophers
Jewish feminists
People from Istanbul
Boston University faculty
Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
Harvard University faculty
Yale University faculty
Stony Brook University faculty
The New School faculty
Brandeis University alumni
Yale University alumni
Turkish philosophers
Women biographers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American biographers
21st-century American biographers
Turkish women writers
Philosophers from New York (state)
Philosophers from Massachusetts
Presidents of the American Philosophical Association
Critical theorists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyla%20Benhabib |
The Juno Award for "Country Recording of the Year" has been awarded since 1970, as recognition each year for the best country music artist in Canada. A number of previous award categories have been combined under this name, including "Best Country Male Artist", "Best Country Female Artist" and "Country Group or Duo of the Year".
Winners
Best Country Male Artist (1970 - 1974)
1970 - Tommy Hunter
1971 - Stompin' Tom Connors
1972 - Stompin' Tom Connors
1973 - Stompin' Tom Connors
1974 - Stompin' Tom Connors
Best Country Female Artist (1970 - 1974)
1970 - Dianne Leigh
1971 - Myrna Lorrie
1972 - Myrna Lorrie
1973 - Shirley Eikhard
1974 - Shirley Eikhard
Best Country Group or Duo (1970 - 1974)
1970 - The Mercey Brothers
1971 - The Mercey Brothers
1972 - The Mercey Brothers
1973 - The Mercey Brothers
1974 - The Mercey Brothers
Country Male Vocalist of the Year (1975 - 1998)
1975 - Stompin' Tom Connors
1976 - Murray McLauchlan
1977 - Murray McLauchlan
1978 - Ronnie Prophet
1979 - Ronnie Prophet
1980 - Murray McLauchlan
1981 - Eddie Eastman
1982 - Ronnie Hawkins
1983 - Eddie Eastman
1984 - Murray McLauchlan
1985 - Murray McLauchlan
1986 - Murray McLauchlan
1987 - Ian Tyson
1989 - Murray McLauchlan
1990 - George Fox
1991 - George Fox
1992 - George Fox
1993 - Gary Fjellgaard
1994 - Charlie Major
1995 - Charlie Major
1996 - Charlie Major
1997 - Paul Brandt
1998 - Paul Brandt
Country Female Vocalist of the Year (1975 - 1998)
1975 - Anne Murray
1976 - Anne Murray
1977 - Carroll Baker
1978 - Carroll Baker
1979 - Carroll Baker
1980 - Anne Murray
1981 - Anne Murray
1982 - Anne Murray
1983 - Anne Murray
1984 - Anne Murray
1985 - Anne Murray
1986 - Anne Murray
1987 - k.d. lang
1989 - k.d. lang
1990 - k.d. lang
1991 - Rita MacNeil
1992 - Cassandra Vasik
1993 - Michelle Wright
1994 - Cassandra Vasik
1995 - Michelle Wright
1996 - Shania Twain
1997 - Shania Twain
1998 - Shania Twain
Country Group or Duo of the Year (1975 - 1998)
1975 - Carlton Showband
1976 - The Mercey Brothers
1977 - The Good Brothers
1978 - The Good Brothers
1979 - The Good Brothers
1980 - The Good Brothers
1981 - The Good Brothers
1982 - The Good Brothers
1983 - The Good Brothers
1984 - The Good Brothers
1985 - The Family Brown
1986 - Prairie Oyster
1987 - Prairie Oyster
1989 - The Family Brown
1990 - The Family Brown
1991 - Prairie Oyster
1992 - Prairie Oyster
1993 - Tracey Prescott & Lonesome Daddy
1994 - The Rankin Family
1995 - Prairie Oyster
1996 - Prairie Oyster
1997 - The Rankin Family
1998 - Farmer's Daughter
Best Country Male Vocalist (1999 - 1999)
1999 - Paul Brandt
Best Country Female Vocalist (1999 - 1999)
1999 - Shania Twain
Best Country Group or Duo (1999 - 2001)
1999 - Leahy
2000 - The Rankins
2001 - The Wilkinsons
Best Country Male Artist (2000 - 2001)
2000 - Paul Brandt
2001 - Paul Brandt
Best Country Female Artist (2000 - 2001)
2000 - Shania Twain
2001 - Terri Clark
Best Country Artist/Group (2002)
2002 - Carolyn Dawn Johnson
Best New Country Artist/Group (2002)
2002 - The Ennis Sisters
Country Recording of the Year (2003 - 2009)
2003 - Shania Twain, "I'm Gonna Getcha Good!"
2004 - Shania Twain, Up!
2005 - George Canyon, One Good Friend
2006 - The Road Hammers, The Road Hammers
2007 - George Canyon, Somebody Wrote Love
2008 - Paul Brandt, Risk
2009 - Doc Walker, Beautiful Life
Country Album of the Year (2010 - present)
References
Country Recording
Canadian country music
Country music awards
Album awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20Award%20for%20Country%20Album%20of%20the%20Year |
Gator Tales was a local children's television show produced in St. Louis, Missouri by local CBS affiliate KMOV. The show aired on Saturdays and Sundays throughout the Midwest from 1988 to 1999, including Missouri, Arkansas, and Illinois.
The 30-minute show- which stressed the development of good character values and self-esteem- featured a quirky puppet alligator named "Grouchie Gator" and his puppet friends (performed by puppeteer Doug Kincaid, a visiting storyteller friend, and an occasional walk-on guest star. The storylines revolved around "Grouchie's Place" (Grouchie Gator's backwoods store, located in an imaginary swamp) and usually involved Grouchie getting into some sort of trouble.
"Gator Tales" was produced by Al Frank (later Rebecca McDowell), and was directed by Skip Goodrum. Brothers William Kincaid and Doug Kincaid created the puppet characters featured on "Gator Tales", designed the set and created the props for the show. In addition, Doug Kincaid wrote the scripts for all the episodes.
From 1988-93 the part of the storyteller was played by Bobby Norfolk, and from 1994-99 the role was filled by Annette Harrison. The show at times featured guest appearances by notable local actors, including Todd Newton in one of his first professional TV roles.
"Gator Tales" won numerous regional Emmy Awards during its 11-year run on KMOV, and was one of the last of the "classic" local children's television shows to be produced, prior to the eventual dominance of syndicated broadcast programming, cable TV and the growth of such national children's television giants as Nickelodeon.
Doug Kincaid starred on "D. B.'s Delight", another children's show, prior to his work on "Gator Tales".
References
St. Louis Post Dispatch, Monday March 20, 1989, "Kids Learning Responsibility With "Gator" Aid", article on "Gator Tales" television show and Bill & Doug Kincaid
St. Louis Sun TV Magazine, Oct. 28, 1989, "Gator Aid", article on "Gator Tales" and Bill & Doug Kincaid
Inc._(magazine), September 10, 2018, "Meet the Company Behind Thousands of America's Favorite Mascots"- article on William Kincaid, Doug Kincaid, and The Kincaid Karacter Company
External links
Official Website of The Kincaid Karacter Puppets
1988 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
American television shows featuring puppetry
Local children's television programming in the United States
1980s American children's television series
1990s American children's television series
Fictional crocodilians
Mass media in St. Louis
Television in St. Louis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gator%20Tales |
"Sexual Harassment" is the second episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's eighth episode overall. The episode was written by B. J. Novak and directed by Ken Kwapis. The episode first aired in the United States on September 27, 2005, on NBC. "Sexual Harassment" saw the first physical appearance of recurring character Todd Packer (played by David Koechner) after first being heard through a phone call in the first episode.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is concerned when he believes Dunder Mifflin is targeting him for sexual harassment training. Meanwhile, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) anxiously awaits the arrival of her mother, and Michael's obnoxious friend Todd Packer (David Koechner) spends the day in the office.
Novak was inspired to write the episode after attending an NBC sexual harassment seminar that the cast and crew had to attend before the series began. Many jokes and personal experiences involving sexual harassment were added into the script. This episode aired with a warning that it contained adult content and subject matter, which is rare for a network comedy. Novak explained that he had to fight NBC to get the word "boner" on the air. (Nevertheless, many stations censored the word, and one station refused to air the episode altogether.) "Sexual Harassment" received moderately positive reviews from critics. The episode was viewed by 7.13 million viewers.
Plot
Michael Scott's (Steve Carell) "best friend forever" Todd Packer (David Koechner) offends the staff with crude gossip about an upper management scandal. Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) informs Michael that he will conduct a review of the company's sexual harassment policies because the CFO resigned after allegations made by his secretary. Michael's indignation that this will put a damper on his easygoing office environment rises to outrage when he learns that the corporate headquarters is sending down a lawyer to talk to him. Michael and the warehouse staff mock the sexual harassment video, but the crude remarks come to a screeching halt when Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) and the lawyer arrive from Corporate.
While Michael angrily announces that he can no longer be friends with his staff and that he will never tell another joke again, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) goads Michael into breaking his vow immediately, to the approval of Packer. Michael's attitude suddenly changes when he realizes that he is not in trouble, and that the lawyer's job is to protect him. After Packer tells a crude joke at the expense of Phyllis, Michael defends her, telling the entire office that he finds Phyllis attractive and that the only thing he worries about when he is near her "is getting a boner".
Meanwhile, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) waits with anticipation for her mother (Shannon Cochran) to arrive from out of town. Pam's mother arrives and asks in whispers (shushed by an embarrassed Pam), "Which one is Jim?" Michael stops Packer when he tries to share another inappropriate joke and concludes with his misguided thoughts on sexual harassment.
Production
"Sexual Harassment" was written by B. J. Novak, who also acts on the show as Ryan Howard. The episode was the third entry of the series directed by Ken Kwapis. Kwapis had previously directed "Pilot" and "Diversity Day". The inspiration for the episode was the NBC sexual harassment seminar that the cast and crew had to attend before the series began. Having both worked in office environments prior to filming The Office, Jenna Fischer and Angela Kinsey both noted that on the days of sexual harassment seminars, they would be harassed by their co-workers as a joke. This experience was added to the script for the episode. "Sexual Harassment" introduces Michael's catchphrase "That's what she said," which writer B. J. Novak says was something he heard repeated in college. The "What has two thumbs and X? This guy" joke also comes from Novak's college days. Jenna Fischer later revealed that a good majority of Dwight's exchange with Toby about female anatomy was improvised.
When it came time to cast Todd Packer, the crew's first choice was David Koechner, who had starred alongside Carell in the hit 2004 comedy movie Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy. Production for the episode had to be delayed so that Koechner could be secured for the part. Novak noted that Koechner was one of the few actors who was "talented enough to make Steve Carell break up on set", a feat that he notes was "worth" the delays.
When deciding what car Packer would own, writer B. J. Novak wanted to use a Mustang, but none were available. Producer Kent Zbornak decided to get Packer a red Chevrolet Corvette, which Novak now admits is "even better". This episode aired with a warning that it contained adult content and subject matter, which is rare for a network comedy. Novak explained that he had to fight NBC to get the word "boner" on the air because the replacement—"schwing"—did not have, according to Novak, "the same redemption for Michael at the end." The disclaimer was a compromise. A station in Kentucky nevertheless refused to air this episode. Pam's mother was played by Shannon Cochran in this episode of the series, in the first appearance of the character at this point in the show. Cochran was unable to return to play the character for the season six episode "Niagara", due to scheduling conflicts with a year-long theater contract, and was thus replaced by Linda Purl.
Cultural references
Michael forwards Jim a joke chain-email entitled "Fifty Signs Your Priest Might Be Michael Jackson". Michael later compares the members of the office to the cast of Friends, saying that he is both Chandler Bing and Joey Tribbiani and Pam is Rachel Green. He claims that Dwight is Cosmo Kramer, failing to realize that he is a character in the sitcom Seinfeld and not Friends. Todd Packer's license plate reads "WLHUNG", a reference to a large penis, but Ryan interprets it to mean he is a fan of singer William Hung. Darryl asks whether Michael got his pants at "Queers R Us", a reference to Toys R Us. The episode is the first to feature what would become Michael's catchphrase: "That's what she said."
Reception
"Sexual Harassment" originally aired on NBC in the United States on September 27, 2005. The episode was viewed by 7.13 million viewers. The episode ranked as the sixty-third most-watched episode of television for the week it aired. An encore presentation of the episode, on May 31, 2006, received 2.2 rating/6% share and retained 100% of its lead-in viewership from My Name is Earl among 18- to 49-year-olds. The encore presentation was viewed by over 4.5 million viewers.
"Sexual Harassment" received moderately positive reviews from critics. Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad wrote that the episode "was OK, nothing great." Sciannamea went on to explain that the "subject was funny, but I thought the writers were trying too hard to push the envelope", making the episode "uneven". "Miss Alli" of Television Without Pity gave the episode a "B+" grade. Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B−" and called it "a slightly above average episode", but that its greatest success was an ability to reach "some of its greatest heights on a moment-by-moment basis", similar in style to vignettes. Adams was slightly critical of the main plot, noting that the show had "difficulty maintaining the comedic momentum", but he reasoned that this was probably largely due to "Michael-on-defense" being a "difficult character to write", because "there aren’t many good ways of displaying his humanity while he’s also fighting for the right to be an asshole."
TV Fanatic reviewed several quotes from "Sexual Harassment", and rated several of Todd Packer's lewd jokes, as well as Michael's "You wouldn't arrest a guy who was just passing drugs from one guy to another" monologue 5 out of 5. Entertainment Weekly named Michael Scott's line, "Toby is in HR, which technically means he works for corporate. So he's really not a part of our family. Also, he's divorced, so he's really not a part of his family," one of "TV's funniest lines" for the week ending October 3, 2005. Dan Phillips from IGN named "Michael's Boner" the tenth most awkward moment of the show, noting that, "The camera holds the others' reactions just long enough to drive home the awkwardness of the scene, making you want to crawl inside of a hole along with the rest of the cast."
References
External links
"Sexual Harassment" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 2) episodes
2005 American television episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20Harassment%20%28The%20Office%29 |
Sammamish High School (commonly Sammamish or SHS) is a public secondary school in Bellevue, Washington, US, serving students in grades 9–12. Opened in 1959, the school was the second of the four traditional high schools in the Bellevue School District, with admission based primarily on the locations of students' homes. The school was entirely rebuilt over two renovations completed, respectively, in 2004 and 2017.
The school's nickname is the Redhawks, the mascot is the Bird, and its colors are red, black, and white.
Sammamish generally serves students from the east zone of the district, but students from outside its attendance area can enroll at the school through its open enrollment policy. Sammamish High's feeder elementary schools are Cherry Crest, Stevenson, Lake Hills, Phantom Lake, and Spiritridge. Its feeder middle schools are Odle and Tillicum.
Demographics
In the 2017–18 school year, the total student enrollment was 1,105. The racial demographics are: 6% Black/African American, 21% Asian, 19% Hispanic, 7% Multi-Ethnic, 46% white, and less than 1% American Indian, Alaska native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander. 36% qualify for free or reduced lunches. 33% of students speak a first language other than English.
Academics
Sammamish is well known for its magnet programs (Sammamish Visual and Performing Arts Center), Advanced Placement classes, and career and technical programs (commonly referred to as CTE classes) Sammamish was named the Washington state recipient of 2006–07 Siemens Awards of Advanced Placement. This award recognizes the excellence of Sammamish's Advanced Placement instruction and student performances.
Starting with the 2007–08 academic year, Sammamish switched from a 4-period daily block schedule to a 7-period schedule. Then-principal Laura Bang-Knudsen and Program Delivery Council Facilitator George Westergaard cited the need for a waiver, lack of sufficient faculty, parent or student support to get the waiver and inability to come up with a schedule that would not require a waiver and would not sacrifice curriculum coverage time.
During the 2022-23 academic year, Sammamish administration announced plans to implement a phone locker system to decrease distractions in the classroom and increase academic achievements. This has been widely criticized as ridiculous and completely stupid by less than 200 of students who responded a survey.
Advanced Placement
Sammamish offers Advanced Placement classes. 9th graders are required to take AP Human Geography. From 2002 through 2006, Sammamish students' scores counted for over 50% of all the passing exams in AP Calculus BC for the entire state.
Sammamish was ranked as #168 in 2008, #108 in 2007, #193 in 2006, #225 in 2005, and #141 in 2003 out of all the high schools in United States by Newsweek Magazine. The ranking is based on the number of Advanced Placement and/or International Baccalaureate tests taken divided by number of graduating seniors. All five high schools in the district are consistently ranked as the top five high schools in Washington state since the inception of the Newsweek ranking. The validity of these rankings is disputed for various reasons, such as that Sammamish's lack of an IB program deflates its rating as compared to its neighbor Interlake High School.
Athletics
Sammamish is a member of the Kingco Athletic Conference, in WIAA Class 2A (formerly 3A and 4A). Twenty two sports are played over the course of three seasons at Sammamish, with Cheer and Drill active year-round. Past statistics can be found at the WIAA website.
This list only includes school championship games and does not include the 55 individual and group first place championships and 11 second-place finishes in track and field, cross country, swimming, golf, gymnastics, tennis, and wrestling.
Activities
Sammamish High School is home to a variety of extracurricular activities. Associated Student Body and administrators coordinate these throughout the schoolyear. Academically, the school houses chapters of the National Honor Society, National Arts Honor Society, Tri-M (Music Honor Society), Mu Alpha Theta (National Math Honor Society), and as of the 2006–07 school year, a successful and competitive Policy/Lincoln Douglas Debate team, which has competed at the semi-final level of the Auburn Regional Forensics Invitational.
An active Multicultural Club conducts events to demonstrate the diversity of the student body and coordinates the annual "Taste of Sammamish" culinary festival. Also, the Arts Magnet Program creates opportunities for students to participate in actual production. In addition, its Art Club has earned it the reputation as the art school of the Bellevue school district through the dismemberment of a bee. Other clubs include the Black Student Union and the LGBTQ club. Sammamish is home to Thespian Troupe 2241. The school's theater opened early in 2005 and cost the district $4.5 million. It is now home to at least two student productions each year. The theater contains professional equipment and is sometimes available to outside groups for rent, making it the third professional-quality theater in King County, Washington.
Sammamish Graphic Arts students often participate in state and regional graphics competitions. The school offers a fully functional hot glass studio and extensive programs centered on Health care. The jazz choir has won numerous awards, and along with jazz band competes in the Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival each year. Jazz choir was recently featured in Bellevue Community College's Vocal Jazz Invitational with its award-winning vocal jazz ensemble Celebration!. In February 2007, Sammamish won 1st Runner-up in the most competitive Multi-Mic Division at Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival. Sammamish also houses a FIRST Robotics Competition team, and a FIRST Tech Challenge team, 2412(Robototes), and 16750(Technototes) respectively. In April 2022, Sammamish students won the 2022 WSU Business Plan Competition with their pillow company, Perfect Pillow.
Notable alumni
Chance Fry, professional soccer player
Megan Hilty, Tony nominated Broadway actress (attended Sammamish, but later transferred to the Washington Academy of Performing Arts in Redmond and later the Chrysalis School in Woodinville)
Linea Johnson, author of Perfect Chaos and mental health advocate
John LeRoy, professional baseball player (1997)
Rob McKenna, Attorney General of Washington (2005–2013)
Carol Sealey, Canadian Olympic basketball player
Ann Wilson, musician, co-founder of Heart
References
External links
Bellevue School District
High schools in King County, Washington
Bellevue School District
Educational institutions established in 1959
Public high schools in Washington (state)
Magnet schools in Washington (state)
1959 establishments in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammamish%20High%20School |
Francisco Javier Clavet González de Castejón (; born 24 October 1968), known as Pato Clavet (), is a former professional tennis player from Spain. He won eight singles titles, reached the semifinals of the 1992 Indian Wells Masters and the 1999 Miami Masters, and achieved a career-high ranking of world No. 18 in July 1992. He reached No. 16 at the Champions Race (now called ATP Race to London), after winning in Scottsdale in 2001.
During his career, he defeated some contemporary, future and past number-one-ranked players, including John McEnroe, Mats Wilander, Andre Agassi, Lleyton Hewitt, and Roger Federer. In his only meeting with Federer, at the 2000 Cincinnati Masters, Clavet won and told Swiss newspaper Blick his defeat of Federer was one of his most important wins as he considers Federer "the greatest tennis player of all time".
Clavet was coached by his brother, José Clavet, until 1999. From 2001 until his retirement in 2003, he was coached by Uruguayan Bebe Pérez.
1988–99: Debut on the professional tour, early career, middle career
Clavet turned pro in 1988 and won his first ATP singles title two years later at the Dutch Open in Hilversum. He won five consecutive matches to capture the title. He is one of the few people to accomplish this since 1978. (Leonardo Mayer was the last player to win five matches in a row, doing so at the 2017 German Open in Hamburg.)
In 1991, he was among the top 30 players, and reached the semifinals in five different tournaments.
Despite not winning a tournament, his best year was 1992, and resulted in his best ranking (No. 18). That year he reached the finals in Gstaad and San Marino, the semifinals in Philadelphia, Indian Wells, in Madrid, in Palermo and Athens, and the quarterfinals in Indianapolis, and in Schenectady.
In 1993, his best result saw him reach the semifinals in Genoa. He lost to the eventual champion Thomas Muster. He reached the quarterfinals three times in clay-court tournaments.
He played two finals, losing to Alberto Berasategui in 1994. In addition, he reached two semifinals in Athens and Buenos Aires, losing, again to the eventual winners (Àlex Corretja and Alberto Berasategui). He also reached the quarterfinals in four clay-court tournaments.
In 1995, he won the tournament of Sicilia (now played in the city of Palermo) and reached the semifinals in Mexico City, Porto, Umag and Montevideo.
He won the Amsterdam Open in 1996 (defeating Younes El Aynaoui), and reached the semifinals in Mexico and Bologna. He also reached the quarterfinals in: Antwerp, Estoril, St. Pölten, Gstaad, Stuttgart, Bucharest, and Palermo. He had won in Sicilia the year before, but this time lost to Karim Alami.
In 1997, he won two consecutive titles, Acapulco and Bogotá, which gave him a record of 19 wins/four losses from the US Open. He also played the final in Estoril losing to countryman Àlex Corretja. The same year he also reached two semifinals, Tashkent and Bucharest, but lost to Tim Henman and Richard Fromberg, respectively. The Tashkent tournament was played on a carpet surface, and his was the best performance of a Spanish male tennis player on this surface in 1997.
He won two other titles in 1998: Santiago and Bucharest. He managed to reach two other semifinals: Mexico and Kitzbühel. He also performed well in Grand Slams tournaments. He repeated his best achievements at Roland Garros and the Australian Open (fourth and third round, respectively) and reached the fourth round at Wimbledon, delivering a surprise upset by defeating the second-seeded, and world No. 2, Marcelo Ríos, in a five-set match in the first round. Rios underestimated Clavet and lamented the lost match by attacking the grass surface
In 1999, after the success of the previous past two years and winning at least one tournament during the past four years, he ended the year without winning a title. He reached the semifinals of the Miami Masters and Barcelona Open, which were his best performances. He also reached the quarterfinals in Dubai (losing to eventual finalist Nicolas Kiefer; he defeated hard-court specialists including Wayne Ferreira and Greg Rusedski), at St. Pölten, Gstaad, Umag and the Mallorca Open. Clavet began improving his hard-court game and was called to play for the Davis Cup for the first time, facing a difficult qualifying round but playing well.
He came close to defeating his nemesis Pete Sampras, who was top-ranked for most of Clavet's career, in the 1999 Paris Open. Sampras finished the match injured and was forced to withdraw from the tournament after winning at the tie-break of the final set in a very tough match.
He was considered (along with Sergi Bruguera) the best male Spanish player on hard and indoor courts in the early 1990s, and also the best male Spanish player on grass courts during the 1990s and the early years of the 2000s. He was the best male Spanish player at Wimbledon during the 90s, reaching the fourth round in 1998, with victories over second-seeded Marcelo Ríos in the first round in five sets and Thomas Johansson in the third round. He also reached the third round in Wimbledon 1999 and played an excellent match in 2001 against Pete Sampras, losing the second set due to a controversial point that Clavet saw out, but was awarded to Sampras.
2000–03: Twilight years and retirement
Of his eight ATP singles titles, seven were won on clay. But he showed, especially in his last years of career, that he could also play well on hard surface and grass courts.
In 2000, Clavet's best result was reaching the final of the Estoril Open, which he lost to Carlos Moyá. He also reached the semifinal in Kitzbühel and the quarterfinals at the Hamburg Masters (Tennis Master Series) and at Rosmalen.
2001 was the year with his best performances on hard courts. He reached the final at the Auckland Open losing to Dominik Hrbatý. He won in Scottsdale, defeating Agassi in the first round, Lleyton Hewitt in the semifinals and Magnus Norman in the final (ranked No. 4, 6 and 5 respectively by this date in the ATP Tour). After winning in Scottsdale he declared: "I think this is the happiest day of my life as a tennis player. I am living a dream. I am a clay court player, and I have won all I have could in that surface, so winning a tournament at hard court aged 32, and winning over three top ten during this, is something very special. I will save this moment in my heart for all the rest of my life". That year, on hard courts, he also reached the semifinal in Shanghai and the quarterfinals in Japan losing both to the eventual champions. Clavet holds the record for the fastest ever ATP Tour victory when he beat Shan Jiang 6–0, 6–0 in only 25 minutes at the Shanghai Open.
In 2002, Clavet's career began to decline. Even though he had a good start to the year reaching third round at the Australian Open defeating No. 5 seed Sébastien Grosjean, he only reached the quarterfinals at three minor tournaments for his best results of this year.
At age 34, Clavet decided to retire at the end of the 2003 season. He lost all of his matches that year. But at Key Biscayne, entering at the tournament as a qualifier ranked 178th, and the oldest player in the draw, he defeated then-current number-one-ranked Lleyton Hewitt, who suffered from food poisoning the previous day. Clavet established the record for the lowest-ranked man to defeat a number-one-ranked player until Thanasi Kokkinakis defeated Roger Federer in 2018. He lost the next round to Lee Hyung-taik. Finally, his official retirement came at the second round of the Spanish Challenger tournament of Open Castilla y León, one of his favourite tournaments due to his relationship with the organization.
Following his retirement, he worked as a coach with Thomaz Bellucci, Feliciano López, Alejandro Falla and Santiago Giraldo. He occasionally works as a commentator for Spanish television, including the broadcast of the 10th French Open won by Rafael Nadal. He continues playing tennis at senior levels. December 2019, he won the singles title at USTA National 40 Hard Court Championships defeating American Samuel Schroerlucke.
Davis Cup
His Davis Cup debut came in 1999 in New Zealand in a playoff that Spain had to win to stay in the World Group. That year, due to several injuries and some refuses, the top Spanish players did not participate in the Davis Cup and Manolo Santana called Félix Mantilla and Clavet to play the singles matches on a difficult surface than Spanish tennis: hard indoor. Clavet won easily over Brett Steven in three sets, showing a powerful and accurate style, and had favourable results in the playoff (4–0) defeating Mark Nielsen in straight sets, losing only four games.
In 2000, Clavet played for the Spanish Davis Cup Team in the first round of the Davis Cup against Italy in Murcia. He gave Spain a 4–1 definitive result with a victory over Vincenzo Santopadre. Eventually, Spain was the winner of the championship. This was Clavet's last Davis Cup match, finishing his contribution with a 3–0 career Davis Cup record and two ties.
National competitions
In national competitions, Clavet played in singles finals from 1994 to 1997 at the National Tennis Masters competition in Spain (national version of ATP World Tour Finals), losing all of them. In 1999, in Madrid, the region where he was born, he defeated Àlex Corretja, the previous champion, recovering from a 1–6 loss in the first set, to claim the trophy. He also won the National Championship of Spain twice—1995: Juan Antonio Marín and 1999: Juan Carlos Ferrero, and reached the final in 2000 losing to Àlex Corretja.
Playing style
Clavet used to play in the back of the court behind the baseline, but he often used his drive to move his opponent out wide with balls that took the opponent off the court. He used to finish the point by approaching the net and volleying or smashing. His best shot was his powerful, open stance forehand drive. His backhand was also quite good and consistent, but not as powerful as his drive. He was known as an exceptional fighter on the court. Former tennis player and commentator for Spanish public television Andrés Gimeno said about him: "Clavet never gives up, he reaches all the balls, you must beat him each point".
It is said, but this is not official, that Clavet was the inventor of the two-handed backhand while jumping in the air. While for some, this is considered only an aesthetic hit with no relevance, other people opine that, with the hip rotation, it can help the player hit with a wider angle, and therefore, it could be useful while attacking. This has been used by players like Sébastien Grosjean, Marcelo Ríos and Thomaz Bellucci.
Clavet is a reference in tennis in the capital of Spain, Madrid. Spanish player Daniel Muñoz de la Nava sees in Clavet a reference to keep fighting in the ATP World tour: "Francisco Clavet has always been my idol. I practiced with him a lot when I was 20–23 and he was at the end of his career. He inspired me because he was always focused, professional and working hard. I have to work hard at every point and he really taught me a lot about how to be a professional player."
Career finals
Singles (8 titles, 7 runner-ups)
Records
These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis.
Singles performance timeline
1This event was held in Stockholm through 1994, Essen in 1995, and Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001.
Notes
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
People from Aranjuez
Spanish male tennis players
Tennis players from the Community of Madrid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Clavet |
John James Mansell Bowler (born 22 September 1949 in Kalgoorlie) is a former Australian politician who was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 2001 to 2013.
Bowler, then a member of the Labor Party, was elected to the legislature from the former seat of Eyre in 2001. He transferred to Murchison-Eyre in 2005, and was appointed as Minister for Local Government and Regional Development, Land Information, Goldfields-Esperance and Great Southern following the re-election of the Labor Government at that year's election and added the Sport and Recreation portfolio in November 2005.
In February 2006, following the election of Alan Carpenter as premier, he was promoted to the portfolios of Resources and Assisting the Minister for State Development; Employment Protection, Goldfields-Esperance and Great Southern.
In December 2006 his portfolios were again reallocated, and he became Minister for Local Government; Employment Protection; Racing and Gaming; Goldfields-Esperance and Great Southern.
Only weeks later, however, Bowler became embroiled in a growing scandal when the Corruption & Crime Commission (CCC) alleged that he had leaked confidential Cabinet information relating to Fortescue Metals Group to disgraced lobbyists and former politicians Julian Grill and Brian Burke. The CCC also alleged that he leaked a draft parliamentary committee report prior to becoming a Minister. He was subsequently asked to resign from both Cabinet and the Labor Party. Despite calls from Premier Alan Carpenter for his resignation, Bowler remained in Parliament as an independent and won the seat of Kalgoorlie as an independent at the 2008 election.
Bowler indicated that he would support the minority Liberal Party government on issues not affecting his electorate.
In September 2009 the CCC reported on its earlier allegations of Bowler leaking Cabinet secrets. The CCC concluded that the information Bowler released could not in fact be considered confidential and that his actions in this instance did not amount to misconduct. His former chief of staff, Simon Corrigan, was also exonerated.
In November 2009 the CCC released its final report into Bowler in relation to BHP's Yeelirrie uranium deposit. The report contained an opinion of serious misconduct against Bowler for agreeing to delay terminating an application over BHP's land by Precious Metals Australia, at the request of Brian Burke and Julian Grill.
Bowler retired from parliament in 2013 and now supports the WA Nationals, being involved with the 2013 state election campaign of Wendy Duncan, MLA for Kalgoorlie, and the campaign of Chub Witham for the seat of O'Connor at the 2013 federal election.
In October 2015, Bowler easily won election as the mayor of Kalgoorlie.
References
1949 births
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Living people
Independent members of the Parliament of Western Australia
People from Kalgoorlie
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Mayors of places in Western Australia
21st-century Australian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bowler%20%28politician%29 |
Samoëns (; Arpitan: Samouens) is an alpine commune on the Swiss border in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France. It was the principal commune for the canton that bore its name until it was abolished in 2015. The town of Samoëns is located in the French Alps' Vallée du Giffre (Giffre Valley), just southwest of Champéry in Valais. In 2020, Samoëns had a population of 2,380.
Stonemasons
Stone has long been a traditional feature of the Upper Giffre Valley which is dotted with limestone quarries (hardness coefficient, 13). To supplement their income from farming, the men in the region used to work stone.
In 1659, there were so many frahans (the local name for stonecutters and masons) in Samoëns and their expertise was so well known that they set up a very famous brotherhood. It engaged in charity work, taking care of the sick and training young apprentices in its own school of draughtsmen, which had an extensive library.
The members of the brotherhood of masons and stonecutters in Samoëns were contacted for leading construction projects. They worked with Vauban on his fortifications, were commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte to build canals in Saint-Quentin, and worked in Givors and even further afield, in Poland, Louisiana and Australia.
To ensure that they were not understood by outsiders when talking to each other, they used their own dialect, called mourmé.
Evidence of their work can be seen all over the village, in its architecture.
Even now, there are a number of stonecutters upholding the tradition in Samoëns and the brotherhood has become a cultural association, the Société des Maçons.
Tourist destination
The town carries the designation of a "ville fleurie" distinguishing it as one of the most beautiful towns in France.
Approximately a 70 km drive from Geneva Airport, Samoens is a summer destination as well as the site of a ski resort that departs from a lift (Grand massif Express) at the edge of town linking up to Samoëns 1600. Also known as the Plateau des Saix, this resort is part of the larger five-town Grand Massif which includes Flaine and Morillon.
Samoëns has been awarded the 'Famille Plus Montagne' label. Samoëns is the only winter sports resort to be classified by the Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques.
As well as skiing, Samoens offers a range of non-skiing activities including dog-sledding, indoor climbing, caving and diving under ice.
Jaysinia and the Cognac-Jaÿ Foundation
Jaÿsinia (3.7 hectares) is a botanical garden specializing in alpine flowers, established in 1906 by Marie-Louise Cognacq-Jaÿ, a native of Samoëns and founder of La Samaritaine department store in Paris. Since 1936 it has been directed by the Scientific Division of Botany from the National Museum of Natural History. It is open all year and is free of charge.
Chapels
There are nine chapels in and around Samoëns, in addition to many shrines and other cultural buildings. Most were built in the 17th century, except for the chapel in Le Bérouze – dating from the 15th century – and the one in Les Allamands, dating from the 19th century.
Two of these buildings were moved from the sites where they were originally constructed. The chapel in Le Bérouze was originally built at the mountain pass known as "Col de Couz", but it was badly damaged during an invasion by Swiss troops in 1476. Four years later, it was decided to rebuild it on the main square. In Mathonex, the chapel now overlooks the village, but the original building was much closer to the village centre; its relocation became a necessity after a landslide.
See also
Reseau Jean Bernard
Grand Massif
Morillon, neighbouring commune
Communes of the Haute-Savoie department
References
For Premier Accommodation in Samoens please visit www.alpsaccommodation.com
External links
Premier Chalets and Apartments in Samoens - Alps Accommodation
More on Samoens
Communes of Haute-Savoie
Ski areas and resorts in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%ABns |
is a Japanese TV actress, former J-pop singer, and the oldest member of the groups Lip's and Nanatsuboshi. She was born in Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka, and debuted on 21 March 1990.
Filmography
Film
My Secret Cache (1997)
Hana Yori Dango Final (2008)
Boku no Obāchan (2008)
Rakugo Eiga (2013)
Nukero Moebius! (2023)
Television
Tonbi (2013, TBS)
References
External links
Katou Takako Official Website
Takako Katou Official Blog
Katou Takako at J-Dorama.de
1970 births
Living people
People from Shizuoka (city)
Japanese film actresses
Japanese television actresses
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese idols
Japanese television personalities
Actors from Shizuoka Prefecture
Singers from Shizuoka (city)
Amuse Inc. talents
20th-century Japanese actresses
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takako%20Kat%C5%8D%20%28actress%29 |
John Bowler may refer to:
John Bowler (actor) (born 1952), English actor
John Bowler (politician) (born 1949), Western Australian politician
John Bowler (businessman) (1937–2022), English football chairman
John Andrew Bowler (1862–1935), American educator and minister
See also
Bowler (surname)
Bowler (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bowler |
Jens Knippschild (born 15 February 1975) is a former tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1992. In his career, he won two doubles titles (2001, Båstad and 2002, Bucharest). The right-hander reached his highest singles ranking by the ATP on 9 August 1999, when he became the No. 76 of the world.
ATP career finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 10 (5–5)
Doubles: 20 (15–5)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
External links
1975 births
Living people
People from Bad Arolsen
Sportspeople from Kassel (region)
German male tennis players
Tennis people from Hesse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens%20Knippschild |
Petrea is a genus of evergreen flowering vines native to tropical Americas.
The genus was named in honour of Robert James Petre, an English patron of botany.
Species
The following species are currently recognized:
Petrea blanchetiana Schauer
Petrea bracteata Steud.
Petrea brevicalyx Ducke
Petrea campinae Rueda
Petrea insignis Schauer
Petrea macrostachya Benth.
Petrea maynensis Huber
Petrea pubescens Turcz.
Petrea rugosa Kunth
Petrea sulphurea Jans.-Jac.
Petrea volubilis L.
References
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrea |
"Office Olympics" is the third episode of the second season of the television series The Office and the show's ninth episode overall. It was written by Michael Schur and directed by Paul Feig. It originally aired on October 4, 2005 on NBC. The episode guest starred Nancy Carell, the real-life wife of series star Steve Carell, as Carol Stills.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) leave the office to buy a condo. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski), along with Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer), organizes office games and gets his co-workers to play them.
"Office Olympics" was inspired by The King of the Hill Office Olympics, which were created and run by members of the television show King of the Hill. After the episode aired, other "Office Olympics" were organized in actual offices across the country. The episode marks the first appearance of Mose, Dwight's Amish cousin, played by writer Mike Schur. Mose was based on an actual person, with the same name, on the UPN reality show Amish in the City. The episode contained several cultural references, with many alluding to the actual Olympic games. "Office Olympics" received largely positive reviews from critics. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 3.9 in the 18–49 demographic and was viewed by 8.3 million viewers.
Plot
While Michael Scott (Steve Carell) leaves with Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) to sign closing papers for his new condominium, the staff fills out their expense reports. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) "dies" of boredom, and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) revives him by calling him to the reception desk and throwing objects into Dwight's coffee mug. Jim discovers that his co-workers have their own office games, such as Toby Flenderson's (Paul Lieberstein) "Dunderball", and Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) and Oscar Martinez's (Oscar Nunez) "paper football flicking and hitting" game, "Hateball" (named because of Angela's dislike for the game). Jim and Pam organize the Games of the First Dunder Mifflin Olympiad, competing for hand-made medals constructed from yogurt lids and paper clips. Some of the games include Flonkerton, a game where people race with cartons of paper strapped to their feet, and seeing who can stuff the most M&M's into their mouth.
At the condominium signing, Michael discusses the deal with his realtor, Carol Stills (Nancy Carell). Dwight finds a variety of things wrong with the condominium, and, at the very end of the deal, Michael gets cold feet but relents when he learns that backing out of the deal will cost him a substantial amount of money. When Michael and Dwight return, the coffee cup race quickly dissolves, and the office returns to normal. Michael isolates himself in his office, still upset over the closure of his condo.
When Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) throws away his gold medal, Jim and Pam organize the "closing ceremonies", believing them important to the office staff. Michael is awarded a medal for closing on his condo, and the gesture appears to give him some reassurance of his decision. Michael feels touched by this and thanks everyone for the honor - a gesture that triggers his emotional tears during the closing scene of the episode.
Production
"Office Olympics" was written by Michael Schur. This episode was the first episode of the series directed by Paul Feig. Producer Greg Daniels said the idea for the actual Office Olympics stemmed from The King of the Hill Office Olympics, which were created and ran by Daniel's former assistant Tim Croston and the show's two production assistants at the time: Tony Gennaro and Seranie Manoogian. The games were held in the King of the Hill offices, where Daniels served as executive producer. Daniels later elaborated on the types of games they played, stating "Like, who’s going to get off the elevator first and races in chairs. The funny thing is then it became a TV episode and it has now gone full circle and I hear offices are doing it all over." After the episode aired, other "Office Olympics" were organized in actual offices across the country. The Chicago Tribune organized an interview with a majority of The Office cast members who—in character—explained the rules to the various games. The Yogurt Lid Medals reappear in the third season finale, "The Job": Receiving the lid and a note from Pam is the catalyst for Jim's decision between Pam and Karen.
When choosing Michael's car for the episode, producer Kent Zbornak brought in pictures of various cars and had the writers choose which one they thought Michael would most likely own. The writers ended up choosing a Chrysler Sebring convertible, because according to B. J. Novak "we figured it's the showiest car that he could afford". While shooting the scene in Michael's car, cameraman Randall Einhorn accidentally broke the back window, which ended up costing $859 to replace.
Writer Mike Schur made a cameo appearance in the episode, appearing in a photograph as Dwight's Amish cousin Mose. The idea for Schur to be Dwight's Amish cousin had been a joke among the writers since the first season. Mose was based on an actual participant, with the same name, on the UPN reality show Amish in the City.
Cultural references
After telling Ryan he can take his pants off and run around the office, Michael makes a direct reference to the 1983 teen comedy-drama film Risky Business. Dwight compares his friendship to Michael, using the analogy that Michael is "like Mozart, and I'm like... Mozart's friend. No. I'm like Butch Cassidy and Michael is like... Mozart." When Michael asks Pam if she had his magazine subscriptions changed to his new address, he mentions Small Businessman, American Way, Maxim, Cracked, and the fictitious Fine Arts Aficionado Monthly. When touring his condo, Michael makes a Mr. Bill joke to the head of the condo association, whose name is Bill. The jokes are a reference to the clay figurine star of a parody of children's shows that was part of Saturday Night Live.
Due to the nature of the episode, several explicit references are made to the Olympic Games. When Jim starts the Office Olympics by lighting the "Torch", he hums "Olympic Fanfare and Theme" by John Williams, one of the themes for the actual Olympic games. When the games are finished, the employees play a recording of "The Star-Spangled Banner".
Reception
"Office Olympics" originally aired on NBC in the United States on October 4, 2005. The episode was viewed by 8.3 million viewers and received a 3.9 rating/9% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 3.9% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 9% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. An encore presentation of the episode, on April 25, 2006, received 1.8 rating/6% share and was viewed by over 4.3 million viewers.
"Office Olympics" received mostly positive reviews. Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad wrote that "The Office has turned the corner into separating itself from the British version." Sciannamea went on to say that "although Michael still garners the most attention, the other characters are beginning to break out." His only criticism of the episode was that "Dwight is too creepy", Sciannamea suggested that the writers "tone down his insanity a bit". "Miss Alli" of Television Without Pity graded the episode with an "A−". Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an "A" and called it the show's "first truly classic episode", due to the added "verve" of both plots. Adams praised the way the main story and Jim and Pam's stories were intercut with each other, so that both could play off of each other; he wrote that "Michael Schur’s a great writer, and Paul Feig knows how to let superb comedic performances flow from his actors, but the stitch-up job here makes the two halves of the episodes complementary when they could’ve rocketed in opposite directions and ripped 'Office Olympics' apart."
Entertainment Weekly named Dwight's line comparing his relationship with Michael to Mozart and Butch Cassidy as one of "TV's funniest lines" for the week ending October 10, 2005. When Pam tries to get Angela to play the games with her fellow employees, Angela cattily reveals that she plays a game called "Pam Pong", where she counts how many times Jim goes to talk to Pam at her reception desk. Pop punk band Sweet Diss and the Comebacks later named one of their songs—a "[Pam] Beesly tribute"—after the game.
References
External links
"Office Olympics" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 2) episodes
2005 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Paul Feig
Television episodes written by Michael Schur
fr:Les JO au bureau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office%20Olympics |
A blech (from the Yiddish word בלעך () meaning "tin" or "sheet metal") is a metal sheet used by many observant Jews to cover stovetop burners (and for some, the cooker's knobs and dials) on Shabbos (the Jewish Sabbath), as part of the precautions taken to avoid violating the halachic prohibition against cooking on the Sabbath.
Common use
Rabbi Fishel Jacobs' The Blech Book—The Complete & Illustrated Guide To Shabbos Hotplates gives the following guidelines:
The food (including water) intended for Shabbos use should be completely cooked.
The stove's gas flames or electric coils are turned on. The blech is placed over these. Alternatively, the Shabbos hot plate, which needs no blech (when it is the type which has no knobs to adjust the heat level) is plugged in.
The pot is placed on the blech. It is permissible to place another pot on this one.
The pot on the blech, or another pot which has been placed on it, may be covered with a blanket, clothing, towel, cloth, etc., to keep the heat from dissipating. One side of the pot should be left partially uncovered.
During Shabbos, the pots are removed according to need. After removal, it is permissible to return the pot onto the blech, following these guidelines:
The pot should be removed from the blech with the intention to replace it afterwards and held at all times, not leaned onto any surface. (A heavy or unwieldy pot may be partially leaned on a surface, while being held, if there is no alternative.)
The food must be in the same pot, completely cooked, and has retained at least some of its original heat.
The permissibility of blech (and unblech, below) and the acceptable manner of their use is questioned by several modern kashrut organizations; however, the use of a blech to reheat food on the Sabbath remains very popular among observant Jews.
Unblech
An unblech, or K'Deira Blech (lit. "pot blech", commonly referred to as "water blech"), is also used to heat up pre-cooked food on the Sabbath, but utilizes different halakhic mechanisms from a standard blech. An unblech consists of a shallow metal pan filled with hot water and covered by another metal pan, and thus is akin to a bain-marie or double boiler for halakhic purposes. As such, it may be more flexible than a standard blech for halachic purposes. However, the temperature of an unblech is limited by the boiling point of water and is not as hot as a typical blech.
Fire safety
In 2015, a house fire caused by a faulty Shabbos hot plate killed seven children in Brooklyn. The 2015 fire was preceded by at least four other Shabbos fires in Brooklyn in the past 15 years caused by appliances for heating food being left on or candles burning during the Jewish Sabbath in order to comply with Orthodox interpretation of Jewish Law. In 2005, three children died in a fire in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, caused when stove burners were left on during Passover. After the 2015 fire, the New York City Fire Department distributed a pamphlet titled "Fire Safety for Jewish Observances" to nearby homes. In response to the fire, many Jewish Brooklyn residents purchased smoke detectors before the following Sabbath.
See also
Cholent
Cooking on Shabbat
References
Laws of Shabbat
Shabbat innovations
Yiddish words and phrases
Yiddish words and phrases in Jewish law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blech |
Danny Sapsford (born 3 April 1969) is a former professional tennis player from Great Britain, who turned professional in 1989. He won one doubles title (1996, Nottingham) during his career. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 15 April 1996, when he became World No. 170. In 1999, he reached the third round of Wimbledon Championships, defeating Julián Alonso and Galo Blanco before losing to then world number one Pete Sampras in straight sets. This was Sapsford's last singles match as a professional.
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
ATP career finals
Doubles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Doubles: 9 (9–0)
External links
1969 births
English male tennis players
Living people
People from Walton-on-Thames
People from Weybridge
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Sapsford |
The original Macintosh was a relatively simple machine, now of interest for its simplicity and for the fact that it was the first computer produced by Apple under the name Macintosh. The Macintosh used standard off-the-shelf components to the greatest extent possible, achieving a moderate price point by mixing complex LSI chips, readily customizable programmable array logic, and off-the-shelf components.
Overall architecture
The Macintosh used the Motorola 68000. The 68000's bus was wired directly to the other programmable components of the computer: the IWM floppy controller, the Zilog 8530 SCC, and the MOS Technology 6522.
The bus also connected the 68000 to the 128 or 512 KiB of main memory (DRAM), which was shared between the processor and the multimedia circuits in a direct memory access (DMA) arrangement. Either the processor or the video/sound engine could access the memory, but not both, resulting in up to a 10% loss in performance; the DMA circuit also performed necessary maintenance on the RAM which would otherwise add overhead, a trick previously used in the Apple II.
Precise timing information was relayed to the 68000 by interrupts. The 68000 provides three interrupt inputs, which in the Macintosh 128K/512K were connected to the 6522, the 8530, and a human input designed for programmers, in order of increasing priority. Thus typing on the keyboard (attached to the 6522) did not reduce serial data (8530) performance, yet the program controlling the serial bus could be debugged by the programmer.
To further reduce the cost of manufacture, as compared with its predecessor the Lisa, Apple did not include an MMU. As a result, the Macintosh did not support protected memory, and this feature remained absent from the OS until 2001 with the Mac OS X operating system.
According to Andy Hertzfeld the Macintosh used for the introduction demo on January 24, 1984, was a prototype with 512k RAM, even though the first model offered for sale implemented just 128k of non-expandable memory. This prototype was used to provide adequate RAM to run the memory-intensive demo, which showcased speech synthesis software intended to impress the crowd.
Components
This is a comprehensive list of the integrated circuits in the original Macintosh:
a Motorola MC68000 microprocessor at clock speed 7.8336 MHz
64 or 128 KB of ROM in two chips containing parts of the operating system
128 KB of RAM in 16 chips
eight TTL chips implementing a video and sound DMA controller, plus
two TTL chips providing a 16-bit video buffer (74166 type)
one PAL chip generating video timing signals (LAG)
two TTL chips providing an 8-bit Pulse-width modulation sound driver (74LS161 type)
two analog chips providing sound amplification (MC14016 switch, LF353 op-amp)
a Zilog 8530 chip controlling two RS-422 buses through two driver chips
an Integrated Woz Machine 400 KB floppy-disk controller plus support PAL (ASG)
a 6522 VIA bridge chip connecting to the keyboard and clock
an Apple real-time clock chip plus a 32.768 kHz quartz oscillator
an Intel 8021 microcontroller in the keyboard
bus control and extra logic including
two PAL chips to activate the other chips (BMU0/1)
two PAL chips to convert the 16 MHz clock to other timing signals (TSM, TSG)
two TTL chips buffering the RAM to the 68000 (74LS244 type)
some inverters (74LS04 type)
This personal computer was implemented in four special-purpose LSI chips, six MSI PALs, 19 chips of standard SSI/MSI logic and analog circuits, plus memory. Most of the simpler chips would be consolidated into a few custom chips in the next generation, much reducing cost.
Features
The above components implemented the Macintosh GUI and networking as described below.
Mouse
The centerpiece of the new interface was mouse-driven control. The mouse contained only electromechanical components: a button, and two optical encoders. The button was connected to the 6522. The encoders' four outputs were connected two to the 8530 and two to the 6522.
The optical encoders detected movement by quadrature. Each encoder had a wheel with radial stripes which would interrupt the light passing between an LED and a light-detecting photodiode, producing electrical pulses with mouse movement. Both the X and the Y encoders were turned by frictional contact with the mouse ball. Two pairs of emitters and detectors were used on each encoder. A first set of pulses is enough to detect the rate of rotation without indicating the direction of rotation, and a second set of synchronized but 90° out of phase pulses provides the direction of rotation. Therefore, two emitter-detector pairs were used for X and Y each.
The motion detection signals connected to the 8530 chip using two non-essential pins used for obsolete modems. Originally these signaled modem connection or disconnection. When the mouse moved by a certain amount, the modem connect/disconnect signal would change state and the 8530 would interrupt the processor. The operating system would then read the direction signals from the 6522 to differentiate left from right, and up from down, and move the mouse cursor.
Cursor and video
The mouse cursor was drawn on the screen by software, as were all other on-screen objects. To support real-time animation the screen timing PAL circuit would send a pulse to the 6522 once per vertical retrace. This was the basis for an operating system service called the VBL (vertical blanking) Manager. When the screen was to be redrawn, the cursor would be moved and games had an opportunity to update the display.
It could sometimes be difficult to avoid a race condition between a game and the raster display. Flicker could result from the processor writing to the image while it was being sent to the CRT. Therefore, the Macintosh provided a choice of two images in memory, so one could be read while the other was written. The "page" was selected by a general-purpose I/O output connected from the 6522 to the video DMA. As two images added up to 42.75 KiB of precious RAM, however, this feature was unpopular.
The DMA graphics controller operated independently and autonomously. One-bit pixels were fetched sixteen at a time over a 16-bit data bus and output at just less 16 MHz, necessitating almost one million fetches per second. Each fetch took one memory access cycle out of every two available during active parts of the display, implying a memory bandwidth for the CPU of about 2.56MB per second.
Keyboard
The 6522 provided a general-purpose serial bus. The keyboard contained an Intel 8021 microprocessor which transmitted user input to the 6522 over standard phone patch cable. A new keystroke resulted in a processor interrupt.
Sound
The sampled sound engine piggybacked on the video circuit. As the raster scan returned from the right side of the screen to the left, one byte of data was placed into a PWM generator instead of the screen. This provided 8-bit sampled monaural sound sampled at the 22.25 kHz horizontal blanking rate. General purpose 6522 outputs could mute the sampled sound, or set its volume to one of 8 levels of attenuation.
A square wave generator was included on the 6522. One of its two timer circuits could be set to toggle the mute output periodically. This could produce frequencies higher than 11 kHz.
This system was not compatible with the Lisa / Mac XL hardware, which in other respects could run Mac software with commonly available software/firmware modifications. Running programs on Lisas which made use of the Mac sound features would cause severe video problems and system crashes.
Communication
The Zilog 8530 SCC was clocked at around 3.7 MHz. At this speed each serial channel was half as fast as the main memory. The RS-422 protocol was implemented except for the connection-established line, which was used to support the mouse. Apple later changed to an 8-pin connector which dropped it entirely.
Storage
The Macintosh's persistent storage medium was Sony's floppy diskette drive. This drive replaced the Apple ]['s Shugart drive and the 871K FileWare/"Twiggy" floppy drive used in the original Lisa as the storage medium chosen for the original Macintosh. The single-sided 3.5 inch floppy stored 400 KB by spinning the disk slower when the outer edge was used. A separate microcontroller, the IWM (Integrated Woz Machine), was dedicated to disk control. The floppy operated by polled I/O so access was not seamless: loading and saving files were operations that stopped the entire machine.
Twenty bytes of memory were included in the real-time clock counter chip. This data was retained using a 4.5 Volt alkaline battery and was used to store user preferences.
Timekeeping
The Macintosh featured a real-time clock counting seconds, and a countdown timer with near-microsecond resolution. The former was connected to the 6522 by a serial bus on three general-purpose I/O lines. It functioned much as a quartz watch when the machine was powered off. The latter was built into the 6522 itself. Either could generate interrupts.
Memory Map
RAM begins at and ends at (128K)/ (512K) and is divided up into a series of different functional areas:
System globals ( - )
System heap (). SysZone points to start, ApplZone points to end + 1
Application heap (ApplZone; grows upwards. HeapEnd points to its end; ApplLimit sets maximum)
Stack. Grows downwards from CurStackBase; SP = A7 points to top of stack.
QuickDraw globals. (206 bytes) A5 points to boundary between QD globals and App globals (the "A5 world").
Application globals
Application parameters (32 bytes)
Jump table
Alternate screen buffer, 21,888 bytes (BufPtr)
9344 bytes of undocumented space
740 bytes alternate sound buffer
796 bytes undocumented
Screen buffer, 21,888 bytes (ScrnBase = (128K)/ (512K))
System Error handler, 128 bytes
Main sound buffer, 740 bytes
28 bytes undocumented, MemTop points to the end of RAM, +1
ROM ( - )
sccRBase - SCC read operations -
sccWBase - SCC write operations -
IWM (dBase)
VIA (vBase)
aVBufB - register B base -
aVBufA - register A base -
aVIFR - interrupt flag register -
aVIER - interrupt enable register -
The RAM map is organised so that the system globals, system and application heaps grow upwards from low memory, everything else grows downwards from MemTop, from high memory towards low memory. On the 512K Macintosh, the "extra" RAM thus appears as a wider gap between the application heap and the stack, where it is available for application use.
References
External links
Macintosh 128K: Technical Specifications Apple Support Knowledge Base
Macintosh 512K: Technical Specifications Apple Support Knowledge Base
Macintosh 128K/Macintosh 512K Apple Computer Historical Information - Macintosh Hardware Description
Macintosh Serial Ports: Serial Ports as Slots MacTech Volume 1, Issue 8 (July 1985)
128K | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh%20128K/512K%20technical%20details |
Blane may refer to:
Mountains in Canada
Mount Blane (Alberta)
Mount Blane (British Columbia)
Names
Blane (given name)
Blane (surname)
See also
Blaine (disambiguation)
Blain (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blane |
Feiner v. New York, 340 U.S. 315 (1951), was a United States Supreme Court case involving Irving Feiner's arrest for a violation of section 722 of the New York Penal Code, "inciting a breach of the peace," as he addressed a crowd on a street.
Background
On the evening of March 8, 1949, Irving Feiner was arrested after making an inflammatory speech to a mixed crowd of 75 or 80 black people and white people at the corner of South McBride and Harrison Streets in Syracuse, New York. Feiner, a college student, had been standing on a large wooden box on the sidewalk, addressing a crowd through a loud-speaker system attached to an automobile. He made derogatory remarks about President Harry S. Truman, the American Legion, the Mayor of Syracuse, and other local political officials. Chief Justice Vinson said that Feiner "gave the impression that he was endeavoring to arouse the Negro people against the whites, urging that they rise up in arms and fight for equal rights." Blocking the sidewalk and overflowing into the street in which there was oncoming traffic, the crowd became restless with some either voicing opposition or support for Feiner. An onlooker threatened violence if the police did not act. After having observed the situation for some time without interference, police officers, in order to prevent a fight, requested the petitioner to get off the box and stop speaking. After Feiner's third refusal, they arrested him. He was subsequently convicted of violating Section 722 of the Penal Code of New York, which, in effect, forbids incitement of a breach of the peace. Feiner claimed that his conviction violated his right of free speech under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
Decision
In a 6–3 decision delivered by Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, the Supreme Court upheld Feiner's arrest.
Focusing on the "rise up in arms and fight for their rights" part of Feiner's speech, the Court found that Feiner's First Amendment rights were not violated because his arrest came when the police thought that a riot might occur; the police attempted to suppress Feiner's message not based on its content but on the reaction of the crowd. The Court reaffirmed that a speaker cannot be arrested for the content of his speech and that the police must not be used as an instrument to silence unpopular views but must be used to silence a speaker who is trying to incite a riot.
New York won, the Chief Justice wrote, because by law, Feiner's actions created an imminent threat: the police arrested him because the police wanted to protect the city government and the people of New York.
Dissent
Hugo Black wrote a foresighted dissent, saying that the evidence did not show that the crowd was about to riot. He also pointed out that the police, instead of arresting Feiner, should have protected him from hostile members of the crowd. The police "did not even pretend to try to protect" Feiner. Police testimony showed that although the crowd was restless, "there [was] no showing of any attempt to quiet it... one person threatened to assault [Feiner] but the officers did nothing to discourage this when even a word might have sufficed." Furthermore, Justice Black noted that it is common for the crowd to be heated with sensitive, polarizing topics and that the police gave no verbal reason to Feiner about his arrest at that exact moment. By ruling against Feiner, it creates precedent for allowing tyranny from the majority, the police can come and shut down any unpopular speaker simply because the popular crowd does not want the speaker to be there.
Justice Douglas, joined by Justice Minton, stated disbelief that the situation constituted a disturbance of the peace and questioned the fairness of the trial Feiner received.
Aftermath
As a result of his conviction, Syracuse University expelled Mr. Feiner. He finally completed his degree from Syracuse when they readmitted him, and was invited back to the school to speak at the opening of the Tully Center for Free Speech in October 2006. He continued to fight for tuition reimbursement, as his original schooling had been covered under the GI Bill. Following the court ruling, Feiner tried to work on a local newspaper but was fired after the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) sent agents to the small town office and informed the editor of Feiner's "criminal" past. The FBI continued to haunt Feiner's life; he enjoyed telling his family and friends of an incident in which agents would not get off his property, so his wife, Trudy, sprayed them with a garden hose.
Irving Feiner lived in Nyack, New York, a small business owner who continued to fight and write about freedom of speech and progressive issues. He debated against Stephen Baldwin, who fought to keep an adult bookstore from opening in the village. Born in 1924, Mr. Feiner was 82 years old and was involved in school/property tax reform and fighting a planned village parking garage when he died on January 23, 2009.
Lectures at Rutgers University
At the invitation of renowned Professor of Political Science, Milton Heumann, Feiner gave several surprise guest lectures to students of Professor Heumann's Civil Liberties class at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The lectures took place on February 14, 2006 and February 12, 2008. Feiner explained his side of the case, contending that some of the facts found in the Supreme Court's decision were mistaken or that some facts were omitted. For example, the only witnesses that the prosecution called were the two arresting officers, and the infamous "S.O.B." man was never called as a witness. (The Supreme Court relies on the record assembled by lower courts for the facts of a case and deals solely with the question of how the law applies to the facts presented.)
Feiner also explained that shortly after V-E day he was in Paris where he saw a V-E parade in which marchers marched with locked arms. Feiner claims that in his speech the night he was arrested he said that "the Negroes of this town should march with locked arms down to the mayor's office and demand their rights."
See also
Clear and present danger
Heckler's veto
Imminent lawless action
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 340
Shouting fire in a crowded theater
Threatening the president of the United States
Abrams v. United States,
Brandenburg v. Ohio,
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire,
Dennis v. United States,
Hess v. Indiana,
Korematsu v. United States,
Kunz v. New York,
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten, (1917)
Sacher v. United States,
Schenck v. United States,
Terminiello v. Chicago,
Whitney v. California,
References
Further reading
Protest and Free Speech: A conversation with an SU free-speech pioneer, Irving Feiner
External links
First Amendment Center
1951 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court
United States Free Speech Clause case law
Syracuse University
Legal history of New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feiner%20v.%20New%20York |
The Totagatic River (generally pronounced To-TA-ga-tik) is an tributary of the Namekagon River in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States. Via the Namekagon and St. Croix rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. According to the Geographic Names Information System, the river's name has also been historically spelled Togatatic and Totogatic. Its name is derived from the Ojibwe language Dootoogaatig-ziibi meaning "River of Boggy Riverway" (or literally, "River of spongy-ground river-course"), due to its course through wetlands.
The Totagatic is formed by the confluence of its short east and west forks in southwestern Bayfield County, and flows generally westwardly through Sawyer, Washburn, Douglas and Burnett counties, passing through several lakes. It joins the Namekagon River in Burnett County, south of the city of Superior. In Douglas County, it receives the Ounce River.
See also
List of rivers of Wisconsin
Nelson Lake (Wisconsin)
References
DeLorme (1992). Wisconsin Atlas & Gazetteer. Freeport, Maine: DeLorme. .
External links
Wild River: Totagatic Video produced by Wisconsin Public Television
Rivers of Wisconsin
Rivers of Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Burnett County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Douglas County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Sawyer County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Washburn County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totagatic%20River |
Azurduy Province (full official name: Província de Juana Azurduy de Padilla) is a province in the Chuquisaca Department in Bolivia. Its seat is the town of Azurduy. It was named in honor of revolutionary guerrilla Juana Azurduy de Padilla. In the 2012 census it had a population of 24,855.
Geography
Some of the highest mountains of the province are listed below:
Subdivisions
The province is divided into two municipalities which are further subdivided into six cantons.
References
Provinces of Chuquisaca Department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azurduy%20Province |
Millwood Lake is a reservoir in southwestern Arkansas, United States. It is located from Ashdown and is formed from the damming of the point where Little River and Saline River meet.
Statistics
Lake statistics:
Drainage area above the dam:
Elevation above sea level of the top of flood control pool:
Elevation above sea level of the top of conservation pool:
Elevation above sea level of the top of inactive pool:
Surface area of lake at top of flood control pool:
Surface area of lake at top of conservation pool:
Shoreline length at top of conservation pool:
Dam statistics:
Length of dam:
Maximum height of dam above streambed:
Length of spillway:
Length of non-overflow section:
Spillway crest gates (13), size:
Outlet conduits (2), size:
Water supply pipe (1), diameter:
Overview
Lake Millwood is mainly recognized for its fishing and birding access. It is also known for housing the 1,380-pound alligator, which was caught in the lake in 2012. Its of submerged timber provide homes for the many varieties of fish in the lake, including the indigenous Millwood lunker largemouth bass. Other species of fauna around the lake include white-tailed deer, bobwhite quail, squirrel, dove, rabbit, raccoon, armadillo, opossum, fox, mink, American gator, and beaver. Boating is also popular on Millwood Lake, but only a small part of the whole surface area of the lake can be used as boating due to the submerged timber that takes up of the pond. Lake Millwood also has a diverse flora life, with many plants and trees such as gum, oak, birch, pine, juniper, flowering shrubs, and wildflowers.
History
The Millwood Lake project was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1946, and modified by the Flood Control Act of 1958. The dam and lake were designed and built by the Tulsa District of the Army Corps of Engineers, which still maintains the lake's Beard's Bluff recreation center. The projects construction work began in 1961, and was finished for flood control operations in 1966 at a cost of $44,000,000. The lake and dam were dedicated on December 8, 1966. The lake is the key in the general flood reduction system for the Red River below Lake Texoma.
Water use
Benefits of the lake have been restoring wildlife, providing water to nearby areas, and preventing an estimate of $9,715,000 in flood damage. In Ashdown, Arkansas, the lake supplies Domtar's (formerly Georgia Pacific) Communications Paper Division with 50 million gallons of water each day for its operations. The lake also provides drinking water to the city of Texarkana, Arkansas, through a water treatment plant located at Ashdown.
See also
List of Arkansas dams and reservoirs
References
External links
Bathymetric Map, Area/Capacity Table, and Sediment Volume Estimate for Millwood Lake, Near Ashburn, Arkansas, 2013 United States Geological Survey
Fishing Millwood Lake Black Bass, Crappie and Catfish
Reservoirs in Arkansas
Protected areas of Little River County, Arkansas
Protected areas of Hempstead County, Arkansas
Protected areas of Howard County, Arkansas
Protected areas of Sevier County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Hempstead County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Howard County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Sevier County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Little River County, Arkansas
Dams in Arkansas
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Dams completed in 1966
Bodies of water of Hempstead County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Howard County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Little River County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Sevier County, Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwood%20Lake |
The bobak marmot (Marmota bobak), also known as the steppe marmot, is a species of marmot that inhabits the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It is a social animal and inhabits steppe grassland, including cultivated field borders. It hibernates for more than half the year. Litter sizes average about five offspring and it takes three years for the young marmots to reach sexual maturity. Male offspring leave the home colony after their second winter, and about 60% of mature females give birth in any one year.
Taxonomy
There are two recognized subspecies:
M. b. bobak — western part of range
M. b. tschaganensis (alternatively shaganensis) — eastern part of range
Although western animals are larger and darker than eastern, their separation into subspecies is questionable, as the variation appears to be clinal.
In the past, the other relatively short-furred and short-tailed marmots of the Palearctic region, i.e. Himalayan, Tarbagan, gray and forest-steppe, all were regarded as subspecies of the bobak marmot. Today they are consistently recognized as separate from the bobak marmot. Genetic studies have shown that the bobak marmot forms a species group with the gray and forest-steppe marmots, while the Himalayan and Tarbagan marmots are more distantly related.
Distribution
The bobak marmot is native to the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, ranging from central and eastern Ukraine, through far southwestern Russia, to northern and central Kazakhstan. Historically, its range was continuous, but it has disappeared from several regions, including its past range in southeastern Belarus and eastern Hungary, making its overall range discontinuous. In some places it has been reintroduced and is slowly expanding its range again. In Kazakhstan's highlands the bobak marmot comes into contact with the gray marmot and animals tend to show intermediate features. Scientists Alyona Koshkina, Johannes Kamp, et al. used satellite imagery to map the location of 7,000 Bobak marmot burrows across Kazakhstan's steppes in 2019, which are home to approximately six million marmots.
Ecology
The bobak marmot is often described as a large analog of the North American prairie dog, with a round stomach, stubby legs, and a short tail. Bobak marmots inhabit steppe ecosystems and prosper on rolling grasslands and on the edge of cultivated fields. Active for about five and a half months each year, dispersers leave their natal social group after their second hibernation. Litter sizes average a little over five, and it takes at least three years to reach sexual maturity. About 60% of adult females breed in a given year. They have a single alarm call, but studies have demonstrated that bobak marmots call faster when they live in steep terrain and slower when they live in flatter terrain. Bobak marmots' fur is used to make hats and the occasional coat. Outside Moscow, a fur farm is experimenting with breeding bobak marmots in captivity for captive fur production.
Like other marmots, the bobak is susceptible to infection by bubonic plague. A population of bobaks living in the Ural Mountains is believed to have served as a reservoir host for the bubonic plague epidemic that struck western Russia at the end of the 19th century.
Marmots are preyed upon by snow leopards. They can also act as a buffer against other prey of the snow leopard.
Cultural references
The bobak marmot is a symbol of Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, as is found on its coat of arms and on the coats of arms of some of its districts.
Bobak is on the flag and c.o.a of Bizhbulyaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia and on the c.o.a. of Kupiansk, Ukraine.
See also
Long-tailed marmot
References
Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
bobak marmot
Mammals of Central Asia
Rodents of Europe
bobak marmot
bobak marmot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobak%20marmot |
Zikrullah Khadem (, or Dhikru'lláh Khádim; 1904–1986) was an Iranian follower of the Baháʼí Faith, appointed for life by the head of the Faith to a select leadership role as a Hand of the Cause in February 1952. The 27 Hands played a key role in the transition of power in the religion during the leadership crisis after the death of Shoghi Effendi in 1957.
After his appointment in 1952, he dedicated himself full-time to serve the Baháʼí Faith and travelled extensively throughout Iran, Africa, Europe, the USA, and at least 50 countries around the world. In the 1960s Khadem and fellow Hand William Sears were the two most prominent Baháʼí figures in the Western hemisphere, and were responsible for both spreading the religion and maintaining its unity.
Before 1952, he worked for a British oil company in southern Iran and the Iraqi Embassy in Tehran. He had proficiency in Persian, Arabic, English, and French that he used to translate works and communicate with diverse audiences. He authored several articles in Persian and English, a book about Shoghi Effendi in Persian, and 134 volumes documenting all Baháʼí holy places, submitted in 1977 at the request of the Universal House of Justice.
Background
Khadem was born in Tehran in 1904, the second child of Nasru'lláh and Rádiyyih. His father served ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in ʻAkká in the 1890s and received the title ʻKhádim (servant) from him, which was adopted as the family's surname. Zikrullah taught briefly at the Tarbiyat Baháʼí school in Tehran, then worked for the Anglo-Persian Oil Company as chief interpreter and director of education, teaching Persian to the English-speaking employees. He was then selected to be the personal assistant to the British general manager of the company.
Khadem first went on pilgrimage to the Baháʼí World Centre in 1925, where he met Shoghi Effendi – a meeting that he said transformed his life. While there he assisted with some of the layout of the Shrine of the Báb. In 1930 he left the oil company and began work as a secretary of the Iraqi embassy in Tehran, which benefitted from his multilingual fluency. He married Javidukht Javid on 3 October 1933, and later had five children: Mozhan, Jena, Riaz, Ramin and May. Unusually for Iranians in those days, he encouraged his wife to pursue academic aspirations, and she received a bachelor's degree from the University of Tehran. Along with his wife, throughout the 1930s and 40s he travelled around Iran visiting nearly every city on assignments from Shoghi Effendi, visiting new believers and photographing sites of historical significance. While visiting Nayriz, he was temporarily jailed. He also made several more trips to Haifa in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, and 1951.
Khadem served on the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Iran from 1938 to 1960 (though his memorial in the Baháʼí News Service gives the dates as 1949-1960) and served as its treasurer in the 1950s. Between 1940 and 1957, Khadem was the main conduit for communications from Shoghi Effendi to Baháʼí institutions and individuals in Iran. During WWII, as there was no postal service, he personally arranged message delivery, even chartering private planes to move mail.
Khadem was responsible for securing and transporting several artifacts related to the early development of the religion, such as an original Kitáb-i-Íqán in ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's handwriting (with notations by Baha'u'llah) and the sword of Mullá Husayn, which is currently held at the Baháʼí World Centre archives.
As a Hand of the Cause
Khadem was still attached to the embassy in Tehran when in February of 1952 he received a notice from Shoghi Effendi appointing him as a Hand of the Cause, the highest appointed role in the religion. Only 50 were ever appointed, and the title is no longer given out. Having prospered as a real estate developer, he determined to carry out all his services at his own expense. He subsequently worked full-time for Shoghi Effendi, travelling initially to a Baháʼí conference in Rome in March, and then to all the Baháʼí centers in Europe. Bessie Neill, writing for The Press Democrat, wrote of his travels in 1963:
He travelled to over 50 countries from 1953 to 1963, and over 1,000 Baháʼí communities, becoming one of the most widely-travelled and respected Baháʼís in the world. For example, Hugh Adamson wrote of his travels,
Leadership crisis
The religion went through a crisis from 1957 to 1963. Shoghi Effendi died on 4 November 1957 without having appointed a successor, and the 27 living Hands gathered in a series of 6 confidential conclaves (or signed agreements if they were absent) to decide how to navigate the uncharted situation. Khadem and the rest made an announcement on 25 November 1957 to assume control of the Faith, certified that Shoghi Effendi had left no will or appointment of successor, said that no appointment could have been made, and elected 9 of their members to reside at the Baháʼí World Centre in Haifa to represent the body of the Hands and to exercise the executive functions of the Guardian (these were known as the Custodians). From October to December in 1958 Zikrullah Khadem substituted as a member of the nine custodial Hands in Haifa, then continued travelling.
In late 1959 Khadem dedicated himself to moving to the western hemisphere, but it took him almost a year to resolve affairs in Iran before he moved to the United States in 1960. He was the first Hand of the Cause to reside in the western hemisphere, and for some time he was the only Hand serving throughout north and south America.
In the United States
Khadem and his wife initially resided in Champaign, Illinois, then in Urbana, Illinois. He made particular effort to visit the native peoples of America. In 1962, he played a key role in bringing the Baháʼí Faith to the Navajo Indian Reservation in Arizona, and his wife post humously established a scholarship in his name for health education among the native population.
In 1963 the Hands called for the election of the Universal House of Justice and exempted themselves from eligibility. Khadem attended the election, after which the custodial Hands of the Cause closed their office. Khadem encouraged Baháʼís to be obedient to the new institution.
The family spent two years in Staten Island, New York from 1965-1967, then in 1967 they moved to Evanston, Illinois, and finally Skokie, Illinois. By 1971 he was one of only 17 Hands of the Cause still living. In 1972 the Universal House of Justice asked Khadem to research and document places and people of historical significance to Baháʼís, which he concluded in 1977 with a 134-volume work that was submitted to the Universal House of Justice.
Burial
Khadem passed away on the morning of 13 November 1986. His funeral service was held Saturday, 15 November 1986, and he was interred the same day at Memorial Park Cemetery in Skokie, Illinois, a few miles west of the Baháʼí House of Worship. In the afternoon of the 15th there was a large memorial gathering at the House of Worship. After he died there were 8 remaining Hands of the Cause still alive.
Four years after his passing, his wife, Javadukht Khadem, published the biography Zikrullah Khadem, With Love (1990), which she later expanded and published in Persian and Spanish.
Notes
References
External links
Zikrullah and Javidukht Khadem Foundation, a non-profit organization founded in 2004 and inspired by the work of Zikhrullah Khadem.
Zikrullah Khadem - interview by the Baha'i periodicals office, 19 September 1981.
Zikrullah Khadem - biographical video
Jena Khadem - interview about Mr. Khadem with his daughter
Zikhrullah Khadem at Find-a-Grave.com
Khadem, Dhikru'llah
Hands of the Cause
1904 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Bahá'ís | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikrullah%20Khadem |
William Edward "Wid" Conroy (April 5, 1877 – December 6, 1959) was an American Major League Baseball player active during the first decade of the 20th century.
Career
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 5, 1877, Conroy made his major league debut on April 25, 1901, with the Milwaukee Brewers at the age of 24. He played his last game on October 5, 1911, for the Washington Senators, retiring at 34 years. Standing at 5' 9" (177 cm) and weighing 158 lb. (72 kg), Conroy epitomized the role of a utility man, playing every infield and outfield position in his 11-season career. He played for the Milwaukee Brewers (1901), Pittsburgh Pirates (1902), New York Yankees (1903–1908), Washington Senators (1909–1911).
Conroy began his career as a shortstop, replacing Honus Wagner with Paterson in the Atlantic League, but was struck by malarial fever and dropped from the team. In 1900 Connie Mack invited him to try out for the Western Association team he would field in Milwaukee and transfer to Philadelphia when the American League began as a major circuit; Conroy won the last spot on the roster. Conroy was the first-string shortstop of the NL champion 1902 Pirates but became a third baseman when he returned to the AL with the Highlanders (later the Yankees) in 1903. He led AL third basemen twice in total chances per game. His 22-year career in pro baseball ended as a Philadelphia Phillies coach in 1922.
During his prime, Conroy consistently ranked in the top ten in most offensive categories as well as in stolen bases. He was an opening day starter for the New York Highlanders during the first five years of the team's existence (1903–1907). Batting and throwing right-handed, Conroy led the New York Highlanders with 4 home runs in 1906 and was fifth in the league overall. He also stole 41 bases in 1907, second only to Ty Cobb, who swiped 49 that year. On September 25, 1911, he set an AL record with 13 total chances at 3B in a 3–2 loss to Cleveland.
In 1,377 career games, Conroy batted .248 with 22 home runs and 452 RBIs.
Legacy and death
In the 1945 BBWAA Hall of Fame voting, Conroy obtained 1 vote and a percentage of .4. Wid Conroy died on December 6, 1959, in Mount Holly, New Jersey, and is buried at Mount Carmel Cemetery, in Moorestown, New Jersey.
See also
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
References
External links
1877 births
1959 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from Philadelphia
Milwaukee Brewers (1901) players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Highlanders players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Philadelphia Phillies coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Rochester Hustlers players
Elmira Colonels players
Richmond Virginians (minor league) players
Burials in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wid%20Conroy |
John James Faso Jr. (; born August 25, 1952) is an American attorney and politician who served as the U.S. representative for from 2017 to 2019. Faso was first elected to the post in 2016. A Republican, Faso previously represented the 102nd district in the New York State Assembly from 1987 to 2002 and served as Assembly Minority Leader from 1998 to 2002. Faso ran for New York State Comptroller in 2002 and for Governor of New York in 2006, but did not prevail in either race. He was defeated for re-election to Congress in November 2018 by Democrat Antonio Delgado.
Early life, education, and early career
Faso is of Italian and Irish descent, the eldest of five siblings. He attended Archbishop Molloy High School in Queens, New York and SUNY-Brockport. After college, Faso became a grants officer for Nassau County, New York. Faso graduated from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979. After law school, Faso took political jobs in Washington, D.C., including as a lobbyist, while considering running for elective office in New York.
From 1979 to 1981, Faso served as a staff member on the United States House Committee on Government Operations. From 1983 to 1986, he worked at the New York State Legislative Bill Drafting Commission.
Political career
New York State Assembly
In 1983, Faso moved to upstate New York, purposely choosing to live in a district where an Assembly seat would soon become open so that he could run. He was elected to the New York State Assembly for the first time in 1986.
Faso was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1987 to 2002. He received the 1997 Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy Award for distinguished public service. In 1987, Faso called Roe v. Wade, the landmark Supreme Court decision regarding abortion rights, a "black mark upon this country." In late 1994, Faso served on George Pataki's transition team, where he chaired the budget committee. He became head of the team that wrote Pataki's first budget as governor.
In 1995, Faso became ranking member of the Assembly Ways and Means Committee. He was the original sponsor of charter school legislation and was involved in the passage of Governor Pataki's proposal to create charter schools in New York State in 1998. He supported expanding the current cap on charter schools. John Faso was elected Assembly Minority Leader in 1998.
2002 campaign for New York State Comptroller
Faso's work on the state budget fueled a run for New York State Comptroller in 2002. Initially trailing Democrat Alan Hevesi (then-Comptroller of New York City) by a 20-point margin, Faso lost the election 50%-47%.
During the campaign, Faso accused Hevesi of having mismanaged the city's pension funds. Hevesi was later forced to resign from office and jailed in a pay-to-play scheme involving New York's state pension fund.
2006 campaign for Governor of New York
In 2005, Faso announced his intention to run for governor. For the Republican nomination, Faso faced former Massachusetts Governor William Weld, former New York Secretary of State Randy Daniels, and Assemblyman Patrick Manning. Weld reportedly offered Faso the chance to join his ticket as a candidate for lieutenant governor.
Faso received the Conservative Party's endorsement while Weld received the Libertarian Party's nomination, guaranteeing both candidates a spot on the ballot if they stayed in the race. However, once the Republican State Convention voted to endorse Faso, Weld announced his withdrawal from the race. Faso's running mate was former Rockland County Executive C. Scott Vanderhoef. Faso was opposed by Democratic nominee Eliot Spitzer.
On Election Day 2006, Spitzer defeated Faso 3,086,709 votes to 1,274,335 votes. Spitzer resigned from office a year into his tenure in the midst of a prostitution scandal.
U.S. House of Representatives
Elections
2016
On September 14, 2015, Faso announced he would run for in the 2016 election. Republican Chris Gibson, the retiring incumbent, endorsed Faso. He won the Republican primary against Andrew Heaney, 67.5% to 32.5%. During the general election, Faso faced academic and political activist Zephyr Teachout. Faso defeated Teachout with 54.3% of the vote.
Faso was named to the House Budget and House Agriculture Committee as well as the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, where he served for one term as Vice Chairman of the Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Material Subcommittee.
2018
Faso ran for re-election in 2018 and was challenged by Democrat Antonio Delgado. According to the Poughkeepsie Journal, the race was "considered one of the more closely watched in the nation as Faso seeks a second term in a moderate Hudson Valley district that stretches from Dutchess County and into the Albany area and Southern Tier."
During the campaign, the National Republican Congressional Committee ran an advertisement criticizing Delgado for his previous career as a rapper. Faso called some of Delgado's rap lyrics "very troubling and offensive", saying they "paint an ugly and false picture of America." The then-candidate, who was seeking to become the first nonwhite person to represent New York's 19th district, has said the criticism of his rap lyrics is an attempt to "otherize" him. The ad against Delgado stirred controversy, with The New York Times editorial board criticizing Faso for what they termed a "cynical campaign of race-baiting".
On November 6, 2018, Delgado defeated Faso 147,873 votes to 132,873.
Political positions
As of August 2018, Faso had voted with his party in 87.7% of votes in the 115th United States Congress and voted in line with President Trump's position in 90% of votes.
Faso was a member of the moderate Republican Main Street Partnership and the Climate Solutions Caucus. In the 115th United States Congress, Faso was ranked the 18th most bipartisan Representative in the House by the Bipartisan Index, a metric created by The Lugar Center and Georgetown's McCourt School of Public Policy to assess congressional bipartisanship.
Drugs
On April 26, 2018, Faso announced that he had joined the bipartisan Heroin Task Force, which works on issues related to heroin and opioid abuse. Faso has "co-sponsored alongside more than 100 lawmakers" the Synthetics Trafficking and Overdose Prevention (STOP) Act, which aims to crack down on the shipment of synthetic drugs, such as fentanyl, to the United States.
Economy
Faso voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. "From the beginning, I wanted to support a tax reform plan that would increase economic growth, increase worker paychecks, incentivize small business investment and ensure New York families are better off," he stated after voting against the bill. Faso argued that the $10,000 state and local tax deduction would also deeply impact New York residents of all wealth levels.
In November 2017, Faso said he would vote against the Republican tax overhaul bill, citing the removal of state tax deductions as his reason.
Environment
In February 2018, Faso and Dan Lipinski (IL-3) introduced the bipartisan Challenges and Prizes for Climate Act of 2018 to encourage innovation in combating climate change.
Health care
In January 2017, The Washington Post reported on a closed-door meeting in which Faso said that he had "no problem" with defunding Planned Parenthood, but urged his fellow Republicans not to do so as part of the proposed repeal of the ACA (Obamacare); Faso added that using Obamacare repeal legislation to defund Planned Parenthood would be "a gigantic political trap," "a political minefield," and a "grave mistake." In a later interview, Faso clarified that he "does not favor defunding Planned Parenthood" and that "if a separate up-or-down vote on Planned Parenthood funding came up in the House, he would vote for the status quo, effectively keeping the organization funded." In February 2017, Faso voted against a resolution that "reverse[d] an Obama Administration rule barring states from defunding Planned Parenthood." In March 2017, Faso voted to amend an Obamacare repeal bill to remove language that would have defunded Planned Parenthood for one year.
On May 4, 2017, Faso voted in favor of the American Health Care Act, the House Republican bill to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). He faced protests in his congressional district over his position on the AHCA. During his 2018 re-election campaign, Faso said that he supported protections for individuals with preexisting conditions. Faso said that the AHCA bill that he voted for would have protected people with preexisting conditions; however The New York Times noted that the bill would have allowed states to drop protections for individuals with preexisting conditions.
Immigration
On June 20, 2018, after attending a meeting on immigration with President Trump and other GOP House members, Faso said that Trump should halt the “zero tolerance” immigration policy under which children were removed from their parents at the Mexican border. On June 24, 2018, Faso told NPR that he supported a Republican compromise bill that would provide legal status for undocumented immigrants that were illegally brought to the U.S. as children.
Social programs
In 2018, Faso pushed for stricter work requirements on recipients of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (also known as the Food Stamps program), claiming that SNAP was an easy target for fraudsters and drug dealers. Studies show that SNAP fraud is rare and that fraud represents a small fraction of the SNAP program.
Legal and consulting career
Following his loss in the state comptroller election in 2002, Faso joined the firm of Manatt, Phelps & Phillips as a lobbyist/partner; he took a leave of absence to run for governor in 2006, then rejoined the firm. Manatt, Phelps & Phillips agreed to a settlement in 2010 in response to a corruption probe in which the firm was investigated for its "efforts to serve as a "placement agent" for public pension funds in New York and California without a state or federal license." According to the Wall Street Journal, some "of Manatt's efforts to secure investments were made by John Faso".
From 2003 to 2006, Faso served as a member of the Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority control board.
From 2012 to 2015, Faso worked as a public affairs consultant for the Constitution Pipeline Co., an energy company that was attempting to build a pipeline to carry natural gas from Pennsylvania to New York State. The pipeline was controversial because the pipeline would have transported gas extracted from hydraulic fracturing (fracking). Construction of the pipeline was ultimately blocked by the state.
Personal life
Faso is married to Mary Frances Faso; they have two children, Nicholas and Margaret. Faso is a Roman Catholic.
Further reading
Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity." New York, New York, 2020
References
External links
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1952 births
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American people of Irish descent
American people of Italian descent
Archbishop Molloy High School alumni
Candidates in the 2002 United States elections
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections
Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
Catholics from New York (state)
Catholic politicians from New York (state)
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Living people
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Kinderhook, New York
Politicians from Queens, New York
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
State University of New York at Brockport alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Faso |
This is a list of people who have lived in Heilbronn, Germany.
Gustav Schübler (1787–1834), scientist (meteorology)
Heinrich Friedrich Füger (1751–1818), painter
Wilhelm Waiblinger (1804–1830), poet and author
Julius Robert von Mayer (1814–1878), physician and physicist, formulated the principle of mechanical equivalence
Ludwig Pfau (1821–1894), poet and revolutionary
Adolf Cluss (1825–1905), architect, builder of numerous public buildings in Washington D.C.
Gustav von Schmoller (1838–1917), economist
Wilhelm Maybach (1846–1929), engineer and motor vehicle pioneer, developed the first fast-running gasoline engine together with Gottlieb Daimler
Friedrich Stolz (1860–1936), chemist, invented in 1897 a predecessor of aspirin
Siegfried Gumbel (1874–1942), lawyer, alderman (DDP), since 1933 head of the Israelite High Councillor for Württemberg in Stuttgart, died in Dachau concentration camp
Theodor Heuss (1884–1963), politician, first President of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949 to 1959)
Hellmuth Hirth (1886–1938), aviation pioneer, aircraft and airship builder
Richard Drauz (1894–1946) in Landsberg Lech (executed as a war criminal), headed up the NSDAP in the Heilbronn district
Walter Kreiser (1898–1958), aircraft designer and journalist
Walter Vielhauer (1909–1986), politician (KPD)
Joseph Asher (1921–1990), German-American rabbi
Rolf Wütherich (1927–1981), passenger of the fatal car accident of James Dean
Heinz A. Richter (born 1939), historian to the specialty Greece and Cyprus
Dieter Schwarz (born 1939), entrepreneur and owner of the Schwarz-Gruppe. (Kaufland, Lidl)
Rosemarie Haag Bletter (born 1939), German-American architectural historian
Andrzej Seweryn (born 1946), Polish actor
Jürgen Schreiber (born 1947), journalist
Heide Rühle (born 1948), politician (Greens) MEP, Federal President of the Greens 1990–1991
Thomas Roth (born 1951), journalist, retired TV-presenter Tagesthemen
Freddy Sahin-Scholl (born 1953 as Freddy Scholl), singer and composer
Michael Wittmann (born 1956), musicologist
Falk Struckmann (born 1958), opera singer (baritone)
Joachim Schlör (born 1960), professor, author of Jewish history
Thomas Strobl (born 1960), politician (CDU) Member of Bundestag
Michael Georg Link (born 1963), politician (FDP) Member of Bundestag
Michael Wenczel (born 1977), football player
Sibel Kekilli (born 1980), German actress
Michael Hackert (born 1981), professional ice hockey player NHL
Corey Mapes (born 1992), hockey player
Daniel Fischbuch (born 1993), hockey player
Other notable residents
Martinus von Biberach (d. 1498), theologian, writer of famous epitaph
Christian Friedrich Duttenhofer (1742–1814), theologian, pastor and prelate in Heilbronn
Karl Mayer (1786–1870), poet, lived for a time in Heilbronn
Louis Mayer (1791–1843), landscape painter lived for a time in Heilbronn
Carl Heinrich Theodor Knorr (1800–1875), founder of the food business Knorr
Alexander Bruckmann (1806–1852), historical and portrait painter, lived for a time in Heilbronn
Gustav Rümelin (1815–1889), politician, lived and worked temporarily in Heilbronn
Kilian von Steiner (1833–1903), banker, was lawyer in Heilbronn
Max Eyth (1836–1906), writer, studied in Heilbronn
Karl Nicolai (1839–1892) German magistrate and politician, from 1881 onwards Official notary in Heilbronn
Max Cramer (1859–1933), teacher and genealogist in Heilbronn
Theophil Wurm (1868–1953), prelate of Heilbronn 1927–29
Ernst August Wagner (1874–1938), mass murderer, convicted and temporarily detained in Heilbronn
Ernst Jaeckh (1875–1959), 1902–1912 editor of Neckar-Zeitung
Oskar Dirlewanger (1895–1945), deputy director since 1933 of the Heilbronner labor office, later Waffen-SS officer and war criminal
Emanuel H. Bronner (1908–1997), maker of Dr. Bronner's castile soap
Walter Vielhauer (1909–1986), politician, mayor
Marla Glen (born 1960), singer, living in Heilbronn since 1998
Heilbronn, notable people of
Heilbronn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Heilbronn |
Kathy Rinaldi-Stunkel (born March 24, 1967) is a former professional American tennis player, who retired in September 1997. In her career, she won three singles and two doubles titles on the WTA Tour, and reached the semifinals of the 1985 Wimbledon Championships.
Career
Rinaldi reached her highest career ranking on May 26, 1986, when she was ranked world No. 7. The recipient of WTA Most Impressive Newcomer Award in 1981 and WTA Comeback Player of the Year Award in 1989, she had career wins over top players such as Steffi Graf, Jana Novotná, Sue Barker, Pam Shriver, Hana Mandlíková, Wendy Turnbull, Manuela Maleeva, Dianne Fromholtz, Helena Suková, Claudia Kohde-Kilsch, Zina Garrison, Sylvia Hanika, Kathy Jordan, Jo Durie, and Natasha Zvereva.
Rinaldi was the youngest player to win a match at Wimbledon (14 years, 91 days) in 1981, a record that stood until 1990. After the 1987 French Open, she suffered a freak injury in Monte Carlo, slipping on stairs, and in trying to catch herself, fracturing her right thumb. This injury sidelined her for rest of the year. She was a member of the US Wightman Cup Team in 1983, 1985, and 1986.
Fed Cup
In December 2016, Rinaldi was appointed as the captain of the United States Fed Cup team, succeeding Mary Joe Fernandez. In her first year as Fed Cup captain, the U.S. won the 2017 Fed Cup.
Family
Rinaldi married Brad Stunkel, her high school sweetheart, on December 11, 1993, and adopted his surname. She gave birth to a son, Bradley Benton Stunkel Jr., on February 8, 1995. The family currently resides in Palm City, Florida.
Awards and recognitions
1981: WTA Most Impressive Newcomer of the Year
1989: WTA Comeback of the Year
WTA career finals
Singles: 7 (3–4)
Doubles: 12 (2–10)
Grand Slam singles performance timeline
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
American female tennis players
American people of Italian descent
People from Palm City, Florida
Sportspeople from Martin County, Florida
Tennis people from Florida
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy%20Rinaldi |
The Ounce River is a tributary of the Totagatic River in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States. Via the Totagatic, Namekagon and St. Croix rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. It rises in southwestern Bayfield County and flows southwestwardly into southeastern Douglas County, where it joins the Totagatic.
The U.S. Board on Geographic Names settled on "Ounce River" as the stream's name in 1938. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as the "Ounse River", "Owense River", shortened from "Totacaticonce River" and "Totogaticanse River", thereby meaning "Small Totagatic River", where "Totogatic River" (Doodoogaatig-ziibi in the Ojibwemowin) means "River of Boggy Riverway"; thus, Dootoogaatigoons-ziibi means a "River of a Small and Boggy Riverway." The suffix ens on a consonant stemmed word or oons on a w-stemmed word in Ojibwemowin indicates "little" or "small".
See also
List of rivers of Wisconsin
References
DeLorme (1992). Wisconsin Atlas & Gazetteer. Freeport, Maine: DeLorme. .
Rivers of Wisconsin
Rivers of Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Douglas County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounce%20River |
The 1955 Pan American Games opened on March 12, 1955, in the University Stadium (now Olympic Stadium) in Mexico City, Mexico, in front of a capacity crowd of 100,000 spectators.
A total number of 2,583 athletes from 22 nations marched in review and formed ranks upon the infield. The nations paraded into the stadium in Spanish alphabetical order: Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, El Salvador, United States, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Mexico. The hot sun, combined with the high altitude, caused two members of the U.S. team to collapse. Both quickly recovered.
Host city selection
On March 6, 1951, the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) selected Mexico City over Guatemala City to host the II Pan American Games. Seventeen of the eighteen countries participated in the vote, with El Salvador abstaining. Guatemala City received two votes, one from Guatemala and one from Mexico, and Mexico City received the remaining fifteen votes.
Medal table
Sports
Cycling ()
Road (2)
Track (3)
Gymnastics ()
Artistic (12)
References
External links
Mexico City 1955 - II Pan American Games - Official Report at PanamSports.org | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20Pan%20American%20Games |
Symmes Township, Ohio may refer to:
Symmes Township, Hamilton County, Ohio
Symmes Township, Lawrence County, Ohio
Ohio township disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmes%20Township%2C%20Ohio |
Tim Ware (born October 26, 1948) is an American composer and musician, born in Sacramento, California. He is also the owner of HyperArts, a Web design and development company located in the San Francisco Bay Area, in Oakland, California.
The Tim Ware Group
Tim Ware came to prominence with the release, in 1980, of The Tim Ware Group on Kaleidoscope Records. The Tim Ware Group, working with a number of other talented San Francisco Bay Area musicians, helped define the emerging genre of New Acoustic Music. The band featured Tim, who also composed all the music, on mandolin and guitar, Bob Alekno on guitar and mandolin, John Tenney on violin, Sharon O'Connor on cello and Kenneth Miller on acoustic bass. The album also featured David Grisman, Darol Anger and Mike Marshall on the mandolin quartet piece "Spiral Moons" (which Rosanne Cash cited as one of her favorite tunes in a Down Beat magazine article from that period). In the spring of 1980, "Spiral Moons" had its world premiere at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco, performed by Tim, Darol, Mike, and Mark O'Connor, and a few months later, this same quartet reprised that performance at the Kuumbwa Jazz Center in Santa Cruz, California. The album photography was done by former Rolling Stone chief photographer Baron Wolman.
The Tim Ware Group released their second album, Shelter From The Norm, on Rounder Records, with David Balakrishnan replacing John Tenney on violin. Although the Tim Ware Group, in the mandolin-based edition, disbanded in 1985, the music generates interest to this day (Tim was featured as Artist of the Week on the Mandozine website.). The album cover art was designed and created by noted designer and artist Michael Cronan.
The Tim Ware Group, v.2
In 1985, Tim formed the Tim Ware Group v2, with Tim playing guitar, David Balakrishnan (now in The Turtle Island String Quartet) on violin, George Brooks on saxophone, Mark van Wageningen on electric bass and the late Paul van Wageningen on drums. The band toured and recorded and disbanded in 1995.
In 1992, Tim composed "Los Surf" for inclusion on the debut album by Teisco Del Rey (aka Dan Forte), "The Many Moods of Teisco Del Rey." And in 1996, Tim reimagined "The Theme From Lawrence of Arabia" as a classic surf music epic, which was featured on Teisco's second release, "Teisco Del Rey Plays Music For Lovers."
HyperArts Web Design
In 1997, Tim started HyperArts Web Design, which remains a thriving business, developing websites and Facebook Fan Pages for clients such as Bare Escentuals, Autodesk, Popchips, UC San Francisco, and many others.
Tim is also the creator and curator of ThomasPynchon.com and PynchonWiki.com, the Web's largest and most popular resources for American novelist Thomas Pynchon. In 2000, Tim was interviewed for and featured in a feature-length documentary on the seldom-seen American author.
Soundtrack Composition
In recent years, Tim has scored and performed the soundtracks for several Oregon Public Broadcasting documentaries, two of which have won Emmy Awards, and he continues to experiment with musical sound. In 2006, his music was used as the soundtrack for the BBC Radio 4 drama Monkeyface. In 2018, Tim was nominated for a Regional Emmy (Alaska-Pacific Northwest) for the musical score he composed and performed for the Oregon Public Broadcasting documentary "Broken Treaties" (2017), produced by Eric Cain.
Current Musical Pursuits
In 2005, a "greatest hits" CD consisting of digitally remastered tunes from the Tim Ware Group's two albums was released by Menus and Music, a publishing company started by Sharon O'Connor.
Tim is currently at work on a full-length CD of surf and surf-inspired music.
Discography
The Tim Ware Group – 1980 Kaleidoscope Records
Shelter From The Norm – 1983 Rounder/Varrick
New Acoustic Music – 1985 Rounder/Ryko (one track)
The Many Moods of Teisco Del Rey – 1992 Rounder Records (Composer)
Plectrasonics – Nashville Mandolin Ensemble – 1995 CMH (Composer)
Teisco Del Rey Plays Music For Lovers – 1996 Upstart Records (Composer)
Baroque Brazilian & Contemporary – Enigmatica – 2004 Uncommon Strings (Composer)
References
External links
Tim Ware Playlist (MP3s)
The Tim Ware Group
Mandozine Artist of the Week
"Spiral Moons" (live)
HyperArts Web Design
Menus and Music
ThomasPynchon.com
Pynchon Wiki
Pynchon Wiki Article
David Foster Wallace's Infinite Jest - the Wiki
1948 births
Living people
American mandolinists
American jazz composers
Musicians from Sacramento, California
American jazz mandolinists
Jazz mandolinists
Jazz musicians from California
American male jazz composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Ware |
Box-Death Hollow Wilderness is a wilderness area located in south-central Utah, United States, on the Dixie National Forest. Vertical gray-orange walls of Navajo sandstone stand above two canyon tributaries of the Escalante River in Box-Death Hollow. The name Death Hollow gives reference to a number of livestock that plunged to their death trying to cross the steep canyon.
Running north-south through a steeply dipping monocline, Pine Creek forms the box canyon (a canyon accessible only at the lower end) known as "The Box". Death Hollow Creek, east of The Box, has carved its way through a gently dipping monocline. Raging waters often flood these canyon narrows after a rain. Pinyon and juniper cover many of the plateaus above the canyons. Brown and rainbow trout are plentiful in Pine Creek and in portions of Sand Creek. Along the creek banks, you may see mule deer, an occasional cougar, or even elk in winter. Three bird species listed by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources as "sensitive" can be found in the wilderness: Lewis's woodpecker, the western bluebird, and the mountain bluebird. Nine miles of trail run the distance of "the Box", while hiking in the remainder of this wilderness requires following drainages or undesignated routes.
The larger Phipps-Death Hollow area, a Bureau of Land Management wilderness study area, is adjacent to the wilderness on the south. Phipps-Death Hollow is part of the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument.
The Box-Death Hollow Wilderness briefly became the center of controversy during debate over the Utah Wilderness Act of 1984 due to a company that was interested in drilling exploration wells for carbon dioxide. The ridge-top well sites and routes leading to them were cherry-stemmed out of the north side of the legislated boundary, but the project never went into production.
See also
Dixie National Forest
Wilderness
National Wilderness Preservation System
List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
Wilderness Act
References
External links
Protected areas of Garfield County, Utah
Wilderness areas of Utah
Dixie National Forest
1984 establishments in Utah
Protected areas established in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-Death%20Hollow%20Wilderness |
Bwana Mkuu was Sultan of Pate, Kenya, 1688 to 1713. At the time Pate dominated Lamu. Bwana Mkuu set up residency at Lamu, complete with a Lamu lady as one of his wives and a private mosque.
References
Sources
Martin, Chryssee MacCasler Perry and Esmond Bradley Martin: Quest for the Past. An historical guide to the Lamu Archipelago. 1973. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwana%20Mkuu |
The round ligament of the uterus is a ligament that connects the uterus to the labia majora. It originates at the junction of the uterus and uterine tube. It passes through the inguinal canal to insert at the labium majus.
The two round ligaments of uterus develop from the gubernaculum; they are the female homologue of the male gubernaculum testis.
Structure
The round ligament of the uterus originates at the uterine horns, in the parametrium. The round ligament exits the pelvis via the deep inguinal ring. It passes through the inguinal canal to reach the labium majus, inserting into the fibro-fatty substance of the labium majus.
Blood supply
The round ligament is supplied by the artery of the round ligament of uterus, also known as Sampson's artery.
Development
The round ligament develops from the gubernaculum which attaches the gonad to the labioscrotal swellings in the embryo.
Function
The round ligament of uterus acts to hold the uterus anterior-ward to in anteflexion and anteversion, especially by counteracting any posterior-ward forces that may be being exerted upon the uterus (e.g. distended bladder, or gravity while in a recumbent position).
Pregnancy
The round ligament maintains anteversion of the uterus during pregnancy. Normally, the cardinal ligament is what supports the uterine angle (angle of anteversion). When the uterus grows during pregnancy, the round ligaments can stretch causing pain.
Additional images
See also
Round ligament pain
References
External links
(, )
Mammal female reproductive system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20ligament%20of%20uterus |
Eggs was an American indie rock band based in Washington, D.C., centered on Andrew Beaujon. The band was formed in 1990 in Richmond, Virginia, United States. They were active in the early to mid 1990s and was signed to prominent indie pop record label TeenBeat Records.
Beaujon had previously appeared with James Gordon Meek in the Virginia Teenbeat rock band Scaley Andrew and the Lizards from Hell. Meek and Beaujon appeared in the Butch Willis biopic documentary Amateur on Plastic.
Discography
Albums
Bruiser (1992) Teenbeat 76
Teenbeat 96 Exploder (1994) Teenbeat 96
How Do You Like Your Lobster? - A Collection Of Crustaceans And Flotsam (compilation of singles, 1995) Teenbeat 156
Singles
"Skyscraper" / "Ocelot" (1992) Teenbeat 66
"Pit with Spikes" / "A Sparkling Mix" (1993) Teenbeat 116
"Sexual Tension" (1993) Jade Tree
"The Government Administrator" / "Sugar Babe" (1993) Hemiola 3
"Genetic Engineering" / "Genetic Engineers" (1994) Teenbeat 136
References
External links
[ AllMusic biography]
Discogs discography
Cduniverse.com entry
Indie rock musical groups from Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs%20%28band%29 |
This is a complete list of cities in Ukraine. As of 1 January 2022, there are 461 cities () in Ukraine. City status is granted by the Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament. The city status is only partially related to the size of a populated place in Ukraine.
Smaller settlements are urban-type settlements (comparable to towns in English-speaking countries) and villages ().
Historically, there were systems of city rights, granted by the territorial lords, which defined the status of a place as a misto or selo. In the past, cities were self-governing and had several privileges.
The list of cities is ordered by 2021 estimates of population and compared to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, except for Chernobyl for which population is an unofficial estimate. The cities with special status are shown in italic.
List of cities
Jump to table of cities
See also
Geography of Ukraine
ISO 3166-2:UA
List of cities in Donetsk Oblast
List of places named after people (Ukraine)
References
External links
Regions of Ukraine and their composition
2001 Ukrainian census, Population Structure
Cities
Ukraine
Demographics of Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20cities%20in%20Ukraine |
Pamela Casale-Telford (née Casale; born December 20, 1963) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
The right-hander reached her highest career ranking on October 15, 1984, when she became number fourteen in the world. Her best Grand Slam result was the fourth round at the 1986 French Open at Roland Garros.
External links
1963 births
Living people
American female tennis players
Sportspeople from Camden, New Jersey
Tennis people from New Jersey
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%20Casale |
Leopold Henrik Stanislaus Mechelin (24 November 1839 – 26 January 1914), known as Leo Mechelin, was a Finnish politician, professor, liberal reformer and businessman. A leading defender of the autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Finland, and of the rights of women and minorities, Mechelin's 1905–1908 government
("Mechelin's Senate") made Finland the first nation in the world with the universal right to vote and to be elected. During his period in office the freedom of expression, the press, and of assembly were introduced. Mechelin was born and died in Helsinki, Finland.
Career
He also founded the Liberal Party of Finland (1880–1885), wrote its program, was one of the founders of the Union Bank of Finland 1862 (now part of Nordea Bank) and co-founded the Nokia Company (1871) with Fredrik Idestam, was the first chairman of the town council of Helsinki (1875–1876 and 1892–1899) and an internationally respected expert on politology and member of peace movement. Emperor Alexander II ennobled Mechelin 1876.
Mechelin led the passive resistance in Finland during the first period of oppression (1899–1905) until and even after his banishment (1903), from which officials had to let him return as a member of parliament (House of Nobles) 1904, welcomed by a celebrating crowd of 10,000 people. In a secret meeting of the Kagaali, Mechelin had written a petition against the draft of Finns to the Russian army, which collected almost 500,000 signatures. His coalition, the Constitutionals, managed to end the draft through boycott.
Biography
Born in Hamina in 1839, the son of Gustaf Johan Mechelin and Amanda Gustava Costiander, Leo Mechelin studied at the University of Helsinki, gaining his bachelor's and master's degrees in philosophy in 1860, a bachelor's degree in law in 1864, and a license and doctorate in 1873.
As professor of jurisdiction and politology 1874–82, Mechelin had argued that the tsars were bound by the old constitutional laws from the time of the Swedish rule of Finland (before 1809), and hence affirmed that Finland was a separate, constitutional state, which the tsar could only rule by law, whereas in Russia he had absolute power.
During the periods of oppression, the tsar tried to impose unconstitutional laws, which Mechelin opposed. The unrests in Russia and Finland (1905) finally compelled the tsar to comply with the November Manifesto written by Mechelin. This allowed Mechelin to form a government (1905–1908) and to transform Finland into what was in many respects the first liberal democracy (e.g., in New Zealand women already had the right to vote but not to be voted into office; in Australia only white people had those rights) in 1906. In 1907, the first universal elections to the one-chamber parliament ("eduskunta") were held, and 19 of its 200 first members were women. However, the constitutionals of all parties did not obtain the majority of seats, and the tsar realised that he could carry on with the oppression, starting the second period of oppression (1908–1917). After Mechelin's death (in 1914), the two revolutions in Russia allowed Finland to declare its independence (1917) and Mechelin's younger co-workers were able to complete his work.
Nokia, once a world-leading mobile phone corporation, was founded by Mechelin and his student days' roommate Fredrik Idestam as a forestry company.
Later, Mechelin's wish to expand into the electricity business was at first thwarted by Idestam's opposition, but Mechelin managed to convince most shareholders of his plans and became the company chairman (1898–1914), thus being able to realise his visions.
Mechelin was active in civil society and President of the current University of Art and Design Helsinki and of the Finnish Art Society. As a politician he was always highly respected among all parties and citizens, although after the dissolution of the Liberal Party (1885) he never joined any other party. Mechelin demanded peaceful nonviolent resistance and did not bend even during hard times.
Leo Mechelin has received several accolades and honorary dedications following the Russian revolutions and the Finnish Declaration of Independence, including several streets named after him such as Mechelininkatu (in Helsinki) and Mechelinintie (in Hamina).
Finnish sculptor Walter Runeberg made a sculpture of Mechelin's bust for his 70th birthday. Today the statue sits on the steps to the House of the Estates, which is a major governmental building in central Helsinki.
One of his siblings was the opera singer Emilie Mechelin.
References
Eduskunta - edustajamatrikkeli
Specific
Further reading
1839 births
1914 deaths
People from Hamina
People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
19th-century Finnish politicians
Swedish People's Party of Finland politicians
Finnish senators
Members of the Diet of Finland
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1910–1911)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1911–1913)
Anti-Russification activists
Grand Duchy of Finland
Nokia people
Finnish political scientists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Mechelin |
ʿUtbah ibn Rabīʿah () (), also known as Abū al-Walīd () was one of the prominent pagan leaders of the Quraysh during the era of Muhammad. He is the father of Abu Hudhayfa ibn 'Utba, Walid ibn Utbah, Hind bint Utbah and father-in-law of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb. Utbah was killed by Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib in the Battle of Badr.
Family
Utbah's father was Rabi'ah ibn Abd Shams and his mother was Atiqa bint Abdul Uzza from Banu Amir ibn Luay. He also had a brother named Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah. His mother was Suhayl ibn Amr's sister. Later on, Utbah's son, Abu Hudhayfa married Suhayl's daughter, Sahla, who bore him a son named Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa and with whom he adopted Salim Mawla Abu Hudhayfa as a son, thefore making them the grandchildren of both Utbah ibn Rabi'ah and his stepmother's father, Suhayl ibn Amr.His children were; Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utbah, Walid ibn Utbah, Hind bint Utbah.
Death
Utbah was killed in the battle of Badr, as narrated in the hadith collection of Sunan Abi Dawud. In it, Ali ibn Abi Talib is quoted saying:
(At the battle of Badr) Utbah ibn Rabi'ah came forward followed by his son and his brother and cried out: "Which of you shall challenge us in a traditional 3 champions' combat duel?" Some young men of the Ansars responded to his call. Utbah asked them: "Who are you?" They told him. He responded: "You are brave indeed. However, we expect to face our peers, our equals, your allies from Quraish who have betrayed us!" Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib took out his sword and summoned two of us to join him, me and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith. Hamza headed straight towards Utbah. After few blows, Utbah was lying on the ground.
The battle began with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat. Three of the Ansar emerged from the Muslim ranks, only to be shouted back by the Meccans, who were nervous about starting any unnecessary feuds and only wanted to fight the Quraishi Muslims. So Hamza approached forward and called on Ubayda and Ali to join him. The Muslims dispatched the Meccan champions in a three-on-three melee. Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib killed his opponent Utbah ibn Rabi'ah; Ali ibn Abi Talib killed his opponent Walid ibn Utba; Ubaydah ibn al-Harith was wounded by his opponent Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah, but eventually killed him. So this was a victorious traditional 3 on 3 combat for the Muslims.
Now both armies began striking arrows and attacking at each other. A few Muslims and an unknown number of Quraish warriors were killed. Before the real attack began, Muhammad had given orders for the Muslims to attack with their ranged weapons, and only engage the Quraish with melee weapons when they advanced. Now he gave the order to charge, throwing a handful of pebbles at the Meccans in what was probably a traditional Arabian gesture while yelling "Defaced be those faces!" The Muslim army yelled "Yā manṣūr amit!" "O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!" and rushed the Quraishi lines. Later on Hamza was killed by Washi Ibn al-Harb as a revenge.
Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib
See also
List of expeditions of Muhammad
References
560s births
624 deaths
6th-century Arab people
Opponents of Muhammad
People killed at the Battle of Badr
Year of birth unknown
Banu Abd Shams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utbah%20ibn%20Rabi%27ah |
11AM (also known as Eleven AM) is an Australian news magazine television program that aired on the Seven Network from 11 am AEST to midday from 1975 to 1999.
Overview
The hour-long news magazine program started on 13 October 1975 with Roger Climpson presenting, with a number of high-profile presenters since, including Clive Robertson, Steve Liebmann, Vincent Smith, Paul Lyneham, Kerry O'Brien, Don Willesee, Helen Wellings, Richard Zachariah, Ann Sanders and Sonia Kruger, among others. Ross Symonds, Darren McDonald, Melissa Doyle and Cameron Williams all featured as news presenters throughout the shows life.
Its most famous presenter was comedian Graham Kennedy.
It last aired on 28 May 1999, presented by Melissa Doyle, who was filling in for Anne Fulwood (who had already moved to Seven News Melbourne) and Andrew Daddo. Fulwood went on to co-anchor Seven News in Melbourne with David Johnston, and Daddo to present entertainment programs. 11AM was the forerunner to Seven Morning News, Sunrise and The Morning Show.
References
1970s Australian television series
1982 Australian television series debuts
1999 Australian television series endings
Australian television news shows
Seven News | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11AM%20%28TV%20program%29 |
Miami Township, Ohio may refer to:
Miami Township, Clermont County, Ohio
Miami Township, Greene County, Ohio
Miami Township, Hamilton County, Ohio
Miami Township, Logan County, Ohio
Miami Township, Montgomery County, Ohio
See also
Miami Township (disambiguation)
Ohio township disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami%20Township%2C%20Ohio |
Bwana Tamu was Sultan of Pate, Kenya, from 1713.
He decided to wage a war on Lamu in order to get the guns that the Portuguese had buried on Lamu Island, on Hedabu Hill. However, his boats were overloaded with fire-arms and they sank on the way to Lamu.
References
Sources
Martin, Chryssee MacCasler Perry and Esmond Bradley Martin: Quest for the Past. An historical guide to the Lamu Archipelago. 1973.
18th-century monarchs in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwana%20Tamu |
Beeman's algorithm is a method for numerically integrating ordinary differential equations of order 2, more specifically Newton's equations of motion . It was designed to allow high numbers of particles in simulations of molecular dynamics. There is a direct or explicit and an implicit variant of the method. The direct variant was published by Schofield in 1973 as a personal communication from Beeman. This is what is commonly known as Beeman's method. It is a variant of the Verlet integration method. It produces identical positions, but uses a different formula for the velocities. Beeman in 1976 published a class of implicit (predictor–corrector) multi-step methods, where Beeman's method is the direct variant of the third-order method in this class.
Equation
The formula used to compute the positions at time in the full predictor-corrector scheme is:
Predict from data at times
.
Correct position and velocities at time from data at times by repeated evaluation of the differential equation to get the acceleration and of the equations of the implicit system
In tests it was found that this corrector step needs to be repeated at most twice. The values on the right are the old values of the last iterations, resulting in the new values on the left.
Using only the predictor formula and the corrector for the velocities one obtains a direct or explicit method which is a variant of the Verlet integration method:
This is the variant that is usually understood as Beeman's method.
Beeman also proposed to alternatively replace the velocity update in the last equation by the second order Adams–Moulton method:
where
is present time (i.e.: independent variable)
is the time step size
is the position at time t
is the velocity at time t
is the acceleration at time t, computed as a function of
the last term is the error term, using the big O notation
Predictor–corrector modifications
In systems where the forces are a function of velocity in addition to position, the above equations need to be modified into a predictor–corrector form whereby the velocities at time are predicted and the forces calculated, before producing a corrected form of the velocities.
An example is:
The velocities at time are then calculated (predicted) from the positions.
The accelerations at time are then calculated from the positions and predicted velocities, and the velocities are corrected.
Error term
As shown above, the local error term is for position and velocity, resulting in a global error of . In comparison, Verlet is for position and velocity. In exchange for greater accuracy, Beeman's algorithm is moderately computationally more expensive.
Memory requirements
The simulation must keep track of position, velocity, acceleration and previous acceleration vectors per particle (though some clever workarounds for storing the previous acceleration vector are possible), keeping its memory requirements on par with velocity Verlet and slightly more expensive than the original Verlet method.
References
Numerical differential equations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeman%27s%20algorithm |
Domus Mundi is the first album by Austrian symphonic death metal band Hollenthon, released by Napalm Records in 1999. The lyrics for "Reprisal - Malis Avibus" are based on Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Peter Bell the Third".
Track listing
Music by Martin Schirenc, lyrics by Elena Schirenc.
"Enrapture - Hinc Illae Lacrimae" - 5:33
"Homage - Magni Nominis Umbra" - 6:05
"Vestige - Non Omnis Moriar" - 7:18
"Lure - Pallida Mors" - 4:15
"Interlude - Ultima Ratio Regum" - 3:47
"Reprisal - Malis Avibus" - 4:26
"Premonition - Lex Talionis" - 4:59
"Eclipse - Vita Nova" - 8:49
Personnel
Hollenthon
Martin Schirenc - vocals, guitars, bass, keyboards
Mike Gröger - drums and percussion
Elena Schirenc - vocals
Production
Martin Schirenc - producer, engineer, mixing and mastering, cover concept and layout
References
Hollenthon albums
1999 debut albums
Napalm Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus%20Mundi |
The University Mall, often referred to as the U-Mall, is an enclosed shopping mall in South Burlington, Vermont. The name refers to its proximity to the University of Vermont. At , it is the largest shopping mall in Vermont and is one of two enclosed malls in the Burlington metropolitan area. JCPenney, Kohl's, and Target are the anchor stores. It also features an H&M. The mall encompasses 77 shops, including two sit-down restaurants, and a food court. KeyPoint Partners, LLC of Burlington, Massachusetts is the mall's management company.
History
Construction of the University Mall was completed in 1979. Original anchors were Almy's and Zayre. Zayre relocated to a freestanding store in the mall in 1987 and an expansion took over the old Zayre in 1989 connecting the new Zayre. Zayre was rebranded as Ames the same year. Almy's closed in 1987 and became Steinbach in 1992. The mall got a second expansion in 1992 with JCPenney becoming the third anchor. The mall got a third expansion in 1998 with a 2-story Sears becoming the fourth anchor, plus a 4-story parking garage. Steinbach closed in 1999 and became The Bon-Ton the same year. Ames closed in 2002 following their Chapter 7 bankruptcy and became Kohl's in April 2004. The mall was renovated in 2005.
On October 18, 2017, it was announced that regional division The Bon-Ton would be closing in January 2018.
On October 19, 2017, Target announced that they will be opening a small-format store and their first store in Vermont in the former Bon-Ton on October 19, 2018.
On November 7, 2019, it was announced Sears would be closing.
Operations
The rental per square foot is proprietary information. Average pro-rata tax payment for a non-anchor store is about $2 per .
As of January 2015, mall management reported that the mall was fully tenanted with the exception of two food court spaces.
Tenants
The University Mall has an array of stores and areas to eat. Various national retailers have their only Burlington, Vermont area store within the mall, including the four current anchor stores. In 2009, Vermont's first International House of Pancakes opened here, becoming the mall's second sit-down restaurant. There is also a food court in the center of the mall.
References
External links
University Mall website
Buildings and structures in South Burlington, Vermont
Shopping malls in Vermont
Shopping malls established in 1979
Tourist attractions in Chittenden County, Vermont
1979 establishments in Vermont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20Mall%20%28Vermont%29 |
Montfort Senior Secondary School, Delhi, is an unaided Christian minority school administered by the Society of the Brothers of St. Gabriel. It has a branch located in DELHI The institution was established in the year 1970. The school is named after Saint Louis de Montfort, a French priest and Catholic saint. It is a co-educational school and is affiliated to CBSE. The School is recognised by the Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi (CBSE). The students are prepared for All-India Secondary and Senior Secondary Examinations conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.
Presently Bro. Thampy Alex is the principal of Montfort School, Delhi.
This school is also under guidance of St. Nicklas Bendtner
Society of Brothers St. Gabriel
Montfort Senior Secondary School is a Catholic minority unaided institution run by the registered Society of the Brothers of St. Gabriel with its headquarters at Rome and zonal headquarters in Bhopal. The society has institutions spread all over the globe in 33 countries. The Society runs about 120 institutions including schools, technical training institutes, orphanages, institutions for the differently abled (deaf, dumb and blind) and homes for the aged. The Society is also engaged in rural development programs and other programs for empowering the urban poor through Peoples’ Initiative Network.
Campus and infrastructure
As of 2015, the school has an intake of 152 students in pre-nursery. Min age of admission is 3+ years. Admission process generally starts in January. Most of the classes have 4 sections each with every section having about 40 students. Annual fees (as of 2015) are in the range of Rs. 45,000 to Rs. 50,000 per annum.
School facilities include a library for the middle and senior classes, a library cum reading room for the primary students, computer labs, language labs, and labs for different science subjects, two auditoriums and a swimming pool.
The school also runs the Montfort Nursery, a small preparatory school in Shalimar Bagh, Delhi.
Faculty
As of 2012, the school had 14 postgraduate teachers, 33 trained graduate teachers, and 40 primary school teachers.
School activities
The school organizes various events throughout the year, some of which are:
Music Carnival (Inter-school Music Fest)
G@teway (Inter-school IT Fest)
Mont-ex (Montfort Exhibition - Generally organized in the month of January)
Various activities are organized at the intra-school level nearly every week.
The school has a club system that comprises societies such as Music Club and Dramatics Club. Clubs such as the Computer Club and the Nature Club have won laurels for the school at various inter-school competitions and national as well as international levels. The Basketball club has teams at various levels for both boys and girls.
Converge Clan is the school's computer club.
Students have done well at competitive examinations such as the Olympiads and NSTSE. Students from Montfort had been National-level participants at the National Children's Science Congress for 15 consecutive years in a stretch. Montfortian students have represented India in international events/conferences in Geneva, Switzerland and Manila, Philippines.
Recognition
The school shared the honor of being the "Best School in North Delhi" in the Hindustan Times Survey 2010 with DPS Rohini.
It also stood at no.2 in 2012 & at no. 4 in 2013 as per Hindustan Times- C fore Top Schools Survey for North Delhi schools
Notable alumni
Pulkit Samrat, actor
Prachi Tehlan, former captain of India national netball team
See also
Education in India
Education in Delhi
List of schools in Delhi
CBSE
References
External links
Official site
Converge Clan, The Computer Club
Top 10 Schools - North Delhi 2013
Top 10 Schools - North Delhi 2010
Best Schools of Delhi
Top 10 Schools - North Delhi 2009
Brothers of Christian Instruction of St Gabriel schools
Catholic secondary schools in India
High schools and secondary schools in Delhi
Christian schools in Delhi
Educational institutions established in 1970
1970 establishments in Delhi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort%20Senior%20Secondary%20School |
Laura Arraya (born 12 January 1964) is a retired Peruvian tennis player. She was also known by her married name Laura Gildemeister.
Career
At a young age, Argentine-born Arraya emigrated to Peru with her family and acquired Peruvian nationality. She later represented Peru in international matches. Her best result in a Grand Slam was a quarterfinal at Wimbledon in 1991. Her brother Pablo Arraya is =a former tennis player, who reached the top 30 in the Association of Tennis Professionals rankings. In 1984, Arraya married Chilean tennis player Heinz Gildemeister, but they later divorced.
At present, she directs a tennis academy in Lima and in Key Biscayne with her brother Pablo.
When she won the OTB Open in July 1989, she became the first mother since Evonne Goolagong to win a Women's Tennis Association tournament.
WTA Tour finals
Singles: 10 (4–6)
Doubles: 10 (1–9)
Grand Slam singles performance timeline
Other finals
Singles (3-1)
Doubles (2–2)
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Peruvian female tennis players
Tennis players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
21st-century Peruvian women
20th-century Peruvian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Arraya |
Chapmanite is a rare silicate mineral belonging to the nesosilicate group, discovered in 1924, and named in honour of the late Edward John Chapman (1821–1904), a geology professor at the University of Toronto. Chemically, it is an iron antimony silicate, closely related to bismutoferrite, and may contain aluminium impurities. It is closely associated with silver mines, most notably the Keeley mine in Ontario, Canada, found in quartz veinlets containing graphite in gneiss. It takes the form of a powdery, yellow-green, semitransparent solid, and leaves a streak of the same color. Early German texts have referred to the mineral as antimon-hypochlorite.
It was recently rediscovered in the southern hemisphere at the abandoned Argent lead mine in Bushveld series rocks of South Africa.
References
Mineralienatlas
Mindat with location data
Webmineral data
Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
South African discovery Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie-Monatshefte 2000 #2 pages: 85 - 90
Antimony minerals
Iron minerals
Phyllosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 8
Minerals described in 1924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapmanite |
John Taffe (January 30, 1827 – March 14, 1884) was a Nebraska Republican politician.
Biography
He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on January 30, 1827. He passed the bar and moved to the Nebraska Territory in 1856, becoming a member of the Nebraska Territorial House of Representatives from 1858 to 1859 and as the president of the Nebraska Territorial council in 1860 and 1861. During the American Civil War, he enlisted and served as major in the Second Regiment of the Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry. Originally named Captain of Company "I", he was promoted to Major Jan 24, 1863, joining the Field Officers of the entire regiment.
He returned to Omaha, Nebraska, where he was elected to the Fortieth United States Congress from Nebraska. He was re-elected two times serving from March 4, 1867 to March 3, 1873. During the Forty-second United States Congress, he was the chairman on the Committee on Territories.
He resumed his practice of law, becoming receiver of the public land office in North Platte, Nebraska, where he died March 14, 1884. He is buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery in North Omaha.
References
1827 births
1884 deaths
Nebraska lawyers
Union Army officers
Burials at Prospect Hill Cemetery (North Omaha, Nebraska)
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taffe |
Big Bertha (born Ashley Crawford and legally changed to Bertha Crawford) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by John Byrne, the character first appeared in West Coast Avengers vol. 2 #46 (July 1989). Big Bertha belongs to the subspecies of humans called mutants, who are born with superhuman abilities. She is also a member of the Great Lakes Avengers.
Publication history
Big Bertha debuted in West Coast Avengers vol. 2 #46 (July 1989), created by writer and artist John Byrne. She appeared in the 2005 GLX-Mas Special one-shot. She appeared in the 2016 Great Lakes Avengers series. She appeared in the 2018 Fantastic Four series. She appeared in the 2022 Avengers Unlimited Infinity Comic series.
Fictional character biography
Not a lot is known of Bertha's life before she responded to Mr. Immortal's advertisement for a hero team, the team who would become the Great Lakes Avengers. It was revealed in the G.L.A. mini-series that Ashley is in fact a mutant.
When not using her powers, Ashley is a proverbial "big fish in a small pond," being the most famous fashion model in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, her hometown. Although offers have come her way numerous times for more prospective opportunities, she has declined them all, choosing to stay in Milwaukee with the team she considers family.
She was seen in public with the team by Hawkeye and Mockingbird, who later agreed to become their mentors. With the team, she helped Hawkeye and the West Coast Avengers against "That Which Endures." They also assisted Mockingbird in a holding action against Terminus. After aiding the Thunderbolts against the villain Graviton, the team clashed with the mercenary Deadpool.
GLA: Misassembled
During the G.L.A. mini-series, the team took on Maelstrom who was trying to destroy the universe. After Dinah Soar's death, Big Bertha began to think of quitting the team to focus on her modeling career but decided to stay. She later captures Leather Boy, a rejected GLA member, who had infiltrated the team's headquarters disguised as Doctor Doom and killed Mr. Immortal and Monkey Joe, Squirrel Girl's sidekick. During the final battle, she tried to save Flatman from being sucked into a vortex made from the device that Maelstrom created to achieve universal destruction. Fortunately, it turned out that only his clothes had been sucked off and he was merely standing at an extreme angle so he wouldn't be seen naked. After their victory, they returned to their headquarters only to find that Tony Stark had sent a cease and desist notice ordering them to stop using the Avengers name. After discovering that they were all mutants, the team changed their name to the Great Lakes X-Men, complete with new costumes.
GLX-Mas Special
During the GLX-Mas Special, the team confronted Dr. Tannenbaum, who had released an army of living Christmas trees on the citizens of Wisconsin.
Great Lakes Champions
The team participated in a charity superhero poker tournament hosted by the Thing, where Flatman beat their host in the final round. Flatman's status as champion inspired the team to rename themselves the Great Lakes Champions, after being discouraged from affiliation with both the X-Men and the Defenders by members of those teams present at the tournament, ignoring the protests of former Champions of Los Angeles member Hercules.
Civil War/The Initiative
All of the Great Lakes Champions registered with the United States government as required by the Superhuman Registration Act, as revealed when Deadpool mistakenly attempted to apprehend them for violating the Act, only to be defeated and informed that they had already registered.
Big Bertha has been identified as one of the 142 registered superheroes who are part of the Initiative.
Big Bertha and her teammates became the Initiative group in charge of Wisconsin, calling themselves the Great Lakes Initiative. They were given a rescue mission to save Dionysus after he fell from Mount Olympus and was captured by A.I.M., who planned to use his powers to cause mental instability on all the superheroes they consider a threat. During the task, Deadpool ambushes Mr. Immortal and Flatman. Flatman recruited him as a reserve member of the team but the mercenary eventually overstayed his welcome. In an attempt to evict Deadpool from their Initiative-sponsored headquarters, Big Bertha agrees on one date. Confusion reigns as she appears for the date in her slim form. After saving lives in a dockside all-you-can-eat restaurant, Bertha realizes that Deadpool was only attracted to her large form. She lectures him, telling of her experiences of only being valued for her looks in her slim form. In response, Deadpool removes his mask revealing his cancer-scarred face. Bertha promptly vomits in the parking lot, much to Deadpool's chagrin. Later, Squirrel Girl manages to evict Deadpool.
Secret Invasion
During the Secret Invasion storyline, the team confronted a Skrull disguised as Grasshopper, with help from Gravity and Catwalk. While Mr. Immortal was shocked at the discovery, Big Bertha thought that it was ridiculously obvious. They later appeared to welcome Gravity as leader of the team, after he was transferred to Wisconsin by Norman Osborn.
Fear Itself
During the Fear Itself storyline, the team confronts Asbestos Man, who takes advantage of the fear and chaos that is happening. None of the group actually wish to touch the man due to the toxicity of his suit. Mr. Immortal talks him into giving up in return for being remembered by the others.
Great Lakes Avengers (2016 series)
In the ongoing series The Great Lakes Avengers, it is revealed that the team had disbanded and gone their separate ways. Ashley had changed her name legally to Bertha for a more consistent personal brand and officially became a plus size model. She then meets Flatman and Doorman at a diner, after being informed that the GLA has been reinstated as a permanent addition to the Avengers. They relocate to Detroit, Michigan where they meet a girl named Pansy at their new headquarters, a factory owned by Tony Stark. The team then goes to a local bar to try to convince the owner to turn down the music. The owner, named Nain Rogue, instead refuses and begins to insult them, particularly Mr. Immortal and Bertha. Upon getting arrested after a fight, Doorman escapes leaving Flatman and Bertha to deal with a young girl named Goodness Silva who can transform into a werewolf and was attacking the police inside the station. They are later released thanks to Connie Ferrari, despite the accusations of councilman Dick Snerd, who is actually Nain Rouge. Big Bertha was present when Goodness Silva was added to the Great Lakes Avengers where she takes on the name of Good Boy. After the team discovers that Dick Snerd shut them down, Mr. Immortal returns. Bertha exits angrily and takes Doorman and Good Boy to Nain Rogue's bar to find clues. It is later revealed that Mr. Immortal and Bertha dated but broke up due to Mr. Immortal's drinking problems. After Doorman mysteriously disappears upon entering the bar, Bertha and Good Boy discover that Dick Snerd is Nain Rogue, after finding him drunk in his office. Bertha and Good Boy take a drunken Snerd hostage and hear his backstory, or at least partially some of it. Realizing that Snerd has numerous connections and would potentially get back on the streets, Good Boy transforms and brutally assaults Snerd just as Ferrari sees the aftermath of the carnage she inflicted upon him. Later, the team drop off a gravely injured Snerd at the hospital.
After Connie tells the team to lie low for a couple of days, Bertha goes to a modeling gig for a weight-loss product created by Dr. Nod. She then discovers that the gig was a trap set up by Dr. Nod to get a sample of her mutant DNA and use it to improve his product with Bertha's powers. Bertha fights back, but Dr. Nod ingests much of the supplements, becoming a huge monster, and injures her. Bertha sends a text to the rest of her teammates, including Good Boy, and takes some of the supplements herself to fight Dr. Nod. During the battle, Dr. Nod takes more of the supplements, becoming much bigger and monstrous. On Mr. Immortal's suggestion, the team performs a maneuver that has Doorman and Mr. Immortal get inside Dr. Nod's body, where Mr. Immortal manages to kill him by punching his heart. After their victory, the team is visited by Deadpool who tells them that they've been fired and can no longer use the Avengers name, leaving them confused.
Powers and abilities
Big Bertha has the ability to alter her own body's fat contents at will. In this form, she possesses superhuman strength and durability, and is bulletproof. Bertha suggested that these capabilities are actually based on the manipulation of body mass, so she can selectively increase fatty tissues in those specific anatomical parts to control their size. She is able to leap great distances, purge the excess fat from her body through induced vomiting, and retain a slim figure.
In addition to her mutant powers, she is also a wealthy supermodel, formidable unarmed combatant, skilled aircraft pilot, and a proficient card player.
Reception
Critical response
Deirdre Kaye of Scary Mommy called Big Bertha a "role model" and a "truly heroic" female character. Comic Book Resources ranked Big Bertha 2nd in their "Great Lakes Avengers: Every Member" list, 4th in their "Marvel: 10 Most Powerful Members Of The Great Lakes Avengers" list, and 7th in their "Avengers: The 10 Most Powerful Recruits From The Fifty State Initiative" list.
Analysis
Jack Gaul of Comic Book Resources included Big bertha in their "10 Marvel Comics That Accurately Portray Mental Health Conditions" list, writing, "Bertha's transformations require behaviors associated with bulimia. She doesn't eat in excess to grow, but she must induce vomiting if and when she decides to shed the mass, which is always disturbing and likely traumatic. Before she was comfortable as Bertha full-time, Ashley's routine of vomiting to maintain a beauty standard had striking similarities to dysmorphic disorders, despite the drastic physical change it brought."
Other versions
Ultimate Marvel
An alternate version of Big Bertha briefly appears in the Ultimate Universe. She is a Coney Island freak show attraction.
Deadpool MAX
An alternate version of Big Bertha appears on Earth-TRN133. She is a prostitue Deadpool hires for Bob's bachelor party, despite the fact he is not getting married. Bertha claims she does not work for a pimp because "they promote rude behavior", and ends up getting involved in Deadpool and Bob's latest misadventure when other prostitutes begin gunning after them. It's revealed that Weasel was a rival pimp who was trying to off Bertha for stealing their business. In the end Deadpool defeats Weasel and the prostitutes, but leaves Bertha to comically quarrel with another prostitute who was mocking her weight. Later on, Weasel tricks Bertha into coming to his unlicensed medical clinic while setting Bob up under the pretense of giving him plastic surgery to avoid the authorities, as he has become the most wanted fugitive in the United States for the Cincinnati Liquid X incident; what he actually does is transfer Bertha's fat to Bob, in the hopes of ruining both their lives. Bertha, however, maintains her clientele, leaving Weasel humiliated.
In other media
Television
Big Bertha makes a cameo appearance in the Wolverine and the X-Men episode "Greetings From Genosha."
References
External links
Big Bertha at Marvel.com
Avengers (comics) characters
Characters created by John Byrne (comics)
Comics characters introduced in 1989
Female characters in comics
Fictional aviators
Fictional characters from Milwaukee
Fictional characters who can change size
Fictional models
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics female superheroes
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics superheroes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bertha%20%28character%29 |
Ralph W. Tyler (1902–1994) was an American educator who worked in the field of assessment and evaluation. He served on or advised a number of bodies that set guidelines for the expenditure of federal funds and influenced the underlying policy of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Tyler chaired the committee that developed the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). He has been called by some as "the father of educational evaluation and assessment".
Early life and education
Tyler was born on April 22, 1902, in Chicago to a professional family. His maternal grandfather was in the Civil War and had been appointed as a judge in Washington by president Ulysses S. Grant. His father, William Augustus Tyler, had been raised in a farm, and had become a doctor. Deeply religious, there came a time when both of Tyler's parents thought that the medical profession was too lucrative and that they should realign their priorities, at which point his father became a Congregational minister. As the sixth of eight children, Tyler grew up in Nebraska where he recalled having to trap animals for food and wear donated clothing. He worked at various jobs while growing up, including his first job at age twelve in a creamery.
Tyler went to college during the day and worked as a telegraph operator for the railroad at night. He received his bachelor's degree in 1921 at the age of 19 from Doane College in Crete, Nebraska. There was a time when Tyler wanted to become a missionary in Rhodesia, but he declined because he had no formal instruction in ministry, unlike his younger brother who had gone to Yale Divinity School. However, later all the brothers pursued a career in the field of education.
His first teaching job was as a high school science teacher in Pierre, South Dakota. In 1923, Tyler wrote a science test for high school students which helped him "see the holes in testing only for memorization." He earned his master's degree from the University of Nebraska in 1923 and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1927.
His graduate work at the University of Chicago connected him with notable educators Charles Judd and W. W. Charters, whose ideas influenced Tyler’s later work in curriculum development and evaluation. Tyler’s first appointment was at the University of North Carolina in 1927, where he worked with state teachers to improve curricula. Later in 1927, Tyler joined the faculty at Ohio State University, where he refined his innovative approach to testing while working with Charters, who was the director of the university's Bureau of Educational Research. Tyler helped Ohio State University faculty to improve their teaching and increase student retention. He is credited with coining the term, "evaluation," for aligning measurement and testing with educational objectives. Because his concept of evaluation consisted of gathering comprehensive evidence of learning rather than just paper and pencil tests, Tyler might even be viewed as an early proponent of portfolio assessment.
Eight-Year Study
Tyler headed the evaluation staff of the "Eight-Year Study" (1933–1941), a national program, involving 30 secondary schools and 300 colleges and universities, that addressed narrowness and rigidity in high school curricula. He first gained prominence in 1938 when he was lured by Robert Maynard Hutchins from Ohio State University to the University of Chicago to continue his work there. In 1953, Tyler became the first director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, a position he held until his retirement in 1967.
Thoughts on curriculum
A decade after completing his work with the Eight-Year Study, Tyler formalized his thoughts on viewing, analyzing and interpreting the curriculum and instructional program of an educational institution in Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction (1949). This book was a bestseller and has since been reprinted in 36 editions, shaping curriculum and instructional design to this day. The book laid out a deceptively simple structure for delivering and evaluating instruction consisting of four parts that became known as the Tyler Rationale:
What educational purposes should the school seek to attain? (Defining appropriate learning objectives.)
How can learning experiences be selected which are likely to be useful in attaining these objectives? (Introducing useful learning experiences.)
How can learning experiences be organized for effective instruction? (Organizing experiences to maximize their effect.)
How can the effectiveness of learning experiences be evaluated? (Evaluating the process and revising the areas that were not effective.)
In this book, Tyler describes learning as taking place through the action of the student. "It is what he does that he learns, not what the teacher does" (Tyler p. 63).
Educational advisor
Tyler advised President Truman on reforming the curriculum at the service academies in 1952 and, under Eisenhower, chaired the President’s Conference on Children and Youth. The Johnson Administration used Tyler’s advice to shape many of its education bills and programs.
Tyler was named founding director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in 1954 and held that position through 1967. The center was originally envisioned as a five-year project, but later became an ongoing independent institution that would eventually claim to have supported over 2,000 leading scientists and scholars. As a member of the governing board, Tyler is credited with playing a critical role in determining the character of the center as a new type of educational institution.
In 1964, the Carnegie Corporation asked Tyler to chair the committee that would eventually develop the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in 1969. Before this time, Tyler wrote, "no comprehensive and dependable data about the educational attainments of our [young] people" were available.
Ralph Tyler also contributed to educational agencies such as the National Science Board, the Research and Development Panel of the U.S. Office of Education, the National Advisory Council on Disadvantaged Children, the Social Science Research Foundation, the Armed Forces Institute, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Ralph Tyler also served the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) and helped publish its Fundamental Curriculum Decisions in 1983.
Late life and legacy
Tyler formally retired in 1967 from the Center for Advanced Study, but he later became president of the System Development Foundation in San Francisco in 1969, which supported basic research in information sciences. He was also on many other commissions, committees, and foundations. He was on the National Advisory Council on Education for Disadvantaged Children, a panel to study SAT scores, and was also the chairman on the Exploratory Committee on Assessing Progress on Education.
After his retirement, Tyler maintained an active life as a lecturer and consultant. He was a visiting professor at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and he advised on evaluation and curriculum in Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel and Sweden. Tyler was reported to have remained strongly optimistic about the future of education, right up until the end of his life.
Tyler believed in the social role of religion and remained a member of the First Congregational Church of Palo Alto, to which he paid contributions. However, he refused to adhere to fundamentalism.
Tyler died of cancer at the age of 91 on February 18, 1994, at the St. Paul's Health Care Center in San Diego, California.
References
Sources
Families.com. Tyler, Ralph (1902–1994). Retrieved 02/03/06 from http://education.families.com/tyler-ralph-w-1902-x20131994-2587-2590-eoed
Finder, Morris (2004) Educating America: How Ralph W. Tyler Taught America to Teach. Westport: Praeger.
Natera-Riles, M. Ralph W. Tyler. Retrieved 02/03/06 from http://wredu.com/~wriles/Tyler.html
Nowakowski, J.R. (1981) An Interview with Ralph Tyler. Retrieved 02/03/06 from http://www.wmich.edu/evalctr/pubs/ops/ops13.html
Tyler, R.W. (1949) Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
RALPH W. TYLER https://web.archive.org/web/20060117104256/http://wredu.com/%7Ewriles/Tyler.html
External links
Guide to the Ralph W. Tyler Papers 1932-1988 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
1902 births
1994 deaths
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
University of Chicago alumni
American Congregationalists
Social Science Research Council | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20W.%20Tyler |
This is a list of Texas butterflies, all species of butterfly found in the state of Texas.
Family Papilionidae (swallowtails)
Subfamily Papilioninae (swallowtails)
Battus philenor (pipevine swallowtail)
Battus polydamas (Polydamas swallowtail)
Eurytides marcellus (zebra swallowtail)
Eurytides philolaus (dark kite-swallowtail)
Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail)
Papilio thoas (Thoas swallowtail)
Papilio cresphontes (giant swallowtail)
Papilio ornythion (ornythion swallowtail)
Papilio astyalus (broad-banded swallowtail)
Papilio glaucus (eastern tiger swallowtail)
Papilio rutulus (western tiger swallowtail)
Papilio multicaudata (two-tailed swallowtail)
Papilio pilumnus (three-tailed swallowtail)
Papilio troilus (spicebush swallowtail)
Papilio garamus (magnificent swallowtail)
Papilio palamedes (Palamedes swallowtail)
Papilio victorinus (Victorine swallowtail)
Papilio pharnaces (pink-spotted swallowtail)
Papilio anchisiades (ruby-spotted swallowtail)
Parides eurimedes (mylotes cattle heart)
Family Pieridae (whites and sulphurs)
Subfamily Pierinae (whites)
Anthocharis cethura (desert orangetip)
Anthocharis midea (falcate orangetip)
Anthocharis thoosa (southwestern orangetip)
Appias drusilla (Florida white)
Ascia monuste (great southern white)
Catasticta nimbice (Mexican dartwhite)
Euchloe lotta (desert marble)
Euchloe olympia (Olympia marble)
Ganyra josephina (giant white)
Leptophobia aripa (mountain white)
Pieris rapae (cabbage white)
Pontia protodice (checkered white)
Pontia sisymbrii (spring white)
Subfamily Coliadinae (sulphurs)
Anteos clorinde (white angled-sulphur)
Anteos maerula (yellow angled-sulphur)
Aphrissa statira (Statira sulphur)
Colias eurytheme (orange sulphur)
Colias philodice (clouded sulphur)
Eurema albula (ghost yellow)
Eurema boisduvaliana (Boisduval's yellow)
Eurema daira (barred yellow)
Eurema dina (dina yellow)
Eurema lisa (little yellow)
Eurema mexicana (Mexican yellow)
Eurema nicippe (sleepy orange)
Eurema nise (mimosa yellow)
Eurema proterpia (tailed orange)
Eurema salome (Salome yellow)
Kricogonia lyside (lyside sulphur)
Nathalis iole (dainty sulphur)
Phoebis agarithe (large orange sulphur)
Phoebis argante (apricot sulphur)
Phoebis neocypris (tailed sulphur)
Phoebis philea (orange-barred sulphur)
Phoebis sennae (cloudless sulphur)
Zerene cesonia (southern dogface)
Subfamily Dismorphiinae (mimic-whites)
Enantia albania (costa-spotted mimic-white)
Family Lycaenidae (gossamer-wing butterflies)
Subfamily Miletinae (harvesters)
Feniseca tarquinius (harvester)
Subfamily Lycaeninae (coppers)
Lycaena dione (gray copper)
Subfamily Theclinae (hairstreaks)
Allosmaitia strophius (Strophius hairstreak)
Atlides halesus (great purple hairstreak)
Callophrys gryneus (juniper hairstreak)
Callophrys henrici (Henry's elfin)
Callophrys irus (frosted elfin)
Callophrys mcfarlandi (sandia hairstreak)
Callophrys niphon (eastern pine elfin)
Callophrys spinetorum (thicket hairstreak)
Callophrys xami (xami hairstreak)
Calycopis cecrops (red-banded hairstreak)
Calycopis isobeon (dusky-blue groundstreak)
Chlorostrymon simaethis (silver-banded hairstreak)
Chlorostrymon telea (Telea hairstreak)
Cyanophrys goodsoni (Goodson's greenstreak)
Cyanophrys herodotus (tropical greenstreak)
Cyanophrys miserabilis (Clench's greenstreak)
Electrostrymon canus (muted hairstreak)
Electrostrymon sangala (ruddy hairstreak)
Erora quaderna (Arizona hairstreak)
Eumaeus toxea (Mexican cycadian)
Fixsenia favonius (southern hairstreak)
Fixsenia polingi (Poling's hairstreak)
Hypaurotis crysalus (Colorado hairstreak)
Ministrymon azia (gray ministreak)
Ministrymon clytie (Clytie ministreak)
Ministrymon echion (red-spotted hairstreak)
Ministrymon janevicroy (Vicroy’s ministreak)
Ministrymon leda (Leda ministreak)
Ocaria ocrisia (black hairstreak)
Oenomaus ortygnus (aquamarine hairstreak)
Parrhasius m-album (white m hairstreak)
Phaeostrymon alcestis (soapberry hairstreak)
Rekoa marius (Marius hairstreak)
Rekoa palegon (gold-bordered hairstreak)
Rekoa zebina (zebina hairstreak)
Satyrium behrii (Behr's hairstreak)
Satyrium calanus (banded hairstreak)
Satyrium edwardsii (Edwards' hairstreak)
Satyrium kingi (King's hairstreak)
Satyrium liparops (striped hairstreak)
Satyrium titus (coral hairstreak)
Siderus tephraeus (pearly-gray hairstreak)
Strymon albata (white scrub-hairstreak)
Strymon alea (Lacey's scrub-hairstreak)
Strymon bazochii (lantana scrub-hairstreak)
Strymon bebrycia (red-lined scrub-hairstreak)
Strymon cestri (tailless scrub-hairstreak)
Strymon istapa (mallow scrub-hairstreak)
Strymon melinus (gray hairstreak)
Strymon rufofusca (red-crescent scrub-hairstreak)
Strymon serapio (bromeliad scrub-hairstreak)
Strymon yojoa (Yojoa scrub-hairstreak)
Subfamily Polyommatinae (blues)
Brephidium exile (western pygmy-blue)
Brephidium isophthalma (eastern pygmy-blue)
Celastrina ladon (spring azure)
Celastrina neglecta (summer azure)
Cupido comyntas (eastern tailed-blue)
Echinargus isola (Reakirt's blue)
Euphilotes rita (rita dotted-blue)
Glaucopsyche lygdamus (silvery blue)
Hemiargus ceraunus (Ceraunus blue)
Icaricia lupini (lupine blue)
Leptotes cassius (Cassius blue)
Leptotes marina (marine blue)
Plebejus melissa (Melissa blue)
Zizula cyna (cyna blue)
Family Riodinidae (metalmarks)
Apodemia chisosensis (Chisos metalmark)
Apodemia duryi (Mexican metalmark)
Apodemia hepburni (Hepburn's metalmark)
Apodemia multiplaga (narrow-winged metalmark)
Apodemia palmeri (Palmer's metalmark)
Apodemia phyciodoides (crescent metalmark)
Apodemia walkeri (Walker's metalmark)
Calephelis nemesis (fatal metalmark)
Calephelis nilus (rounded metalmark)
Calephelis rawsoni (Rawson's metalmark)
Calephelis virginiensis (little metalmark)
Caria ino (red-bordered metalmark)
Emesis emesia (curve-winged metalmark)
Emesis tenedia (falcate metalmark)
Emesis zela (Zela metalmark)
Lasaia sula (blue metalmark)
Melanis pixe (red-bordered pixie)
Family Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)
Subfamily Libytheinae (snouts)
Libytheana carinenta (American snout)
Subfamily Heliconiinae (heliconians and fritillaries)
Agraulis vanillae (Gulf fritillary)
Dione moneta (Mexican silverspot)
Dryadula phaetusa (banded orange heliconian)
Dryas julia (Julia heliconian)
Eueides isabella (Isabella's heliconian)
Euptoieta claudia (variegated fritillary)
Euptoieta hegesia (Mexican fritillary)
Heliconius charithonia (zebra heliconian)
Heliconius erato (Erato heliconian)
Philaethria dido (scarce bamboo page)
Speyeria cybele (great spangled fritillary)
Subfamily Nymphalinae (true brush-foots)
Anartia fatima (banded peacock)
Anartia jatrophae (white peacock)
Chlosyne acastus (sagebrush checkerspot)
Chlosyne definita (definite patch)
Chlosyne endeis (banded patch)
Chlosyne gorgone (gorgone checkerspot)
Chlosyne janais (crimson patch)
Chlosyne lacinia (bordered patch)
Chlosyne marina (red-spotted patch)
Chlosyne nycteis (silvery checkerspot)
Chlosyne rosita (rosita patch)
Dymasia dymas (tiny checkerspot)
Euphydryas chalcedona (variable checkerspot)
Euphydryas phaeton (Baltimore)
Hypolimnas misippus (mimic)
Junonia coenia (common buckeye)
Junonia genoveva (tropical buckeye)
Microtia elva (elf)
Nymphalis antiopa (mourning cloak)
Phyciodes argentea (chestnut crescent)
Phyciodes graphica (graphic crescent)
Phyciodes mylitta (Mylitta crescent)
Phyciodes phaon (Phaon crescent)
Phyciodes picta (painted crescent)
Phyciodes ptolyca (black crescent)
Phyciodes texana (Texan crescent)
Phyciodes tharos (pearl crescent)
Phyciodes tulcis (Tulcis crescent)
Poladryas minuta (dotted checkerspot)
Polygonia comma (eastern comma)
Polygonia interrogationis (question mark)
Siproeta epaphus (rusty-tipped page)
Siproeta stelenes (malachite)
Texola elada (Elada checkerspot)
Thessalia fulvia (Fulvia checkerspot)
Thessalia theona (Theona checkerspot)
Vanessa annabella (West Coast lady)
Vanessa atalanta (red admiral)
Vanessa cardui (painted lady)
Vanessa virginiensis (American lady)
Subfamily Limenitidinae (admirals and relatives)
Adelpha basiloides (spot-celled sister)
Adelpha bredowii (California sister)
Adelpha fessonia (band-celled sister)
Biblis hyperia (red rim)
Diaethria anna (Anna's eighty-eight)
Diaethria asteria (Mexican eighty-eight)
Dynamine dyonis (blue-eyed sailor)
Dynamine tithia (Tithian sailor)
Epiphile adrasta (common banner)
Eunica monima (dingy purplewing)
Eunica tatila (Florida purplewing)
Hamadryas amphinome (red cracker)
Hamadryas februa (gray cracker)
Hamadryas feronia (variable cracker)
Hamadryas fornax
Hamadryas guatemalena (Guatemalan cracker)
Hamadryas iphthime (brownish cracker)
Historis acheronta (tailed cecropian)
Historis odius (Orion)
Limenitis archippus (viceroy)
Limenitis arthemis astyanax ('Astyanax' red-spotted purple)
Limenitis arthemis (red-spotted purple)
Limenitis weidemeyerii (Weidemeyer's admiral)
Marpesia chiron (many-banded daggerwing)
Marpesia coresia (waiter daggerwing)
Marpesia petreus (ruddy daggerwing)
Mestra amymone (common mestra)
Myscelia cyananthe (blackened bluewing)
Myscelia ethusa (Mexican bluewing)
Smyrna blomfildia (Blomfild's beauty)
Smyrna karwinskii (Karwinski's beauty)
Subfamily Charaxinae (leafwings)
Anaea andria (goatweed leafwing)
Anaea echemus (chestnut leafwing)
Anaea glycerium (angled leafwing)
Anaea pithyusa (pale-spotted leafwing)
Anaea troglodyta (tropical leafwing)
Subfamily Apaturinae (emperors)
Asterocampa celtis (hackberry emperor)
Asterocampa clyton (tawny emperor)
Asterocampa leilia (empress leilia)
Doxocopa laure (silver emperor)
Doxocopa pavon (Pavon emperor)
Subfamily Satyrinae (satyrs)
Cercyonis meadii (Mead's wood nymph)
Cercyonis pegala (common wood nymph)
Cyllopsis gemma (gemmed satyr)
Cyllopsis pertepida (canyonland satyr)
Enodia anthedon (northern pearly eye)
Enodia creola (Creole pearly eye)
Enodia portlandia (southern pearly eye)
Gyrocheilus patrobas (red-bordered satyr)
Hermeuptychia sosybius (Carolina satyr)
Megisto cymela (little wood satyr)
Megisto rubricata (red satyr)
Megisto viola (Viola's wood satyr)
Neonympha areolata (Georgia satyr)
Subfamily Danainae (monarchs)
Danaus eresimus (soldier)
Danaus gilippus (queen)
Danaus plexippus (monarch)
Dircenna klugii (Klug's clearwing)
Lycorea cleobaea (tiger mimic-queen)
Family Hesperiidae (skippers)
Subfamily Pyrrhopyginae (firetips)
Pyrrhopyge araxes (dull firetip)
Subfamily Pyrginae (spread-wing skippers)
Achalarus albociliatus (Skinner's cloudywing)
Achalarus casica (desert cloudywing)
Achalarus jalapus (jalapus cloudywing)
Achalarus lyciades (hoary edge)
Achalarus toxeus (coyote cloudywing)
Achlyodes pallida
Aguna asander (gold-spotted aguna)
Aguna claxon (emerald aguna)
Aguna metophis (tailed aguna)
Arteurotia tractipennis (starred skipper)
Astraptes alardus (frosted flasher)
Astraptes alector (Gilbert's flasher)
Astraptes anaphus (yellow-tipped flasher)
Astraptes egregius (small-spotted flasher)
Astraptes fulgerator (two-barred flasher)
Autochton cellus (golden banded-skipper)
Autochton cincta (Chisos banded-skipper)
Autochton pseudocellus (Sonoran banded-skipper)
Bolla brennus (obscure bolla)
Bolla clytius (mottled bolla)
Cabares potrillo (potrillo skipper)
Carrhenes canescens (hoary skipper)
Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Fritzgaertner's flat)
Celaenorrhinus stallingsi (Stallings' flat)
Celotes limpia (scarce streaky-skipper)
Celotes nessus (common streaky-skipper)
Chioides catillus (white-striped longtail)
Chioides zilpa (Zilpa longtail)
Chiomara georgina (white-patched skipper)
Codatractus alcaeus (white-crescent longtail)
Codatractus arizonensis (Arizona skipper)
Cogia calchas (mimosa skipper)
Cogia hippalus (acacia skipper)
Cogia outis (Outis skipper)
Eantis tamenund (sickle-winged skipper)
Epargyreus clarus (silver-spotted skipper)
Epargyreus exadeus (broken silverdrop)
Erynnis baptisiae (wild indigo duskywing)
Erynnis brizo (sleepy duskywing)
Erynnis funeralis (funereal duskywing)
Erynnis horatius (Horace's duskywing)
Erynnis juvenalis (Juvenal's duskywing)
Erynnis martialis (mottled duskywing)
Erynnis meridianus (meridian duskywing)
Erynnis scudderi (Scudder's duskywing)
Erynnis telemachus (Rocky Mountain duskywing)
Erynnis tristis (mournful duskywing)
Erynnis zarucco (zarucco duskywing)
Gesta invisa (false duskywing)
Gorgythion begga (variegated skipper)
Grais stigmatica (hermit skipper)
Heliopetes arsalte (veined white-skipper)
Heliopetes laviana (Laviana white-skipper)
Heliopetes macaira (Turk's-cap white-skipper)
Heliopyrgus domicella (Erichson's white-skipper)
Hesperopsis alpheus (saltbush sootywing)
Nisoniades rubescens (purplish-black skipper)
Noctuana stator (red-studded skipper)
Pellicia arina (glazed pellicia)
Pellicia dimidiata (morning glory pellicia)
Phocides belus
Phocides palemon (guava skipper)
Pholisora catullus (common sootywing)
Pholisora mejicana (Mexican sootywing)
Polygonus leo (hammock skipper)
Polygonus manueli (Manuel's skipper)
Polythrix mexicanus (Mexican longtail)
Polythrix octomaculata (eight-spotted longtail)
Proteides mercurius (mercurial skipper)
Pyrgus albescens (white checkered skipper)
Pyrgus communis (common checkered-skipper)
Pyrgus oileus (tropical checkered skipper)
Pyrgus philetas (desert checkered skipper)
Pyrgus scriptura (small checkered-skipper)
Sostrata nordica (blue-studded skipper)
Spathilepia clonius (falcate skipper)
Staphylus azteca (Aztec scallopwing)
Staphylus ceos (golden-headed scallopwing)
Staphylus hayhurstii (Hayhurst's scallopwing)
Staphylus mazans (Mazans scallopwing)
Systasea pulverulenta (Texas powdered skipper)
Systasea zampa (Arizona powdered skipper)
Thorybes bathyllus (southern cloudywing)
Thorybes confusis (confusing cloudywing)
Thorybes drusius (Drusius cloudywing)
Thorybes pylades (northern cloudywing)
Timochares ruptifasciatus (brown-banded skipper)
Typhedanus undulatus (mottled longtail)
Urbanus belli (double-striped longtail)
Urbanus dorantes (Dorantes longtail)
Urbanus doryssus (white-tailed longtail)
Urbanus esmeraldus (Esmeralda longtail)
Urbanus procne (brown longtail)
Urbanus pronus (pronus longtail)
Urbanus proteus (long-tailed skipper)
Urbanus simplicius (plain longtail)
Urbanus tanna (Tanna longtail)
Urbanus teleus (Teleus longtail)
Xenophanes tryxus (glassy-winged skipper)
Zestusa dorus (short-tailed skipper)
Subfamily Hesperiinae (grass skippers)
Adopaeoides prittwitzi (sunrise skipper)
Amblyscirtes aenus (bronze roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes aesculapius (lace-winged roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes alternata (dusky roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes belli (Bell's roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes cassus (cassus roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes celia (Celia's roadside skipper)
Amblyscirtes eos (dotted roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes hegon (pepper and salt skipper)
Amblyscirtes nereus (slaty roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes nysa (Nysa roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes oslari (Oslar's roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes phylace (orange-headed roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes simius (simius roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes texanae (Texas roadside-skipper)
Amblyscirtes vialis (common roadside-skipper)
Anatrytone logan (Delaware skipper)
Anatrytone mazai (glowing skipper)
Ancyloxypha arene (tropical least skipper)
Ancyloxypha numitor (least skipper)
Atalopedes campestris (sachem)
Atrytone arogos (arogos skipper)
Atrytonopsis edwardsii (sheep skipper)
Atrytonopsis hianna (dusted skipper)
Atrytonopsis pittacus (white-barred skipper)
Atrytonopsis python (python skipper)
Atrytonopsis vierecki (Viereck's skipper)
Calpodes ethlius (Brazilian skipper)
Conga chydaea (hidden-ray skipper)
Copaeodes aurantiacia (orange skipperling)
Copaeodes minima (southern skipperling)
Corticea corticea (redundant skipper)
Cymaenes odilia trebius ('Trebius' fawn-spotted skipper)
Decinea percosius (double-dotted skipper)
Euphyes bayensis (bay skipper)
Euphyes dion (Dion skipper)
Euphyes dukesi (Dukes' skipper)
Euphyes vestris (dun skipper)
Hesperia attalus (dotted skipper)
Hesperia juba (Juba skipper)
Hesperia meskei (Meske's skipper)
Hesperia metea (cobweb skipper)
Hesperia ottoe (ottoe skipper)
Hesperia pahaska (Pahaska skipper)
Hesperia uncas (Uncas skipper)
Hesperia viridis (green skipper)
Hesperia woodgatei (Apache skipper)
Hylephila phyleus (fiery skipper)
Lerema accius (clouded skipper)
Lerema ancillaris (Liris skipper)
Lerodea arabus (olive-clouded skipper)
Lerodea eufala (Eufala skipper)
Monca telata tyrtaeus ('Tyrtaeus' violet-patched skipper)
Nastra julia (Julia's skipper)
Nastra lherminier (swarthy skipper)
Nastra neamathla (Neamathla skipper)
Nyctelius nyctelius (violet-banded skipper)
Oarisma edwardsii (Edwards' skipperling)
Oligoria maculata (twin-spot skipper)
Panoquina evansi (Evans' skipper)
Panoquina hecebola (Hecebolus skipper)
Panoquina leucas (purple-washed skipper)
Panoquina ocola (ocola skipper)
Panoquina panoquin (salt marsh skipper)
Panoquina panoquinoides (obscure skipper)
Perichares philetes (green-backed ruby-eye)
Piruna hafernicki (Chisos skipperling)
Piruna microstictus (small-spotted skipperling)
Piruna pirus (russet skipperling)
Piruna polingi (four-spotted skipperling)
Poanes aaroni (Aaron's skipper)
Poanes melane (umber skipper)
Poanes taxiles (Taxiles skipper)
Poanes viator (broad-winged skipper)
Poanes yehl (Yehl skipper)
Poanes zabulon (Zabulon skipper)
Polites carus (Carus skipper)
Polites origenes (crossline skipper)
Polites peckius (Peck's skipper)
Polites rhesus (rhesus skipper)
Polites themistocles (tawny-edged skipper)
Polites vibex (whirlabout)
Pompeius verna (little glassywing)
Problema byssus (byssus skipper)
Quasimellana eulogius (common mellana)
Quasimellana mexicana
Rhinthon cubana osca (osca skipper)
Stinga morrisoni (Morrison's skipper)
Synapte malitiosa (malicious skipper)
Synapte salenus (salenus skipper)
Thespieus macareus (chestnut-marked skipper)
Vettius fantasos (fantastic skipper)
Vidius perigenes (pale-rayed skipper)
Wallengrenia egeremet (northern broken-dash)
Wallengrenia otho (southern broken-dash)
Subfamily Megathyminae (giant-skippers)
Agathymus mariae (Mary's giant-skipper)
Agathymus neumoegeni (orange giant-skipper)
Agathymus remingtoni (Coahuila giant-skipper)
Megathymus streckeri (Strecker's giant-skipper)
Megathymus ursus (ursine giant-skipper)
Megathymus yuccae (yucca giant-skipper)
Stallingsia maculosa (manfreda giant-skipper)
References
Butterflies
Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20butterflies%20of%20Texas |
The Football Association of Maldives (FAM), founded in 1982, is the governing body of football in the Maldives. The association under the guidance of the Ministry of Youth & Sports is responsible for all regulatory aspects of the sport in the Maldives. In 1986, FAM became a member of AFC and FIFA respectively.
For the full history, statistics and records of the senior team, see Maldives national football team.
Organization
The FAM has an executive committee of five members under the President, in addition to a Senior Vice President, Vice President and General Secretary. FAM is housed in FAM House in Malé, which was constructed with funding from FIFA "Goal" Project.
While FIFA and AFC required their members to constitute elected governance, FAM first had an appointed governance by the government of Maldives, which was reshuffled by the Ministry of Youth in the last quarter of 2006, in association with the political changes President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom brought about. FAM was audited by the Audit Office (during the same period, i.e. late 2006) of the Republic of Maldives and the association was accused with embezzlement of funds. However, the Chairman Abdul Shukoor was not dismissed and the General Secretary Ibrahim Ismail Ali was transferred to a post in the Olympic Committee of the Maldives.
In July 2008, elective governance was introduced to FAM and Ali Azim was elected President of the association. On 26 January 2013, FAM held its second election according to FIFA and AFC Statutes and Ilham Ahmed was elected as the President, and Mohamed Hanim as the General Secretary of FAM and subsequently appointed Hussain Jawaz as the General Secretary on 4 June 2014 upon Hanim's resignation. After a brief spell under the Normalization Committee appointed by FIFA on 2 December 2014 under the guidance of Mohamed Shaweed in May 2016, Ahmed Thariq was elected as the President and Bassam Adeel Jaleel was appointed as the General Secretary. However, with the dismissal of General Secretary Jaleel after three months of his term in office, President Thariq was forced out of the office due to resignation of five executive members followed by the reinstatement of Bassam as the General Secretary from FIFA due to unlawful statutory dismissal resulting in a call for election. Bassam contested with Thariq and was elected as the president on 20 November 2016. Hussain Jawaz was appointed as the General Secretary.
Role and events
FAM is the governing body for football in the Maldives. It organizes the zone tournaments and the Dhivehi League, Maldives FA Cup, and the Cup Winners Cup. Maldivian football is divided by FAM into 3 divisions, in which the 1st Division consists of 10 clubs. The number of clubs in the 2nd and 3rd division has been quite inconsistent, and so has been the method and relegation rules so far. In December 2014 the Dhivehi League was reformed as the Dhivehi Premier League with 10 clubs. FAM is directly responsible for the organization of the individual matches, in which the referees come directly under the association and are not a separate entity, but rather as a referee's committee. It has been noted even in the season of 2007, many officials directly involved with clubs have been appointed as match commissioners in certain divisions.
Association staff
References
External links
FA Maldives official website
Maldives at AFC site
Maldives at FIFA site
Football in the Maldives
1982 establishments in the Maldives
Maldives
Sports organizations established in 1982
Maldives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20Association%20of%20Maldives |
Neem cake organic manure is the by-product obtained in the process of cold pressing of neem tree fruits and kernels, and the solvent extraction process for neem oil cake.
It is a potential source of organic manure under the Bureau of Indian Standards, Specification No. 8558. Neem has demonstrated considerable potential as a fertilizer. For this purpose, neem cake and neem leaves are especially promising. Puri (1999), in his book on neem, has given details about neem seed cake as manure and nitrification inhibitor. The author has described that, after processing, neem cake can be used for partial replacement of poultry and cattle feed.
Components
Neem cake has an adequate quantity of NPK in organic form for plant growth. Being a totally botanical product it contains 100% natural NPK content and other essential micro nutrients as N (Nitrogen 2.0% to 5.0%), P (Phosphorus 0.5% to 1.0%),
K (Potassium 1.0% to 2.0%), Ca (Calcium 0.5% to 3.0%), Mg (Magnesium 0.3% to 1.0%), S (Sulphur 0.2% to 3.0%), Zn (Zinc 15 ppm to 60 ppm), Cu (Copper 4 ppm to 20 ppm), Fe (Iron 500 ppm to 1200 ppm), Mn (Manganese 20 ppm to 60 ppm). It is rich in both sulphur compounds and bitter limonoids.
According to research calculations, neem cake seems to make soil more fertile due to an ingredient that blocks soil bacteria from converting nitrogenous compounds into nitrogen gas. It is a nitrification inhibitor and prolongs the availability of nitrogen to both short duration and long duration crops.
Use as a fertilizer
Neem cake organic manure protects plant roots from nematodes, soil grubs and termites, probably due to its residual limonoid content. It also acts as a natural fertilizer with pesticidal properties. Neem cake is widely used in India to fertilize paddy, cotton and sugarcane. Usage of neem cake have shown an increase in the dry matter in Tectona grandis (teak), Acacia nilotica (gum arabic), and other forest trees.
Neem seed cake can also reduce alkalinity in soil, as it produces organic acids upon decomposition. Being totally natural, it is compatible with soil microbes and rhizosphere microflora and hence ensures fertility of the soil. Neem cake improves the organic matter content of the soil, helps improve soil texture, water holding capacity, and soil aeration for better root development.
Pest control
Neem cake is effective in the management of insects and pests. The bitter principles of the soil and cake have been reported to have seven types of activity: (a) antifeedant, (b) attractant, (c) repellent, (d) insecticide, (e) nematicide, (f) growth disruptor and (g) antimicrobial.
The cake contains salannin, nimbin, azadirachtin, meliantriol and azadiradione as the major components. Of these, azadirachtin and meliantriol are used as locust antifeedants while salannin is used as an antifeedant for the housefly.
References
General references
Schmutterer, H. (Editor) (2002) The Neem Tree: Source of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry And Other Purposes (Hardcover), 2nd Edition, Weinheim, Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft.
Tewari, D. N. (1992), Monograph on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.). Dehra Dun, India: International Book Distributors. pp.123-128
Vietmeyer, N. D. (Director) (1992), Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems. Report of an ad hoc panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press. pp.74-75.
Puri, H.S. (1999) Neem: The Divine Tree. Azadirachta indica. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam.
See also
Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI)
Neem
Neem oil
Azadirachtin
Organic farming
Plant toxin insecticides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem%20cake |
The 1959 Pan American Games were held in Chicago, Illinois, United States between August 28 and September 7, 1959.
Host city selection
One city initially submitted a bid to host the 1959 Pan American Games that was recognized by the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO), along with three cities that withdrew their bids. On March 11, 1955, at the IV Pan American Congress in Mexico City, PASO selected Cleveland unanimously to host the III Pan American Games.
On April 15, 1957, Cleveland asked PASO to be relieved of their assignment as the host city. Subsequently, both Guatemala City and Rio de Janeiro informed PASO that they would not be able to host the games either. Two cities came forward as candidates host the games, Chicago and São Paulo, and on August 3, 1957, Chicago was selected over São Paulo by a vote of 13 to 6.
Organization
Once Chicago took over the game following Cleveland's withdrawal, there were 18 months left to organize the games. The games were held on-schedule nonetheless. The games were the first Pan American Games to be held in the Northern Hemisphere's summer. The previous two editions were held in March.
The Games
The games opened on August 27, 1959, in sunny 90 °F (32 °C) heat before 40,000 people in Chicago, Illinois, United States at Soldier Field.
Medal table
Sports and Venues
at Soldier Field
at Wrigley Field and Comiskey Park
at Alumni Gymnasium (men's) and Oak Park High School (women's)
at Northwest Armoury
at Gately Stadium temporary venue (Track Cycling)
at Portage Park
(Open jumping)
(soccer) at Hanson Stadium and Soldier Field
at Navy Pier
at Waukegan Shooting Range (shooting), Great Lakes Naval Training Center (fencing), Independence Grove (equestrian show-jumping and cross-country running), and Portage Park (swimming)
in the Cal-Sag Channel
in Lake Michigan
at Portage Park
at Lincoln Park Tennis Club
at Proviso High School
at Chicago Vocational High School
at Reavis High School
References
External links
Chicago 1959 - III Pan American Games - Official Report at PanamSports.org
Chicago 1959 - III Pan American Games - Official Report (Part 2) at PanamSports.org | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%20Pan%20American%20Games |
La Cueva High School is a public high school located in northeast Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, within the Albuquerque Public Schools District. Its mascot is the Bears. The La Cueva feeder schools include Desert Ridge, Madison, and Eisenhower middle schools; and Dennis Chavez, Double Eagle, E. G. Ross, Hubert Humphrey, and North Star elementary schools. La Cueva opened in 1986 with 1200 students.
School Grade
The NMPED (New Mexico Public Education department) replaced the No Child Left Behind Act and AYP testing with a new school grading formula, which took effect for the 2010–11 school year. The grade is calculated using many forms of testing, and includes graduation rates.
Academics
La Cueva has been a New Mexico Exemplary School for several years, and the only APS high school to meet AYP. According to www.greatschools.net, La Cueva is one of few high schools in the state to receive a GreatSchools rating of 10 of 10. The website also indicates the school's standardized test scores are the highest of any high school in the city. La Cueva has been recognized nationally by Redbook magazine as a "School of Excellence" and offers a variety of practical, fine arts, social studies courses, and numerous math and science classes.
La Cueva's Academic Decathlon team has won multiple state championships and been recognized for excellence with outstanding performances at the national level. The JETS (Junior Engineering Technical Society) TEAMS teams have been state champions every year since 1992. DECA: Association of Marketing Students program has had many students place in national marketing competitions. The Model United Nations program has won eight state first places and finished third in the National Model UN program. Frances Gruette, a teacher of AP Calculus AB, was awarded one of the Siemens Awards for Advanced Placement.
La Cueva has had national winners in the National Counsel of Teachers of English (NCTE) writing awards for the past eight years. Journalism and yearbook students have achieved state and national recognition for their work on school publications. A number of La Cueva graduates are journalists writing for news publications throughout the country. The school has produced over 150 National Merit Scholarship Finalists since 1988.
In 2018, La Cueva was named as a Top 100 Best Public High School in the U.S. by TheBestSchools.org
Athletics
LCHS competes in the New Mexico Activities Association (NMAA), as a class 5A school in District 2. In addition to La Cueva High School, the schools in District 2-5A include Farmington High School, Piedra Vista High School,Sandia High School, Eldorado High School and West Mesa High School.
LCHS competes in 18 NMAA sport-activity events.
State Titles
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|+
!colspan=4 align=center bgcolor=""|State championships
|-
! width="25"|Season !! Sport !! width="55";align="center"|Number of championships !!width="150";align="center"|Year
|-
| rowspan="6"| Fall || Cross country, boys' || align="center"|5 || 2010, 2004, 1998, 1996, 1995
|-
| Cross country, girls' || align="center"|5 || 2014, 2013, 1995, 1994, 1987
|-
| Football || align="center"|5 || 2018, 2009, 2004, 2003, 1993
|-
| Soccer, boys' || align="center"|7 || 2012, 2009, 2008, 2002, 1996, 1994, 1989
|-
| Soccer, girls' || align="center"|15 || 2014, 2012, 2011, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1998, 1997, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991, 1990, 1989
|-
| Volleyball|| align="center"|3 || 2022, 2021 ,2015
|-
| rowspan="5"|Winter || Basketball, boys'|| align="center"|5 ||2010, 2009, 2003, 1994, 1989
|-
| Basketball, girls' || align="center"|2 || 2009, 2008
|-
| Swimming & diving, boys' || align="center"|1 || 1996
|-
| Swimming & diving, girls' || align="center"|8 || 2016, 2008, 2001, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995
|-
| Wrestling || align="center"|2 || 2002 (2002 Dual)
|-
| rowspan="10"| Spring || Baseball || align="center"|9 || 2018, 2017, 2014, 2011, 2010, 2008, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003
|-
| Cheerleading || align="center"|9 || 2012, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2002, 1995, 1993, 1991
|-
| Golf, boys' || align="center"|9 || 2016, 2011, 2010, 2008, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000
|-
| Golf, girls' || align="center"|4 || 2013, 2011, 2007, 1989
|-
| Softball|| align="center"|1 || 2005
|-
| Tennis, boys' || align="center"|13 || 2016, 2015, 2014, 2011, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001
|-
| Tennis, girls' || align="center"|2 || 2000, 1998
|-
| Track & Field, boys'|| align="center"|10 || 2011, 2006, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997
|-
| Track and field, girls' || align="center"|7 || 2013, 2011, 2007, 2005, 2004, 2000, 1996
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"|Total || align="center"|118(2nd among NM high schools)
|}
Others:
JROTC (10) - 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
Drill team (2) - 1989, 1993
Bowling (1) - 2008
Ice hockey (1) - 2005
During the 2004 and 2005 school year, the Bears baseball team briefly held the national record for consecutive wins. The Bears football team was undefeated for two seasons, losing its third game in the 2004 year.
According to the school's website, since 1986 the school has won a total of sixty-nine state championships, 226 district championships, and has been selected as the NMAA All-Sports Trophy winner 11 times for boys and eight times for girls, and were awarded the first ever Directors Cup honoring the total athletic program for the 2004–2005 academic year. The school's first state championship came in 1987 as the La Cueva girls' cross country team won the NM AAAA State Championship. La Cueva has had 29 High School All-Americans, 12 Gatorade Athletes of the Year, 6 APS Athletes of the Year, and 5 Tribune Athletes of the Year.
Former Bears include Olympians Lance Ringnald (88) and Nate DiPalma (93). Collegiate All-Americans include Amy Warner (01), Kristen Graczyk (02), Jamie MacArthur (04), Randy Wells (07), Richie Hansen (95), Jennifer Hommert (95), Anna Tuttle (95), Doug Zembiec (91), Jeff Rowland (02), Lauren Goldfarb (09). AJ Bramlett (basketball) (95) played on the University of Arizona's national championship team and Nick Speegle (2000) was drafted and plays football for the Cleveland Browns. Sports Illustrated ranked the Bears as the 24th best overall sports high school in the country.
Notable alumni
Bryce Alford (class of 2013), professional basketball player
Zach Arnett (class of 2005), Head Football Coach at Mississippi State University
A.J. Bramlett (class of 1995), professional basketball player
Terri Conn (class of 1993), actress
Marty Crandall, musician
Jamie Dick (class of 2007), racing driver
Matthew L. Garcia (class of 1992), United States District Court Judge
Mitch Garver (class of 2009), MLB catcher for Texas Rangers
Neil Patrick Harris (class of 1991), actor, Emmy and Tony Award winner, star of television's How I Met Your Mother
Colin O'Malley (class of 1992), composer
Jordan Pacheco, Major League Baseball player
James Parr (class of 2004), retired Major League Baseball player
Tammy Pearman (class of 1991), soccer player for the United States women's national team
Freddie Prinze, Jr. (class of 1994), actor
Pascual Romero, musician and filmmaker
Jesse Sandoval, musician
Caitlin Shaw (class of 2008), stock car racing driver
Jarrin Solomon, Olympic bronze medalist
Nick Speegle (class of 2000), NFL linebacker
Tony Vincent (class of 1991), actor
Douglas A. Zembiec (class of 1991), U.S. Marine Corps officer
Shadrack Kiptoo-biwott, long-distance runner
References
External links
La Cueva website
High schools in Albuquerque, New Mexico
Public high schools in New Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Cueva%20High%20School |
In electromagnetics, directivity is a parameter of an antenna or optical system which measures the degree to which the radiation emitted is concentrated in a single direction. It is the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. Therefore, the directivity of a hypothetical isotropic radiator is 1, or 0 dBi.
An antenna's directivity is greater than its gain by an efficiency factor, radiation efficiency. Directivity is an important measure because many antennas and optical systems are designed to radiate electromagnetic waves in a single direction or over a narrow-angle. By the principle of reciprocity, the directivity of an antenna when receiving is equal to its directivity when transmitting.
The directivity of an actual antenna can vary from 1.76 dBi for a short dipole to as much as 50 dBi for a large dish antenna.
Definition
The directivity, , of an antenna is defined for all incident angles of an antenna. The term "directive gain" is deprecated by IEEE. If an angle relative to the antenna is not specified, then directivity is presumed to refer to the axis of maximum radiation intensity.
Here and are the zenith angle and azimuth angle respectively in the standard spherical coordinate angles; is the radiation intensity, which is the power per unit solid angle; and is the total radiated power. The quantities and satisfy the relation
that is, the total radiated power is the power per unit solid angle integrated over a spherical surface. Since there are 4π steradians on the surface of a sphere, the quantity represents the average power per unit solid angle.
In other words, directivity is the radiation intensity of an antenna at a particular coordinate combination divided by what the radiation intensity would have been had the antenna been an isotropic antenna radiating the same amount of total power into space.
Directivity, if a direction is not specified, is the maximal directive gain value found among all possible solid angles:
In antenna arrays
In an antenna array the directivity is a complicated calculation in the general case. For a linear array the directivity will always be less than or equal to the number of elements. For a standard linear array (SLA), where the element spacing is , the directivity is equal to the inverse of the square of the 2-norm of the array weight vector, under the assumption that the weight vector is normalized such that its sum is unity.
In the case of a uniformly weighted (un-tapered) SLA, this reduces to simply N, the number of array elements.
For a planar array, the computation of directivity is more complicated and requires consideration of the positions of each array element with respect to all the others and with respect to wavelength. For a planar rectangular or hexagonally spaced array with non-isotropic elements, the maximum directivity can be estimated using the universal ratio of effective aperture to directivity, ,
where dx and dy are the element spacings in the x and y dimensions and is the "illumination efficiency" of the array that accounts for tapering and spacing of the elements in the array. For an un-tapered array with elements at less than spacing, . Note that for an un-tapered standard rectangular array (SRA), where , this reduces to . For an un-tapered standard rectangular array (SRA), where , this reduces to a maximum value of . The directivity of a planar array is the product of the array gain, and the directivity of an element (assuming all of the elements are identical) only in the limit as element spacing becomes much larger than lambda. In the case of a sparse array, where element spacing , is reduced because the array is not uniformly illuminated.
There is a physically intuitive reason for this relationship; essentially there are a limited number of photons per unit area to be captured by the individual antennas. Placing two high gain antennas very close to each other (less than a wavelength) does not buy twice the gain, for example. Conversely, if the antenna are more than a wavelength apart, there are photons that fall between the elements and are not collected at all. This is why the physical aperture size must be taken into account.
Let's assume a 16×16 un-tapered standard rectangular array (which means that elements are spaced at .) The array gain is dB. If the array were tapered, this value would go down. The directivity, assuming isotropic elements, is 25.9dBi. Now assume elements with 9.0dBi directivity. The directivity is not 33.1dBi, but rather is only 29.2dBi. The reason for this is that the effective aperture of the individual elements limits their directivity. So, . Note, in this case because the array is un-tapered. Why the slight difference from 29.05 dBi? The elements around the edge of the array aren't as limited in their effective aperture as are the majority of elements.
Now let's move the array elements to spacing. From the above formula, we expect the directivity to peak at . The actual result is 34.6380 dBi, just shy of the ideal 35.0745 dBi we expected. Why the difference from the ideal? If the spacing in the x and y dimensions is , then the spacing along the diagonals is , thus creating tiny regions in the overall array where photons are missed, leading to .
Now go to spacing. The result now should converge to N times the element gain, or + 9 dBi = 33.1 dBi. The actual result is in fact, 33.1 dBi.
For antenna arrays, the closed form expression for Directivity for progressively phased array of isotropic sources will be given by,
where,
is the total number of elements on the aperture;
represents the location of elements in Cartesian co-ordinate system;
is the complex excitation coefficient of the -element;
is the phase component (progressive phasing);
is the wavenumber;
is the angular location of the far-field target;
is the Euclidean distance between the and element on the aperture, and
Further studies on directivity expressions for various cases, like if the sources are omnidirectional (even in the array environment) like if the prototype element-pattern takes the form , and not restricting to progressive phasing can be done from.
Relation to beam width
The beam solid angle, represented as , is defined as the solid angle which all power would flow through if the antenna radiation intensity were constant at its maximal value. If the beam solid angle is known, then maximum directivity can be calculated as
which simply calculates the ratio of the beam solid angle to the solid angle of a sphere.
The beam solid angle can be approximated for antennas with one narrow major lobe and very negligible minor lobes by simply multiplying the half-power beamwidths (in radians) in two perpendicular planes. The half-power beamwidth is simply the angle in which the radiation intensity is at least half of the peak radiation intensity.
The same calculations can be performed in degrees rather than in radians:
where is the half-power beamwidth in one plane (in degrees) and is the half-power beamwidth in a plane at a right angle to the other (in degrees).
In planar arrays, a better approximation is
For an antenna with a conical (or approximately conical) beam with a half-power beamwidth of degrees, then elementary integral calculus yields an expression for the directivity as
.
Expression in decibels
The directivity is rarely expressed as the unitless number but rather as a decibel comparison to a reference antenna:
The reference antenna is usually the theoretical perfect isotropic radiator, which radiates uniformly in all directions and hence has a directivity of 1. The calculation is therefore simplified to
Another common reference antenna is the theoretical perfect half-wave dipole, which radiates perpendicular to itself with a directivity of 1.64:
Accounting for polarization
When polarization is taken under consideration, three additional measures can be calculated:
Partial directive gain
Partial directive gain is the power density in a particular direction and for a particular component of the polarization, divided by the average power density for all directions and all polarizations. For any pair of orthogonal polarizations (such as left-hand-circular and right-hand-circular), the individual power densities simply add to give the total power density. Thus, if expressed as dimensionless ratios rather than in dB, the total directive gain is equal to the sum of the two partial directive gains.
Partial directivity
Partial directivity is calculated in the same manner as the partial directive gain, but without consideration of antenna efficiency (i.e. assuming a lossless antenna). It is similarly additive for orthogonal polarizations.
Partial gain
Partial gain is calculated in the same manner as gain, but considering only a certain polarization. It is similarly additive for orthogonal polarizations.
In other areas
The term directivity is also used with other systems.
With directional couplers, directivity is a measure of the difference in dB of the power output at a coupled port, when power is transmitted in the desired direction, to the power output at the same coupled port when the same amount of power is transmitted in the opposite direction.
In acoustics, it is used as a measure of the radiation pattern from a source indicating how much of the total energy from the source is radiating in a particular direction. In electro-acoustics, these patterns commonly include omnidirectional, cardioid and hyper-cardioid microphone polar patterns. A loudspeaker with a high degree of directivity (narrow dispersion pattern) can be said to have a high Q.
References
Further reading
Antennas (radio)
Radio electronics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directivity |
Footdown is a group bicycle game where the objective is to avoid put your foot on the ground. Participants cycle around until there is only one person who has not put his or her foot down on the floor, whether it be the full foot, or just a toe. Rules vary, sometimes physical contact is allowed (Touching hands, feet or ramming with the bike are considered contact) others allow no physical contact.
The playing area is usually flat area such as basketball courts, tennis courts or driveways, once a player has set a foot down on the ground and is eliminated they may use their bike as a border, all the eliminated players will create the circular border making the area smaller and smaller as the final participants battle to the end. Some players may choose to not use their bikes as a boarder and simply get out of the arena.
It is quite legitimate to steer a competitor into the curb so they have no choice but to put their foot down. Note that this game favors those with a good sense of balance. Footdown may be played on any type of bike. A variant of footdown called 'derby' is played by the SCUL bicycle chopper gang.
On November 3, 2007, Circuit BMX shop, located in Pawtucket, RI, hosted the 1st Footdown World Championships. Twenty-six contestants entered the event with George Costa taking home the overall win and cash purse to become the 2007 Footdown World Champion.
See also
Cycle polo
References
Cycling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footdown |
Cornelius Bonner (born September 1, 1976) is a former American football wide receiver who played in the Arena Football League (AFL). The 6 feet tall and 190 pounds receiver played college football for the University of Cincinnati.
Bonner played on five teams in the AFL: Chicago Rush (2001–2003), Las Vegas Gladiators (2004–2005), Nashville Kats (2006, 2007), Grand Rapids Rampage (2007), and Cleveland Gladiators (2008). He wore jersey number 8 with the Gladiators.
External links
Stats from arenafan.com
1976 births
Living people
People from Cherokee County, South Carolina
American football wide receivers
Cincinnati Bearcats football players
Chicago Rush players
Las Vegas Gladiators players
Nashville Kats players
Grand Rapids Rampage players
Cleveland Gladiators players
Georgia Force players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Bonner |
Helen Fisher may refer to:
Helen Fisher (anthropologist) (born 1945), Canadian-American anthropologist and human behavior researcher
Helen Fisher (composer) (born 1942), New Zealand composer
Helen Fisher, keyboardist and backing vocalist with New Adventures
Helen Fisher Frye, educator and churchwoman
See also
Ellen Fisher (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Fisher |
This is a list of characters in the universe of Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise.
Main characters
Ben Tennyson
Voiced by:
Tara Strong – Ben 10, Ben 10: Secret of the Omnitrix, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (as 10 years old in "Forge Of Creation"), Ben 10: Omniverse (11 years old), and Ben 10 (2016) and various commercials, shorts and video games
Yuri Lowenthal – Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien, Ben 10: Omniverse and Ben 10 (2016) (as an elderly Ben in "The 11th Alien: Part 1" and as the teenage Bens in "Alien X-Tinction"), various commercials and video games
Portrayed by:
Graham Phillips – Ben 10: Race Against Time
Ryan Kelley – Ben 10: Alien Swarm
Benjamin Kirby "Ben" Tennyson (alias "Ben 10") is the main protagonist of the franchise and wielder of the Omnitrix, a powerful watch-like device allowing him to turn into many different aliens. He is the cousin of Gwen Tennyson and best friend of Kevin Levin.
Gwen Tennyson
Voiced by:
Meagan Smith – Ben 10
Ashley Johnson – Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien, and Ben 10: Omniverse
Montserrat Hernandez – Ben 10 (2016)
Portrayed by:
Haley Ramm – Ben 10: Race Against Time
Galadriel Stineman – Ben 10: Alien Swarm
Gwendolyn "Gwen" Tennyson is Ben's paternal cousin and Kevin's love interest, a skilled sorceress who inherited her magical "spark" from her Anodite grandmother, Verdona.
Max Tennyson
Voiced by:
Paul Eiding – Ben 10, Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien, and Ben 10: Omniverse
Adam Wylie – Ben 10 (as a kid in "Don't Drink the Water")
Jason Marsden – Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (as a young adult in "Moonstruck")
David Kaye – Ben 10 (2016)
Portrayed by:
Lee Majors – Ben 10: Race Against Time
Barry Corbin – Ben 10: Alien Swarm
Maxwell "Max" Tennyson is a retired Plumber and the paternal grandfather of Ben and Gwen.
Kevin Levin
Voiced by:
Michael Reisz – Ben 10 (in the episode "Kevin 11")
Charlie Schlatter – Ben 10 (in later episodes)
Greg Cipes – Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien, Ben 10: Omniverse, and Ben 10 (2016)
Portrayed by:
Nathan Keyes – Ben 10: Alien Swarm
Kevin Ethan Levin is an Osmosian, a mutant subspecies of human, who first appeared as one of Ben's enemies. However, he later reformed and is now his friend and Gwen's love interest.
Rook Blonko
Voiced by:
Bumper Robinson – Ben 10: Omniverse
Rook Blonko is a Revonnahgander Plumber from the planet Revonnah, who serves as Ben's partner throughout Omniverse after Gwen and Kevin leave the team. He has advanced combat knowledge and wields the multi-purpose Proto-Tool.
Supporting characters
Professor Paradox
Voiced by: David McCallum
Professor Paradox is a character who debuts in Alien Force and later appears in Ultimate Alien and Omniverse. Following a lab accident, he was displaced from space and time for millennia, eventually gaining complete understanding and control over it. Unable to remember his original name, he took the moniker "Professor Paradox".
Azmuth
Voiced by:
Robert David Hall – Ben 10, Ben 10: Secret of the Omnitrix, Ben 10: Destroy All Aliens
Jeff Bennett – Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien
René Auberjonois – Ben 10: Omniverse
David Kaye – Ben 10 (2016)
Azmuth, also known as the "First Thinker", is a Galvan scientist and creator of the Omnitrix as well as the sword Ascalon. He is a recurring ally to Ben, in spite of being asocial and apathetic.
Antagonists
Vilgax
Voiced by:
• Steve Blum - Ben 10 (2005) and Ben 10: Omniverse
• James Remar - Ben 10: Alien Force and Ben 10: Ultimate Alien
• Yuri Lowenthal - Ben 10 (2016)
Vilgax is a Chimera Sui Generis warlord from the planet Vilgaxia, and the archenemy of Ben. His main goal is to obtain the Omnitrix to rule the universe using an army of droids equipped with its transformation abilities. He is additionally served by an army of robot henchmen and the alien Psyphon.
In the reboot continuity, Vilgax is Azmuth's former assistant, who stole the Omnitrix from him and used it for universal conquest. However, Azmuth managed to drain half of Vilgax's DNA and put it into the Omnitrix, leaving him powerless until he recovered his full power from Ben years later.
Charmcaster
Voiced by:
• Kari Wahlgren - Ben 10 (2005), Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien, Ben 10: Omniverse
• Tara Strong - Ben 10 (2016)
Charmcaster, real name Hope, is a sorceress from the magical dimension of Ledgerdomain who was raised by her uncle, Hex, after her father Spellbinder was killed by the villain Addwaitya. Though primarily an antagonist, she has occasionally taken on a more neutral or anti-heroic role.
In the reboot continuity, Charmcaster is a normal human, named Heather, whose magic is derived from one of Hex's spellbooks.
Hex
Voiced by:
Khary Payton - Ben 10 (2005), Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien, Ben 10: Omniverse
Robin Atkin Downes - Ben 10 (2016)
Hex is Charmcaster's uncle, whom she has a strained relationship with, though they do genuinely care for each other. Initially introduced as a villain, he later reformed offscreen and became a teacher at Friedkin University as of Omniverse.
In the reboot continuity, Hex is established to be at least 10,000 years old, having regularly restored his youth and powers using special pools of light.
References
External links
Ben 10 Characters official US site
2000s television-related lists
2010s television-related lists
2020s television-related lists
Lists of characters in American television animation
Ben 10
Cartoon Network Studios characters
Cartoon Network Studios superheroes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ben%2010%20characters |
The 3 Worlds of Gulliver is a 1960 American Eastmancolor fantasy adventure film loosely based upon the 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. The film stars Kerwin Mathews as the title character, June Thorburn as his fiancée Elizabeth, and child actress Sherry Alberoni as Glumdalclitch.
Filmed in England and Spain, The 3 Worlds of Gulliver was directed by Jack Sher and featured stop-motion animation and special visual effects by Ray Harryhausen. The cast includes Martin Benson as Flimnap, Lee Patterson as Reldresal, Jo Morrow as Gwendolyn, Mary Ellis as the Queen of Brobdingnag, Marian Spencer as the Empress of Lilliput, Peter Bull as Lord Bermogg and Alec Mango as the Minister of Lilliput.
Plot
In 1699, Dr Lemuel Gulliver is an impoverished surgeon who seeks riches and adventure as a ship's doctor on a voyage around the world. His fiancée Elizabeth strongly wishes for him to settle down, and the two quarrel.
Gulliver embarks on the voyage and soon discovers that Elizabeth has stowed away aboard his ship to be near him. A storm develops and sweeps him overboard. Gulliver is washed ashore on Lilliput, a land of tiny humans who see him as a threatening giant. The Lilliputians are afraid of Gulliver and tie him down with stakes to the beach, but he eases their fears by performing several acts of kindness. An old quarrel between Lilliput and neighboring Blefuscu is revived, and Gulliver lends a hand by towing Blefuscu's warships far out to sea. Lilliput's emperor then views the giant as a threat to his throne after Gulliver is critical of the reasons for the war (a debate about which end of an egg to cut). Gulliver escapes in a boat that he had previously built when the emperor orders his execution.
He makes his way to a large isle called Brobdingnag, unaware that it is inhabited by Brobdingnagians, a race of 60-foot giants. After making shore, he encounters a very kind 40-foot peasant girl named Glumdalclitch, who finds him on the shore and carries him to the castle of King Brob. Their law requires that all tiny people be brought to the king, who has a collection of "tiny animals." Gulliver is delighted to find Elizabeth, who was washed ashore following a shipwreck. The king installs the two in a dollhouse and lets Glumdalclitch look after them.
The king marries Gulliver and Elizabeth. After the wedding, Gulliver and Elizabeth go outside to celebrate but are attacked by a giant squirrel, which drags Gulliver into its burrow. However, Glumdalclitch is alerted and saves Gulliver by pulling him out of the burrow using her hair. When Gulliver later defeats the king at chess and cures the queen of a simple stomachache, Prime Minister Makovan accuses Gulliver of witchcraft. Gulliver attempts to explain science to them, but this is taken as further proof of sorcery. After Gulliver is forced to say what the king wanted to hear from him, the king orders Gulliver's execution and unleashes his pet crocodile against Gulliver, but Gulliver is able to slay the creature. The king orders him burned, but Glumdalclitch saves Gulliver and Elizabeth from the pursuing Brobdingnagians by placing them in her sewing basket and tossing it into a brook that flows out to the sea.
Gulliver and Elizabeth wake on a beach with Glumdalclitch's small basket behind them. A passerby of their own size indicates that they are only a short distance from their home in England. Elizabeth asks if it had all been a dream. Gulliver, now happy to settle down with Elizabeth, replies that the bad qualities of Lilliput's pettiness and Brobdingnag's ignorance are inside everyone. When Elizabeth asks about Glumdalclitch, Gulliver gives her a knowing look and says that she has yet to be born.
Cast
Kerwin Mathews as Dr. Lemuel Gulliver
Jo Morrow as Gwendolyn
June Thorburn as Elizabeth
Lee Patterson as Reldresal
Grégoire Aslan as King Brob
Basil Sydney as Emperor of Lilliput
Charles Lloyd-Pack as Makovan
Martin Benson as Flimnap
Mary Ellis as Queen of Brobdingnag
Marian Spencer as Empress of Lilliput
Peter Bull as Lord Bermogg
Alec Mango as Minister of Lilliput
Sherri Alberoni as Glumdalclitch
Oliver Johnston as Mr. Grinch
Waveney Lee as Shrike - Makovan's daughter
Production
The project began as a script by Arthur Ross. He and producer Elliot Lewis pitched a fantasy film to NBC that would combine two Gulliver's Travels stories, "Lilliput" and "Brobdingdang." NBC approved the script but Ross says that the project died because of a strike by the Writers Guild. Jack Sher then became attached as producer and the project was planned at Universal as a feature.
Charles Schneer said that Bryan Foy developed the property at Columbia. When Foy moved to Warner Bros., chief executive Ben Kahane gave the project to Schneer. According to Schneer, Ross and Sher rewrote the script.
In October 1958, it was announced that Schneer, who called the project "the most complicated picture ever attempted," would produce Gulliver's Travels, to be directed by Jack Sher. Columbia was announced as the film's distributor. According to Sher, the film was allocated an insufficient budget.
The film, which was shot in Spain, featured 150 trick sequences. It would be the second film featuring Ray Harryhausen's "Dynamation" process; The 7th Voyage of Sinbad was the first. The oldest Harryhausen model still existing that was made for the film is that of the squirrel, obtained from a taxidermist by Harryhausen. The original armatured model of the crocodile used in the film was mysteriously lost.
According to Kerwin Matthews, Columbia wanted Jack Lemmon to play the lead, but Lemmon turned it down. Schneer says that Sher wanted Lemmon but Columbia did not: "He was considered a comedy actor, and wasn't taken seriously as a dramatic actor. Also, I don't think Harry Cohn wanted Lemmon to do the picture. So, Kerwin was really our only other choice. He was one of the few American actors who could play a classical role, and would look right in a period costume."
Jo Morrow starred in the film at the same time during which she was appearing in Our Man in Havana. She had an affair with Sher during filmmaking, and she says that it affected her performance.
Schenner later said:
Sher wanted to make a name for himself as a director but he didn't have sufficient experience to direct the picture. It was the first time we had that problem with a director. Fortunately, we had a wonderful cameraman named Wilkie Cooper. Ray, Wilkie and I directed the camera, and we let Sher talk the actors through their lines. We didn't want to undermine him with the actors, so we would tell him, 'This is what we want. Please do it'— and he would. Sher got the screen credit, but he was out of his depth, and he knew it.
The film's premiere, attended by Princess Margaret, was a benefit for charity.
Reception
In The New York Times of December 17, 1960, Eugene Archer praised the film's technical achievement in stop-motion animation and enthusiastically recommended it for children but noted: "While the adults will find it all too mechanical to really capture the imagination, and may resent the unclear ending that seems certain to provoke some youthful queries, they should be grateful for a children's film that treats a classic without condescension or burlesque."
Comic book adaption
Dell Four Color #1158 (January 1961)
See also
List of stop-motion films
List of films featuring miniature people
References
External links
1960 films
1960s fantasy adventure films
1960s science fiction films
American children's adventure films
American children's fantasy films
American fantasy adventure films
Columbia Pictures films
1960s English-language films
Films adapted into comics
Films based on Gulliver's Travels
Films directed by Jack Sher
Films scored by Bernard Herrmann
Films set in 1699
Films shot in England
Films shot in the province of Ávila
Films using stop-motion animation
Films with screenplays by Jack Sher
Films produced by Charles H. Schneer
1960s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%203%20Worlds%20of%20Gulliver |
OPK Oboronprom () was a Russian aerospace holding company. The company was involved in helicopter production, engine production, air-defence systems, complex radio-electronic systems and leasing. Russian Helicopters, Oboronprom’s helicopter manufacturing group is the leading Russian designer and manufacturer of rotary-wing aircraft equipment.
Oboronprom was dissolved in January 2018. All of its assets were transferred to Rostec.
Ownership
The capital structure of the company is as follows:
50.24% Rostec.
38.44% Russian Federation.
4.73% RSK MiG.
4.41% Republic of Tatarstan.
1.81% Rosoboronexport.
0.36% Rostvertol.
Sanctions
Sanctioned by the United Kingdom since 2014.
In March 2022, as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the EU imposed sanctions on OPK Oboronprom.
Organisation
As of 2016, Oboronprom has stakes in or controls the following entities:
Stankoprom
Avtocomponents
United Engine Corporation
Russian Helicopters
Stankoimport
St. Petersburg OJSC Red October
Ural Works of Civil Aviation
Center for Management of Non-core Assets OPK Oboronprom
Perm Motors - Real Estate
Savelovsky Machine Building Plant
Arsenyev Aviation Company Progress
Moscow Helicopter Plant
Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant
Stupino Machine-Building Production Enterprise
Kamov
Kazan Helicopter Plant
Moscow Machine Building Plant named after V.V. Chernyshev
Ufa Engine-Building Production Association
NPP Motor
JSC Kuznetsov
Helicopter Service Company
NPO Saturn
Klimov
Kumertau Aviation Production Enterprise
ODK-STAR
Aviadvigatel
Center of Technological Competence Blades of gas turbine engines
UDK-Perm Motors
Instrumental Plant-PM
REMOS-Perm Motors
Railwayman-Perm Motors
Metalist - Perm Motors
Energetik - Perm Motors
Motorservice-PM
ODK-Gas Turbines
Aviation gearboxes and transmissions - Perm motors
P.J.J. Ummels Beheer B.V.
ODK Gas Turbines B.V.
Metalist-Samara
Volzhsky Diesel named after Maminykh
MAG-RT
LIC Servicing Company
International Helicopter Programs
Integrated Helicopter Services
International RotorCraft Services FZC
Rostov Helicopter Production Complex
Rostvertol
BP Technologies
Procurement and Logistics Center
Omsk Motor-Building Design Bureau
Management Company Vereiskaya 29
12 Aircraft Repair Plant
356 aircraft repair plant
419 aircraft repair plant
150 aircraft repair plant
810 aircraft repair plant
218 Aviation Repair Plant
Aramil Aircraft Repair Plant
570 aircraft repair plant
712 Aircraft Repair Plant
Research and Production Center for Gas Turbine Construction Salyut
Kazan Optical and Mechanical Plant
Products
Helicopters
Russian Helicopters' products include:
Kamov Ka-27
Kamov Ka-31
Kamov Ka-52
Kamov Ka-62
Kamov Ka-226
Kazan Ansat
Mil Mi-8
Mil Mi-17
Mil Mi-24
Mil Mi-26
Mil Mi-28
Mil Mi-34
Mil Mi-38
Mil Mi-54
VRT500
A fifth generation helicopter is currently under development.
See also
"Russia to Gather Mil Helicopter Units Under Centralized Control." Defense News. May 5, 2005.
"To Compete With Foreign Producers, Russian Helicopter Manufacturers Are to Unite." Interfax. January 25, 2006.
Oboronprom targets Ukrainian company as helicopter consolidation continues Jane's Defence Industry, 23 August 2006
References
External links
Official site
Aerospace companies of Russia
Holding companies of Russia
Companies based in Moscow
Defunct manufacturing companies of Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboronprom |
Investors Overseas Services, Ltd. (IOS) was founded in 1955 by financier Bernard Cornfeld. The company was incorporated outside the United States with funds in Canada and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
In the 1960s, the company employed 25,000 people who sold 18 different mutual funds door-to-door all over Europe, operating mostly in Germany with small investors. The company mainly targeted American expatriates and U.S. servicemen who sought to avoid paying income tax. The mutual fund offerings by the company were called “people’s capitalism” by founder Cornfeld.
In the following decade, the company raised $2.5 billion, due in part to its “Fund of Funds”, which meant investment in shares of other IOS offerings. The offering was very popular in the bull market times, but then the market dropped. IOS was forced into an initial public offering to meet its costs. The next bear market made many investors cash their funds as stock value decreased.
Share value decreased from $18 to $12 in the spring of 1970. Cornfeld formed an investment pool with some other investors, but they lost when the share value dropped to $2.
Financier Robert Vesco who, at the time, was also in financial trouble, turned to Cornfeld and offered his help. Vesco proceeded to use $500 million worth of IOS money to cover his own investments in his International Controls Corporation. When he was discovered, Vesco fled to Costa Rica. IOS then collapsed and in the process ruined a number of US and European banks.
References
Further reading
The Bernie Cornfeld Story by Bert Cantor; Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1970.
Do You Sincerely Want To Be Rich? by Charles Raw with Godfrey Hodgson and Bruce Page; André Deutsch, 1971,
Herzog, A. (2003) Vesco: From Wall Street to Castro's Cuba. iUniverse.
Corporate crime
Financial scandals
Pyramid and Ponzi schemes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investors%20Overseas%20Service |
The Juno Award for Adult Alternative Album of the Year, administered by Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS), has been awarded since 2005 to recognize the best album in the adult alternative genre by a Canadian artist.
Winners and nominees
References
Adult Alternative
Album awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20Award%20for%20Adult%20Alternative%20Album%20of%20the%20Year |
Pentecontaetia (, "the period of fifty years") is the term used to refer to the period in Ancient Greek history between the defeat of the second Persian invasion of Greece at Plataea in 479 BC and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC. The term originated with a scholiast commenting on Thucydides, who used it in their description of the period. The Pentecontaetia was marked by the rise of Athens as the dominant state in the Greek world and by the rise of Athenian democracy, a period also known as Golden Age of Athens. Since Thucydides focused his account on these developments, the term is generally used when discussing developments in and involving Athens.
Shortly after the Greek victory of 479 BC, Athens assumed the leadership of the Delian League, a coalition of states that wished to continue the war against Persia. This league experienced a number of successes and was soon established as the dominant military force of the Aegean. Athenian control over the league grew as some "allies" were reduced to the status of tribute-paying subjects and by the middle of the 5th century BC (the league treasury was moved from Delos to Athens in 454 BC) the league had been transformed into an Athenian empire. Athens benefited greatly from this tribute, undergoing a cultural renaissance and undertaking massive public building projects, including the Parthenon; Athenian democracy, meanwhile, developed into what is today called radical or Periclean democracy, in which the popular assembly of the citizens and the large, citizen juries exercised near-complete control over the state.
The later years of the Pentecontaetia were marked by increasing conflict between Athens and the traditional land powers of Greece, led by Sparta. Between 460 BC and 445 BC, Athens fought a shifting coalition of mainland powers in what is now known as the First Peloponnesian War. During the course of this conflict, Athens gained and then lost control of large areas of central Greece. The conflict was concluded by the Thirty Years' Peace, which lasted until the end of the Pentecontaetia and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.
The eventual breakdown of the peace was triggered by increasing conflict between Athens and several of Sparta's allies. Athens' alliance with Corcyra and attack on Potidaea enraged Corinth, and the Megarian Decree imposed strict economic sanctions on Megara, another Spartan ally. These disputes, along with a general perception that Athenian power had grown too powerful, led to the breakdown of the Thirty Years Peace; the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC.
Timeline of the Pentecontaetia (480–431)
479—Rebuilding of Athens: Although the Greeks were victorious in the Persian War, many Greeks believed that the Persians would retaliate. This led Athens to rebuild its city walls that were razed by the Persian Army during the occupation of Attica in 480.
478—Formation of the Delian League: Athens and other city states form a coalition against Persia.
477—The Conquest of Eion: Cimon, the son of Miltiades of Marathon fame, led Athens to numerous victorious campaigns and war profits. In 477, he led an army against Persian-occupied Eion in northern Greece. Athens was able to benefit from this invasion since the region was rich in timber, which was critical to building Athens' burgeoning naval fleet.
476—The Conquest of Scyros: The invasions continued with success on a par with Cimon's prior campaigns. In 476, Athens fought against the pirates of Scyros, as the Delian League wanted to reduce piracy around the region and capture the important materials for itself.
469—Operation in Asia Minor and the Battle of Eurymedon: From the beginning of 469 to 466, the Delian league led an army to Asia Minor against Persia. Cimon persuaded Greek settlements on the Carian and Lycian coast to rebel against Persia. This led the Persian army to mobilize a force to fight Cimon in the Battle of Eurymedon in Pamphylia. Cimon was able to defeat the Persian army swiftly and the war profits were used to finance Athens' city walls.
465—Operations in Northern Greece: Athens' powers and desire for expansion grow. In 465, after cleruchizing the Chersonese, they tried to gain control of Thasos. Thucydides wrote that Sparta contemplated an invasion of Attica in order to help free Thasos. However, in the aftermath of a catastrophic earthquake and subsequent helot uprising in Sparta, no attack—if indeed such was projected—was launched.
461—The Debate in Athens over Helping Sparta: With a legion of Helots rebelling against Sparta, Athens offered Sparta their help by sending a force of 4,000 Hoplites to suppress the rebels. According to Thucydides, Sparta decided to dismiss Cimon's Athenian Army, because they felt that Athens would convince the Helots on Ithome to form a coalition and besiege Sparta. Spartans did not feel comfortable with such a large Athenian force inside their city. If the Athenians were to turn their backs on Sparta, the city would not be able to protect itself. At this point, Sparta acknowledged that Athens might be getting too powerful. According to Thucydides, the Athenians were deeply offended by their removal from Ithome. They denounced their original treaty with Sparta made during the Greco-Persian Wars, then proceeded to make an alliance with Argos, a major enemy of the Spartans.
460—Athens' Clash with Corinth over Megara: Megarians joined the Delian League due to a war between Megara and Corinth. This angered the Corinthians. Even using Athens' weakest soldiers, being the old and young men who were left behind in the city, they were able to win the war against Corinth with ease.
460—The Athenian Expedition to Egypt: Athens led a coalition with the Egyptians to rebel against Persia. However, their six-year expedition did not lead to much success against Persia, as 100 Athenian ships were destroyed in the Delta region.
458—The Long Walls: The construction of the long walls gave Athens a major military advantage by forming a barrier around the city-state and its harbors, which allowed their ships to access waterways without threat from outside forces. Two walls were constructed from the city to the sea, one to Phaleron and the other to Piraeus. Athens relied on these long walls to protect itself from invasion, while sending off its superior vessels to bombard opponents' cities.
458—The Battle of Tanagra: According to Thucydides, the Spartans, motivated by ethnic solidarity, sent out 1500 Hoplites and an additional 10,000 from their allies' forces to suppress the Phocians' army invading Doris. The Spartans were victorious, but they found themselves stuck in this foreign land. Athens, suspecting a plot by the Spartans to overthrow the democracy and to prevent the building of the Long Walls, then attacked the Spartans at Tanagra in Boeotia with a force of 14,000. The Spartans were victorious in this battle.
457—The Battle of Oenophyta: After the Spartans returned home from Tanagra, the Athenians conquered Boetia and Phocis after a battle at Oenophyta. They then proceeded to tear down Tanagra's fortifications.
450—The Peace of Callias—Although this peace treaty is subject to scholarly debate, allegedly Athens and Persia agreed to a ceasefire.
447—Athens' forces were defeated at Coronea, causing the Athenian army to flee Boeotia.
446—The Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica: Athens continued their indirect war with Sparta by attempting to gain control of Delphi. City-states such as Megara and Euboea began to rebel against Athens and the Delian League when the Spartan Army invaded Athenian territory.
445—The Thirty-Year Peace Between Athens and Sparta: After losing Attica, Boeotia and Megara, Athens agreed to a thirty-year peace in return for all the conquered areas in the Peloponnesian region. From this point on, all future conflicts between Athens and Sparta were resolved under arbitration.
447—Athenian Colonization and the Colony of Brea: With the 30-year peace treaty, Athens was able to concentrate attention towards growth rather than war. From 447 to 445, the Delian League was able to influence city-states near the Mediterranean to join and pay tribute (). This helped the region because the tributes paid by each and every city-state were reduced with the increasing number of members joining the league.
441—The Samian Revolt: Athens decided to besiege Samos after their revolt in 441. However, Persia decided to take the opportunity to support Samos even though they have signed the Peace of Callias with Athens. Athens would eventually spend 1200 talents to fund the war through the Delian League's treasury. Some scholars believed that Sparta might have aided Samos as well, but decided to pull out, having signed the Thirty-year peace treaty.
437—The Foundation of Amphipolis: With vast resources, especially timber for ship building, Athens founded the city of Amphipolis on the Strymon River. Amphipolis was immensely important to Athens since it controlled many trading routes.
432—The Potidaean Affair: Athens was threatened by the possibility of a revolt at Potidaea, plotted by Corinth and Macedon. After fighting in Macedon, which ended when the two countries came to terms with each other, Athens came to Potidaea. They had previously demanded that Potidaea tear down their long walls and banish Corinth ambassadors. However, by the time Athens reached Potidaea, the residents were in full revolt and prepared to fight Athens with support from the Corinthian army. The Corinthians was also able to influence the Spartans to join the cause, since Sparta didn't want to lose such an affluent ally. The fighting concluded with an Athenian victory.
432—The Megarian Decree: With Sparta's aid, Megara urged Athens to drop their decree against them since it was hurting their economy; they were forbidden to use Athens' markets and harbors. Athens claimed that Megarians insulted them by trespassing on land sacred to Demeter and murdering an Athenian ambassador. However, most scholars believe it was an act of vengeance when Megara revolted during the early parts of the Pentecontaetia.
432—Peloponnesian War—This marked the end of the Pentecontaetia, as Athens and Sparta engaged in all-out war, which eventually led to the demise of the Athenian Empire.
Democracy in Athens during the Pentecontaetia
After the exile of Cimon in Athens, his rivals Ephialtes and Pericles implemented democratic social reforms. In 462, Ephialtes challenged the Areopagus, claiming that they were abusing their powers. Part of the reform was to introduce "graphe paranomon" or public protest against illegal decrees. Any citizen would have the right to challenge a previous degree instilled by the Areopagus and claim it as invalid. The assembly would have to conduct a "dokimasia" or examination of state officials before they enter office. Opportunities for citizens to join the office were increased tremendously when 500 members were added. Transferring the powers of the Areopagus to all Athenian citizens enabled a more democratic society.
These democratic ideals are reflected in the use of personal names without a patronymic on inscriptions of casualty lists from around this time, such as those of the tribe Erechtheis dated to 460/459BC and the Argive dead at the Battle of Tanagra (457 BC). Without the patronymic or demotic it would have been impossible to identify the particular individual being referred to when multiplicity of the same name occurred, thus both reducing the impact of the long list and ensuring that individuals are deprived of their social context.
After Ephialtes death, his younger partner Pericles continued with reforms, transforming Athens into the most democratic city-state of Ancient Greece. During 450, he implemented a state salary of two obols per day for jurors to increase public participation from citizens. However, this system caused an outrage from the elites, claiming that the poor were uneducated and incapable of governing.
Increasing tensions leading to war
Thucydides offers us a unique perspective to view the Peloponnesian War since he actually took part in the conflict. This first-hand experience allows a look into the mind of a person at the center of the ordeal. The conflict between Athens and Sparta is in Thucydides’ eyes an inevitable confrontation of the two major powers. The beginning of this tension begins during the incipient stages of the Athenian empire following the defeat of Persia during a period called the “pentekontaetia”. The pentekontaetia began in 479 and ended with the outbreak of war. With great confidence in their military abilities, perhaps a bit of instilled machoism, and the need for an anti-Persian alliance, Athens begins recruiting various Greek city-states into an alliance called the Delian League. The growth of Athenian power through the Delian League is centered on a growing navy, the rebuilding of the walls that protect the city from land-based attackers, and an aggressive push to extend their influence which included a few skirmishes with other powers. Thucydides writes about how this period of growth was an inevitable cause of war, “Their supremacy grew during the interval between the present war and the Persian wars, through their military and political actions recounted below against the barbarians, against their own allies in revolt, and against the Peloponnesians whom they encountered on various occasions.” (1.97 [2])
Athenian naval supremacy was a great fear of Sparta and her allies. While the Spartans combat prowess was unmatched on land, when it came to the sea Athens was the clear victor. This split seemed to have already been accepted by the Spartans many years earlier, however the aggressiveness and effectiveness of Athenian naval warfare had yet to be fully realized. According to Thucydides following the defeat of Persia, Athens begins to reconstruct the long walls which connected the main city of Athens to the port of Piraeus around 478. “Spartan feeling was at that time very friendly towards Athens on account of the patriotism which she had displayed in the struggle with Mede. Still the defeat of their wishes could not but cause them secret annoyance.” (1.92 [1]) The Spartan annoyance stems partly from the long walls being a major deterrent to land based, non-siege tactics which the Spartans were particularly adept at, but also from the way in which the deal was brokered.
Thucydides writes of Themistocles, an envoy to Sparta, who in 479 changed the tide of history by hiding the facts regarding the construction of the walls around Athens and those of the Piraeus. In Themistocles’speech to the Spartan assembly Thucydides points out that at this point Athenian independence was highlighted. “Wherever they had deliberated with the Spartans, they had proved themselves to be in judgment second to none.” (1.91 [5]) This is an important step because Themistocles articulates that Athens is an independent state with its own agenda that brushed over that of others. This is a very important point in the lead up to the Peloponnesian War because one man is credited with making the split. Themistocles through his cunningness asserts an independent and strong Athenian identity. He makes it clear after the walls have been secured (ensuring Athenian strength) that Athens is independent and is making self-interested decisions. Furthermore, Themistocles also predicts that the growth in Athenian power will be centered on the sea. “For he first ventured to tell them to stick to the sea and forthwith began to lay the foundations of the empire.” (1.93 [5]) Thucydides credits Themistocles with the determining point in which Athens becomes an empire creating the divide between Sparta and Athens.
Notes
References
Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2003)
Roisman, Joseph, and translated by J.C Yardley, Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011)
Strassler, Landmark Thucydides
Ancient Greece
5th century BC in Greece
Greek words and phrases
Ancient Athens
Historical eras | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecontaetia |
St Blazey Association Football Club is an English football club based in St Blazey, Cornwall. They compete in the . The club was formed in 1896 as a Junior side, attaining Senior status in 1910. St Blazey were a founding member of the South Western League in 1951, which they competed in until 2007 when the league merged with its Devon equivalent, the Devon County League, to form the South West Peninsula League.
The club is recognised as one of the most successful in the county, having won multiple league championships and cup competitions, with their most recent league success coming in the final season of the South Western League in 2007. St Blazey have entered England's most prestigious knockout competition, the FA Cup, in all but one year since 1950. They also enter the FA Vase on a regular basis, having first competed in 1985. The club's traditional colours are green and black. The club's stadium is Blaise Park, which has a capacity of 3,500.
History
The club was formed in 1896 as a Junior club, by Dr. E.S.S. Davis, a member of the Cornwall County Football Association. St Blazey won the Eastern Divisional Cup, Junior Cup, and Bodmin & District League Cup in 1909 and 1910 before it attained Senior status later that year. The club reached the final of the Cornwall Senior Cup twice in the early 1930s, finishing as runners-up on both occasions before winning the competition for the first time in 1936, along with the Cornwall Charity Cup, and Herald Cup to become the first club to win all three trophies in one season. St Blazey were a founder member of the South Western League in 1951, a league which they won thirteen times, including the 2001–02 season when they suffered no league defeats en route to winning the trophy. The club achieved thirty-three victories, and three draws from thirty-six league matches that season, earning 102 points.
St Blazey entered the FA Cup for the first time in 1950, where they were eliminated in the Preliminary Round to Ilfracombe Town. The club's best season in the competition came in 1998 when they reached the Fourth Qualifying Round against Camberley Town, falling agonisingly short of the First Round. The club competed in the FA Trophy for the first time in 1969.<refcompetition came as recently as 2003 when they reached the Fifth Round before being eliminated by A.F.C. Sudbury, who would finish as runners-up that year.
The club continued to compete in the South Western League until 2007 when the competition was merged with the Devon County League to form the ></ref> Their best season in the competition came a year later when they took Bromsgrove Rovers to a First Round replay, having progressed through three Qualifying Rounds. St Blazey entered the FA Vase for the first time in 1984, a competition which they continue to compete in regularly alongside the FA Cup. The club's best season in the South West Peninsula League. The league is made up of a Premier Division containing twenty clubs, and two regional divisions, Division One East and Division One West, which are made up of seventeen and eighteen clubs respectively. St Blazey gained direct entry into the Premier Division, which is where they compete as of the 2009–10 season, having finished twelfth in 2009.
Stadium
The club play their home games at Blaise Park, Station Road, St Blazey, Cornwall. PL24 2ND
Blaise Park is a 3,500 capacity stadium which opened in 1906. The ground was built on reclaimed land from the nearby estuary in the town. It was well used during the First World War as the pitch was dug up and the underlying sand was used to fill sandbags. The club moved back in after the war and constructed a wooden grandstand with bench seating in 1931, painted in the club's colours. A crowd of more than 6,500 were in attendance for a Cornwall Senior Cup match against St Austell in 1949. In common with many non-league grounds, there is a sizeable grass bank which runs the length of the opposite touchline, with the River Par and Atlantic Coast Railway directly behind it.
The old grandstand was demolished at the turn of the twenty-first century and replaced by a concrete and metal structure which has a seating capacity of approximately 200. The only other cover at the ground is provided by a breezeblock and timber lean-to behind the near goal. Directly next to that is the large clubhouse, built in 1972, which leads out onto the car park. Blaise Park was the first sports ground in Cornwall to install floodlights in the late 1950s. They were paid for through a scheme of £1 shares and erected by voluntary labour. They were replaced in November 1989 and inaugurated with a friendly match against Football League club Plymouth Argyle. The stadium is joined to Station Road, which in turn feeds onto the A390, one of the major roads in the county. The nearest train station is Par, approximately two miles away, which provides direct transport to Truro, Plymouth, and London.
Statistics and records
St Blazey are considered to be among the most successful clubs in Cornwall. Its first senior league title came in 1955 when the club became champions of the South Western League, a competition which they have won thirteen times in total, while they have finished as runners-up on another ten occasions. The club has also achieved considerable success in cup competitions, including the Cornwall Senior Cup, a competition which they first won in 1936. St Blazey have won the competition eleven times, with their most recent success coming in 2002. They have finished as runners-up on another ten occasions. The club's most recent success came in 2007 when they won the South Western League and the Cornwall Charity Cup.
The club's first silverware of note came in 1909, while it was still competing at Junior level, when St Blazey won the Cornwall Junior Cup. A competition it would win again the following year. The club has entered all but one edition of the FA Cup since 1950, and the FA Vase since 1984. They also competed in the FA Trophy during the 1970s. The club held a notable record following their unbeaten South Western League season in 2002. The club went 75 matches unbeaten in league competition, which was a record for English football at senior level until it was bettered two years later by AFC Wimbledon, who competed in the Isthmian League at the time.
Honours
League honours
South Western Football League
Winners (13): 1954–55, 1957–58, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07
Runners-up (10): 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1961–62, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1999–00
East Cornwall League Premier Division
Winners (1): 1990–91
Cup honours
Cornwall Senior Cup
Winners (11): 1935–36, 1949–50, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1957–58, 1959–60, 1962–63, 1986–87, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2001–02
Runners-up (10): 1931–32, 1934–35, 1947–48, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1979–80, 1986-87, 2002–03
Cornwall Charity Cup
Winners (5): 1935–36, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2006–07
Runners-up (1): 2003–04
South Western League Cup
Winners (3): 1999–00, 2001–02, 2004–05
Runners-up (3): 1990–91, 2002–03, 2006–07
Throgmorton Cup
Runners-Up (1): 2010–11
Cornwall Junior Cup
Winners (2): 1908–09, 1909–10
Runners-up (1): 1911–12
A. Limited information, may have achieved more.
B. Won by reserve team.
Club records
Highest League Position:
4th in South West Peninsula League Premier Division: 2009–10
FA CUP Best Performance
Fourth Qualifying Round: 1998–99
FA Trophy Best Performance
First Round: 1970–71
FA VASE Best Performance
Fifth Round: 2002–03
Current management
Club chairman: Martin Richards
Vice chairman: Amos Putt
Club secretary: Chris Lydon
Treasurer: Martin Richards
Football secretary: Adam Tonkin
First-team manager: Vacant
Assistant manager: Bradley Richardson and Andrew moon
Physiotherapist:
2nd Team Manager: Liam Turner
2nd Team Assistant:
Notable players
Players that have played/managed in the football league or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).
Players with full international caps.
Danny Bance
Derek Bellotti – Charlton Athletic, Swansea City, and Southend United player.
Marcus Crocker
Steve Davey – Plymouth Argyle, Portsmouth, and Hereford United player.
Nigel Martyn – England, Bristol Rovers, Crystal Palace, Everton, and Leeds United player.
David Pook
Ben Rix
Charlie Rundle
Jared Sims
George Swain
Shaun Taylor – Bristol City, Swindon Town, and Exeter City player.
Percy Varco – Aston Villa, Norwich City, and Queens Park Rangers player.
Stephen Nute Exeter City Player
Former coaches
Managers/Coaches that have played/managed in the football league or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).
Managers/Coaches with full international caps.
Dave Philp
References
External links
Official Club Website
Official Peninsula League Website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Cornwall
Association football clubs established in 1896
1896 establishments in England
South West Peninsula League
South Western Football League
St Blazey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Blazey%20A.F.C. |
The 1963 Pan American Games were held from April 20 to May 5, 1963, in São Paulo, Brazil.
Host city selection
For the first time, two cities submitted bids to host the 1963 Pan American Games that were recognized by the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO). On August 25, 1959, São Paulo was selected over Winnipeg to host the IV Pan American Games by the PASO at the VII Pan American Sports Congress in Chicago, United States.
Medal count
Participating nations
According to the Brazilian Olympic Committee, twenty-two nations sent competitors to São Paulo, but only twenty-one were listed. Barbados took part in the Pan American Games for the first time. Costa Rica, Haiti, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic competed in 1959 but did not participate in the 1963 Games.
Sports
Venues
The games used 11 different venues:
Pacaembu Stadium - athletics and opening and closing ceremonies
Parque São Jorge and Estádio Nicolau Alayon - football (soccer)
Ibirapuera Gymnasium - basketball
Palestra Itália Stadium - volleyball
Ibirapuera Park - cycling
Estádio do Bom Retiro - baseball
Esporte Clube Pinheiros - diving, swimming, water polo
Pinheiros Tênis Clube - tennis
Sociedade Hipica de São Paulo - equestrian
Reservoir of Guarapiranga - sailing
Raia Olímpica da USP - rowing
References
External links
São Paulo 1963 - IV Pan American Games - Official Report at PanamSports.org
Pan American Games
Pan American Games
Pan American
Pan American Games
International sports competitions in São Paulo
April 1963 sports events in South America
May 1963 sports events in South America
20th century in São Paulo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20Pan%20American%20Games |
is a hotel located close to Meriken Park, in Kobe, Japan. It was opened in June, 1995, only 6 months after the Great Hanshin earthquake destroyed much of the city. It is in the Kobe waterfront area called Harborland, and is often featured in pictures of Kobe, together with Kobe Port Tower. It was designed by Takenaka Corporation to resemble a luxury liner. In 2003. it was owned by The Goldman Sachs Group. On February 15, 2006 , Japan Hotel REIT Investment Corporation acquired the property for 11.4 billion yen.
Rooms: 331
Floors: 14
Ratings: AAA
See also
Port of Kobe
External links
Official Homepage (English version)
References
Hotels in Kobe
Hotels established in 1995
Hotel buildings completed in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe%20Meriken%20Park%20Oriental%20Hotel |
The Yahara River () is a tributary of the Rock River in southern Wisconsin. It is about long (including the distance across intervening lakes), and drains an area of . Via the Rock River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The Yahara River links the lakes around which the city of Madison was built.
Description
The river begins in Windsor in northern Dane County and flows for a short distance in the town of Leeds in Columbia County, then returns to Dane County and flows southward through the villages of DeForest and Windsor, and the towns of Burke and Westport into Lake Mendota in the city of Madison.
Downstream from Lake Mendota, the river is channelized through the Madison Isthmus southeastward, and flows through Lake Monona, Lake Waubesa and Lake Kegonsa, passing through the city of Monona, the village of McFarland, the towns of Dunn and Pleasant Springs, the city of Stoughton and the town of Dunkirk (including the unincorporated community of Dunkirk) in Dane County; and the towns of Porter (including the unincorporated community of Stebbinsville) and Fulton (including the unincorporated community of Fulton) in northern Rock County. It joins the Rock River in the town of Fulton, approximately northwest of Janesville.
The U.S. Board on Geographic Names (USBGN) issued a decision clarifying "Yahara River" as the stream's name in 1903. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as "Catfish River" (Sauk "Myan-mek", Potawatomi "Gooskehawn" [Gishkzhigwen], and Ho-Chunk "Gahara" [howį́ǧera]). The USBGN's 1903 investigation noted that the name "Catfish River" was in widespread use in Rock County at that time, and that "Yahara River" was more commonly used in Dane County.
During World War II, a U.S. Navy gasoline tanker, the USS Yahara (AOG-37), was named after the river.
See also
List of rivers of Wisconsin
References
Rivers of Wisconsin
Rivers of Dane County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Columbia County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Rock County, Wisconsin
Bodies of water of Madison, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahara%20River |
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