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Salayea District is an administrative district located in Lofa County, Liberia. In 2008, it had a population of 23,578.
References
Districts of Liberia
Lofa County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salayea%20District |
Çarşamba is a municipality and district of Samsun Province, Turkey. Its area is 774 km2, and its population is 140,664 (2022). It is in the center of the Çarşamba Plain. The mayor is Halit Doğan (AKP). Ferhan Şensoy - writer, actor and stage director - was born here.
The town is bisected by the Yeşilırmak river running south-to-north and by the Black Sea Coastal Road (D010) which runs west-to-east. There is a sugar factory in Çarşamba district.
Composition
There are 143 neighbourhoods in Çarşamba District:
Acıklı
Ağcagüney
Ahubaba
Akçaltı
Akçatarla
Akkuzulu
Ali Fuat Başgil
Alibeyli
Allı
Arımköseli
Aşağıdikencik
Aşağıdonurlu
Aşağıesenli
Aşağıkavacık
Aşağımusalla
Aşağıturgutlu
Aşıklı
Ataköy
Bafracalı
Bahçelievler
Bayramlı
Beylerce
Beyyenice
Bezirgan
Bölmeçayırı
Boyacılı
Çaltı
Çamlıca
Canlı
Çatak
Çay
Çayvar
Çelikli
Çerçiler
Çınarlık
Cumhuriyet
Dalbahçe
Damlataş
Demirarslan
Demircili
Demirli
Denizler
Deyincek
Dikbıyık
Durakbaşı
Durusu
Eğercili
Eğridere
Eğrikum
Epçeli
Esençay
Esentepe
Gazi
Gökçeçakmak
Gökçeli
Güldere
Gülören
Gülyazı
Güneşli
Güzpınar
Hacılıçay
Hasbahçe
Helvacalı
Hürriyet
Irmaksırtı
İstiklal
Kabaceviz
Karaağaç
Karabahçe
Karacalı
Karakaya
Karakulak
Karamustafalı
Kaydan
Kemer
Kestanepınar
Kirazbucağı
Kirazlıkçay
Kızılot
Kocakavak
Köklük
Koldere
Konukluk
Köroğlu
Kumköy
Kumtepe
Kurtahmetli
Kurtuluş
Kürtün
Kuşçulu
Kuşhane
Mahmutlu
Melik
Musçalı
Namazlı
Ömerli
Ordubaşı
Orduköy
Orta
Otluk
Ovacık
Oymalı
Paşayazı
Porsuk
Sahilköy
Saraçlı
Sarıcalı
Sefalı
Selimiye
Şenyurt
Şeyhgüven
Şeyhhabil
Sığırtmaç
Soğucak
Suğluca
Sungurlu
Taşdemir
Tatarlı
Tilkili
Turgutlu
Üçköprü
Uluköy
Ulupınar
Umut
Ustacalı
Uzunlu
Vakıfköprü
Yağcılar
Yalı
Yamanlı
Yenikaracalı
Yenikışla
Yeniköseli
Yeşildere
Yeşilırmak
Yeşilova
Yukarı Ağcagüney
Yukarıdikencik
Yukarıdonurlu
Yukarıesenli
Yukarıkarabahçe
Yukarıkavacık
Zümrüt
See also
Göğceli Mosque, Seljuk Empire era log mosque in Göğceli Cemetery
References
External links
Çarşamba municipality's official website
Populated places in Samsun Province
Districts of Samsun Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba |
Vahun District is one of six districts located in Lofa County, Liberia.
References
Districts of Liberia
Lofa County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahun%20District |
Zorzor District is one of six districts located in Lofa County, Liberia. Zorzor is principal city of the county.
Among the county's natives was Joseph Nargba Cooper; born in the district town of Gbaudi in 1918, Cooper was a member of the House of Representatives from 1967 until his 1975 death.
References
Districts of Liberia
Lofa County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorzor%20District |
Voinjama District is one of six districts located in Lofa County, Liberia.
Districts of Liberia
Lofa County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voinjama%20District |
Firestone District is one of four districts located in Margibi County, Liberia. It is home to Duside Hospital.
Districts of Liberia
Margibi County
ir:Distretto di Firestone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone%20District |
Gibi District is one of four districts located in Margibi County, Liberia.
Districts of Liberia
Margibi County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibi%20District |
Kakata District is one of four districts located in Margibi County, Liberia. Kakata, the capital city of Margibi County, is located in the district.
References
Districts of Liberia
Margibi County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakata%20District |
Mambah-Kaba District is one of four districts located in Margibi County, Liberia.
Districts of Liberia
Margibi County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambah-Kaba%20District |
Barrobo District is a district of Liberia, one of the three located in Maryland County.
Barrobo is the largest of the various Grebo sub-tribes in Maryland County, Republic of Liberia. In the days of tribal wars they fought surrounding tribes to secure a large portion of land. Their military strength in those days enabled them to wipe out the entire tribe of Gbaylo. The land previously occupied by the Gbaylo tribe is currently a property of the Barrobo people. To control their warlike nature, President Edwin Barclay of Liberia built a military barak among them. The soldiers of Camp King used suppression, hard labor and intimidation to keep them in check. Besides, they were subjected to smaller tribes in the administrative arrangement of the Liberian central government. First, they were part of the Webbo district. When Grand Gedeh county was established and Webbo became part of Grand Gedeh, the Barrobo tribe was subjected to the smaller tribe of Boah. The most prominent paramount chiefs during the chieftaincy period were Peter Brooks of Feloken and Sunday Karmanue of Rock Town. On September 18, 1980, the Liberian legislature passed an act creating Barrobo as a statutory district, with Paramount Chief John Togba becoming the first district superintendent. Since then, September 18 has been celebrated annually by the citizens of the district. , the superintendents of Barrobo since it became a district have been:
John Togba19801981
Ralph Clark19811986
Fred D. Goe, Sr19861990
None (a period of civil war and anarchy)19901997
Joseph WeahJanuaryApril 1997
Victor Carngbe19972005
William B. Nagbe20052010
Samuel Sorwleh20102012
George Geefiefrom 2012-2018
Gbajulu Toe Sorkpa, 2018-
Districts of Barrobo:
Nyonken District
Gwlekpokeh District
Whojah District
Among the prominent citizens of Barrobo Statutory District are the following: Hon. Paul Jeffie, former Governor of the National Bank of Liberia; Honorable Harry Carngbe, former member of the House of Representatives (representing lower Grand Gedeh County) during the administration of President William V. S. Tubman; Honorable J. Barney Taylor, former Senator of Maryland County during the administration of President Samuel K. Doe; Rev. Dr. Jimmy B. Kuoh, Former General Superintendent of the Assemblies of God of Liberia; Hon. Samuel Tweah, Minister of Finance during the administration of President George Manneh Weah; Hon. J. Tiah Nagbe, former Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs and Director of Liberia National Identification Registry during the administrations of Presidents Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and George Manneh Weah; Hon. David Gwiah Saydee, former Member of the House of Representative during the administrations of Presidents Taylor and Johnson-Sirleaf; Hon. Betsy Kuoh Toe, former Superintendent of Maryland County during the administration of President Johnson-Sirleaf; and Hon. William K. Godfrey, former Deputy Minister of Justice during the administration of President Doe.
Districts of Liberia
Maryland County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrobo%20District |
Luis Alberto Castiglioni Soria (born 31 July 1962) is a Paraguayan politician. He was Vice President of Paraguay for the Colorado Party from 2003 to 2007.
Career
Castiglioni was born in Itacurubí del Rosario and obtained a qualification in civil engineering from the Catholic University of Asunción. His national political career began in 1984 as leader of Colorado party's juvenile wing. In 2003 Nicanor Duarte chose him as his running mate in the 2003 presidential election. Castiglioni served as Vice President of Paraguay from 15 August 2003 to October 2007, when he resigned in order to pursue the presidency.
He was a candidate for the Colorado Party's nomination in the April 2008 presidential election. Initial results in the December 2007 party primary election showed rival candidate Blanca Ovelar, who is backed by President Nicanor Duarte, narrowly defeating Castiglioni; however, the result was disputed, leading to a recount. On 21 January 2008, the Colorado Party electoral commission announced that Ovelar had won with 45.04% of the vote against 44.5% for Castiglioni. Castiglioni said that he would never accept defeat, claiming to have proof that 30,000 votes in his favor were "stolen", and said that he would take the matter to court.
References
1962 births
Living people
People from San Pedro Department, Paraguay
Paraguayan people of Italian descent
Colorado Party (Paraguay) politicians
Vice presidents of Paraguay
Foreign Ministers of Paraguay
Government ministers of Paraguay
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay
Members of the Senate of Paraguay
Paraguayan engineers
Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Castiglioni |
Ambient 1: A Brief History of Ambient is a 1993 compilation album released on the Virgin Records label, as part of their Ambient series. The album was issued as a double CD, compiled by Simon Hopkins.
Track listing
Source: Allmusic
References
1993 compilation albums
Ambient compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Brief%20History%20of%20Ambient |
Çavdarhisar is a town in Kütahya Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çavdarhisar District. Its population is 2,099 (2022). Its elevation is . The local Kocaçay stream is still crossed by the Roman Penkalas Bridge.
Archaeology
In January 2021, archaeologists led by Dr. Elif Özer from Pamukkale University announced that they had discovered a cache containing 651 Roman coins dated about 2,100 years ago in a jug buried near a stream in Aizanoi. Researchers revealed a jug firstly in 2019. 439 pieces of coins were denarius (ancient Roman coins minted on silver), and 212 were cistophori, silver coins from Pergamum. Caesar, Brutus, Mark Antony and Augustus Young are engraved on the mostly well-preserved coins. Find is going to display in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.
In August 2021, archaeologists from Dumlupinar University announced the discovery of statue of Hygieia. Human sized statue has portrayed with a snake in its arms. The statue was revealed inside the columned gallery throughout the south wing of the agora.
Places of interest
Aizanoi ancient city of Phrygia
References
Populated places in Kütahya Province
Çavdarhisar District
Phrygia
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87avdarhisar |
Vassilios Skouris (; born 6 March 1948) is a Greek judge who was President of the European Court of Justice from 2003 to 2015. A European legal scholar, he served briefly in the government of Greece as Minister of the Interior in 1989 and again in 1996. He is professor at the Law School of the Aristotle University and at Bucerius Law School in Hamburg, Germany.
Early years and education
Skouris was born on 6 March 1948 in Thessaloniki, Greece.
He graduated with a degree in law from the Free University of Berlin in 1970, and was subsequently awarded doctorate in constitutional and administrative law at the University of Hamburg in 1973. In 1978 he was a professor of Public Law at Bielefeld University and in 1982 a professor of Public Law at the University of Thessaloniki. During the period of 1972 to 1977 he was lecturing law at the University of Hamburg.
Greek Minister of the Interior
Following the dissolution of the Greek parliament in 1989, Skouris served as the Minister of the Interior briefly during the caretaker government. He served another short stint in 1996.
Notable positions
Skouris was the President of the Greek Association for European Law between 1992 and 1994, Director of the Centre for International and European Economic Law in 1997, and President of the Greek Economic and Social Council in 1998. He has also served as a Member of the Scientific Committee of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs between 1997 and 1999, Administrative Board of the Greek National Judges' College between 1995 and 1996, Greek National Research Committee between 1993 and 1995, Higher Selection Board for Greek Civil Servants between 1994 and 1996, and the Academic Council of the Academy of European Law in 1995. He was a member of the Board of Guardians of the Academy of European Law of Trier.
Since 10 May 2017 he has been the second chairman of the Adjudicatory Chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee, succeeding the German Hans-Joachim Eckert.
European Court of Justice
On 8 June 1999, the member states of the European Union agreed to the appointment of Skouris to the Court of Justice of the European Communities, or European Court of Justice. Following his first term, the justices of the court elected him as their President on 7 October 2003, and again on 7 October 2009. Koen Lenaerts, who had been Vice-President since 2012, succeeded him as President on 8 October 2015.
Landmark rulings
President Skouris has presided over several landmark rulings since joining the court, including B.F. Cadman v. Health & Safety Executive (C-17/05), decided in 2006, which held that pay scales based on seniority were not gender discrimination, unless it could be proved otherwise that seniority was not the discriminatory factor. Other notable cases include Brian Francis Collins v. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (C-138/02), decided in 2004, which struck down a discriminatory employment benefits law in the United Kingdom, allowing access to benefits for those of an EU nationality, and Commission of the European Communities v. Federal Republic of Germany C-112/05 which struck down the "Volkswagen Law", against the wishes of the German government and labor unions. In "The Viking Case", International Transport Workers' Federation, Finnish Seamen's Union v. Viking Line ABP, OÜ Viking Line Eesti (C-438/05), decided in 2007, it was determined that an employer who seeks cost-effective labor in a member state cannot have business freedom privileges infringed by trade unions unless the aim of the union is to protect workers in accordance with the public interest.
Another notable case includes Coleman v Attridge Law, in which the court ruled that a mother whose job was terminated for requesting specific hours because of having to care for a disabled child was entitled to protection from disability discrimination. It struck down a United Kingdom law that only permitted protection for the actual individual who was disabled.
As a significant result of the ECJ intervention, associative discrimination became a part of the UK Equality Act 2010.
Controversies
In 2009, the court rendered a landmark decision in Apostolides v Orams, which forced the owner of a vacation villa from the United Kingdom to vacate their property rights for victims of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, who had fled and lost their land. The neutrality of President Skouris was questioned because of his acceptance of the Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III of the Republic of Cyprus in 2006 and visits with the leadership of the southern portion of the island, where many refugees remain, months before the ruling.
Speeches and views
In a speech in 2004, President Skouris indicated he believed that the Court of Justice served as a supreme court instead of just a constitutional court.
In a speech in 2006 at the European Conference on Subsidiarity, he described the role of the subsidiarity principle with the court, linking it to Quadragesimo anno. He stated "what individuals can do on their own initiative and out of their own efforts, should not be taken away from them and allocated to the community, for it would be against justice for the larger entities to assume what the small entities can achieve and bring to a positive end... Subsidiarity protects small communities against being deprived of tasks by a central power to a greater extent as necessary.” He also discussed proportionality, which he says "protects individuals against a restriction to an unnecessary extent of their rights by a measure benefiting the community."
In 2007, he visited the Southern Methodist University's Dedman School of Law in Dallas, along with justices from the United States Supreme Court, and attended events at the Dallas Bar Association and the Dallas Committee on Foreign Relations, while delivering a speech on the role of the Court of Justice in the EU to the pro-business Greater Dallas Chamber of Commerce.
At the 50th anniversary celebration for the court in 2009, President Skouris spoke about the court's earlier years of abstaining from issues of individual fundamental rights within each country but, with the new Charter of Fundamental Rights, expressed a desire, in accordance with such, to improve the rights of citizens within member nations.
Honours and awards
He has Honorable distinctions by the Greek, Italian, Cypriot, Romanian, Austrian, and French governments. He has a Rank of Commander in National Order of the Legion of Honor of the French Republic. He is a Corresponding member of Ακαδημία Αθηνών (Academy of Athens). He is an honorary doctorate of: the Administrative College of Speyer (Germany), the University of Vilnius (Lithuania), the Democritus University of Thrace, the University of Münster (Germany),the University of Athens and the University of Bucarest, University Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas, the University of Masaryk (Brno), Panteion University (Athens) and Heidelberg University.
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
References
|-
|-
1948 births
20th-century Greek lawyers
Living people
Ministers of the Interior of Greece
Presidents of the European Court of Justice
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
Greek judges of international courts and tribunals
21st-century Greek judges
Politicians from Thessaloniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassilios%20Skouris |
Çaycuma is a town in Zonguldak Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çaycuma District. Its population is 30,255 (2022). The mayor is Bülent Kantarcı (CHP). Çaycuma is well known for yogurt in Zonguldak and Turkey. It consists of 11 neighbourhoods: Yeni Mahalle, Çay Mahallesi, Pehlivanlar, Istasyon, Gemiciler, Kayıkçılar, Karamusa, Karalar, Sofular, Velioğlu and Yeşiltepe.
References
Populated places in Çaycuma District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aycuma |
Ernest Thomas may refer to:
Ernest Lee Thomas, American actor
Ernest Thomas (Groveland Four) of the "Groveland Four" who were accused of rape in 1949
Sgt. Ernest Ivy Thomas, Jr., U.S. Marine, recipient of the Navy Cross | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Thomas |
Careysburg District is one of four districts located in Montserrado County, Liberia. Bensonville is the capital, and the total district population is 28,463.
History
The city of Careysburg was first settled in 1856 by freed slaves from the United States and Barbados. The location away from the Liberian coast was chosen for health reasons, because of the high death rate due to mosquito-spread diseases among early settlers on the coast. Careysburg was named for former American Rev. Lott Carey.
Among Careysburg's natives was Bennie Dee Warner, who served as Vice President from 1977 to 1980.
Infrastructure
Careysburg has a station on the western railway system of Liberia. The Mount Coffee Hydropower Project and the White Plains Water Treatment Plant are both in the district
See also
Transport in Liberia
References
External links
History of Careysburg, Careysburg Association of North America
Britannica Online article
Districts of Liberia
Montserrado County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careysburg%20District |
Çayıralan is a town in Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çayıralan District. Its population is 4,925 (2022). Its elevation is .
References
External links
Municipality's official website
General information on Çayıralan
A nostalgic photo of Çayıralan
A view of marble mines in Çayıralan
Çayıralan District
Populated places in Yozgat Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay%C4%B1ralan |
Centrolene is a genus of glass frogs in the family Centrolenidae. The adult males are characterized by having a humeral spine, as most members of this family. The delimitation of this genus versus Cochranella is not fully resolved, and some species formerly in Centrolenella — which is nowadays synonymized with Centrolene — are now in Hyalinobatrachium.
The genus is known as "giant glass frogs". But this is merely relative to the rest of their family, which contains numerous extremely diminutive species.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Centrolene:
References
Glass frogs
Amphibians of South America
Taxa named by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada
Amphibian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrolene |
Greater Monrovia is one of four districts located in Montserrado County, Liberia. It contains the country's capital Monrovia. It recorded a population of 970,824 in the 2008 census.
Greater Monrovia has no official administrative status. Unlike other districts of Liberia which are divided into clans, Greater Monrovia is divided into zones. The Monrovia City Corporation (MCC) is responsible for the administration of the city of Monrovia. Greater Monrovia also contains several semi-autonomous townships (Congo Town, New Georgia, Gardnersville, Dixville, Barnesville, Caldwell, Johnsonville and Garworlon) and the only borough in Liberia, New Kru Town. The MCC provides services to the townships and borough through a revenue-sharing arrangement, but has no zoning or enforcement jurisdiction in them.
See also
Communities of the Greater Monrovia District
References
Districts of Liberia
Monrovia
Montserrado County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Monrovia%20District |
Çayırlı () is a municipality (belde) and seat of Çayırlı District of Erzincan Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It had a population of 4,882 in 2021. It is divided into the neighborhoods of Atatürk, Barbaros and Fatih.
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Erzincan Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Çayırlı District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay%C4%B1rl%C4%B1 |
The Gare de Lyon rail accident occurred on 27 June 1988, when an SNCF commuter train headed inbound to Paris's Gare de Lyon terminal crashed into a stationary outbound train, killing 56 and injuring 60, resulting in the third deadliest rail disaster in peacetime France.
Overview
On 27 June 1988, SNCF commuter train 153944 inbound to Paris' Gare de Lyon terminal from Melun to the southeast was running its routine 80 km journey, using one of SNCF's electric multiple units, Class Z 5300. As the train neared Paris, it passed the Le Vert de Maisons station, which was usually a stop on the route. However, SNCF had recently implemented a new summer timetable, which meant train 153944 no longer stopped at the station.
As the train pulled past the platform, a passenger in the second car of the train suddenly stood, pulled the emergency brake, and left the train. Driver Daniel Saulin, assisted by Guard Jean Charles Bovée, after working for 26 minutes, reset the brakes and continued. This procedure had taken longer than usual, prompting more passengers to leave the train. To make up the lost time, the station controller at Gare de Lyon, André Tollance, instructed Saulin to skip the next scheduled stop (and the last before the terminal), Maisons-Alfort.
After the train passed Maisons-Alfort, it reached a 4% grade that led to Gare de Lyon. When Saulin passed a yellow signal instructing him to slow the train in preparation for being switched to an empty platform, Saulin discovered his brakes barely worked. As the train picked up speed from its descent, Saulin desperately radioed an emergency warning, but failed to identify himself to the controller. He pressed the general alarm button on his radio and left his cab to evacuate the passengers to the rear of the train.
Train 153944 crashed into a delayed outbound train as its passengers were evacuating, heeding warnings made by the delayed train's driver, André Tanguy, who bravely remained in his cab at the time, repeating a warning over the intercom numerous times until he was killed in the collision.
Investigation
Initial thoughts were that the collision was the result of a terrorist act, due to a recent string of bombings of French trains in and around Paris. This theory was supported by the fact that investigators who were examining the wrecked shell of train 153944 found the main brake pipe valve, located behind the first car, closed. When open, this valve allows compressed air generated in the first car to travel back through the other cars to power the compressed air brakes. When closed, the brakes on all cars behind the valve are disabled. Despite the signs of possible terrorism, the investigators believed that only someone with detailed knowledge of the braking system's workings could have closed the valve.
Next, whoever pulled the emergency brake was scrutinized, though the person was unknown. When a newspaper printed an advertisement asking for the brake-puller to come forward, a young mother, Odile Mirroir, came forward. She told investigators that she normally used train 153944's stop at the Le Vert de Maisons station to pick up her children from school. However, she was unaware that the new summer timetable meant that her train would not stop at Le Vert de Maisons. So not wanting to keep her children waiting, she pulled the emergency brake and left the train. She was fined 1,000 francs for her action.
The investigators then turned to an older interview with Saulin and looked at the record more closely than before. After the brake was pulled, Saulin went to the rear of the first car to pull the reset handle, but the handle was sluggish and refused to move. Having been overlooked previously, it was discovered that Saulin had placed his hand on the main brake pipe valve to get more leverage to pull the reset handle. When Saulin finally pulled the handle, the investigators surmise, he must have also accidentally closed the valve.
However, this conclusion raised another question as to how Saulin managed to get the train moving again. A fail-safe mechanism on the cars locks the brakes in the on position if the valve is closed. The only way to start the train again is to re-open the valve or manually unlock each brake pad. SNCF policy requires to call for an engineer to examine the train (who would have probably found the closed valve). However, Saulin, anxious to continue the trip, enlisted the help of Bovée to work along opposite sides of the train unlocking each brake. Saulin believed the cause of the problem to be a common condition known as an "air lock". When the emergency brake is activated, an "air lock" is the result of the compressed air filling up the brake pipes, clogging them and preventing the brakes from working. The brake pads lock as part of the fail-safe mechanism when an air lock occurs. To fix this problem, the trapped air must be bled out of the pipe to release the brakes. So with the assistance of Bovee, he went and manually bled what little air was left out of each brake of the carriages. Nevertheless, Saulin had no idea of what he had done, and stated that the pressure gauge in his cab was marking the correct measure, which is why he thought all the braking systems were in working order. Unbeknownst to him, he had closed the main valve, isolating the front carriage from the rest of the train. He had freed the brakes, but had overridden a failsafe mechanism: and with the valve closed, there was no way for new air to come in and replenish the system. Thus the gauge only showed the pressure of the first carriage's brakes.
Even with only one-eighth of the required braking power, there were still opportunities to stop or slow the train. First, there was one more station (Maisons-Alfort), before Gare de Lyon, which would have given the driver plenty of time to slow down or stop the train. However, to avoid throwing other trains at the Gare De Lyon station off schedule, the controllers ordered the driver to pass through Maisons-Alfort and proceed directly to Gare de Lyon. Second, the train was equipped with an additional electric (dynamic) braking system, but according to Saulin, drivers avoided using the dynamic brakes because they were unreliable and had a tendency to skid the wheels when used in conjunction with the air brakes. In any case, Saulin probably had completely forgotten about it as a result of his panic.
Even at this stage, there were still two more opportunities to get the train to stop. Driver Saulin messaged a warning and activated an emergency alarm to signal that his train was in trouble, but he neglected to identify himself or his position to the controllers, and left his cab before anyone could call him back. The controllers knew that the runaway train was one of four trains due to arrive at the station, and they attempted to message all of them to narrow down the possibilities. If they could rule out which trains were not in trouble, they would have been able to identify the train that was in trouble, and get it diverted to Platform 1. However, when Saulin pushed the emergency alarm, it forced all trains on the network to stop wherever they were and wait for instructions. A resulting stream of calls from waylaid drivers inquiring about the stoppage clogged the communication lines between the control room and the trains. As a result, the controllers were never able to identify the runaway train.
Finally, the signallers had also pre-programmed the tracks so that the runaway train would be diverted into Platform 1, which was empty, instead of Platform 2 where the delayed train was. Crashing into an empty platform might have wrecked the train, but with the passengers evacuated into the eighth carriage, casualties would have been avoided. But when Daniel Saulin activated the alarm, the signallers had to turn all signals to red in a process called the "General Closure procedure". This stopped all trains along the lines heading in and out of Gare de Lyon. However, in order to give the signallers full manual control of the entire network, this procedure disabled all pre-programming of routes and allowed the runaway train to go into Platform 2 instead of Platform 1. At this point, the collision was unavoidable.
Aftermath
The driver, Daniel Saulin, was released after serving six months of a four-year manslaughter sentence. Legal proceedings were begun against the Gare de Lyon supervisor, Auguste-Andre Tholence, who failed to evacuate the station, and Mirroir, but were unsuccessful.
SNCF union representatives claimed Saulin was scapegoated; critics of the SNCF blamed the accident on overly tight scheduling, lack of adequate station space and railway mismanagement.
Media coverage
The accident was featured on season 2 of the National Geographic Channel documentary series Seconds From Disaster in the program Paris Train Crash (also known as Runaway Train).
See also
Lists of rail accidents
References
External links
"France: Runaway Train". Time. 11 July 1988.
Train collisions in France
Railway accidents in 1988
Railway tunnel disasters
Runaway train disasters
1988 in France
Rail transport in Paris
1988 in Paris
Disasters in Paris
Accidents and incidents involving SNCF
Rail accidents caused by a driver's error
June 1988 events in Europe
1988 disasters in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare%20de%20Lyon%20rail%20accident |
St. Paul River is a district located in Montserrado County, Liberia. It recorded a population of 71,831 in the 2008 census. It has no official administrative status. Its inhabitants are primarily Christians and members of the Bassa, Dey, or Kpelle tribes. Farming and fishing are the main economic activities along with some small scale trading. The district has one paved road.
References
Districts of Liberia
Montserrado County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Paul%20River%20District |
Todee District is one of four districts located in Montserrado County, Liberia. There was a former Armed Forces of Liberia base there housing the Tubman Military Academy and Second Infantry Battalion in 1984 and there have been discussions post-2003 of rebuilding the base.
Districts of Liberia
Montserrado County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todee%20District |
Çaykara (Romeika: Kadahor, Κατωχώρι) is a municipality and district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 574 km2, and its population is 13,070 (2022). As of 2023, the Mayor of Çaykara is Hanefi Tok (AKP). Çaykara village lies in a V-shaped valley along the Solaklı River in the Pontic Mountains, at an elevation of around 300 metres. Çaykara district lies to the south of Dernekpazarı (Kondu) and forms the upper part of the Of-valley system ('Solaklı Vadisi' in Turkish), with peaks reaching to over 3300 meters. The western half of İkizdere district - which lies just east of Çaykara and is now part of Rize province - was historically also part of the same administrative and cultural region. Large swathes of the district are made up of old-growth temperate broadleaf and mixed forest, gradually making way for alpine tundra at higher altitudes.
Etymology
The district takes its name from the Çaykara stream, which forms through the conjunction of the Solaklı and Yeşilalan brooks. The historic name of Çaykara is Kadahor or Katokhôr (from Kato Choriou "lower village" in Pontic Greek). As is typical in transhumance communities in the Pontic Mountains and the Caucasus, Kadahor was settled with a number of subordinate upland villages for different seasons, which explains its name. However, in current times the name 'Tsaikara' (Τσαϊκάρα) is also used in Pontic Greek.
History
Current Çaykara district covers the upper parts of the 'Ophis' ('Solaklı' in modern Turkish) river valley, and its tributaries. The river Ophis and a homonymous Greek settlement at its mouth were first mentioned in antiquity by Arrian. A path besides the river functioned as a trade route connecting the coast with eastern Anatolia, through 'Paipert' (current Bayburt). In the Middle Ages, the administrative region (or Bandon) to which the area of Çaykara belonged was known as Stylos. It lay between the bandon of Sourmena and Rhizaion. Settlement of the higher parts of the valley is first attested in the middle-ages, when it was part of the Byzantine Empire. The history of individual villages and towns in the district going back to antiquity is unknown. This may be due to the frequent landslides that occur there, and the limited archeological research which has been conducted. A few place names hint at a possible Chaldian presence in the valley before it was Hellenized, such as the Haldizen (Χάλντιζεν) stream in the southeast of the district and the village 'Halt' (Χάλτ, or Söğütlü in Turkish), downstream in Of-district. It is assumed that Kadahor was one of the original settlements in the area, which may explain its name and function as the central market-town of the upper valley.
According to local oral histories, the valley functioned as an alternative trading route during the late medieval period connecting Trabzon - through the coastal town of Of - to Persia and beyond. At that time the valley was part of the Empire of Trebizond. On a hill overlooking Çaykara town, just west of the village (Zeleka), lies a ruined fortress which according to locals was constructed by Genoese traders. The Genoese also held the fortress town of Bayburt - south of Çaykara - which could be reached by the mountain pass near Sakarsu (modern Şekersu). Çaykara entered Ottoman rule in 1461, following the Ottoman conquest of the Empire of Trebizond by Sultan Mehmed II. According to Greek historiographers the valleys attracted residents of coastal cities who sought refuge from Ottoman taxation. While the population of the valley at that time was mostly made up of Greek-speaking Christians, the locals did have interactions with nomadic Turkish tribes on the summer pastures.
According to the Ottoman tax books (tahrir defterleri) of 1486, there were 1277 people living in the historic villages that were located within the present-day Çaykara district (namely the villages of Ğorğoras (in Greek: Γοργορά), Holayisa, Paçan and Zeno (in Greek: Ξένος), where there were 235 houses (1 of them inhabited by Muslims, 234 of them by Christians.)
During the Ottoman period the valley also housed a small number of Armenians, who had settled there in the villages Fotinos and Harhes after they had been attacked and chased-off from neighboring valleys by a clan leader called İslamoğlu Bey.
According to the Ottoman tax books (tahrir defterleri) of 1681, the inhabitants of the villages of Ğorğoras, Holayisa, Paçan, Zeno, Yente, Haldizen, İpsil (in Greek: Υψηλή), Okene, Sero (Siros), Kadahor, Hopşera, Sarahos (in Greek: Σαχάρω), Fotinos (in Greek: Φωτεινός) and Zeleka had been fully converted to Islam. In 1681, there were 2100 people living in 380 houses, all of them Muslims. The villages in the valley had a well developed educational system; In the late Ottoman period the uplands of Çaykara housed dozens of seminaries, attracting students from across Anatolia. As a result, the region had one of the highest literacy rates in the empire, and many of the inhabitants of the valley registered surnames in the 19th century - well before other Muslim groups in Anatolia. This history of literacy is reflected in the many scientists, politicians, musicians, directors, etc. that came from the sparsely populated villages in the district. At times the valley also attracted small groups of settlers or refugees from other parts of the empire, such as Arabs from Maraş and Circassians from the Caucasus.
In 1915, during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I, Ottoman forces and local guerrillas fought the invading Russian army at the Sultan Murat Plateau ( ), a high plateau southwest of Çaykara's town center. A monumental cemetery for the fallen Ottoman soldiers, named Şehitler Tepesi (Hill of Martyrs) is located there. The Russian army constructed a new road through the valley, connecting it to the Anatolian plateau south of the Pontic Mountains. The road was meant to function as an alternative supply route for the Russian forces in eastern Anatolia, as they were unable to hold the Zigana Pass south of Trabzon. Part of the road is still in use as the D915, which is recognized as one of the most dangerous roads in the world due to its many hairpins without guard rails.
Because of their Islamic identity, the inhabitants of Kadahor/Çaykara were not deported during the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. A few dozen families from the valley that had retained their Christian beliefs chose to resettle in Macedonia, Greece, in the village of Nea Trapezounta (New Trabzon). Many families across the valley retain some contact with relatives in Greece.
Until 1925, Çaykara was a village bound to the Of district within Trabzon Province. In 1925, it became a bucak (subdistrict), and on 1 June 1947 it became an ilçe (district) of Trabzon Province. During the first half of the 20th century the mother tongue of the residents of the district remained the local Of-dialect of Pontic Greek (colloquially called 'Romeyka', or 'Rumca' in Turkish). Up until the first decade of the 21st century there were many elderly women who were monolingual in Romeyka. All of the permanently settled villages in the district were officially renamed in the 1960s. However, except for Çaykara and Uzungöl - which are the places where the community interacts with the state - these new Turkish names have not caught on. Local toponyms of Greek, Chaldian and Armenian origin such as the names of seasonal settlements, streams, hills and mountains remain in use. Only in the second half of the 20th century did the prevalence of 'Romeyka' start to dwindle among the younger generations.
Through a series of state-sponsored programs from the 1940s to the 1970s thousands of residents of Çaykara villages were offered resettlement in other parts of the Turkish Republic and Cyprus. Çaykarali's were settled in Van's Özalp district on the Iranian border (in the village of 'Emek'), in the city Kırıkhan on the Syrian border, in the villages Davlos, Flamoudi and Trikomo in Northern Cyprus, and in Muş province. There is also a settlement of people from Çaykara on the island Imbros, adjacent the Greek village Dereköy. These resettlements and subsequent migrations within and outside Turkey resulted in a stark decline of the population of the district - from around 40.000 people to just above 12.000. While some migrants were able to retain the use of Romeyka due to geographic isolation (those in Van) or contact with local Greek populations (those on Imbros and Cyprus), the use of the language in Çaykara district itself declined. It remains unclear if the linguistic background of the villages was a reason for the government-initiated programmes.
Composition
There are 32 neighbourhoods in Çaykara District:
Akdoğan
Arpaözü
Aşağıkumlu
Ataköy
Baltacılı
Çambaşı
Çamlıbel
Çayıroba
Demirkapı
Demirli
Derindere
Eğridere
Işıklı
Kabataş
Karaçam
Kayran
Köknar
Koldere
Köseli
Maraşlı
Şahinkaya
Şekersu
Soğanlı
Taşkıran
Taşlıgedik
Taşören
Ulucami
Uzungöl
Uzuntarla
Yaylaönü
Yeşilalan
Yukarıkumlu
Culture
Language
The mother tongue of most inhabitants of the district above the age of 50 is the Of-dialect of Pontic Greek, Romeyka (i.e. 'language of the Romans'), which has been described as the living language closest to Ancient Greek. Due to the community's isolation the dialect retained many archaisms. The language is not taught outside the home, and for a long time it was discouraged to speak it at school. Still, some of the younger generation continue to speak the language, and many have at least a basic understanding of it. The Turkish Latin alphabet is used for communication on online platforms. There are about two dozen Grecophone villages in the district, making it the largest concentration of Greek speakers in the Turkish Republic. While locals generally don't like being addressed as Greek, they are proud of their linguistic heritage, which they use to communicate with Greek-speaking tourists. Inhabitants from Of and Çaykara also settled villages in neighboring Sürmene and Köprübaşı districts, a little further to the west. Thus there are also some pockets of Çaykara/Of-dialect Greek speaking villages in these other parts of Trabzon province. That the Of-dialect of Pontic Greek remained so virulent in this area is partly due to the fact that local imams educated and preached in this language until the second part of the 20th century. Many folk singers from the district have recorded songs in Romeyka. Native of Çaykara Vahit Tursun published a Turkish-Romeyka dictionary in 2019. Most residents of the district are also fluent in Turkish. The most popular musical instruments in the district are the kaval flute, and the kemençe violin.
Transhumance
Many of the permanent residents of the district still live a life of transhumance, migrating with their cattle between two or three different settlements belonging to the same village; An agricultural settlement near the bottom of the valley, a logging village halfway up the mountain, and a hamlet on the summer grazing land above the tree line ('parharia' or 'yayla'). Most chalets on the yayla have their own dry stone-enclosed private field, but also share a larger enclosed meadow. The spatial structure and the ratio of public to private space differs widely between the yayla's, while there are some recurring patterns. Some of the hamlets have a strong egalitarian and communal structure, with all houses having just a small private garden of approximately the same size. In a few cases there are no private gardens at all. Other hamlets are made up of multiple generational kinship clusters, with each generation adding increasingly larger fields to their cluster. There are, however, also yayla's with a more individualistic spatial organisation. Cows roam freely on the yayla, seeking out the best alpine flowers. During the summer months herders guide their sheep through the mountains. On Tuesdays villagers head down to the local market at Çaykara town. In some villages the 'old new year' of the Julian calendar is celebrated on January 14 (called 'Kalandar'). Villagers dressed as folk characters go door to door making jokes and collecting food or supplies for a shared meal or other communal activity.
Tourism
In recent years the valley has become a major tourist attraction. During the summer months Lake Uzungöl attracts thousands of tourists on a daily basis. Especially in the vicinity of the lake dozens of small and medium-sized hotels have been built - often without a permit - leading to conflict with authorities. In 2019 the eclectic Uzungöl Dursun Ali İnan Museum was opened just east of the lake, showcasing objects relating to the history, culture, nature and geography of the district, as well as a large collection of tree root and trunk art. According to some researchers the state has used tourism as an instrument to subvert local culture through the 'festivalisation' of the celebrations related to the agricultural calendar and the transhumance landscapes.
Villages
Within Çaykara district there are about 30 villages which are more or less permanently settled. These villages are listed north to south, with their Turkish and Greek names. In most cases these villages also have or share a distinct logging settlement, a lower communal pasture (called a 'kom' in Romeyka, 'mezire' in Turkish), and a hamlet on the high summer pasture ('parharia' or 'megalo kampos' in Romeyka, 'yayla' in Turkish). These smaller seasonally occupied places are not listed here.
Yaylas
In the upper parts of Çaykara district there are six distinct yaylas (summer pastures), each with multiple hamlets. The most famous one of these is Sultan Murat Yaylası, which is shared by the hamlets Sıcakoba, Hanırmak, Şahinkaya, Eğrisu, Vartan and Cerah.
Notable residents
Cevdet Sunay (1899), Fifth president of Turkey
Behram Kurşunoğlu (1922), physicist
Yeşim Ustaoğlu (1960), architect and film director
Sebahattin Öztürk (1962) Bureaucrat, governor
Eyüp Aşık (1953) politician, ex-parliamenter
Mehmet Kara (1939) politician, ex-soldier
See also
Trabzon
Uzungöl
References
Further reading
Michael Meeker, A Nation of Empire: The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity, 2002
Margarita Poutouridou, The Of valley and the coming of Islam: the case of the Greek-speaking Muslims, 1997
Erol Sağlam, Constitutive Ambiguities: Subjectivities and Memory in the Case of Romeika-Speaking Communities of Trabzon, Turkey, 2017
Sitaridou, I. Greek-speaking enclaves in Pontus today: The documentation and revitalization of Romeyka, 2013
External links
Çaykara district governor's official website
Uzungöl Website
Images of the Sultan Murat Plateau
Populated places in Trabzon Province
Districts of Trabzon Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aykara |
Jessica Sloan (born November 2, 1982, in Calgary, Alberta) is a Canadian swimmer who won six gold medals in the 2000 Summer Paralympics.
In the games, held in Sydney, she won gold in freestyle (100m and 50m), breaststroke (100m), individual medley (200m), relay medley, and freestyle relay.
She was considered for the 2000 Lou Marsh Trophy.
Personal life
Sloan is one of many elite Canadian athletes to have attended high school at the National Sport School operated by the Calgary Board of Education. Sloan is now one of the coaches for the Provo aquatics club or PAC for short along with Ezekial Hall.
References
1982 births
Living people
Swimmers from Calgary
Paralympic swimmers for Canada
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Canada
World record holders in paralympic swimming
Canadian female freestyle swimmers
Canadian female backstroke swimmers
Canadian female breaststroke swimmers
Canadian female medley swimmers
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in swimming
S10-classified para swimmers
Medalists at the World Para Swimming Championships
20th-century Canadian women
21st-century Canadian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Sloan |
Saclepea Mah District is one of six districts located in Nimba County, Liberia.
References
Districts of Liberia
Nimba County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saclepea%20District |
Gbehlay-Geh District is one of 17 districts located in Nimba County, Liberia. In 2008, the population was 32,176.
References
Districts of Liberia
Nimba County
Gbehlay-Geh District is headquartered in Karnplay City. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbehlageh%20District |
Çelikhan () is a town of Adıyaman Province, Turkey. It is the seat of Çelikhan District. The town is mostly populated by Kurds of the Reşwan tribe and had a population of 8,473 in 2021.
References
Populated places in Adıyaman Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Çelikhan District
Kurdish settlements in Adıyaman Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87elikhan |
A nuclear gene is a gene whose physical DNA nucleotide sequence is located in the cell nucleus of a eukaryote. The term is used to distinguish nuclear genes from genes found in mitochondria or chloroplasts. The vast majority of genes in eukaryotes are nuclear.
Endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria and plastids evolved from free-living prokaryotes into current cytoplasmic organelles through endosymbiotic evolution. Mitochondria are thought to be necessary for eukaryotic life to exist. They are known as the cell's powerhouses because they provide the majority of the energy or ATP required by the cell. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is replicated separately from the host genome. Human mtDNA codes for 13 proteins, most of which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The nuclear genome encodes the remaining mitochondrial proteins, which are then transported into the mitochondria. The genomes of these organelles have become far smaller than those of their free-living predecessors. This is mostly due to the widespread transfer of genes from prokaryote progenitors to the nuclear genome, followed by their elimination from organelle genomes. In evolutionary timescales, the continuous entry of organelle DNA into the nucleus has provided novel nuclear genes.
Endosymbiotic organelle interactions
Though separated from one another within the cell, nuclear genes and those of mitochondria and chloroplasts can affect each other in a number of ways. Nuclear genes play major roles in the expression of chloroplast genes and mitochondrial genes. Additionally, gene products of mitochondria can themselves affect the expression of genes within the cell nucleus. This can be done through metabolites as well as through certain peptides trans-locating from the mitochondria to the nucleus, where they can then affect gene expression.
Structure
Eukaryotic genomes have distinct higher-order chromatin structures that are closely packaged functional relates to gene expression. Chromatin compresses the genome to fit into the cell nucleus, while still ensuring that the gene can be accessed when needed, such as during gene transcription, replication, and DNA repair. The entirety of genome function is based on the underlying relationship between nuclear organization and the mechanisms involved in genome organization, in which there are a number of complex mechanisms and biochemical pathways which can affect the expression of individual genes within the genome. The remaining mitochondrial proteins, metabolic enzymes, DNA and RNA polymerases, ribosomal proteins, and mtDNA regulatory factors are all encoded by nuclear genes. Because nuclear genes constitute the genetic foundation of all eukaryotic organisms, anything that might change their genetic expression has a direct impact on the organism's cellular genotypes and phenotypes. The nucleus also contains a number of distinct subnuclear foci known as nuclear bodies, which are dynamically controlled structures that help numerous nuclear processes run more efficiently. Active genes, for instance, might migrate from chromosomal regions and concentrate into subnuclear foci known as transcription factories.
Protein synthesis
The majority of proteins in a cell are the product of messenger RNA transcribed from nuclear genes, including most of the proteins of the organelles, which are produced in the cytoplasm like all nuclear gene products and then transported to the organelle. Genes in the nucleus are arranged in a linear fashion upon chromosomes, which serve as the scaffold for replication and the regulation of gene expression. As such, they are usually under strict copy-number control, and replicate a single time per cell cycle. Nuclear cells such as platelets do not possess nuclear DNA and therefore must have alternative sources for the RNA that they need to generate proteins. With the nuclear genome's 3.3 billion DNA base pairs in humans, one good example of a nuclear gene is MDH1 or the malate dehydrogenase 1 gene. In various metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle, MDH1 is a protein-coding gene that encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the NAD/NADH-dependent, reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate. This gene codes for the cytosolic isozyme, which is involved in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which allows malate to cross past the mitochondrial membrane and be converted to oxaloacetate to perform further cellular functions. This gene among many exhibits its huge purposeful role in the entirety of an organism’s physiologic function. Although non-nuclear genes may exist in its functional nature, the role of nuclear genes in response and in coordination with non-nuclear genes is fundamental.
Significance
Many nuclear-derived transcription factors have played a role in respiratory chain expression. These factors may have also contributed to the regulation of mitochondrial functions. Nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-1) fuses to respiratory encoding genes proteins, to the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis, and to elements of replication and transcription of mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA. The second nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-2) is necessary for the production of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COXIV) and Vb (COXVb) to be maximized.
The studying of gene sequences for the purpose of speciation and determining genetic similarity is just one of the many uses of modern day genetics, and the role that both types of genes have in that process is important. Though both nuclear genes and those within endosymbiotic organelles provide the genetic makeup of an organism, there are distinct features that can be better observed when looking at one compared to the other. Mitochondrial DNA is useful in the study of speciation as it tends to be the first to evolve in the development of a new species, which is different from nuclear genes' chromosomes that can be examined and analyzed individually, each giving its own potential answer as to the speciation of a relatively recently evolved organism.
As nuclear genes are the genetic basis of all eukaryotic organisms, anything that can affect their expression therefore directly affects characteristics about that organism on a cellular level. The interactions between the genes of endosymbiotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are just a few of the many factors that can act on the nuclear genome.
References
Genes
Molecular biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20gene |
Yarwein Mehnsonnoh (Yarwein-Mehnsohnneh) District is one of six districts located in Nimba County, Liberia. As of 2008, the population was 25,584.
References
Districts of Liberia
Nimba County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarwein%20Mehnsonnoh%20District |
Tappita District was one of six districts located in Nimba County, Liberia. The Jackson F. Doe Memorial Regional Referral Hospital opened in 2011.
References
Districts of Liberia
Nimba County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappita%20District |
Çeltik (, "paddy, rice in a husk") is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 640 km2, and its population is 9,429 (2022). Its elevation is .
Composition
There are 14 neighbourhoods in Çeltik District:
Adakasım
Bahçelievler
Bahçesaray
Doğanyurt
Fatih
Gökpınar
Honamlı
İshakuşağı
Karşıyaka
Kaşören
Küçükhasan
Selçuk
Torunlar
Yukarı Aliçomak
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eltik |
Zoegeh District was one of six districts located in Nimba County, Liberia.
References
Districts of Liberia
Nimba County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoegeh%20District |
Morweh District is a district of Rivercess County, Liberia. It was one of the county's two original districts.
References
Districts of Liberia
Rivercess County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morweh%20District |
Timbo District was one of the two original districts of Rivercess County, Liberia.
References
Districts of Liberia
Rivercess County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbo%20District |
Gbeapo District is one of 10 districts of River Gee County, Liberia. As of 2008, the population was 10,934.
References
Districts of Liberia
River Gee County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbeapo%20District |
Webbo District (Nyaake) was a district of River Gee County, Liberia.
References
Districts of Liberia
River Gee County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbo%20District |
Çemişgezek (; ) is a municipality (belde) and seat of Çemişgezek District of Tunceli Province, Turkey. The mayor is Levent Metin Yıldız (AKP).
The town had a population of 3,009 in 2021 and is populated by both Kurds and Turks.
The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Çukur, Hacı Cami, Hamamatik, Kale, Mescit, Tepebaşı and Yenimahalle.
Notable natives
Aurora Mardiganian – Armenian genocide survivor, writer of Ravished Armenia.
John I Tzimiskes - Byzantine emperor of Armenian origin
Aynur Doğan – Kurdish singer
Diyap Yıldırım – Kurdish politician
See also
Emirate of Çemişgezek
References
External links
Populated places in Çemişgezek District
Kurdish settlements in Tunceli Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87emi%C5%9Fgezek |
The Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, officially The Right Worshipful Grand Lodge of the Most Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons of Pennsylvania and Masonic Jurisdictions Thereunto Belonging, sometimes referred to as Freemasons of Pennsylvania is the premier masonic organization in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Grand Lodge claims to be the oldest in the United States, and the third oldest in the world after England (est. 1717) and Ireland (est. 1725), having been originally established as the Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania in 1731. This claim is disputed by both the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts and the Grand Lodge of Virginia.
Today, the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania is the largest Masonic Jurisdiction in the United States, claiming more than 80,000 members at the end of 2021. There are more Freemasons in Pennsylvania than any other State.
History
The Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania
Two English grand lodges erected lodges in Pennsylvania during the 18th century, the Premier Grand Lodge of England (known as the "Moderns"), established in London in 1717, and the Ancient Grand Lodge of England (known as the "Antients" or "Ancients"), established in London in 1751. The first of these, the Moderns' Grand Lodge, was first to establish lodges and provincial grand lodges in the American colonies. But by 1785, the Moderns and their lodges had ceased to exist in Pennsylvania, the last of their members having been absorbed by the lodges of the Ancients. The present day Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania descends primarily from the Ancients, with the Moderns having been grafted onto "Ancient York Masonry."
The Tun Tavern Lodge
The earliest minute book of any Masonic lodge on the North American continent is that for Tun Tavern Lodge No. 3 (of the Moderns) in Philadelphia. The Tun Tavern was the first "brew house" in the city, being built in 1685, and was located on the waterfront at the corner of Water Street and Tun Alley. The extant records of the Lodge begin on 24 June 1731, but the lodge may have been older than that. It was reported by Benjamin Franklin, in his Gazette for 8 December 1730, that there were "several Lodges of Free Masons erected in this Province...." The Tun Tavern, being a popular meeting place in Philadelphia, was undoubtedly the first location of a lodge in Philadelphia. Other organizations were formed there, including the St. George's Society in 1720, and the St. Andrew's Society in 1747. Even the United States Marine Corps was founded there on 10 November 1775 by Samuel Nicholas, grandson of a member of the Tun Tavern Lodge. According to Henry Coil, a Freemason from Massachusetts, the Tun Tavern Lodge was never warranted nor issued a charter, being an "immemorial rights lodge." However, the Librarian of the Masonic Library in Philadelphia believes that, simply because there is no existing evidence, there is no reason to assume that the Tun Tavern Lodge was never warranted since all of the other Lodges at the time had been, and that it must have been warranted prior to 1749 since the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania has in its archives the minute books for the Tun Tavern Lodge from 1749-1755.
The First Provincial Grand Master
The first official act of the Moderns' Grand Lodge regarding the American colonies was the creation of a Provincial Grand Master for New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, naming one Daniel Coxe, Esq., to that office. This deputation, issued on 5 June 1730, was made by the Grand Master, the Duke of Norfolk, and was to remain in effect for two years from 24 June 1731 to 24 June 1733, at which time, according to the deputation, the members were empowered to elect a Provincial Grand Master. From a letter in the possession of the New York Historical Society dated 31 July 1730 at Trenton we know that Daniel Coxe was already in the colonies. Coxe returned to England to attend a meeting of the Grand Lodge in London on 29 January 1731 where he was toasted as the Provincial Grand Master "of North America." Coxe eventually relocated in Burlington, New Jersey, about 20 miles from Philadelphia, where he had been awarded a colonial judgeship.
There are no explicit records to show that Daniel Coxe ever organized a Provincial Grand Lodge, nor to have erected any lodges, nor ever exercised his authority in any way as Provincial Grand Master prior to his death on 25 April 1739. In fact, his death, which was reported in the Pennsylvania Gazette by Benjamin Franklin, a member of The Tun Tavern Lodge in Philadelphia, does not even mention that Coxe was a Freemason, possibly indicating that Franklin and the other members of the Craft in Philadelphia were unaware of his affiliation. However, the Masonic historian Dr. Wilhelm Begeman points out that, "those who deny Coxe's activity must naturally assume the Provincial Grand Lodge established itself through its own power, which is much less probable than the legal action of Coxe... that his home was in Trenton, was no serious obstacle, for the London Grand Masters nearly all lived at a distance from London, Lord Kingston, for instance, in Ireland." An entry in "Liber B," the oldest known record of a lodge in the Americas (the second record book of St. John's Lodge, Philadelphia, from 1731 to 1738), lists William Allen as Grand Master on 24 June 1731. Coxe's deputation clearly allows for the election of a successor in perpetuity.
Provincial Grand Masters of Pennsylvania
After his election in 1731, William Allen appointed William Pringle, Deputy Grand Master, and Thomas Boude and Benjamin Franklin, Wardens. Benjamin Franklin would become Provincial Grand Master in 1734—the same year he published Anderson's Constitutions, the first Masonic book printed in America—and again in 1749. The organization of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania was recorded in both "Liber B" and the Pennsylvania Gazette, which published the names of the sixteen Grand Masters who served from 1731 to 1755. William Allen was Provincial Grand Master eight times. No reports were sent from the Provincial Grand Lodge of Moderns to the Grand Lodge of England, nor were any requested; being independent it apparently had no need to do so. Yet, the Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania affiliated itself with the Grand Lodge of England in that it approved and adopted those Ritual changes made by the GLE after 1730.
Provincial Grand Masters at Boston
On 30 April 1733, Henry Price of Boston was appointed Provincial Grand Master "of New England" by the Viscount Montagu, Grand Master of the Moderns' Grand Lodge in London. Clearly, this appointment would not have included Pennsylvania, except for Price's repeated, but disputed, claims that the Grand Master had "ordered him to extend Freemasonry over all North America." Price held this office until December 1736, when he was succeeded by Robert Tomlinson, also of Boston, who held the office until his death in 1740. Tomlinson was succeeded by Thomas Oxnard, who was deputized Provincial Grand Master "for North America" on 23 Sept. 1743. He remained in office until his death in 1754. Whether Price's office gave him jurisdiction over Pennsylvania Masonry has always been disputed, but the question, according to those who favor the supremacy of Massachusetts, became a moot point for a brief period with Oxnard's appointment over all of North America. Historians who argue in favor of Massachuestts' primacy over Pennsylvania also point to an appointment of Benjamin Franklin as Provincial Grand Master for Pennsylvania on 10 July 1749. They argue that Provincial Grand Masters had no authority to appoint other Provincial Grand Masters and Franklin's appointment was void since only grand lodges had authority to do so. However, Daniel Coxe's deputation from the Grand Lodge of England did in fact provide the Freemasons in Pennsylvania to elect a Provincial Grand Master every two years in perpetuity. Because of this we can assume that all successive Provincial Grand Masters of Pennsylvania were elected under the authority of this deputation.
The Demise of the Moderns in Pennsylvania
The Freemasonry of the Moderns Grand Lodge and its daughter lodges in Pennsylvania was eclipsed during the latter half of the 18th century by the rise of the Ancients Grand Lodge and its subordinate lodges. The American Revolutionary War took a great toll on Pennsylvania Freemasonry, and especially the Moderns' lodges. Beginning before the War some of the Modern Lodges had switched allegiance to the Ancients, e.g. Lodge No. 4 of the Moderns. By the end of the Revolution nearly all the lodges in Pennsylvania owed allegiance to the Ancients. It is impossible to determine precisely when the Moderns' Provincial Grand Lodge folded, but it was gone by 1785. The Masonic Hall, built by the Moderns in 1755 was sold, and the proceeds were placed in a charitable trust and became the "Freemason's Fuel Fund." Thus, we can say that the "Modern" line was grafted onto the "Ancient."
The Rise of the Ancients
The Ancient Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania: On 15 July 1761, the Ancient Grand Lodge of England issued a warrant for a Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, which appeared as Lodge No. 89 on the Grand Lodge roster. Three years before, the Ancient Grand Lodge had issued a warrant for Lodge No. 69 to a lodge in Philadelphia (later Lodge No. 2 of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania), which had been the first warrant issued to a lodge in North America by that Grand Lodge. As noted above, in a process that began before the Revolutionary War, some Modern Lodges had defected to and were absorbed by the Ancient Provincial Grand Lodge thus making the Ancients the dominant form of Freemasonry in Pennsylvania.
The Independent Grand Lodge is Formed
By 1785, Pennsylvania Freemasonry was entirely Ancient, the Moderns having been fully absorbed into the Ancient Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. On 25 September 1786, the Ancient Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania declared itself to be independent of the mother Grand Lodge and closed itself permanently as a provincial grand lodge. The following day, 26 September, the representatives of 13 Ancient lodges met together and reformed the independent Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, headquartered in Philadelphia. Though Pennsylvania Masonic ritual is entirely from the Ancients, and not an amalgamation of the two rituals, the Moderns did not simply cease to exist but were rather absorbed into Ancient Masonry and made to conform to their customs and usages.
Since its inception, the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania has moved its headquarters from building to building over the last two centuries, and on one occasion even conducted their meetings in Independence Hall.
The first permanent Grand Lodge building was built on Chestnut Street in 1811, in the gothic revivalist style. However it burned down in 1819. A second grand lodge building was constructed in the 1850s, and was sold in 1873, upon completion of the current Masonic Temple in Philadelphia. This building has been the home of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania ever since.
Charitable Endeavors
The Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania (and its subordinate Lodges) support five charitable entities that offer a range of services.
The Masonic Temple, Library, and Museum
The headquarters of the Grand Lodge is in the Masonic Temple at One North Broad Street, directly across from Philadelphia City Hall. Built in 1873, it is a national historic landmark renowned for its beauty, architectural mastery and historical significance. The Library contains one of the finest collections for the study of American history and Freemasonry, and the Museum displays more than 30,000 treasured artifacts.
The Masonic Villages of Pennsylvania
Since its founding in 1894, the Masonic Home of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, now known as the Masonic Villages of Pennsylvania
has grown and expanded.
The 1400 acres of the Masonic Village at Elizabethtown Campus began as a working farm where the Residents participated in farming chores. Today the farming aspects have been reduced to a prize winning stable of Bulls and a wonderful apple, peach, and cherry orchard. The Elizabethtown campus offers charitable services ranging from a children's home and child care center, to 445 beds of Nursing Home services and 971 units of Retirement living consisting of apartments and cottages.
Comprising five continuing care retirement communities across Pennsylvania providing a wide range of care and services, the Masonic Villages
are committed to caring for residents regardless of their sex, race, creed, Masonic affiliation or ability to pay. The communities extend quality healthcare and outreach services to numerous others through home and community-based services.
The Masonic Children's Home
The Masonic Children's Home is a home for children who come from various socio-economic environments that do not provide the security and support necessary for healthy growth and development. The youth receive food, clothing, complete medical care, academic tutoring and opportunities to participate in worship and extracurricular activities of their choosing.
The Pennsylvania Masonic Youth Foundation
The Foundation offers leadership, education and mentoring programs and resources for youth throughout the Commonwealth, and provides numerous resources and opportunities for Masonic youth groups. It supports initiatives to keep children safe from violence, abuse and exploitation, and provides specialized training for adults who provide leadership to young people.
The Masonic Charities Fund
This special fund supports operations and equipment purchases for The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania, as well as the restoration and preservation of the Masonic Temple. As needs present themselves, the fund supports scholarships and disaster relief across the globe, to Masonic or non-Masonic recipients.
Grand Masters
The current Grand Master is Jeffery Wonderling. In Pennsylvania, the Grand Master serves a two-year term. Notably, the regalia of the Grand Master of Pennsylvania is unlike that of any other Masonic Jurisdiction in the United States. The collar is made of velvet and contains no metal save for the bullion thread used to compose the stars. The apron is rounded, both at the base and on the flap, and has no excess ornamentation or fringe.
The following men have been Grand Masters.
1730–1731: Daniel Coxe
1731–1732: William Allen
1732: Daniel Coxe
1733: Humphrey Murray
1734: Benjamin Franklin
1735: James Hamilton
1736: Thomas Hopkinson
1737: William Plumstead
1738: Joseph Shippen
1741: Philip Syng
1747–1748: William Allen
1749: Benjamin Franklin
1750–1761: William Allen
1761: William Ball
1764–1765: William Ball
1767–1772: William Ball
1776–1782: William Ball
1783–1788: William Adcock
1789–1794: Jonathan B. Smith
1795: William Ball
1796–1797: William M. Smith
1798–1802: Jonathan B. Smith
1803–1805: Israel Israel
1806–1813: James Milnor
1814: Richard C. Taybout
1815: Samuel F. Bradford
1816–1817: Walter Kerr
1818–1821: Bayse Newcomb
1822–1823: Josiah Randall
1824: John B. Gibson
1825: James Harper
1826–1828: Thomas Kittera
1829–1830: Samuel Badger
1831–1832: Michael Nisbet, Sr.
1833–1834: John Steele
1835: George M. Dallas
1836: Tristram B. Freeman
1837–1838: John M. Read
1839–1840: Samuel H. Perkins
1841–1842: Joseph R. Chandler
1843: Cornelius Stevenson
1844–1845: William Barger
1846–1847: James Page
1848–1849: Peter Fritz
1850–1851: William Whitney
1852–1853: Anthony Bournonville
1854–1855: James Hutchinson
1856–1857: Peter Williamson
1858: John K. Mitchell
1859–1860: Henry M. Phillips
1861–1862: John Thomson
1863–1864: David C. Skerett
1865–1866: Lucius H. Scott
1867: John L. Goddard
1868–1869: Richard Vaux
1870–1871: Robert A. Lamberton
1872–1873: Samuel C. Perkins
1874–1875: Alfred R. Potter
1876–1877: Robert Clark
1878: James M. Porter
1879–1880: Michael Nisbit, Jr.
1881–1882: Samuel B. Dick
1883–1884: Conrad B. Day
1885–1886: E. Coppée Mitchell
1887–1888: Joseph Eichbaum
1889–1890: Clifford P. MacCalla
1891–1892: J. Simpson Africa
1893–1894: Michael Arnold
1895–1896: Matthias H. Henderson
1897–1898: William J. Kelly
1899: Henry W. Williams
1900–1901: George E. Wagner
1902–1903: Edgar A. Tennis
1904–1905: James W. Brown
1906–1907: George W. Kendrick, Jr.
1908–1909: George B. Orlady
1910–1911: George W. Guthrie
1912–1913: William L. Gorgas
1914–1915: J. Henry Williams
1916–1917: Louis A. Watres
1918–1919: James B. Krause
1920–1921: John S. Snell
1922–1923: Abraham M. Beitler
1924–1925: Samuel M. Goodyear
1926–1927: William M. Hamilton
1928–1929: J. Willison Smith
1930–1931: William S. Snyder
1932–1933: Benjamin Page
1934–1935: Otto R. Heiligman
1936–1937: Harold N. Rust
1938–1939: Robert R. Lewis
1940–1941: William H. Brehm
1942–1943: John A. Lathwood
1944–1945: Scott S. Leiby
1946–1947: Richard A. Kern
1948–1949: George H. Deike
1950–1951: William E. Yeager
1952–1953: Albert T. Eyler
1954–1955: Ralph M. Lehr
1956–1957: Charles H. Nitsch
1958–1959: Sanford M. Chilcote
1960–1961: Max F. Balcom
1962–1963: W. Leroy McKinley
1964–1965: Earl F. Herold
1966–1967: Robert E. Deyoe
1968–1969: John K. Young
1970–1971: Hiram P. Ball
1972–1973: W. Orville Kimmel
1974–1975: Rochester B. Woodall
1976–1977: John L. McCain
1978–1979: Walter P. Wells
1980–1981: Joseph E. Trate
1982–1983: Samuel C. Williamson
1984–1985: William A. Carpenter
1986–1987: Carl W. Sternberg, Jr.
1988–1989: Arthur J. Kurtz
1990–1991: W. Scott Stoner
1992–1993: Edward H. Fowler, Jr.
1994–1995: George H. Hohenshildt
1996–1997: Edward O. Weisser
1998–1999: James L. Ernette
2000–2001: Robert L. D'luge, Jr.
2002–2003: Marvin A. Cunningham Sr.
2004–2005: William Slater, II
2006–2007: Ronald A. Aungst, Sr.
2008–2009: Stephen Gardner
2010–2011: Thomas K. Sturgeon
2012–2013: Jay W. Smith
2014–2015: Robert J. Bateman
2016–2017: Raymond T. Dietz
2018–2019: Stewart Eugene Herritt
2020–2021: Thomas Gamon, IV
2022-2023: Jeffrey M. Wonderling
See also
Grand Lodge Of Illinois
Masonic Lodge
List of famous Freemasons
References
External links
Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Freemasonry in the United States
1786 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Lodge%20of%20Pennsylvania |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1987 throughout the world.
Events
UEFA Champions League: Porto 2–1 Bayern Munich in the final at the Ernst Happel Stadium in Vienna.
UEFA Cup: Two legs; 1st leg, IFK Göteborg 1–0 Dundee United; 2nd leg, Dundee United 1–1 IFK Göteborg. IFK Göteborg wins 2–1 on aggregate.
Cup Winners' Cup: Ajax 1–0 Lokomotive Leipzig
Super Cup: Two legs; 1st leg, Ajax 0–1 Porto; 2nd leg, Porto 1–0 Ajax. Porto won 2–0 on aggregate
England - FA Cup: Coventry won 3-2 (aet) over Tottenham Hotspur
Copa Libertadores: Won by Peñarol after defeating América de Cali on the final playoff match by a score of 1–0.
25 July – In second ever FIFA U16 World Championship, the Soviet Union beat the surprise winners of two years ago, Nigeria, on penalties.
13 December – Portugal's Porto wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan by defeating Uruguay's Peñarol in extra-time by a score of 2–1. The winning goal is scored by Rabah Madjer.
Winner club national championships
Asia
Qatar:
Qatar Stars League – Al-Sadd
Europe
England:
First Division – Everton
Second Division – Derby County
Third Division - AFC Bournemouth
Fourth Division - Northampton Town
FA Cup – Coventry City
League Cup – Arsenal
France:
Division 1 – Bordeaux
Italy:
Serie A and Italian Cup – Napoli
Netherlands:
Eredivisie – PSV
KNVB Cup – Ajax
Eerste Divisie – Volendam
Portugal:
Liga and Cup of Portugal – Benfica
Scotland:
Premier Division – Rangers
First Division – Morton
Second Division – Meadowbank Thistle
Scottish Cup – St Mirren
Scottish League Cup – Rangers
Spain:
La Liga – Real Madrid
Copa del Rey – Real Sociedad
Turkey:
Premier Super League – Galatasaray
Turkish Cup – Gençlerbirliği
North America
– Calgary Kickers (CSL)
– Chivas Guadalajara
– San Diego Nomads (WSA)
South America
Argentina:
Primera División – Rosario Central
Bolivia:
Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano – Bolívar
Chile:
Primera División de Chile – Universidad Católica
Colombia:
Fútbol Profesional Colombiano – Millonarios
Brazil:
Brazilian Football Confederation – Sport Recife
Copa União – Flamengo
Paraguay:
Liga Paraguaya – Cerro Porteño
International Tournaments
Copa América in Argentina (27 June – 12 July 1987)
Pan American Games in Indianapolis, United States (9–21 August 1987)
National teams
Births
January 1 – Gasan Gasanov, former Russian professional footballer
January 2 – Dejan Marijanovič, Slovenian footballer
January 4
Kay Voser, Swiss footballer
Danny Simpson, English footballer
January 7 – Jimmy Smith, English footballer
January 10 – Vicente Guaita, Spanish footballer
January 12 – Andrey Buyvolov, Russian footballer
January 21
Andrei Cojocari, Moldovan international
Alexander Dercho, German club footballer
Henrico Drost, Dutch youth international
Will Johnson, Canadian international
Kevin Kratz, German club footballer
Mulopo Kudimbana, Congolese international
Danny Munyao, Zambian international
Nyasha Mushekwi, Zimbabwean international
January 24 — Wayne Hennessey, Welsh international footballer
January 25 — Adam Berner, Swedish former footballer
January 28 — Iván Emmanuel González, Paraguayan footballer
February 14
Edinson Cavani, Uruguayan footballer
José Miguel Cubero, Costa Rican footballer
February 21 – Eniola Aluko, Nigerian-born British football player and manager
February 23 – Scott Davies, English footballer
February 27
Sandy Paillot, French footballer
Maximiliano Moralez, Argentinian footballer
March 12 – Omar Abdulrazaq, Syria footballer
March 13 – Andreas Beck, German international footballer
March 17 – Adrian Sager, Swiss professional footballer
March 20
Korkrirk Petchkongthong, Thai professional footballer
Bogdan Stoyanov, Bulgarian footballer
March 31
Nordin Amrabat, Dutch footballer
Hugo Ayala, Mexican footballer
Amaury Bischoff, Portuguese footballer
Justin Braun, American soccer player
Carl Dickinson, English footballer
Eros Pisano, Italian footballer
Aridane Santana, Spanish footballer
April 9 – Blaise Matuidi, French international footballer
April 16 — Aaron Lennon, English international footballer
April 22 — Mikel John Obi, Nigerian international footballer
April 23 — Francesco Montella, Italian footballer
May 4 — Cesc Fàbregas, Spanish international footballer
June 12 — Antonio Barragán, Spanish and Galician footballer
June 24
Serdar Güneş, Turkish footballer
Craig Henderson, New Zealand footballer
Josh Lillis, English footballer
Lionel Messi, Argentine international footballer
June 26 — Samir Nasri, French international footballer
July 2 — Esteban Granero, Spanish footballer
July 25 — Eran Zahavi, Israeli footballer
July 27 — Vasili Penyasov, former Russian professional football player
July 28
Yasser Corona, Mexican defender
Yevhen Khacheridi, Ukrainian international
Pedro, Spanish footballer
August 19 – Richard Stearman, English footballer
August 24
Jonathan Ruttens, Belgian retired footballer
Masaki Yamamoto, Japanese football player
Ri Jun-il, North Korean football player
September 9 — Abel Dhaira, Ugandan international footballer (died 2016)
September 27 — Erdene-Ochiriin Ganzorig, Mongolian international footballer
September 30 — Rubén Royo, Spanish former footballer
October 1 — Lionel Ainsworth, English footballer
October 7 — James McArthur, Scottish international footballer
October 11 — Timo Furuholm, Finnish international footballer
November 27 — David Terkpertey, Ghanaian footballer
December 5 – Tommy Fraser, English club footballer
December 9
Adriano, Brazilian footballer
Karim Benzema, French international footballer
December 18 – Konstantin Lozbinev, Russian former professional footballer
Deaths
February
February 2 – Carlos José Castilho, Brazilian goalkeeper, winner of the 1958 FIFA World Cup and 1962 FIFA World Cup. (59)
May
May - Syd Hartley, English professional association football player (born 1914)
May 23 - Ernst Nagelschmitz, German footballer (born 1902)
October
October 23 – Alejandro Scopelli, Argentine/Italian striker, runner-up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (79)
References
External links
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
VoetbalStats
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20in%20association%20football |
Fused is the second solo album by Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi, released in 2005. The album also features vocalist/bassist Glenn Hughes (who briefly fronted Black Sabbath in the mid-1980s, assuming vocal duties on the album Seventh Star – an album that was originally intended to be Iommi's first solo album) and drummer Kenny Aronoff.
The album was recorded in Monnow Valley Studios, Wales in December 2004 and BHM's studio in Warwickshire, England, and was produced by Bob Marlette (who also contributed keyboards and bass on the album) and Iommi. Fused reached number 34 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart.
Track listing
Personnel
per liner notes
Tony Iommi – lead and rhythm guitars, additional production
Glenn Hughes – vocals, bass
Kenny Aronoff – drums
Bob Marlette – keyboards, bass, production, engineering
Mike Exeter – additional engineering, programming
Hugh Gilmour – artwork, design
Ralph Baker – executive producer
Jeff Greenberg – legal at Beldock, Levine & Hoffman, NYC
JMO Design – logo
Dick Beetham – mastering
Sid Riggs – programming
Mike Clement – equipment technician
Charts
References
External links
Fused at Black Sabbath Online
2005 albums
Sanctuary Records albums
Glenn Hughes albums
Collaborative albums
Albums produced by Bob Marlette
Tony Iommi albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused%20%28album%29 |
Çermik (; ) is a municipality and district of Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. Its area is 948 km2, and its population is 49,644 (2022). The mayor is Şehmus Karamehmetoğlu from the Justice and Development Party (AKP), and the current kaymakam is Vahit Yılmaz.
Çermik got its name from its natural spa. It was declared the Diyarbakir Thermal Tourism Center in October 1993.
History
Within the Ottoman Empire, Cermik was within the Kurdish sanjaks of the Diyarbekir Eyelet. In 1925 the town came shortly under control of the rebels loyal to Sheikh Said.
Demographics
On the eve of the First World War, 12,418 Armenians lived in the kaza of Çermik: 2,000 in the center of Çermik and 10,000 in Çüngüş. They had five churches, one monastery and five schools. They were massacred during the Armenian genocide.
The Jewish population left the town in 1948 when Israel was founded.
Composition
There are 81 neighbourhoods in Çermik District:
Ağaçhan
Akçörten
Akkoyunlu
Akpınar
Alabuğday
Alakoç
Arabük
Armağantaşı
Armutlu
Artuk
Aşağışeyhler
Aşağıtaşmalı
Asmalık
Aynalı
Bademlik
Bahçe
Balıksırtı
Başarı
Bayat
Bayırbağı
Baykal
Bayrak
Bintaş
Bircemal
Bulundu
Çalıtepe
Ceylan
Çukur
Çukurelma
Değirmenli
Dikyol
Dilekpınar
Elifuşağı
Eskibağ
Genceli
Göktepe
Gözerek
Güçlütaş
Günaşan
Gürüz
Güzel
Haburman
İkiçeltik
İncili
Kalaç
Kale
Kalecik
Karacaviran
Karakaya
Karamusa
Karataş
Kartaltaşı
Kayagediği
Keklik
Kırmatepe
Köksal
Kömürcüler
Konaklı
Konuksever
Korudağ
Kuşlukçayırı
Kuyuköy
Örenkuyu
Pamuklu
Petekkaya
Pınarlı
Recep
Saltepe
Saray
Sarıbalta
Sarıca
Şeyhandede
Sinek
Tepe
Toplu
Yabanardı
Yayıklı
Yaylacık
Yeşilova
Yiğitler
Yoğun
Attractions
The baths in the area draw many visitors and tourists from Turkey, mostly of neighboring provinces.
Main attractions are the Haburman Bridge, Çeteci Abdullah Pasha Madrasa, Ulu Cami (the Grand Mosque) the Bandeler Fountain (Bandeler Çesmesi) and the Gelincik Dağı ( Mountain of Gelincik) The town also counts with a Synagogue which dates back to the 1416, but it is not in use.
Notable people
Çeteci Abdullah Pasha, a former Vali of Diyarbakir.
References
Kurdish settlements in Diyarbakır Province
Populated places in Diyarbakır Province
Districts of Diyarbakır Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Former Armenian communities in Diyarbakır Province
Jewish communities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ermik |
Butaw District (Buto) is one of 16 districts of Sinoe County, Liberia. As of 2008, the population was 3,892.
References
Districts of Liberia
Sinoe County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaw%20District |
Greenville District is one of 16 districts of Sinoe County, Liberia. As of 2008, the population was 16,434, making it the most populous district in the county.
References
Districts of Liberia
Sinoe County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville%20District |
Dugbe River District is one of 16 districts of Sinoe County, Liberia. As of 2008, the population was 9,083.
References
Districts of Liberia
Sinoe County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugbe%20River%20District |
Jaedae District is one of 16 districts located in Sinoe County, Liberia. As of 2008, it had a population of 3,617.
References
Districts of Liberia
Sinoe County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaedae%20District |
Juarzon District is one of 16 districts of Sinoe County, Liberia. As of 2008, the population was 6,151.
References
Districts of Liberia
Sinoe County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarzon%20District |
Çıldır (, Husenian; meaning "North"; , Chrdili; meaning "Shadow") is a town in Ardahan Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Çıldır District. Its population is 2,552 (2021). The town is populated by Turks.
The town consists of 9 quarters, including Aşıkşenlik and Yıldırımtepe.
References
Populated places in Ardahan Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Çıldır District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r |
Kpayan District is one of 16 districts of Sinoe County, Liberia. In 2008, the population was 10,043.
References
Districts of Liberia
Sinoe County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpayan%20District |
Pynes Town District is one of 16 districts of Sinoe County, Liberia. As of 2008, it had a population of 4,167.
References
Districts of Liberia
Sinoe County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pynes%20Town%20District |
Arthur John Miles Anderson (August 29, 1922 – April 9, 2016) was an American actor of radio, film, television, and stage.
Early years
Anderson was born August 29, 1922, on Staten Island, New York. His parents, George Christian Anderson and Violet Brookfield Anderson, came from Denmark and England. He was educated at the Professional Children's School in Manhattan.
"He first came to radio through a children's community playhouse and started appearing regularly in 1934 on Uncle Nick Kenny's Radio Kindergarten at WMCA."
Let's Pretend
As a child, he was heard on NBC in the role of the orphan Buddy on the radio network's musical serial drama, Tony and Gus (1935). The following year he joined the cast of Nila Mack's Let's Pretend and continued on that children's program until it came to an end in 1954. In 2004, he wrote a history of the show, Let's Pretend and the Golden Age of Radio (BearManor Media), which includes a foreword by Norman Corwin and a complete broadcast log by Derek Tague and Martin Grams, Jr.
Other radio
Anderson acted in Welles's The Mercury Theatre on the Air, his CBS Radio series as characters in "Treasure Island", "Julius Caesar" and "Sherlock Holmes". Additional radio credits include the juvenile quiz show, March of Games (1938–1941), produced by Nila Mack and featuring many of the young actors from Let's Pretend.
Stage
Anderson appeared in Orson Welles's Mercury Theatre production of Caesar on Broadway, as portrayed as the character Richard Samuels in the 2008 film Me and Orson Welles. His other Broadway credits include 1776, Il Trovatore, Aida, Carmen, Good Neighbor, and The Shoemakers' Holiday.
From serials to cereals
Beginning in 1963 he was the voice of the General Mills Lucky Charms mascot Lucky the Leprechaun, continuing the character for 29 years even though he is not Irish. In 2005, he recalled:
People have expectations. I just have an Irish-sounding name. I have reason to celebrate. I had the luck of the Irish to get that part. I never got free cereal, but they gave me lots of green money. And it was a fun character to play. Hardly a day goes by when somebody doesn't ask me to sing the Lucky Charms jingle, and I'm proud of that.
Television and film
Anderson succeeded Lionel Wilson as the voice of Eustace Bagge in Courage the Cowardly Dog. His film credits include Midnight Cowboy, Zelig, Green Card and I'm Not Rappaport, and his onscreen television appearances include episodes of Car 54, Where Are You?, Route 66, and Law & Order.
Later years
Late in life, Anderson was active in Friends of Old Time Radio, a group that recreated broadcasts using the original scripts and was a regular participant in their conventions. He appeared at the convention 30 times, the most of any actor. He appeared at the very last convention on October 23, 2011. In 2012, he took on the role of honorary chairman for the successor event to Friends of Old Time Radio, NY OTR, which took place on October 12–13, 2012.
Personal life
Anderson was married to casting director Alice Middleton. They had one daughter.
Death
Anderson died at his Manhattan home on April 9, 2016, at age 93.
Autobiography
An Actor's Odyssey: Orson Welles to Lucky the Leprechaun, by Arthur Anderson. Albany, 2010. BearManor Media. .
References
External links
New York Public Library: Nila Mack Personal Papers, Photos and Scripts
Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs: Let's Pretend
1922 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male child actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
American male voice actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Staten Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Anderson%20%28actor%29 |
Çınar () is a municipality and district of Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,934 km2, and its population is 76,966 (2022).
In the local elections 2019 Bedri Kaya was elected Mayor. Muhammed Fatih Günlü was appointed District Governor in 2022.
The historic ruined Zerzevan Castle is located southeast of Çınar town.
Composition
There are 101 neighbourhoods in Çınar District:
Ağaçsever
Akçomak
Aktepe
Alabaş
Alancık
Altınakar
Arafat
Aşağıkonak
Aşağımollaali
Avdalı
Ayveri
Bağacık
Ballıbaba
Başaklı
Başalan
Bayırkonağı
Belenli
Bellitaş
Beneklitaş
Beşpınar
Bilmece
Boğazören
Bozçalı
Bulutçeker
Çakırkaya
Çakırtutmaz
Çataltarla
Çatmadal
Çeltikaltı
Çınarköy
Çömçeli
Çukurbaşı
Cumhuriyet
Demirölçek
Dikmencik
Dişlibaşak
Düğrük
Düzova
Ekinveren
Eski
Fatih
Filizören
Gazi
Göktepe
Görece
Gümüştaş
Gürses
Halıören
Halkapınar
Harabe
Hasköy
Höyükdibi
İnanöz
İncirtepe
Karababa
Karabudak
Karaçevre
Karalar
Karasungur
Kazıktepe
Kılıçkaya
Kırkağaç
Köksalan
Kubacık
Kürekli
Kuruyazı
Kutluk
Kuyuluhöyük
Leblebitaş
Meydanköy
Muratcık
Öncülü
Ortaşar
Ovabağ
Özyar
Pembeviran
Piremehmetağa
Şekerören
Selyazı
Sevindik
Şeyhçoban
Sırımkesen
Soğansuyu
Solmaz
Şükürlü
Sürendal
Taşhelvası
Tekkaynak
Tilver
Toraman
Uzgider
Yaprakbaşı
Yarımkaş
Yazçiçeği
Yeni
Yeşil
Yeşilbağ
Yeşiltaş
Yıllarca
Yukarıortaören
Yuvacık
References
Kurdish settlements in Diyarbakır Province
Populated places in Diyarbakır Province
Districts of Diyarbakır Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1nar%2C%20Diyarbak%C4%B1r |
Cochranella is a genus of glass frogs, family Centrolenidae. They are found in Central America from Honduras southward to the Amazonian and Andean cloud forests of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Etymology
The generic name Cochranella honors Doris Mable Cochran, an American herpetologist. Accordingly, common name Cochran frogs has been coined for the genus.
Taxonomy and systematics
Cochranella was first described by Edward Harrison Taylor in 1951. The current delimitation of this genus follows from the work by Juan Manuel Guayasamin and his colleagues published in 2009 (with some later adjustments). These authors remedied the polyphyly of the genus by partitioning it into several new genera.
The diagnostic characteristics of the genus are the following: (1) humeral spines are absent (small spine present in C. litoralis); (2) digestive tract is white (translucent in Cochranella nola) and the lobed liver is covered by a transparent hepatic peritoneum; (3) ventral parietal peritoneum is white anteriorly and transparent posteriorly; (4) webbing between the fingers III–IV is moderate to extensive; (5) bones are green in life; (6) dorsum is lavender in preserved specimens; (7) dentigerous process of the vomer and vomerine teeth are present (absent in C. litoralis); (8) males call from the upper surfaces of leaves and females deposit eggs on the upper sides of leaves along streams; (9) quadratojugal bone is articulating with maxilla.
Species
Currently eight species are placed in this genus:
Cochranella erminea Torres-Gastello, Suárez-Segovia, and Cisneros-Heredia, 2007
Cochranella euknemos (Savage and Starrett, 1967)
Cochranella granulosa (Taylor, 1949)
Cochranella guayasamini Twomey, Delia, and Castroviejo-Fisher, 2014
Cochranella litoralis (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1996)
Cochranella mache Guayasamin and Bonaccorso, 2004
Cochranella nola Harvey, 1996
Cochranella resplendens (Lynch and Duellman, 1973)
The AmphibiaWeb lists 15 Cochranella species, including ones that the Amphibian Species of the World considers as having uncertain placement within the subfamily Centroleninae (Incertae Sedis).
References
Glass frogs
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of Central America
Amphibians of South America
Taxa named by Edward Harrison Taylor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochranella |
James Macrae Aitken (27 October 1908 – 3 December 1983) was a Scottish chess player. Aitken was born in Calderbank, Lanarkshire, Scotland. In 1938 he received a PhD from Edinburgh University on the topic of 'The Trial of George Buchanan Before the Lisbon Inquisition'.
Aitken learned chess from his father at age 10. He was Scottish champion in 1935, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961 and 1965, the latter jointly with PM Jamieson. He was also London Champion in 1950. In 1959 he had his best result in the British Championship, finishing tied for seventh place. Aitken represented Scotland in four Chess Olympiads. He played top board at Stockholm 1937, scoring only 32.4% but he did defeat Swedish GM Gideon Ståhlberg and draw with American GM Samuel Reshevsky. He played second board at Munich 1958 and Tel Aviv 1964, scoring 67.6% and 28.1% respectively. Aitken played sixth board at Skopje 1972, scoring 38.9%.
Aitken represented Great Britain in matches against the USSR and Yugoslavia. In the 1946 radio match between the United Kingdom and the USSR he lost his match with Igor Bondarevsky on board 8. Aitken defeated GM Savielly Tartakower at Southsea 1949 and GM Efim Bogoljubow at Bad Pyrmont 1951.
During World War II, Aitken worked in Hut 6 at Bletchley Park on solving German Enigma machines. On 2 December 1944 Bletchley Park played a 12-board team match against the Oxford University Chess Club. Bletchley Park won the match 8–4 with C.H.O'D. Alexander, Harry Golombek, and Aitken on the top three boards. Aitken wrote many book reviews for the British Chess Magazine. Aside from chess his hobbies included golf, philately, bridge, and watching cricket. He died in Cheltenham in 1983, aged 75.
Aitken variation of the Giuoco Piano
In 1937 he recommended a line in the Greco Variation of the Giuoco Piano in the British Chess Magazine, now called the Aitken Variation: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.c3 Nf6 5.d4 exd4 6.cxd4 Bb4+ 7.Nc3 Nxe4 8.O-O Nxc3 9.bxc3 Bxc3 10.Ba3.
References
Further reading
British Chess Magazine, 1984, pp. 64–65.
External links
Biography of Dr Aitken at the Chess Scotland website
Collection of Dr Aitken's games at BritBase (British Chess Games Archive)
1908 births
1983 deaths
Bletchley Park people
Sportspeople from Cheltenham
Sportspeople from North Lanarkshire
Scottish chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century chess players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Macrae%20Aitken |
Çiçekdağı is a town in Kırşehir Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çiçekdağı District. Its population is 6,298 (2022).
History
From 1867 until 1922, Çiçekdağı was part of Angora vilayet.
Notable natives
Muharrem Ertaş (1913-1984), folk musician
Neşet Ertaş (1938-2012), folk musician
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Çiçekdağı District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ekda%C4%9F%C4%B1 |
Çiftlik is a town in Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çiftlik District. Its population is 4,464 (2022). It is 67 km from the town of Niğde, and 65 km from Aksaray. There is a much shorter route over the mountains to Niğde but that road is often under snow and closed in winter. Its elevation is .
Çiftlik is Turkish for farm, appropriately in this rural area which was previously known as Melendiz. Obsidian is found in the area.
Places of interest
A number of very ancient burial mounds höyük.
The hot spring and crater lake near the village of Narköy.
References
External links
Municipality's official website
A local news website
A web portal of Niğde
Yesilbor.com
information about cappadocia and ciftlik
Cappadocia
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Çiftlik District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iftlik%2C%20Ni%C4%9Fde |
Arthur Anderson (1792, Shetland – 27 February 1868, London) was a Scottish businessman and Whig politician. He was co-founder of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O).
Career
He was born at Böd of Gremista, in Lerwick, and as a boy worked on the beach preparing fish. The Crown attempted to press gang Anderson but Bressay man Thomas Bolt persuaded the Royal Navy to wait until he had finished his apprenticeship before his impressment in 1808. Anderson was discharged 10 years later in Plymouth. Like many Shetland men, he was left destitute 600 miles from home after his service to King and country during the Napoleonic wars. Anderson moved to London and eventually became a clerk in the London shipping and insurance firm of Brodie McGhie Willcox where he became a partner in 1822 and the firm was renamed Wilcox and Anderson. They developed the shipping business between Britain and the Iberian peninsula, at one stage shipping guns and the British Legion to fight Portuguese conservatives and Spanish Carlists during their internal wars of the 1830s.
They followed this with a regular steamship service in 1830, called the Peninsular Steam Navigation Company, which became in 1837 the Peninsular and Orient (P&O). Despite cash crises, it expanded operations to Egypt (1840), India (1842), Hong Kong (1845) and Australia (1852), supported by government mail contracts. Anderson had a thrusting entrepreneurial character and by his death in 1868 P&O had the largest commercial fleet of steamships in the world.
He moved to Streatham, London, and was Chairman of P&O from 1854 until his death. Other chairs included the coal transport company the Union Steam Ship Company (which he created in 1853 to supply his P&O line ships with fuel) and the Crystal Palace Co.
He served as a radical Whig MP for the Orkney and Shetland constituency from 1847 to 1852.
He also founded the Shetland Journal (1835), the Shetland Fishery Company at Vaila, and encouraged fish exports to Spain and business between Shetland and the UK mainland. After Queen Victoria's coronation in 1838, Anderson gave her some Shetland lace articles. The queen subsequently bought twelve pairs of lace stockings which led to a significant increase in sales of Shetland lace.
He endowed Lower Norwood Working Men's Institute, the Anderson Educational Institute in 1862 (later known as the Anderson High School) and a home for the widows of fishermen in Shetland.
He was buried at West Norwood Cemetery, with a memorial at Lerwick Old Cemetery.
His nephew James Anderson, who worked in P&O, was married to the medical pioneer Elizabeth Garrett Anderson.
References
Bibliography
External links
Shetland his home
History of the Peninsular and Oriental
1792 births
1868 deaths
Royal Navy sailors
Whig (British political party) MPs for Scottish constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Orkney and Shetland
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
Scottish company founders
Scottish newspaper editors
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
UK MPs 1847–1852
Scottish businesspeople in shipping
People from Lerwick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Anderson%20%28businessman%29 |
Çilimli is a town in Düzce Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çilimli District. Its population is 9,936 (2022). Çilimli is known for its natural beauties. Çilimli has a similar climate as Düzce: cold in winter and hot in summer. It takes 15–20 minutes to go to Çilimli from Düzce city center.
References
Populated places in Düzce Province
Çilimli District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ilimli |
Hyalinobatrachium is a genus of glass frogs, family Centrolenidae. They are widely distributed in the Americas, from tropical Mexico to southeastern Brazil and Argentina.
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus is currently defined to include Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni and its closest relatives. Its sister taxon is Celsiella. Some species formerly in this genus are now in Vitreorana or Teratohyla.
Description
Hyalinobatrachium have a bulbous liver covered by white pigment, a transparent parietal peritoneum, and lack a humeral spine in adult males. The bones are white in living animals. Males usually call from the underside of leaves. Females deposit one layer of eggs on the underside of leaves.
Species
As of March 2022, these species are included in the genus:
Hyalinobatrachium adespinosai Guayasamin, Vieira, Glor, and Hutter, 2019
Hyalinobatrachium anachoretus Twomey, Delia, and Castroviejo-Fisher, 2014
Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum (Barrera-Rodriguez and Ruiz-Carranza, 1989)
Hyalinobatrachium bergeri (Cannatella, 1980)
Hyalinobatrachium cappellei (Van Lidth de Jeude, 1904)
Hyalinobatrachium carlesvilai Castroviejo-Fisher, Padial, Chaparro, Aguayo-Vedia, and De la Riva, 2009
Hyalinobatrachium chirripoi (Taylor, 1958)
Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum (Taylor, 1949)
Hyalinobatrachium dianae Kubicki, Salazar, and Puschendorf, 2015
Hyalinobatrachium duranti (Rivero, 1985)
Hyalinobatrachium esmeralda Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1998
Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Boettger, 1893)
Hyalinobatrachium fragile (Rivero, 1985)
Hyalinobatrachium guairarepanense Señaris, 2001
Hyalinobatrachium iaspidiense (Ayarzagüena, 1992)
Hyalinobatrachium ibama Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1998
Hyalinobatrachium kawense Castroviejo-Fisher, Vilà, Ayarzagüena, Blanc, and Ernst, 2011
Hyalinobatrachium mashpi Guayasamin, Brunner, Valencia-Aguilar, Franco-Mena, Ringler, Armijos, Morochz, Bustamante, Maynard & Culebras, 2022
Hyalinobatrachium mesai Barrio-Amorós and Brewer-Carias, 2008
Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii Señaris and Ayarzagüena, 2001
Hyalinobatrachium muiraquitan Oliveira and Hernández-Ruz, 2017
Hyalinobatrachium munozorum (Lynch and Duellman, 1973)
Hyalinobatrachium nouns Guayasamin, Brunner, Valencia-Aguilar, Franco-Mena, Ringler, Armijos, Morochz, Bustamante, Maynard & Culebras, 2022
Hyalinobatrachium orientale (Rivero, 1968)
Hyalinobatrachium orocostale (Rivero, 1968)
Hyalinobatrachium pallidum (Rivero, 1985)
Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum (Lynch and Duellman, 1973)
Hyalinobatrachium talamancae (Taylor, 1952)
Hyalinobatrachium tatayoi Castroviejo-Fisher, Ayarzagüena, and Vilà, 2007
Hyalinobatrachium taylori (Goin, 1968)
Hyalinobatrachium tricolor Castroviejo-Fisher, Vilà, Ayarzagüena, Blanc, and Ernst, 2011
Hyalinobatrachium valerioi (Dunn, 1931)
Hyalinobatrachium vireovittatum (Starrett and Savage, 1973)
Hyalinobatrachium viridissimum (Taylor, 1942)
Hyalinobatrachium yaku Guayasamin, Cisneros-Heredia, Maynard, Lynch, Culebras, and Hamilton, 2017
References
Glass frogs
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of Central America
Amphibians of South America
Taxa named by John Douglas Lynch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalinobatrachium |
Lipiodol, also known as ethiodized oil, is a poppyseed oil used by injection as a radio-opaque contrast agent that is used to outline structures in radiological investigations. It is used in chemoembolization applications as a contrast agent in follow-up imaging. Lipiodol is also used in lymphangiography, the imaging of the lymphatic system. It has an additional use in gastric variceal obliteration as a dilutant that does not affect polymerization of cyanoacrylate.
Indications
Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the use of Lipiodol as a therapeutic agent in the management of unexplained infertility, using a procedure called Lipiodol flushing. There have been a small number of studies that suggest that flushing the media through the tubes gives a short-term rise in fecundity in patients with unexplained infertility. A systematic review has suggested a significant increase in fertility, especially in those women who have endometriosis when using Lipiodol flushing.
Historically Lipiodol was often used as a contrast medium at hysterosalpingography (HSG: a procedure to determine tubal patency, used in the investigation of subfertility). It became less commonly utilized in the 1960s to 1980s because the more modern water-soluble media give images that are easier to interpret. There is also an important safety issue with Lipiodol in that intravasation (leakage) of the fluid into the venous system has caused complications in the past.
Composition
Ethiodized oil is composed of iodine combined with ethyl esters of fatty acids of poppyseed oil, primarily as ethyl monoiodostearate and ethyl diiodostearate. The precise structure is not known.
History
Lipiodol was first synthesized by Marcel Guerbet in the Paris School of Pharmacy in 1901. Historically, Lipiodol was the first iodinated contrast agent (used for myelography by two French physicians, Jacques Forestier and Jean Sicard in 1921).
Lipiodol or ethiodized oil for interventional procedure, was solely produced and marketed by Guerbet until Vivere Imaging launched its ethiodized oil in the brand name Vividol in 2022.
References
External links
Radiocontrast agents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipiodol |
In the game of poker, the tournament director (TD) is the individual charged with running the poker tournament. The job encompasses many roles, the most public of which is typically announcing the phrase "shuffle up and deal!" at the beginning of the day. A tournament director also declares the tournament blinds and ante structure.
Most tournament directors will be responsible for the structure of the game they are running to ensure the game is completed within a set time scale. TDs also handle matters such as table consolidation, player registration, etiquette and procedure enforcement, and controlling the game at all stages including important stages such as when the players remaining are close to the bubble, the situation where the number of players remaining in a tournament is only slightly larger than the number of players that shall be getting paid.
The tournament director carries absolute authority before, during, and after any game of poker, and the decisions they make are final. Players have no redress if they do not agree with a TDs decision.
Additionally, tournament directors perform such other tasks as adjudicating disputes between dealers and players and also among the players themselves. Tournament directors are (generally) employees of the casino that the tournament is being hosted at, although this varies. For example, Matt Savage has appeared at various made-for-TV tournaments such as King of Vegas, which do not take place at his place of employment. Other TDs work for travelling tournaments such as the World Poker Tour and the World Series of Poker.
Robert Thompson is another famous tournament director who has appeared on Bravo's Celebrity Poker Showdown ever since season one. Robert is known for saying the famous words of "Shuffle Up and Deal" occasionally throughout each episode of the show. Robert would also help out when some of the players wanted to make a bet or a raise, assuring that the proper amount of chips were put out.
Some of the most noted tournament directors in the world today are Matt Savage, who works with various tour circuits, Jack Effel who is the World Series of Poker tournament director and Thomas Kremser, who is the leading tournament director for major events in Europe.
Poker gameplay and terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament%20director%20%28poker%29 |
Çivril is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,570 km2, and its population is 59,967 (2022). Çivril district area neighbors those of two districts of Uşak Province to its north, namely Sivaslı and Karahallı, and four districts of Afyonkarahisar Province from the north-east to the south which are, clockwise, Sandıklı, Dinar, Dazkırı and Dazkırı, and to its south-west, three districts of the same province as itself depending Denizli. These last three are Bekilli, Çal and Baklan.
It is the third-most populated district of the province after Merkezefendi and Pamukkale and is situated on a plain to the northeast of the city of Denizli, being actually closer to the neighboring provincial seat of Uşak.
General features
The weather is dry and hot in summer, cold in winter. The villagers of Çivril are mostly occupied with growing the district's well-known tasty apples. Many more migrated to work in Germany and other European countries in the 1960s. Thus Çivril has a number of wealthy citizens living abroad or in Istanbul and in summer is populated with returning families for holiday. But in general this is a typical quiet rural Anatolian district.
History
Beycehöyük
During an excavation carried out by the British archaeologists Prof. Seton Lloyd and Prof. James Mellaart between 1953 and 1959 at Beycehöyük, south of the town of Çivril, several artefacts dating back to the Copper Age (circa 3000 BC) were found. It is assumed that Beycehöyük was the centre of the Arzawa kingdom, contemporaries of the Hittite Empire. Later on Phrygians, Carians, Lydians, Persians and Macedonians passed through the region during recorded history but left very few traces.
It is assumed that the relics of raiders and chariots in mounds and on rocks found at Yavuzca farm, from Çivril, date back to the Phrygians in whose time the most notable settlement here was called Eumeneia. A tomb located on Beycehöyük dates from Seljuk era.
Turkish era
A village in Hüdavendigâr vilayet depending from Sandıklı until the 1880s, Çivril gained importance once it became the terminus of a branch of the İzmir-Dinar railway which reached here in 1889. The railway was later extended from Dinar further east to Eğirdir in 1912. Çivril continued to grow by becoming a township with its own municipality in 1892 and a district center in 1910, attached at first to Afyonkarahisar and to Denizli after 1925. The railway line was closed in 1988 and the transportation relies today on intercity buses.
Composition
There are 77 neighbourhoods in Çivril District:
Akçaköy
Akpınar
Aktaş
Aşağı
Balçıkhisar
Bayat
Bekirli
Belence
Beydilli
Beyköy
Bozdağ
Bucak
Bulgurlar
Caber
Çağlayan
Çakallar
Çandır
Çapak
Çarşı
Çatlar
Çayır
Çetinler
Çıtak
Cumalar
Düzbel
Emircik
Gökgöl
Gümüşsu
Gürpınar
Hamam
Haydan
İğdir
İmrallı
İnceköy
Irgıllı
İshaklı
Işıklı
Karabedirler
Karahacılı
Karalar
Karamanlı
Karayahşılar
Kavakalanı
Kavakköy
Kıralan
Kızılcasöğüt
Kızılcayar
Koçak
Kocayaka
Menteş
Ömerli
Osmanköy
Özdemirci
Reşadiye
Saray
Sarıbeyli
Sarılar
Savran
Şehitler
Şenköy
Seraserli
Sökmen
Somak
Stadyum
Sundurlu
Süngülü
Tekkeköy
Tokça
Tuğlu
Yahyalı
Yakacık
Yalınlı
Yamanlar
Yassıhüyük
Yukarı
Yukarıçapak
Yuvaköy
Lake Işıklı
Çivril district area is notable by the large size within its boundaries of Lake Işıklı, a freshwater lake which is a fishing reserve and recreational are for its region, aside from being one of the sources of Büyük Menderes River. The lake lies at an altitude of 821 m and its area is 73 square kilometres. Its waters are also used for irrigation for the surrounding agricultural lands. It is a site for breeding waterbirds and large numbers of wintering wildfowl. It has been proposed as an Important Bird Area.
The lake is at about south of Çivril and extends in Çivril Plain. It is fed by streams from further east. Another stream, Işıklı Stream, in its turn, departs from the lake to join later Büyük Menderes River.
Other places of interest
The ancient and as yet superficially explored city of Eumeneia is located on the shore of Lake Işıklı near Çivril and the locality is arranged into a recreational area.
There are a number of waterfalls on Işıklı Stream between Lake Işıklı and Büyük Menderes River, including the Gümüşsu falls.
To the north of the district center is the township of Gürpınar, which was previously known as Bulkaz. Another waterfall is located practically within the township.
References
External links
District governor's official website
Municipality of Gürpınar
Populated places in Denizli Province
Districts of Denizli Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ivril |
Polish folk beliefs are a part of Polish culture concerned with traditional folk beliefs. The study of Polish folklore begun in 19th century. Pioneers of that field include Hugo Kołłątaj, Zorian Dołęga-Chodakowski, Oskar Kolberg, Jan Karłowicz, Erazm Majewski, Zygmunt Gloger, Lucjan Malinowski, Władysław Siarkowski, Jan Świętek, Seweryn Udziela, Kazimierz Władysław Wóycicki, Żegota Pauli, Karol Baliński and Lucjan Siemieński).
Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, founded in 1949, publishes a journal Etnografia Polska since 1956.
Further reading
Chrypinski, Anna, editor. Polish Customs. Friends of Polish Art: Detroit, MI, 1977.
Contoski, Josepha K., editor. Treasured Polish Songs with English Translations. Polanie Publishing Co.: Minneapolis, MN, 1953.
Knab, Sophie Hodorowicz. Polish Customs, Traditions, & Folklore. Hippocrene Books: New York, 1993.
Knab, Sophie Hodorowicz. Polish Herbs, Flowers, and Folk Medicine. Hippocrene Books: New York, 1995.
Krasicki, Ignacy (tr by Gerard Kapolka) Polish Fables : Bilingual. 1997
Sekalski, Anstruther J. Old Polish Legends. 1997
Singing Back The Sun: A Dictionary of Old Polish Customs and Beliefs, Okana, 1999
Zajdler, Zoe. Polish Fairy Tales. Chicago, Ill: Follett Publishing, 1959
PAN Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
Polish Folklore at Polish Traditions portal
Folk culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20folk%20beliefs |
Çubuk is a municipality and district of Ankara Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,198 km2, and its population is 95,449 (2022). Çubuk is in a flat plain 35 km north of the city of Ankara, where Ankara airport is located. Its elevation is .
Origin
Çubuk was among the first places that were captured during the conquest of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks. The district is said to be named after , the Seljuk commander that captured the region. Kışlacık, Yeşilkent, Yaylak, Okçular, Çatköy, and Ahurlar are places located in Çubuk and used by Yıldırım Bayezid during the 1402 Battle of Ankara which was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Timur.
History
Çubuk is a settlement that was established when the Turks conquered and took control of Anatolia. The district is located in the northeast of Ankara. Çubuk gained historical importance when Bayezid I used Çubuk in the Battle of Ankara which was fought between Timur and the Ottoman Empire. Most of the villages that make up the district were formed by the remnants of armies defeated or left behind after the major battle.
Çubuk is in an area that has been crossed by trade routes since the Middle Ages. Many settlements were founded in this region because of the agricultural areas and the . The settlement is thought to have been founded after the conquest of Ankara and was under the control of many civilizations, for example the Hattians, Hittites, Phrygians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, Timurids and Ottomans. This is why the remains of these empires can be found in the district. Ruins in the Balıkhisar Neighborhood, castle ruins in Camili and Çatkoy, a marble lion sculpture in the Güldarpı neighborhood and remains of graves in the Yakup Derviş neighborhood are among the remains of these empires. Also, the , Kutoren Village Mosque, , Mahmutoglan Village Mosque, and Cubuk Karsiyaka Mosque are among the historical monuments located in Çubuk.
It is believed that the Turks settled in the region after they conquered and took control of Anatolia. The Turks who came to the region brought their families, traditions, customs, and beliefs.
Demographics
Composition
There are 84 neighbourhoods in Çubuk District:
Ağılcık
Akbayır
Akkuzulu
Aşağıçavundur
Aşağıemirler
Aşağıobruk
Atatürk
Avcıova
Barbaros
Camili
Çatköy
Çitköy
Cumhuriyet
Dağkalafat
Dalyasan
Dedeler
Demirci
Dumlupınar
Durhasan
Eğriekin
Esenboğa
Eskiçöte
Fatih
Gökçedere
Güldarpı
Gümüşyayla
Hacılar
İkipınar
İmamhüseyin
Kapaklı
Karaağaç
Karaçam
Karadana
Karaman
Karataş
Kargın
Kavaklı
Kışlacık
Kızılca
Kızılören
Kızılöz
Kösrelik
Küçükali
Kuruçay
Kutuören
Kuyumcu
Mahmutoğlan
Melikşah
Meşeli
Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu
Mutlu
Nusratlar
Okçular
Ömercik
Ovacık
Oyumiğde
Özlüce
Saraycık
Sarıkoz
Sarısu
Sele
Sığırlıhacı
Sünlü
Susuz
Tahtayazı
Taşpınar
Tuğla
Uluağaç
Yakuphasan
Yavuzselim
Yaylak
Yazır
Yazlıca
Yenice
Yeşilkent
Yiğitli
Yıldırımaydoğan
Yıldırımbeyazıt
Yıldırımelören
Yıldırımevci
Yılmazköy
Yukarı Çavundur
Yukarıemirler
Yukarıobruk
Places of interest
Karagöl rocks, picnic area
Notes
References
“Birsen Edanur Yıldırım - Settlement and Population of Ankara Sanjak in Terms of Historical Geography (1871-1907), Settlements by Salname, Çubukabad Town p.89 - Ankara 2006” . It was archived from its source on September 21, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Ankara Province
Districts of Ankara Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ubuk |
Company For Henry is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United States on 12 May 1967 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, under the title The Purloined Paperweight, and in the United Kingdom on 26 October 1967 by Barrie & Jenkins, London.
The story is a light-hearted tale of romance and intrigue among impoverished aristocrats, former musical performers, and American millionaires, set at a country house, Ashby Hall.
The heroine Jane Martyn's brother Algy had previously appeared in Jill the Reckless (1920), and her fiancé Lionel Green and his business partner Orlo Tarvin in Money in the Bank (1942). The butler at Ashby Hall, Ferris, appears to be the same Ferris in The Small Bachelor (1927).
Plot
Henry Paradene, a retired musical comedy actor, has inherited a large country house he can hardly afford to maintain, Ashby Hall near the town of Ashby Paradene in Sussex. Henry's niece Jane Martyn, a secretary for the UK office of Newsweek, is spending the summer with him. Jane's brother Algernon “Algy” Martyn does not work and spends his time coming up with money-making schemes. Henry does not allow Algy at Ashby Hall (since Algy is eager to ask Henry for loans), so Algy lives off his friend Thomas “Bill” Hardy in Valley Fields. On her way to see Algy, Jane asks Bill to help a cat out of a tree, and Bill falls in love with her. Later, Jane has lunch with her fiancé Lionel Green, an interior decorator and antique furniture salesman, after six months of being apart, but Lionel is not enthusiastic to see her and annoys her by bringing his business partner Orlo Tarvin to join them.
A wealthy American named J. Wendell Stickney lives in New York with his widowed aunt by marriage, former chorus girl Kelly Stickney. A distant relative of Henry Paradene, Wendell takes pride in being part of the Paradene family. Henry hopes to sell his house to Wendell, and has Wendell and Kelly visit. Algy is visited by a broker's man named Clarence Binstead who works for the firm Duff and Trotter (a company from Quick Service and Money in the Bank). Algy owes the company for alcoholic drinks, and Binstead's presence puts pressure on Algy to pay his debt. Bill goes to Ashby Paradene in the hope of seeing Jane and meets her again; she learns that, under the pen name Adela Bristow, he wrote a thriller novel both she and her uncle enjoyed reading, Deadly Ernest.
Wendell, a collector of French eighteenth-century paperweights, covets one such paperweight kept in Ashby Hall. Henry would like to sell it but legally cannot, since it is an entailed family heirloom (though it seems Henry can legally sell Ashby Hall). Kelly suggests Wendell buy the paperweight from Bill and have Bill pretend it was stolen. She takes the paperweight and gives it to Wendell to mail to New York, but Wendell fears being caught as a thief when he sees Bill, mistakenly believing that Bill is a detective for the trustees ("some legal firm or other", according to Henry) of the entail. Wendell is too nervous to mail the paperweight, but fears Henry will change his mind about selling it, and so will not let anyone else mail it for him. Henry wants to marry Kelly; he eventually tells her that he wishes to sell the house to Wendell in order to have enough money to marry her, and she agrees to marry him anyway. Algy wants money to buy a house in Valley Fields and sell it to a company that desires the land for a block of flats, and decides to seek a loan from Wendell. Bill is disheartened to learn that Jane is engaged; however, this engagement ends, as Jane learns from Orlo Tarvin that Lionel is engaged to a millionaire's daughter and did not have the nerve to tell her.
Jane has discovered the paperweight is missing and believes Wendell stole it; hoping to get near Wendell to ask for a loan, Algy offers to steal the paperweight back for her (though this does not occur, as Henry later admits the scheme to Algy). Algy also tells Jane that Bill loves her. Bill gets a letter from his New York literary agent saying that Deadly Earnest has become successful and suggests Bill go to New York for his career. Wendell decides to put the paperweight in a safe deposit box at his bank, but he sees Bill again and loses his nerve. Like Algy, Henry owes money to Duff and Trotter, and the company's broker's man Binstead is sent to Ashby Hall. An ex-fiancée of Binstead's works at the house, so he agrees, at Algy's suggestion, to have Bill, who wants an excuse to be near Jane, go in his place and pretend to be the broker's man. Wendell finally puts the paperweight in a safe deposit box in his bank, and, still thinking Bill is a detective, pays him a bribe through Algy. Algy now has the money he needs to invest in the Valley Fields house. Wendell plans to buy Ashby Hall, and Bill and Jane get engaged and intend to live in America.
Publication history
A condensed version of the story was published in two parts in the Canadian magazine Star Weekly, a weekend supplement of the Toronto Star, under the title The Purloined Paperweight. The first part was published on 29 April 1967, and the second on 6 May 1967.
Wodehouse dedicated the US edition: "To Peter Schwed, best of publishers". Peter Schwed worked for the book's US publishers, Simon & Schuster.
References
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1967 British novels
British comedy novels
English novels
Barrie & Jenkins books
Simon & Schuster books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company%20for%20Henry |
Çukurca (, , ) is a municipality (belde) and seat of Çukurca District in Hakkâri Province of Turkey. The city is populated by Kurds of the Ertoşî and Pinyanişî tribes and had a population of 7,485 in 2022. The mayor is Ensar Dündar from Justice and Development Party since 2019.
Neighborhoods
Çukurca is divided into the three neighborhoods of Cumhuriyet, Emirşaban and Yeşilçeşme.
Jews
Northeastern Jewish Aramaic-speaking Jews lived here historically; most fled during Sayfo, and the last remaining members of the community emigrated to Israel in 1951.
Population
Population history from 2007 to 2022:
Climate
Çukurca has a hot-summer subtype (Köppen: Dsa) of the humid continental climate.
References
Populated places in Hakkâri Province
Kurdish settlements in Hakkâri Province
Çukurca District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukurca |
Sandane is the administrative centre of the municipality of Gloppen in Vestland county, Norway. It is located at the end of the Gloppefjorden, along the European route E39 highway. Sandane is south of the village of Nordfjordeid and about west of the village of Byrkjelo. Sandane Airport, Anda is located northwest of Sandane along highway E39. Sandane has several suburban areas that surround the nearby fjord such as Sørstranda to the west and Vereide to the northwest.
The village has a population (2019) of 2,447 and a population density of . The Firda Upper Secondary School and Sandane Church are both located in Sandane. Sandane is located close to the lake Breimsvatn, the Myklebustbreen glacier, and Jostedalsbreen National Park.
Culture
The Glopperock festival has been held in Sandane since 1980.
References
External links
Villages in Vestland
Gloppen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandane |
Çumra is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,089 km2, and its population is 67,690 (2022).
Geography
The town of Çumra is at an altitude of 1,020 m. It is an important stop on the Istanbul to Baghdad railway. It is central to the 500 km²/120,000 acre Çumra irrigation zone, in the Konya Plain, that was established in 1912.
History
Neolithic (c. 8000 BC) archaeological discoveries have been found at Çatalhöyük.
In the 12th century the Konya plain experienced its second great cultural period, when the city became the capital of the Seljuk Turks.
Archaeological findings
In 2019, a farmer near the site of Türkmen-Karahöyük, a Bronze and Iron Age mounded settlement discovered a stone stele commissioned by Hartapu to commemorate his victory over Phrygia written in Luwian Hieroglyphics. Archaeologists from the University of Chicago joined the Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project to excavate the stele, and the excavations of the archaeological mound at the site, which is believed to be the capital of Hartapu's as yet unnamed kingdom, will continue in 2020. In February 2020, archaeologists announced the discovery of Luwian hieroglyphs on the stone stele pulled out of the irrigation ditch next to the ancient mound of Türkmen-Karahöyük, describing the military victory of "Great King Hartapu" over an alliance of 13 kings. The description has a reference to defeating the royal house of Phrygia, which included King Midas.
Composition
There are 53 neighbourhoods in Çumra District:
Abditolu
Adakale
Afşar
Alemdar
Alibeyhüyüğü
Alıssa
Apa
Apasaraycık
Arıkören
Avdul
Bağlar
Bakkalbaşı
Balçıkhisar
Baraj
Bardakcı
Beylerce
Büyükaşlama
Çaybaşı
Çiçek
Çukurkavak
Cumhuriyet
Dedemoğlu
Dinek
Dineksaray
Dinlendik
Doğanlı
Erentepe
Fethiye
Gökhüyük
Güvercinlik
Hürriyet
İçeriçumra
İnli
İstiklal
İzzetbey
Karkın
Küçükköy
Kuzucu
Meydan
Okçu
Seçme
Sürgüç
Tahtalı
Taşağıl
Türkmencamili
Türkmenkarahüyük
Üçhüyük
Ürünlü
Uzunkuyu
Yenidoğan
Yenimahalle
Yenisu
Yörükcamili
Industry
Konya Şeker has a sugar factory with a small coal-fired autoproducer power plant, one of the Çoban Yıldızı power stations.
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87umra |
Maurice Journeau (17 November 1898 – 9 June 1999) was a French composer born in Biarritz. He composed from 1921 to 1984. He died in Versailles.
Works
Works for piano
Valse
Deux mélodies
Fugue
Quatuor à cordes
Sur l'Etang
Pièces enfantines
Ronde enfantine
Humoresque
Suite pour les jeunes
Divertissement pour deux pianos
Simple Cantilène
Le Furet
Toccata
Impromptus
External links
Maurice Journeau
1898 births
1999 deaths
People from Biarritz
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
20th-century classical composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
French centenarians
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
Men centenarians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Journeau |
Damal, formerly Petereke, is a town in Ardahan Province of Turkey, on the road from Kars to Posof. It is the seat of Damal District. Its population is 2,890 (2021). It consists of 8 quarters, including İnönü. The town is populated by Turkmens.
References
Populated places in Ardahan Province
Damal District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damal |
Saint-Pierre Airport () is a regional airport located south of Saint-Pierre, in the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, off the east coast of Canada near Newfoundland.
Overview
The airport was completed in August 1999 and consists of four buildings and a control tower. The old airport, opened in 1965 and located on the south side of the inner harbour, was re-located due to the lack of room for expansion (The current runway is when compared to the old 11/29 at ). The main terminal building is a two storey structure. The old airport is located in city centre of St. Pierre and is being redeveloped for housing complexes. The control tower, terminal building, hangar, and part of the old runway (mark number 29) are intact. The airport project cost 370 million French francs.
Unusually, the airport's ICAO airport code, LFVP, begins with an L, representative of the codes used in France (and nearly all of southern Europe), despite the geographical proximity to Canada's codes which begin with C. While not entirely unheard of elsewhere, it is rarely seen in airports of other overseas territories or possessions of European nations, including France, which tend to hew to the most geographically relevant letter code, as opposed to the most politically relevant. Airports in French Guiana, for example, use South America's S prefix, despite French Guiana's being an overseas department of France.
Facilities
passenger terminal
maintenance building to store snow plows
aircraft hangars and workshop
civil aviation buildings
The airport currently handles turboprop aircraft and Boeing 737.
All other aircraft at the airport are private aircraft for general aviation.
Airline and destinations
In July 2018, the first nonstop flights from the islands to mainland France launched on Air Saint-Pierre with seasonal summer service from Saint-Pierre directly to Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris serviced by ASL Airlines France Boeing 737. Previously, all connecting traffic to mainland France was done through airports in Canada, such as Halifax or Montréal–Trudeau.
Statistics
Gallery
See also
List of airports in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Miquelon Airport
Transport in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
References
External links
Le Service de l'Aviation Civile de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
Airports in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Airports established in 1999
1999 establishments in Saint Pierre and Miquelon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre%20Airport |
Miquelon Airport () is a regional airport on Miquelon Island that the commune (municipality) of Miquelon-Langlade, in the French overseas community (collectivité d'outre-mer) of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, off the eastern coast of North America in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Overview
The main passenger building contains the check-in counters (small structure) connected with the control tower and fire fighting station located in the larger service building.
Airline and destination
There are no direct flights from mainland France. Connecting flights (with Air Canada, Air France, Air Transat or Corsair International) to mainland France required a transfer via Saint-Pierre en route to Montréal–Trudeau airport, or to catch a seasonal flight (operated by ASL Airlines France) once weekly from Saint-Pierre to Paris. Seasonal flight was restored in 2019 and 2023 (suspended due to COVID-19 in 2021 and 2022).
The airport's runways are capable of handling turboprop or small jet aircraft only.
Statistics
Gallery
See also
Saint-Pierre Airport
Transport in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
List of airports in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
References
External links
Le Service de l'Aviation Civile de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
Travel Resources for Saint-Pierre & Miquelon
Airports in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Miquelon-Langlade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquelon%20Airport |
MQC or mqc may refer to:
MQC, the IATA code for Miquelon Airport, Miquelon Island
mqc, the ISO 639-3 code for Mangole language, Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQC |
Darende ( ) is a municipality and district of Malatya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,482 km2, and its population is 24,588 (2022). It lies to the northwest of Malatya, south of Sivas, east of Kayseri.
History
Darende had been known by various names including Taranda/Daranda, and Derindere. It has been presumed that the district had been inhabited since 7000-5000 BC due to the estimations made for the nearby archaeological sites such as Arslantepe and Cafer Höyük.
The first known administrative unit in Darende was reportedly established by Hittites. One of the Hittites remains within the district is a pair of lion statues residing around Arslantaş region, the west of Darende. In chronological order, the governance to date was controlled by Hittites, Mitanni, Assyrians, Achaemenids, Romans, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Seljuks, Danishmends, Rum Seljuks, Ilkhanates, Eretnids, Dulkadirids, Mamluks and Ottomans.
Due to the configuration of the natural canyons surrounding the district (e.g. Tohma Canyon), the district has been reported to be one of the hops residing on trade, migration and military routes connecting various neighbouring regions; as an example, Šuppiluliuma I, who expanded Hittites across the Mediterranean and the Mesopotamia against Egyptian Empire, had been using the district to access the south, and Basil I had been carried out his expeditions against Muslims over the district.
During the Roman reign of 200 AD, Darende was one of the Roman settlements which was deduced from the records that the Roman Emperor Trajan had transformed the neighbouring encampment of Melitene into a municipium against the Parthian Empire during the same period. One of the Roman sites within the district is the Ozan Monument which is a single-chamber mausoleum dating back either 200 AD or 50 AD, presumably a popular monument style in Anatolia during the Hellenistic Period.
Early Muslim conquests reached the region during Caliph Omar's reign and the district was conquered by Habib ibn Maslama for a short period of time, and it was reconquered by the same commander during Mu'awiya I's reign around 653–654. Between 7th and 12th centuries, the administration of the district had changed hands rather frequently; however, Darende seems not to be noted until, for the first time, Taranta had been registered as a bishop under the metropolitan bishop of Melitene in the 13th Notitiae Episcopatuum (12th century).
Composition
There are 67 neighbourhoods in Darende District:
Ağılbaşı
Ağılyazı
Akbaba
Akçatoprak
Akova
Aşağıulupınar
Ayvalı
Balaban
Barındır
Başkaya
Baytarbağı
Beybağı
Çaybaşı
Çınar
Çukurkaya
Gaziköy
Gökçeören
Gökyar
Göllüce
Güdül
Günerli
Günpınar
Hacı Derviş
Hacılar Şeyhli
Hacılar Sıragoz
Hacolar
Heyiketeği
Hisarcık
Hisarkale
İbrahimpaşa
Ilıca
Irmaklı
Kaldırım
Karabacak
Karabayır
Karaoğuz
Kavak
Kaynak
Kerimli
Kılıçbağı
Kölükler
Kurudere
Kuzpınar
Medişeyh
Mehmetpaşa
Mollauşağı
Nadir
Nurkuyusu
Ozan
Palanga
Sakarya
Sandıkkaya
Sayfiye
Şendere
Şuğul
Sungur
Üçpınar
Uzunhasan
Yarımca
Yavuzlar
Yazıköy
Yenice
Yeniköy
Yenipınar
Yeşiltaş
Yukarıulupınar
Zaviye
Demographics
Evliya Çelebi claimed that the town's population was wholly made up of Armenians and Turkomans at the time of his travels.
Culture
Folk music
A metadata analysis on Turkish folk music in Darende has reported twelve ballads of the district:
Language of Hazeyince
Within the circles of craftsman and little artisan of Darende, a cryptolect (mini secret language) called Hazeyince/Hazeynce had been emerged and being used to date.
The vocabulary of the cant fetched words from various languages such as Arabic, Persian and Russian, and merged into the Turkish grammar in order to exclude people outside of the circle during communications when necessary.
Festivals
One of the traditional-summer festivals being held in Darende is the Zengibar Karakucak Wrestling Festival, which is a Oguz-Turkic folk wrestling style.
Notable people
Somuncu Baba (1331–1412), Ascetic Islamic preacher
Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (1714-1784), Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Darendeli Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1723-1784) Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1792–1855), Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Erman Ilıcak (* 1967), Businessperson
References
Populated places in Malatya Province
Districts of Malatya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darende |
The Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research (, IDSIA) is a research institution based in Lugano, in Canton Ticino in southern Switzerland. It was founded in 1988 by Angelo Dalle Molle through the private Fondation Dalle Molle. In 2000 it became a public research institute, affiliated with the Università della Svizzera italiana and SUPSI in Ticino, Switzerland. In 1997 it was listed among the top ten artificial intelligence laboratories, and among the top four in the field of biologically-inspired AI.
In 2007 a robotics lab with focus on intelligent and learning robots, especially in the fields of swarm and humanoid robotics, was established.
Between 2009 and 2012, artificial neural networks developed at the institute won eight international competitions in pattern recognition and machine learning.
IDSIA is one of four Swiss research organisations founded by the Dalle Molle foundation, of which three are in the field of artificial intelligence.
See also
Science and technology in Switzerland
References
Artificial intelligence laboratories
Laboratories in Switzerland
Research institutes in Switzerland
University of Lugano
Schools in the canton of Ticino
Educational institutions established in 1988
Research institutes established in 1988
1988 establishments in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalle%20Molle%20Institute%20for%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20Research |
Bobby Brown (born 1969) is an American R&B singer.
Bobby Brown may also refer to:
People
Association footballers
Bobby Brown (footballer, born 1887), English footballer
Bobby Brown (footballer, born 1923) (1923–2020), Scottish goalkeeper and manager
Bobby Brown (footballer, born 1931) (1931–2019), Scottish full back
Bobby Brown (footballer, born 1940), English centre forward in the 1960s with Northampton and Cardiff
Bobby Brown (footballer, born 1953), English midfielder for Sheffield Wednesday
Bobby Brown (footballer, born 1955), Scottish full back
Other sportspeople
Bobby Brown (wide receiver) (born 1977), American football player
Bobby Brown III (born 2000), American football defensive lineman
Bobby Brown (third baseman) (1924–2021), American baseball player and executive
Bobby Brown (outfielder) (born 1954), American baseball player
Bobby Brown (basketball) (born 1984), American basketball player
Bobby Brown (freestyle skier) (born 1991), American freeskier
Other uses
"Bobby Brown" (song), a 1979 song from the Frank Zappa album Sheik Yerbouti
Bobby Brown Park, a Georgia state park near the South Carolina border
See also
Bobbi Brown (born 1957), American makeup artist and author
Bobbie Brown (born 1969), American actress, model, and Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1987
Bobbie E. Brown (1903–1971), World War II Congressional Medal of Honor recipient
Bobbi Kristina Brown (1993–2015), American media personality and daughter of Whitney Houston and Bobby Brown
Millie Bobby Brown (born 2004), English actress and model
Bobbi Brown, wife of Wyoming U.S. Senator John Barrasso
Bob Brown (disambiguation)
Rob Brown (disambiguation)
Robby Brown (disambiguation)
Robert Brown (disambiguation)
Robert Browne (disambiguation)
Brown, Bobby | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Brown%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Dargeçit () is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 519 km2, and its population is 27,147 (2022). The town is principally populated by Kurds of the Erebiyan tribe.
History
In the nineteenth century, all the urban settlements in this zone, including Midyat and Kerboran, as well as Mardin and a lot of villages around them and in the Tur Abdin area were populated by Assyrians.
The district Dargeçit was established in 1987. Since the 2013 administrative reform, Dargeçit is a metropolitan district and municipality. Prior to the reform, the district comprised the main town of Dargeçit (four neighbourhoods: Bahçebaşı, Safa, Saray and Tepebaşı), two towns (Kılavuz and Sümer), thirty-six villages and twenty-six hamlets.
Composition
There are 41 neighbourhoods in Dargeçit District:
Akçaköy ()
Akyol ()
Alayunt ()
Altınoluk ()
Altıyol ()
Bağözü ()
Bahçebaşı
Batur ()
Baysun ()
Beğendi ()
Belen ()
Bostanlı ()
Çatalan ()
Çatalçam ()
Çavuşlu ()
Çelikköy ()
Çukurdere ()
Değerli ()
Gürgen ()
Gürışık ()
Ilısu ()
Karabayır ()
Kartalkaya ()
Kılavuz ()
Kısmetli ()
Korucu ()
Kumdere ()
Kuşluca ()
Ormaniçi ()
Safa
Saray
Suçatı ()
Sümer ()
Tanyeri ()
Tavşanlı ()
Temelli ()
Tepebaşı
Ulaş ()
Yanılmaz ()
Yılmaz ()
Yoncalı ()
References
Tur Abdin
Assyrian communities in Turkey
Populated places in Mardin Province
Districts of Mardin Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Mardin Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darge%C3%A7it |
Negative logic may refer to:
Negative logic, a representation of logic level
Negation
See also
Logic family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20logic |
The Furuhjelm family is a Swedish and Finnish noble family from Stockholm. The earliest reference dates back to 16th century, with merchant Olof Naucler being the oldest of known ancestors. The family is thought to be of German origin. The surname Furuhjelm originated in 1776. The coat of arms was registered at Finland's Riddarhus (House of Nobility) in 1818.
Notable members
Johan Hampus Furuhjelm (1821–1909), Russian vice-admiral, explorer, President of Russian-American Company, Governor of Taganrog in 1874–1876, Governor of Russian America, 1859–1863
(1813–1892), Hero of the Crimean War during the siege of Bomarsund fortress, awarded with an Order of the White Eagle in 1879
Otto Wilhelm Furuhjelm (1819–1883), Russian lieutenant-general of Finnish descent
, governor of Oulu (province) in 1901–1903
Annie Furuhjelm (1859–1937), one of the foremost figures within the international women's movement and a member of Finland's Parliament.
Ragnar Furuhjelm (1879–1944), a Finnish astronomer and politician
See also
List of Swedish noble families
List of Finnish noble families
References
External links
Peerage of the Furuhjelms at Sweden's House of Nobility
Peerage of the Furuhjelms at Finland's House of Nobility
Swedish noble families
Finnish families of German ancestry
Finnish families of Swedish ancestry
Finnish noble families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furuhjelm%20family |
Delice is a town in Kırıkkale Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Delice District. Its population is 3,383 (2022).
References
Populated places in Delice District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delice |
Demirci is a municipality and district of Manisa Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,321 km2, and its population is 36,620 (2022). The town lies at an elevation of .
History
From 1867 until 1922, Demirci was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. At the 2013 reorganisation, it lost part of its territory to the district of Köprübaşı.
Composition
There are 101 neighbourhoods in Demirci District:
Ahatlar
Ahmetler
Akdere
Akıncılar
Alaağaç
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Ayvaalanı
Azizbey
Bahçeler
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Büyükkıran
Çağıllar
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Yeğenler
Yenice
Yeşildere
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Yiğitler
Economy
Demirci is one of the well known handmade Turkish carpet production centers in Manisa. Demirci carpets have different pattern and styles, such as "Yağcıbedir carpet" ().
References
External links
District governor's official website
Road map of Demirci and environs
Various images of Demirci, Manisa
Populated places in Manisa Province
Districts of Manisa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirci |
Hylomantis is a genus of tree frogs, the rough leaf frogs, native to the Atlantic forest in eastern Brazil. There are two recognized species; several others formerly placed in this genus now are placed in Agalychnis.
Species
References
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomantis |
Probabilistic forecasting summarizes what is known about, or opinions about, future events. In contrast to single-valued forecasts (such as forecasting that the maximum temperature at a given site on a given day will be 23 degrees Celsius, or that the result in a given football match will be a no-score draw), probabilistic forecasts assign a probability to each of a number of different outcomes, and the complete set of probabilities represents a probability forecast. Thus, probabilistic forecasting is a type of probabilistic classification.
Weather forecasting represents a service in which probability forecasts are sometimes published for public consumption, although it may also be used by weather forecasters as the basis of a simpler type of forecast. For example, forecasters may combine their own experience together with computer-generated probability forecasts to construct a forecast of the type "we expect heavy rainfall".
Sports betting is another field of application where probabilistic forecasting can play a role. The pre-race odds published for a horse race can be considered to correspond to a summary of bettors' opinions about the likely outcome of a race, although this needs to be tempered with caution as bookmakers' profits needs to be taken into account. In sports betting, probability forecasts may not be published as such, but may underlie bookmakers' activities in setting pay-off rates, etc.
Weather forecasting
Probabilistic forecasting is used in a weather forecasting in a number of ways. One of the simplest is the publication of about rainfall in the form of a probability of precipitation.
Ensembles
The probability information is typically derived by using several numerical model runs, with slightly varying initial conditions. This technique is usually referred to as ensemble forecasting by an Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). EPS does not produce a full forecast probability distribution over all possible events, and it is possible to use purely statistical or hybrid statistical/numerical methods to do this. For example, temperature can take on a theoretically infinite number of possible values (events); a statistical method would produce a distribution assigning a probability value to every possible temperature. Implausibly high or low temperatures would then have close to zero probability values.
If it were possible to run the model for every possible set of initial conditions, each with an associated probability, then according to how many members (i.e., individual model runs) of the ensemble predict a certain event, one could compute the actual conditional probability of the given event. In practice, forecasters try to guess a small number of perturbations (usually around 20) that they deem are most likely to yield distinct weather outcomes. Two common techniques for this purpose are breeding vectors (BV) and singular vectors (SV). This technique is not guaranteed to yield an ensemble distribution identical to the actual forecast distribution, but attaining such probabilistic information is one goal of the choice of initial perturbations. Other variants of ensemble forecasting systems that have no immediate probabilistic interpretation include those that assemble the forecasts produced by different numerical weather prediction systems.
Examples
Canada has been one of the first countries to broadcast their probabilistic forecast by giving chances of precipitation in percentages. As an example of fully probabilistic forecasts, recently, distribution forecasts of rainfall amounts by purely statistical methods have been developed whose performance is competitive with hybrid EPS/statistical rainfall forecasts of daily rainfall amounts.
Probabilistic forecasting has also been used in combination with neural networks for energy generation. This is done via improved weather forecasting using probabilistic intervals to account for uncertainties in wind and solar forecasting, as opposed to traditional techniques such as point forecasting.
Economic forecasting
Macroeconomic forecasting is the process of making predictions about the economy for key variables such as GDP and inflation, amongst others, and is generally presented as point forecasts. One of the problems with point forecasts is that they do not convey forecast uncertainties, and this is where the role of probability forecasting may be helpful. Most forecasters would attach probabilities to a range of alternative outcomes or scenarios outside of their central forecasts. These probabilities provide a broader assessment of the risk attached to their central forecasts and are influenced by unexpected or extreme shifts in key variables.
Prominent examples of probability forecasting are those undertaken in surveys whereby forecasters are asked, in addition to their central forecasts, for their probability estimates within a specified range. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) is one such organisation which publishes probability forecasts in its quarterly MAS Survey of Professional Forecasters. Another is Consensus Economics, a macroeconomic survey firm, which publishes a special survey on forecast probabilities each January in its Consensus Forecasts, Asia Pacific Consensus Forecasts and Eastern Europe Consensus Forecasts publications.
Besides survey firms covering this subject, probability forecasts are also a topic of academic research. This was discussed in a 2000 research paper by Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran and Yongcheol Shin entitled 'Forecast Uncertainties in Macroeconometric Modelling: An Application to the UK Economy'. The MAS released an article on the topic in its Macroeconomic Review in October 2015 called A Brief Survey of Density Forecasting in Macroeconomics.
Energy forecasting
Probabilistic forecasts have not been investigated extensively to date in the context of energy forecasting. However, the situation is changing. While the Global Energy Forecasting Competition (GEFCom) in 2012 was on point forecasting of electric load and wind power, the 2014 edition aimed at probabilistic forecasting of electric load, wind power, solar power and electricity prices. The top two performing teams in the price track of GEFCom2014 used variants of Quantile Regression Averaging (QRA), a new technique which involves applying quantile regression to the point forecasts of a small number of individual forecasting models or experts, hence allows to leverage existing development of point forecasting.
Lumina Decision Systems has created an example probabilistic forecast of energy usage for the next 25 years using the US Department of Energy's Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 2010.
Population forecasting
Probability forecasts have also been used in the field of population forecasting.
Assessment
Assessing probabilistic forecasts is more complex than assessing deterministic forecasts. If an ensemble-based approach is being used, the individual ensemble members need first to be combined and expressed in terms of a probability distribution. There exist probabilistic (proper) scoring rules such as the continuous ranked probability score for evaluating probabilistic forecasts. One example of such a rule is the Brier score.
See also
Consensus forecast
Energy forecasting
Forecasting
Forecast skill
Global Energy Forecasting Competitions
References
External links
Online results from EPS (from the World Meteorological Organisation)
Statistical forecasting
Probability assessment
Weather forecasting
Climate and weather statistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20forecasting |
Demirköy (, "iron village"; known as Малък Самоков, Malak Samokov in Bulgarian) is a town in Kırklareli Province, in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Demirköy District. Its population is 3,489 (2022). According to the Ottoman population statistics of 1914, the kaza of Demirköy had a total population of 9,133, consisting of 5,110 Greeks and 4,023 Muslims. The inhabitants are mainly descendants of Pomaks Muslims from the village of Tisovo and other villages from the Greek side of the Chech region who were settled in Demirköy during the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923/1924. Prior to that, the village was known as Samakovo () or Samokov ().
The mayor is Recep Gün, elected in 2019.
Visitor attractions
A historic metalworking facility dating back to the 15th century, the Demirköy Foundry (), currently an archaeological site, is located southeast of Demirköy.
The Dupnisa Cave () is a show cave located deep in the Strandzha forests southwest of the town.
The İğneada Floodplain Forests National Park () is at east of Demirköy near İğneada. The Lake Saka Nature Reserve is situated inside the national park.
References
Populated places in Demirköy District
Pomak communities in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirk%C3%B6y%2C%20K%C4%B1rklareli |
Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (12 February 1845, in Göttingen – 9 March 1923, in Dresden) was a German classical scholar. He specialized in studies of Greek and Roman mythology.
He received his education at the Universities of Göttingen and Leipzig, obtaining his PhD in 1868. While at Leipzig, from encouragement by Friedrich Ritschl, he along with fellow students Wilhelm Wisser, Richard Arnold and Friedrich Nietzsche, formed a student philological association in December 1865. Since 1871 he taught classes at the Fürstenschule in Meissen, and from 1882, served as vice-principal at the gymnasium in Wurzen. In 1894, he was appointed school rector. After his retirement in 1905 he lived and worked in Dresden. During his career, he travelled extensively in Europe, his research trips taking him to Italy, France, Dalmatia, Montenegro, Greece and Asia Minor.
The economist Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher (1817–1894) was his father.
Written works
He is best known for his lexicon, the Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie ("Detailed dictionary of Greek and Roman mythology", 1884–1937; 6 volumes with 4 supplementary volumes, the dictionary being completed by Konrat Ziegler). He also published Neue Omphalosstudien: Ein archäologischer Beitrag zur vergleichenden Religionswissenschaft (1915), an archaeological study of the Omphalos myth. Other significant works by Roscher are:
Studien Zur Vergleichenden Mythologie Der Griechen und Römer, 1873 – Studies in comparative mythology of the Greeks and Romans.
Das tiefe Naturgefühl der Griechen und Römer in seiner historischen Entwickelung, 1875 – The deep Naturgefühl of the Greeks and Romans in their historical development.
Die Gorgonen und Verwandtes: Eine Vorarbeit zu einem Handbuch der griechischen Mythologie vom vergleichenden Standpunkt, 1879 – The Gorgons and related issues: a preliminary work for a handbook of Greek mythology from a comparative point of view.
Nektar und Ambrosia: Mit einem Anhang über die Grundbedeutung der Aphrodite und Athene, 1883 – Nectar and ambrosia: With an appendix on the basic meanings of Aphrodite and Athena.
Über Selene und Verwandtes, 1890 – On Selene and related issues.
Ephialtes: Eine pathologisch-mythologische Abhandlung über die Alptraume und Alpdämonen des Klassischen Altertums, 1900 – Ephialtes: A pathological-mythological treatise on nightmares and the Alpdämonen of classical antiquity.
Die Hebdomadenlehren der griechischen Philosophen und Aerzte, 1906 – The Hebdomadenlehren of Greek philosophers and physicians.
References
External links
1845 births
1923 deaths
German classical scholars
University of Göttingen alumni
Leipzig University alumni
Writers from Göttingen
People from the Kingdom of Hanover | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Heinrich%20Roscher |
Do Butlers Burgle Banks? is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United States on 5 August 1968 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, and in the United Kingdom on 19 September 1968 by Barrie & Jenkins, London.
In the story, Mike Bond has inherited an insolvent bank, and fears what will happen if the truth is discovered. He wishes that someone would rob the bank so that the examiners will not know much money was there originally. As it happens, Mike's new butler, Horace Appleby, is actually the leader of a gang of burglars.
Plot
Horace Appleby, who lives in London suburb Valley Fields, looks and acts like a butler, so he locates jewels for his burglar gang as a butler. He does not allow them to carry guns; American safe-blower Charlie Yost carried a gun, so Horace refuses to pay him. Other henchmen include Llewellyn "Basher" Evans, another safe-blower, and Ferdinand Ripley or "Ferdie the Fly", who can climb buildings. Horace goes to the races at Wellingford, Worcestershire. In nearby Mallow Hall lives Mike Pond, who recently succeeded his late uncle as owner of the house and Bond's Bank. He employs secretary Ada Cootes, and lives with his aunt Isobel Bond, who is confined to her room with a broken leg and has a nurse, Jill Willard. Someone steals Horace's wallet and Ada hits the thief, recovering the wallet. Horace thanks her and treats her to tea. Ada tells him about Bond's Bank, and Horace plans to rob it. He becomes butler at Mallow Hall to use it as a base of operations. Jill thinks he is a burglar, but she is annoyed with Mike, who once seemed to love her yet is now distant, and does not warn him. Horace has fallen for Ada and proposes to her; at first she is thrilled, but Jill warns her about Horace being a thief, and Ada turns him down.
Jill eavesdrops on a conversation between Mike and the bank trustees, General Sir Frederick Featherstone and Augustus "Gussie" Mortlake. The bank is insolvent by a hundred thousand pounds. Originally the amount was even greater, but Mike gambled with the depositors' money to bring the amount down; he will go to prison if this is discovered. Mike also mentions that his uncle took out an insurance policy for him: Mike is insured for a hundred thousand pounds if someone injures him with the intent to kill. Jill is glad that Mike's distance was due only to business problems and wants to marry him, but Mike refuses since he may go to prison. Mike wishes someone would rob the bank to hide the truth. Jill suggests to Ada, who knows the combination to the bank's large safe, that they rob the bank. Horace shoots a window with a gun from the Hall's gunroom so the police will only focus on the house. Basher retires from crime, having become religious after a revival meeting, and gives up his ill-gotten gains; Charlie appears, takes the money as his cut, and takes Basher's place. When Charlie tries to rob Gussie Mortlake, Gussie thinks of hiring Charlie to shoot at Mike for the insurance money. A policeman comes by, but Gussie tells him everything is fine, and Charlie gratefully offers his services. Mike reluctantly agrees to Gussie's plan.
Jill and Ada start burgling the bank and put money in a suitcase. Horace arrives with subordinates Ferdie, Montgomery "Smithy" Smith, and an American named Frank. Jill hides and Ada swoons inside the safe. The gang is stopped by the muscular Basher, who has threatened Charlie into staying away. The safe is open, but Basher quickly shuts it. Ferdie saw a girl inside, and Horace realizes it is Ada. He telephones Mike and admits he is burgling the bank, though Mike initially thinks Horace is drunk, and Aunt Isobel, in the background, says "Doesn't sound likely. Do butlers burgle banks?". Horace says that Ada got locked in the airtight safe. Mike provides the combination and Horace rescues Ada. Jill is discovered and Horace politely introduces her to the gang, though Frank flees. Jill is impressed with Horace and apologizes for warning Ada against marrying him; after he agrees to retire from crime, she talks to Ada, and Ada and Horace get engaged. Superintendent Jessop of the Wellingford constabulary appears, and Horace has Ferdie, Smithy, Jill, and Ada pretend they are performing an audit. Jessop leaves convinced. Mike arrives and Jill explains everything to him. Ada explains Jill's scheme to Horace. He tells Jill to bring the suitcase to the Hall. Jessop returns with his supercilious brother-in-law, Sergeant Claude Potter of Scotland Yard, and Horace claims that the bank was robbed after the audit. Potter is suspicious.
Mike tries to cancel Gussie's plan with Charlie, but Charlie has given his task to Frank, and Frank will show up at the Hall's back door to shoot at Mike. Jessop and Potter come to the house, and Potter is just about to search the suitcase when the parlourmaid says that there is a man at the back door to see Mike. Potter goes though Mike begs him not to; Potter gets shot in the arm and is expected to be in hospital for a week. Now that the police are on to him, Mike fears he will go to prison if he keeps the suitcase, but the bank will fail if he returns it. Horace, Ferdie, and Smithy finance the bank with their savings and save Mike.
Publication history
The front of the first US edition dust wrapper was illustrated by John Alcorn, and that of the first UK edition dust wrapper by Osbert Lancaster.
References
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1968 British novels
English novels
Barrie & Jenkins books
Simon & Schuster books
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%20Butlers%20Burgle%20Banks%3F |
Derebucak is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 451 km2, and its population is 5,690 (2022).
Derebucak Çamlık Caves are a group of 13 caves in Çamlık town registered as a natural monument.
Composition
There are 12 neighbourhoods in Derebucak District:
Çamlık
Durak
Gencek
Göynem
Kenankuyu
Musalla
Pınarbaşı
Sarayönü
Taşlıpınar
Tepearası
Uğurlu
Yeni
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derebucak |
François-Bernard de Chauvelin, marquis de Grosbois (born 29 November 1766 in Paris; died 9 April 1832 in Paris), also known as Marquis de Chauvelin, was a French nobleman, diplomat, parliamentarian and liberal reformer.
Biography
The scion of an illustrious family, Chauvelin followed his father François-Claude de Chauvelin as Master of the King's Wardrobe (to Louis XVI) and fought in the Comte de Rochambeau's French Expeditionary Force. However, despite being of aristocratic birth, he had been raised with liberal views and thus became supportive of the French Revolution.
In February 1792 he married Herminie-Felicienne-Joséphine Tavernier de Boulogne de Magnanville and was posted to the Court of St. James's, styled "Ambassador's Cloak" (or Deputy Ambassador), under Talleyrand. His role in London was to persuade the British Government to remain neutral in the impending war between France and Austria and Prussia. Arriving in May 1792, Chauvelin was well received at first and secured British neutrality. However, on 10 August 1792, in light of the storming of the Tuileries and the formal suspension of King Louis XVI of France from power, Chauvelin's status became ambiguous - as his credentials had been issued by a non-ruling king and, moreover, Britain had recalled its own ambassador (and not replaced him), thereby ending official communication. Following the formation of the French Republic in September, the new French republican government did not promptly renew his credentials, ending what remained of his official status at the Court of St James. Despite Chauvelin's claims to continue as interim representative of France until the arrival of his new credentials (he believed them imminent), foreign secretary William Grenville refused to recognize him as officially speaking for the French republic and returned his papers and missives. Chauvelin finally received his new credentials from the French republic in January 1793 and requested an audience with the British king to present them. But the timing was inauspicious - Louis XVI had been sentenced to death by the French convention the day before, and would be executed a few days later (21 January). Chauvelin was ordered to leave England by 1 February 1793, as the British made preparations for war.
After returning to Paris and ingratiating himself with the new régime, Chauvelin was posted as French Ambassador to the Medicis in Florence but his term there was unsuccessful, being unable to convince the Grand-Duke to recognize the new French Republic. Chauvelin was recalled to Paris and jailed as a suspect during the Terreur. However, he was released following Robespierre's arrest during the Thermidorean Reaction (27 July 1794).
In 1800, he was elected to the Tribunat and in February 1804, he was appointed Prefect of La Lys. And in 1811, Chauvelin was created a Baron of the Empire and appointed Councillor of State. From 1812 to 1814, he governed Cataloniastyled Intendant-Généralhaving been expected to win over the Catalans to Joseph Bonaparte, Emperor Napoleon's brother, who had been installed as King of Spain.
In 1816, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and spoke in favor of press freedom and extending the electoral franchise. He earned a reputation as an outstanding orator. He was one of the major figures of the left-wing, republican and liberal group in parliament. Though he was returned again as a Deputy in 1827, he played no further part in public affairs, finally resigning in 1829. He then permanently withdrew to the former Abbey of Cîteaux in Beaune, which he had bought and converted into a residence. He died of cholera three years later in Paris.
Chauvelin and The Scarlet Pimpernel
In Baroness Emmuska Orczy’s novel The Scarlet Pimpernel and its sequels, the Scarlet Pimpernel's arch enemy throughout most of the series is Citizen Chauvelin, a character loosely based on the real Marquis. Although there are some similarities between the real and fictional Chauvelins, Orczy's depiction of Chauvelin's career, personality and history is highly distorted.
See also
List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom
References
The Authentic State Papers which Passed Between Monsieur Chauvelin, Minister Plenipotentiary from France, and the Right Hon. Lord Grenville, Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: From 12th May 1792 to 24th January 1793 and Presented to the House of Commons January 28th, 1793. London: J. Ridgeway. online
M. PREVOST, Bernard-François Chauvelin, in: Dictionnaire de Biographie française, Edn 8, col. 905-906.
J. DE SMET, L'administration du département de La Lys, in: Annales de la Société d'Emulation de Bruges, 1931, blz. 138-138.
Andries VAN DEN ABEELE, De vier prefecten van het departement van de Leie. II. Bernard François markies de Chauvelin, in: Biekorf, 2004, blz. 224-251 en 333-356.
Notes
External links
National Portrait Gallery
1766 births
1832 deaths
Diplomats from Paris
People of the French Revolution
Politicians from Paris
French marquesses
Nobility of the First French Empire
Ambassadors of France to Great Britain
Nobility from Paris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard-Fran%C3%A7ois%2C%20marquis%20de%20Chauvelin |
Edward Philips, Ben Avram (born 1941) is an artist who was born in Bombay, India and immigrated to Israel as a teenager. He graduated from the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in 1965 and continues to call Jerusalem his home.
Most of Ben Avram's oil paintings and watercolors portrays Israeli cities, religious festivals, and Bible stories. He paints in creamy sensual tones incorporating symbols such as doves, a menorah, and Shabbat candles.
Exhibitions
1964 Group exhibitions in the United States and Canada
1977 Safrai Gallery, Jerusalem
1981–1986 Artexpo, New York City
1981–1986 Artexpo, Los Angeles
2001–current Blue and White Art Gallery, Jerusalem
Auction record
The auction record for a painting by Ben Avram is $6,875. This record was set by The Twelve Tribes, a 47.24 by 31.5 inch oil painting on canvas sold 28 December 2010 at Matsa for Public Auctions-Matsa Gallery (Tel Aviv).
References
Ben Avram, Edward, Passover Haggadah Illustrated by Ben Avram, Keshatot Arts, 1995, .
Footnotes
External links
Ben Avram official site
Biography of Ben Avram
Edward Ben Avram - Art Profile
1941 births
Living people
Indian emigrants to Israel
Israeli people of Indian-Jewish descent
Indian Jews
Indian male painters
Jewish painters
Israeli male painters
Jewish Israeli artists
Artists from Mumbai
20th-century Indian painters
20th-century Israeli painters
20th-century Israeli male artists
Painters from Maharashtra
20th-century Indian male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Avram |
Derik () is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,381 km2, and its population is 62,028 (2022).
Government
In the local elections of April 10 Mülkiye Esmez from the Peoples' Democratic Party was elected mayor. But on 15 November 2019 she was detained and a day later dismissed from her post as mayor and the District Governor Hakan Kafkas was appointed as trustee instead.
History
The town is first mentioned in the late 14th century, however a Roman fort indicates that the area has been inhabited for longer. Prior to the Assyrian and Armenian genocide, Assyrians and Armenians formed the majority in the district. The Armenian population of the county continued to form the majority even up until the 1930s, when systematic state persecution forced many to emigrate. One family continues to live here, and they maintain the old Armenian Church. The Armenian Apostolic Church in Derik is only one out of six in Anatolian Turkey that operates as a church.
Today Kurds and Turks live in Derik.
Geography
Geographically the town includes areas from Mazıdağı foot descending towards Ceylanpınar plains. Town area descends from the north to the south. The city center is surrounded by mountains from 3 sides and has a temperate climate with some mediterranean climate effects.
Composition
There are 80 neighbourhoods in Derik District:
Adak ()
Adakent ()
Ahmetli ()
Akçay ()
Akıncılar ()
Alagöz ()
Alanlı ()
Alibey ()
Ambarlı ()
Aşağımezraa ()
Atlı ()
Aydınlar ()
Bağarası
Bahçelievler
Ballı ()
Balova ()
Başaran ()
Bayırköy ()
Bayraklı ()
Beşbudak ()
Böğrek ()
Boyaklı ()
Bozbayır ()
Bozok ()
Burçköy ()
Çadırlı ()
Çağıl ()
Çataltepe ()
Çayköy ()
Cevizpınar
Çukursu ()
Dağ
Demirli ()
Denktaş ()
Derinsu ()
Dikmen ()
Doğancı ()
Dumanlı ()
Dumluca ()
Düztaş ()
Göktaş ()
Gölbaşı ()
Hayırlı ()
Hisaraltı ()
Ilıca ()
İncesu ()
Issız ()
Kale
Kanatlı ()
Karaburun ()
Karataş ()
Kayacık ()
Kocatepe ()
Koçyiğit ()
Konak ()
Konuk ()
Köseveli ()
Kovalı ()
Kovanlı ()
Küçükpınar
Kuruçay ()
Kuşçu ()
Kutluca ()
Kuyulu ()
Meşeli ()
Ortaca ()
Pınarcık ()
Pirinçli ()
Şahverdi ()
Şerefli ()
Soğukkuyu ()
Söğütözü ()
Subaşı ()
Taşıt ()
Tepebağ ()
Üçkuyu ()
Üçtepe ()
Yazıcık ()
Yukarımezraa ()
Zeytinpınar
Demographics
Notable natives
Qedrîcan (1911-1972), Kurdish poet, writer and translator
Ahmet Türk (* 1942), politician
Bülent Tekin (* 1952), Kurdish poet and writer
Firat Cewerî (* 1959), writer, translator and journalist
Enwer Karahan (* 1962), Kurdish writer
Leyla Birlik (* 1972), Kurdish politician
Mülkiye Esmez (* 1975), politician
Mem Ararat (* 1981), musical artist
Sultan Kösen (* 1982), tallest living human
Civar Çetin (* 1992), footballer
References
External links
Derik municipality
Populated places in Mardin Province
Assyrian communities in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Mardin Province
Former Armenian communities in Mardin Province
Districts of Mardin Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derik%2C%20Turkey |
Derinkuyu ("deep well") (Cappadocian Greek: Μαλακοπή; Latin: Malakopí) is a town in Nevşehir Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Derinkuyu District. Its population is 10,912 (2022). The elevation is .
Located in Cappadocia, Derinkuyu is notable for its large multi-level underground city, which is a major tourist attraction. The historical region of Cappadocia, where Derinkuyu is situated, contains several historical underground cities, carved out of a unique geological formation. They are not generally occupied. Over 200 underground cities at least two levels deep have been discovered in the area between Kayseri and Nevşehir, with around 40 of those having at least three levels. The troglodyte cities at Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı are two of the best examples of underground dwellings.
History
The oldest written source about underground structures is the writings of Xenophon. In his Anabasis (circa 370 BCE), he writes that the people living in Anatolia had excavated their houses underground, living well in accommodations large enough for the family, domestic animals, and supplies of stored food. The first two floors of the Derinkuyu Underground City have been dated to this early period.
From Byzantine times (4th century CE) through 1923 Derinkuyu was known by its Cappadocian Greek inhabitants as Malakopea (). The underground city was greatly expanded in the middle Byzantine period to serve as a refuge from the raids of the Umayyad Arab and Abbasid armies, during the Arab–Byzantine wars (780-1180). The city contained food stores, kitchens, stalls, churches, wine and oil presses, ventilation shafts, wells, and a religious school. The Derinkuyu underground city has at least eight levels and depth of 85 m and could have sheltered thousands of people. The city continued to be used as protection from the Mongolian incursions of Timur in the 14th century. After the region fell to the Ottomans the cities were used as refuges (Greek: καταφύγια). As late as the 20th century the town's inhabitants, called Cappadocian Greeks, were still using the underground chambers to escape periodic waves of Ottoman persecution. (The Cambridge linguist Dawkins, who spent time in the towns from 1910–1911 while writing his book on Cappadocian Greek wrote, "their use as places of refuge in time of danger is indicated by their name καταφύγια. In 1909, when the news came of the recent massacres at Adana, a great part of the population at Axo took refuge in these underground chambers, and for some nights did not venture to sleep above ground. When the Cappadocian Greeks were required to leave in 1923 in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the tunnels were finally abandoned.
Images
See also
Avanos
Churches of Göreme, Turkey
Eskigümüş Monastery
Ihlara Valley
Mokissos
Özkonak Underground City
Zelve Monastery
References
External links
General information on Derinkuyu, Governorship of Derinkuyu.
District municipality's official website
District municipalities in Turkey
Cappadocia
Populated places in Nevşehir Province
Derinkuyu District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derinkuyu |
Dicle (, ) is a municipality and district of Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. Its area is 738 km2, and its population is 36,114 (2022). It is populated by Kurds.
The Mayor is Felat Aygören from the HDP.
Dicle is the Kurdish and Turkish name of the Tigris river, which runs through the district and gave its name to it. The name derives from tighri- (arrow) from Avestan and cognate with "tîj, tîr" (sharp, arrow) in Kurdish and tigra- (sharp, pointed) in Old Persian. Some claim that it derives from through Akkadian Idiqlat from the original Sumerian name for the river, Idigna.
Composition
There are 48 neighbourhoods in Dicle District:
15 Temmuz
Acar
Altayköy
Arıköy
Bademli
Bağlarbaşı
Bahçedere
Bahçeköy
Baltacı
Başköy
Baturköy
Biçer
Boğaz
Boğazköy
Bozaba
Çavlı
Çelebi
Dedeköy
Değirmenli
Döğer
Durabeyli
Gelincik
Gölbaşı
Gündoğdu
Kaygısız
Kayıköy
Kelekçi
Kırklar
Kırkpınar
Kocaalan
Koruköy
Kurşunlu
Kurudere
Meydanköy
Pekmezciler
Pınar
Sergenli
Süsümlü
Taşağıl
Tepe
Tepebaşı
Uğrak
Ulubaş
Uluçeşme
Üzümlü
Yeşilsırt
Yeşiltepe
Yokuşlu
References
Kurdish settlements in Diyarbakır Province
Populated places in Diyarbakır Province
Districts of Diyarbakır Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicle |
A Pelican at Blandings is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United Kingdom on 25 September 1969 by Barrie & Jenkins, London, and in the United States on 11 February 1970 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, under the title No Nudes Is Good Nudes.
It is the tenth full-length novel in the Blandings Castle saga and the last one fully completed by Wodehouse. The title refers to Galahad Threepwood, a survivor of the Pelican Club.
Plot introduction
Blandings Castle lacks its usual balm for the Earl of Emsworth, as his stern sister Lady Constance Keeble is once more in residence. The Duke of Dunstable is also infesting the place again, along with the standard quota of American millionaires, romantic youths, con artists, imposters and so on. With a painting of a reclining nude at the centre of numerous intrigues, Gally's genius is once again required to sort things out.
Plot summary
Lord Emsworth is in clover at Blandings, with the only guest, Howard Chesney, easily avoided by eating alone in the library. His peace is shattered by the arrival of his sister Connie, along with a friend she has met on the boat over from America, Vanessa Polk, and the news that Dunstable is soon to descend upon the castle adds to his misery. Desperate, he calls on his brother Gally for aid.
Gally is in London, meeting his godson Johnny , who announces his engagement to Dunstable's niece Linda. He hurries to the castle, sharing a train carriage with Dunstable, who tells Gally how he has bought a painting of a reclining nude, having heard how anxious the wealthy Wilbur Trout is to buy it; Dunstable plans to bring Trout to Blandings to sell him the picture at a large profit.
At the castle, Connie urges Dunstable to cosy up with Vanessa Polk, her father's wealth proving an easy lure, and Emsworth's woes are compounded by his beloved Empress' refusal to eat a potato. Gally hears from Linda that her engagement to Halliday is no more, and Halliday himself visits, to explain the incident, a grilling he was obliged to give Linda as a witness in a court case he was defending, which led to their split. He begs Gally to invite him to the castle, but Gally, explaining his position in Connie's bad books, sends him home, promising to do his best on his behalf.
Wilbur Trout arrives, and we learn that Vanessa Polk was once engaged to him, and still harbours tender feelings. He tells her the tale of Dunstable's treachery, and she hatches a plan to steal the painting. In London, Halliday hears from his partner Joe Bender that the painting sold to Dunstable was a fake, and he calls in Gally's help. The capable old Pelican arranges to swap the real picture for the fake, but decides to take a bath before replacing the original in the empty frame.
Emsworth, visiting his pig after a worrying dream, falls into the muddy sty, then finds himself locked out, Gally having turned the key on his return from meeting Johnny. He enters the house via Dunstable's rooms, waking up the Duke when surprised by a cat, and later returns to wake the Duke again when he sees the empty frame. When the rest of the household see the picture, now replaced by Gally, the Duke's low opinion of Emsworth's sanity persuades him to call in psychiatric help; Gally recommends Johnny, who he pretends is Sir Roderick Glossop's junior partner.
Vanessa Polk, having spotted him for a crook, persuades Chesney to help her steal the painting, but he recognises Halliday, newly arrived at the castle, as the attorney who defended him after an earlier crime went wrong. He plans to leave to avoid being unmasked and return by night for the painting, but seeing Halliday at the top of the stairs, pushes him down. Halliday falls, taking Dunstable with him, and while he angers the Duke he endears himself to Linda, who finds herself kissing his face as he lies prone in the hallway. Linda, now firmly in favour of Halliday, reveals she cannot marry without Dunstable's consent, which he refuses after the stairs incident, and also having recalled Halliday's father, who he never got on with.
Connie calls Glossop's office, finds Halliday is an imposter and ejects him from the castle. Trout and Vanessa meet up in the night to steal the painting, but Chesney fails to turn up, having crashed his car on the way. The two realise they love each other, and leave next morning to get married. Connie insists that Dunstable write to Vanessa proposing marriage; but the letter is intercepted by Gally, who shares with Dunstable his knowledge that Vanessa is not really an heiress, and makes the Duke allow the wedding of Linda and Johnny in exchange for the return of his letter, under threat of a breach of promise suit if it were to reach Vanessa. Connie is recalled to America by her husband, and the Duke returns home, leaving Emsworth once again master of his domain.
Characters
The Earl of Emsworth, the absent-minded master of Blandings
The Hon. Galahad Threepwood, Emsworth's dashing brother
Lady Constance Keeble, Emsworth's domineering sister
Empress of Blandings, Emsworth's prize pig
Alaric, Duke of Dunstable, a cantankerous peer
Linda Gilpin, the Duke's attractive niece
John Halliday, a barrister, godson of Gally
Ma Balsam, Halliday's voluble landlady
Joe Bender, proprietor of a London art gallery, Halliday's business partner
Wilbur Trout, a much-married American millionaire
Vanessa Polk, a charming and resourceful young girl, once engaged to Trout
Howard Chesney, a rather suspicious visitor to the castle
Beach, butler at the castle
Publication history
The illustration on the first UK edition dust jacket was drawn by Osbert Lancaster, and the photograph of Wodehouse on the back panel of the dust jacket was by Tom Blau, Camera Press. The first US edition dust jacket was illustrated by Barry Zaid.
See also
Dunstable previously visited the castle in Uncle Fred in the Springtime (1939) and Service With a Smile (1962).
References
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Fantastic Fiction's page, with details of published editions, photos of book covers and links to used copies
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1969 British novels
Barrie & Jenkins books
Pigs in literature
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Pelican%20at%20Blandings |
Phasmahyla is a genus of tree frogs. They are commonly known as shining leaf frogs.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Phasmahyla:
References
Phyllomedusinae
Amphibian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasmahyla |
Phrynomedusa is a genus of tree frogs from the Southeast and South regions in Brazil. They were formerly considered to be part of the genus Phyllomedusa, as the "Phyllomedusa fimbriata group". Common names colored leaf frogs and monkey frogs have been coined for them.
Ecology and conservation
Phrynomedusa occur in mountain streams and associated ponds in the Atlantic Forest. Egg clutches are laid outside of the water in rock crevices above the water; the tadpoles develop in the water.
Phrynomedusa are rare and poorly known frogs. Except for P. appendiculata and P. marginata, they are known from only a few specimens. Only two species are known with certainty to occur in protected areas.
Description
Phrynomedusa are small tree-frogs: adult males measure and females in snout–vent length. The iris is bicolored (a horizontal diffuse dark stripe in middle of eye separating dark yellow in upper and lower surfaces). The dorsum is smooth. Webbing between the fingers and toes is reduced. They lack the flash colors on flanks, preaxial, and postaxial margins of thighs present in the related phyllomedusid genera. Males have vocal sacs and vocal slits.
Species
There are six species, one of them probably extinct:
References
Phyllomedusinae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of South America
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Taxa named by Alípio de Miranda-Ribeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynomedusa |
Allu Arjun (born 8 April 1982) is an Indian actor known for his works mainly in Telugu cinema. One of the highest paid actors in India, Allu Arjun is also known for his dancing skills. He is a recipient of several awards including a National Film Award, six Filmfare Awards and three Nandi Awards. He has appeared in Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list since 2014. He is popularly referred to as "Stylish Star".
Allu Arjun made his debut with Gangotri in 2003. He rose to prominence starring in Sukumar's cult classic Arya (2004) for which he earned a Nandi Special Jury Award. He consolidated his reputation with the action films Bunny (2005) and Desamuduru (2007). In 2008, he starred in the romantic drama Parugu for which he won his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu.
Allu Arjun went on to star in notable films such as Arya 2 (2009), Vedam (2010), Julayi (2012), Race Gurram (2014), S/O Satyamurthy (2015), Rudhramadevi (2015), Sarrainodu (2016), DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham (2017), Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (2020) and Pushpa: The Rise (2021). His performances as a lower-class cable operator in Vedam and as a carefree street smart man in Race Gurram won him two Filmfare Awards for Best Actor – Telugu. He also won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of prince Gona Ganna Reddy in Rudhramadevi. He received high acclaim for his performance in Pushpa: The Rise, which emerged as the highest-grossing Indian film in 2021 and ranks among the highest-grossing Telugu films of all time. The film also earned him his first National Film Award for Best Actor, and fourth Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu.
Allu Arjun endorses a number of brands and products, and is a celebrity brand ambassador for the Pro Kabaddi League and for the streaming service Aha. In 2021, Allu Arjun became the brand ambassador of Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions.
Early life
Allu Arjun was born on 8 April 1982 in a Telugu family in Madras (present-day Chennai) to film producer Allu Aravind and Nirmala. His paternal grandfather was the noted film comedian Allu Ramalingaiah who appeared in over 1000 films. Their native place is Palakollu of West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. Allu Arjun grew up in Chennai before their family moved to Hyderabad in his 20s.
He is the second of three children. His elder brother Venkatesh is a businessman while his younger brother Sirish is also an actor. His paternal aunt is Surekha Konidela, the wife of actor Chiranjeevi. He is the first cousin of actor Ram Charan.
Career
Career beginnings (1985–1986; 2001–2007)
After playing as a child artist in Vijetha (1985) and as a dancer in Daddy (2001), he made his adult debut in Gangotri. The film was directed by K. Raghavendra Rao with his father Allu Aravind producing, along with C. Ashwini Dutt. Praising his acting performance, Jeevi of Idlebrain criticised his looks in the film and added that "Arjun should choose roles that amplify his strength and nullify his weaknesses." He then appeared in Sukumar's Arya. He plays the eponymous lead, an outgoing and free-spirited boy falling in love with Geetha (Anu Mehta), an introverted girl who is on the shield of another person Ajay (Siva Balaji). The film proved to be his breakthrough, earning a first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu and won the Nandi Special Jury Award and the CineMAA Award for Best Actor (Critics). The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over ₹30 crore, with a production budget of ₹4 crore. In 2006, the film was dubbed and released in Malayalam in Kerala. Owing to the film's success, he received major acclaim across the region and the Malayali people.
He next starred in V. V. Vinayak's Bunny playing the eponymous lead, a college student. Being successful at the box office, critics praised his efforts, mannerisms and dancing. His next film was A. Karunakaran's musical love story Happy. The film did well at the box-office especially in the overseas markets. A critic appreciated his dancing skills and performance, but felt that his character is a typical happy-go-lucky guy.
Experimentation of genres (2007–2010)
He then starred in Puri Jagannadh's action film Desamuduru in which he played the role of Bala Govindam, a fearless journalist who falls for a woman with a darker past. The film was a commercial success, fetching him a Santosham Film Award, a CineMAA Award and his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu. The same year, he made his second cameo appearance alongside Chiranjeevi, in the song "Jagadeka Veerudiki" from the film Shankar Dada Zindabad.
His next film was Bhaskar's Parugu, where he played the role of Krishna, a happy-go-lucky man from Hyderabad who helps his friend to elope with his love, only to experience the wrath of the woman's father and the emotional struggle he felt. Idlebrain wrote: "Allu Arjun is pretty excellent in the first half as the characterization in the first half is vibrant and needs loads of energy. He carried the entire first half on his shoulders. He excelled in the emotional scenes in the second half." Writing for Rediff.com, Radhikha Rajamani stated that "Arjun performs well though he is rather subdued." Allu Arjun won his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu and his second Nandi Special Jury Award.
Allu Arjun next starred in Sukumar's action comedy Arya 2. A spiritual sequel to the romantic action film Arya (2004), he played the role of Arya, an orphan who is behaviourally sick in that he is consumed with possessiveness for his friend Ajay (Navdeep), who never accepts him. The film revolved around the complexities of love–hate relationships and love triangles. His character in the film had shades of grey. Sify wrote that "Allu Arjun is full of energy as the guy caught in the powerful current of love. Though he plays the part with negative shades, his characterization could evoke a lot of sympathy from the audiences. His dances are mind-blowing and he excels in emotional scenes." Oneindia appreciated his dance moves and acting performances, especially the comedy scenes. He received his fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu for his performance in the film.
He had two releases in 2010. The first was Gunasekhar's Varudu, in which he starred alongside Arya and Bhanu Sri Mehra. The filmreceived mixed reviews from critics and was a box-office bomb. His second release of the year was the highly-acclaimed hyperlink anthology film Vedam. It was his first A-rated film in India, and the story takes an inspiration from 26/11 Mumbai blasts in Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai. He played the role of Anand "Cable" Raju, a cable operator hailing from Jubilee Hills (Hyderabad) slum. The film also features Anushka Shetty, Manchu Manoj and Manoj Bajpayee in other prominent roles. His performance received appreciation from film critics, with The Times of India calling it "scintillating" and Idlebrain.com calling it as "best in his career". A critic also commented that "He's a good dancer and does justice to his role." Another critic wrote that "Allu Arjun is excellent as the groom who goes all out to get his bride back. His mass dialogues are good in the second half." He achieved his second Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu for the performance in the film.
Further success (2011–2013)
He next appeared in V. V. Vinayak's action film Badrinath (2011), in which he played the role of Badri, a modern-day Indian samurai who is assigned to protect the Badrinath Temple by his Guru (Prakash Raj), to whom he is very loyal. Allu Arjun undertook intensive martial arts and sword fighting training in Vietnam and marks his first pairing with Tamannaah. He grew his hair out for his look as a warrior in the film. It his second A-rated film in India after Vedam (2010), on the account of graphic action violence. The film completed a 50-day run in 187 cinemas. His performance and character received mixed reviews. A critic of The Times of India wrote that "Arjun hardly has any scope to emote as he was mostly pushed into action scenes and song sequences."
After Badrinath, he signed Trivikram Srinivas's action comedy film Julayi in 2011. It was released in 2012, in which he played the role of Ravindra Narayan, a street-smart yet spoilt brat whose life takes a drastic turn after he becomes the witness of a huge bank robbery. A critic wrote that "Allu Arjun puts in a confident performance as the loveable rogue. It's a role that is right up his alley and he carries it off with a characteristic panache. He lights up the screen with his dancing in particular, pulling off some pretty challenging dance moves." Riya Chakravarty of NDTV, in her review, stated that "Arjun has delivered an outstanding performance." He was nominated for the SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu), for his performance in the film.
The next year, he starred in Puri Jagannadh's action thriller Iddarammayilatho, playing Sanju Reddy, a guitarist with a dark past, alongside Amala Paul and Catherine Tresa. Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu praised his performance in the action sequences and dance moves in various songs in the film, adding "Allu Arjun uses his agility to his advantage in dances and stunt episodes". Another critic wrote that "True to his tag of "stylish star", Allu Arjun looks trendier than ever before. His character of a guitarist, who is a street performer in Barcelona, was at its best sketchy, and looks completely different from his previous films. He once again proves that he is a good actor and probably because of the action director's meticulous planning, he makes perfect expressions in all the fight scenes." The film marks his second and last collaboration, with Puri Jagannadh after Desamuduru (2007).
Commercial success (2014–2018)
In 2014, he appeared in a cameo role in Vamsi Paidipally's action thriller film Yevadu, alongside Kajal Aggarwal. Y. Sunita Chowdary of The Hindu, in her review, wrote that "Allu Arjun shows what an actor can do even in a short role, in the few minutes he packs his experience, internalises the character and makes an impressive exit even as he loses his identity." His next film was Surender Reddy's Race Gurram, in which he played Allu Lakshman "Lucky" Prasad, a carefree guy. He joined the production of the film in May 2013. The film was successful at the box office, with the film being Allu's first 100 crore grosser. Writing to Deccan Chronicle, Suresh Kavirayani felt that Allu Arjun steals the show with his energetic performance and also praised his dancing skills in the film. Ranjani Rajendra too praised his dance moves, comic acting and performance in the action sequences, but felt that the story is predictable and routine. For his performance, he won his third Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu and was nominated for the SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu) for the second time after Julayi. Allu Arjun produced and acted in a short film I Am That Change, which was released in August 2014. The film was directed by Sukumar, to spread awareness on individual social responsibility. Upon its release, the short film received viral response online and was acclaimed by many including celebrities for its concept and execution. It was screened in theaters across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
Allu Arjun next appeared in Trivikram Srinivas's S/O Satyamurthy (2015), which was released on 9 April 2015. The film was a commercial success, with critics praising his performance. His performance in the film earned him his seventh nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu. Following the film, he next played Gona Ganna Reddy in Guna Sekhar's biographical action film Rudhramadevi (2015). The film based on the life of Rudrama Devi, is the first Indian 3D historical film. He has learned and was seen speaking in the Telangana Telugu, for the character in the film. The Times of India called his performance "impeccable" and "whistle-worthy". Due to the wide response and popularity for the character Gona Ganna Reddy, in 2021 director Guna Sekhar said that he will be directing a film solely based on the character, with Allu Arjun in the lead role, after Shaakuntalam. For Rudhramadevi, he won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu and became the only actor to win both the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu. He also won three other awards for his performance, including Nandi Award for Best Character Actor.
In 2016, he acted in Sarrainodu, directed by Boyapati Srinu. Although the film received negative reviews for the screenplay and story, it was a major commercial success at the box office, grossing over ₹127.6 crore. Allu Arjun called it as a "landmark film" in his career. His performance in the action scenes and dance numbers was praised. HIs performance in the film won him the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics) – Telugu, in addition to his eighth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu. The same year, in June, he announced his next film with producer Dil Raju for the third time for DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham. Released in 2017, the film directed by Harish Shankar, in which he played the role of Duvvada Jagannadham "DJ" Shastri, alongside Pooja Hegde, Rao Ramesh and Subbaraju. He appears as a caterer, who is an undercover cop. Firstpost's Hemanth Kumar praised his dance and wrote that "look beyond Allu Arjun's classy moves in Seeti Maar and Asmaika Yoga, all you find is a story that struggles to find its rhythm." India Today too lauded his dance but criticised the film's screenplay and called it "Boring-ah, bore-asya, bore-obiah".
The next year, in May, his film under the direction of writer turned director Vakkantham Vamsi, Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India was released. He played Surya, an Indian Army soldier who has anger management issues. Allu Arjun spent considerable time learning the tricks and stunt sequences from professionals, especially for the dance numbers and action sequences. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews and was successful at the box office. A critic called his performance as Allu Arjun's "career-best" and cited it as the "biggest strength to the film". Vyas of The Hans India stated that "Allu Arjun is supremely talented and has delivered an energetic performance in the movie." Hindustan Times's Priyanka Sundar opined that "Allu Arjun tries to do his best in the shoes of a soldier, but at places we see that it looks forced."
Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo and beyond (2019–present)
In December 2018, his next project Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo was announced, with Trivikram Srinivas as the director. Pooja Hegde was selected to play the female lead role, thus marking his second collaboration with Hegde after DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham. He joined the production of the film in April 2019. Produced jointly by Allu Aravind and S. Radha Krishna, the film marks the third collaboration of Allu Arjun and Trivikram after Julayi (2012) and S/O Satyamurthy (2015). The film was released in January 2020. Allu Arjun's performance received highly positive reviews. A review posted by Rohit Mohan on Koimoi said that "Be it comedy, action, emotions, style and of course dance, the star actor nails it in the film, as 'Bunny' made to audience groove to his tunes with his act." Film Companion felt that Allu Arjun's performance in the board-room scene was the highlight of the film. Bhavana Sharma of International Business Times, opined that Allu Arjun went into the skin of the character. The film his career's highest grosser and stands among the highest-grossing Telugu films. Allu Arjun's dance performance in the song "Butta Bomma" received wide response.
In 2021, he re-united with Sukumar, after nearly a decade, for Pushpa: The Rise. The film is based on the red sanders smuggling in the Seshachalam Hills in Andhra Pradesh and Allu Arjun plays Pushpa Raj, a coolie-turned-smuggler, alongside Fahadh Faasil and Rashmika Mandanna. The film was released in December 2021 to mixed reviews but his performance was praised. A reviewer from The Indian Express wrote, "Allu Arjun walks away with the film with his strong performance. He embraces his deglamorized look and delivers a memorable performance." The Times of India critic Neeshita Nyayapati stated: "Pushpa: The Rise is Allu Arjun's show all the way. He shines in playing this rustic character that is hard on the surface but vulnerable in ways that others don't see." The film proved to be a major commercial success, grossing over billion and emerged as the highest grossing Indian film in 2021. He won his fourth Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu for his performance in the film. A sequel titled Pushpa: The Rule is also in production.
Other work and media image
His popularity was documented in two Telugu music videos. The first one is a rap song, composed by S. Thaman and performed by Roll Rida and Harika Narayan with the lyrics written by Roll Rida and The Hyderabad Nawabs. The music video titled "Allu Arjun Rap Song" was released in January 2021, through Aditya Music label. The other one is titled "Thaggedhe Le" was performed and written by Roll Rida, with the music composed by Pravin Lakkaraju. It was released in April 2021 with the title being adapted from Allu Arjun's popular dialogue from his film Pushpa: The Rise.
Allu Arjun was featured in the GQ in their listing of the most influential young Indians of 2020. He is the 'Most Searched Male Celebrity' in 2020 on Yahoo! India. Allu Arjun was the most searched Telugu film actor on Google Search, for several times. Arjun became the 19th most searched Asian on Google Mid Year 2022.
He is referred to as "Icon Star", or as "Bunny", in the media. Post the continuous success of his films in Kerala, since Arya (2004), he has been called as "Mallu Arjun". Even, the media in Kerala, mostly refers him with the same name. In 2021, the Kerala Police used few scenes featuring him from the film Race Gurram (2014), in their advertisement, to raise awareness about SOS and promote their newly launched app.
Allu Arjun is the celebrity endorser for a number of brands and products, including Hero MotoCorp, RedBus, Hotstar, Frooti, OLX, Colgate, 7 Up, Coca-Cola, Joyalukkas and Lot Mobiles. He has been as a celebrity ambassador for India's premier Kabaddi tournament Pro Kabaddi League. He is an active promoter and a celebrity brand ambassador for his father Allu Aravind-founded over-the-top media service, Aha. In 2021, he played the role of Guru in the Dream Vault Media-produced advertising campaign video, for Rapido. On being part of the ad film, Allu Arjun said that "I like to consider myself as a person who knows how to tackle a situation with the best possible solution. That's why I was excited when they approached me for the role of Guru, which resembles me". Following the release of the ad film, the Telangana State Road Transport Corporation sent a legal notice to both the actor and the Rapido company, for showing TSRTC in a bad-light. Soon after, the company has edited the video (ad film).
Allu Arjun is also a charcoal artist. He started a campaign against the smoking of tobacco, in 2021. He said that "I wanted to draw people's attention towards the ill-effects of smoking. We have constructed very incorrect notions of what's cool and hep. I want to effect a change, no matter how small it is." In 2021, Allu Arjun became the brand ambassador of Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions.
Personal life
On 6 March 2011, Allu Arjun married Sneha Reddy in Hyderabad. They have two children—a son, Ayaan and a daughter, Arha. Allu Arha is set to make her debut in the upcoming film Shaakuntalam in the role of Prince Bharata. In 2016, he started a nightclub named 800 Jubilee in collaboration with M Kitchens and Buffalo Wild Wings.
In 2019, Allu Arjun celebrated Sankranthi in his native town Palakollu, Andhra Pradesh and announced 20 lakh for the development and renovation works of the Ksheera Ramalingeswara Temple, one of the five Pancharama Kshetras. The temple management has constructed Rathasala, Vahanasala, Gosala, and renovated the temple chariot with the funds provided. He also campaigned for his uncle Pawan Kalyan's Jana Sena Party in Palakollu in the 2019 general elections.
Filmography
Discography
Awards and nominations
For Pushpa: The Rise, Arjun won the National Film Award for Best Actor. Arjun has received four Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu for the films - Parugu, Vedam, Race Gurram and Pushpa: The Rise.
See also
List of dancers
Notes
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Male actors from Chennai
Male actors from Hyderabad, India
Male actors in Telugu cinema
Indian male film actors
Indian male child actors
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Telugu playback singers
Indian male playback singers
Singers from Hyderabad, India
Dancers from Andhra Pradesh
Indian film choreographers
Film producers from Hyderabad, India
Best Actor National Film Award winners
Filmfare Awards South winners
Nandi Award winners
Santosham Film Awards winners
CineMAA Awards winners
South Indian International Movie Awards winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allu%20Arjun |
The Pine Nut Mountains are a north–south mountain range in the Great Basin, in Douglas and Lyon counties of northwestern Nevada, United States. The highest mountain in the range is Mount Siegel at 9,456 ft (2,882 m).
Geography
The range starts in the north at the Virginia Range (famous for Virginia City and the Comstock Lode). They continue south for approximately 40 miles where they join with the Sierra Nevada near Topaz Lake and Leviathan Peak. They are bounded on the west by the Carson Valley and to the east by Mason Valley.
Flora
The Pine Nut Mountains take their name from the single-leaf pinyon pines that dominate the slopes between 5000 and 7000 ft. This is mixed with juniper to form the standard pinyon–juniper woodland plant community. Lower slopes are dominated by sage–juniper.
Cultural
The Pine Nut Mountains have been used throughout history by a number of groups for various purposes. The Washoe tribe used (and still uses) the vast quantities of Pinyon pine for the nuts as a staple in their diet. The nuts were collected, roasted, and cached during the fall for use during the lean months of winter. After the discovery of silver and gold in the area, the Pine Nut Mountains became a key source of timber for the building boom and charcoal for the smelters, thus depleting many of the traditional Washoe collection areas. Today, the range is still used by the Washoe for traditional purposes as well as by hikers, hunters, and other outdoor enthusiasts.
References
External links
Pine Nut Mountains Trail Association
Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of the Great Basin
Mountain ranges of Douglas County, Nevada
Mountain ranges of Lyon County, Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine%20Nut%20Mountains |
On February 17, 2006, a massive rock slide-debris avalanche occurred in the Philippine province of Southern Leyte, causing widespread damage and loss of life. The deadly landslide (or debris flow) followed a 10-day period of heavy rain and a minor earthquake (magnitude 2.6 on the Richter scale). The official death toll was 1,126.
Overview
At around 10:30 on February 17, 2006, a cliff face of a ridge straddling the Philippine Fault collapsed in a combination rockslide-debris mass movement event, translocating and subsequently burying Guinsaugon village in the township of Saint Bernard. Up to ten smaller landslides had occurred within the previous week in the vicinity of St. Bernard, but Guinsaugon was the worst-hit community.
Among the worst of the tragedies was the burial of the local elementary school, located nearest to the mountain ridge, as the landslide occurred when school was in session and full of children. Provincial Governor Rosette Lerias said at the time the school had 246 students and seven teachers; only a child and an adult were rescued immediately after the disaster transpired. About 80 women who participated in the celebration of the fifth anniversary of the Guinsaugon Women's Health Association were also lost in the landslide.
Lerias said that although several residents had left the area the week before due to the fear of landslides, several of them had returned when the rains had eased.
Rescue and relief
Rescue teams including military personnel proceeded to the affected areas. However, relief efforts were hampered by rain, chest-deep mud, roads blocked by boulders, washed-out bridges, and lack of heavy equipment. A minor earthquake in the morning of February 17 also affected the relief operation as the ground remained unstable.
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo gave an address on television stating that "help is on the way". Navy and coast guard ships were dispatched to the coastal area.
On February 17, Philippine National Red Cross chairman Richard J. Gordon who was then in Geneva, Switzerland, attending a board meeting of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement appealed for international assistance.
He raised US$1.5 million to help the victims of the mudslides. The funds were used to purchase tents, blankets, cooking utensils, mosquito nets, temporary shelter materials, hygiene articles, water purification tablets and medicines. US$152,000 was released to provide initial assistance. A relief plane was flown into the region carrying emergency trauma kits, rubber boots, ropes, clothing, flashlights and medicine. Three Philippines National Red Cross teams with search and rescue dogs were at the site to provide assistance, with others joining soon afterward. The Red Cross said that it feared that the death toll would be high.
The United States sent three naval vessels, the USS Curtis Wilbur, USS Essex, and USS Harpers Ferry with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, to the area to provide assistance.
About 6,000 U.S. Army and Marine Corps troops were in the Philippines for an annual bilateral exercise. The US government also donated $100,000 worth of disaster equipment to the Philippine National Red Cross. USAID turned over 29 million pesos (about $560,000) worth of food and non-food items.
Other countries donated or pledged assistance to the Philippine government. China offered a donation of $1 million in cash and material. Australia also offered AU$1 million ($740,000) in immediate relief. Taiwan pledged enough medicine to treat 3,000 people for a month and a half along with $100,000. Thailand also pledged $1 million. Malaysia sent a 60-man search-and-rescue and medical assistance team, the Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance Team (SMART). Spain, through a non-government organization, the Unidad Canina de Rescate y Salvamento, sent a six-man rescue team equipped with five sniffer dogs to aid in the relief and rescue efforts. South Korea promised $1 million. New Zealand sent $133,000 to be used in future rescue operations. Singapore said, according to a statement from Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, that officials would help the Arroyo administration in any way possible. Indonesia and Turkey offered humanitarian contingents as well.
The Philippine National Red Cross reported that 53 persons were rescued from the mud on February 17, but the rescue efforts had to be suspended at nightfall for safety reasons.
Possible causes
Congressman Roger Mercado of Southern Leyte claimed in a Reuters interview that logging and mining done in the area three decades ago was the main culprit. Dave Petley, professor at the International Landslide Centre, Durham University, told the BBC that the causes Mercado mentioned, if proven true, created a "dangerous combination" that produced a "classic landslide scenario".
However, local government officials and eyewitnesses claimed anecdotally that the area was "well forested" and the governor's office said that deforestation from mining and logging activities were not the causal factor, although no scientific evidence was presented to back the claims. The governor’s office did not explain why the soil was so unstable at the time of the slide, after millennia of stability.
Experts did agree that torrential rains lasting two weeks before the mudslide were the tipping point that precipitated the disaster. Rainfall amounting to nearly over the period of February 4–14 loosened the soil so much that the resulting sludge and rocks thundered down the slopes of nearby Mount Can-abag, virtually disintegrating it. The La Niña weather phenomenon was blamed for the non-stop rains that occurred in the province. San Francisco, Agusan del Sur mayor Carie Ladernora declared the state of calamity on her town by February 12, 2006.
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology recorded a magnitude 2.6 earthquake in Southern Leyte just prior to the landslide although the effects of this are unclear.
2008 workshop
After two years, the international geoscience community including experts from Japan, Canada, United States, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Hong Kong, UK, Taiwan and the Philippines, came together in Tacloban and St. Bernard to examine known information on the Guinsaugon disaster. In addition, the workshop was tasked with determining the next steps after the disaster. The landslide is classified as a rock slide-debris avalanche using the Varnes (1978) or Cruden and Varnes (1996) classification. Volume estimates in recent publications range between 14 MCM (million cubic metres) and 20 MCM, converging on or about 15 MCM. There is general accord among scientists that high precipitation a week prior to the failure contributed to the conditions at failure, but the 5 day delay between the rain and the landslide, and the fact that Southern Leyte regularly gets high overall levels of precipitation means that the precise nature of that contribution is unknown. Similarly, the role of minor ground shaking that occurred at about the same time is still uncertain. "Was the landslide caused by ground shaking or excessive rain? This is one of the things that is not yet resolved." said Dr. Mark Albert Zarco, a professor at the Department of Engineering Sciences, University of the Philippines Diliman in a news story. Importantly, the geological and geomorphological history of the slope including, for example, the prominent strike-slip movement of about 2.5 cm per year, has ultimately lead to failures all along the scarp, including the one that buried Guinsaugon. Richard Guthrie, of University of Waterloo, Canada, stated: "We have had very large rains and we have had very large earthquakes in the past; The rocks have been stretched and strained. As time moves on, the rock begins to age and die and finally it collapses. The important thing is that we’re able to know the preconditioning of the slopes." Scientists built a synthesis paper on the landslide and a set of recommendations regarding the next steps for the Philippines in relation to landslide hazards.
May 2006 mudslide
Due to Typhoon Chanchu (Philippine name: Caloy), flash floods and mudslides isolated at least 11 barangays in Sogod, Southern Leyte. No casualties were reported.
In popular culture
Footage taken during helicopter rescues after the mudslide was featured in an episode of the American reality television series, World's Most Amazing Videos.
See also
List of landslides
Tropical Storm Thelma (Uring, 1991)
Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda, 2013)
References
Citations
Sources
A.M.F. Lagmay, J. B. T. Ong, D.F.D. Fernandez, M. R. Lapus, R. S. Rodolfo, A. M. P. Tengonciang, J.L.A. Soria, E. G. Baliatan, Z. L. Quimba, C. L. Uichanco, E. M. R. Paguican, A. R. C. Remedio, G.R.H. Lorenzo, W. Valdivia, and F. B. Avila (2006) "Scientists investigate recent Philippine Landslide". EOS vol 87 no. 12, pp. 121–124.
Lagmay, A.M.F., Raymond S. Rodolfo, Arlene Mae P. Tengonciang, Janneli Lea T. Soria, John Burtkenley T. Ong, Dan Ferdinand D. Fernandez, Mark R.Lapus, Eden G. Baliatan, Zareth P. Quimba, Christopher L. Uichanco, Engielle R. Paguican (2008) "Science guides search and rescue after the 2006 Philippine landslide" Journal of Disasters. vol.32(3): 416–33.
External links
1500 Missing in Village Mudslide – CBC Dean Bernardo February 17, 2006
Philippine rescuers find bodies – BBC News February 19, 2006
Philippine rescue teams find more bodies – MSNBC February 19, 2006
Hope fades for villagers in Philippine mudslide horror – The Observer John Aglionby, February 19, 2006
Mud wipes out Philippines village – BBC News February 17, 2006
What caused Philippines landslide? – BBC News February 17, 2006
2006 disasters in the Philippines
February 2006 events in Asia
2006 mudslide
Landslides in 2006
Landslides in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Southern%20Leyte%20mudslide |
The Groveland Four (or the Groveland Boys) were four African American men, Ernest Thomas, Charles Greenlee, Samuel Shepherd, and Walter Irvin. In July 1949, the four were accused of raping a white woman and severely beating her husband in Lake County, Florida. The oldest, Thomas, tried to elude capture and was killed that month. The others were put on trial. Shepard and Irvin received death sentences, and Greenlee was sentenced to life in prison. The events of the case led to serious questions about the arrests, allegedly coerced confessions and mistreatment, and the unusual sentencing following their convictions. Their incarceration was exacerbated by their systemic and unlawful treatment—including the death of Shepherd, and the near-fatal shooting of Irvin. Greenlee was paroled in 1962 and Irvin in 1968. All four were posthumously exonerated by the state of Florida in 2021.
Details
Thomas, Shepherd, Irvin, and Greenlee (then 16) were accused of raping 17-year-old Norma Padgett and assaulting her husband on July 16, 1949, in Groveland, Lake County, Florida.
On July 26, 1949, Thomas fled and was killed by a sheriff's posse of 1,000 white men, who shot him over 400 times while he allegedly fled after being found asleep under a tree in southern Madison County. Greenlee, Shepherd, and Irvin were arrested. They were beaten to coerce confessions, but Irvin refused to confess. The three survivors were convicted at trial by an all-white jury. Greenlee was sentenced to life in prison because he was only 16 at the time of the alleged crime; the other two were sentenced to death.
In 1949, Harry T. Moore, the executive director of the Florida NAACP, organized a campaign against the wrongful conviction of the three African Americans. Two years later, the case of two defendants reached the Supreme Court of the United States on appeal, with special counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund Thurgood Marshall as their defense counsel. In 1951, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered a retrial after hearing the appeals of Shepherd and Irvin. It ruled they had not received a fair trial because no evidence had been presented, because of excessive adverse publicity, as well as because black people had been excluded from the jury. The court overturned the convictions and remanded the case to the lower court for a new trial.
In November 1951, Sheriff Willis V. McCall of Lake County, Florida shot Irvin and Shepherd while they were in his custody and handcuffed together. McCall claimed they had tried to escape while he was transporting them from Raiford State Prison back to the county seat of Tavares for the new trial. Shepherd died on the spot; Irvin survived and later told FBI investigators that McCall had shot them in cold blood and that his deputy, Yates, had also shot him in an attempt to kill him. Harry Moore called for the Governor of Florida to suspend McCall. On Christmas Night 1951, a bomb went off below Moore's house, fatally wounding both him and his wife; he died that night and his wife followed nine days later. The bombers were never caught.
At the second trial, Irvin was represented by Marshall and again convicted by an all-white jury and sentenced to death. In 1955, his death sentence was commuted to life in prison by recently elected Governor LeRoy Collins. He was paroled in 1968, but died the next year in Lake County, purportedly of natural causes. Greenlee was paroled in 1962 and lived with his family until he died in 2012. In 2016, the City of Groveland and Lake County each apologized to survivors of the four men for the injustice against them. On April 18, 2017, a resolution of the Florida House of Representatives requested that all four men be exonerated. The Florida Senate quickly passed a similar resolution; lawmakers called on Governor Rick Scott to officially pardon the men. On January 11, 2019, the Florida Board of Executive Clemency voted to pardon the Groveland Four. Newly elected Governor Ron DeSantis subsequently did so. On November 22, 2021, Judge Heidi Davis granted the state's motion to posthumously exonerate the men.
The accused
Charles L. Greenlee
Charles L. Greenlee (born 4 June 1933, Florida), was the son of Thomas H. and Emma Greenlee, who were born in Georgia and Alabama, respectively. His family was living in Columbia County when he was two, but they had moved to Baker County by the time Charles was 12. His father worked in turpentine manufacturing in 1935 and later as a laborer, likely also in the timber industry. In 1945, Charles and four of his siblings were all in school. Greenlee had come to Groveland in July 1949 looking for work, as he was already married and his wife was pregnant.
Walter Irvin
Walter Lee Irvin (born 8 May 1927, Gainesville, Florida), was living in Groveland when he registered for the draft in May 1945. He listed his mother Ellia Irvin as next of kin. He was working at the time for Apshawa Groves. He was recorded as 5'3" and weighing 105 pounds, and was described in his registration as "light brown", with brown eyes and black hair. He served in the Army, leaving with the rank of private.
Samuel Shepherd
Samuel Shepherd (born 7 April 1927) was born in Fitzgerald, Georgia to Henry Shepherd and his wife Charlie M (Robinson) Shepherd, both of Georgia. His father was working in the lumber industry. The Shepherd family moved to Groveland, Florida, where his father achieved ownership of his own farm by clearing and developing former swamp land. When Samuel Shepherd registered for the draft in 1945, he was described as 5'8", 149 pounds, with a light brown complexion, brown eyes and black hair. He gave his father Henry Shepherd as next of kin. Shepherd and Irvin were friends and fellow veterans after World War II.
Ernest Thomas
Ernest Thomas (born Florida), was married by July 1949 and living and working near Groveland. He had encouraged Greenlee to come there because of jobs related to the citrus groves.
After returning to Groveland following their military service, Shepherd and Irvin both continued to wear their uniforms. They were proud of their service, which some of the local whites resented. Sheriff Willis McCall was known for supporting segregation, and keeping a strong hold on workers and against union organizing. He was part of ensuring there was a ready supply of low-wage workers to man the orange groves. Shepherd could work with his father, and Irvin was determined to find an alternative to the orange groves.
Events
Ernest Thomas, Charles Greenlee (age 16); Samuel Shepherd (age 22), and Walter Irvin (age 22), were identified by the police as suspects. Shepherd and Irvin were both veterans of service in the Army; and both Thomas and Greenlee were married.
Irvin and Shepherd were arrested shortly after Padgett reported the attack. The police took the men in their patrol car to a secluded spot and ordered them out of the car. Both men were beaten by police with blackjacks and fists and kicked as they lay on the ground, while being asked if they had picked up a white girl. Afterward, they were taken to the spot where the crime happened. Deputy Yates inspected Shepherd's shoes, which he had worn the night before. Yates was frustrated to see that the soles did not match footprints in the ground at the scene. Irvin's were the same, but Irvin claimed that he was wearing a different pair of shoes. The two men were taken to Tavares jail, where they were interrogated in the basement while cuffed to overhead pipes and severely beaten. A mob rioted and burned Shepherd's house and two others to the ground. Only the presence of the National Guard halted the destruction caused by the rioters. Cockcroft, the leader of the riot, revealed the mob's intentions when he told a reporter, "The next time, we'll clean out every Negro section in south Lake County."
Fleeing suspect
Charles Greenlee was a 16-year-old who had come from Gainesville and was trying to find work with his friend Ernest Thomas. Thomas had convinced Greenlee that there were plenty of jobs in Groveland. Greenlee was waiting at a rail depot to meet Thomas when he was arrested and brought to the police station under suspicion. Greenlee was interrogated and beaten in a cell that night until he admitted to the rape of Norma Padgett. Thomas escaped capture and fled Lake County the following morning. Greenlee admitted to having been with Thomas. Police learned where the latter lived and where he was hiding, as they found a letter in his letterbox addressed to his wife.
Lake County Sheriff Willis McCall appointed a posse of more than 1000 armed men. They found and killed Thomas about away in Madison County, Florida, following a lengthy chase through the swamps. He was shot by the posse at least 400 times and died of his wounds; officers reported that Thomas was armed and allegedly reached for a weapon. According to the coroner's inquest, Lake County Sheriff McCall was at the scene when Thomas was shot. The coroner's jury determined that Thomas had been lawfully killed and ruled his death a justifiable homicide.
Trial
A grand jury indicted the three remaining rape suspects. Shepherd and Greenlee separately later told FBI investigators that the deputies beat them until they confessed. Irvin refused to confess, despite also being severely beaten. An FBI investigation concluded that Lake County Sheriff's Department deputies James Yates and Leroy Campbell were responsible for the beatings, and agents documented the physical abuse with photographs. The Justice Department urged the U.S. Attorney in Tampa to file charges, but U.S. Attorney Herbert Phillips was reluctant, and failed to return indictments.
The NAACP helped with the men's defense, hiring Orlando attorney Franklin Williams. After interviewing the three surviving suspects, Williams said each had independently stated that he was beaten by Lake County deputies. Shepherd and Greenlee both told FBI agents that they confessed to raping Padgett in order to stop the beatings. Irvin never confessed and maintained his innocence.
Thurgood Marshall, the lead lawyer of the NAACP, pressed the Justice Department and the FBI to initiate a civil rights and domestic violence investigation into the beatings. Marshall convinced the Justice Department that the beatings violated the men's rights, and the FBI dispatched agents to investigate. The FBI later concluded that Lake County deputies James Yates and Leroy Campbell had violated the Groveland men's civil rights and urged U.S. Attorney Herbert Phillips of Florida to prosecute, but a grand jury did not return indictments of the deputies.
The prosecution never introduced the coerced confessions as evidence into the trial.
There is uncertainty about whether Padgett was raped. The prosecution did not question Dr. Geoffrey Binneveld, the physician who examined her, on the stand. Judge Truman Futch did not permit the defense to call the doctor as a witness. According to his records, Binneveld could not tell whether she had been raped. He found no evidence of tears or wounds in the vagina other than the lacerations mentioned above. Laboratory analysis of a vaginal smear revealed no spermatozoa present in the vagina, nor any organisms resembling gonococci, which could have been other evidence of sex. There were no other gross signs of bruises, breaks in the skin or other signs of violence.
Shepherd and Irvin said that they had been together drinking in Eatonville, Florida, the night of the alleged attack. Greenlee said he was nowhere near the other defendants on that night and that he had never met Shepherd and Irvin before.
The defense accused Sheriff McCall's deputies of manufacturing evidence to win a conviction. All three men were convicted by the all-white jury. Shepherd and Irvin were sentenced to death, and Greenlee was sentenced to life, as he was a minor.
Appeals and shootings
The NAACP took on assisting the defense in appeals. In 1951 Marshall led the defense in an appeals hearing for Irvin and Shepherd at the U.S. Supreme Court. It overturned the convictions of both men based on adverse pre-trial publicity, and remanded the case to the lower court for a new trial. (Greenlee had not appealed his sentence of life imprisonment.)
McCall was transporting Shepherd and Irvin from Raiford State Prison back to the Lake County jail in Tavares when he claimed to have a flat tire. Alone with the two handcuffed prisoners, McCall pulled down a dirt road to inspect the tire, outside Umatilla, Florida, north of Tavares. He claimed that Shepherd asked to relieve himself, and when the two prisoners, cuffed together, got out of the car, they attacked McCall. He drew his pistol and shot at them. The shooting took place on a dark country road outside the town. He shot each prisoner three times. Shepherd was killed instantly, and Irvin survived by playing dead.
The following morning, at the hospital where he had been taken for treatment, Irvin told FBI agents and reporter Mabel Norris Reese that the shooting was unprovoked. He said McCall had shot him and Shepherd in cold blood, staging the scene to make it look like an escape attempt, and that Lake County Deputy James Yates had joined McCall at the scene, seen that Irvin was still breathing, and fired one last shot through Irvin's neck. Irvin survived. The FBI later found a bullet buried in the ground beneath Irvin's blood spot that appeared to support his account of the shooting. A nail found in the front wheel of McCall's car appeared to have caused his claimed "tire trouble" that night. McCall said that he had no idea how the nail got there, but the FBI believed that it had been placed there.
An all-white coroner's jury, made up of many of McCall's friends, took half an hour to find Shepherd's death justified. They concluded that McCall had been acting in line of duty and in self-defense. McCall was cleared of any wrongdoing.
Harry T. Moore bombing
Harry T. Moore, executive director of the Florida NAACP, demanded in 1951 that McCall be indicted for murder following the Groveland rape case, and requested that the governor suspend him from office. Six weeks after calling for McCall's removal, Moore and his wife were killed by a bomb that exploded under their bedroom in Mims, Brevard County, Florida on December 25, 1951, but an extensive FBI investigation at the time and additional separate investigations in 1978, 1991, and 2005 found no evidence of McCall's involvement.
In 2005, a new investigation was launched by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement that included excavation of the Moore home to search for forensic evidence. On August 16, 2006, Florida Attorney General Charlie Crist announced his office had completed its 20-month investigation, resulting in the naming of four then suspects—Earl Brooklyn, Tillman Belvin, Joseph Cox and Edward Spivey—all deceased. All four had had a long history with the Ku Klux Klan, serving as officers in the Orange County Klavern. Although members of the Klan were suspected of the crime, the people responsible were never brought to trial.
Irvin's second trial and later life
After recovering from his shooting wounds, Irvin was tried again after refusing a deal from the prosecutor and Governor Fuller Warren that would have spared him from a death sentence if he pleaded guilty. His defense counsel, Thurgood Marshall, gained a change of venue to Marion County, Florida, because of the extensive and adverse publicity around the case in Lake County. Marshall led the defense team from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Irvin was again found guilty. Judge Futch, who was again presiding, sentenced him to death.
After LeRoy Collins was elected governor in 1954, questions were raised to him about Irvin's case, because he was considered moderate. He reviewed it and in 1955 commuted Irvin's sentence to life in prison, stating that neither trial proved conclusively that Irvin was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Irvin was paroled in 1968. In 1969 he visited Lake County, where he was found dead in his car, officially of natural causes.
Greenlee paroled
Greenlee was paroled from prison in 1962. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, with his wife and their daughter Carole, who was born in 1950 (his wife was pregnant when he was arrested). They had a son, Thomas, in 1965. Greenlee died on April 18, 2012, but not before seeing Gilbert King's 2012 book about the case published.
Exoneration
In 2016 the Lake County Commission followed Groveland Mayor Tim Loucks in presenting the surviving families of the Groveland Four with a posthumous apology. Both Loucks and members of the Lake County Commission then began lobbying state lawmakers to do the same. Senator Geraldine Thompson, D-Orlando, filed a proposed resolution (SCR 136) for consideration during the 2016 legislative session to clear the names of Greenlee, Irvin, Shepherd, and Thomas and note the “egregious wrongs” the criminal justice system perpetrated against them.
On April 18, 2017, the Florida House of Representatives passed a resolution sponsored by State Representative Bobby DuBose requesting exoneration for the four men and apologizing to their families for the injustice of the case. The Florida State Senate passed an identical resolution sponsored by Senator Gary Farmer on April 27, 2017. The resolutions called on Governor Rick Scott to expedite the process to grant posthumous pardons. Lawmakers also called on Scott to pardon the men.
On January 11, 2019, the Florida Board of Executive Clemency, with newly seated Governor Ron DeSantis at the helm, unanimously agreed to pardon the Groveland Four. "Seventy years is a long time", DeSantis said before taking office. "And that's the amount of time four young men have been wrongly written into Florida history for crimes they did not commit and punishments they did not deserve." Norma Padgett, then 86, speaking publicly about the case for the first time since 1952, attended the Clemency Board hearing to make a statement against exoneration, saying:
I'm beggin' y'all not to give them pardon because they done it. Your minds might be made up. I don't know. If you do, y'all going to be just like them, and that's all I got to say, 'cause I know I'm telling the truth. I went to court twice.
DeSantis issued the four men full posthumous pardons in 2019, but they were not exonerated by the state until 2021. After a motion submitted by State Attorney William M. Gladson, Judge Heidi Davis granted the state's motion on November 22, 2021, to posthumously dismiss the indictments of Thomas and Shepherd and vacate the convictions of Greenlee and Irvin.
See also
False accusations of rape as justification for lynchings
References
Further reading
External links
Former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall argued two cases in Ocala with mention of Willis V. McCall, Ocala History
John Hill, "A Southern sheriff's law and disorder", St. Petersburg Times
T. Hobbs, "Hitler is Here": Lynching in Florida During the Era of World War II, thesis, 2004
The Groveland Four (PBS documentary)
Quantified groups of defendants
1949 crimes in the United States
20th-century American trials
1940s crimes in Florida
1949 in Florida
People wrongfully convicted of rape
People who have received posthumous pardons
Lake County, Florida
Police brutality in the United States
1951 murders in the United States
African-American history of Florida
Deaths by firearm in Florida
History of African-American civil rights
History of civil rights in the United States
Murdered African-American people
People murdered in Florida
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
Riots and civil disorder in Florida
Incidents of violence against boys
Violence against children
Anti-black racism in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groveland%20Four |
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