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Cryptobatrachus is a genus of frogs in the family Hemiphractidae. They are found in Colombia and Venezuela. They are also known as backpack frogs, as the females have the habit of carrying their egg clutch on their backs until the young hatch; this behavior also occurs in the related hemiphractid genera Hemiphractus and Stefania.
Description
Cryptobatrachus have a treefrog-like habitus. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. Fingers have no webbing whereas the toes are webbed. The finger and toe tips bear disks that are larger on the former. Also adhesive pads are present on the penultimate subarticular tubercles on the fingers. Males lack vocal sac and these frogs appear not to vocalize.
Species
There are six species in the genus Cryptobatrachus:
Cryptobatrachus boulengeri Ruthven, 1916
Cryptobatrachus conditus , 2008
Cryptobatrachus fuhrmanni (Peracca, 1914)
Cryptobatrachus pedroruizi Lynch, 2008
Cryptobatrachus remotus Infante-Rivero, Rojas-Runjaic, and Barrio-Amorós, 2009
Cryptobatrachus ruthveni Lynch, 2008
The AmphibiaWeb lists the six species above, but also Cryptobatrachus nicefori, which the Amphibian Species of the World places in the hylid subfamily Cophomantinae as "Hyla" nicefori, indicating uncertain generic affiliation.
Habitat and ecology
Cryptobatrachus occur on humid forested slopes in the mountain ranges of northern Colombia and northeast Venezuela at elevations of above sea level. They are nocturnal and perch on low bushes or cling to rocks and cliffs in spray zones of waterfalls.
References
Hemiphractidae
Amphibians of South America
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Alexander Grant Ruthven | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobatrachus |
Dikili is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 534 km2, and its population is 47,360 (2022).
The district is quite picturesque both along its Aegean shoreline and in its inland parts, and is a popular summer resort. The central town of Dikili is situated at about north of İzmir, served by a good road. The notable township of Çandarlı (ancient Pitane) is located close to Dikili.
History
The ancient and as yet unexplored site of Atarneus is located nearby. The site is called "Atarna" locally.
Dikili is the birthplace of the Greek American left-wing activist and artist Aristodimos Kaldis (1899 – 1979), the Greek archaeologist Efstratios Pelekidis (1880/1882 - 1958), and the Greek poet and playwright Angelos Simiriotis (1873 – 1944).
Geography
Dikili town centre is situated opposite the Greek island of Lesbos. A small islet within Dikili district (called Garip Adası locally, with ancient sources also citing the name Argounissai) made international headlines in April 2007. The islet was offered for sale by its proprietors and The Guardian reported the Greek islanders of Lesbos raising money among themselves to buy the islet.
Composition
There are 30 neighbourhoods in Dikili District:
Bademli
Bahçeli
Çağlan
Çandarlı
Çukuralanı
Cumhuriyet
Deliktaş
Demirtaş
Denizköy
Esentepe
Gazipaşa
Gökçeağıl
İslamlar
İsmetpaşa
Kabakum
Katıralanı
Kıratlı
Kıroba
Kızılçukur
Kocaoba
Mazılı
Merdivenli
Nebiler
Salihler
Salimbey
Samanlık
Uzunburun
Yahşibey
Yaylayurt
Yenice
Important places
There is a crater lake in Merdivenli village, and ancient caverns in Demirtaş and Deliktaş villages, as well as pine forests extending towards the Madra Stream. There are thermal springs, which are in Nebiler, Bademli and Kocaoba villages. There are also beaches in Bademli and Denizköy. The Merkez Mosque is a rare example of a wooden construction dating from 1789. It was built without using any nails in the construction.
See also
Atarneus
Garip Island
References
External links
http://www.dikili.biz.tr/
http://www.izmir-dikili.bel.tr/
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Seaside resorts in Turkey
Aegean Sea port cities and towns in Turkey
Populated places in İzmir Province
Tourist attractions in İzmir Province
Fishing communities in Turkey
Districts of İzmir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikili |
Gunn Karin Gjul (born 26 July 1967, in Stavanger) is a Norwegian jurist and politician for the Labour Party.
She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Sør-Trøndelag in 1993, and was re-elected on four occasions. She did not seek reelection in the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election.
On the local level she was a member of Sør-Trøndelag county council from 1987 to 1993. She hails from Ørland.
A jurist by education, she carried through her studies while a member of parliament.
References
1967 births
Living people
People from Ørland
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Sør-Trøndelag politicians
Women members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunn%20Karin%20Gjul |
The Girl in Blue is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse. It was first published in the United Kingdom on 29 October 1970 by Barrie & Jenkins, London, and in the United States on 22 February 1971 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York.
In the novel, cartoonist Jerry West falls in love with air hostess Jane Hunnicut, but before Jerry can marry her, he is faced with the task of recovering the eponymous painting, a missing Gainsborough miniature.
Plot
In New York, Duane Stottlemeyer of Guildenstern's Stores tells corporation lawyer Homer Pyle that Homer's sister, Bernadette "Barney" Claybourne, has been arrested for shoplifting, despite being rich. The company will not press charges if she leaves the city. Duane proposes that Homer keep his sister away from department stores by sending her to an English country house that takes paying guests, and suggests Mellingham Hall, near the village Mellingham-in-the-Vale. Homer agrees, as he knows the brother of the man who runs it. Homer brings his sister to London to make the arrangements.
In London, comic cartoonist Gerald "Jerry" West attends jury duty, and falls in love with a fellow juror. An intelligent girl, she leads the jury deliberation to a unanimous vote. Jerry speaks with her afterwards. She enjoys his cartoons and is an air hostess on leave. They make plans for dinner later that week at Barribault's, though Jerry forgets to ask for her name. He soon remembers that he is already engaged, to the beautiful yet critical Vera Upshaw, a writer. Vera wants Jerry to demand his inheritance, which is supposed to be held in trust for three more years, from his trustee, his uncle Willoughby "Bill" Scrope. Bill's older brother, Crispin Scrope, struggles financially to maintain the manor he inherited, Mellingham Hall, and to pay off a broker's man from a repair company, obtains a loan of approximately two hundred pounds from Bill, who is a wealthy lawyer. Bill is a miniature portrait collector, and has acquired a Gainsborough miniature of a direct ancestor, titled The Girl in Blue.
Homer Pyle is a fan of Vera's books and thrilled to meet her in a book shop. With the encouragement of her mother, actress Dame Flora Faye, Vera leaves Jerry to pursue the wealthier Homer. Barney says to Homer that her shoplifting was a one-time experiment, but Homer fears she will steal The Girl in Blue and warns Bill. Homer later hides it in a desk at Bill's house. He tries to inform Bill's secretary about this but the message is lost. The girl Jerry loves happens to be contacted by Bill's legal firm about an inheritance; Bill informs Jerry that her name is Jane Hunnicut and she is now rich, having received a surprise legacy from a former passenger. Jerry is disheartened, believing he does not have enough money to marry a rich heiress. Crispin gambles half his loan from Bill on a horse, Brotherly Love. In Mellingham-in-the-Vale, Constable Ernest Simms informs Crispin that he has been disrespected and threatened by Crispin's uncouth butler Reginald Chippendale, but Crispin cannot fire Chippendale, since he is actually the broker's man. Bill discovers the miniature is gone and believes Barney stole it. He offers Cripsin two hundred pounds to steal it back from her, but Crispin likes Barney and initially refuses. However, after Brotherly Love loses, coming in second, Crispin agrees to split the reward fifty-fifty with Chippendale, who will search Barney's room.
Bill agrees to let Jerry receive his inheritance early if Jerry steals back the miniature. Homer goes to Mellingham Hall, with Vera following by paying to stay at the house. Jane loves Jerry and pays for a stay as well. Jane tries to tell Jerry he does not need money to marry her, but he is not convinced. Jerry and Chippendale both search Barney's room. Jerry is caught and hit by Barney on the head, while Chippendale escapes. Barney donates an inexpensive miniature portrait to a church jumble sale, but Crispin mistakenly believes she donated The Girl in Blue and Chippendale buys it. He will give this miniature to Crispin if Crispin pushes Constable Simms into a brook. Crispin tells Barney enough about the situation for her to volunteer to push Simms in for him; the soaked constable does not see who pushed him, but suspects Chippendale. However, this miniature proves worthless. Willoughby learns from Homer that The Girl in Blue is in his desk, and does not pay Crispin. However, he does let Jerry get his inheritance, so that Jerry can marry Jane. Jerry and Jane are both happy to hear that the legacy Jane received will be greatly reduced because of the deceased's unpaid taxes, so it will not come between them. Brotherly Love was awarded victory since the winner was disqualified, so Crispin can pay off the broker's man. Homer wants to marry Vera, until he realizes she is after his money. Barney and Crispin happily get engaged, and so do Jerry and Jane.
Publication history
The dust jackets of the first UK and US editions both feature the same design on the front by Osbert Lancaster. Both dust jackets also have the same photograph on the back by Tom Blau, Camera Press, of Wodehouse walking with a dog. Lancaster and Blau are only credited in the US edition.
The story was serialized in The Australian Women's Weekly from 16 December 1970 to 30 December 1970. A condensed version of the story was published in the Canadian magazine Star Weekly, a weekend supplement of the Toronto Star, on 24 April 1971.
References
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
English novels
1970 British novels
Barrie & Jenkins books
Simon & Schuster books
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Girl%20in%20Blue |
Diyadin (; ) is a town in Ağrı Province of Turkey, at the foot of Mount Tendürek, a high peak in the Aladağlar range that stands between Ağrı and the north shore of Lake Van. It is the seat of Diyadin District. Its population is 20,302 (2021).
Politics
The mayor is Betül Yaşar (HDP).
Economy
As of 1920, the area was known for its sulphur production.
Places of interest
The Meya caves
The hot-springs
Church
References
External links
Diyadin
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyadin |
Reginald Joseph Hickey (27 March 1906 – 13 December 1973) was an Australian rules footballer who was a player, the captain, the captain-coach, and the non-playing coach for the Geelong Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) between 1928 and 1940 (player), and between 1949 and 1959 (non-player).
In the 34 seasons from 1926 to 1959 he was involved in four Geelong VFL premierships: one as a player (1931), one as captain-coach (1937), and two as non-playing coach (1951, and 1952) – he was also the non-playing coach of a losing Grand Final team (1953), where an inaccurate Geelong (8.17 (65)) lost to Collingwood (11.11 (77)).
Family
The son of Martin Hickey (1873-1944),<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11816858/627588 Deaths: Hickey, The Argus, (Saturday, 4 March 1944), p.13.]</ref> and Margaret Teresa Hickey (1877-1965), née Meaney, Reginald Joseph Hickey was born in Collingwood on 27 March 1906.
He married Doreen Stella Markin (1916-1963) on 26 October 1938.
He was the nephew of Fitzroy (VFA & VFL) footballer Pat Hickey, and Fitzroy (VFA) footballer and Fitzroy (VFL) administrator Con Hickey. He is the grandfather of former Port Adelaide coach and captain Matthew Primus, and AFL Women's (AFLW) player Melissa Hickey is the granddaughter of his cousin.
He was in the same class as the inaugural Brownlow Medal winner, Edward "Carji" Greeves at the Struan Dam State School (3730), near to Cressy and Lismore in Western Victoria.
Football
A strong, fast, and intelligent player, who could kick with either foot, Hickey played 245 games for Geelong in a career spanning fifteen years, including two premierships, two club best-and-fairest awards, and nine seasons as club captain. Hickey also was a hard (but equally fair) coach, who helping build Geelong into a powerhouse during the early 1950s.
Hickey coached Geelong in 304 matches, including 91 matches as playing coach. As coach, he had a 60% winning record.
Playing career
Geelong recruited Hickey for the start of the 1926 season, with Hickey himself making a name as a tough defender, renowned for his dashing runs out of the defensive half.
He retired as a player in May 1940.
Captain-coach
Hickey was named captain-coach in 1932, but relinquished the coaching position to Arthur Coghlan the following season, although he remained captain of the team. In 1936, Hickey resumed his role as captain-coach, and continued, as such, until his retirement in 1940. By then he was the games record-holder for the club, and held that record until Bill Goggin took over in 1971.
Hickey's finest moment as captain-coach came in the 1937 Grand Final against Collingwood. Until the three quarter time break (when the scores were level), the contest had been relatively even between, with neither side being able to get ahead by more than a few points. In an effort to break the deadlock, and in a coaching move almost unheard of in those days, Hickey made wholesale positional changes:
moving Les Hardiman from full-forward to centre half-back (Hardiman nullified the previously dominating Ron Todd);
moving Jack Evans from the ruck to replace Hardiman at full-forward (Evans kicked 6 goals);
moving Joe Sellwood from centre half-back to replace Gordon Abbott at centre half-forward; and
moving Abbott from centre half-forward to replace Evans in the ruck.
His strategy worked, and Geelong comfortably won the match, kicking 6.6 (42) to Collingwood's 1.4 (10) in the last quarter.
Brownlow Medal
Hickey came third to Fitzroy's Haydn Bunton in the 1931 Brownlow Medal, and second to Fitzroy's Denis Ryan in the 1936 Brownlow Medal.
Coaching career
Due to travel restrictions and an exodus of players to war service in the Second World War, Geelong were unable to field a side for the 1942 and 1943 seasons.
Players transferred to other clubs; when Geelong rejoined the competition in 1944 season, but not all of those transferred returned to Geelong. The club finished close to or on the bottom of the ladder for the rest of the 1940s, claiming the wooden spoon in 1944 with a 1-17 record, and narrowly avoiding the 1945 wooden spoon on percentage.
Hickey was appointed coach for the third time in 1949, with immediate success. Though the club failed to make the finals, they showed marked improvement.
Hickey had a policy of fast, direct play, relentlessly drilling his players to ensure they made every possession count. In 1950, Geelong made the finals for the first time in ten years. For the next two and a half years, Geelong was the strongest side in the competition, winning two consecutive flags, and establishing a VFL/AFL record of 23 wins (unbeaten streak of 26) in a row during 1952 and 1953. It wasn't until the end of 1953 that Collingwood, with the use of ugly and restrictive football, were able to inflict defeat on Hickey's side. Geelong lost the Grand Final, and saw little success for the rest of Hickey's tenure — he retired from coaching at the end of the 1959 season.
Death
He died at Geelong on 13 December 1973 and is buried in Geelong Western Cemetery, Minerva Rd, Herne Hill.
Recognition
Selected as the captain, coach, and centre half back of Geelong's official "Team of the Century".
Selected on the interchange bench in the Victorian Team of the 20th Century.
Inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996.
The Eastern Stand at Skilled Stadium, Geelong's home ground, is named after him.
The prestigious R.J. Hickey Award, is given annually by the Geelong club to an individual selected for his outstanding service to Australian rules football.
Footnotes
References
Button, James, Comeback: The Fall and Rise of Geelong, Melbourne University Press, (Carlton), 2016.
Davie, Geoff, and The Geelong Cats, Cats On the Prowl; Stories From the Dressing Room, HarperCollins, (Pymble), 1994.
Rodgers, Stephen, Every Game Ever Played : VFL/AFL Results 1897-1991 (Third Edition), Viking O'Neill, (Ringwood) 1992.
Ross, John (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996.
Ross, John & Hutchinson, Garrie, The Clubs: The Complete History of Every Club in the VFL/AFL, Viking, (Ringwood) 1998.
It’s More Than A Name: Hickey Edition, thehickeystand.com, 24 April 2018.
External links
History of the Geelong Football Club at australianfootball.com''.
Reg Hickey's coaching statistics from AFL Tables.
Brownlow Medal Career Totals from AFL Tables.
Reg Hickey at Boyles Football Photos.
1906 births
1973 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Geelong Football Club players
Geelong Football Club premiership players
Geelong Football Club coaches
Geelong Football Club premiership coaches
Carji Greeves Medal winners
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
VFL/AFL premiership players
VFL/AFL premiership coaches
People from Collingwood, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg%20Hickey |
Doğanhisar is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 482 km2, and its population is 14,812 (2022).
Composition
There are 24 neighbourhoods in Doğanhisar District:
Ağa
Ayaslar
Baş
Başköy
Çınaroba
Cuma
Deştiğin
Fırınlı
Güvendik
Harman
İlyaslar
Karaağa
Kemer
Koçaş
Konakkale
Kuz
Pazar
Şıh
Tekkeköy
Uncular
Yazır
Yazlıca
Yeğin
Yenice
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fanhisar |
Chimakurthy is a Town with civic status as Nagar Panchayath in Prakasam district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is also a mandal headquarters for Chimakurthi mandal in Ongole revenue division.
References
Villages in Prakasam district
Mandal headquarters in Prakasam district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimakurthy |
The 423rd Air Base Group (423 ABG) is a United States Air Force unit located at RAF Alconbury near the town of Huntingdon in the United Kingdom. Its mission is to support operations at RAF Alconbury and the nearby base of RAF Molesworth. Its primary customer is the Joint Analysis Center located at RAF Molesworth.
Units
the 423rd Air Base Group is made up of the following units:
421st Air Base Squadron (421 ABS) (RAF Menwith Hill, United Kingdom)
423rd Civil Engineer Squadron (423 CES)
423rd Communications Squadron (423 CS)
423rd Force Support Squadron (423 FSS)
423rd Medical Squadron (423 MDS)
423rd Security Forces Squadron (423 SFS)
426th Air Base Squadron (426 ABS) (Sola Air Station, Norway)
History
World War II
The group was first organized at Duncan Field, Texas in 1942 as the 45th Air Depot Group. After training in the United States, it moved to England, where it supported units of Ninth Air Force. Its main components were a Supply Squadron and a Repair Squadron, although it also included non-Air Corps units from ordnance, quartermaster, and chemical branches.
It moved to the continent of Europe in 1944. There, a number of mobile reclamation squadrons were assigned for brief periods. Following V-E Day, the group remained in Germany as part of the occupation forces until inactivating in 1947.
Depot support in France
The unit, redesignated the 73rd Air Depot Wing was organized at Kelly Field. Once organized, it moved to France to operate the Chateauroux Air Depot. However, it was inactivated in 1953 and replaced by the 7373rd Air Depot Wing, as the Air Force converted many support units to table of distribution units.
Support in England
The 423rd Air Base Group was activated on 12 May 2005, when it replaced the 423rd Air Base Squadron, which had been activated on 12 July 1995 at RAF Molesworth. The 423 ABS replaced the inactivated 710th Air Base Wing, briefly active at Alconbury to replace the 10th Air Base Wing, which had moved to Colorado on 1 November 1994. Exactly 10 years later, the 423rd ABS was replaced by the 423rd Air Base Group. This was part of a larger reorganization of many geographically separated units within the United Kingdom as components of the 501st Combat Support Wing also located at RAF Alconbury. At this time, 423 ABG headquarters officially moved to RAF Alconbury.
In 2012, the group included around 400 personnel, including about 277 active duty military, 140 Department of Defense civilians and 170 Non-Appropriated Fund employees, as well as 255 Ministry of Defence employees.
Organization
The group is organized into a group staff and six squadrons. The squadrons include the 423rd Communications Squadron, 423rd Medical Squadron (initiated 2007), 423rd Security Forces Squadron, 423rd Force Support Squadron, and 423rd Civil Engineer Squadron. The 426th Air Base Squadron is also under the 423rd Air Base Group but is geographically separated and physically located at Stavanger Air Base, Norway.
Lineage
Constituted as the 45th Air Depot Group on 31 January 1942
Activated on 13 March 1942
Redesignated 45th Air Depot c. 1 January 1946
Inactivated c. 31 August 1947
Redesignated 73rd Air Depot Wing
Activated on 9 January 1951
Inactivated on 15 November 1953
Disbanded on 15 June 1983
Reconstituted on 22 March 2005 and redesignated 423rd Air Base Group
Activated on 12 May 2005
Assignments
Air Service Command, 13 March 1942
Eighth Air Force, July 1943
IX Air Force Service Command (later European Air Materiel Command), January 1944 – c. 31 August 1947
San Antonio Air Materiel Area, 9 January 1951
United States Air Forces in Europe, 25 July 1951 – 15 November 1953
501st Combat Support Wing, 12 May 2005 – present
Stations
Duncan Field, Texas 13 March 1942
Springfield, Illinois, 19 April 1942
Brookley Field, Alabama, September 1942
RAF Grove (AAF-519), England, July 1943
Chartres (A-40), France, October 1944
Denbury, England, January 1945
Valenciennes, France, March 1945
Denain/Prouvy Airfield (A-87), France April 1945
Hanau-Langendiebach Airfield (Y-91), 1945
Erding Air Depot (R-91), December 1945 – c. 31 August 1947
Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, 9 January 1951
Chateauroux Air Base, 25 July 1951 – 15 November 1953
RAF Alconbury, 12 May 2005 – present
Components
Groups
73rd Air Base Group, 9 January 1951 – 15 November 1953
73rd Maintenance Group, 9 January 1951 – 15 November 1953
73rd Medical Group, 9 January 1951 – 15 November 1953
73rd Supply Group, 9 January 1951 – 15 November 1953
73rd Transportation Group, 9 January 1951 – 15 November 1953
Squadrons
23rd Mobile Reclamation and Repair Squadron, 1 November 1943 – c. 31 May 1945
25th Mobile Reclamation and Repair Squadron, 1945 – 14 June 1945
27th Mobile Reclamation and Repair Squadron, 1944 – c. 31 May 1945
33rd Mobile Reclamation and Repair Squadron, 1944
42nd Mobile Reclamation and Repair Squadron, c. April 1944 – c. February 1945
44th Air Supply Squadron, c. October 1945 – c. May 1947
45th Depot Repair Squadron (later 45th Air Repair Squadron), 13 March 1942 – 1945
45th Depot Supply Squadron (later 45th Air Supply Squadron), 13 March 1942 – 1945, 1946 – c. 31 August 1947
44th Mobile Reclamation and Repair Squadron, 1944 – c. April 1944
50th Mobile Reclamation and Repair Squadron, c. 1 December 1943 – c. February 1945
421st Air Base Squadron (RAF Menwith Hill, United Kingdom), 18 July 2015 – present
423rd Civil Engineer Squadron, 12 May 2005 – present
423rd Communications Squadron, 15 January 2011 – present
423rd Services Squadron (later 423rd Force Support Squadron), 12 May 2005 – present
423rd Medical Squadron, 12 May 2005 – present
423rd Security Forces Squadron, 12 May 2005 – present
426th Air Base Squadron (Sola Air Station, Norway), 11 September 2007 – present
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
- 426th Air Base Squadron site
Military units and formations established in 1995
0423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/423rd%20Air%20Base%20Group |
Major General Mian Ghulam Jilani (Pashto, ; 1913 — March 1 2004) also known as Kaka, Speen Dada, and Jilly, was a politician, businessman, and former two-star general in the Pakistan Army. As a British Indian Army officer during World War II, he survived a Japanese POW camp in Singapore. He played a key role in establishing the ceasefire during the First Kashmir War. During his stint as the Military attaché of Pakistan to Washington , he helped negotiate Pakistan's membership in the Baghdad Pact and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
An ethnic Pashtun, he retired from the Pakistan Army in 1962 due to the autocratic rule of Ayub Khan. Afterwards, he was involved in business and joined politics.
He was repeatedly arrested by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in the 1970s for his political beliefs and was in jail for more than three years with Amnesty International declaring him a prisoner of conscience in 1974. During a medical checkup, he escaped from custody and took political asylum in the United States in 1975 becoming a citizen in 1981.
Early life
Jilani was born in 1913 in Sibi in the Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan.
Education
He was educated at Forman Christian College in Lahore and later in Law at the Aligarh Muslim University, in India.
Personal life
He married Nancy Habiba Jilani in 1949 and they had 4 children. Their son Mian Arshad Jilani and three daughters Hadia Jilani Roberts, Halima Jilani Raza, and Habiba Jilani Freeman. At the time of his death, Mian Ghulam Jilani had 9 grandchildren.
British Indian Army career
He completed his officer's training at the Rashtriya Indian Military College at Dehra Dun in British India and was commissioned as second lieutenant on to the Special List, Indian Land Forces on 1 February 1936 and attached to the 2nd battalion the Royal Scots Regiment on 24 February 1936 for a years experience before joining his British Indian Army regiment. He was accepted for the Indian Army on 24 February 1937 and posted to the 4th battalion 19th Hyderabad Regiment. His seniority as a second lieutenant was antedated to 3 February 1935 and he was promoted Lieutenant 3 May 1937. He was later appointed acting Captain and then appointed Adjutant of the 4/19th 1 October 1940.
Captured at Singapore
During the Second World War, the fourth battalion 19th Hyderabad Regiment was sent to Singapore with the British Indian Army. Jilani was captured and taken prisoner by the Japanese in 1942. He was a prisoner of war for nearly forty months. During this period, he was tortured and kept in solitary confinement for seven months. Whilst a prisoner of war he was promoted Captain. He was mentioned in despatches in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Malaya in 1942.
Shortly after World War II, the movement for independence from the British resulted in Partition of British India in 1947. Jilani threw his energy and enthusiasm behind it.
Pakistan Army career
Kashmir Operations
He joined the newly formed Pakistan Army and was the 42nd senior most officer (PA–42), commanding 4 Frontier Regiment. A few weeks later he took a leave of absence from the army to volunteer as a fighter in Kashmir, fighting for its independence and right to join Pakistan. In April 1948, he was appointed Commanding Officer at Gilgit where he remained until the ceasefire.
His troops played a major role in establishing what would later become the Line of Control between India and Pakistan. He fought a guerrilla war in northern Kashmir engaging two divisions of the Indian Army subsequently taking over Baltistan.
He played a key role in the ceasefire of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.
Relations with the United States
As a Brigadier, he was posted as the first Military attaché of Pakistan to Washington in October 1952. He was accredited Military Attache to Canada and Mexico.
Awarded by Eisenhower
He brought about the military aid treaty, known as the Baghdad Pact between the United States and Pakistan in May 1954 for which in 1955 he was awarded the Legion of Merit by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Government of Pakistan awarded him the Sitara-i-Quaid-i-Azam (Star of the Quaid), named after the Founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Senior Commander
On promotion to Major General, he served as GOC East Pakistan commanding 14th Infantry Division (Dhaka), Commandant of the Command and Staff College (July 1957 – December 1958), Master General of Ordnance (GHQ) and GOC 15th Infantry Division (Sialkot).
As GOC 15th Div he along with (then) Brig Rakhman Gul Inspector General Frontier Corps served under (then) Maj Gen Attiqur Rahman GOC 7th Infantry Division who was the Force Commander for the Bajaur Campaign of October 1960. After the Nawab of Dir Sir Shah Jehan Khan and his son Khan Shahabud Din Khan of Jandol were captured on 28 October 1948, Maj Gen Attiqur Rahman MC moved back to Peshawar and Jilani took over as Force Commander.
Retirement
After retiring from the army, he was hired by Fakhrudin Valika as a General Manager with the Valika Group in Karachi.
Political career
He joined the National Awami Party (Wali) and became a member of the provincial assembly of North West Frontier Province from his home constituency in Mardan in the 1970 Pakistani general election after receiving 16,346 votes. He was the head of the NAP-Ws youth wing, Zalmay Pakhtun.
Arrest
He was an outspoken critic of the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and was arrested by the Pakistan Peoples Party government on 15 February 1973.
His wife Mrs. Nancy Habiba Jilani filed a writ petition against his detention, and the judgment of the Lahore High Court was authored by Nasim Hasan Shah, J. and is reported as: Mrs. Habiba Jilani V Federation of Pakistan (PLD 1974 Lahore 153). The Lahore High Court declared the detention valid.
In a crackdown on his party, a smear campaign was launched against him and Jilani was frequently arrested. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto then attempted to bribe Jilani with offers of high positions—all to no avail. Nonetheless, all charges against Jilani were repeatedly dismissed by the courts. Amnesty International adopted him as a "prisoner of conscience" in 1974.
Escape from Jail
Jilani managed to escape from guards during a hospital visit in 1975 and was granted political asylum in the United States. He became a US citizen in 1981.
US Residency
After becoming a citizen of the United States, he gave speeches at colleges, government agencies, and veterans organizations. He shared his experiences in Pakistan and discussed global military affairs.
Death
He died of Pneumonia at his daughter's home in Fairfax, Virginia on 1 March 2004.
Bibliography
Judgments on the Constitution, Rule of Law, and Martial Law in Pakistan by Chief Justice Dr Nasim Hassan Shah, edited by Prof Dr M A Mannan (OUP 1993)
Pakistan. Problems of Governance by Mushahid Hussain & Akmal Hussain (Vanguard Books 1993) (p. 30, 87 & 90)
Foreign decorations
References
1913 births
2004 deaths
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Pakistan
British Indian Army officers
Forman Christian College alumni
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
Frontier Force Regiment officers
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Indian prisoners of war
People with acquired American citizenship
Pakistani emigrants to the United States
Pakistani generals
20th-century Pakistani military personnel
People from Sibi District
Rashtriya Indian Military_College alumni
Military personnel of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Pakistani escapees
Escapees from Pakistani detention
Pakistani torture victims
Pashtun politicians
20th-century military personnel
Pashtun military personnel
Pashtun businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian%20Ghulam%20Jilani |
Operation Prone was a proposed military operation by the South African Defence Force (SADF) and South West African Territorial Force (SWATF) during the South African Border War and Angolan Civil War between May and September 1988. With the advance of the 50th Cuban Division towards Calueque and the South-West Africa border, the SADF formed the 10 SA Division to counter this threat. The plan for Operation Prone had two phases. Operation Linger was to be a counterinsurgency phase and Operation Pact a conventional phase.
Background and threat assessment
Caught off guard by the rapid movement southwards by the Cuban 10th Division, whose appearance was first noticed during April/May 1988 when SADF units in south-western Angola started to come into contact with advancing Cuban/FAPLA units, serious planning began. Initially, the plans were developed as a proposed attack on the Cuban/FAPLA forces in south-western Angola but as events played out and peace talks developed, the plan evolved to one of defence of north-western South-West Africa.
The South Africans anticipated attacks from two or three fronts possibly from Cahama, Xangongo or Ondjiva towards Ruacana and Calueque. They believed that the Cubans response to any South African counterattack, could be attacks by Cuban forces on SADF bases at Rundu, Ruacana, Oshakati, Ondangwa and Grootfontein and could also involve SWAPO insurgents in the SADF rear during the attacks. The SADF's main conventional unit in SWA, 61 Mechanised Battalion was in a state of reorganisation and training after Operation Hooper. 32 Battalion and 101 Battalion were engaged in south-western Angola against SWAPO while the other main conventional unit, 4 SAI, was also reorganising in South Africa and would be combat ready in SWA by 25 July. The South Africans did not believe that Cuban/FAPLA forces in south-eastern Angola at Cuito Cuanavale would try to attack the UNITA's bases at Mavinga and Jamba. This meant Cuban/FAPLA forces would concentrate their efforts in south-western Angola.
Order of battle
South African and South West Africa Territorial forces
10 SA Division (Operation Hilti/Prone) - Brigadier Chris Serfontein
HQ 10 SA Division - Oshakati
61 Mechanised Battalion incl. one tank squadron
4 SAI Battalion - no tank squadron
32 Battalion
101 Battalion
81 Armoured Brigade (South Africa) Brigade HQ
one G-2 battery - 17 Field Regiment
one tank regiment - 3 squadrons Pretoria Regiment
one mechanized battalion - 1 Regiment Northern Transvaal
one armoured car regiment - 2 Light Horse Regiment
one field engineer regiment - 15 Field Regiment
one anti-aircraft battery - Regiment Oos Transvaal
one engineer support squadron
one signal unit - 81 Signal Regiment
one maintenance unit - 20 Maintenance Unit
one field workshop - 32 Field Regiment
one medical battalion group - 6 Medical Battalion Group
one provost platoon - 8 Provost Unit
71 Motorised Brigade
HQ Cape Town Highlanders
two mechanized infantry companies - Cape Town Highlanders Regiment
one support weapons company - Cape Town Highlanders
one armoured car regiment - Regiment Orange River
one field engineer troop - 6 Field Engineer Regiment
one signal troop - 7 Signal Group
one maintenance platoon - 4 Maintenance Unit
one medical battalion - 3 Medical Battalion
one light workshop troop - 71 Field Regiment
one provost platoon - 7 Provost Unit
Parachute Battalion Group
three parachute companies
one parachute support company
one anti aircraft troop
one engineer troop
one signal troop
one maintenance platoon
one reconnaissance section
one light workshop troop
one provost platoon
one medical team
two mobile air operations teams
10 Artillery Brigade
HQ 10 Artillery Brigade
one G-5 battery - 4 SAI
one G-5 battery - 61 Mechanised Battalion
one G-2 battery - Transvaal State Artillery
one G-2 battery - 51 Battalion
one MRL battery - 32 Battalion
one MRL battery - 4 Artillery Regiment
one 120 mm mortar battery - 4 Artillery Regiment
one 120 mm mortar battery - 18 Light Artillery Regiment Parachute Brigade
two meteorological sections
Reserves
HQ elements from 71 Motorised Brigade
HQ elements from 8th Armoured Division (South Africa)
HQ elements from 44 Parachute Brigade
one G-5 battery - based in SE Angola
one G-2 battery - 71 Motorised Brigade
8 Maintenance Unit
30 Corps Maintenance Unit
two 32mm anti aircraft batteries
one provost platoon
10 SA Division (Operation Prone) - Brigadier Chris SerfonteinTask Force X-ray - Colonel Leon Marais
53 Battalion
54 Battalion
4 SAI Battalion
one combat wing - 101 Battalion
17 Field Regiment HQ
one G5 battery - 4 SAI
one G2 battery - 17 Field Regiment
one MRL battery - 17 Field Regiment
one AA battery - Regiment VaalriverTask Force Zulu - Colonel Mucho Delport
51 Battalion
52 Battalion
102 Battalion
32 Battalion
61 Mechanised Battalion incl. one tank squadron
one combat wing - 101 Battalion
14 Artillery Regiment HQ
one G2 battery - Transvaal State Artillery Regiment
one 35mm AA troop - Regiment Orange Free State
two 20mm AA troops - Regiment Eastern TransvaalTask Force Yankee - Colonel Jan Lusse
HQ 81 Armour Brigade
HQ 10 Artillery Brigade
one tank regiment (less one tank squadron) - 81 Armour Brigade
one mechanized infantry company - 81 Armour Brigade
one armoured car squadron - Light Horse Regiment|2 Light Horse Regiment
two armoured car squadrons - 1 & 2 Special Service Battalion
one 120mm mortar battery - 4 Artillery RegimentTask Force Whiskey all counter-insurgency units from Tsumeb/Grootfontein/Otavi10 Artillery Regiment - Colonel Jean Lausberg
Cuban forces50th Division''' - Brigadier General Patricio de la Guardia Font
three special forces battalions - Cuban SPETSNAZ
three tank battalions - Cuban tank regiment (105-110 tanks)
one artillery regiment - Cuban regiment
six infantry regiments - Cuban and Angolan soldiers (1500-2000 men each plus tanks)
three raiding battalions - Cuban and SWAPO soldiers (200 Cuban + 250 SWAPO each)
Missile air defence batteries, air force helicopters and aircraft
Initial clashes
With the Cuban movements southwards and continuing SADF/South West African Territorial Force operations against SWAPO in the same area, both forces would soon come into contact with each other. On 18 April 1988, a SWATF unit, 101 Battalion, chasing a SWAPO unit was ambushed by Cuban elements from Xangongo near Chipeque. The battle ended with the South Africans losing two men and eleven wounded. Thereafter the Cubans continued patrolling southwards from Xangongo towards the SADF garrison at Calueque.
On 2 May 1988, SAAF Mirages attacked FAPLA positions south of Techipa. The Cubans, fearing a South African advance, retaliated and planned another ambush.
During the first round tripartite talks in London on the 3 May 1988, behind the scene talks between the military contingents of Cuba and South Africa was tense. The Cubans threatened to invade SWA/Namibia if the South Africans did not agree to the Cuban proposals while the South African indicated if they tried, it would be Cuba's darkest day. The talks ended the following day.
The Cuban ambush site was in position by 4 May 1988 less than 2 km south of Donguena. A SADF unit, the 101 Battalion, with twenty Casspirs and two trucks had been sent forward to occupy Donguena. They ran into the ambush with Cubans destroying or damaging four Casspirs. The South Africans withdrew at dusk having lost seven men and one captured, Sergeant Johan Papenfus and failed to retrieve the fourth Casspir and its equipment. The Cubans were said to have lost forty-five soldiers. Later that evening, a further three companies from 201 and 101 Battalions were sent forward to capture Donguena, but with Cuban tank positions south of the town, withdrew. The Cuban later withdrew the same evening.
On 12 May 1988, the 32 Battalion commander was called to a meeting in Oshakati to discuss a plan for the unit to attack SWAPO units at Techipa. The commander persuaded the planners to reconnoitre the area first before attacking. On 16 May, two reconnaissance units were airlifted to an area south of Techipa and while the second landed close to Xangongo but on the western side of the Cunene River. The first team was unable to get close to Techipa while the second team found tank tracks on all roads showing extensive patrolling of the area. The first team was sent back in from the north of Techipa by vehicle, finding extensive trench systems around the town reminiscent of the same layered system around Cuito Cuanavale with vehicles, generators and radar systems and outposts at further distances south of the town. A decision was then made to establish a new task force but it would only be in operation by early June, with a specific aim of protecting the water scheme at Calueque. In the meantime, three companies of 32 Battalion would hold the line until the task force was operational and would continue to patrol and reconnoitre the area south of Techipa.
An ambush by 32 Battalion was planned for 22 May 1988. The plan called for a mortar attack on an outpost south of Techipa which would draw out the Cubans who would be then ambushed. Members of 32 Battalion company ambushed a Cuban de-mining team before the mortaring began and then found themselves being attacked by four BRDM-2 armoured personnel carriers and from two other hidden outposts. Fleeing back to the mortar position under covering mortar fire, the Cubans finally caught up and attacked with the BRDM's resulting in the abandonment of three damaged Unimogs. The 32 Battalion company retreated again as BM-21s started shelling. The Cubans eventually gave up the chase and the company was able to return to the mortar position in search of the missing vehicles but these had been removed by the Cubans. The remaining missing 32 Battalion members turned up at Ruacana and Calueque the following day.
Following the bungled ambush of the 22 May, the Cubans analysed the intelligence gathered from the captured SADF vehicles. Cuban intelligence concluded that the South African were planning a major attack on Techipa which was not the case.
June 1988 was spent reinforcing the defences around Techipa with consisted of minefields, bunkers and anti-tank barriers which had been employed successfully to slow down the SADF and UNITA forces around Cuito Cuanavale during Operation Packer. There was also a build-up of Cuban forces around the town and aggressive patrolling by SWAPO and FAPLA forces to establish the positions of the South African forces.
Cuban attack planning
At the same time, Castro planned an operation consisting of two parts.
The first, a two-pronged attack, one from Xangongo to capture Cuamato, then a three column advance from Techipa to capture Calueque joined later by the forces that had captured Cuamato.
The second part of the plan was an air attack on Ruacana if Techipa was attacked by the SAAF. Castro also notified the Angolan and Soviets of his plan.
10 SA Division formed
By the 27 May 1988, Brigadier Chris Serfontein was appointed 10 SA Division commander while Colonel Roland de Vries was appointed his chief of staff.
On the 30 May/1 June, operational instructions for Operation Hilti (to be renamed Operation Prone later) was released to the planners by SADF HQ. The instructions required the development of a conventional and counterinsurgency plan for north-west South-West Africa and south-western Angola.
The instructions called for a sub-phase called Operation Excite to gain military control of south-west Angola by August 1988.
Following Operation Excite, Operation Faction, restoration of SADF influence over 21 days in the area of dispute. And finally Operation Florentine, the installation of UNITA in the area of dispute and to support them against a FAPLA and Cuban attempts to retake the area.
This plan would make use of the 10 SA Division, as well as elements of the SA Air Force, the SA Navy operating off the Angolan coast and the insertion of SA special forces deep in the FAPLA/Cuban rear.
To counter the immediate threat of the Cuban advance to the South-West African border, the 10 SA Division planning team moved to South-West Africa on the 7 June 1988 to the operational headquarters at Oshakati and worked on the plan until 17 June.
South African Citizen Force Mobilization
Part of this plan would become Operation Excite/Hilti. After a visit to SWA/Namibia, General Jannie Geldenhuys spoke to journalists on 8 June, announcing the Cubans build-up and their advance to the border region around Ruacana and the call-up of SADF conventional forces made up of citizen reserves.
The call-up was said to be around 140,000 men and was hoped the announcement would send a message to the Cubans to end their advance to the SWA/Namibian border.The Call-up would begin on 21 July and be completed by 25 July with movement to SWA/Namibia taking place between the 26 and 31 July.
Battle training would be completed by 21 August with the units ready to be deployed for action into Southern Angola by the 24 August.
Clashes continue
By 13 June 1988, the new South African Task Force planned in May, was now in operation under the command of Colonel Mucho Delport with SADF forces in place east of the Cunene River, south of Xangongo, and around Cuamato and Calueque. Other SADF forces were positioned west of the Cunene River, with placements around and to the north-west of Calueque and Ruacana. The Task Force's headquarters was at Ruacana.
On 18 June, G-2 and G-5 batteries were in position and ready for use by the Task Force. These were used to shell the Cuban positions. On 22 June, a company from 32 Battalion clashed with a Cuban unit with tanks and infantry. They were able to break off contact with the Cubans after assistance from SADF artillery.
On the 23 June, reconnaissance units and members of 32 Battalion spotted three Cuban columns moving southwards from Techipa towards Calueque, with this stop-start advance continuing until the 26 June.
Meanwhile, the Cubans and FAPLA forces advanced from Xangongo on 24 June, the first prong of their plan and attacked the SADF units at Cuamato. 201 Battalion with additional elements of Ratels and mortars stopped the advanced and occupation of the town and the Cubans retreated back to Xangongo. The South African lost a few vehicles and remained in the town.
Negotiations continue
At the same time the Cubans, Angolan's and South Africans met in Cairo on 24 June for a second round of tripartite talks. The two-day meeting was led by the Americans with a Soviet delegation in attendance. The meeting was fiery with the Soviets pulling the Cuban delegation back into line and all that was agreed was that the concept of linkage, a South African pull-out of Angola followed by the Cubans, was the only option for a future agreement.
Operation Excite
By 26 June 1988, a 32 Battalion company was moved into position to provide early warning of the Cuban tanks and columns advancing from Techipa while 61 Mechanised Battalion was brought in behind them to intercept when required. Using their MRL's and artillery they hindered and slowed the Cuban advance. Four Ratel ZT3 anti-tank missile units had also arrived at 61 Mechanised Battalion positions. The evening of 26 June, SADF reconnaissance discovered SA-6 launchers around Techipa. Using a ruse of releasing meteorological balloons with aluminium strips attached to them, the Cubans fired their SA-6's narrowing down their location for the SADF reconnaissance units, and the South Africans counterattacked with G-5 artillery destroying them and after four hours other Cuban artillery.
On the morning of the 27 June 1988, the Cuban columns began to move again. Elements of 32 Battalion that were monitoring the column were unable to make contact with 61 Mechanised Battalion to warn them about the advancing Cubans. 61 Mechanised Battalion and their tanks begun moving at the same time to find a better position than the night lager and when advancing over a low ridge, ran into a forward Cuban units ambush. The leading Ratel was hit by a RPG and during the battle, four further Ratels were damaged losing one soldier and a further three wounded. 61 Mechanised called in artillery fire as Cuban reinforcements arrived to support the ambush unit.
During the heavy fighting that followed this South African battalion destroyed a tank, a BTR-60, many trucks and inflicted heavy casualties on the Cuban infantry forcing them to withdraw. During the battle, 32 Battalion eventually made contact with 61 Mechanised, informing them that Cuban tanks were on their way. 61 Mechanised released their tanks and sent them to intercept the Cuban tanks. The SADF tanks made contact and after half an hour had stopped the advance destroying another T-55 tank, trucks and a BTR-60. The Cubans were forced to withdraw again. Spotting the advance of two Cuban columns, Commandant Mike Muller withdrew his forces southwards towards Calueque attacking one column and then the other with G-5 artillery. Both columns were halted.
Cuban air attack
Around 1pm, twelve Cuban MiG-23's based at Lubango and Cahama, flying at tree height to Ruacana, were spotted by SADF units but were unable to signal an air attack fast enough as the planes turned and headed to attack the hydroelectric dam at Calueque. Two bombed the bridge over the Cunene River and destroyed it, damaged the sluice gates while another two bombed the power plant and engine rooms. A fifth plane bombed the water irrigation pipeline to Ovambo, destroying it. One of those bombs from the fifth plane exploded between a Buffel and Eland 90 killing eleven SADF soldiers on ammunition escort duty. Two Cuban planes were hit by 20 mm AA guns and one crashed on its way back to its base in Angola.
The South African soldiers retreated towards the SWA/Namibian border, crossing in the late afternoon. As described above, the air attack part of the Cuban operation went ahead but their ground forces retreated back to Techipa after the clash.
Undeclared peace
Fearing a revenge attack by the SADF, the Cubans implemented plans that included possible attacks on SWA/Namibia itself. These plans were scrapped when no retaliation occurred from the South Africans.
What followed the hostilities at Calueque was an undeclared ceasefire. The South African public was shocked by the deaths at Calueque and the government ordered a scaling back of operations.
Battle Group 20 whom with UNITA, guarding the minefields east of the Cuito River across from Cuito Cuanavale, were ordered to withdraw personnel and equipment so as not to take casualties and prevent any further SADF personnel becoming prisoners of war.
UNITA was informed, with some regarding this withdrawal as an act of betrayal. Orders were to ensure no Cubans advance any further than where they were currently positioned.
Talks continue
By 10 July, the Cubans and South Africans were back at the negotiation table in New York City for three days.
The Cubans surprised the South African delegation by proposing an honourable Cuban withdrawal from Angola linked to the implementation of UN Resolution 435 and the ending of support to SWAPO and UNITA. This proposal became known as the New York Principle though the detail in the proposal would be negotiated at a later date.
The parties met again in the Cape Verde on the 22 July for the fourth round of talks but all that was agreed on was the proposal to set up a Joint Monitoring Commission.
Modified planning
Following the clashes at the end of June 1988, the South African politicians and the military re-evaluated the SADF's role in the operational area. What was considered was the change in the military balance brought about by the Cuban division, the reluctance of the South African public to accept high casualties, the political direction towards the ending of Apartheid, and the international push to end South Africa's control of SWA/Namibia.
New South African Military Plan
On 19 July 1988 planning was finalised and Operation Hilti was changed to Operation Prone and the new plan became the defence of SWA/Namibia.
This plan was divided into sub-operations, Operation Linger and Operation Faction (renamed Operation Pact).
Operation Linger became the counterinsurgency plan against SWAPO incursions in SWA and bases in Angola.
Operation Faction (Pact) was the conventional plan that would defend SWA against a Cuban invasion across the border and the destruction of the remainder of the enemy in Angola with a possible offensive action.
Operation Pact was further divided into three phases.
The first phase was to deceive the Cubans as to the intentions and disposition of the South African forces, the preparation of the SADF forces, assist in countering any SWAPO raids, and use of the recces to track the movement and disposition of the Cuban forces.
Phase two would occur when the Cubans invaded SWA/Namibia, drawing them into areas of SADF control, halting and destroying the Cubans.
The third phase would occur if phase two failed, a delaying retreat by SADF forces to an area around Tsumeb and the final destruction of the remaining Cuban forces.
Airborne assault plan
The South Africans also planned for an attack on the Angolan port of Namibe (today Moçâmedes). This port was the main logistical entrance for Cuban and FAPLA supplies to the Cuban 50th Division. The plan was developed by Commandant McGill Alexander of 44 Parachute Brigade, a veteran of Operation Reindeer. This operation would last 72 hours with the objective being the destruction of the port's logistical capacity; the harbour and railway facilities and the railway line. The SADF would make use of the navy, air force, paratroopers and special forces. The plan called for approximately 1,200 men, half as an airborne drop and the rest by means of an amphibious assault backed by navy strike craft. The plan was tested during Exercise Magersfontein at Walvis Bay.
Peace talks
Round five of the Tripartite talks began on 2 August 1988 in Geneva, Switzerland. The Soviets joined the meeting in an observer role. The South Africans opened the negotiations with several proposals:
a ceasefire to begin on 10 August 1988,
redeployment of South African and Cuban forces in Angola by 1 September 1988,
implementation of UN Resolution 435 and all foreign forces leave Angola by 1 June 1989.
The 1 June 1989 proposal angered the Cuban and Angolans and the talks continued discussing the first three South African proposals. With the assistance of the Soviets, the American were able to get the Cubans, Angolans and South Africans to sign the Geneva Protocol on 5 August 1988. The protocol set the following dates:
10 August 1988 – South Africans to begin withdrawal from Angola
1 September 1988 – South Africans complete the withdrawal
10 September 1988 – Peace settlement signed
1 November 1988 – Implementation of UN Resolution 435
What was not agreed upon was the Cuban withdrawal from Angola. This would be negotiated at another meeting in the near future. Nor were SWAPO or UNITA party to the agreement.
Ceasefire
On 8 August 1988, the South Africans, Angolans and Cubans announced a ceasefire in Angola and SWA/Namibia.
A line was drawn from Chitado, Ruacana, Calueque, Naulili, Cuamato and Chitado that the Cubans would stay north of and would guarantee the water irrigation supply from Ruacana to SWA/Namibia.
SWAPO, not party to the agreement, said it would honour the ceasefire on 1 September if South Africa did so, but this did not happen and SWAPO activities continued.
UNITA on the other hand stated that it would ignore the ceasefire and would continue to fight the Angolan government. It did however state that it wished to stop fighting if the Angolan government held talks with them or ceased attacking them and seek national reconciliation.
South African withdrawal from Angola
10 August 1988 saw the South African government announce the beginnings of a troop withdrawal from southern Angola, with the final day for withdrawal of SADF personnel set for 1 September.
Battle Group 20, the only SADF force in south-eastern Angola, had been assisting UNITA to maintain the siege of Cuito Cuanavale after the end of Operation Packer. This withdrawal by Battle Group 20 southwards was part of Operation Displace.
By 16 August the Joint Monitoring Commission was formed at Ruacana. This Joint Monitoring Commission finalised the terms of the ceasefire by the 22 August and the formal ceasefire was signed between three parties. Major General Willie Meyer represented South Africa, General Leopoldo Frias from Cuba and Angola by Colonel Antonio Jose.
The SADF elements arrived at the Angolan/SWA/Namibian border with ten days to spare and had to wait around as the Joint Monitoring Commission and world media organised themselves for the crossover at Rundu at a temporary steel bridge that was to take place on 1 September. On 30 August 1988, the last of the South African troops crossed a temporary steel bridge into SWA/Namibia watched by the world's media and the Joint Monitoring Commission, 36 hours early than the planned time. A convoy of fifty vehicles with around thousand soldiers crossed over singing battle songs. After officers of the three countries walked across the bridge, the South African sappers begun to dismantle the temporary steel bridge.
The Joint Monitoring Commission then declared on 30 August 1988, that the South African Defence Force had now left Angola.
Aftermath
On the 1 September 1988, the SADF disbanded its 10 SA Division and the Citizen Force units were returned to South Africa.
South African Military Contingency Plan
Planning however continued for Operation Prone in case further peace negotiation's failed to agree to the linkage of the implementation of UN Resolution 435 to the Cuban withdrawal from Angola.
Tripartite Accord
Nine more rounds of negotiations followed revolving around the dates for the Cuban withdrawal from Angola that finally ended with an agreement called the Tripartite Accord signed on 22 December in New York. This accord finalised the dates of the Cuban staggered withdrawals from Angola and the implementation of UN Resolution 435 on 1 April 1989.
References
Further reading
Conflicts in 1988
Military history of Angola
Battles and operations of the South African Border War
1988 in Angola
1988 in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Prone |
Picasso Museum may refer to:
France
Musée Picasso (Antibes), Antibes, France
Musée Picasso, Paris, France
Spain
Museu Picasso, Barcelona, Spain
Fundación Picasso, Málaga, Spain
Museo Picasso Málaga, Málaga, Spain
See also
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Spanish artist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso%20Museum |
Dojo Toolkit (stylized as dōjō toolkit) is an open-source modular JavaScript library (or more specifically JavaScript toolkit) designed to ease the rapid development of cross-platform, JavaScript/Ajax-based applications and web sites. It was started by Alex Russell, Dylan Schiemann, David Schontzler, and others in 2004 and is dual-licensed under the modified BSD license or the Academic Free License (≥ 2.1).
The Dojo Foundation was a non-profit organization created with the goal to promote the adoption of the toolkit. In 2016, the foundation merged with jQuery Foundation to become JS Foundation.
Overview
Dojo is a JavaScript framework targeting the many needs of large-scale client-side web development. For example, Dojo abstracts the differences among diverse browsers to provide APIs that will work on all of them (it can even run on the server under Node.js); it establishes a framework for defining modules of code and managing their interdependencies; it provides build tools for optimizing JavaScript and CSS, generating documentation, and unit testing; it supports internationalization, localization, and accessibility; and it provides a rich suite of commonly needed utility classes and user-interface widgets.
Dojo is completely open source. The toolkit includes about three thousand JavaScript modules, in addition to images and other resources.
The Dojo Toolkit is organized in several parts:
dojo contains the core and most non-visual modules.
dijit is a library of user-interface modules for widgets and layout.
dojox holds assorted modules not yet considered stable enough to include in dojo or dijit.
util includes build tools such as optimization, documentation, style-checking, and testing.
Features
Widgets
Dojo widgets are components — comprising JavaScript code, HTML markup, and CSS style declarations — that provide multi-browser (not to be confused with cross-browser), interactive features:
Menus, tabs, and tooltips
Sortable tables
Dynamic charts
2D vector drawings
Animated effects—fades, wipes and slides—facilities for custom animation effects
Asynchronous communication
One important feature of Ajax applications is asynchronous communication of the browser with the server: information is exchanged and the page's presentation is updated without a need for reloading the whole page. Traditionally, this is done with the JavaScript object XMLHttpRequest. Dojo provides an abstracted wrapper (dojo.xhr) around various web browsers' implementations of XMLHttpRequest, and dojo.io also supports other transports (such as hidden IFrames) and a variety of data formats. Using this approach, it is easy to have the data a user enters into a form sent to the server "behind the scenes"; the server can then reply with some JavaScript code that updates the presentation of the page.
Packaging system
Dojo provides a packaging system to facilitate modular development of functionality in individual packages and sub-packages; the base Dojo "bootstrap" script initializes a set of hierarchical package namespaces — "io", "event", etc. — under a root "dojo" namespace. After initialization of the root namespace, any Dojo package can be loaded (via XMLHttpRequest or other similar transport) by using utility functions supplied in the bootstrap. It is also possible to initialize additional namespaces within or parallel to the "dojo" namespace, allowing extensions of Dojo or the development of private Dojo-managed namespaces for third-party libraries and applications.
Dojo packages can consist of multiple files and can specify which files constitute the entire package. Any package or file can also specify a dependency on other packages or files; when the package is loaded, any dependencies it specifies will also be loaded.
Workarounds for cross-domain loading of most Dojo packages are provided (though this requires a specialized build of Dojo).
Dojo also provides a mechanism for building "profiles"; the build system takes as input a list of packages, and uses Rhino to create a single compressed JavaScript file containing those packages and all their dependencies. This allows all necessary code to be loaded and initialized at once, and permits caching of the code (most web browsers do not cache files loaded via XMLHttpRequest). Pre-built profiles for some common use cases are available for download from the same location as the full toolkit.
Client-side data storage
In addition to providing support functions for reading and writing cookies, Dojo formerly supported a local, client-side storage abstraction named Dojo Storage. Dojo Storage allows web applications to store data on the client-side, persistently and securely and with a user's permission. It works across existing web browsers, including Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Safari. When included in a web page, Dojo Storage determines the best method for persistently storing information. Firefox 2 uses native browser persistence; on other browsers, it uses a hidden Flash applet. With Flash 6+ being installed on about 95% of computers connected to the web, this makes the storage mechanism accessible for much of the web's installed base. For a web application loaded from the file system, i.e., from a file:// URL, Dojo Storage will transparently use XPCOM on Firefox and ActiveX on Internet Explorer to persist information. The programmer using Dojo Storage is abstracted from the storage mechanism used and is presented with a simple hash table abstraction, with methods such as put() and get().
Dojo Storage is not supported in versions later than the 1.3 release.
Server-side data storage
As of January 2007, Dojo includes the following example server-side datastore implementations in the dojo.data namespace:
CsvStore: a read-only store that reads tabular data from comma-separated values files
OpmlStore: a read-only store that reads hierarchical data from OPML format files
YahooStore: a read-only store that fetches search results from the Yahoo! Search web service
DeliciousStore: a read-only store that fetches bookmarks from the del.icio.us web service
RdfStore: a read-write store that uses SPARQL to talk to RDF data servers including, for example, the Rhizome RDF application server.
Support for Adobe Integrated Runtime (AIR)
Dojo can be used in JavaScript-based Adobe AIR applications. It has been modified to meet AIR's security requirements.
SitePen, a Dojo consulting company, has made an Adobe AIR application called "Dojo Toolbox" using Dojo. It includes an API viewer and a GUI to Dojo's build system. Normally, the build system is run from within Rhino, but in this AIR application the build system can be run from AIR, without the use of Java.
Criticisms
Loading
Earlier versions of Dojo had a reputation for being bulky and slow to load. It also required extra work to load Dojo across domains, e.g., from a CDN. Addressing these problems was the major goal of Dojo 1.7, which introduced asynchronous module definition (AMD) and a "nano" loader.
Documentation
Dojo has long been criticized for its incomplete, scattered, and outdated documentation. Recognizing this, the developers made huge improvements in the documentation for the 1.8 release, including new tutorials, an API browser, filling in the missing pieces, and updating most examples to AMD style.
A number of books have been written about Dojo, but all based upon Dojo 1.3 or earlier, now several years out of date. Since these predate AMD support and its accompanying reorganization, examples in these books almost invariably rely on things that are now deprecated and no longer best practice. Most authors are waiting for Dojo 2.0 before publishing anything new.
Learning curve
Many have commented that Dojo seems difficult to learn and get started with, especially in comparison with the more popular jQuery.
Dojo co-creator Dylan Schiemann acknowledges this as a consequence of their different scopes: "It’s certainly easier to learn something that’s smaller than something that does more, but our avid users are quick to point out that a bit more learning up front saves them countless hours for things that Dojo makes easy."
API stabillity
Early users faced a difficult transition to the 1.0 release after the toolkit was totally rewritten. The move to AMD in recent versions has been similarly problematic. Dojo has taken great pains to maintain backward compatibility despite its rapid evolution, with a large portion of the current API deprecated but still maintained, but users have often found that upgrades did not go as smoothly as hoped.
Dojo 2.0 release removed much of the deprecated API and switched from JavaScript to TypeScript.
See also
Comparison of JavaScript frameworks
JavaScript framework
JavaScript library
References
Further reading
External links
Dojo toolkit website
JavaScript libraries
Ajax (programming)
JavaScript-based HTML editors
Software using the Academic Free License
Software using the BSD license | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo%20Toolkit |
Adnan Akmal (Urdu, ; born 13 March 1985) is a former international Pakistani cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who plays for Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd Cricket Team and has represented his country at U-17 level. He was called up for Pakistan's tour against South Africa in the UAE, as a replacement for the first choice keeper, Zulqarnain Haider. His brothers, Kamran Akmal and Umar Akmal, both had central contracts with the Pakistan Cricket Board, and were regular fixtures in the national side. Adnan made his Test debut against South Africa on 12 November 2010.
Domestic career
In April 2018, he was named in Sindh's squad for the 2018 Pakistan Cup. In March 2019, he was named in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's squad for the 2019 Pakistan Cup.
In September 2019, he represented Southern Punjab in the 2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy tournament. In January 2021, he was a part of Balochistan's squad for the 2020–21 Pakistan Cup.
International career
Adnan was added to the Pakistan's Test squad in replacement of Zulqarnain Haider, who announced his retirement from the international cricket after allegedly receiving threats from bookies. In the series against New Zealand, he performed well to occupy his place in the future. He was Pakistan A's wicket keeper.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Lahore cricketers
Adnan
Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricketers
Pakistani cricketers
Pakistan Test cricketers
Pakistan One Day International cricketers
Lahore Eagles cricketers
Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited cricketers
Lahore Whites cricketers
Lahore Blues cricketers
Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers
Cricketers from Lahore
Southern Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers
Wicket-keepers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan%20Akmal |
Javier Arroyuelo (born in Argentina) is an author and journalist.
Born in Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, in 1949. He has lived in Paris (1969-2006) then in Buenos Aires since 2006.
Career
Journalism
His first contribution to Vogue Paris in collaboration with Rafael López Sánchez was a piece for Marlene Dietrich's special 1975 Christmas issue. As a regular contributor of Vogue Paris he wrote about the cultural scene in Paris and New York, the theatre and the arts, and worked with photographers such as Horst, Hurrell and Helmut Newton. His column, Oh, les beaux mondes, ran in the magazine until 1980.
In the 1980s, his monthly column Out in Paris, also in collaboration with López Sánchez, ran in Andy Warhol's Interview Magazine.
His work, mainly long pieces on fashion, style, decoration, the arts- has also appeared in Vanity Fair, and the American editions of Vogue, and House and Garden, as well as in Italy's Vanity Fair.
From 1988 to 2016 he was a regular contributor of Vogue Italia and L'Uomo Vogue.
His journalistic work focuses on the analysis and commentary of social trends and popular culture, fashion and consumerism.
In 2002 he published Roberto Cavalli and contributed to kARTell.
Since 2014 he writes a column for La Nación Revista, the Sunday magazine of La Nación, one of Argentina's leading newspapers.
Other work
His texts for the theater include Goddess and, with Rafael López Sánchez, L'Histoire du Théâtre, Comédie Policière, and Futura, some of which they also directed -L'Interprétation, and ''Succès'.
In the 1980s and '90s he worked for the Paloma Picasso brand, most particularly the fragrance, cosmetics and accessories lines.
In 1968, associated with Rafael López Sánchez, Pedro Pujó and Jorge Alvarez, he created Mandioca, la madre de los chicos, an artistic venture centered on rock and roll recordings and shows.
References
External links
Javier Arroyuelo's articles
Hombre Vogue (in Spanish)
Argentine writers in French
Argentine journalists
Argentine male journalists
20th-century French writers
20th-century French male writers
French journalists
Living people
Argentine expatriates in France
French male non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Arroyuelo |
The Other Campaign () is a political program by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation for the recognition and protection of indigenous rights and autonomy in Mexico. This program began in January 2006, and sent Subcomandante Marcos, the main spokesperson for the campaign, to travel across Mexico for several months. This tour was intended to create connections among the Zapatistas and pre-existing resistance groups throughout Mexico.
Throughout the campaign, the Zapatistas met with a diverse number of groups and organizations, such as trade union organizers, indigenous leaders, intellectuals, feminists and women's rights activists, LGBT people, advocates for human rights, students, environmental activists, fishermen, factory workers, natural disaster victims, peasants, teachers, prostitutes, and young people. Marcos said that the goal of the campaign is "not to speak or run for office, but 'to listen to the simple and humble people who struggle'." This united force was conceived to fight against neoliberalism and capitalism. The Zapatistas hoped to eliminate these practices in the Mexican federal government in order to protect the livelihoods of those citizens who are exploited economically by these institutions. Based on the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle, the Other Campaign's ultimate goal was to force the Mexican government to agree to a convention which would rewrite the national constitution to include protection of indigenous rights and autonomy and exclude elements of neoliberal capitalism.
Historical context
The Other Campaign emerged from a 12-year-long struggle for indigenous rights, known as the Zapatista Movement or Zapatismo. This movement began on January 1, 1994 with an uprising in Chiapas, Mexico to protest the North American Free Trade Agreement and fight for the recognition and protection of rights for the indigenous people of Mexico. The movement fought the Mexican government to end such problems as financial exploitation of natives and for the recognition of racial, ethnic, and gender differences among Mexican citizens. Throughout their existence as a political force, the Zapatistas have published a series of declarations to announce the movement's objectives, in accordance with traditional peasant and indigenous revolts in 19th-century Mexico. In 1996, the Zapatistas organized a series of peace talks with the Mexican federal government, focusing initially on culture and indigenous civil rights. These negotiations led to the signing of the San Andrés Agreements, also known as the San Andrés Accords, on February 16, 1996. But in August 2001, the Mexican government defied the terms of the San Andrés Agreements when the Mexican Congress enacted constitutional reforms that had a detrimental effect on indigenous rights.
In response to this defiance, in June, 2005 the Zapatistas released the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle (also known as La Sexta in Spanish), the most recent of the movement's declarations of objectives. The declaration outlined several goals, and announced that the Zapatistas intend to remain both a political and military force in Mexico. The declaration describes the need for a new political party, independent from the parties of the Mexican Left and all other preexisting political parties. The Sixth Declaration also encourages an international fight against neoliberalism.
To accomplish the Sixth Declaration's goal of forming a new political force, the Zapatistas invited hundreds of organizations, political activists, leaders, and average citizens to meet and discuss strategies for gaining the support of resistance groups around the country. The result of the debates and organizational progress made during these meetings was the initiative known as the Other Campaign.
Campaign
The Other Campaign began as an idea devised by the Zapatistas to travel throughout Mexico to meet other resistance groups and learn about the struggles they face in their communities and rally support against the neoliberal and capitalistic federal political system. Although this process resembles a conventional election campaign, the goal was not to elect a candidate to public office, but to create a new kind of political force that presents a different way to conduct political business during election campaigns.
The first meeting to discuss the organization, structure, and politics of the Other Campaign was held on September 16–18, 2005. Over 2,000 people participated in this two-day event. Their experience with activism ranged from none, to post-1994 Zapatismo activist experience, to activism in the 1970s. The participants had very diverse backgrounds, including union organizers, indigenous leaders, intellectuals, feminists and women's rights activists, gays, lesbians, advocates for human rights, students, environmental activists, and teachers. Urban youth collectives and nongovernmental organizations were also represented at this event. Despite this obvious diversity and the Zapatistas' 12-year long struggle for indigenous rights, the speakers at the conference rarely mentioned the necessity of equal involvement in the campaign in terms of gender, racial-ethnic group, and sexual orientation. Rather than incorporating these important issues into discussions of all aspects of the Other Campaign, they were confined to one section of the agenda, "A Special Place for Differences", drawing criticism from gay, lesbian, indigenous, and feminist organizations attending the event. Despite this internal criticism, the event continued its efforts to organize the campaign.
In January, 2006, the Other Campaign launched with Subcomandante Marcos, also known as Delegado Cero, traveling for several months around all 31 Mexican states. Marcos gave speeches which were attended by people as diverse as the collaborators from the campaign's first meeting, including fishermen, factory workers, natural disaster victims, peasants, teachers, gays, lesbians, prostitutes, and young people. The ultimate goal of this tour was to rally support from organizations throughout the nation in order to eradicate neoliberalism and capitalism from the political system in Mexico. The ideal achievement of this goal included pressuring the Mexican government to create a convention to rewrite the nation's constitution to protect all Mexicans from the exploitation that results from current capitalist and neoliberal practices.
In May 2014, Rafael Guillén Vicente, the individual behind the persona and nom de guerre "Subcomandante Marcos", announced that he was retiring that persona and stepping down from his leadership role. He stated: "We are warriors and as such we know our role and our time. Marcos, the character is no longer necessary... His character was created and now his creators, the Zapatistas, are destroying him." He signed this statement off with "My name is Galeano. Rebel Subcomandante Galeano", signalling the adoption of a new persona.
Notes
External links
The Other Campaign EZLN (Official site in spanish)
The Other Journalism With The Other Campaign
The Other Campaign: A Visual Record of the Zapatistas and Mexico 2006
At a 60's Style Be-In, Guns Yield to Words, Lots of Words by The New York Times, August 31, 2005
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
2006 in Mexico
2006 in Mexican politics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Other%20Campaign |
Pearls, Girls and Monty Bodkin is a comic novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United Kingdom on 12 October 1972 by Barrie & Jenkins, and in the United States on 6 August 1973 by Simon & Schuster, Inc. under the title The Plot That Thickened. Although written towards the end of the Wodehouse's life, and published 37 years after The Luck of the Bodkins (1935), the events of book follow on directly from those recounted in the earlier novel.
Monty Bodkin returns from Hollywood, with his romantic situation, previously recounted in Heavy Weather (1933) and The Luck of the Bodkins (1935), still as complicated as ever. Other recurring Wodehouse characters also appear, including the film studio president Ivor Llewellyn, the crook Alexander "Chimp" Twist, and Chimp's rivals Soapy and Dolly Molloy. Llewellyn was to return a year later in Bachelors Anonymous (1973).
Plot
Monty Bodkin's fiancée Gertrude Butterwick refuses to marry without the consent of her father J. B. Butterwick. He dislikes Monty and will not agree to the match unless Monty can remain gainfully employed for a full year. Having spent a year working as a production advisor for the Superba-Llewellyn Motion Picture Corporation in Hollywood, Monty now returns to England. However, Butterwick insists that the job did not count because Monty got it (in The Luck of the Bodkins) through dishonest means.
To appease Butterwick, Monty seeks another paid position. Sally Miller (secretly in love with Monty) falsely tells her employer Grayce Llewellyn that Monty comes from an aristocratic family, and Grayce appoints Monty as secretary to her husband, Ivor Llewellyn, who is now in England. Monty is to work at the Llewellyns' newly rented country house, Mellingham Hall in Sussex, where Llewellyn is writing a history of his film studio.
The domineering Grayce watches Llewellyn's spending closely to prevent him from gambling. He had previously acquired secret funds by selling Grayce's valuable pearl necklace without her knowledge and replacing it with a fake. Now he obtains more by borrowing from Monty.
While Grayce is away, Llewellyn goes to an illegal nightclub with Monty and Sally. When the club is raided by the police, Sally helps the party to escape by pulling a dustbin over the head of a plainclothes policeman, Wilfred Chisholm. This valiant action causes Monty to fall in love with Sally. Unknown to them, Chisholm has over the past year become attracted to Gertrude, and would like to marry her. Although attracted to him, she feels she cannot break her engagement with Monty.
Grayce is worried about the security of her valuable necklace, and employs a private detective, J. Sheringham Adair, to watch over it. He agrees to come to the house posing as Llewellyn's new valet. Unknown to Grayce, Adair is an alias of Chimp Twist, a crook. Also visiting the house are the Llewellyns' new acquaintances Soapy and Dolly Molloy, who are actually professional criminals. Grayce's daughter Mavis plans to visit, bringing her new fiancé Jimmy Ponder. This worries Llewellyn, as Ponder is a jewellery expert who will realize that Grayce's necklace is not genuine.
When Monty is mistaken for a burglar, Grayce decides to lodge the pearls at a local bank for safekeeping. To avoid the necklace being exposed as a fake, Llewellyn asks Monty to drive it to the bank, and to pretend that it had been stolen on the way by an unknown robber. Monty agrees to the deception. As Monty is leaving, Dolly asks him for a lift into town and as they near their destination she takes him by surprise, pulling a gun and demanding the necklace. Both are then surprised by Chimp, who has been hiding in the back seat of the car, and who also has a gun. Chimp takes the necklace and drives off, leaving Monty and Dolly to walk back to the Hall. Monty tells Dolly that the necklace is fake, a fact which Chimp will soon discover.
Butterwick is still trying to prevent Monty marrying his daughter. Learning that Grayce had hired Monty only because of his supposed aristocratic connections, he sets her straight, hoping that she will sack Monty. Meanwhile, Chisholm tells Gertrude of Monty's nightclub escapade, and that he had been visiting the club in the company of a girl.
Monty receives a telegram from Gertrude to announce that she is breaking off the engagement. This allows Monty to become engaged to Sally, and Gertrude to become engaged to Chisholm. Grayce announces her intention to get a divorce, an event which Llewellyn – who has already been divorced four times – regards as purely routine.
Characters
Montrose "Monty" Bodkin – Amiable and rich Drone engaged to Gertrude, employed as a production advisor and then secretary to Ivor Llewellyn
Alexandra "Sally" Miller – Secretary to Monty in Hollywood and later to Grayce Llewellyn in Sussex; in love with Monty
Gertrude Butterwick – Monty's fiancée
J. B. Butterwick – Gertrude's father; an import and export merchant
Ivor Llewellyn – President of the Superba-Llewellyn Motion Picture Corporation, married to Grayce
Grayce Llewellyn – Formidable fifth wife of Ivor Llewellyn
Mavis Mulligan – Daughter of Grayce and step-daughter of Ivor Llewellyn; engaged to Jimmy Ponder
James "Jimmy" Ponder – Partner in a jewellery firm; engaged to Mavis
Alexander "Chimp" Twist — Crook operating as a private investigator under the alias J. Sheringham Adair
Dora "Dolly" Molloy — Skilled thief, married to Soapy
Thomas "Soapy" Molloy — Crook who sells worthless oil stock
Wilfred "Cheeser" Chisholm – Plainclothes policeman; loves Gertrude
Publication history
A working title for the book was "The Honor of the Bodkins".
Wodehouse dedicated the UK edition of the novel to his granddaughter Sheran Cazalet: "To Sheran with love". The front panel of the first UK edition dust jacket was illustrated by Osbert Lancaster. The front panel illustration of the first US edition dust jacket was drawn by Paul Bacon, and there is a black and white photograph of Wodehouse by Jill Krementz on the back panel.
A shortened version of the novel was published in the Star Weekly (Toronto, Canada) on 28 April 1973, with illustrations by Doug Fenton.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
The Wodehouse Society's page
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
English novels
1972 British novels
Barrie & Jenkins books
Novels set in Sussex
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearls%2C%20Girls%20and%20Monty%20Bodkin |
Sergeant Arthur Wilson is a fictional Home Guard platoon sergeant and bank chief clerk, first portrayed by John Le Mesurier in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army.
Background
Wilson was born in 1887, and is carefree, cheerful and well-spoken, although more complex than he first seems. He is chief clerk of the Walmington-on-Sea bank and captain of the cricket club. He has an upper-middle-class background; his uncle was a peer of the realm, his father had a career in the City of London, and Wilson often recalls fond memories of his nanny. He was educated at a public school named Meadow Bridge, having failed the entrance exam for Harrow. He was destined for the Indian Civil Service but failed that exam too. The final episode reveals Wilson to have reached the rank of captain in the Middlesex Regiment whilst serving in the First World War.
Captain Mainwaring, Wilson's senior in the Home Guard and in the bank, envies and resents Wilson's privileged background and once compared Wilson with Peter Pan, because he could never face responsibilities. These include Private Pike, who worships his "Uncle Arthur" but may be Wilson's son – Wilson has had a long relationship with Mavis Pike, Pike's widowed mother. It is gossip in Walmington-on-Sea, as both arrived in Walmington from Weston-super-Mare around the same time, and there are other "coincidences" that show Wilson and Mrs Pike are more than just close friends, such as them unofficially living together. He admits that Pike originally called him Daddy, until told to call him Uncle (although the writers have confirmed that Wilson is Pike's biological father). In "Menace from the Deep" Jones brushes against Wilson while he is asleep, and he says without fully waking "Gently, Mavis".
Although Wilson is shown to have a very flirtatious nature, and Mrs Pike has on occasion been seen out with other men (such as Warden Hodges, or the dashing American Army soldiers that arrived in Walmington-on-Sea), their relationship seems to be enduring, with both Wilson and Mrs Pike expressing sincere distress during the various times when they believe the other has left them for someone else.
In "Getting the Bird" it is revealed that Wilson has an adult daughter from an early marriage whom he paid to attend a good school and who is serving during the war in the Women's Royal Naval Service. He admits to Fraser that he does not see his daughter as much as he would like, but it is clear that father and daughter love each other deeply. In "Sgt. Wilson's Little Secret" a misunderstanding leads to him nearly marrying Mrs Pike (indicating that he has divorced his previous wife) but he apparently calls it off at the last moment. There remain loose ends about Wilson's personal life, e.g. he may avoid marrying Mrs Pike because he does not want his previous marriage to become known, or he may never have been divorced from his wife, meaning a marriage to Mrs Pike would be bigamous.
In the post-war radio sequel It Sticks Out Half a Mile, Wilson claims to be 54 years old, and born in 1894. The radio sequel also reveals that he did become the manager of Swallows bank at Walmington-on-Sea in 1947. It also reveals that Mrs Pike moved over to the same location when Wilson is transferred.
Personality
Wilson has a vague and dreamy personality and an aura of mystery. In appearance, he resembles Anthony Eden, and in the episode "Ring Dem Bells" loves to be told of his supposed resemblance to the actor Jack Buchanan (and is mocked for doing so by Mainwaring in the episode "The Love of Three Oranges"). He is a kind man, who goes with the flow of life. Wilson's dream-like manner is often mimicked by the platoon, mostly Privates Walker and Fraser, but the men like him, and some admire him (including Jones, Godfrey, and most of all Private Pike). Rather than bark orders as a sergeant would be expected to do, he asks "Would you mind awfully falling in, please?"
However, when pushed, a different Wilson emerges. In "High Finance", it is revealed that Warden Hodges has been forcing his attentions on Mrs Pike by blackmailing her with a rent increase; Wilson reacts by punching Hodges in the face, to the admiration of Mrs Pike and Frank. Wilson is the only member of the platoon to be physically violent, as in "Absent Friends" when Pike, Jones, Fraser, Walker and Mainwaring attempt to subdue three IRA members and are beaten, Wilson defeats them singlehanded with only bruised knuckles to show for it.
In social settings, Wilson is effortlessly charming, often to the frustration of Mainwaring (who is the exact opposite of Wilson in these situations), especially as many of the people Mainwaring is hoping to impress are people Wilson already knows quite well. Wilson even manages to charm Mrs. Mainwaring (albeit over the telephone, as she is never seen on screen), telling her "we understand him, don't we" in reference to her husband.
When it comes to women, Wilson is especially debonair, effortlessly flirting and attracting the attention of women, often to the exasperation of Mainwaring, who detests Wilson's flirtatious manner (such as when he is flirting with Mainwaring's nurse, some of the ladies signing up to join the Home Guard, or even the young woman serving drinks at a social event). In the episode "Man Hunt", Wilson asks an attractive young woman to let him come in and look at her knickers, when it is suspected they may have been made of material from a German pilot's parachute (as a result of one of Walker's many black market schemes); in response to this request, the young woman eagerly agrees and invites Wilson inside. This prompts Walker (who was forced to remain outside with Mainwaring after the young woman invited Wilson inside) to remark to Mainwaring about the "extraordinary influence" Wilson has over women. Mainwaring replies that he is getting a little bored with his sergeant’s pecadillos.
Wilson's charm is not limitless, however; in the episode "The Two and a Half Feathers", Wilson clashes several times with one of the serving ladies during lunch at the British Restaurant; the serving lady is clearly unimpressed with Wilson's upper-class manner of speech (calling it "lah-de-dah talk"), and even referring to Wilson as a "capitalist lackey" when he leaves his dirty dishes behind for her to gather up.
Relationship with Mainwaring
Tension and comedy between Wilson and Mainwaring is heightened by their difference in social class: Wilson had an upper middle class childhood and a public school education, prompting resentment from the lower middle class Mainwaring, who had to work his way up and views Wilson as having had it easy. Mainwaring frequently emphasises his superior rank at the bank and in the Home Guard to maintain his authority and superiority over Wilson. Wilson undermines his superior through casual charm and frequent concern at Mainwaring's plans, querying, "Do you really think that's wise, sir?"
The contrasts are established in several ways: as a civilian, Mainwaring wears a bowler hat while Wilson wears a more fashionable Anthony Eden hat. In "The Honourable Man", Wilson became "The Honourable Arthur Wilson" after an uncle who was a peer dies. Mainwaring tried to stay at the centre of attention; Wilson detested his new style and the unwelcome attention it brought him and refused to use his title, which only infuriated Mainwaring more, as he believed one should revel in titles of nobility rather than be ashamed of them.
Conflict between the two reaches a head in "A. Wilson (Manager)?", in which Wilson is promoted as manager of another branch and also to second lieutenant in a neighbouring Home Guard Unit. Wilson finds out that he would have been promoted long ago if Mainwaring had not told his superiors that he was unsuitable for promotion. Mainwaring's resentment of Wilson's breeding is revealed. Wilson's new branch is bombed, so he has to return to Walmington. His sign, "A. WILSON, manager", is among the debris. Mainwaring's first concern is to let Wilson know that GHQ is allowing him to keep his rank. Wilson is glad until Mainwaring throws him the sergeant's stripes.
Wilson thinks Mainwaring a pompous fool; in "A. Wilson (Manager)?", Wilson reminds Mainwaring that when he first wore his captain's uniform, he saw him walking up and down the high street all afternoon trying to find someone to salute him, but he had to make do with a sea scout troop. However, they remain friends. In the episode "Room at the Bottom", Wilson was told that Mainwaring had not been commissioned a captain's position, and was gleeful when he was told thus Mainwaring would be demoted. Wilson provides a more realistic and down-to-earth appraisal of a situation than Mainwaring, who is blinded by pomposity and patriotism, as demonstrated in this exchange:
Mainwaring: They'll never get through the Maginot Line.
Wilson: Haven't you heard... They went around the side.
Mainwaring: That's a typical shabby Nazi trick!
Mainwaring also routinely comments on Wilson's private life, specifically his relationship with Mrs Pike and her son (and their underling at the bank and fellow platoon member) Frank. Mainwaring often chastises Wilson to handle either Mrs Pike or Frank whenever they cause problems for him (usually revolving around Mrs. Pike's complaints to Mainwaring of how he treats her son, who she views as overly delicate). Wilson's response to this is usually a mix of nonchalance and exasperation, though in the episode "War Dance", he finally displays his irritation at Mainwaring's butting into his personal life; when Mainwaring refers to him as "Peter Pan" due to his reluctance to act as a father figure to Pike, Wilson drops his normal air of deference to his boss and platoon leader, and angrily replies "My god, Mainwaring, you can hit pretty low when it suits you!"
Despite their conflicts, however, Wilson and Mainwaring do share a respectful, if somewhat formal, sort of friendship. In the episode "Something Nasty in the Vault", Wilson and Mainwaring are trapped in the vault of their bank, desperately cradling an unexploded German bomb. During this time, they bond over their shared danger; at one point Mainwaring even scratches Wilson's nose for him when he develops a maddening itch.
Likewise, in the episode "Keep Young and Beautiful", when presented with the possibility that some of the members of their platoon may be reassigned to the ARP due to their age, Wilson points out to Mainwaring that he has no wish to leave the platoon and is actually very proud of what the two of them have achieved. On several occasions, Mainwaring informs Wilson that he considers him not just his subordinate (at both the bank and the platoon), but also a friend.
In the final episode, Wilson turns up at the wedding of Jones and Mrs Fox in a captain's uniform, having achieved the rank during the First World War. He is modest about it (in the first episode Wilson claims to have been a sergeant in the Royal Artillery serving at Mons, Passchendaele and Gallipoli) and Mainwaring is pleasantly surprised – although he insisted that "it doesn't change anything, you know."
Medals
Although Sergeant Wilson rarely wore his ribbons, he was awarded the usual trilogy of First World War campaign medals (commonly known as "Pip, Squeak and Wilfred"), that he had previously been awarded as a captain in the First World War.
Other portrayals
In the feature film Dad's Army released in 2016, Wilson is played by Bill Nighy.
Wilson is played by Robert Bathurst in a series of re-enactments of otherwise lost episodes of Dad's Army.
Notes
References
Dad's Army characters
Fictional military sergeants
Fictional World War I veterans
Fictional bankers
Television characters introduced in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant%20Wilson |
Bachelors Anonymous is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United Kingdom on 15 October 1973 (Wodehouse's 92nd birthday) by Barrie & Jenkins, London and in the United States on 28 August 1974 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York.
In the novel, movie mogul Ivor Llewellyn, who has divorced five times, is interested to learn from his lawyer Ephraim Trout about a support group for bachelors who help keep each other from making impulsive marriage proposals.
Ivor Llewellyn previously appeared in The Luck of the Bodkins (1935), Frozen Assets (1964), and Pearls, Girls and Monty Bodkin (1972). Another character, lawyer Jerry Nichols, appeared in Uneasy Money (1916).
Bachelors Anonymous was the second last novel completed by Wodehouse, with the last being Aunts Aren't Gentlemen.
Plot
Ephraim Trout of Trout, Wapshott and Edelstein, a legal firm employed by Ivor Llewellyn, head of the Superba-Llewellyn studio of Hollywood, has handled Llewellyn's five divorces. Llewellyn is on his way to London on business, and Trout sees Llewellyn off at the Los Angeles airport. Trout warns him against any more impulsive proposals. Trout has managed to stay single since he belongs to a California group called Bachelors Anonymous, inspired by Alcoholics Anonymous. When one member feels the impulse to take a woman out to dinner, he seeks out the other members and they reason with him. He advises Llewellyn to consult the legal firm of Nichols, Erridge and Trubshaw in London, as they can find someone to act as a similar advisor for Llewellyn. Other members of Bachelors Anonymous convince Trout to follow Llewellyn to London to help. In London, Llewellyn meets Vera Dalrymple, the star of the Regal Theatre's stage comedy Cousin Angela, written by Joseph "Joe" Pickering (who makes his living working for the solicitors Shoesmith, Shoesmith, Shoesmith, and Shoesmith, mentioned in other stories such as Ice in the Bedroom). Joe is interviewed by Sally Fitch (from Much Middlefold) for a women's paper, and they get along well.
Vera monopolizes the show and Cousin Angela closes after only 16 performances. The Regal Theatre's stage-doorkeeper Mac (who appeared in A Damsel in Distress and Summer Lightning) gives his sympathy to Joe. While waiting to see Vera, a drunk man threatens Mac, so Joe throws him out. Joe learns from his friend Jerry Nichols, of the Nichols, Erridge and Trubshaw law firm, that he can earn a lucrative salary working for Llewellyn. Joe falls in love with Sally and makes plans to have lunch with her at Barribault's. Jerry tells Sally that she has inherited a legacy from a former employer, Letitia Carberry, supporter of the Anti-Tobacco League. Carberry left most of her money to the League but left Sally twenty-five thousand pounds on the condition that she not smoke for two years. Sally is to live in a posh Park Lane apartment with a private detective, Daphne Dolby, the owner of the Eagle Eye detective agency, who will know if Sally smokes. Daphne is engaged to Sir Jaklyn Warner, Baronet, because she is interested in his title and he in her money. Jaklyn, who is Sally's ex-fiancé, hears about Sally's inheritance. Sally accidentally falls asleep and misses lunch with Joe.
Llewellyn explains the Bachelors Anonymous idea to Joe, and recognizes him as the man who threw him out at the theatre and kept him from having dinner with Vera. Impressed, Llewellyn hires him. Sally apologizes to Joe for missing lunch and agrees to dinner. Trout sees Llewellyn, who is concerned that Joe has fallen for Sally. This worries Trout, and to keep Joe from going to dinner, he slips Joe a Mickey Finn. Sally is disappointed when Joe fails to appear, believing it to be petty revenge for her missing lunch. Jaklyn proposes to her (for her money) and she accepts, not knowing he is engaged to Daphne. She mentions her engagement to Daphne, and Daphne realizes what occurred. With one of her operatives, the intimidating Cyril Pemberton, she makes Jaklyn join her at the registry office to get married.
Sally refuses to listen to Joe and goes to Valley Fields to see her former nanny Jane Priestley, who turns Joe and Trout away. Trout's hand is bitten by a dog named Percy, and the dog's owner, Amelia Bingham, bandages his hand. She is a hospital nurse. Trout falls for her, and now approves of marriage. Llewellyn is astonished when Trout accepts dinner with Vera on Llewellyn's behalf. Joe suggests that Llewellyn get a check-up at a hospital to hide from Vera. Trout, who has resigned from Bachelors Anonymous, admits to slipping Joe a Mickey Finn and apologizes to him. Trout tells Sally everything, and she reconciles with Joe. Unaware that Jaklyn is now married, Trout pays him off with fifty pounds to prevent a breach of promise case. Daphne catches Sally smoking, and Joe is fired by Llewellyn, who impulsively proposed to his nurse at the hospital, Amelia. However, all ends well when Llewellyn learns Trout has got engaged to Amelia. Llewellyn decides to make Joe's play into a movie and pays him two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and will become a member of Bachelors Anonymous when he returns to California with a letter of introduction from Trout.
Publication history
The illustration on the first UK edition dust jacket of Amelia Bingham bandaging Ephraim Trout's hand was drawn by Osbert Lancaster. The back of the dust jacket features a photograph of Wodehouse looking out a window, taken by Tom Blau, Camera Press. The same illustration and photograph were used for the first US edition for the front and back of the dust jacket respectively.
The US edition of the book is dedicated: "To Peter Schwed, as always". Peter Schwed was Wodehouse's editor at Simon & Schuster. Wodehouse had also dedicated the US editions of Bertie Wooster Sees It Through, Author! Author!, and The Purloined Paperweight to Schwed.
References
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1973 British novels
Barrie & Jenkins books
Simon & Schuster books
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors%20Anonymous |
Luca Maria Gambardella (born 4 January 1962) is an Italian computer scientist and author. He is the former director of the Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research in Manno, in the Ticino canton of Switzerland.
With Marco Dorigo and others, he has published papers on the application of ant colony optimization theory to the traveling salesman problem and similar questions. Several of his papers have been extensively cited.
Beside working in research, Gambardella is also a novelist. The genres he approached broad from Bildungsroman of his first book "Sei vite" ("Six lives"), to romance of his second book "Il suono dell'alba" ("The sound of sunrise").
References
Gambardella
Gambardella
Machine learning researchers
Academic staff of the University of Lugano | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca%20Maria%20Gambardella |
Harry Emerson "Dad" Vail, was a rowing (crew) coach at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States. The Dad Vail Regatta, held annually in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is named in his honor.
Harry Emerson Vail was born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, Canada.
His career is traced in his obituary, which was published in the Wisconsin State Journal on October 8, 1928. It read:
Mr. Vail, aged 69, was the oldest crew coach in the U.S. at the time of his death. Jim Ten Eyck of Syracuse was the only one who exceeded "Dad" in age. Coach Vail was "Dad" to every boy who ever worked under him, and he was one of the most beloved figures on the university campus.
Coming to Wisconsin in 1911, Coach Vail almost won the Poughkeepsie title that year. Again in 1924, following a ten-year period in which the University of Wisconsin authorities refused to send the crew east, "Dad" took second, and his praises were sung from one end of the country to the other.
Deeply religious, "Dad" Vail was one of the few coaches taking crews to Poughkeepsie who refused to do any rowing on Sunday. Gradually, other coaches followed the lead of the Wisconsin mentor and until now it is quite unusual to see an eight swinging down the Hudson on Sunday.
Coach Vail was possessed of an inimitable sense of humor, and some of his stories will survive as long as eights with the long sweeps are propelled over Lake Mendota. As long as rowing is discussed, there will be those to tell of the feats of "Dad" Vail when he was one of the greatest single scullers in the world, of his uncanny ability in sizing up a crew, and of his flashes of biting sarcasm.
Previous to his work at Wisconsin, Coach Vail had been coach at Georgetown Prep, Ariel Boat Club, and Harvard. However, it was through his work at Wisconsin that Coach Vail became widely known.
He died in his native Canada.
External links
Biography
Year of birth missing
1928 deaths
Harvard Crimson rowing coaches
Wisconsin Badgers rowing coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Vail |
Hans J. "Tuna" Lund (September 23, 1950 – November 6, 2009) was an American professional poker player, based in Sparks, Nevada, who won two World Series of Poker (WSOP) bracelets, and was the runner-up at the 1990 WSOP Main Event.
Poker career
Lund began playing poker tournaments in 1977 and won a bracelet at the 1978 World Series of Poker (WSOP) in the $1,500 no limit hold'em event. A decade later he finished 2nd in the same event at the 1988 WSOP.
At the 1990 WSOP Lund was heads-up against Mansour Matloubi. On the decisive hand, he had a slight chip lead before the hand started, when with A-9 offsuit he called a pre-flop raise from Matloubi. He raised Matloubi's bet on the 9–4–2 flop; after deliberation, Matloubi moved all in with 10–10; Lund also deliberated, then called. An ace on the turn meant Lund only had to avoid the last two tens in the deck for the championship, but a ten came on the river. He eventually finished runner-up, with Matloubi taking the title.
He finished in the money of the Main Event in 1991 (19th), 1992 (3rd), 2006 (315th), and 2007 (319th).
Lund went on to win a second bracelet at the 1996 WSOP in the $1,500 Ace to Five Draw event.
In addition to his two bracelets, Lund won a Hall of Fame watch, the Super Bowl of Poker main event and the Best All-Around Player Award at the Diamond Jim Brady tournament.
Lund retired from playing tournaments on a regular basis in 1997. He often also competed in the yearly Club Cal Neva Horse Racing Championship in Reno, Nevada, winning this large event twice. Lund made a resurgence on the tournament circuit with two deep finishes at World Poker Tour events in 2007. He finished in 20th place at the L.A. Poker Classic, and 15th place at the Bay 101 Shooting Star. He also cashed in the 2006 and 2007 WSOP Main Events and in the 2006 Five-Diamond World Poker Classic championship event.
His total live tournament winnings exceeded $2,900,000, with his 22 cashes at the WSOP accounting for $1,079,504 of those winnings.
Lund died November 6, 2009 in Mound House, Nevada, at the age of 59, after a long battle with cancer. Lund's gravesite and marker is located in the cemetery at Dayton, Nevada
World Series of Poker bracelets
Notes
1950 births
2009 deaths
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Super Bowl of Poker event winners
Sportspeople from Sparks, Nevada
Deaths from cancer in Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Lund |
The Uncollected Wodehouse is a collection of early newspaper and magazine articles and short stories by P. G. Wodehouse. First published in the United States on October 18, 1976 by Seabury Press, New York City, it contains 14 short stories. Five of the stories had appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1914 collection The Man Upstairs, and all had previously appeared in UK periodicals between 1901 and 1915; some had also appeared in the U.S. Five short items are included from 1900–1906 UK magazines, ten from 1914–1919, and nine from the U.S. Vanity Fair magazine.
The collection was edited and introduced by David A. Jasen, with a foreword by Malcolm Muggeridge.
Contents
"When Papa Swore in Hindustani"
United Kingdom: Answers, August 24, 1901
According to David A. Jasen, this was the first of multiple sentimental stories that Wodehouse wrote specifically to please magazine editors. Wodehouse did not approve of the title of the story, which was chosen by the Answers staff. The story is very short and is six pages long in the first edition of the collection. For comparison, "The Good Angel" is 15 pages long and "The Man Upstairs" is 16 pages long.
"A Corner in Lines" (also published in the 1997 UK collection Tales of Wrykyn and Elsewhere)
UK: Pearson's, January 1905
"The Autograph Hunters" (also in Tales of Wrykyn and Elsewhere)
UK: Pearson's, February 1905 (as "The Autograph Hunter"; source for this book)
United States: Metropolitan, November 1922 (set in U.S. with some name changes and minor rewriting)
"Tom, Dick–and Harry" (also published in the 1993 UK collection Plum Stones)
UK: Grand, June 1905
According to Owen Dudley Edwards, "Tom, Dick–and Harry" was published in the 1909 anthology Twenty-Five Cricket Stories, and has a plot that is very similar to that of the Drones Club story "Tried in the Furnace". The story is ten pages long in the first edition of this collection.
"The Good Angel" (appears in The Man Upstairs collection)
UK: Strand, February 1910 (source for this book)
US: Cosmopolitan, February 1910 (relocated to the U.S., retitled "The Matrimonial Sweepstakes")
The Cosmopolitan story "The Matrimonial Sweepstakes", a reset and slightly lengthened version of "The Good Angel", marks the earliest mention of a Lord Emsworth.
"The Man Upstairs" (also in The Man Upstairs)
UK: Strand, March 1910 (source for this book)
US: Cosmopolitan, March 1910 (relocated to the U.S.)
"Misunderstood"
UK: Nash's, May 1910 (source for this book)
US: Burr McIntosh Monthly, May 1910 (longer version with U.S. setting)
"Misunderstood" is one of the shortest stories in The Uncollected Wodehouse, being eight pages long in the first edition of the collection.
"Pillingshot, Detective" (also in Tales of Wrykyn and Elsewhere)
UK: The Captain, September 1910
"When Doctors Disagree" (also in The Man Upstairs)
UK: Strand, December 1910 (source for this book)
US: Success, March 1911 (relocated to the U.S.)
"The Best Sauce"
UK: Strand, July 1911 (source for this book)
US: Pictorial Review, February 1913 (retitled "The Dinner of Herbs" with plot and name changes)
"The Best Sauce" was published in the Strand with illustrations by René Bull. The story is 15 pages long in the first edition of this collection.
"Pots o' Money" (also in The Man Upstairs)
UK: Strand, December 1911 (source for this book)
US: Metropolitan, February 1912 (set in U.S. with some name changes)
"Ruth in Exile" (also in The Man Upstairs)
UK: Strand, July 1912 (source for this book)
US: Ainslee's Magazine, August 1912 (with American characters in France and one name change)
"Death at the Excelsior" (also in Plum Stones, reprinted here from abridged text appearing in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, May 1978)
UK: Pearson's, December 1914 (original title: "The Education of Detective Oakes")
US: All-Story Cavalier Weekly, March 13, 1915 (longest of all versions, under the title "The Harmonica Mystery")
"The Harmonica Mystery" was also published in The Saint Detective Magazine (US) in June 1955. "Death at the Excelsior" is the longest story in The Uncollected Wodehouse and is 23 pages long in this collection.
"The Test Case" (also in Plum Stones; a Reggie Pepper story, book version shortened from U.S. magazine appearance)
UK: Pearson's, December 1915
US: Illustrated Sunday Magazine, December 12, 1915
Two of the "articles" collected by Jasen contain dialogue between fictional characters and thus may be considered short-short fiction: "An Unfinished Collection" from Punch, 17 September 1902 and "The Secret Pleasures of Reginald" from Vanity Fair, June 1915.
See also
A categorised list of Wodehouse's short stories
References
Notes
Sources
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with some details
Short story collections by P. G. Wodehouse
1976 short story collections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Uncollected%20Wodehouse |
Providence is a 1977 French/Swiss film directed by Alain Resnais from a screenplay by David Mercer. It explores the processes of creativity through a portrayal of an ageing novelist, played by John Gielgud, who imagines scenes for his latest novel which draw upon his past and his relationships with members of his family. The film won the 1978 César Award for Best Film.
Plot
On the eve of his 78th birthday, the ailing, alcoholic writer Clive Langham spends a painful and sleepless night mentally composing and recomposing scenes for a novel in which characters based on his own family are shaped by his fantasies and memories, alongside his caustic commentary on their behaviour. His son Claude appears as a cold and unforgiving prosecuting lawyer, who revels in spiteful repartee. His second (illegitimate) son Kevin features as an idealistic soldier accused of the mercy-killing of an old man who was being hunted down. Claude's wife Sonia shows sympathy with Kevin and seems eager to seduce him in protest at her husband's callousness. Clive also invents the character of Helen, as Claude's mistress, but she bears the features of Clive's dead wife Molly who committed suicide. Clive's imagination is also haunted by scenes of an autopsy on the corpse of an old man, a military round-up of elderly people who are detained in a sports stadium, and a dark tangled forest in which a hunted man metamorphoses into a werewolf. Before Clive loses consciousness, it is Kevin whom he sees as the werewolf in the forest; Claude shoots Kevin but seems to identify him with their father.
On the following day, Clive welcomes Claude, Sonia and Kevin (in reality an astrophysicist) for an idyllic birthday lunch in the sunlit garden of his country mansion, and their relationships are characterised by mutual affection and good humour, albeit with signs of self-restraint in deference to the occasion. After lunch, in what he seems to envisage as a final parting, Clive unexpectedly asks them all to leave without a word.
Cast
John Gielgud as Clive Langham. Gielgud described his role as "a very tough, Augustus John kind of character, drunk half the time, lying in bed drinking white wine and throwing bottles about, and roaring a lot of very coarse dialogue."
Dirk Bogarde as Claude Langham
Ellen Burstyn as Sonia Langham
David Warner as Kevin Langham / Kevin Woodford
Elaine Stritch as Helen Wiener
Cyril Luckham as Doctor Mark Eddington
Denis Lawson as Dave Woodford
Kathryn Leigh Scott as Miss Boon
Milo Sperber as Mr. Jenner
Anna Wing as Karen
Peter Arne as Nils
Tanya Lopert as Miss Lister
Production
The producer Klaus Hellwig suggested to Resnais that he should make a film with the British playwright David Mercer. The two men met in London and, overcoming the obstacle that neither of them spoke the language of the other fluently, they began a series of discussions of drafts and redraftings which extended over a year. Mercer's original idea concerned the situation of political prisoners held in a sports stadium, symbolising a world in collapse. Gradually the outline shifted to the imagination of an aging writer seeking the material for a novel. Resnais proposed making the whole film into a metaphor of creation and disintegration; he also made extensive alterations to the chronology of the scenes as written by Mercer.
The title of the film was also supplied by the producer, signifying both the name of the estate where the ageing novelist lives and also the controlling hand with which he arranges the fate of his characters. The name evoked further associations with the American city of Providence, the home of the fantasy writer H. P. Lovecraft whose gothic stories inspired some of the imagery in the film.
The original intention was to shoot the film in the United States in New England but for reasons of cost this became impracticable. Certain exterior scenes were filmed in Providence and in Albany in the US, while others were done in Brussels, Antwerp, and Louvain; these were used in conjunction with each other to form a composite cityscape for the background of certain scenes. Studio scenes were filmed in Paris. The final birthday party sequence was shot on location at the château de Montméry at Ambazac near Limoges. Filming took place between April and June 1976.
The set designs were created by Jacques Saulnier, a regular collaborator with Resnais, and he won a César award for his work. In order to create a funereal atmosphere, grey and dark shades predominated in the design and strong colours were excluded. Saulnier recalled that Resnais made him read Lovecraft in order to imbue Langham's house with the presence of death: "I imagined it like a family tomb". In some scenes (created in Clive Langham's imagination) the layout of a set changes between one shot and another (for instance, the door in the corner of a room in one shot appears at the bottom of a flight of stairs in another; a conversation between four characters alone in one scene continues in the midst of a party in the next). Some settings use a painted backdrop which has a deliberately theatrical appearance; one of them portrays a seascape in which artificial waves surge up among the painted rocks (achieved by blowing bursts of polystyrene foam pieces from beneath the set).
Providence was Resnais's first film in English, and a prestigious cast of British and American actors was engaged despite the restrictions on the budget. Resnais held a longstanding ambition to cast John Gielgud in a substantial film role, having seen him performing on stage, and was encouraged to approach him by Dirk Bogarde. Gielgud later described the project as "by far the most exciting film I have ever made", and noted the impressive calmness of Resnais throughout filming which made him "wonderful to work with". He also recalled the contribution made by Florence Malraux, Resnais's wife, who spoke fluent English and helped overcome the director's limitations in that respect. Resnais attached great importance to the interplay of vocal timbres of his principal actors, and he described how he thought of them as a Schubertian quintet: Ellen Burstyn a violin, Dirk Bogarde a piano, David Warner a viola, John Gielgud a cello, and Elaine Stritch a double bass.
The original intention had been to make the film in French, translating it from the English. Resnais however soon felt that it would not work in French: "I could hear it so clearly in English and anyway, Mercer's writing depended on the English inflection." The producers agreed, but insisted that there should also be a French version." The process of dubbing the completed work into French was undertaken with particular care: the voice actors included Claude Dauphin as Clive, François Périer as Claude, Gérard Depardieu as Kevin, Nelly Borgeaud as Sonia, and Suzanne Flon as Helen.
For the music Resnais turned to the Hungarian-born Hollywood composer Miklós Rózsa, whom he had admired especially for his work on the 1949 version of Madame Bovary. Rózsa later cited Resnais as one of the few directors in his experience who really understood the function of music in film. Soundtrack albums were eventually issued on LP and CD.
Themes
Resnais described the film as a "macabre divertissement", insisting that he wanted it to be funny despite the darkness of its themes. He also said that one of the questions which the film poses is whether we are the people we think we are or whether we become what others make of us in their judgments.
A central theme is the process of artistic creation: "[Providence] is a meta-film, a film about the making of films, a work of art about the fabricating of art works." Expanding this idea: "The film suggests some symbiotic relation between creator and created script.... The characters are [Clive's] creations, yet he speaks to them as if they were wilful children. Their status is ambiguous since they a composite: they are dream figures, created characters and also individuals who are part of Clive's proximate reality."
In counterpoint with creativity, the theme of death recurs constantly, not so much as a subject in itself but in Clive's struggle to avoid it: Resnais described the film as telling the story of the old writer's determination not to die, and his continual drinking and imagining are the evidence of his refusal to let go. As well as the funereal aspects of the decor and the scenes of autopsy, the repeated instances of metamorphosis of a character into a werewolf is linked to the advent of death, with the implication that the process of dying reduces man to animal. Clive also has an obsession that the young are trying to push him aside, to kill him, which he visualises in the scenes of the stadium/concentration camp where the old are rounded up by soldiers who are all young.
Other motifs which contribute to the mood of morbid anxiety are the military search parties and images of deportation, the helicopter surveillance, the sound of bombs and ambulance sirens, and the demolition of buildings.
As several writers about the film have observed, the opening sequence mirrors the beginning of Citizen Kane: the plaque outside the house, the camera closing in on a lighted doorway, the breaking of a glass object, the close-up of the lips of Clive as he curses. Whereas the personality of Kane is explored through the separate 'versions' of people who knew him, in Providence it is the central figure of Clive who draws the characters of the members of his family and gives a reflection of himself through them.
One of the thoughts on his own style of expression that was written for the character of Clive by David Mercer has been noted by many critics as especially applicable to Resnais himself. Citing a criticism of his own creative work that the pursuit of style has often resulted in a lack of feeling, Clive then argues back that "Style is feeling—in its most elegant and economic expression."
Reception and influence
In France the press response to Providence at the time of its release (and again at its re-release in 1983) was overwhelmingly enthusiastic. Many argued that it was a film of great cultural importance, and a highlight in Resnais's career. The film went on to win seven prizes at the César awards, including Best Film and Best Director.
By contrast, reviewers in the United States were predominantly hostile to the film. Vincent Canby in The New York Times called it a "disastrously ill-chosen comedy" and "a lot of fuss and fake feathers about nothing"; he found the script pretentious and the structure complicated without being complex. For John Simon in New York it was an "unmitigated disaster" in which he criticised almost every aspect with the exception of John Gielgud's performance. Pauline Kael wrote a 2000 word review in The New Yorker which found fault with the contradictory structure, the stilted language, the artificiality of the acting, and the glacial directorial style of the film before concluding that all it amounted to was "the pain of a 'clever' English play". A short notice in Variety took a different view, referring to "an unusual visual tour-de-force ... offering dense insights into the flights of imagination of a supposedly dying writer".
In the UK, the film received a more varied reception, and it had a successful box-office run in London. David Robinson writing in The Times was troubled by the quality of the writing: "Resnais's visual creations ... seem very flimsily supported on the frame of David Mercer's script ... the writing, again, is self-conscious, stiffly literary. The dialogue is formal, and artificial ... And the pretensions of the text only increase suspicion that it is not about very much at all." A non-judgmental review in the Monthly Film Bulletin emphasised the many layers of thematic cross-reference both within the film and beyond it, with echoes of other work written by David Mercer and elements from other films as well as the occasional interleaving of European and American landscapes. Gilbert Adair in Sight & Sound contrasted David Mercer's excessively literal script in which "nothing is left unstated" with the extent of the personal mythology and fantasy which Resnais was able to introduce into the film; he found the work enriched by its anti-naturalistic devices such as the gaffes in continuity which emerge in Clive's plotting of his novel and the exchange of voices of the characters, as well as by the disjunctive appearances of a clownish footballer in inappropriate scenes; and despite certain reservations he concluded that "the dream cast perform together superbly". A specific criticism of one aspect of the film appeared in a comment column of the British Medical Journal, where it was argued that the inclusion of scenes of a post-mortem on a corpse (accurate but unsparing) was "undignified and uncivilised and ought to be condemned" because the audience was not prepared for them and they were unnecessary to the plot.
Retrospective evaluations of Providence have generally been more positive than the contemporary ones. In the Oxford History of World Cinema it is described as "a magisterial and deeply moving incursion into the fantasies of a dying man". For the critic Jonathan Rosenbaum, "The superb performances and Miklós Rózsa's sumptuous Hollywood-style score give the film's conceit a moving monumentality and depth, and Resnais' insights into the fiction-making process are mesmerising and beautiful." The artist Tacita Dean cited Providence as her favourite film, saying that "it deals effortlessly with the problems of enacting the fantasies of a writer’s imagination. It mixes places and time within single sequences to create an uncanny sense of dislocation but its brilliance is its leanness – not a single moment of excess."
One of the aspects of the film which has generated most comment and disagreement is the interpretation of the two-part structure and to what extent one of them represents 'deception' and the other 'truth'. For Pauline Kael, the 'imagined' part and the 'real' part contradict each other because either they cannot both be true or else they are not both relevant. Others have found different grounds for criticism, arguing that the final 'real' section represents a compromise and a concession to conventional cinema, a denial of all the bold experimentation of the previous four-fifths of the film. Alain Robbe-Grillet, writer of the screenplay for Resnais's earlier exploration of imagination and recollection, L'Année dernière à Marienbad, was one of those who disapproved of the final section. An alternative view is that the final lyrical section of the birthday party does not present a definitive picture of the family as they really are, but rather another perspective on them in the puzzle which Clive – both as writer and as father – is trying to solve. As one critic has expressed it: The second part of the film supplements the first by altering its effect, by denying its sometimes hostile paranoid proof but not by eradicating these altogether. The parts of the film open Providence up as a series of reflecting realities which, wound together, may offer something of the hesitance and doubt of mental process. In this sense, Providence may be seen as a precursor to the work of David Lynch in films such as Lost Highway (1997) and Mulholland Drive (2001).Providence received five top-10 votes (three from critics and two from directors) in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made.
Awards and nominations
Bodil Awards (Denmark)
Won: Best European Film
César Awards (France)
Won: Best Director (Alain Resnais)
Won: Best Editing (Albert Jurgenson)
Won: Best Film
Won: Best Music (Miklós Rózsa)
Won: Best Production Design (Jacques Saulnier)
Won: Best Sound (René Magnol and Jacques Maumont)
Won: Best Writing (David Mercer)
Nominated: Best Cinematography (Ricardo Aronovich)
French Syndicate of Cinema Critics (France)
Won: Best Film
New York Film Critics (USA)
Won: Best Actor (John Gielgud)
Valladolid Film Festival (Spain)
Won: Golden Spike (Alain Resnais)
References
External links
Films directed by Alain Resnais
1977 films
Swiss drama films
1970s English-language films
Best Film César Award winners
Films whose director won the Best Director César Award
Films scored by Miklós Rózsa
French drama films
English-language French films
English-language Swiss films
1970s French films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence%20%281977%20film%29 |
Sentence spacing concerns how spaces are inserted between sentences in typeset text and is a matter of typographical convention. Since the introduction of movable-type printing in Europe, various sentence spacing conventions have been used in languages with a Latin alphabet. These include a normal word space (as between the words in a sentence), a single enlarged space, and two full spaces.
Until the 20th century, publishing houses and printers in many countries used additional space between sentences. There were exceptions to this traditional spacing method—some printers used spacing between sentences that was no wider than word spacing. This was French spacing—a term synonymous with single-space sentence spacing until the late 20th century. With the introduction of the typewriter in the late 19th century, typists used two spaces between sentences to mimic the style used by traditional typesetters. While wide sentence spacing was phased out in the printing industry in the mid-20th century, the practice continued on typewriters and later on computers. Perhaps because of this, many modern sources now incorrectly claim that wide spacing was created for the typewriter.
The desired or correct sentence spacing is often debated, but most sources now state that an additional space is not necessary or desirable. From around 1950, single sentence spacing became standard in books, magazines, and newspapers, and the majority of style guides that use a Latin-derived alphabet as a language base now prescribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding punctuation of a sentence. However, some sources still state that additional spacing is correct or acceptable. Some people preferred double sentence spacing because that was how they were taught to type. The few direct studies conducted since 2002 have produced inconclusive results as to which convention is more readable.
History
Traditional typesetting
Shortly after the invention of movable type, highly variable spacing was created, which could create spaces of any size and allowed for perfectly even justification. Early American, English, and other European typesetters' style guides (also known as printers' rules) specified spacing standards that were all essentially identical from the 18th century onwards. These guides—e.g., Jacobi in the UK (1890) and MacKellar, Harpel, and De Vinne (1866–1901) in the U.S.—indicated that sentences should be em-spaced, and that words should be 1/3 or 1/2 em-spaced. The relative size of the sentence spacing would vary depending on the size of the word spaces and the justification needs. For most countries, this remained the standard for published work until the 20th century. Yet, even in this period, there were publishing houses that used a standard word space between sentences.
Mechanical type and the advent of the typewriter
Mechanical type systems introduced near the end of the 19th century, such as the Linotype and Monotype machines, allowed for some variable sentence spacing similar to hand composition. Just as these machines revolutionized the mass production of text, the advent of the typewriter around the same time revolutionized the creation of personal and business documents. But the typewriters' mechanical limitations did not allow variable spacing—typists could only choose the number of times they pressed the space bar. Typists in some English-speaking countries initially learned to insert three spaces between sentences to approximate the wider sentence spacing used in traditional printing, but later settled on two spaces, a practice that continued throughout the 20th century. This became known as English spacing and marked a divergence from French typists, who continued to use French spacing.
Transition to single spacing
In the early 20th century, some printers began using one and a half interword spaces (an "en quad") to separate sentences. This standard continued in use, to some extent, into the 1990s.
Magazines, newspapers, and books began to adopt the single-space convention in the United States in the 1940s and in the United Kingdom in the 1950s. Typists did not move to single spacing simultaneously.
Technological advances began affecting sentence spacing methods. In 1941, IBM introduced the Executive, a typewriter capable of proportional spacing, which had been used in professional typesetting for hundreds of years. This innovation broke the hold that the monospaced font had on the typewriter, reducing the severity of its mechanical limitations. However, this innovation did not spread throughout the typewriter industry; the majority of mechanical typewriters, including all of the widely distributed models, remained monospaced, while a small minority of special models carried the innovations. By the 1960s, electronic phototypesetting systems ignored runs of white space in text. This was also true for the World Wide Web, as HTML normally ignores additional spacing, although in 2011 the CSS 2.1 standard officially added an option that can preserve additional spaces. In the 1980s, desktop publishing software provided the average writer with more advanced formatting tools.
Modern literature
Typography
Early positions on typography (the "arrangement and appearance of text") supported traditional spacing techniques in English publications. In 1954, Geoffrey Dowding's book Finer Points in the Spacing and Arrangement of Type underscored the widespread shift from a single enlarged em space to a standard word space between sentences.
With the advent of the computer age, typographers began deprecating double spacing, even in monospaced text. In 1989, Desktop Publishing by Design stated that "typesetting requires only one space after periods, question marks, exclamation points, and colons" and identified single sentence spacing as a typographic convention. Stop Stealing Sheep & Find Out How Type Works (1993) and Designing with Type: The Essential Guide to Typography (2006) both indicate that uniform spacing should be used between words, including between sentences.
More recent works on typography weigh in strongly. Ilene Strizver, founder of the Type Studio, says: "Forget about tolerating differences of opinion: typographically speaking, typing two spaces before the start of a new sentence is absolutely, unequivocally wrong." The Complete Manual on Typography (2003) states that "The typewriter tradition of separating sentences with two-word spaces after a period has no place in typesetting" and that the single space is "standard typographic practice". The Elements of Typographic Style (2004) advocates a single space between sentences, noting that "your typing as well as your typesetting will benefit from unlearning this quaint [double spacing] Victorian habit".
David Jury's book About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography (2004)—published in Switzerland—clarifies the contemporary typographic position on sentence spacing:
Word spaces, preceding or following punctuation, should be optically adjusted to appear to be of the same value as a standard word space. If a standard word space is inserted after a full point or a comma, then, optically, this produces a space of up to 50% wider than that of other word spaces within a line of type. This is because these punctuation marks carry space above them, which, when added to the adjacent standard word spaces, combines to create a visually larger space. Some argue that the "additional" space after a comma and full point serves as a "pause signal" for the reader. But this is unnecessary (and visually disruptive) since the pause signal is provided by the punctuation mark itself.
Style and language guides
Style guides
Early style guides for typesetting used a wider space between sentences than between words—"traditional spacing", as shown in the illustration to the right. During the 20th century, style guides commonly mandated two spaces between sentences for typewritten manuscripts, which were used prior to professionally typesetting the work. As computer desktop publishing became commonplace, typewritten manuscripts became less relevant and most style guides stopped making distinctions between manuscripts and final typeset products. In the same period, style guides began changing their guidance on sentence spacing. The 1969 edition of the Chicago Manual of Style used em spaces between sentences in its text; by the 2003 edition it had changed to single sentence spacing for both manuscript and print. By the 1980s, the United Kingdom's Hart's Rules (1983) had shifted to single sentence spacing. Other style guides followed suit in the 1990s. Soon after the beginning of the 21st century, the majority of style guides had changed to indicate that only one word space was proper between sentences.
Modern style guides provide standards and guidance for the written language. These works are important to writers, since "virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication". Late editions of comprehensive style guides, such as the Oxford Style Manual (2003) in the United Kingdom and the Chicago Manual of Style (2010) in the United States, provide standards for a wide variety of writing and design topics, including sentence spacing. The majority of style guides now prescribe the use of a single space after terminal punctuation in final written works and publications. A few style guides allow double sentence spacing for draft work, and the Gregg Reference Manual makes room for double and single sentence spacing based on author preferences. Web design guides do not usually provide guidance on this topic, as "HTML refuses to recognize double spaces altogether". These works themselves follow the current publication standard of single sentence spacing.
The European Union's Interinstitutional Style Guide (2008) indicates that single sentence spacing is to be used in all European Union publications—encompassing 23 languages. For the English language, the European Commission's English Style Guide (2010) states that sentences are always single-spaced. The Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers (2007), first published in 1966 by the Commonwealth Government Printing Office of Australia, stipulates that only one space is used after "sentence-closing punctuation" and that "Programs for word processing and desktop publishing offer more sophisticated, variable spacing, so this practice of double spacing is now avoided because it can create distracting gaps on a page."
National languages not covered by an authoritative language academy typically have multiple style guides, only some of which may discuss sentence spacing. This is the case in the United Kingdom. The Oxford Style Manual (2003) and the Modern Humanities Research Association's MHRA Style Guide (2002) state that only single spacing should be used. In Canada, both the English- and French-language sections of the Canadian Style, A Guide to Writing and Editing (1997), prescribe single sentence spacing. In the United States, many style guides—such as the Chicago Manual of Style (2003)—allow only single sentence spacing. The most important style guide in Italy, (2009), does not address sentence spacing, but the (2010), the official guide for Microsoft translation, tells users to use single sentence spacing "instead of the double spacing used in the United States".
Language guides
Some languages, such as French and Spanish, have academies that set language rules. Their publications typically address orthography and grammar as opposed to matters of typography. Style guides are less relevant for such languages, as their academies set prescriptive rules. For example, the publishes the for French speakers worldwide. The 1992 edition does not provide guidance on sentence spacing, but is single-sentence-spaced throughout—consistent with historical French spacing. The Spanish language is similar. The most important body within the Association of Spanish Language Academies, the Royal Spanish Academy, publishes the , which is viewed as prescriptive for the Spanish language worldwide. The 2001 edition does not provide sentence-spacing guidance, but is itself single-sentence-spaced. The German language manual ("Recommendations of the Council for German Orthography"; 2006) does not address sentence spacing. The manual itself uses one space after terminal punctuation. Additionally, the Duden, the German-language dictionary most commonly used in Germany, indicates that double sentence spacing is an error.
Grammar guides
A few reference grammars address sentence spacing, as increased spacing between words is punctuation in itself. Most do not. Grammar guides typically cover terminal punctuation and the proper construction of sentences—but not the spacing between sentences. Moreover, many modern grammar guides are designed for quick reference and refer users to comprehensive style guides for additional matters of writing style. For example, the Pocket Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Punctuation (2005) points users to style guides such as the MLA Style Manual for consistency in formatting work and for all other "editorial concerns". The Grammar Bible (2004) states that "The modern system of English punctuation is by no means simple. A book that covers all the bases would need to be of considerable breadth and weight and anyone interested in such a resource is advised to consult the Chicago Manual of Style."
Computer era
In the computer era, spacing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages. Some systems accept whatever the user types, while others attempt to alter the spacing or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences. Computer-based word processors and typesetting software such as troff and TeX allow users to arrange text in a manner previously only available to professional typesetters.
The text-editing environment in Emacs uses a double space following a period to identify the end of sentences unambiguously; the double-space convention prevents confusion with periods within sentences that signify abbreviations. How Emacs recognizes the end of a sentence is controlled by the settings sentence-end-double-space and sentence-end.
The Unix typesetter program Troff uses two spaces to mark the end of a sentence. This allows the typesetter to distinguish sentence endings from abbreviations and to typeset them differently. Early versions of Troff, which only typeset in fixed-width fonts, would automatically add a second space between sentences, which were detected based on the combination of terminal punctuation and a line feed.
In the April 2020 update, Microsoft Word started highlighting two spaces after a period as an error and offers a correction of one space.
Multiple spaces are eliminated by default in most World Wide Web content, whether or not they are associated with sentences. There are options for preserving spacing, such as the CSS white-space property, and the <pre> tag.
Controversy
James Felici, author of the Complete Manual of Typography, says that the topic of sentence spacing is "the debate that refuses to die ... In all my years of writing about type, it's still the question I hear most often, and a search of the web will find threads galore on the subject."
Many people are opposed to single sentence spacing for various reasons. Some state that the habit of double spacing is too deeply ingrained to change. Others claim that additional space between sentences improves the aesthetics or readability of text. Proponents of double sentence spacing also state that some publishers may still require double-spaced manuscript submissions from authors. A key example noted is the screenwriting industry's monospaced standard for screenplay manuscripts, Courier, 12-point font, although some works on screenwriting indicate that Courier is merely preferred—proportional fonts may be used. Some reliable sources state simply that writers should follow their particular style guide, but proponents of double spacing caution that publishers' guidance takes precedence, including those that ask for double-sentence-spaced manuscripts.
One of the most popular arguments against wider sentence spacing is that it was created for monospaced fonts of the typewriter and is no longer needed with modern proportional fonts.
However, proportional fonts existed together with wide sentence spacing for centuries before the typewriter and remained for decades after its invention. When the typewriter was first introduced, typists were most commonly taught to use three spaces between sentences. This gradually shifted to two spaces, while the print industry remained unchanged in its wide em-spaced sentences. Some sources now state it is acceptable for monospaced fonts to be single-spaced today, although other references continue to specify double spacing for monospaced fonts. The double-space typewriter convention has been taught in schools in typing classes and remains the practice in many cases. Some voice concern that students will later be forced to relearn how to type.
Most style guides indicate that single sentence spacing is proper for final or published work today, and most publishers require manuscripts to be submitted as they will appear in publication—with single sentence spacing. Writing sources typically recommend that prospective authors remove extra spaces before submitting manuscripts, although other sources state that publishers will use software to remove the spaces before final publication.
Effects on readability and legibility
Claims abound regarding the legibility and readability of the single and double sentence spacing methods—by proponents on both sides. Supporters of single spacing assert that familiarity with the current standard in books, magazines, and the Web enhances readability, that double spacing looks strange in text using proportional fonts, and that the "rivers" and "holes" caused by double spacing impair readability. Proponents of double sentence spacing state that the extra space between sentences enhances readability by providing clearer breaks between sentences and making text appear more legible.
However, typographic opinions are typically anecdotal with no basis in evidence. "Opinions are not always safe guides to legibility of print", and when direct studies are conducted, anecdotal opinions—even those of experts—can turn out to be false. Text that seems legible (visually pleasing at first glance) may be shown to actually impair reading effectiveness when subjected to scientific study.
Studies
Direct studies on sentence spacing include those by Loh, Branch, Shewanown, and Ali (2002); and Clinton, Branch, Holschuh, and Shewanown (2003); with results favoring neither single, double, nor triple spacing. The 2002 study tested participants' reading speed for passages of on-screen text with single and double sentence spacing. The authors stated that "the 'double space group' consistently took longer time to finish than the 'single space' group" but concluded that "there was not enough evidence to suggest that a significant difference exists". The 2003 study analyzed on-screen single, double, and triple spacing. In both cases, the authors stated that there was insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion. Ni, Branch, Chen, and Clinton conducted a similar study in 2009 using identical spacing variables. The authors concluded that the "results provided insufficient evidence that time and comprehension differ significantly among different conditions of spacing between sentences". A 2018 study of 60 students found that those who used two word spaces between sentences read the same text 3 percent faster than with a monospaced font (Courier New).
Related studies
There are other studies that could be relevant to sentence spacing, such as the familiarity of typographic conventions on readability. Some studies indicate that "tradition" can increase the readability of text, and that reading is disrupted when conventional printing arrangements are disrupted or violated. The standard for the Web and published books, magazines, and newspapers is single sentence spacing.
David Jury's book What is Typography? notes, "Changes in spacing either between letters and words, or between the words only ... do not appear to affect legibility. [These rather extraordinary conclusions are contrary to all other surveys on readability of texts.]"
A widespread observation is that increased sentence spacing creates "rivers" or "holes" within text, making it visually unattractive, distracting, and difficult to locate the end of sentences. Comprehensive works on typography describe the negative effect on readability caused by inconsistent spacing, which is supported in a 1981 study which found that "comprehension was significantly less accurate with the river condition." Another 1981 study on Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays concluded that "more densely packed text is read more efficiently … than is more loosely packed text." This statement is supported in other works as well. Canadian typographer Geoffrey Dowding suggests possible explanations of this phenomenon:A carefully composed text page appears as an orderly series of strips of black separated by horizontal channels of white space. Conversely, in a slovenly setting the tendency is for the page to appear as a grey and muddled pattern of isolated spats, this effect being caused by the over-widely separated words. The normal, easy, left-to-right movement of the eye is slowed down simply because of this separation; further, the short letters and serifs are unable to discharge an important function – that of keeping the eye on "the line". The eye also tends to be confused by a feeling of vertical emphasis, that is, an up & down movement, induced by the relative isolation of the words & consequent insistence of the ascending and descending letters. This movement is further emphasized by those "rivers" of white which are the inseparable & ugly accompaniment of all carelessly set text matter.Some studies suggest that readability can be improved by breaking sentences into separate units of thought—or varying the internal spacing of sentences. Mid-20th century research on this topic resulted in inconclusive findings. A 1980 study split sentences into 1–5 word phrases with additional spacing between segments. The study concluded that there was no significant difference in efficacy, but that a wider study was needed. Numerous other similar studies in 1951–1991 resulted in disparate and inconclusive findings. Finally, although various studies have been conducted on the readability of proportional vs. monospaced fonts, the studies typically did not decrease sentence spacing when using proportional fonts, or did not specify whether sentence spacing was changed.
See also
Leading
Scriptio continua
Notes and references
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Punctuation
Typography
Whitespace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence%20spacing |
Minera (; ) is a village and community in Wrexham County Borough, Wales. It adjoins the village of Coedpoeth.
The community, which in addition to Minera village includes a number of smaller hamlets such as Gwynfryn and New Brighton and large areas of farmland, had a total population of 1,608 at the 2001 census, increasing slightly to 1,617 at the 2011 Census.
History
The name Minera has an unusual source, being derived from the low Latin for "mine" or "ore". This name was recorded as early as 1339. The parallel Welsh name Mwynglawdd translates roughly as "ore mine".
In common with many Welsh settlements, Minera did not develop as a compact 'village' in the English understanding of the word until the 19th century. Under the manorial administration imposed after the mediaeval English conquest of Wales, Minera existed as a manor and township within the Lordship of Bromfield. Unlike many of the surrounding manors, such as Esclusham, Eglwysegle and Ruabon, land tenure within Minera was mostly servile, rather than free.
The history of Minera is closely related to that of its lead mines. Although earlier use, dating back perhaps as far as the Roman occupation, has been suggested, the first clear documentary evidence of the industry appears during the reign of Edward I, when miners from Minera were sent to Cornwall to help develop the tin mining industry. Extraction of lead and coal was later joined by the quarrying of silica stone and limestone, with three lime kilns being recorded in operation at Minera Mill in 1620. Further industrial development took place in the 19th century. The lead mines expanded under the guidance of engineer John Taylor and the Minera Limeworks came into operation, while a branch of the North Wales Mineral Railway was built in 1844 to serve the area.
Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north to Broughton and at the 2011 Census had a population of 2,472.
Churches
There is thought to have been a "chapel of ease" to Wrexham parish church as early as 1577: built of wood, it was successively rebuilt in 1728-33 and 1815. The growing population of the area meant that Minera (previously a township of the parish of Wrexham) was created as a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1844. In 1864-5 the old church, which had become dilapidated, was demolished and a new church built to designs by Kennedy and Rogers of Bangor, preserving the outlines and interior of the old building. Minera's first Wesleyan Methodist chapel was built in 1804; it was originally named Minera Chapel, but in 1859, it was renamed Pen-y-Bryn.
Recent history
The lead and zinc mining industry declined in the early years of the 20th century, the mines finally closing in 1914 (the engine house of the Meadow Shaft remained standing in a derelict condition until the early 1990s, when it was restored). Despite the loss of its traditional industries the village of Minera expanded rapidly in the period after World War II, thanks to the construction of council housing estates.
The civil parish of Minera, whose boundaries approximated those of the old township of Minera, was replaced by the community of Minera under the terms of the Local Government Act 1972; the records of the old Minera Parish Council are held in the Denbighshire Record Office.
Football
Reports exist of the short-lived Minera Rovers and Minera Victoria contesting the Welsh Amateur Cup in 1890 and 1891. By 1898 another local team, Minera St Marys, had joined the Denbighshire League. Minera St Marys only lasted one season in this competition, taking on the fixtures of Cerney Swifts and finishing second from bottom.
Whilst other Minera teams existed, none competed in any recognised leagues again until 1981 when Minera joined Welsh National League Wrexham Area Division 4. The team spent three seasons in Division 4 before finishing third in 1984 and gaining promotion to Welsh National League Wrexham Area Division 2 (formerly Division 3, renamed in 1984 following introduction of Premier Division). Minera stayed in this division until 1990 when they folded.
References
External links
BBC Wales mini-site.
Minera History
photos of Minera and surrounding area on geograph
Villages in Wrexham County Borough
Communities in Wrexham County Borough
The Lordship of Bromfield and Yale
Wards of Wrexham County Borough | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minera |
The King Cetshwayo Artillery Regiment (formerly the Natal Field Artillery) is an reserve artillery regiment of the South African Army.
History
The Natal Field Artillery was raised in 1862 as part of the Durban Volunteer Guard, and later became a unit in its own right.
The regiment took part in the Second Anglo-Boer War and the South African invasion of German South-West Africa during the First World War.
Although artillery units in the South African Army do not usually receive battle honours, the NFA was awarded the honour
"South-West Africa 1915."
During the Second World War, the regiment formed part of the 2nd South African Division and was captured during the fall of Tobruk, part of the Western Desert campaign in North Africa fighting Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps. This occurred in a series of engagements called the Battle of Gazala. One of these engagements was Rommel's attack against Allied forces near Tobruk was on 13 June 1942. The 21st Panzer Division attacked South African positions on Rigel Ridge in the middle of a sandstorm. This was the 6th South African Anti-tank battery of the 2nd field regiment. The South African gunners kept firing until all their guns were destroyed, allowing the withdrawal of other Allied formations. The guns were commanded individually and fired at the Panzers over open sights. The German tanks took up positions behind the ridge with anti-tank guns placed between them. The Germans put down a devastating fire onto the South African positions. One of the columns of Panzers attacked them from the rear, surrounding them and cutting off all escape. Nevertheless, the gunners kept firing until all eight guns had been destroyed. About half the gun detachments were killed and wounded, including the battery commander and many officers. When the battery had been silenced, the enemy tanks approached cautiously and the South African gunners were made prisoners. The entire Natal Field Artillery Regiment was captured and would not be re-formed until after the war. On that day the Germans captured over 3,000 Allied prisoners.
After the Second World War, the regiment eventually became attached to the 84 Motorised Brigade of the 8th South African Armoured Division.
Other names
From 1913 to 1926, the NFA was designated the 7th Citizen Battery (NFA). From 1926 to 1932, it was the 2nd Citizen Battery (NFA). During the Second World War, it was the 2nd Field Regiment (NFA).
From 1960 to 1968, the regiment was affiliated to the University of Natal and was called the Natal University Regiment.
In August 2019, 52 Reserve Force units had their names changed to reflect the diverse military history of South Africa. The Natal Field Artillery became the King Cetshwayo Artillery Regiment, and have 3 years to design and implement new regimental insignia.
Leadership
Regimental insignia
Freedom of the City
The regiment was awarded the Freedom of Durban on 28 September 1962, the Freedom of Pietermaritzburg on 29 September 1962 and the Freedom of eMnambithi / Ladysmith on 2 July 2011.
References
Artillery regiments of South Africa
Military units and formations in Durban
Military units and formations established in 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Cetshwayo%20Artillery%20Regiment |
Iporá is a municipality in west-central Goiás state, Brazil. The population is around 31,499 (2020) in a total area of 1,026.4 km² (10/10/2002). It is known as the City of the Clear Waters because of its many streams and rivers.
Location
Iporá is the center of the Iporá Microregion, in the Goiás West Region. The distance to the state capital, Goiânia, is 225 km. and connections are made by highway GO-060 passing through / Trindade / Turvânia / Firminópolis /Nazário / São Luís dos Montes Belos Israelândia.
The municipal boundaries in the north are with Diorama, Jaupaci and Israelândia; in the south with Amorinópolis and Ivolândia; in the east with Moiporá and Ivolândia; and in the west with Arenópolis.
Geography and climate
There are low mountains: Serra do Caiapó, Serra dos Pilões, Serra do Rio Claro, and Morro do Macaco, where there are deposits of nickel.
The region has a tropical climate, hot and semi-moist, with two well defined seasons: humid, from October to March, with torrential rains, corresponding to spring and summer and known as the season of the waters; and dry, from April to September, corresponding to autumn and winter, known as the dry season. The temperature varies between the average minimum of 18 °C and the average maximum of 31 °C. Annual rainfall is 1,500 milliliters.
Districts, Villages, and Hamlets
Hamlets: Cocalândia, Cruzeirinho and Jacinópolis
Political and Demographic Data
Eligible voters: 23,813 (11/2007)
Mayor: Naçoitan Leite
Vice-mayor: Maysa Cunha
Councilmembers: 11
Population growth rate 2000/2007: -0.11.%
Population in 1980: 27,248
Population in 2007: 31,060
Urban population in 2007: 28,316
Rural population in 2007: 2,744 (Sepin)
Economy
Commerce is the main economic activity with over 458 enterprises registered (2007). Cattle raising is also important with 92,000 head registered. The dairy industry (16,000 milking cows) is especially vibrant with three milk companies operating in the region. In addition there is a large poultry industry with 70,000 birds registered in 2006. The main agricultural products were corn (1,300 hectares), manioc, rice, bananas, and soy beans (1,000 hectares).
Economic Data
Industrial units: 59 (06/2007)
Retail units: 458 (2007)
Banking institutions: - Banco do Brasil S.A. - BRADESCO S.A. - Banco Itaú S.A. - CEF - (08/2007)
Dairies: Laticínios Morrinhos Ind. e Com. Ltda.; - Laticínios Caetano Ltda (08/2007)
Industrial zone: Distrito Agroindustrial - DAIPO (Jan/2005)
GDP (PIB)(R$1,000.00): 157,759 (2005)
Motor Vehicles
Automobiles: 4,526
Pickup trucks: 1,146
Number of inhabitants per motor vehicle: 5.4
There were 5,781 motorcycles and motorbikes in the city in 2007.
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 1,002
Total area: 84,199 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 134 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 2,051 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 68,057 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 12,073 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 2,700
Farms with tractors: 94
Number of tractors: 120
Cattle herd: 92,000 head IBGE
Main crops in hectares 2006
Rice: 250
Banana: 34
Sugarcane: 10
Coconut: 9
Manioc: 300
Corn: 1,200
Soybeans: 1,000
Sorghum: 220
Education and Health
Literacy rate: 87.5%
Infant mortality rate: 17.12 in 1,000 live births
Schools: 33 (2007)
Students: 9,145
Higher education: UEG (Goiás University State), IFGO (Goiano Federal Institute), FAI (Iporá College).
Hospitals: 05 (02/2007)
Hospital beds: 203
(Sepin)
Municipal Human Development Index: 0.780
State ranking: 32 (out of 442 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 1,074 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)
For the complete list see Frigoletto.com.br
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
External links
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipor%C3%A1 |
Bartolomé Guillermo Blanche Espejo (June 6, 1879 – June 10, 1970) was a Chilean military officer and provisional president of Chile in 1932.
Life
He was born in La Serena, Coquimbo Region, where he completed his early studies. Later, he was accepted at the military academy. He had a very successful military career and was promoted to brigadier general in 1927.
Politics
In 1932, he became interior minister in the provisional government of Carlos Dávila. After the latter's resignation, he became provisional president on September 13, 1932. Nonetheless, the Antofagasta coup d'état of September 27, 1932, followed by the uprising of the army garrison of Concepción, forced him to resign less than a month later, on October 3.
He was replaced by Abraham Oyanedel, president of the Supreme Court of Justice.
External links
Official biography
Bibliography:
Remembranzas del General Bartolome Blanche Espejo. . (2008)
1879 births
1970 deaths
People from La Serena
Heads of state of Chile
Chilean Ministers of the Interior
Chilean Ministers of Defense
Chilean Army generals
Chilean people of French descent
Liceo Gregorio Cordovez alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9%20Blanche |
Jón Rói Jacobsen (born 7 April 1983) is a former Faroese football defender.
Club career
Once hailed as Faroese most promising football talent, Jacobsen started his career as a striker for HB Torshavn, scoring 12 goals in the 2002 league season to end up 3rd in that seasons' goalscorers chart. His versatility gave him the chance to play in the Danish league, where he played for Brøndby IF and BK Frem before signing up for AaB Aalborg in 2006. He moved back to BK Frem in July 2008 with the hope to have more playing chances.
International career
Jacobsen made his debut for the Faroese national team in a June 2001 World Cup qualifying match against Switzerland, coming on as a substitute for Uni Arge. He collected 36 caps in total. In 2008, 25-year-old Jacobsen retired from professional football, to fully concentrate on his medical studies in Copenhagen.
Honours
Individual
Boldklubben Frem Player of the Year (1) : 2005
References
External links
Boldklubben Frem profile
1983 births
Living people
Faroese men's footballers
Faroe Islands men's international footballers
Brøndby IF players
Boldklubben Frem players
AaB Fodbold players
Danish Superliga players
Men's association football defenders
Havnar Bóltfelag players
Faroe Islands men's youth international footballers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n%20R%C3%B3i%20Jacobsen |
Lace is an American television miniseries, based on the 1982 novel of the same name by author Shirley Conran. The series aired on ABC on February 26–27, 1984. The plot concerns the search by film star Lili (Phoebe Cates) for her natural mother, who surrendered her for adoption as a newborn. Lace was one of the highest-rated television movies of the 1983–84 television season.
Lili's line "Incidentally, which one of you bitches is my mother?", addressed to her three maternal candidates — Pagan Trelawney (Brooke Adams), Judy Hale (Bess Armstrong) and Maxine Pascal (Arielle Dombasle) — was named the best line in television history by TV Guide in its 1993 issue celebrating 40 years of television.
Plot
The story opens circa 1980 at an abandoned chateau in the Swiss Alps, once a prestigious boarding school, L'Hirondelle. Internationally famous film siren, Lili, travels from there to a private meeting with the elderly Hortense Boutin, whom Lili knows was paying money on behalf of one of the school's students to a family which adopted the student's illegitimate child. Lili is the child, now grown up.
The story flashes back to 1960, introducing schoolgirls Pagan Trelawney, Judy Hale, and Maxine Pascal. Each becomes entangled with a man – Pagan with Prince Abdullah of Sydon, Judy with banker Nick Cliffe, and Maxine with ice hockey player Pierre Boursal. All three romances fail, but one of the women becomes pregnant. Knowing it means ruin for the unwed mother, the three make a pact to protect her identity. All three present themselves to the local doctor, Dr. Geneste, and he agrees to assist in having the child adopted. When the doctor discovers the identity of the mother-to-be, he says, "Of the three of you, you are the one I least suspected." The child, Elizabeth Lace, is born on November 17, 1960. The mother's birth name is recorded as Lucinda Lace.
An attempt by the school's headmaster Monsieur Chardin to expel the girls is thwarted when they unearth photographs of him in a homosexual tryst with the school's chauffeur, Paul. They blackmail Chardin into allowing them to stay and graduating them with honors. The child is placed with a foster family. On their behalf, Maxine's aunt, Hortense Boutin, agrees to pay money to Felix and Angelina Dassin, a French couple who consent to raise the child until her real mother establishes herself and can come back for her someday.
The three girls, on the verge of success in their respective careers, receive a report that the child has been killed in an auto accident. Consumed with guilt and shame, the three friends have a falling out and go their separate ways. In fact, Lili survived. Felix and Angelina were gunned down by Hungarian Soldiers after the accident. She was placed in a detention camp on the Eastern Bloc, where she spent the next ten years before finally escaping and eventually transforms herself into a film sex symbol.
Employing a private investigator, Lili tracks the payments to her adopted parents to Hortense, and through her, finds out about the three school friends and their pact. She knows one of them is her mother. Pagan Trelawney is now Lady Swann, a British aristocrat and the wife of a cancer researcher; Judy Hale has become a journalist, war correspondent, and publisher of Lace magazine; while Maxine Pascal is now the Countess de Chazalle, a French socialite. Hortense insists to Lili that the child is dead. But Lili defiantly proclaims "They'll wish I was. They made their schoolgirl pact and sent me to Hell--I'll teach them what I learned there!" As she leaves, the revelation proves to be too much for Hortense to bear and she suffers a fatal heart attack and dies.
After Hortense's funeral, which Maxine, Pagan and Judy all attend and where she witnesses the extent of their estrangement from one another, Lili inveigles herself in the lives of the three women, promising each of them something of value: for Judy, an exclusive interview for her magazine; to Pagan, a very sizable donation to her cancer society charity and for Maxine, to stop dating her son. But she also intends to ruin them if they do not reveal which of them is her mother. She assembles the three and challenges them with the mini-series' most famous line: "Incidentally...which one of you bitches is my mother?" The second part of the mini-series is driven largely by flashbacks to the three women's young adulthood, charting their career successes and returning occasionally to the present where all three are in the company of the woman who claims to be the abandoned daughter. Lili, at the end of the flashbacks, again tries to force a confession from them, but they still remain silent. Infuriated, Lili orders them to leave, but says she intends to keep the promises she made them regardless. As she ascends to her bedroom, she shocks the women by revealing the full details of her birth to the trio.
Later in the hotel bar, Judy, Pagan and Maxine all confirm that Lili was telling the truth and they all humorously agree that she is better than all of them put together. Maxine comments that "Well, at least she brought us all back together. I missed you - I really did". That last declaration finally repairs their damaged relationship. They agree Lili must be told the truth with Judy stating that this time, Lili's real mother is on her own in doing so.
Lili receives a phone call from the hotel manager, telling her that her mother wants to see her. A pair of high heels can be seen walking up the stairs. Finally, Judy Hale comes into the room and beckons Lili to come closer. Lili slowly rises and walks toward Judy, and the two embrace.
Crew
Lace was produced by Gary Adelson, Preston Fischer, Lynn Guthrie and David Jacobs. The original music, including the title theme, was composed by Nick Bicât. It was directed by William Hale, from a script by Elliott Baker.
Cast
Judy Hale (Bess Armstrong)
Pagan Trelawney (Brooke Adams)
Maxine Pascal (Arielle Dombasle)
"Lili", born Elizabeth Lace (Phoebe Cates)
Prince Abdullah of Sydon (Anthony Higgins)
Aunt Hortense Boutin (Angela Lansbury)
Nick Cliffe (Simon Chandler)
Pierre Boursal (François Guétary)
Selma (Honor Blackman)
Mrs. Trelawney (June Brown)
Detective (Jacques Maury)
Priest (Jacques Herlin)
Mme Chardin (Ginette Garcin)
M. Chardin (Herbert Lom)
Dr. Geneste (Anthony Quayle)
Nurse (Jenny Clève)
Angelina (Syvie Herbert)
Félix (Féodor Atkine)
Serge (Pierre Olaf)
Paul (Jonathan Hyde)
Count Charles de Chazalle (Leigh Lawson)
Sir Christopher Swann (Nickolas Grace)
French Hotel owner (Rachel Salik)
Woman in Paris (Chantal Neuwirth)
Teresa (Dominique Blanc)
Helga "Piggy" Fassbinder (Annette Badland)
Rahman Qureshi (Prince Mustapha/Son of Prince Abdullah)
Video and DVD
Lace was released on home video in the UK and Germany through Warner Bros. on March 27, 1995. It was PAL format. The German release was a UK import. Both Lace and Lace II were released on DVD through the Warner Archive Collection in 2010, but Lace II was discontinued a few months later.
Sequel
Lace was followed by a two-part sequel, Lace II, which aired on ABC from May 5–6, 1985. The principal cast was identical to Lace, with two exceptions: Deborah Raffin replaced Bess Armstrong in the role of Judy Hale, and Michael Fitzpatrick replaced Simon Chandler as Nick Cliffe. The plot of Lace II involves Lili's search for the identity of her father. It used the marketing line "Which one of you bastards is my father?". The opening theme of the miniseries, "No More Lies" was composed by Nick Bicât and performed by Deniece Williams. We learn in the end that Lili's father is Prince Abdullah of Sydon, who raped Judy on her way back to school after a one-night stand with Nick Cliffe, who was already engaged.
Lace II was considered a flop because it received half the audience of its predecessor. The story was criticized for "romanticizing" sexual assault.
Book
The novel on which Lace is based, also titled Lace, was written by Shirley Conran. It was first published in the United States by Simon & Schuster on July 1, 1982. The hardcover edition ran to 604 pages.
In the book there is a fourth "mother", a journalist named Kate, but this character does not appear in the adaptation, in which Judy is a journalist.
References
External links
1984 American television series debuts
1984 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
1980s American television miniseries
Television shows based on British novels
Television series about adoption | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace%20%28miniseries%29 |
Embsay is a village in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. It is paired with the neighbouring hamlet of Eastby to form the civil parish of Embsay with Eastby. The parish population as of the 2011 census was 1,871.
Geography
At the foot of Embsay Crag, a rock formation north of the village, is Embsay Reservoir. The crag marks the start of Barden Moor, an expanse of open moorland which is open access land and used by walkers. There are two more reservoirs on the moor: Upper Barden Reservoir and Lower Barden Reservoir. Embsay reservoir is the headquarters of Craven Sailing Club.
History
Embsay was originally a Celtic settlement, possibly founded at the same time as a local monastery, destroyed in a Viking raid in 867 AD. The village has a Saxon name and is listed in the Doomsday Book as "Embesie", which translates as "Embe's enclosure". At that time, much of the area was wooded and this was progressively cleared over time to provide farmland. In 1120, Cecily de Romille and her husband founded Embsay Priory. The Augustinian members of the priory dedicated it to Saint Cuthbert and received local tithes. In 1154 they exchanged estates with the de Romille family and moved to Bolton Abbey, which was a more fertile location. The priory flourished and grew rich on the profits of sheep farming and wool trading. In 1305, Edward I granted a charter for an annual fair at Embsay. The Industrial Revolution resulted in several mills being built in Embsay.
Community
Embsay Village Hall events include film nights, pantomimes, bowls, and jumble sales.
The village has a newsagent on the main road. The dedicated post office closed; a counter in a newspaper shop now serves as a post office. Other businesses in Embsay are a hairdresser and an arts and crafts store. Embsay has two public houses: the Elm Tree Inn and the Cavendish Arms. The Elm Tree Inn and Elm Tree Square take their names from a tree that stood there for many years. It was replaced in the late 20th century because of Dutch elm disease, but in 2006 that replacement was also taken down. A further replacement was planted in 2007.
The village has a Church of England voluntary controlled primary school which receives pupils from Embsay, Skipton and farther away. It was ranked the 141st best primary school in England in 2000, and had risen to 84th place by 2003.
Embsay railway station was built in 1888, and is the current terminus of the heritage Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. There is a bus service between Embsay and Skipton eight times a day on weekdays and three on Saturdays.
The village has a cricket club that competes in the Craven League; its second team was, in 2006, the first second team in the league's history to play in the first division. The village also has a football club. Both clubs play at the same ground on Shires Lane at the north of the village. The club grounds are named the 'Robinson Memorial' after a local family who supported the club. Also at the north of the village is a recreational ground with a climbing frame and small football pitch.
Filming location
In the 2018 BBC One television series The ABC Murders, Embsay is the location of the fifth murder. Scenes were filmed at the Embsay railway station.
Notable people
Ron Fawcett, rock climber, born in Embsay
Robert Sidgwick, amateur first-class cricketer, born in Embsay
Gallery
References
Sources
External links
Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway, Stringer Communications International, Ltd.
Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway, UK Individual web site
AboutBritain.com "Embsay, North Yorkshire Photo Gallery", Aboutbritain.com
Embsay with Eastby Parish Council website
Villages in North Yorkshire
Craven District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embsay |
Todi Adam Jónsson (born 2 February 1972) is a Faroese former professional footballer who played as a striker for Danish premier league clubs Lyngby FC and FC Copenhagen, Norwegian club Start and Danish club Fremad Amager. He started and ended his football career at Faroese side KÍ Klaksvík.
He has played 45 matches for Faroe Islands national football team and is currently (2018) number two on the top goal scorer's list with 9 goals. Jónsson is the highest scoring foreign football player in the Danish Superliga (Premier League) with 72 goals. He was previously the all-time top scorer for FC København together with Lars Højer Nielsen, they both scored 54 goals for FCK, but they have later been surpassed by Cesar Santin and Dame N'Doye.
Club career
Jónsson spent a large portion of his career at the Danish Superliga side FC Copenhagen, having arrived in 1997 from Lyngby BK together with the new CEO Flemming Østergaard. Todi, as he is known by the FC Copenhagen fans, is one of the all-time leading goal scorers for the club and a member of the Hall of Fame as decided by fan club voting. From 1997 to 2005 he played 207 matches for FC Copenhagen and scored 68 goals.
On 25 June 2009, it was announced that Jónsson had rejoined KÍ Klaksvík, who, however, were unable to maintain their place in the Faroese top division. He ended his football career with the club where he started. He played his last match for KÍ Klaksvík on 3 October 2009 against EB/Streymur.
International career
In the Faroe Islands, Jónsson is arguably the most successful football player of all time, having played at an internationally high level for the better part of a decade with the Danish Champions FC Copenhagen. Furthermore, Todi was the most successful goalscorer for the Faroe Islands national football team with 9 goals in 45 caps, until Rógvi Jacobsen scored his 9th goal against Lithuania in September 2007, then fully overtaking Todi's record away to Italy two months later. Todi is also the only Faroese player to score a hat-trick in an international match. (Bergur Magnussen scored 6 times in the match against the Åland Islands back in 1989, but this match is not officially recognised.)
Todi is remembered for his premature and controversial international retirement in the spring of 2001, as he decided to concentrate fully on his club career. After that he won only two more caps, both in 2005.
Career statistics
Scores and results list Faroe Islands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jónsson goal.
Honours
KÍ Klaksvík
Faroe Islands Premier League: 1991
FC Copenhagen
Danish Superliga: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04
Danish Cup: 2003–04
Danish Super Cup: 2001, 2004
References
External links
Todi Jónsson's profile on FaroeSoccer.com
1972 births
Living people
F.C. Copenhagen players
Faroese men's footballers
Faroe Islands men's international footballers
Faroese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Eliteserien players
Danish Superliga players
IF Lyseng Fodbold players
IK Start players
Lyngby Boldklub players
Klaksvíkar Ítróttarfelag players
B36 Tórshavn players
Men's association football forwards
People from Vejle Municipality
Footballers from the Region of Southern Denmark
Faroese expatriate sportspeople in Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todi%20J%C3%B3nsson |
Dikmen is a town in Sinop Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Dikmen District. Its population is 1,230 (2022).
References
Populated places in Sinop Province
Dikmen District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikmen |
Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing (2 April 1837 – 26 December 1890), of the Manchu Plain Red Banner Tatara clan, was a consort of the Xianfeng Emperor. She was six years his junior.
Life
Family background
Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing's personal name was not recorded in history.
Father: Qinghai (), served as a sixth rank literary official ()
Daoguang era
The future Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing was born on the 27th day of the second lunar month in the 17th year of the reign of the Daoguang Emperor, which translates to 2 April 1837 in the Gregorian calendar.
Xianfeng era
On 26 June 1852, Lady Tatara entered the Forbidden City and was granted the title "Noble Lady Li" by the Xianfeng Emperor. During Lady Tatara's time as a consort of the Xianfeng Emperor, she was said to be the most beautiful woman in the Imperial City and was bestowed with a natural grace and allure. Written descriptions about the beauty of Lady Tatara are among the most illustrious and elaborate of Qing dynasty historical texts; they somewhat differ from the passive mentions of beauty and virtue in descriptions of other Qing dynasty imperial consorts and better resemble vivid descriptions of beauties in the historical records of earlier Han Chinese-led dynasties.
On 10 February 1855, Lady Tatara was elevated to "Concubine Li". On 20 June 1855, she gave birth to the emperor's only daughter, Princess Rong'an of the First Rank. Due to the emperor's intense and near monopolic love for her, their daughter was made a first rank princess against tradition. According to Qing dynasty imperial regulations, only the daughters of empresses were qualified to be first rank princesses; all other daughters of the emperor were to be second rank princesses.
On 4 February 1856, Lady Tatara was elevated to "Consort Li". It is said that Lady Tatara was the Xianfeng Emperor's favourite and most charming consort, and that he spent most of his nights with her. On the other hand, Lady Yehe Nara, another of the emperor's consorts, only caught the emperor's attention during and after Lady Tatara's pregnancy. This was because the emperor was not allowed to have sexual relations with Lady Tatara in the 100 days after she gave birth.
In 1860, Lady Tatara fled with the Xianfeng Emperor, his empress consort, and other consorts to Rehe Province when Anglo-French forces closed in on Beijing during the Second Opium War.
Tongzhi era
The Xianfeng Emperor died on 22 August 1861 and was succeeded by Lady Yehe Nara's son, Zaichun, who was enthroned as the Tongzhi Emperor. Because Lady Tatara had served the Xianfeng Emperor for many years, and was widely acknowledged as the emperor's favourite consort, she was elevated to " “Imperial Noble Consort Dowager Li". During this time, she lived in the Palace of Eternal Harmony (永和宮) in the eastern part of the Forbidden City.
Guangxu era
The Tongzhi Emperor died on 12 January 1875 and was succeeded by his cousin Zaitian, who was enthroned as the Guangxu Emperor. Lady Tatara's daughter died on 5 February 1875 after suffering a miscarriage upon hearing news of the death of her brother (the Tongzhi Emperor).
Official histories recorded that Lady Tatara was often sick and she died from illness on 26 December 1890. The Guangxu Emperor ordered members of the imperial clan and officials to wear mourning garments for a day. In 1893, Lady Tatara was buried in the Ding Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs, alongside Noble Consort Wen, who died seven days before her. She was granted the posthumous title "Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing".
Titles
During the reign of the Daoguang Emperor (r. 1820–1850):
Lady Tatara (from 2 April 1837)
During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–1861):
Noble Lady Li (; from 26 June 1852), sixth rank consort
Concubine Li (; from 10 February 1855), fifth rank consort
Consort Li (; from 4 February 1856), fourth rank consort
During the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875):
Imperial Noble Consort Dowager Li (; from 12 November 1861), second rank consort
During the reign of the Guangxu Emperor (r. 1875–1908):
Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing (; from 1890)
Issue
As Concubine Li:
Princess Rong'an of the First Rank (; 20 June 1855 – 5 February 1875), the Xianfeng Emperor's first daughter
Married Fuzhen (d. 1909) of the Manchu Gūwalgiya clan in September/October 1873
In fiction and popular culture
Portrayed by Chow Kit in The Burning of Imperial Palace (1983) and Reign Behind a Curtain (1983)
Portrayed by Bai Qinglin in Sigh of His Highness (2006)
See also
Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing
Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
Notes
References
1837 births
1890 deaths
Consorts of the Xianfeng Emperor
Manchu nobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20Noble%20Consort%20Zhuangjing |
Sunset at Blandings is an unfinished novel by P. G. Wodehouse published in the United Kingdom by Chatto & Windus, London, on 17 November 1977 and in the United States by Simon & Schuster, New York, 19 September 1978. Wodehouse was working on the novel when he died in 1975. The book's first edition publisher, Chatto & Windus, gave the book its title.
Characters
Sir James Piper — England's Chancellor of the Exchequer
Claude Duff — Sir James' junior secretary whose aunt is Dame Daphne Winkworth. His uncle is the Duff of Duff and Trotter, provision merchants
Brenda Piper — Sir James' forceful spinster sister who rules him
Lady Florence Moresby — One of the many domineering sisters of Lord Emsworth. Also widow of the rich American J.J. Underwood. Currently separated from her second husband, Kevin
Clarence, 9th Earl of Emsworth — Wants to have the Empress's portrait painted
(Vicky) Victoria Underwood — Florence's pretty step-daughter who studied Art in London, and falls in love with Jeff Bennison
Sergeant E.B. Murchison — Scotland Yard detective who acts as bodyguard to Sir James
Lady Diana Phipps — Another of Lord Emsworth's sisters, the only one Galahad likes. She is beautiful, the widow of Rollo, and Sir James was once in love with her
(Gally) Galahad Threepwood — Clarence's younger brother, who used to be good friends with Sir James. Both were members of the Pelican Club
Jno. Robinson — Taxi owner/driver in Market Blandings
Sebastian Beach — Butler at the Castle who worked there for 18 years
Empress of Blandings — 3 time Silver medal winning Berkshire sow
Marilyn Poole — Lady Diana's maid
(Bingo) Jeff Bennison — An impecunious artist in love with Vicky. Teaches drawing at a girls' school in Eastbourne owned by Dame Daphne Winkworth. Went to school with Claude Duff
Dame Daphne Winkworth — Fires Jeff as a drawing teacher at her school
Freddie Threepwood — Lord Emsworth's younger son, who works and lives in America. Comes to London to drum up trade for the English branch of Donaldson's Dog Joy
Stiffy Bates (*)
Messmore Breamworthy (*)
Kevin Moresby (*)
G. Ovens - Inn keeper at Market Blandings(*)
Editorial history
Wodehouse was still working on the book when he died in 1975; the published version was edited by Richard Usborne, and includes Wodehouse's notes on the ending of the story.
In various pages of notes, Wodehouse wrote fifteen possible titles for the novel, including Lord Emsworth Entertains, Blandings Castle Fills Up, Gally to the Rescue, The Weird Old Buster, and All's Well at Blandings. He did not consider the title Sunset at Blandings, which was the title chosen by the company that published the book in 1977, Chatto & Windus. Usborne writes that the title is apt but would not have been chosen by Wodehouse himself since, according to Usborne, "Wodehouse would never have locked, even if only by suggestion, the great gates of the castle. He would have wanted it there, with its sun high in the sky, for another visit if the mood took him".
Plot
The story is another tale set at Blandings Castle, filled as ever with romance and imposters. Galahad Threepwood uses his charm and wit to ensure his brother Clarence continues to lead a quiet and peaceful life.
References and sources
References
Sources
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
1977 British novels
English novels
Unfinished novels
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
Chatto & Windus books
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset%20at%20Blandings |
Tulashboy Doniyorov (born March 30, 1981) is a boxer from Uzbekistan, who participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native Asian country.
Career
2002 at the Asian Games he was eliminated in the first round by Filipino Violito Payla.
2004 at the Olympics he defeated Violito Payla and Ronald Siler but was defeated in the quarterfinals of the Flyweight (51 kg) division by France's Jérôme Thomas. Doniyorov qualified for the Athens Games by ending up in first place at the 1st AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Guangzhou, China. In the final he defeated India's Akhil Kumar.
At the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships he lost in the first round to eventual winner Raushee Warren.
External links
1981 births
Living people
Uzbekistani male boxers
Olympic boxers for Uzbekistan
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2002 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Uzbekistan
Flyweight boxers
21st-century Uzbekistani people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulashboy%20Doniyorov |
Doğanşar is a town in Sivas Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Doğanşar District. Its population is 1,202 (2022). The mayor is Halil Balık (MHP).
References
Populated places in Sivas Province
Doğanşar District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C5%9Far |
Doğanşehir (, formerly known as Muhacir and Viranşehir) is a municipality and district of Malatya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,364 km2, and its population is 37,697 (2022). The mayor is Durali Zelyurt (AKP). Historically the city was known as Sozopetra (Greek: Σωζόπετρα).
Geography
The altitude of the town is 1,290 meters above mean sea level. Both plains and mountains are part of the landscape. It borders Çelikhan District to the east, Adıyaman District to the southeast, Tut District to the south, Gölbaşı District to the southwest, Nurhak and Elbistan to the west, Akçadağ to the north and Yeşilyurt to the northeast. The reservoirs at Polat Dam and Sürgü Dam are situated in the district.
Composition
There are 39 neighbourhoods in Doğanşehir District:
Altıntop
Beğre
Bıçakcı
Çavuşlu
Çığlık
Çömlekoba
Dedeyazı
Doğu
Elmalı
Erkenek
Esentepe
Eskiköy
Fındıkköy
Gövdeli
Günedoğru
Gürobası
Güzelköy
Hudut
Kadılı
Kapıdere
Karanlıkdere
Karaterzi
Karşıyaka
Kelhalil
Küçüklü
Kurucaova
Örencik
Polat
Polatderesi
Reşadiye
Şatırobası
Savaklı
Söğüt
Suçatı
Sürgü
Topraktepe
Yeni
Yolkoru
Yuvalı
History
The 2nd-century geographer Claudius Ptolemy records the city as Zizoatra (), part of the province () of Lauiansene in Cappadocia. In Byzantine times, it was known as Sozopetra () and Zapetra (, in Arabic).
Economy
Significant improvements in the fruit industry has made agriculture the District's most important source of income. It includes apricots and an increase in the production of apples. Livestock is usually farmed in the village. Both the district and the villages of central and traditional values, importance is given to local custom. Tourism, mountaineering and monitoring local wildlife are also new attractions.
Transport
Doğanşehir has a railway station on the line from Malatya to Adana. State road D.850 passes through the district.
See also
Anatolian Tigers
References
External sources
Doğanşehirliler Derneği, Malatya
Doğanşehir ilçe Emniyet Müdürlüğü
Populated places in Malatya Province
Districts of Malatya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C5%9Fehir |
Friedrich Haase (1 November 1827 – 17 March 1911) was a prominent German actor and theatre director. He was born in Berlin, the son of a valet to King Frederick William IV, who was his godfather.
Career
Haase trained under Ludwig Tieck and made his first appearance in 1846 in Weimar. He later performed in Prague (1849–1851), under Eduard Devrient in Karlsruhe (1852–1855), and Saint Petersburg (1860–1866). He also toured the United States.
He was manager of the court theatre in Coburg, and was manager of the Stadttheater in Leipzig (today Oper Leipzig), from 1870 to 1876. After returning to Berlin, Haase founded the Deutsches Theater. He was awarded the prestigious Iffland-Ring in 1878 by Theodor Döring and much the legend of the ring's origin goes back to Haase.
Haase retired from the stage in 1898. The street Haase Straße in Berlin-Friedrichshain is named after him.
Works
Was ich erlebte 1846–1896. Berlin: Bong 1897 (autobiography)
Literature
Paul von Ebart: Friedrich Haase als Leiter des Koburg-Gothaischen Hoftheaters. Including excerpts from Haase's letters. In: Deutsche Revue 1912, March
References
1827 births
1911 deaths
Iffland-Ring
German male stage actors
German theatre directors
Male actors from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
19th-century German male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Haase |
Doğanyol () is a municipality and district of Malatya Province, Turkey. Its area is 177 km2, and its population is 3,705 (2022). The mayor is Hakan Bay (AKP).
Demographics
The town is populated by Kurds.
History
Doğanyol has become district in 1990 during Turgut Özal presidency. Doğanyol is 90 km far away to Malatya city center.
On 24 January 2020 the town was impacted by a magnitude 6.7 earthquake.
Composition
There are 16 neighbourhoods in Doğanyol District:
Akkent
Behramlı
Burçköy
Çolak
Damlı
Gevheruşağı
Gökçe
Gümüşsu
İshak
Koldere
Konurtay
Mezraa
Poyraz
Ulutaş
Yalınca
Yeşilköy
References
Populated places in Malatya Province
Populated places on the Euphrates River
Districts of Malatya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fanyol |
Doğanyurt, formerly Hoşalay, is a small town in the Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Doğanyurt District. Its population is 997 (2021).
Kerembe Burnu, the ancient Cape Karambis, is located to the northwest of Doğanyurt. The promontory, 225 km distant from the Sarych headland, is the nearest point on the Anatolian coast to the Crimean Peninsula and has for centuries served as a nautical landmark for those seeking to cross the Black Sea at its narrowest point.
References
Populated places in Kastamonu Province
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Doğanyurt District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fanyurt |
Bekzod Khidirov (Бекзод Хидиров; born December 18, 1981) is a boxer from Uzbekistan, who participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native Asian country. There he was stopped in the round of sixteen of the Featherweight (57 kg) division by Kazakhstan's Galib Jafarov.
External links
Profile at Yahoo Sports
1981 births
Living people
Uzbekistani male boxers
Olympic boxers for Uzbekistan
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in boxing
Asian Games silver medalists for Uzbekistan
Asian Games bronze medalists for Uzbekistan
Boxers at the 2002 Asian Games
Boxers at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Bantamweight boxers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekzod%20Khidirov |
The Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race is the world's longest certified footrace. In 1996 Sri Chinmoy created this event as a 2,700-mile (4,345 km) race. At the award ceremony that year he declared that the 1997 edition would be extended to 3,100 miles (4,989 km).
This race, which lasts several weeks, is hosted by the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team and takes place every summer in Queens, New York, United States. The course is 3,100 miles (4,989 km) long. Runners negotiate 5,649 laps of one extended city block in Jamaica, Queens, bounded by 164th Place, Abigail Adams (84th) Avenue, 168th Street, and Grand Central Parkway— a distance of 0.5488 miles (883 m)—while the streets are in normal use. The runners have 52 days to complete the distance, running from 6 a.m. to midnight, an average of 59.62 miles (95.95 km) every day. The prize is typically a T-shirt, a DVD, or a small trophy.
History
The Self-Transcendence 3100 mile was founded by Sri Chinmoy out of his wish to create an opportunity for runners to discover the limits of their capacities and to try to go beyond them. Hence, the name "Self-Transcendence", which is appended to many of the footraces that the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team hosts. Since 1985 when the group first began holding races, the focus on the ultramarathon and multiday races has grown from the Ultra Trio, three races with staggered starts of 700, 1000 and 1300-mile duration that take place in September, and the spring races, which include the Self-Transcendence 6-Day race and one of a very few such races in the world, the Self-Transcendence 10-Day race.
In 1996 Sri Chinmoy created this event as a 2,700-mile (4,345 km) race. At the award ceremony that year he declared that the 1997 edition would be extended to 3,100 miles (4,989 km). The length of 3,100 is possibly a reference to the birth year of Sri Chinmoy, 1931. The race has been run at this distance every year since.
In 2020, it was held in Salzburg, Austria due to the COVID-19 pandemic, from September 13 to November 3.
In 2021, with the continuing COVID-19 pandemic, organisers decided to move the start date for the race from its usual date, mid-June, to Sunday September 5, 2021.
11 runners were selected for 2022 and the race took place from Sunday September 4 to Tuesday October 25.
Race
The race distance is the distance from the west to the east coast of the US, plus 11 marathons. In the early years there were drug dealers in the area and lawlessness—people did not want to leave their cars, which would have been stripped—but this has changed over the years. For their safety, only runners with proven ultra-running experience are encouraged to apply. The race is run daily, changing direction each day, whatever the weather, which has ranged from heat to torrential downpour—runners sometimes carry umbrellas. Competitors run among people going about their everyday lives, dodging pedestrians and cyclists, and occasionally large crowds for various events or celebrations.
Sri Chinmoy said that the Self-Transcendence challenges runners to "transcend their own previous capacity", "gain spiritual insights" and "overcome the entire world's pre-conceived notions of possibility". Runners have spoken of "the most overwhelming moment", "When you run a marathon, you feel good ... when you run 3,100 miles, you feel even better still".
Vegetarian meals are provided by volunteers from an improvised kitchen; runners need to eat constantly, burning 10,000 kcal a day. Runners have six hours at night for eating, washing, foot care and sleep before returning to the course for the 6:00am start.
The race can be followed on the race website; regular updates for the participants are published there, and a webcam has been operating during recent years. An album of photo images is also published, several days a week, to record race activity.
Records and winners
Records
The world record is held by Ashprihanal Aalto (FIN) who finished with a time of 40 days 09:06:21 in July 2015, breaking the previous record of 41 days 08:16:29 held by Madhupran Wolfgang Schwerk (GER). The women's record is held by Kaneenika Janakova (SVK) who completed 3100 miles in 48 days 14:24:10 in 2017. She broke the 49 days 07:52:24 record set by Surasa Mairer (AUT) in 2015. Suprabha Beckjord (USA) is the only person to have completed every edition of the race (until 2009). Ashprihanal Aalto has won the race nine times and participated 15 times.
List of winners
See also
Self-Transcendence 6- & 10-day Race
References
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="sc-wp">srichinmoy.wordpress.com {{cite web|url=https://srichinmoy.wordpress.com/2017/08/04/vasu-finished-3100-mile-race-in-ny/ |title= Vasu finished 3100 mile race in NY|date= 4 August 2017|access-date=2017-08-06}}</ref>
}}
Further reading
Literature
Cunningham, Grahak: Running Beyond The Marathon - insights into the longest footrace in the world, eText Press Publishing, 2012, ASIN B00AK1J0WS
Emmaus, PA: Endurancs Special - An ultramarathon is one thing. But 3,100 miles around a city block is something else entirely. What does it take to endure the world's longest (and strangest) race?, Runner's World, Zürich 2007, OCLC 103305923
Hoad, Richard: World's Toughest Endurance Challenges, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012,
Film
Rawal, Sanjay: 3100: Run and Become'', Eng. 2018, IMDb 4936398, 79 minutes
External links
Video: Report, WSJ
Video: Report AFP
Annual events in New York City
Multiday races
Ultramarathons in the United States
Recurring sporting events established in 1986
1986 establishments in New York City
Road running competitions in the United States
Sports competitions in New York City
Sports events founded by Sri Chinmoy
Annual sporting events in the United States
June sporting events
Sports in Queens, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Transcendence%203100%20Mile%20Race |
Doğubayazıt (; ) is a town of Ağrı Province of Turkey, near the border with Iran. Its elevation is 1625 m. It is the seat of Doğubayazıt District. Its population is 80,061 (2021). Also known as Kurdava, the town was the capital of the self-declared Republic of Ararat, an independent Kurdish state centered in the Ağrı Province.
History
For most of the periods described here, Doğubayazıt was a bigger and more important settlement than the present-day provincial capital Ağrı, not least because this is the Iranian border crossing.
The area has had a rich history with monuments dating back to the time of the Kingdom of Urartu (over 2700 years ago). Before the Ottoman Empire the site was referred to by its Armenian name Daruynk. In the 4th century the Sasanians failed to capture the Armenian stronghold and royal treasury at Daroynk. Princes of the Bagratid dynasty of Armenia resided at Daroynk and rebuilt the fortress into its present configuration with multiple baileys and towers carefully integrated into the ascending rock outcrop. When King Gagik I Artsruni reoccupied the fortress ca.922 A.D. it became the seat of a bishop. It was subsequently conquered and reconquered by Persians, Armenians, Byzantines, and Seljuks all of whom would have used the plain to rest and recoup during their passages across the mountains. Turkish peoples arrived in 1064, but were soon followed by the Mongols and further waves of Turks. The castle of Daroynk was repaired many times throughout this history, although it is now named after the Turkish warlord Celayırlı Şehzade Bayazıt Han who ordered one of the rebuildings (in 1374). Ultimately, the town was renamed Beyazit itself in the 16th century.
From the time of the Safavids, the area was ruled by Turkic-speaking generals, later including the Ottoman general İshakpaşa, who built the palace that still bears his name.
The town saw fighting in the Ottoman–Persian War (1821–23) when in 1821 commander-in-chief Abbas Mirza of Qajar Iran occupied the town, as well as when it was attacked by Russia later in 1856, and taken by the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). When the Russians retreated many of the Armenian population left with them to build New Beyazit (now Gavar at Armenia) on the shore of lake Sevan.
Doğubayazıt was further ravaged during World War I and the Turkish War of Independence
Starting in 1920, the area began producing sulphur.
The widely dispersed village of Bayazit, was originally an Armenian settlement and populated by Kurds in 1930 and Yazidis from the Serhat region. But in 1930 the Turkish army destroyed it in response to the Ararat Rebellion. A new town was built in the plain below the old site in the 1930s (hence the new name "Doğubayazıt", which literally means "East Beyazıt").
Doğubayazıt was the capital of the Kurdish Republic of Ararat led by Ibrahim Haski and Ihsan Nuri of the Xoybûn organization between 1927 and 1930. The town was thus dubbed the provisional capital of Kurdistan and was subsequently presented to the League of Nations and the Great Powers as the center of an independent Kurdish state.
In January 2006, Doğubayazıt was the centre of a H5N1 bird flu outbreak. Several children died from the disease after playing with chicken carcasses.
Politics
In the local elections in March 2019, Yıldız Acar was elected Mayor of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP).
Sports
The Doğubayazıtspor football club plays in the lower divisions of the Turkish football league. It played in the Turkish Third League for three seasons.
Geography
The town of Doğubayazıt is a settlement with a long history. It lies 15 km southwest of Mount Ararat, 93 km east of the city of Ağrı and 35 km from the Iranian border. The town stands on a plain surrounded by some of Turkey's highest peaks including: Ararat (5,137 m), Little Ararat (3,896 m), Tendürek Dağı (3,533 m), Kaletepe (3,196 m) Arıdağı (2,934 m) and Göllertepe (2,643 m). Kizil Mountain at 2,730 m is two kilometers east of the town. The climate on the plain is hot and dry in summer, cold and dry in winter.
Places of interest
Mount Ararat - 15 km from Doğubayazıt, and the best views of the mountain are from here.
Ishak Pasha Palace, completed in 1784 on a hill to the south of town.
The castle and mosque of Old Beyazit, first built by the Urartu but which bear traces of many civilisations.
The geological formation of "Durupınar site" is 16 km southeast of town and promoted by some believers as the petrified ruins of Noah's Ark.
Lake Balık - a lake in a lava bed, 60 km from Doğubayazıt, near Taşlıçay.
The Ice Cave - on the side of Little Ararat near the village of Hallaç.
The ruins of the 900BC Urartu temple and palace on the hill of Giriktepe.
The ancient Armenian cemetery.
Notable people
Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish philosopher and polymath from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire.
Ibrahim Heski, Kurdish Politician
Ahmet Arvasi, writer and philosopher
Kaya Özcan, Wrestler
Ümit Şamiloğlu, artistic gymnast and part of the national team
Yıldız Tilbe, Turkish singer of Kurdish descent and one of the best-selling musical artists in Turkey
International relations
Doğubayazıt is twinned with:
Eilat, Israel
Podgorica, Montenegro
Montevideo, Uruguay
Kitwe, Zambia
Lusaka, Zambia
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
Gothenburg, Sweden
Karlstad, Sweden
Timbuktu, Mali
Bergen, Norway
Turku, Finland
Saarbrücken, Germany
N'djamena, Chad
Esbjerg, Denmark
References
External links
Extensive photographic survey, description and plan of Doğubeyazit Castle
Doğubayazıt
Iran–Turkey border crossings
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Mount Ararat
Former Armenian communities in Ağrı Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t |
Domaniç is a town in Kütahya Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Domaniç District. Its population is 4,855 (2022). Ottoman Beylik was founded around Domaniç and Söğüt by Osman I, leader of the Kayi tribe.
References
Populated places in Kütahya Province
Domaniç District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domani%C3%A7 |
A karabela was a type of Polish sabre () popular in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish fencer Wojciech Zabłocki defines a karabela as a decorated sabre with the handle stylized as the head of a bird and an open crossguard.
Etymology
The word "" does not have well-established etymology, and different versions are suggested.
Zygmunt Gloger suggests derivation from the name of the Iraqi city of Karbala, known for trade of this kind of sabres.
Another suggestion is that the name originated in Turkey, associated with the Turkish town Karabel, in the vicinity of İzmir, or the Karabel district in Crimea.
See also
Kilij
References
Bibliography
Włodzimierz Kwaśniewicz "1000 słów o broni białej i uzbrojeniu ochronnym" MON, Warszawa 1981,
PWN Leksykon: Wojsko, wojna, broń, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2001,
Włodzimierz Kwaśniewicz: Dzieje szabli w Polsce, Dom Wydawniczy Bellona, Warszawa 1999,
Early Modern European swords
European swords
European weapons
Single-edged swords
Weapons of Poland
Turkish words and phrases
Sabres | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabela |
Dörtdivan is a town in the Bolu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Dörtdivan District. Its population is 2,736 (2021). The mayor is Hamza Efe (AKP).
Dörtdivan is a small town deep in the countryside.
The area has been occupied for a long time. Turkish presence in the area dates back to the Oghuz Turks in 1074, but the village of Dörtdivan was founded by the Seljuk Turks in 1197. The Seljuks ruled through local lords and the name Dörtdivan, meaning four hamlets, dates from this period. The town was later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, when it thrived as a local centre of schooling and administration.
Places of interest
Ruins of a Byzantine castle in the village of Yağbaşlar.
There are also a number of tombs of sufi mystics, mineral water springs, meadows and places for walking.
Notable natives
19th century poet Hilmi of Dörtdivan.
Dörtdivan also claims to be the birthplace of the legendary Köroğlu, of the Epic of Köroğlu.
References
Populated places in Bolu Province
Dörtdivan District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rtdivan |
Dilshod Mahmudov (Дильшод Махмудов; born November 30, 1982) is a retired professional boxer from Uzbekistan who won several medals in international tournaments.
Career
Formally of Uzbekistan, Dilshod Mahmudov is now based at BHS boxing gym in Blacktown, where he calls home. Under the watchful eyes of Lincoln Hudson and Fidel Tukel, entered the ring and stopped Yodmongkol Singmanasak (11-5-1,7KO’s) of Thailand in the fourth round, one month later took to the ring against Thai, Sataporn Singwancha (19 – 8, 11KO’s) where he showed his total class in destroying the former WBA #14 in 38 seconds into the first round. On feb 13th in Melbourne he made it 3 from 3, crushing Fijian Opeti Tagi (13 – 5, 8KO’s) again in the first round with a crunching body shot.
As an amateur Mahmudov was a silver medal winner at the world championships in Thailand in 2005. He replicated the silver medal in Moscow in 2008 when he came second at the AIBA world Cup. In the Athens Olympics in 2004 the eventual gold medallist defeated him by a single point and again in Beijing the gold medallist defeated him in similar fashion. In 2003 he defeated Australia’s own international star and former world IBO champion Billy Dib as a lightweight.
He won the silver medal at the 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Mianyang, China losing to Serik Sapiyev.
He also participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native Asian country. There he was defeated in the round of sixteen of the Light Welterweight (64 kg) division by Cuba's Yudel Johnson. He qualified for the Athens Games by winning the silver medal at the 2004 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships in Puerto Princesa, Philippines. In the final he was defeated by home fighter Romeo Brin.
At the 2007 World Championships he lost in the very first round to Frenchman Alexis Vastine (27:28).
AIBA World Cup Moscow results
2008 (as a Light welterweight)
Took 2nd place.
World amateur championships results
2003 (as a lightweight)
Defeated Murat Khrachev (Russia) 43-22
Defeated Bilal Dib (Australia) 21-5
Lost to Gyula Kate (Hungary) 21-35
2005 (as a Light welterweight)
Defeated Sergey Kudriavcev (Macedonia) 23-14
Defeated Dmitrijs Sostaks (Latvia) RSCO
Defeated Martin Dressen (Germany) 33-13
Defeated Inocente Fiss (Cuba) 37-21
Lost to Serik Sapiyev (Kazakhstan) 21-39
2007 (as a Light welterweight)
Lost to Alexis Vastine (France) 27-28
Olympic results
2004 (as a Light welterweight)
1st round bye
Defeated Alessandro Matos (Brazil) 26-16
Lost to Yudel Johnson Cedeno (Cuba) 28-32
2008 (as a welterweight)
Defeated Mehdi Khalsi (Morocco) 11-3
Lost to Bakhyt Sarsekbayev 7-12
Professional boxing record
References
1982 births
Olympic boxers for Uzbekistan
Living people
Light-welterweight boxers
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 2002 Asian Games
Boxers at the 2006 Asian Games
Uzbekistani male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Asian Games bronze medalists for Uzbekistan
Asian Games gold medalists for Uzbekistan
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshod%20Mahmudov |
Dumlupınar may refer to:
Dumlupınar, Çubuk, a village in the District of Çubuk, Ankara Province, Turkey
Dumlupınar, Kütahya, a town and district in Kütahya Province, Turkey
Dumlupınar Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium in Kütahya, Turley
Battle of Dumlupınar, a Greco-Turkish battle in the Turkish War of Independence
TCG Dumlupınar, three different submarines operated by the Turkish Naval Forces
Kütahya Dumlupınar University, a university in Kütahya, Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumlup%C4%B1nar |
Durağan is a town in Sinop Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Durağan District. Its population is 7,494 (2022).
The town is at the location where Kızıl River joins its tributary the Gök just before crossing the last mountain range northwards to the Black Sea.
Rice farming in the fertile river valley has been the engine of economical activity of the town. The construction of two dams (Boyabat Dam (2012), Altınkaya Dam (1988)) have given Durağan two lakes instead of rice fields.
The name of the town is an altered version of the name of a building from 13th century for overnight stay of caravans, Durak Han, literally "station house" in Turkish. Another possible explanation is that the name originates from "Dura Han" where Dura is the name of a ravine nearby (Dura Deresi) down from a plateau dominating the two river valleys.
Gökırmak valley runs east west and constitutes a portion of the Silk road, together with a series of similar river valleys running east–west around 100 km inland from Black Sea coast.
Durağan has a past reaching into the antiquity being the nearest town to possibly world's oldest underwater tunnel, terelek kaya tuneli, a few kilometers downstream on the Kızıl River, now the upper part of a dam lake. Carved rock face graves, and a mine nearby might be from similar periods in antiquity. The chemicals from the mine might have been shipped to Cyprus for use in very early copper production.
Durağan has also a cave, Buzluk Mağarası, that naturally produces ice during summer time, near the villages of Bayatsekisi and Sarnıkalıncası, about 13 km from town.
References
External links
Populated places in Sinop Province
Durağan District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura%C4%9Fan |
James Hart may refer to:
Entertainment
James McDougal Hart (1828–1901), Scottish-American painter
James Hart (artist) (fl. 1940s and 1950s), British illustrator
James V. Hart (born 1960), American screenwriter
James Hart (vocalist) (born 1979), American singer for the metal band Eighteen Visions
Politics
James Hart (Ontario politician) (1820–1898), Canadian politician
James Hart (Australian politician) (1825–1873), New South Wales politician
James L. Hart (fl. 2000s), American political candidate in Tennessee
James P. Hart (1904–1987), Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas
Sports
Hub Hart (James Henry Hart; 1878–1960), American baseball player and football coach
James Hart (rugby union) (born 1991), Irish rugby union player
Jim Hart (manager) (James Abner Hart; 1855–1919), American baseball manager
Jimmy Hart (baseball) (James John Hart; 1875–1926), American baseball player
Other
James Hart (physician) (fl. 1633), English physician and medical writer
James Morgan Hart (1839–1916), American English professor and philologist
James D. Hart (1911–1990), American English professor at University of California, Berkeley
James Hart (police officer) (fl. c. 2000), British commissioner
James Hart, protagonist of the 1970 novel The Paper Chase, its 1973 film adaptation and the subsequent TV series
James Hart (minister) (1663–1729), minister of Greyfriars Kirk in Edinburgh
See also
James Hart Wyld (1913–1953), American engineer
Jamie Hart (disambiguation)
Jim Hart (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hart |
Sherzod Husanov (born 27 January 1980) is a boxer from Uzbekistan who won medals at the 2001 and 2003 World Amateur Boxing Championships and participated in the 2000 and 2004 Olympics.
Amateurs
In 2000 when Sydney hosted the 2000 Summer Games, he lost in his second bout, to eventual Bronze winner Vitalie Gruşac of Moldova.
At both the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships and the 2003 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Bangkok, he lost to winner Lorenzo Aragon winning bronze and the silver medal in the Welterweight division.
He qualified for the Athens Olympic Games by winning the silver medal at the 2004 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships in Puerto Princesa, Philippines. In the final he was defeated by South Korea's Kim Jung-Joo.
At the 2004 Summer Olympics he was beaten in the quarterfinals of the Welterweight (69 kg) division by Russia's two-time champion Oleg Saitov.
Pro
He turned pro at light middleweight at 2007 and won 17 bouts, one draw but showed little power. His draw was against another amateur star in Timur Nergadze whom he outpointed in the rematch.
See also
List of current WBC international champions
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Uzbekistani male boxers
Olympic boxers for Uzbekistan
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in boxing
Asian Games bronze medalists for Uzbekistan
Boxers at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Welterweight boxers
21st-century Uzbekistani people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherzod%20Husanov |
Baruta (pop. 317,288) is a municipality within the Metropolitan District of Caracas in Venezuela.
Geography
Baruta is located geographically in the South-East section of the city. Its western limit is the Los Chaguaramos neighborhood (which belongs to the Libertador Bolivarian Municipality) and limits to the east with the Colinas de Los Ruices neighborhood, in the Sucre Municipality. To the North, it borders with the Francisco Fajardo Highway and to the Southeast with the El Hatillo Municipality and to the Southwest with the Hoyo de la Puerta neighborhood (Libertador Municipality).
Economy
The main economic activity in Baruta is non-manufacturing business in the many office buildings within the Municipality. For example, the Procter & Gamble Latin American Headquarters are located there. Commerce is also a great source of revenue for the Baruteños, as some of the most attractive night spots in the Greater Caracas are located in Las Mercedes district. Moreover, "Las Mercedes" hosts a number of small businesses, shopping malls, and restaurants that make the area commercially rich.
The Baruta Zip Code is 1080 and the Area Code is 212, the same as the Greater Caracas area.
Demographics
317,288 inhabitants.
Density: 2.600 inhabitants/km2.
Parishes
Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Baruta
Las Minas de Baruta
El Cafetal
Government
Although some of the political functions overlap with the Greater Caracas Municipality, Baruta has its own Mayor, Darwin Gonzalez.
The local government has its own police force, among other responsibilities. The City Hall is currently located in the old Baruta town.
Mayors
Culture
In the Municipality diverse cultural manifestations are developed, some associates to popular celebrations, like:
Day of the Candlemas (Paradura del niño), Date of celebration: February 2.
Carnival, Date of celebration: movable.
Holy week, Date of celebration: movable.
The cross of May, Date of celebration: May 3.
Saint Anthony, Date of celebration: June 13.
Saint John, Date of celebration: June 24.
Day of Our Lady of the Rosary of Baruta (Month of Baruta), Date of celebration: October 29.
Day of Our Lady of Fatima (Las Minas and Monterrey), Date of celebration: October 30.
Urbanización Las Mercedes
Trasnocho Cultural: founded in 2001 in the Paseo Las Mercedes Shopping Center, it houses theaters, cinema, bookstore and the TAC art gallery, as well as a variety of shops.
Teatro Escena 8.
Plaza Alfredo Sadel: named in homage to the Venezuelan tenor of the same name. Since its remodeling in 2007, this space has become a venue for concerts, exhibitions, book fairs and cultural, political and sporting events.
Bello Monte
La Caja de Fósforos: experimental theater room founded in 2014, as part of the stage space management project of the Contrajuego Theater Group, directed by Orlando Arocha. The room is part of the Concha Acústica de Bello Monte Cultural Complex, or José Ángel Lamas Acoustic Shell.
References
External links
Official Baruta Municipality website
Geography of Caracas
Municipalities of Miranda (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruta%20Municipality |
Paw Paws (also known as Paw Paw Bears) is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions that first aired in 1985 and 1986. It debuted as part of the weekday/weekend morning programming block The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera.
The series name is a play on the paw paw, a fruit cultivated by Native Americans and indigenous to North America, and a play on words with a bear's paw. Reruns of the show formerly aired on Cartoon Network and later Boomerang.
Plot
Deep in a forest somewhere, a group of Native American bear cubs defending themselves from their enemies The Meanos led by the evil sorcerer Dark Paw. Dark Paw and his henchmen were after the Paw Paws' three large wooden totems, Totem Bear, Totem Tortoise, and Totem Eagle. The totems also served as the tribe's protectors, coming to life when needed through means of Princess Paw Paw's Mystic Moonstone, which she wore around her neck, to defend the village.
Much like other Hanna-Barbera programs, such as The Smurfs, The Biskitts, Shirt Tales, Snorks and the Pound Puppies, the bears had names that denoted their personalities—Laughing Paw, Medicine Paw, Bumble Paw, etc. Brave Paw and Princess Paw Paw tended to be the leads, riding into adventures on their magical flying ponies, while aging Wise Paw served as tribal advisor. The mascot of the group was a tiny dog by the name of PaPooch.
Characters
Paw Paws
Wise Paw (voiced by John Ingle) – He is the chief leader of the Paw Paws. He is the oldest and wisest of the tribe.
Princess Paw Paw (voiced by Susan Blu) – She is Wise Paw's daughter. Princess Paw Paw is beautiful and cares for everyone and the village. She carries around the Mystic Moonstone which has the power to bring Totem Bear, Tortoise and Eagle to life. When she blows on her whistle, she can summon her flying horse Flying Cloud. Paw Paws introduced the cartoon world to Susan Blu, who went to do the original voice of Arcee in Hasbro's cartoon series The Transformers as well as many other animated characters.
Flying Cloud - Princess Paw Paw's flying horse. She is beautiful just like the Princess Paw. Later on the series, she fell in love with the Black Stallion and they started a family have two baby flying horses.
Brave Paw (voiced by Thom Pinto) – Brave Paw is the Princess's closest friend and presumably her boyfriend. He is courageous and willing to rescue his fellow Paw Paws from danger and fight the forces of evil. Aside from the Princess, he is the only other Paw Paw who rides a flying horse.
Golden Thunder - Golden Thunder is Brave Paw's flying horse. He can summon Golden Thunder from Thunder Mountain simply by calling his name.
Mighty Paw (voiced by Robert Ridgely) – He is the biggest and strongest of the Paw Paws, although a bit slow.
Laughing Paw (voiced by Alexandra Stoddart) – She is younger than the Princess and is known for her sense of humor.
PaPooch (vocal effects provided by Don Messick) – Laughing Paw's pet puppy. He is loyal and brave, but always gets into trouble. A play on the Narragansett term papoose.
Trembly Paw (voiced by Howard Morris) – He is the coward of the tribe and would rather run from danger, although occasionally he would do heroic deeds.
Medicine Paw (voiced by Jerry Dexter impersonating W.C. Fields) – He is the shaman of the tribe, but he is a bit of a quack. He appeared in only a few episodes.
Totem Animals – They are the main protectors of the village. The Totem Animals can be awakened by the Mystic Moonstone wielded by Princess Paw Paw to fight off the Meanos.
Totem Eagle - The top Totem Animal. He serves as the air transportation.
Totem Bear (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) - The middle Totem Animals. He is usually the one who attacks first after Totem Eagle flies off his head and would often send the Meanos flying.
Totem Tortoise - The bottom Totem Animal. Totem Tortoise's main function is water transportation.
Villains
Meanos - The Meanos are the main antagonists of the series. They often attack the Paw Paws until they are defeated by them and the Totem Animals.
Dark Paw (voiced by Stanley Ralph Ross) – Chief of the Meanos. He carries around a magic staff which he typically uses to zap his enemies...and, when they get on Dark Paw's bad side, his own cohorts. Dark Paw is not as bright as he thinks he is. His personality echoes that of Moe Howard from The Three Stooges.
Slippery Paw – He is better known for his greasy long hair than for his intelligence, but he's still smarter than Bumble Paw.
Bumble Paw (voiced by Frank Welker) – He is the shortest and dumbest of the group.
Aunt Pruney (voiced by Ruth Buzzi) – Aunt Pruney is Dark Paw's aunt, but she is also a witch who rides a vacuum cleaner instead of a broom. She complains to her nephew that he never calls or writes. Aunt Pruney is often disappointed at his constant failures and even helps him out. Aunt Pruney and Wise Paw knew each other personally.
The Greedy Greenies – They are green slimy monsters seen in a few episodes. They are mostly featureless, except for a pair of eyes, and have voracious appetites. They ate most of the PawPaw village including houses, poles, laundry, and food, with a mixture of sucking and enveloping (similar to phagocytosis, but on a much larger scale) They prefer to come at night, and only make gurgling noises. They can burrow through the ground at will, and sometimes leave behind "puddles" that are actually tunnels, that others (such as Dark Paw and PaPooch) have fallen into, but these can be closed at will. They live in a hidden underground complex near the Paw Paw village. Intruders are lowered into a pool of goo that will cover the victim and eventually assimilate it, turning him or her into another Greenie. Even Dark Paw is afraid of them.
Great Greenie - The leader of the Greedy Greenies.
Other characters
Eugene the Genie (voiced by Scatman Crothers) – Eugene is a cat-like genie who is a friend of the Paw Paws. He has magic powers and a sassy attitude, especially towards Dark Paw. Eugene appeared in a few episodes.
Nice Paw – Nice Paw is a former Meano who used to be called Nasty Paw. He was abducted by aliens and was reprogrammed into a good guy. Nice Paw has since traveled with the aliens and often returns to Earth.
Episodes list
"The Big Spill" – While the Paw Paw bears take care of an injured duckling, the wicked Dark Paw and his Meanos cause a flood to steal the Princess's mystic moonstone.
"The Wishing Star Crystal" – When Princess Paw Paw is put into an eternal sleep by a magic flower, courtesy of Dark Paw, her friends must take a perilous journey to find a magic crystal to awaken her.
"The Flying Horse Napper" – Dark Paw steals the Princess's magic whistle that allows her to summon Flying Cloud and plans to use the flying horse to get a potion from his Aunt Pruney on Shriek Peak.
"The Creepy Cave Creature" – After preventing the Paw Paws from calling Totem Bear, Dark Paw puts a large creature under his control to attack their village.
"The Greedie Greenies" – When green blobs descend on the village and eat everything in sight, the Paw Paws must come to the rescue of their worst enemy, Dark Paw.
"The Rise of the Evil Spirits" – When ancient spirits of evil awaken after 200 years to cause trouble for the Paw Paws, Dark Paw tries to gain control of them and finally take over the village.
"The Genie-athalon" – When Eugene the Genie's lamp is uncovered and everyone tries to claim it, the Paw Paws compete against the cheating Dark Paw to win his three wishes.
"The Golden Falcon" – When the Great Totem disappears and a mysterious golden falcon statue appears, Dark Paw takes the opportunity to challenge Brave Paw to a fight.
"Honey of a Robbery" – It's Wise Paw's 100th birthday, and Dark Paw plans on ruining the celebration by stealing the village's entire honey supply.
"Tot 'em Termi' Nation" – Dark Paw brings the Black Stallion to lure away Flying Cloud and keep the Princess busy, so an army of termites can reduce the Great Totem to sawdust.
"Waif Goodbye to the Paw Paws" – Dark Paw's Aunt Pruney helps him to take over the Paw Paw's village by disguising herself as a young and pretty Paw Paw.
"The Dark Totem Pole Monster" – Dark Paw sets his sights on the moonstone around the neck of Totem Bear by building a giant mechanical version of himself, while Trembly Paw tries to help a young flying horse with a fear of flying.
"Dark Paw Under Wraps" – When a flood uncovers the casket of a Paw Paw mummy, Dark Paw takes advantage of an ancient curse to take over as leader.
"Genie Without a Lamp"
"Egging Dark Paw On"
"Two Heads Are Better than One"
"The Great Paw Paw Turnaround"
"The Lost Lake Monster"
"Totem Time Trip"
"S'no Business"
"The Zip Zap 4-D Trap"
Merchandising
A line of Paw Paws toys were produced by Applause in 1985. Princess Paw Paw, Brave Paw, Mighty Paw, Pupooch, Medicine Paw, the Meanos and other characters were produced as PVC figurines ranging from 2" to 3" tall. The figurines had accessories, like a canoe or a cart. Pupooch was also produced as a plush toy. These were only produced for a short time and are rare today.
Cast
Susan Blu – Princess Paw Paw
Ruth Buzzi – Aunt Pruney
Scatman Crothers – Eugene the Genie
Leo De Lyon –
Jerry Dexter - Medicine Paw
Laurie Faso -
Pat Fraley -
Billie Hayes -
John Ingle – Wise Paw
Tom Kratochvil -
Mitzi McCall -
Don Messick – PaPooch, additional voices
Howard Morris – Trembly Paw
Rob Paulsen -
Thom Pinto – Brave Paw
Robert Ridgely – Mighty Paw
Nielson Ross -
Stanley Ralph Ross – Dark Paw
Marilyn Schreffler -
Alexandra Stoddart - Laughing Paw
Frank Welker – Bumble Paw, Totem Bear, additional voices
Reception
One of many children's animated series of the 1980s, Paw Paws didn't leave a lasting impression on many viewers. In 2014, listing it among twelve 1980s cartoons that did not deserve remembrance, io9 characterized it as "Obviously, Hanna-Barbera was wrong. And kind of racist."
Home media
On April 9, 2019, Warner Archive released Paw Paws: The Complete Series on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection.
References
External links
1985 American television series debuts
1986 American television series endings
1980s American animated television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
Television shows about Native Americans
Animated television series about bears
English-language television shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera
Television series by Hanna-Barbera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paw%20Paws |
Düziçi is a town in Osmaniye Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Düziçi District. Its population is 56,724 (2022). It is located in a small plain in the foothills of the Nur Mountains and 440 m above the sea level.
Düziçi is on a route from the Middle East to Anatolia and has seen numerous armies and campaigns throughout the centuries. The historical names for this site are minor variations of Haruniye (Arabic: al-Hārūniyya(h); Armenian: Harun or Harunia; Crusader: Haronia or Aronia). Its small castle is on an outcrop about 3 kilometers northeast of the town.
History and Monuments
The ancient names of the city were Irenopolis and Neronias.
The fortress was built in A.D. 785/86 during the Abbasid Caliphate by Harun al-Rashid as a link in a chain of Arab defenses along the Nur Dağları, and named after him as al-Haruniyya. The Byzantine general Nicephorus Phocas captured the 1,500 residents of Haruniyya in 959. When it was recaptured by Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, in 967, the fort was repaired. Following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 nomadic Turks began to move into Anatolia and the nearby hills were temporarily settled by the Avşar tribe of the Turkmen. At some point between the mid-12th century and 1198/99 it became the possession of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. On January 22, 1236 the Armenian King Hethum I and his wife Isabella bestowed the castle and village of Haruniyya to the Knights of the Teutonic Order.
The plan of the local medieval fortress, Haruniye Kalesi, reveals a compact keep-like structure with a massive tower at the east, which protects a postern gate. There are continuous galleries with pointed vaults in the north and west walls which are opened by embrasured arrow slits. The main entrance is at the south. Repairs to the castle may belong to the Teutonic Knights or the Mamluks. The lower level of the large tower at the east may have functioned as a cistern.
In the late 13th century it was captured by the Egyptian Mamluks, who made Haruniyya the administrative center for eastern Cilicia in the mid-14th century. The Ottomans took control in 1516 during the campaign against Egypt of Sultan Selim I. In the Ottoman period the town was still known as Haruniye.
Düziçi is one of many places in the Çukurova area that claims association with the legendary 17th century folk-poet Karacaoğlan.
The town was occupied by the French forces after the First World War until the Turkish War of Independence.
Education
1 High School of Science in the town center, 2 Anatolian High School, 1 Public High School, 1 Vocational and Technical High School, 1 Health Professions High School, 1 Commercial High School, 1 Multi-Program High School a total of 8 schools, including, in the hands District 1 General high school for a total of 9 high school, also one kindergarten, one 8 years 22 and 29 at 5 There is a total of 51 years, including elementary school. There are a total of 61 schools across the district.
Places of interest
The castle of Harun al-Rahshid.
The Haruniye hot springs.
Mount Düldül, a peak in the Nur Mountains
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Extensive photographic survey, description and plan of Haruniye Castle / Düziçi
Populated places in Düziçi District
Castles in Turkey
Castles of the Teutonic Knights
780s establishments
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCzi%C3%A7i |
Düzköy (formerly Haçka) is a municipality and district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 125 km2, and its population is 13,312 (2022). The mayor is Yılmaz Ankara (AKP).
Composition
There are 22 neighbourhoods in Düzköy District:
Alazlı
Aykut
Büyükmahalle
Çal Camili
Çal Çeşmeler
Çal Orta
Çayırbağı Doğankaya
Çayırbağı Gülcana
Çayırbağı Orta
Çayırbağı Yusuflu
Çayırbağı Zeliha
Cevizlik
Çiğdemli
Düzalan
Gökçeler
Gürgendağ
Küçüktepeköy
Ortamahalle
Taşocağı
Tepecik
Yenimahalle
Yerlice
References
Populated places in Trabzon Province
Districts of Trabzon Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCzk%C3%B6y |
Michel Mathieu, (December 20, 1838 – July 30, 1916) was a Quebec lawyer, notary, judge and political figure. He was a Conservative Member of Parliament who represented Richelieu from 1872 to 1874.
He was born in Sorel, Lower Canada in 1838. He articled as a notary, becoming a member of the Sorel Board of Notaries in 1864. In 1865, he was called to the Bar of Quebec and he was appointed sheriff in the Richelieu district in 1866. In 1872, he was elected to the House of Commons; he was defeated in 1874. In 1875, he was elected to the Quebec National Assembly for Richelieu in 1875 and 1878. He also served as mayor of Sorel from 1876 to 1882. In 1881, he resigned his seat in the provincial legislature to serve as judge in the Quebec Superior Court, serving in Joliette and Montreal districts until 1909. In 1880, he was appointed Queen's Counsel. He was professor of law at the Université Laval from 1886 to 1915. In 1892, he was appointed to a royal commission in the province to investigate allegations of corruption in the government of Honoré Mercier; he did not complete this task due to health problems.
In 1869, with Adolphe Germain, he founded La Revue légale, a legal periodical; in 1884, it was purchased by Amédée Périard but Mathieu continued as editor until 1892. He published a weekly newspaper in Sorel, Le Courrier de Richelieu, from 1872 to 1874. He was editor for Rapports judiciaires révisés de la province de Québec ... (1891–1905), a 29 volume review of judgements by the province's courts. He also published several legal reference books, including editions of the Civil and Municipal codes.
Mathieu died at Montreal in 1916 and was buried at Sorel.
References
1838 births
1916 deaths
People from Sorel-Tracy
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec
Judges in Quebec
Canadian notaries
Canadian King's Counsel
French Quebecers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Mathieu%20%28Canadian%20politician%29 |
Canna may refer to:
Places
Canna, Western Australia, a locality in the Shire of Morawa, Australia
Canna, Calabria, a comune in the Province of Cosenza, Italy
Cannae, a frazione in the Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, Apulia, Italy
Canna, Scotland, an island in the Inner Hebrides
People
Canna (name)
Canna (gamer), (born 2000), League of Legends player
Saint Canna, sixth-century mother of saints and nun in south Wales
Other uses
Canna (plant), a genus of flowering plants
Canna (unit), an ancient Italian length unit, equal to 2–3 m
Canna Creek, a tributary to Lobutcha Creek, Mississippi
MV Canna, a car ferry built for Caledonian MacBrayne
See also
Cana (disambiguation)
Cannae (disambiguation)
Kanna (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canna |
Craig Dimech (born September 1970), known by his stage name Meck, is a British DJ who was the former head of free2air recordings and later Frenetic Recordings.
Known initially for the re-working of Leo Sayer's "Thunder in My Heart Again", he has gone on to forge a partnership with Italian vocalist, producer and DJ Dino Lenny.
Discography
Singles
"Feels Like Home" samples "Don't You Want Me" by Felix
"So Strong" samples "Hold That Sucker Down" by OT Quartet
"Windmills" samples "The Windmills of Your Mind" by Dusty Springfield
"Feels Like a Prayer" is a mashup of "Like a Prayer" by Madonna and "Feels Like Home"
References
English DJs
English dance musicians
English record producers
Remixers
Living people
1970 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meck%20%28musician%29 |
Sherzod Abdurahmonov (born January 12, 1982) is a boxer from Uzbekistan, who participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native Asian country. There he was stopped in the quarterfinals of the Men's Middleweight (– 75 kg) division by Russia's eventual runner-up Gaydarbek Gaydarbekov. He qualified for the Athens Games by ending up in second place at the 1st AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Guangzhou, PR China. In the final he lost to China's Ha Dabateer.
Notes
sports-reference
1982 births
Olympic boxers for Uzbekistan
Middleweight boxers
Living people
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Uzbekistani male boxers
21st-century Uzbekistani people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherzod%20Abdurahmonov |
Eğil (Hittite: 𒅔𒃲𒀀𒉿 Ingalawa, , ) is a municipality and district of Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. Its area is 449 km2, and its population is 21,434 (2022). It is populated by Kurds.
The elected mayor Mustafa Akkul of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was dismissed on the 23 March 2020 and replaced by a trustee. The current Kaymakam is Volkan Hür.
Eğil is an ancient city 50 km away from Diyarbakır with many ancient forts and caves dating to the time of the Armenian kingdom of Sophene. It is identified with Carcathiocerta, the capital of the Kingdom of Sophene, and the ancient Armenian religious center of Angegh-tun (Angełtun).e Romans, the Byzantines, the Abbasids, the Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire.
In 2018 parts of a village re-emerged in Eğil in the Çakırören neighbourhood, after the Dicle Dam suffered water level decrease due to a burst of one of the gates. It is also the location of a supposed tomb of Elisha, which is located in the Kale neighborhood of Eğil.
History
During the Bronze Age, the city was known as Ingalawa by the Hittites. Most scholars identify Eğil with the ancient city of Carcathiocerta. The city, with its strategic location overlooking the west bank of the Tigris, is the oldest in the region, with remains dating back to the Assyrian and Hellenistic periods. Later on, the city was known in Armenian as Angł, capital of the district of Angełtun, which was known as Ingilene in Greco-Roman sources. It was part of the larger province of Sophene. Armenian sources described Angł as housing "the tombs of the former kings of Armenia", apparently taking the rulers of Sophene as a branch of the Armenian kings' dynasty. The rock-cut tombs still exist today at Eğil.
Composition
There are 30 neighbourhoods in Eğil District:
Akalan
Aşağıdöşemeler
Babalar
Bahşılar
Balaban
Balım
Baysu
Dere
Düzlük
Gündoğuran
Gürünlü
Ilgın
Kale
Kalecik
Kalkan
Kayaköyü
Kazanlı
Kırkkuyu
Konak
Meşeler
Oyalı
Sağlam
Sarıca
Sarmaşık
Selman
Taşdam
Tepecik
Yatır
Yenişehir
Yukarıhaydan
Notable people
Muammer Yıldırım, footballer
Zelal Baturay, Footballer
Gallery
References
Kurdish settlements in Diyarbakır Province
Populated places in Diyarbakır Province
Districts of Diyarbakır Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Fil |
Eğirdir is a town in Isparta Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Eğirdir District. Its population is 16,759 (2022).
History
The town and the lake were formerly called Eğridir, a Turkish pronunciation and possible appropriation of the town's old Greek name Akrotiri. Moreover, the name "Eğridir" means '(It) is bent.'.
The town was founded by the Hittites before falling to the Phrygians in around 1200 BC, and subsequently being conquered by the Lydians, the Persians and the forces of Alexander the Great. The Romans called the town Prostanna. During the Byzantine era, when it acquired its name of Akrotiri ("peninsula"), it was the seat of a bishopric. The Seljuks conquered it around 1080 and held it until the Hamidoğulları tribe made it the capital of a small principality in 1280, which lasted until 1381. The 14th century traveller Ibn Battuta described it as "a great and populous city with fine bazaars and running streams, mosques, fruit trees and orchards", which was situated beside "a lake of sweet water". The Ottomans took control in 1417. Most of its population consisted of Greek Orthodox people until the population exchanges of the 1920s.
Features
Eğirdir lies between Lake Eğirdir and the Mount Sivri, and contains the Eğirdir Castle said to have been built by Croesus, king of Lydia, although additions were built by the Romans, Byzantines, and Seljuks.
The population of Eğirdir was 19,469 in 2010, but swells in the summer months as part-time residents return for the holidays. Eğirdir is a fishing community and local residents fish in Lake Eğirdir year round.
Yeşil Ada (Turkish for "green island") is a small island connected to Eğirdir by a short causeway. Restaurants, hotels, pensions (pansyons or hostels), and a few private residences fill the island. Known for its past as a Greek village, Yeşıl Ada still has quite a few stone homes remaining from the Greek era.
Locals claim that Eğirdir is home to the world's only walk-through minaret.
See also
List of lakes in Turkey
Sirmione (Sirmio peninsula) on Lake Garda in Italy
References
Gallery
External links
District municipality's official website
Egirdir, Turkey Information Website
Populated places in Eğirdir District
Fishing communities in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey
Cittaslow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Firdir |
Sulby Glen is a partly wooded glen in the parish of Lezayre in the Isle of Man. It runs north to south and is about 5 km (3 miles) long. In places the floor of the glen is only 50 metres wide, with steep sides.
The Sulby River rises in the nearby Snaefell Mountain foothills and flows through the glen, and it also contains the A14 road. At the top of the glen the river emerges from the Sulby Reservoir (the largest reservoir in the island, created in 1982). At the bottom of the glen, about 1 km south of the village of Sulby, the river emerges into the island's northern plain. By the riverside just below this point is Sulby Claddagh, a local beauty spot and camp site.
A small side valley branching from Sulby Glen near Sulby Reservoir is occupied by Tholt-y-Will Glen, one of the officially-listed Manx National Glens and the only one of these which is located in the mountainous centre of the island. This is managed, preserved and maintained in a semi-natural state by a government agency: the Forestry Amenity and Lands Directorate of the Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture. As at October 2017, access to Tholt-y-Will Glen was restricted due to a damaged bridge. At the entrance to Tholt-y-Will Glen is a small car park and picnic area.
References
Further reading
The Isle of Man, Trevor Kneale, Pevensey Island Guides (2001).
Glens on the Isle of Man: The Visitors' Pocket Guide. Isle of Man Department of Tourism (undated)
Glens of the Isle of Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulby%20Glen |
Ekinözü () is a municipality and district of Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. Its area is 656 km2, and its population is 10,290 (2022).
The town was north of the epicenter of a 7.5 earthquake on 6 February 2023—the latter of two large earthquakes the same day. At least 11 people died, 107 houses were destroyed and 70 percent of the town's building stock were damaged by the earthquakes.
Composition
There are 21 neighbourhoods in Ekinözü District:
Akpınar
Alişar
Altınyaprak
Anbar
Ataköy
Çiftlikkale
Çiftlikköy
Demirlik
Gaziler
Gözpınar
İçmeler
Kabaktepe
Kandilköy
Kürtül
Maarif
Ortaören
Öztürk
Soysallı
Türkeli
Türkmenler
Yeniköy
References
Populated places in Kahramanmaraş Province
Districts of Kahramanmaraş Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekin%C3%B6z%C3%BC |
Igor Alborov (Игорь Алборов; born November 30, 1982) is a boxer from Uzbekistan, who participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native Asian country. There he was stopped in the round of sixteen of the Heavyweight (91 kg) division by Egypt's eventual bronze medal winner Mohamed Elsayed.
Alborov qualified for the 2004 Athens Games by ending up in first place at the 1st AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Guangzhou, China. In the decisive final match he defeated Kazakhstan's Pavel Storozhuk.
References
Profile
1982 births
Olympic boxers for Uzbekistan
Living people
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Uzbekistani male boxers
Heavyweight boxers
21st-century Uzbekistani people
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Alborov |
Elbeyli, formerly Alimantar, is a town and the administrative seat of Elbeyli District in the Kilis Province in Turkey. Its population is 1,974 (2022). The town is inhabited by Turkmens of Barak and Elbegli tribes.
References
External links
District governorate
Populated places in Kilis Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Elbeyli District
Turkoman settlements in Kilis Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbeyli |
The Further Adventures of SuperTed is an animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and Siriol Animation in association with S4C, and continues the adventures of SuperTed. Only 13 episodes were produced and originally broadcast on The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera in the United States starting on 31 January 1989.
Production
The original SuperTed, created by Mike Young became the first British cartoon series to be aired on Disney Channel in the United States in 1984. Young moved to the United States to work on more animated series and in 1988 he made a SuperTed-sequel-type cartoon called Fantastic Max (originally based on the cartoon pilot Space Baby) produced by Hanna-Barbera, who decided to create a new series of SuperTed.
This new American version of the show takes on a more epic format, with Texas Pete, Bulk and Skeleton also joined by new villains. The theme song was replaced with a more American overture, and the show poked fun at all aspects of American culture, from the Grand Ole Opry to Star Wars. Only two of the original cast were used for this new series, with Victor Spinetti and Melvyn Hayes returning to voice Texas Pete and Skeleton. Unlike the original, the series used digital ink and paint.
In the UK, Mike Young and the BBC decided to rerecord the series to use the original voices of Derek Griffiths for SuperTed and Jon Pertwee for Spotty, which also resulted in some minor script changes. The episodes were also split into two parts, thus creating 26 10-minute stories, which resulted in the series not being broadcast until January 1990 on the BBC. It was repeated again twice in 1992 and 1993.
Characters
Heroes
SuperTed (voiced by Derek Griffiths in the UK version, Danny Cooksey in the US version) - A teddy bear who was thrown aside of the rejects and brought to life by Spotty's cosmic dust, a be given special powers by Mother Nature. The main hero of the series who rescues all people who need help.
Spotty Man (voiced by Jon Pertwee in the UK version, Pat Fraley in the US version) - SuperTed's loyal friend who is a yellow alien in a yellow jump-suit with green spots all around him and came from the Planet Spot that bought SuperTed to life with his cosmic dust and flies with SuperTed on every mission, he likes a few things to be covered with spots, a number of things he hated were being tied up by SuperTed (aka Terrible Ted), his traveling bag being carried away by biting ants, being locked up at Fort Knox by Texas Pete, being knocked in the Texas snake pit by Texas Pete and a haybail, having a couple being ice-danced by Pengy and Dr Frost, looking good in stripes with a white tiger disguise over him and having his Spots taken away by Texas Pete. He is the second main hero of the series.
Friends
Slim, Hoppy and Kitty (voiced by Danny Cooksey and Tress MacNeille) - The kids of Oklahoma whose animals won first pride in the rodeo prairie, but needed SuperTed's help when Texas Pete tried to ruin their bull riding competition by using a radio controlled bull and took them and the entire state of Texas, their only appearances were in "Texas Is Mine."
Major Billy Bob (voiced by Danny Mann) - The owner of the Grand Ol Opry who makes SuperTed a singing star by signing a contract after saving country music (after watching him sing with Texas Pete with his pal Coral) at the end of "Phantom of the Grand Ol' Opry" (the only episode he features in).
Billy (voiced by Robbie Lee) - The boy that needed SuperTed's help when his father Dr. Livings had been kidnapped by the Polka Dot tribe after a discovery in a cave of paintings at the primitive Brazilian Rainforest, his only appearance was in "Dot's Entertainment."
The Space Beavers (voiced by Jerry Houser and Charlie Adler) - The Space Beavers get very naughty and they are invited to Dr. Frost and Pengy. They are greedy munching trees. Formally, they do not like SuperTed and Spotty. But they become good friends with them.
Kiki (voiced by Georgi Irene) - The child with the pet whale (who she gave a good scrubbing) that got kidnapped by Texas Pete, Bulk and Skeleton to find sunken treasure and needed SuperTed's help to save it, after she has been rescued she rewards SuperTed and Spotty Man with a couple of Spotty shells. Her only appearance (with her pet whale for that matter) was in "The Mysticetae Mystery."
Blotch (voiced by Billie Hayes) - Spotty's little sister.
Prince Rajeash (voiced by Danny Cooksey) - An Indian prince who can't make decisions. He has an uncle, Prince Pyjamarama with his helper Mufti the fool. Prince Pyjamarama is not happy with Rajeash. Soon, Rajeash is betrayed by Prince Pyjamarama and nasty Mufti. But luckily, Rajeash's new friends SuperTed and Spotty help him and in the end, Rajeash now becomes a new raja after Prince Pyjamarama and Mufti flew to the water.
Villains
Texas Pete (voiced by Victor Spinetti) - The principal antagonist of the series.
Bulk (voiced by Frank Welker) - Texas Pete's fat, idiotic henchman.
Skeleton (voiced by Melvyn Hayes) - Texas Pete's effeminate, nervous henchman.
Polka Face (voiced by Howard Morris) - The Polka Dot Tribe leader who tries to sell his tribal lands. He reforms and vows to be a better man at the urging of Super Ted in the end of "Dot's Entertainment."
Bubbles the Clown (voiced by Frank Welker) - A career burglar from Planet Boffo who escapes prison and enlists Skeleton and Bulk for a heist.
Sleepless Knight (voiced by Kenneth Mars) - A knight who gives people nightmares.
Dr. Frost (voiced by Kenneth Mars) - A mad scientist who plots to free the world while manipulating the Space Beavers into helping in his plot.
Pengy (voiced by Charlie Adler) - Dr. Frost's penguin henchman.
The Hairmongers- A group of aliens from the planet Fluffalot.
Julius Scissors - Co-leader of the Hairmongers.
Marcilia - Co-leader of the Hairmongers.
The two spies from the enemy Striped Army
Prince Pyjamarama (voiced by Frank Welker) - Prince Pyjamarama is Prince Rajeash's uncle and the main antagonist of the episode "Ruse of the Raja." He and his helper Mufti become traitors to Prince Rajeash.
Mufti (voiced by Bob Arbogast) - Prince Pyjamarama's henchman.
Episode list
Home media
UK
Between 1990 and 1991 three videos were released by the BBC, whereas the two episodes of the British dub on each of the VHS tapes were made into 20-minute stories. No DVD releases have been made to date, in either the United Kingdom or the United States.
US
On 26 July 1990, Hanna-Barbera Home Video released The Further Adventures of SuperTed: 'Leave it to Space Beavers' on VHS (UPC: 017951751035), featuring the episodes Knox Knox! who's There?, Phantom of the Grand Ole Opry, Leave it to Space Beavers and Ruse of the Raja.
Cast
British main cast
Derek Griffiths - SuperTed, Narrator
Jon Pertwee - Spotty Man
British and American main cast
Melvyn Hayes - Skeleton
Victor Spinetti - Texas Pete
Frank Welker - Bulk, Prince Pyjamarama (in "Ruse of the Raja"), Bubbles the Clown (in "Bubbles, Bubbles Everywhere"), Pengy (in "Space Beavers"), Pingu (in "Bubbles, Bubbles Everywhere")
American main cast
Danny Cooksey - SuperTed, Slim and Hoppy (in "Texas is Mine"), Kids town boy (in "Ben-Fur"), Prince Rajeesh (in "Ruse of the Raja")
Pat Fraley - Spotty Man
Brian Mitchell - Narrator, Polka-Dot Elder (in "Dot's Entertainment")
Additional voices
Charlie Adler - Wally the Beaver (in "Leave it to Space Beaver," uncredited), Pengy (in "Leave it to Space Beaver," uncredited)
Bob Arbogast - Mufti (in "Ruse of the Raja")
René Auberjonois -
George Ball -
Hamilton Camp - Sparky the Dog (in "Bubbles, Bubbles Everywhere")
Philip Clarke -
Barry Dennen -
Dick Erdman -
Billie Hayes - Blotch (in "Knox Knox, Who's There?"), Slot Machine Owner (in "Bubbles, Bubbles Everywhere")
Whitby Hertford -
Georgi Irene - Kiki (in "The Mysticetae Mystery")
Arte Johnson -
Marvin Kaplan -
Robbie Lee - Billy the Kid (in "Dot's Entertainment"), Plush the Kid (in "Ben-Fur")
Tress MacNeille - Kitty the Cowpolk Kid and her mom (in "Texas Is Mine"), Texas Pete's Mom (in "Bubbles, Bubbles Everywhere")
Danny Mann - Major Billy Bob (in "Phantom of the Grand Ol' Opry").
Kenneth Mars - Dr. Frost (in "Leave it to Space Beaver"), Sleepless Knight (in "Sleepless Nights")
Cindy McGee -
Howard Morris - Polka Face (in "Dot's Entertainment")
Pat Musick -
Rob Paulsen - Dr. Livings (in "Dot's Entertainment")
Ann Ryerson -
B.J. Ward - Polka-Hontas (in "Dots Entertainment")
James Widdoes -
Patric Zimmerman -
Crew
Gordon Hunt - USA Recording Director
Andrea Romano - Animation Casting Director
Mike Young - Creator, UK Recording Director
Kris Zimmerman - Talent Coordinator
References
External links
Toonhound - SuperTed
1989 British television series debuts
1989 British television series endings
1990s British animated television series
1990s British children's television series
S4C original programming
1980s American animated television series
1989 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
BBC children's television shows
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated space adventure television series
American children's animated science fantasy television series
American children's animated superhero television series
American animated television spin-offs
British children's animated action television series
British children's animated space adventure television series
British children's animated science fantasy television series
British children's animated superhero television series
British television spin-offs
Television series by Hanna-Barbera
Animated television series about bears
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Further%20Adventures%20of%20SuperTed |
A kynodesmē (, English translation: "dog tie") was a cord or string or sometimes a leather strip that was worn primarily by athletes in Ancient Greece and Etruria to prevent the exposure of the glans penis in public (considered to be ill-mannered) and to restrict untethered movement of the penis during sporting competition. It was tied tightly around the akroposthion, the most distal, tubular portion of the foreskin that extends beyond the glans. As depicted in Ancient Greek art the kynodesme was worn by some athletes, actors, poets, symposiasts and komasts. It was worn temporarily while in public and could be taken off and put back on at will. The remaining length of cord could either be attached to a waist band to pull the penis upward and expose the scrotum, or tied around the base of the penis and scrotum so that the penis appeared to curl upwards.
Purpose
The public exposure of the penis head was regarded by the Greeks as dishonourable and shameful, something only seen in slaves and barbarians. Modesty and decency demanded that men who showed themselves naked in a public setting, such as athletes or actors, must conceal their glans.
The usage of the kynodesme might have also helped to naturally elongate the foreskin, which was seen as desirable.
In Greek and Roman medical practice, the uncontrolled dispersing of semen was thought to weaken men, and was particularly thought to affect the quality of the masculine voice. In ancient Rome, this form of non-surgical infibulation might thus be used by singers as a regimen for preserving the voice.
In art
It is first alluded to in literature in the 5th century BC, in the partially preserved satyr play Theoroi by Aeschylus. There is earlier evidence from the images of athletes on Ancient Greek pottery. The Kynodesme was also used by the Etruscans and Romans who called it a ligatura praeputii. The Romans however preferred to use a ring known as a fibula, rather than a band, to conceal the glans.
See also
Codpiece (from Middle English: cod, meaning "scrotum") – a covering flap or pouch that attaches to the front of men's trousers, enclosing the genital area
Koteka – a penis sheath traditionally worn by native male inhabitants of some ethnic groups in New Guinea to cover their genitals
Namba – a traditional penis sheath from Vanuatu
A penile fibula is a ring, attached with a pin through the foreskin to fasten it above the glans penis
References
Sources
Hodges FM. The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2001; 75:375–405.
Ancient Greece
Sport in ancient Greece
Human penis
Minimalist clothing
Greek clothing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynodesme |
Christopher Kelly may refer to:
Christopher Kelly (civil servant) (born 1946), British civil servant, chairman of the charity NSPCC
Christopher Kelly (historian) (born 1964), author of Ruling the Later Roman Empire
Christopher Kelly (author), author of A Push and a Shove
Christopher Kelly (politician), chief fundraiser under Rod Blagojevich
Christopher John Kelly (born 1888), British politician and trade unionist
See also
Chris Kelly (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Kelly |
150 - Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal
Alex - Alexandra, township to the northeast of Johannesburg
Arniston - Waenhuiskrans
Azania - South Africa, commonly used by polical activists and journalists, sometimes even in formal reference. During the transition to democracy there was a strong call to have South Africa’s name changed to Azania.
Berg - Drakensberg mountains, subdivided into the Northern Berg, Central Berg and Southern Berg
The Fifth - Bloemfontein
B.town - Bloemhof
Border - The Eastern Cape area, near East London. This term also referred to the northern border of South West Africa (now Namibia) in respect of the military operations during the South African Border War.
Die Bos - Stellenbosch (Also referred to as Eikestad or Stellies in the Afrikaans community.)
Durbs, Thekwini ,eGagasini - Durban. The term '-gagasi' means 'wave' in Zulu (as in an ocean wave), rendering eGagasini as the place of the wave.
Deep North - The East Rand (as used in Durban)
Eastern Province - Eastern Cape
Eikestad - Stellenbosch (Also referred to as Bubbytown or Stellies in the Afrikaans community.)
Free State - originally short for Orange Free State, now official name for Free State Province
Graafies - Graaff Reinet
The G-Spot, G-Vegas or G-Town - Grahamstown
Harties - Hartbeespoort; Blown as well as the large reservoir and dam located in a gap (poort) in the Magaliesberg mountains west of Pretoria
J-Bay - Jeffreys Bay
Jacaranda City, Jakarandastad - Pretoria, after the large numbers of jacaranda trees in the city.
Jo'burg, Johburg, Jozi, Joeys, eGoli ,Gauteng Province, Gangsters Paradise Johannesburg
Kaap, Cape - Cape Town. As in "Ek gaan Kaap toe" (I am going to the Cape). From the Afrikaans name for Cape Town, Kaapstad. May also refer to the wider surrounding area.
Keurbooms - Keurboomstrand
King - King William's Town
Klerkies - Klerksdorp
Kowie - Port Alfred
Krugs - Kruger National Park
KZN - KwaZulu-Natal
Last town - Christiana
Lenz - Lenasia
Maritzburg - Pietermaritzburg
Maftown - Mahikeng
Mas Vegas - Masvingo
Mzansi - South Africa (uMzantsi is Xhosa for 'south'). Invented by journalist/ editor Thami Masemola while working for the now-defunct South African youth publication Y magazine in 1999. Taken from the isiXhosa words 'Mzantsi Africa', meaning 'South Africa' but without the 't', hence the difference.
Mother City - Cape Town
Moz - Mozambique
Nam - Namibia
PE, Baai - Port Elizabeth. "Ek gaan Baai toe" is Afrikaans for "I'm going to Port Elizabeth". From "Algoabaai" (Algoa Bay). In the north-western corner of South Africa, i.e. Namaqualand. Die Baai would refer to Alexander Bay.
Plett - Plettenberg Bay
PLK - Polokwane
Port - Port Nolloth, one of the two major coastal communities in Namaqualand, the other one being Die Baai which refers to Alexander Bay.
Potch - Potchefstroom
Potties - Potgietersrus
Pret - Pretoria
PTA - Pretoria
P-Town - Pretoria
PWV - Collective term for the three conurbations of Gauteng Province, i.e. Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Vereeniging. Also the original name of Gauteng Province.
Rand - Witwatersrand, referring to Johannesburg and all its contiguous towns on the Witwatersrand, located along a linear distance of approximately 80 km in central Gauteng.
RSA - Republic of South Africa
Rusty - Rustenburg
Sheppie - Port Shepstone, a seaside resort town in southern Kwa-Zulu Natal
Slummies, Slumtown - East London
Snor City - Pretoria, Snor is Afrikaans for mustache.
Stellies - Stellenbosch, also referred to as Die Bos or Eikestad in the Afrikaans community.
TBVC states - Collective term for the homelands Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei under apartheid (now defunct)
Thaba - Thabazimbi
Toti, The Deep South or Amanzimtexas - Amanzimtoti, (resort town outside Durban)
Vaal - The Gauteng (formerly Transvaal) area around Vereeniging due to the Vaal River in the vicinity
V-Town - Vereeniging
Vuilbijl - Vanderbijlpark. Due to the serious air pollution predominantly caused by surrounding big industries. "Vuil" is the Afrikaans word for dirty.
Western Province - Western Cape
Wildtuin - Kruger National Park. "Ons gaan Julie Wildtuin toe" is Afrikaans for "We are visiting the Kruger National Park in July". From the Afrikaans word for game park.
Wollies - Wolmaransstad
Y, Y-town - Kimberley, Northern Cape
Zim - Zimbabwe (Zimbabweans call South Africa 'South' also 'Downsouth')
JTown - Jouberton
Benghazi - Khuma
South Africa, Colloquial
South Africa
Place names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colloquial%20South%20African%20place%20names |
Eleşkirt () is a town of Ağrı Province in Turkey. It is the seat of Eleşkirt District. Its population is 10,191 (2021). Its name is a transference from Alashkert (), the valley's former administrative centre but now a village known as Toprakkale. It was known as Vagharshakert in medieval sources. At the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 approximately half of the population consisted of Armenians and the rest of Kurds and Turks.
The mayor is Ramazan Yakut (Felicity Party).
Notable people
Şakiro
References
Populated places in Eleşkirt District
Ski areas and resorts in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ele%C5%9Fkirt |
Elmadağ is a municipality and district of Ankara Province, Turkey. Its area is 647 km2, and its population is 44,379 (2022). Its average elevation is , with the highest point being Mt. İdris at .
Places of interest
Elmadağ (1,862 m.) is also a small mountain beside the town, 45 km from the cıty of Ankara on the road to Kırıkkale. Residents of Ankara often visit the area for picnics and to learn to ski or snowboard during the skiing season which lasts from December until March. There are hotels, student accommodation, cafes and places selling hot-dogs and other apres-ski food.
Composition
There are 30 neighbourhoods in Elmadağ District:
Akçaali
Aşağıkamışlı
Deliler
Ediğe
Gümüşpala
Hasanoğlan Bahçelievler
Hasanoğlan Fatih
Hasanoğlan Havuzbaşı
İsmetpaşa
İstasyon
Karacahasan
Kayadibi
Kemalpaşa
Kurtuluş
Kuşçuali
Lalabel
Muzaffer Ekşi
Şehitlik
Seyitcemali
Süleymanlı
Taburlar
Tatlıca
Tekkeköy
Üçevler
Yenice
Yenidoğan
Yenimahalle
Yenipınar
Yeşildere Fatih
Yukarıkamışlı
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Elmadağ Social Network
Ski areas and resorts in Turkey
Populated places in Ankara Province
Districts of Ankara Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmada%C4%9F%2C%20Ankara |
North Lantau Highway is an expressway forming part of Hong Kong's Route 8, linking Hong Kong International Airport and Lantau Island with the rest of the territory. The road has three lanes in each direction for its entire length with full-width hard shoulders for emergencies and breakdowns. The speed limit is for most of its length, the highest of any road in Hong Kong.
North Lantau Highway is in length, beginning at Airport Road on Chek Lap Kok. The road then crosses onto Lantau Island and bypasses Tung Chung New Town. The road then travels along the northern coast of Lantau Island, next to the Airport Express and Tung Chung line of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR). This section is built on reclaimed land and through various cuttings. Finally, the road climbs over Ta Shui Wan and Tsing Chau Wan to meet the Lantau Link and its bridges.
History
Background
The North Lantau Highway was built as part of the Airport Core Programme in the 1990s. The ultimate aim of the new motorway was to connect Hong Kong's urban core with the new international airport (opened 1998) as well as associated new town development in Tung Chung. Construction commenced in June 1992 to a design by Mott MacDonald Hong Kong.
Construction and opening
Rather than tendering the project as a single contract, which would have drawn bids from only the largest international contractors, the Hong Kong government opted to split the expressway into three separate phases that would be more manageable in scale to local companies, thereby drawing a more competitive range of bids. The contract to construct the Tai Ho Section, worth HK$3.5 billion, was awarded on 8 June 1992 to the Lantau Expressway Joint Venture, of which Downer Group was the lead contractor. The Yam O Section contract, worth $1.328 billion, was awarded on 14 September 1992 to a joint venture comprising Aoki Corporation, Franki Contractors, and Tobishima Corporation. Lastly, the Tung Chung Section contract, worth $969.1 million, was awarded on 27 September 1993 to a joint venture composed of China State, Leighton Asia and Hochtief.
The expressway opened to traffic on 22 May 1997. In the days leading up to the opening, officers of the Agriculture and Fisheries Department rounded up about 30 cattle who had wandered onto the highway during construction, when the perimeter fence was not fully enclosed.
Sunny Bay Interchange
The Sunny Bay Interchange came into operation in 2005, allowing traffic to exit the North Lantau Highway onto the new Penny's Bay Highway. This opened up access to Penny's Bay, which was reclaimed mainly for the new Hong Kong Disneyland.
2008 flooding
On 7 June 2008, North Lantau Highway and its service road, , were completely flooded at Caribbean Coast, Tung Chung at 6am, under rainfall as high as per hour. The highway was forced to close completely, rendering Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok inaccessible by road. With a water depth of , and the flood extending in length, some 20 vehicles were trapped on the scene by the floodwater. Another thousand vehicles were trapped in the resulting traffic jam, extending about back to the toll plaza of Lantau Link. Service was increased on the MTR Tung Chung line and Airport Express to alleviate passenger flow.
The highway was partially reopened starting from 4:00 pm that day.
Design
An early design for the North Lantau Highway was completed in the early 1980s. It was envisaged as a two-lane dual carriageway "[hugging] the rugged northern coastline of Lantau". However, the plan did not proceed at that time as the airport project was shelved by the government for financial reasons.
The Chek Lap Kok airport project was resurrected in 1989 under the governorship of David Wilson. In the same year, new motorways design standards were introduced in Hong Kong. In 1990, the highway was redesigned to reflect these new standards, and to take into account higher projected usage. The North Lantau Highway, as built, is a three-lane dual carriageway with a gentler grade and curvature than the earlier iteration. Hard shoulders of 3.3 metres are also provided on either side of the expressway.
Most of the highway is built on reclaimed land. The fill for the land reclamation came from slope cuttings or marine borrow areas in Hong Kong, or was river sand imported from China.
The most significant bridge along the length of the road is located at the very end of the highway, linking Lantau and Chek Lap Kok. This multi-span structure, approximately 320 metres long, also carries a utility conduit serving the airport containing electricity, water, sewerage, telephone, and raw water connections. There are smaller bridges at Tai Ho Wan and Sham Shui Kok.
Interchanges
{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+ North Lantau Highway
|-
!scope=col|District
!scope=col|Location
!scope=col|km
!scope=col|Interchange name
!scope=col|Exit
!scope=col|Destinations
!scope=col|Notes
|-
|rowspan=7|Islands
|Chek Lap Kok
|style="text-align:right"|0.0
|
|style="text-align:center"|
|Airport Road – Airport
|Western terminus; start of Route 8 distance markers.
|-
|rowspan=3|Tung Chung
|style="text-align:right"|0.4
|
|style="text-align:center"|
|
|Start of expressway; western terminus of Route 8.
|-
|style="text-align:right"|0.6
|
|style="text-align:center; background:#ffdddd;"|6C
|style="background:#ffdddd;"|Tung Chung Waterfront Road – Tung Chung (North)
|style="background:#ffdddd;"|Westbound exit and eastbound entranceFormerly numbered 6B
|-
|style="text-align:right"|1.6
|Tung Chung Eastern Interchange
|style="text-align:center; background:#ffdddd;"|6B
|style="background:#ffdddd;"|Yu Tung Road – Tung Chung Town Centre, Tung Chung (West)
|style="background:#ffdddd;"|Westbound exit and eastbound entranceFormerly numbered 6A
|-
|rowspan=3|Siu Ho Wan
|style="text-align:right"|3.4
|
|style="text-align:center;"|6A
|Shun Long Road – Tuen Mun, Zhuhai, Macao
|Eastbound exit and westbound entranceLinkage to the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge and Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link
|-
|style="text-align:right"|4.8
|Siu Ho Wan Interchange
|style="text-align:center;"|6
|Unnamed access road – Siu Ho Wan MTR Depot
|
|-
|style="text-align:right"|5.4
|
|style="text-align:center;"|5A
|Shun Long Road – Zhuhai, Macao
|Westbound exit and eastbound entranceLinkage to the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge
|-
|rowspan=2|Tsuen Wan
|Yam O
|style="text-align:right"|11.3
|Sunny Bay Interchange
|style="text-align:center;"|5
| Penny's Bay Highway – Disneyland Resort, Sunny Bay
|
|-
|Tsing Chau Tsai
|style="text-align:right"|12.9
|Lantau Toll Plaza
|style="text-align:center;"|
| Lantau Link – Tsing Yi, Kowloon, Hong Kong
|Eastern terminus (at toll booths); continues
Traffic
The Transport Department offers traffic figures at two sections of the North Lantau Highway. The section between the western end of the highway (i.e. Airport Road) and the Tung Chung Eastern Interchange registered annual average daily traffic (AADT) of 54,410 in 2016. The section between Tung Chung and Ngong Shuen Au was busier, carrying 66,110 AADT in 2016.
Traffic on the highway has increased in recent years. Some residents and legislators have raised concerns that the new Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge (see below) will increase traffic congestion.
Current developments
A new interchange at Tai Ho Wan is under construction. This will connect the North Lantau Expressway to the Border Crossing Facilities Island (BCF Island), a new artificial island being built as part of the controversial Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge project. The connection between the new island and the North Lantau Expressway is actually being built under the Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok Link project, a new road tunnel connecting Tuen Mun to the BCF Island.
From the new interchange, a two-lane dual carriageway will run on viaducts, over the sea, to the BCF Island. The project (including the viaducts, the interchange, and modifications to the North Lantau Highway and Cheung Tung Road) is being built by Hong Kong contractor Gammon Construction for a contract value of HK$8.66 billion. The Highways Departments expects this to be complete by 2019.
References
External links
Expressways in Hong Kong
Route 8 (Hong Kong)
Lantau Island
Extra areas operated by NT taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Lantau%20Highway |
Dahod Lok Sabha constituency (formerly Dohad Lok Sabha constituency) () is one of the Lok Sabha parliamentary constituencies in Gujarat state in western India. This constituency is reserved for Scheduled Tribes.
Assembly segments
Presently, Dahod Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven assembly segments. These are:
Members of Parliament
^ by poll
Election results
2019
General election 2014
General elections 2009
General election, 2004
See also
Dahod district
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
Notes
Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat
Dahod district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahod%20Lok%20Sabha%20constituency |
Emet is a town in Kütahya Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Emet District. Its population is 11,431 (2022).
Emet mine, a large boron mine, is located a few miles north of the city. The mine is owned by Eti Boron Inc. (a.ş).
References
Populated places in Kütahya Province
Emet District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emet |
Saliega was an Iberian lynx who in 2005 became the first of her species to give birth in captivity.
Saliega was born in the wild in March 2002 in Sierra Morena (Spain). As a one-month-old with little chance of survival in the wild, she was taken by the Andalusian authority and arrived at the Jerez zoo on 17 April 2002. There she was raised together with Aura, a female of the same age born in Doñana, until both were transferred to El Acebuche Breeding Center, in the Doñana Nature Park in Huelva, on 21 February 2003.
On 28 March 2005, Saliega became the first Iberian lynx to breed in captivity, giving birth to three healthy kittens. Prior attempts at captive breeding had failed because the mothers ate their kittens immediately after birth. The father was Garfio, a three-year-old male from Sierra Morena, who was taken to El Acebuche in February 2004 for the breeding program. Two of the cubs—Brezo and Brisa—survived while the third, Brezina, died as a consequence of a fight with Brezo.
On 22 March 2008, Saliega gave birth to three more kittens at the El Acebuche captive breeding centre in the Doñana Nature Park. They were born at 64 days gestation. One of the young was rejected by the mother, and the Junta de Andalucía's Environment Department reported on 24 March 2008 that the rejected kitten had died.
The IUCN has classified the Iberian lynx as Endangered, and it is considered the world's most threatened feline species. Studies conducted in March 2005 estimated the number of surviving Iberian lynx to be as few as 100, which is down from about 400 in 2000 and down from 4,000 in 1960. If the Iberian lynx were to become extinct, it would be the first big cat species to do so since the Smilodon became extinct 10,000 years ago.
Saliega produced a total of 16 offspring. In February 2013, she was sterilized following discovery of a mammary tumor, and her unfertilized eggs were collected and frozen. In January 2014, she retired at Zoobotánico de Jerez. She died there of natural causes in 2019.
References
External links
Programa de Conservación Ex-Situ Official page Spanish government.
Individual felines
2002 animal births
Individual animals in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliega |
Emirgazi is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 798 km2, and its population is 7,724 (2022). Its elevation is .
Composition
There are 16 neighbourhoods in Emirgazi District:
Akmescit
Besci
Camikebir
Cumhuriyet
Demirci
Fatih
Gölören
İkizli
Işıklar
Kale
Karaören
Meşeli
Öbektaş
Türbe
Yamaçköy
Yeni
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirgazi |
Lomme (; ) was a commune in the Nord département of northern France. It was absorbed as a commune associée by the city of Lille in 2000. At the 1999 census its population was 27,940 inhabitants. Its population was 28,092 in 2019.
Heraldry
References
External links
Lomme website
Lille
Former communes of Nord (French department)
Populated places disestablished in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomme |
Erciş (; ; , historically , Arjesh) is a municipality and district of Van Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,133 km2, and its population is 171,000 (2022). It is located at the northern end of Lake Van.
History of Artchesh
During Classical Antiquity, the town was known as Arsissa, and Archesh (Arčeš) in Armenian and Arjish in Arabic. The Byzantines knew it as Arzes (Ἂρζες or Ἀρζές) and the 10th-century emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos wrote in his De administrando imperio (Chapter XLIV) that it was under the rule of the Kaysite emirate of Manzikert.
This small district served as the capital city of a number of ruling states. It was the main center of the province of Turuberan as part of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia. The city changed hands on several occasions between the Arabs and the Byzantines, in the early Middle Ages. From the mid 1020s onwards Archesh was governed by the Byzantines. In 1054, it was captured and sacked by the Seljuk Turks commanded by Tuğrul after an eight-day siege. It was fortified in the early 14th century by the Ilkhanid vizier Ali Shah. Archesh became part of the Qara Qoyunlu state and later became a part of the Ottoman Empire.
From 18th century, because of the increase of level of Lake Van the old town (called Archesh) slowly disappeared. By the second half of the 19th century few traces of the buildings, churches and dwelling houses remained. After old Archesh/Erciş was flooded by water, the city was moved to north to a much higher place called Alada in 1841. There the new town was built called Akants (Նոր Արճեշ (, New Artchesh in Armenian and Erciş () in Turkish). While the new site inherited the old city's name and identity, as well as most of the population, some of the old site's residents moved out into the surrounding countryside instead and settled in villages such as Çelebibaği. In 1890 64% of the population of the district was Armenian.
The Armenian population was wiped out during the Armenian genocide of 1915. That same year Russian forces captured the city during the Caucasus Campaign. They were replaced by makeshift Armenian forces after December 1917. These were eventually driven out by the Ottomans on April 1, 1918.
In July 1930 in Erçis occurred the Zilan Massacre in which the Turkish army massacred thousands of Kurds.
The city was shaken by a major earthquake on 23 October 2011.
Government
District Governor Nuri Mehmetbeyoğlu was appointed as a trustee for the Erçis municipality.
Population
The total population of the district at the end of 2022 was 171,000.
Geography
The district covers an area of 2,133 km² and is surrounded by Muradiye District to the east, Bitlis Province to the west, Ağrı Province on the north and by Lake Van on the south. There is a volcanic mountain and caldera called Mount Meydan in the district.
To the north of Erciş is a large, steep highland area known as the Ala Dağ (literally "mottled mountain"), which contains the tributaries of the Zilan Dere. This is part of a general highland belt that separates the small plains north of Lake Van from the districts of Doğubayazıt and Diyadin further north. The Mount Süphan and Mount Nemrut further west are also part of this highland belt, as is the Mount Tendürek immediately to the east. The Ala Dağ's underlying rock is fairly soft and as a result the whole area is eroded into many sharp ridges. However, many of these ridges are covered in grass. There are villages in some of the valleys in the Ala Dağ, and there was historically a route cutting through some of these valleys to reach Diyadin further north. Historical records also refer to an "Ala Dağ" as the site of an Ilkhanid palace and a grazing area for Mongol pastoralists, but this seems to be referring to a different place.
It is one of the most developed cities in eastern Turkey and it is the place where the folk songs are still alive. Many kinds of fruits and vegetables are raised. Planting of poplar trees is widely seen in the city and surroundings.
Composition
There are 102 neighbourhoods in Erciş District:
Adnan Menderes
Ağaçören
Ağırkaya
Akbaş
Akçayuva
Aksakal
Alkanat
Apdalmezrası
Aşağıakçagedik
Aşağıçökek
Aşağıgöze
Aşağıışıklı
Aşağıkozluca
Bayazıt
Bayramlı
Bozyaka
Bucakönü
Bulamaç
Çakırbey
Camikebir
Çatakdibi
Çataltepe
Çelebibağı
Çetintaş
Çimen
Çobandüzü
Çubuklu
Deliçay
Derekent
Derimevi
Dinlence
Doğancı
Doluca
Duracak
Düvenci
Ekiciler
Ergücü
Evbeyli
Gedikdibi
Gergili
Gökoğlan
Gölağzı
Görüşlü
Gözütok
Gültepe
Gümüşoluk
Hacıkaş
Hasanabdal
Haydarbey
Hocaali
İkizçalı
İşbaşı
Kadirasker
Karatavuk
Kardoğan
Karlıyayla
Kasımbağı
Kayaboyun
Kekiksırtı
Keklikova
Kırkdeğirmen
Kırkpınar
Kışla
Kızılören
Kocapınar
Koçköprü
Köycük
Latifiye
Mağara
Nişancı
Örene
Ortayayla
Oyalı
Payköy
Pınarlı
Sabanbüken
Sahil Kent
Salihiye
Salmanağa
Şehirpazar
Şerefli
Söğütlü
Taşevler
Taşkapı
Taşlıçay
Tekevler
Tekler
Topraklı
Ulupamir
Uncular
Vanyolu
Yalındam
Yankıtepe
Yeşilova
Yetişen
Yılanlı
Yoldere
Yöreli
Yukarıakçagedik
Yukarıçınarlı
Yukarıışıklı
Yünören
See also
2011 Van earthquake
Zilan massacre
References
External links
Erciş municipality
Erciş district
Populated places in Van Province
Districts of Van Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erci%C5%9F |
This is a list of common Latin abbreviations. Nearly all the abbreviations below have been adopted by Modern English. However, with some exceptions (for example, versus or modus operandi), most of the Latin referent words and phrases are perceived as foreign to English. In a few cases, English referents have replaced the original Latin ones (e.g., "rest in peace" for RIP and "postscript" for PS).
Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe. From the 18th century, authors started using their mother tongues to write books, papers or proceedings. Even when Latin fell out of use, many Latin abbreviations continued to be used due to their precise simplicity and Latin's status as a learned language.
List of common abbreviations
All abbreviations are given with full stops, although, in most situations, these are omitted or included as a personal preference.
List of lesser-common abbreviations and usages
Words and abbreviations that have been in general use but are currently used less often.
Used in biology
aff. (affinis): having affinity with, similar but not identical to
auct. (auctorum): of the authors; indicates that a name is used in the sense of subsequent authors, and not in the sense of the original author
Ca. (Candidatus): for candidate names of organisms that have not been completely accepted
ex. (exemplar): example or specimen; plural abbreviated as exx.
f. sp. (forma specialis): a special form adapted to a specific host; plural abbreviated as ff. spp.
in coll. (in collectionem): in the collection, often followed by the name of a collection or museum
indet. (indeterminans): undetermined, unidentified
leg. (legit): he/she collected, often followed by the name of the collector
nob. (nobis): by us, used to indicate that the writer(s) are the author(s) of a scientific name
sensu: "in the sense of", used for different groups of organisms
sp. (species): species (singular); plural also species, abbreviated as spp.
sp. nov. (species nova): new species (singular); plural is species novae, abbreviated as spp. nov.
ssp., subsp. (subspecies): subspecies (singular); plural is subspecies, abbreviated sspp. or subspp.
See also
Glossary of scientific naming § Latin abbreviations
List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
List of classical abbreviations
List of ecclesiastical abbreviations
List of Latin phrases
Scribal abbreviation
References
Bibliography
External links
Lists of phrases
Latin
Abbreviations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Latin%20abbreviations |
Erdek (formerly known as Artàke, ) is a municipality and district of Balıkesir Province, Turkey. Its area is 307 km2, and its population is 31,902 (2022). Located on the Kapıdağ Peninsula, on the north coast of the Gulf of Erdek at the south of the Sea of Marmara, Erdek is a popular domestic holiday destination with several hotels dating back to the 1960s. The surrounding area has a rugged geology and topography with evergreen wooded areas and large olive groves. It is dominated by Mt Dindymus (782m).
In the summer ferries travel from Erdek to Avşa Adası, one of the Marmara Islands in the Sea of Marmara. The harbour overlooks tiny Zeytinlik island where there is a research station devoted to olives.
History
During the Hittite era it was known as Artukka. Later it became a colony of Miletus. Together with other Greek cities, it took part in the Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire, but was burnt by the Persians; it seems unlikely that it was rebuilt in ancient times since Strabo does not mention it. In the Roman period it was known as Artace. After the abandonment of nearby Cyzicus, the town was re-inhabited in the early Middle Ages. In the late 7th century, it briefly hosted a Cypriot refugee population including the island's archbishop, and was known as Nova Justiniana.
During the Ottoman period, Erdek was the centre of the Sanjak of Karasi. According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82–1893, the kaza of Erdek had a total population of 33,007, consisting of 29,165 Greeks, 3,070 Muslims, 300 Jews, 18 Armenians and 454 foreign citizens.
In the 1960s, before Bodrum and Marmaris became popular vacation spots, Erdek was a fashionable holiday resort for Istanbul residents. The Pinar Oteli was the most popular place to stay then and is still in business today.
Composition
There are 28 neighbourhoods in Erdek District:
Alaaddin
Aşağıyapıcı
Atatürk
Balıklı
Ballıpınar
Belkıs
Çakılköy
Çeltikçi
Doğanlar
Halitpaşa
Hamamlı
Harmanlı
İlhanköy
Karşıyaka
Kestanelik
Narlı
Ocaklar
Ormanlı
Paşalimanı
Poyrazlı
Sahil
Şahinburgaz
Tatlısu
Turan
Tuzla
Yalı
Yukarıyapıcı
Zeytinli
Twin towns — sister cities
Erdek is twinned with:
Otranto, Italy since 2001
See also
Erdek Naval Base
Nea Artaki, Greece
References
External links
Erdek Otelleri
About Erdek Erdek, restaurant,otel,maps,motel,information content.
Erdek Tourism Tourism page with interactive map and panorama videos.
Erdek Oteller Pansiyonlar
Erdek Hotel
Seaside resorts in Turkey
Populated places in Balıkesir Province
Districts of Balıkesir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Port cities of the Sea of Marmara
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Members of the Delian League
Former Greek towns in Turkey
Milesian colonies
Greek colonies in Mysia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdek |
Erdemli is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,279 km2, and its population is 151,928 (2022). It is west of the city of Mersin.
Geography
Erdemli is located between the districts of Mezitli (to the east) and Silifke (to the west). In the north, Erdemli is bordered by Karaman Province and in the south by the Mediterranean Sea.
The district extends from the Mediterranean coastal plain, the largest agricultural area in Mersin Province, to high in the Taurus Mountains where there is forest, and then a large area (half the land area of the district) is high mountain above the treeline.
Erdemli is a quiet rural district where the people are conservative, and is traditionally a stronghold of Turkish nationalist politicians; however some departments of Mersin University are opening branches here which will surely have an effect on the cultural and social life of Erdemli in the future. There is no industry except some hand-weaving of rugs so the local economy depends on agriculture. The coastal plain is covered with citrus fruits, bananas, and various fruits and vegetables grown year-round in open fields or in greenhouses. High meadows in the mountains are planted with grain pulses and fruits such as apples, peaches, and cherries. At these altitudes there are also vineyards, olive groves, and fig trees.
This is an attractive forested coastal district, and Erdemli is now attracting investment in infrastructure to develop a tourist industry.
The coast is home to the endangered Mediterranean monk seal. The Middle East Technical University in Ankara has an Institute of Marine Sciences graduate school here, which has a biology group that monitors the seals.
Places of interest
Akkale (in the modern village of Tırtar) - the ruins of a large Byzantine building, possibly a palace, with baths, a water tank and large tank for storing olive oil.
Alata Research Institute of Horticulture Research Institute, also offers picnic area
Emirzeli - the ruins of an ancient city with traces of Hellenistic, Ancient Roman and Byzantine architecture including a church, a tower, water storage and houses.
Çanakçı rock tombs - a group of rock-carved tombs dating back to the 2nd century AD.
Çatıören - a Hellenistic city with temple of Hermes and necropolis.
Öküzlü - the foundations of an ancient city, with a basilica, water tanks and monumental stones.
Corycus and Kızkalesi - Findings in the necropolis inform us that the city of Corycus dates back the 4th century BC, in the 1st century they minted coinage here. The nearby castle of Kızkalesi Ghorgos was built on an island offshore in the 12th century.
Elaiussa Sebaste - founded in the 2nd century, but thrived under the Romans and Byzantines, the site includes a necropolis, theatre and waterworks.
Canytelis - occupied since the 3rd century BC, the site includes rock tombs and a Hellenistic period tower.
Kanlıdivane - an ancient city around a big sinkhole dating back to ancient Olba Kingdom.
Paşa Türbesi - a small Seljuk-era (13th century) tomb and there are many more remains from antiquity in the area.
Composition
There are 71 neighbourhoods in Erdemli District:
Adnan Menderes
Akdeniz
Akpınar
Alata
Alibeyli
Arpaçbahşiş
Arslanlı
Ayaş
Aydınlar
Barbaros
Batısandal
Çamlı
Çerçili
Çeşmeli
Çiftepınar
Çiriş
Dağlı
Doğusandal
Elbeyli
Elvanlı
Esenpınar
Evdilek
Fakılı
Fatih
Gücüş
Güneyli
Güzeloluk
Hacıalanı
Hacıhalilarpaç
Harfilli
Hüsametli
İlemin
Karaahmetli
Karahıdırlı
Karakeşli
Karayakup
Kargıcak
Kargıpınarı
Kayacı
Kızılen
Kızkalesi
Kocahasanlı
Koramşalı
Kösbucağı
Kösereli
Koyuncu
Kuşluca
Küstülü
Limonlu
Merkez
Pınarbaşı
Şahna
Sarıkaya
Sarıyer
Sinap
Sıraç
Sorgun
Tabiye
Tapureli
Tırtar
Tömük
Toros
Tozlu
Türbe
Üçtepe
Üzümlü
Veyselli
Yağda
Yarenler
Yeniyurt
Yüksek
Gallery
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Erdemli
Mersin University
Mersin haberleri
Populated places in Erdemli District
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Districts of Mersin Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdemli |
George Douglas may refer to:
George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus (1380–1403), Scottish magnate
George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus (c. 1417–1463), Scottish magnate
George Douglas, Master of Angus (1469–1513), Scottish nobleman
George Douglas of Pittendreich (died 1552), Master of Angus, Scottish nobleman
George Douglas of Longniddry (fl. 1580–1610), Scottish landowner and courtier
George Douglas of Parkhead (died 1602), Scottish landowner and mining entrepreneur
George Douglas (bishop) (died 1589), Scottish prelate, Bishop of Moray
George Douglas (diplomat) (died 1636), English ambassador to Poland 1634–1636
George Douglas (Royal Navy officer), first captain of HMS Ardent (1764)
George Douglas (footballer) (1893–1979), English association footballer
George Douglas, 16th Earl of Morton (1761–1827), Scottish aristocrat
George Douglas, 1st Earl of Dumbarton (1635–1692), Scottish nobleman and soldier
George Douglas, 2nd Earl of Dumbarton (1687–1749), Scottish nobleman and soldier
George Douglas, 4th Lord Mordington (died 1741)
George Douglas, 13th Earl of Morton (1662–1738), British peer and politician
George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton (1789–1858), Scottish Tory politician
George Douglas (priest) (1889–1973), Dean of Argyll and The Isles
George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk (1906–1994), Scottish aristocrat and First Lord of the Admiralty
George Brisbane Scott Douglas (1856–1935), Scottish poet and writer
George Douglas, the pen name of songwriter Bob Thiele (1922–1996)
George Douglas (rugby), rugby union and rugby league player
Sir George Douglas, 2nd Baronet (1754–1821), MP for Roxburghshire, 1784–1806
George Henry Scott-Douglas (1825–1885), MP for Roxburghshire, 1874–1880
Sir George Brisbane Douglas, 5th Baronet (1856–1935), of the Douglas baronets
George Douglas (actor) (1903–1983), American actor
George Douglas (golfer), Scottish golfer
George Douglas (martyr) (1540–1587), one of the Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales
George Douglas, pen name of Lady Gertrude Stock (1842–1893), English writer and aristocrat
George C. M. Douglas (1826–1904), moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, 1894–95
George W. Douglas, American economist
See also
George Douglas Brown (1869–1902), Scottish Victorian novelist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Douglas |
Ereğli is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,214 km2, and its population is 150,978 (2022). Its elevation is .
History
The ancient town of Heraclea Cybistra (Ηράκλεια Κυβίστρα in Ancient Greek) was located here, and gave its name (Heracles) to the modern town. The town had some importance in Hellenistic times owing to its position near the point where the road to the Gülek Pass (Cilician Gates) enters the hills. It lay in the way of armies and was more than once sacked by the Arab invaders of Asia Minor (AD 805 and 832). During the Crusade of 1101 it was the scene of a failed battle of 15,000 men led by William II, Count of Nevers against the Seljuks, which left the Crusaders weak en route to Antioch. It became Turkish (Seljuk) in the 11th century.
Ereğli is also known for being the first capital of the Karaman Beylik founded by Nur Sufi Bey. The Karaman state was renowned for being a consistent nuisance to Ottoman dominance in Anatolia, being one of the few Anatolian beyliks to retain sovereignty well past Mehmed the Conqueror's conquest of Constantinople. It was also the first political entity and beylik in Anatolia to proclaim Turkish as an official language alongside Arabic and Persian. In 1553, upon return from a campaign in Persia, Suleiman the Magnificent had his son, Şehzade Mustafa, killed in the Ereğli valley where the Ottoman Army was stationed. Modern Ereğli had grown from a large village to a town since the railway reached it from Konya and Karaman in 1904; and it has now hotels and thriving businesses.
Archaeology
Three hours’ ride south is the famous "Hittite" rock relief of a lynx, representing a king (probably of neighbouring Tyana) adoring a god. This was the first "Hittite" monument discovered in modern times (early 18th century, by the Swede Otter, an emissary of Louis XIV).
Ereğli may be the location of the Hittite town of Hupisna (Ḫupišna), where the goddess Ḫuwaššanna was worshipped. She was linked with Gazbaba, a Mesopotamian love goddess also connected with Inanna.
In the early Iron Age, Hupisna also was a neo-Hittite polity in the land of Tabal. Two kings of Hupisna are known from the Assyrian sources: Puḫamme (c. 837 BC) and Urimme (c. 738 BC).
Composition
There are 87 neighbourhoods in Ereğli District:
500 Evler
Acıkuyu
Acıpınar
Adabağ
Akhüyük
Alhan
Alpaslan
Aşağıgöndelen
Aşıklar
Atakent
Aydınlar
Aziziye
Bahçeli
Barbaros
Batıalagözü
Belceağaç
Belkaya
Beyköy
Beyören
Boyacıali
Bulgurluk
Burhaniye
Büyükdede
Cahı
Çakmak
Camikebir
Çayhan
Çiller
Çimencik
Cinler
Çömlekçi
Dalmaz
Doğualagözlü
Eti
Fatih
Gaybi
Gökçeyazı
Göktöme
Gülbahçe
Hacımemiş
Hacımustafa
Hacımutahir
Hamidiye
Hıdırlı
Hortu
Kamışlıkuyu
Karaburun
Kargacı
Kazancı
Kızılgedik
Kuskuncuk
Kutören
Kuzukuyu
Mehmet Akif
Mellicek
Mimar Sinan
Namık Kemal
Orhangazi
Orhaniye
Özgürler
Pınarözü
Pirömer
Sarıca
Sarıtopallı
Selçuklu
Servili
Şinasi
Sümer
Talatpaşa
Taşağıl
Taşbudak
Tatlıkuyu
Toros
Türbe
Türkmen
Üçgöz
Ulumeşe
Yazlık
Yellice
Yenibağlar
Yeniköy
Yıldırımbeyazıt
Yıldızlı
Yukarıgöndelen
Yunuslu
Zengen
Ziya Gökalp
Transportation
Ereğli Gar is the railway station of the town. Once served by several train lines that have destinations to Istanbul, İzmir and Konya, the station is currently served by Mainline / Toros Ekspresi only, which connects Ereğli to Adana and Karaman.
Notable residents
Nimet Çubukçu, current Minister of Education of Turkey.
Ali Talip Özdemir, former head of the Motherland Party (ANAP)
Şehzade Mustafa, heir to the Ottoman throne who was killed in the Ereğli valley
Volkan Ş. Ediger (born 1953, is a scientist, writer and bureaucrat
International relations
Ereğli is twinned with:
Hydra, Greece (since 1996)
See also
Kwangjin Park, a park in Ereğli.
References
External links
District governor's official website
District Municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ere%C4%9Fli%2C%20Konya |
Erfelek is a town in Sinop Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Erfelek District. Its population is 4,041 (2022). The mayor is Mehmet Uzun (AKP).
References
Populated places in Sinop Province
Erfelek District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfelek |
Ergani (, ), formerly known as Arghni or Arghana, is a municipality and district of Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,510 km2, and its population is 136,099 (2022). Ergani District is located in the administrative as the Southeastern Anatolia Region, but as a geographical region it is located in Eastern Anatolia. The mayor is Ahmet Kaya (HDP) since 2019. Ahmet Karaaslan was appointed as the District Governor.
Çayönü
Near the village of Sesverenpınar, among the Hilar rocks Çayönü hill was first settled in c. 7500 BC, and was continuously inhabited until 5000 BC (but only occasionally since then). Remains have been found from the earlier habitation, one of the most important archaeological finds of its era.
History
Trade has flourished between Ergani and Mesopotamia during the third millennium BC. Ergani has a rich history of being a mining region.
Education
There exist 107 elementary schools, two Anatolian High Schools and one Anatolian Teacher High School. There exists also a Dicle University Vocational School in Ergani.
Composition
There are 102 neighbourhoods in Ergani District:
Adnan Menderes
Ahmetli
Akçakale
Akçoban
Alitaşı
Armutova
Aşağıbitikçi
Aşağıkuyulu
Azıklı
Aziziye
Bademli
Bagür
Bahçekaşı
Bereketli
Boğazköy
Boncuklu
Bozyer
Caferan
Çakartaş
Çakırfakır
Canveren
Çayırdere
Çayköy
Çimlihöyük
Cömert
Coşkun
Çukurdere
Dağarası
Dallıdağ
Değirmendere
Demirli
Dereboyu
Deringöze
Develi
Devletkuşu
Dibektaş
Doğanköy
Fatih
Fevzi Çakmak
Giraylar
Gökiçi
Gözekaya
Gözlü
Gülerce
Güneştepe
Güzelyurt
Hançerli
Hendekköy
Hilar
İncehıdır
İstasyon
Karaburçak
Karpuzlu
Karşıbağlar
Kavaklı
Kavurmaküpü
Kayan
Kemaliye
Kemertaş
Kesentaş
Kıralan
Kocaali
Kömürtaş
Kortaş
Koyunalan
Kumçi
Morkoyun
Namıkkemal
Olgun
Ortaağaç
Ortayazı
Otluca
Özbilek
Pınarkaya
Sabırlı
Salihli
Sallar
Sallıca
Sanayi
Saray
Savaş
Selmanköy
Şirinevler
Sökündüzü
Şölen
Tevekli
Üçkardeş
Usluca
Üzümlü
Yakacık
Yamaçlar
Yapraklı
Yayvantepe
Yeniköy
Yeşilköy
Yolbulan
Yolköprü
Yoncalı
Yukarıbitikçi
Yukarıkarpuzlu
Yukarıkuyulu
Ziyaret
Climate
Ergani has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).
References
External links
Official City Website
Kurdish settlements in Diyarbakır Province
Populated places in Diyarbakır Province
Districts of Diyarbakır Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergani |
First Descent is a 2005 documentary film about snowboarding and its beginning in the 1980s.
The snowboarders featured in this movie (Shawn Farmer, Nick Perata, Terje Haakonsen, Hannah Teter and Shaun White with guest appearances from Travis Rice) represent three generations of snowboarders and the progress this young sport has made over the past two decades. Most of the movie was shot in Alaska and its back country.
It is the first movie to be produced and financed by the soft-drink company Mountain Dew.
Credits
Kemp Curly - producer, editor
Kevin Harrison - producer, director
Marc Joubert - co-producer
John Kaplan - co-producer
Jack Kelly - coordinating producer
Paula Martone - line producer
Larry Tanz - executive producer
See also
Step Into Liquid
Notes
External links
2005 films
Snowboarding
Universal Pictures films
Films shot in Alaska
2000s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Descent |
Rhythm King Records Ltd was a British independent record label, founded in the mid-1980s by Martin Heath, Adele Nozedar, DJ Jay Strongman and James Horrocks. It was based in Chiswick, London.
History
Beginnings
Starting out as an offshoot of Daniel Miller's critically acclaimed Mute Records, Rhythm King's initial focus was dance music - specifically house, acid house, acid jazz, sampling culture and hip hop/rap. Strongman's rap/funk offshoot, Flame Records, signed proto-gangsta rapper Schoolly D and Chuck Brown & the Soul Searchers amongst others. James Horrocks left the label at the end of 1987, and subsequently went on to form React Music Limited in 1990, which also had a focus upon dance music. This left Martin Heath in sole charge of the label; however by the beginning of 1988, Rhythm King was to enjoy a period of short term success, which went hand in hand with the partial dominance dance music had on the UK Singles Chart, from the late 1980s to the beginning of the 2000s.
January 1988 - First UK Singles Chart breakthrough - The Beatmasters / Bomb the Bass
The breakthrough was the single "Rok da House" by The Beatmasters featuring The Cookie Crew. Initially reaching No. 78 when first released in July 1987, the single was re-released in January 1988 and reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1988. It is acknowledged as not only one of the earliest British house tunes (recorded 1986), but also as the first record to merge hip-hop and house, into a style known as hip house. This was followed up by "Beat Dis" by Bomb The Bass. The identity of Bomb The Bass was shrouded in mystery until it was revealed that it was the work of London's Wag Club DJ Tim Simenon, and record producer Pascal Gabriel. Simenon brought his DJ experience, record collection and techniques gained from a music production course to create a cut and paste style which, with Gabriel's help, successfully merged sounds and samples from various genres within dance music. These included old school hip hop, house, electro and funk with samples from film and TV - most notably The Good, the Bad and the Ugly and Thunderbirds. The record reputedly cost £500 to make and debuted at No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1988 - what was then the highest debut position for an unknown artist. It eventually reached No. 2 for two weeks and was kept off the top spot by Kylie Minogue's debut single "I Should Be So Lucky".
Theme From S-Express and further hits
Rhythm King did not have to wait too long for its first UK Singles Chart No. 1. S-Express was the brainchild of London DJ Mark Moore who ,in collaboration with producer Pascal Gabriel (also in Bomb the Bass), put together the single, "Theme from S'Express". This mixed many of the contemporary dance music sounds of the time with a sample from Rose Royce's 1970s disco anthem "Is It Love You're After" to great success. Vocalist, David White aka Steam supplied vocals for the US release of the single. The single shot to No .1 in April/May 1988 and 1988 to 1991 would be a golden period for Rhythm King with its artists - in particular The Beatmasters, Betty Boo, Bomb The Bass, Merlin and S-Express doing well in the UK Album and Singles Charts.
Outer Rhythm and Renegade Software
With rave culture going mainstream from the late 1980s, Rhythm King also became interested in this and formed Outer Rhythm in 1989. The emphasis at Outer Rhythm was electronic dance music/techno and was influential in developing the initial music careers of Leftfield and, to a much lesser degree, Moby. Briefly Outer Rhythm was also associated with Sheffield's Warp Records - and the Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass scene which launched Warp, along with Belgium based R&S Records before the labels and their artists - including Aphex Twin, CJ Bolland, Dave Angel, Jam & Spoon, LFO and Nightmares on Wax went on to do big things in their own right. Martin Heath also diversified into computer games software in association with the Bitmap Brothers. Renegade Software was successful and some of Rhythm King's artists - including The Beatmasters, Betty Boo, Bomb The Bass and Nation 12 contributed music to some of Renegade's titles.
Deal with Sony Records
The commercial success of Rhythm King enabled it to link a distribution deal with Sony Records subsidiary Epic Records. Rhythm King was no longer associated with Mute Records from 1991 and towards the end of 1992 it closed down the Outer Rhythm offshoot. Coincidentally, Mute set up Novamute Records around this time - also with a focus on techno and electronic dance music.
Direction of Rhythm King in the 1990s
As the 1990s progressed, many of the established artists on Rhythm King's roster - including Baby Ford, The Beatmasters, Betty Boo, Bomb The Bass, Leftfield, Moby and S-Express either left the label and/or concentrated on producing for other artists - most notably Tim Simenon and The Beatmasters, the latter in particular immediately achieving success with their work on a string of singles taken from the 1992 Shamen album, Boss Drum. The musical focus at Rhythm King in the mid 1990s shifted away from dance music and more towards indie and alternative rock. Acts signed during this period had varying levels of critical and commercial success, and included David Devant and his Spirit Wife, The Dharmas, Echobelly, Sheep on Drugs, The Sultans Of Ping and X-CNN.
Enter Arista exit Rhythm King
Rhythm King's distribution deal with Sony Records expired around 1995/96 so a new deal with BMG's Arista Records was signed in 1996. Rhythm King was subsequently closed down and merged into the main Arista concern when Martin Heath became head of the label. However, this was not the end of Heath's involvement with an independent record label. Lizard King Records was formed by Heath and Dominic Hardisty in 2001, and its most notable artist was US act The Killers, who were signed to Lizard King in the UK and Ireland. In 2005, Hardisty bought out Heath and Heath moved to New York to set up a new label. As part of the deal he was permitted to re-use the name Lizard King, but the Killers remain signed to the original company which has now been renamed Marrakesh Records.
Artists
Rhythm King had a varied roster of artists. Some of these had only a short-term relationship with the label and others had more of a longer term relationship releasing a number of singles and albums to varying degrees of commercial and critical success. The artist roster for the label therefore included the following:
Ability 2 - Released on the Outer Rhythm offshoot.
Aphex Twin - The releases Digeridoo and Selected Ambient Works 85-92 were released by Belgium-based R&S Records who had a distribution deal with Outer Rhythm for UK releases from 1990-92.
Baby Ford - The third Baby Ford album BFORD9 was released on Rhythm King's offshoot label Transglobal. Since leaving Rhythm King in the mid '90s Peter Ford has had a nomadic relationship with a variety of other labels including; Black Market International, Force Inc, Ideal, Klang, Perlon, Plus 8 & Sender.
Bailey & Bridges
Bam Bam Musique - Released on the Splish offshoot label.
The Beatmasters - After seven singles and two Rhythm King albums (Anywayawanna and Life & Soul), slimmed down to a duo and went on to a successful career as writers and producers. Still working to this day (2009)
Joey Beltram - UK releases from 1990-92 were distributed by Outer Rhythm on behalf of Belgium-based R&S Records. Recorded under the aliases Beltram and Second Phase.
Betty Boo - Signed with WEA in 1992.
Bomb The Bass - Formed the label Stoned Heights in association with Island Records offshoot 4th & Broadway in 1994.
CCP - Released on Transglobal. Signed with MCA Records in 1989.
Chuck Brown & The Soul Searchers - Some releases on the Flame offshoot.
CJ Bolland - UK releases from 1990-92 were distributed by Outer Rhythm on behalf of Belgium-based R&S Records.
Congress - Released on the offshoot Inner Rhythm label.
Cookie Crew - Released the single Females before signing with FFRR/London Records in 1988.
D'Angel/Dave Angel - UK releases from 1990-92 were distributed by Outer Rhythm on behalf of Belgium-based R&S Records.
David Devant and his Spirit Wife
The Dharmas - Now named Steadman after frontman Simon Steadman. The band allow fans to download their music for free downloads on their website under a Creative Commons licence.
Djum Djum - (Neil Cole) Pianist, keyboardist, drummer/percussionist, vocalist and songwriter, co-wrote and co-produced Difference in 1990 (cat no. FOOT 8) with Neil Barnes, prior to the formation of Leftfield (see below). Released on Outer Rhythm. Difference (Djum Djum/Barnes) also featured on the Leftfield compilation album Backlog. July 1995 saw the Leftfield/Djum Djum collaboration Afro Left (Leftism), released through Sony.
Dr Fresh
Echobelly - Released on the offshoot Favue label.
Fat Planet
Thomas Fehlmann - aka Readymade, released on Transglobal.
Fluffy Toy I.Q. - Released on Splish.
Forgemasters - On Warp distributed by Outer Rhythm 1989-91.
Hard Corps
Heaven WXI
Hotline
How II House - Released on Outer Rhythm.
Human Resource - UK releases from 1990-92 were distributed by Outer Rhythm on behalf of Belgium-based R&S Records.
Ital Rockers - Released on Outer Rhythm.
Jam & Spoon - UK releases from 1990-92 were distributed by Outer Rhythm on behalf of Belgium-based R&S Records.
Jaydee - UK releases from 1990-92 were distributed by Outer Rhythm on behalf of Belgium-based R&S Records.
Joi - Released on Transglobal.
KDFM - Released on Transglobal.
King Sun D-Moet - Some releases on the Flame offshoot.
Leftfield - The singles "Not Forgotten" and "More Than I Know" along with a compilation album Backlog were released on Outer Rhythm before Leftfield formed their own label Hard Hands in 1992. Since 1993 this was in association with Sony Music.
Les Négresses Vertes
LFO - On Warp distributed by Outer Rhythm 1989-91.
Man Machine - Early '90s techno/electro project on Outer Rhythm from Ed Stratton. Stratton was also a member of Jack 'N' Chill best remembered for their 'one-off' top-ten hit, The Jack That House Built which reached #6 in the UK singles chart in January 1988. Stratton is also co-founder of Zero-G Ltd (formerly "Time+Space").
Gwen McRae - Some releases on the Flame offshoot.
Merlin - Signed with WEA in 1991/92.
Moby - Moby's 1991 single Go was licensed by Outer Rhythm from New York-based Instinct Records. In 1992 Moby signed to Mute Records in the UK.
Denise Motto
Nation 12 - A collaboration between John Foxx and Tim Simenon of Bomb The Bass
Nightmares on Wax - On Warp distributed by Outer Rhythm 1989-91.
Nitzer Ebb - The single Murderous was released on Transglobal in 1986. The band signed a long term deal with Mute Records in the late 1980s.
One Tribe - Released on the Inner Rhythm offshoot.
Paradise
Q-Pid Featuring Nikki Q
Renegade Soundwave - Signed to Mute Records in 1988, after releasing their first 2 singles Kray Twins and Cocaine Sex on Rhythm King, having been spotted by Mudd Club DJ and S-Express main man Mark Moore.
Kurt Rogers
Robert & Tom Sanders - Released on the Flame offshoot.
Schoolly D - Licensing agreement with Jive Records for UK releases from 1986-88. Some releases on the Flame offshoot.
S-Express - aka S'Xpress. Mark Moore continues to produce music and is an Internationally known DJ.
Shawnie 'G'
She Rockers - Signed with Jive Records in late 1988.
Sheep on Drugs - Released on Transglobal.
Sludge Nation
Jay Strongman "East West" single that sampled Red Army Choir.
Sugar Ray Dinkie
Sulphur (3) - Released on Transglobal.
The Sultans Of Ping FC
Survival Instinct - Released on Outer Rhythm.
Sweet Exorcist - On Warp Distributed by Outer Rhythm 1989-91.
Taffy - Released on Transglobal.
Tanya
Toney Rome
Three Wise Men - aka Three Wize Men.
Tiziana - Released on Splish.
Tricky Disco - On Warp Distributed by Outer Rhythm 1989-91.
Ugly - Which featured Glenn Gregory of Heaven 17.
Underground Resistance - Released on Splish.
Leslie Winer © - With Karl Bonnie, Jah Wobble, Kevin Mooney, Helen Terry, John Reynolds, Matthew Ashman and Marco Pirroni.
Vice - aka Survival Instinct, released on Outer Rhythm.
Victim Of The Ghetto
Viola Wills
Wolfman - Released on Splish.
X-CNN - The band were originally called CNN but had to change their name to X-CNN after legal action from the television news channel. The line-up featured ex-All About Eve/Sisters of Mercy member Tim Bricheno on guitar and David Tomlinson on vocals. Released through Transglobal.
YBU - Released on Splish.
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Rhythm King Records
Interview with Martin Heath, HitQuarters Dec 2005
British independent record labels
Defunct record labels of the United Kingdom
Electronic dance music record labels
Hip hop record labels
House music record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm%20King |
Eruh (, ) is a town and seat of Eruh District of Siirt Province of Turkey.
The town is populated by Kurds of the Botikan tribe and had a population of 8,895 in 2021.
Neighborhoods
Eruh town is divided into the three neighborhoods of Farih, Sarıgül and Dih.
Politics
In the local elections of March 2019 Cevher Çiftçi was elected mayor. The current District Governor is Ali Erdoĝan.
History
Eruh was the location of one of two attacks by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) on the 15 August 1984.
In 2013, the Armenian St. John's Church (Surb Hovhannes) in the Dih district of Eruh, Turkey, was turned into an Islamic religious school for girls.
Demographics
According to the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, in 1914 there were 3,393 Armenians in the kaza of Eruh, including 2,412 in Eruh proper. They were slaughtered by the forces commanded by Halil Kut and Djevdet Bey during the Armenian genocide.
The 1927 Turkish census gives a population of 14,910 for the district. 14,451 of them declared being native Kurdish speakers. 14,482 declared being Muslims.
References
Populated places in Siirt Province
Eruh District
Kurdish settlements in Siirt Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Former Armenian communities in Siirt Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruh |
Alfred Chopin (1846 – October 1902) was a convict transported to Western Australia. He became one of the colony's first portrait photographers.
Nothing is known of Alfred Chopin's early life, but on 4 December 1865 both he and his brother William were convicted in the Manchester courts and sentenced to be transported. Alfred Chopin was convicted of receiving stolen goods, and received a sentence of ten years. His brother was convicted of uttering forged notes and was sentenced to twenty years. The two brothers were transported to Western Australia on board the Norwood, which arrived at Fremantle on 13 July 1867.
In February 1869, Alfred Chopin received a free pardon, having been falsely accused. He then obtained a confectioner's licence and opened a small shop in Perth. When his brother obtained his ticket of leave, Alfred employed William in his shop for a short time. In March 1872, Alfred Chopin married Ellen Mary McNamara; they would have eight children.
In 1872, Chopin started a business as a photographer. "As a token of official remorse" (Erickson 1983) for his wrongful conviction and imprisonment, the governor commissioned him to take some photographs, and thereafter he advertised himself as "by appointment to His Excellency". Because of the historical significance of some of the officials that Chopin was commissioned to photograph, a number of his portraits have been preserved, including portraits of Sir Frederick Barlee, Sir Malcolm Fraser and Sir Luke Leake. During the 1870s the photography market became very competitive, and Chopin began to tour country districts in search of custom. His business declined nonetheless, and in June 1877 he was declared bankrupt. According to Erickson (1983), "many an old colonial family album of photographs is the richer for his work".
In his later years, Chopin lived at Guildford, and worked as a mechanic. He died at his home in October 1902.
See also
List of convicts transported to Australia
References
External links
1846 births
1902 deaths
Convicts transported to Western Australia
Settlers of Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Chopin |
Terry Francis (born 28 July 1966) is a British tech house DJ and producer. Francis won Muzik Magazine's "Best New DJ" award in 1997. In October 1999, at the club's inception, he started a residency at London's Fabric, which has continued ever since.
He has worked as a producer under his own name and as Housey Doingz (with Nathan Coles). He has released several mix albums, including two volumes of Architecture and the second volume of the Fabric mix series, Fabric 02.
Discography
Gasworks (2015), Default Position
Architecture (1998), ARK 21
Architecture Vol 2 (1998), Pagan America
Freezeinwithm (2000), Ches-nut-cat
DJ Magazine Presents UCMG UK Selected Cuts (2001), DJ Magazine
Fabric 02 (2002), Fabric
Fabric 28 (2006), Fabric, as Wiggle with Nathan Coles
References
External links
Terry Francis at Last.fm
1966 births
English DJs
Club DJs
Living people
Electronic dance music DJs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Francis |
Eskil is a town in Aksaray Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, situated on the southern shore of Lake Tuz. It is the seat of Eskil District. Its population is 17,929 (2021). The average elevation in the center is .
History
The history of the region dates back to the Old Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC).
The first place of establishment of Eskil, which is mostly referred to as "Old province" in ancient sources, is today known as Gavuroreni and is located in the far north of the district, near Salt Lake. With the Anatolian Seljuk domination, Sultan II. The region was Turkified by placing Turkish tribes in Eskil and its surroundings by Kılıçarslan.
It is stated in the Ottoman Avekaleilayşivi Provincial Writings book of the Presidency that it was centered on the Esk-Kâlen Kazalar group, which was affiliated with the Eskil'in Eyalman' Province during the Ottomans. Historical ruins can be found in Eskil, which has large settlements. There are mounds in Böğet Village, Ortakuyu, Köşk, Hüyüklü, Mutlu, Çulfa, Sağsak and Tosun Highlands, and remains of architectural artifacts are found.
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Aksaray governor's office
Eskil Television and Radio Eskil
Populated places in Aksaray Province
Eskil District
District municipalities in Turkey
Lycaonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskil |
The Geological Museum (originally the Museum of Economic Geology then the Museum of Practical Geology), started in 1835 as one of the oldest single science museums in the world and now part of the Natural History Museum in London. It transferred from Jermyn Street to Exhibition Road, South Kensington in 1935 in a building designed by Sir Richard Allison and John Hatton Markham of the Office of Works.
History
The Museum of Practical Geology was established in 1837 in a building at 6 Craig's Court, Whitehall, at the suggestion of Henry de la Beche, the first director general of the Geological Survey. The museum's library was founded by de la Beche in 1843, mainly by donation from his own library. Initially under the Ordnance Survey, the museum administration moved to the Department of Woods and Forests in 1845.
Jermyn Street
Larger premises soon became necessary, and a design for a new building was commissioned from James Pennethorne. This, built on a long narrow site with frontages in Piccadilly and Jermyn Street, housed the galleries, as well as a library, a 500-seat lecture theatre, offices and laboratories. It was constructed between 1845 and 1849, and was opened by Prince Albert on May 14, 1851.
The purpose of the museum, as summarised in the Descriptive Guide, published in 1867, was:
to exhibit the rocks minerals, and organic remains, illustrating the maps and sections of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom: also to exemplify the applications of the Mineral productions of these Islands to the uses of purposes of use and ornament
The collections were accordingly arranged in two main sections covering natural materials found in the United Kingdom, and industrial products made from them. There were three secondary sections, covering mechanical appliances used to process raw materials, specimens of historical products, and foreign materials imported in their raw state. The museum also included maps, mosaics, glass, pottery, and busts of prominent geologists and scientists, including William Smith and James Hall.
In the summer of 1933, the Geological Museum, still at its old location, was the focus of worldwide attention when it served as the venue of the London Economic Conference, bringing together the representatives of 66 nations in a failed effort to end the then-prevalent global depression.
Exhibition Road
The museum was reopened by the then Duke of York in July 1935, after the completion of the new building on Exhibition Road in South Kensington two years prior - it had housed the ill-starred World Economic Conference in June 1933. The cost of the new building was stated at around £220,000 by the First Commissioner of Works. Following the move, the museum became well known for the many dioramas (three-dimensional paintings) used to interpret geology and one or two mining techniques. These have largely been dismantled since the Natural History Museum took over the museum in 1986.
In 1965, the museum was merged with the British Geological Survey and Overseas Geological Surveys, under the name "Institute of Geological Sciences". In 1971 the museum employed the late designer James Gardner to design and produce The Story of the Earth, which was acknowledged as a significant breakthrough in science museum design and critically acclaimed and imitated worldwide. It was opened by Queen Elizabeth II and became well known for the huge reproduction of a rock face, cast from site in Scotland, and for its planetarium, active volcano model and earthquake machine.
Between 1971 and 1974 the museum formed its own design team which, working closely with the scientists and technicians, produced a series of temporary and permanent exhibitions starting with the re-presentation of the gem collection and then, with a design team led by Giles Velarde (Head of Exhibition Design from 1974 to 1988), produced Early Days of Geology in Britain, Black Gold, Britain Before Man, Journey to the Planets, British Fossils, Pebbles, Treasures of the Earth and finally British Offshore Oil and Gas, which opened in 1988.
Treasures of the Earth was the first major museum gallery in the world to integrate computers presenting images and text adjacent to artefacts as part of the information process within the exhibition. The central feature film, Liquid Assets, in the Oil and Gas exhibition was shot and viewed vertically from a circular gallery and won a major award from the IVCA in 1989.
"The Power Within" exhibition on seismology includes a reconstruction of the 1995 Kobe earthquake.
Transfer to the Natural History Museum
Following the relocation of the British Geological Survey's academic activities to Keyworth, the museum was transferred from the custody of the Natural Environment Research Council to the newly independent Natural History Museum. Although an administrative merger with the Natural History Museum had been effected by 1985 (from which time the former Geological Museum was promoted as The Earth Galleries), it was not until 1998 that the previously difficult to find corridor between the two museum buildings was replaced by a new link gallery. The former Geological Museum galleries are now known as the Red Zone in the Natural History Museum's plans and internal directional signage.
Visions of Earth
Surveys had shown that relatively few visitors navigated the Geological Museum's monumental staircase to the top floors. A major re-ordering of the galleries means that visitors are now encouraged to start their visit at the top of the building by ascending an escalator as part of the visit itinerary.
The former Central Hall of the museum, renamed as Visions of Earth, was transformed in 1996 to a design by Neal Potter. This included the installation of a large escalator (rising eleven metres at a 30° slope) that ascends continuously over two storeys and passes through a model globe. The previously open-sided balconies of the atrium space are now solid walls lined with slabs of recycled slate. These are sand-blasted to show the major stars in the night sky and the planets in the Solar System. When first opened, the globe rotated around the escalator, with dramatic sound effects based on Jimi Hendrix's "Third Stone from the Sun", attempting to give an impression of the flux in the core of the Earth.
The Museums Association's journal Museum Practice reported in 2007 that "the contrast between galleries just before and just after Potter’s arrival (at the Natural History Museum) is like switching over from a television programme made for schools to a big-screen epic, choreographed by Busby Berkeley."
In 2014 the displays in the centre of the atrium were removed and replaced by an original skeleton of a stegosaurus on open display, and in 2015 a new human evolution gallery was opened
See also
Museum Lane to the north
Simpsons of Piccadilly
References
Museums established in 1835
Museums disestablished in 1988
Natural history museums in England
Geology museums in England
Natural History Museum, London
Museums in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Defunct museums in London
1835 establishments in England
1988 disestablishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological%20Museum |
A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for the locomotives owned by the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) and its constituent companies. This page explains the principal systems that were used. The following abbreviations for the constituent companies are used on this page:
Principal Constituents
Great Central Railway (GCR), Great Eastern Railway (GER), Great Northern Railway (GNR), Great North of Scotland Railway (GNoSR), Hull and Barnsley Railway (HBR), North British Railway (NBR), and North Eastern Railway (NER)
Minor Companies (absorbed between July 1923 and July 1924)
Colne Valley and Halstead Railway (CV&HR), East and West Yorkshire Union Railway (E&WYUR), and Mid-Suffolk Light Railway (MSLR)
Later Additions
Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (M&GNJR) - absorbed October 1936
Ex-Metropolitan Railway steam locomotives (via the London Passenger Transport Board) - absorbed November 1937
For information about individual classes and locomotives, see: Locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway
Numbering
Constituent Companies
The constituent companies of the LNER operated no specific numbering system. Locomotives were numbered in a range starting from 1, with new locomotives being given numbers according to one of three different ways:
New numbers at the end of the existing series;
'Significant numbers' (e.g. the first of the GER's new passenger locomotive class built from 1900 was numbered '1900', leaving many preceding numbers unused); or
Filling in blanks left by the withdrawal of older locomotives, or their transfer to the 'duplicate list' (see below).
In the latter case, on the GER at least, some attempt was made to keep locomotives of the same class numbered in sequence. The GCR and GNoSR operated a strict policy of not permitting any gaps in the number series, nominally for accounting purposes, but this was not followed on other lines.
In 1922, the first step towards the 'Grouping' was taken, when the HBR was absorbed by the NER. At that time 3000 was added to the numbers of surviving HBR locomotives which left them well clear of the highest NER numbers then allocated (about 2350).
In almost all cases, the constituent companies used only steam locomotives. The NER had 13 electric lomotives, numbered 1-13, but this was in fact in the company's main locomotive list as the lowest-numbered steam locomotive was numbered 14. The NBR owned a petrol shunter, and this was numbered '1' in its own series.
Duplicate Lists
'Duplicate lists' were operated by most of the constituent companies in which older locomotives, whose capital costs had been written off but which were not yet ready for withdrawal, could be renumbered, releasing space in the main number range for new locomotives. A variety of different approaches to creating a duplicate list were employed:
GCR: 'B' suffix added
GER: '0' prefix added
GNR: 'A' suffix added
GNoSR: 'A' suffix added
NBR: 1000 added to original number
NER: Use of duplicate list abandoned before Grouping
Post-Grouping Numbering
When the LNER was created in 1923, it immediately set about finding a solution to the problem that many of its inherited locomotives carried the same numbers. The first solution, applied from September 1923 was to add a letter suffix to numbers that indicated the original owning company. The first column of the table below shows the letters applied in bold followed by an explanation of the letter in lighter type.
This solution was quickly abandoned as it meant that ex-NBR locomotives were carrying numbers that duplicated ex-GCR locomotives carried in their duplicate list. Indeed, this system would not have coped well with any of the locomotives in the constituent company's duplicate lists. Therefore, a new system was derived and applied from February 1924. This involved adding a multiple of thousands to each locomotive number, except:
Ex-NER locomotives which retained their original number;
Ex-HBR and ex-GCR duplicate list locomotives which were completely renumbered.
Other duplicate list locomotives were renumbered in the same manner as those in the capital list; i.e. with the prescribed multiple of thousands added, but retaining their prefix or suffix as appropriate. Departmental (non-revenue earning) locomotives continued to be numbered in their own, locally-applied, series.
The table below sets out the number ranges used for this system:
Note: At first, it was planned to renumber the ex-NBR duplicate list locomotives into blank numbers in the main ex-NBR series. This would have left the highest number allocated as 10050, but after only a handful of locomotives had been so treated, the scheme was abandoned and all duplicate list locomotives were renumbered with 9000 added to their original numbers.
Minor Companies
The LNER also absorbed locomotives from a number of smaller railway companies. Their locomotive stock were renumbered as follows:
Ex-CV&HR and MSLR: Being located in the ex-GER area, these locomotives took numbers 8312-8317, which were blank numbers in the GER series.
Ex-E&WYUR: Being located in the ex-GNR area, these locomotives took numbers 3112-3115, which were blank numbers in the GNR series
Ex-M&GNJR: These locomotives had a '0' added as a prefix to their numbers.
Ex-Metropolitan Railway: Being located in the ex-GCR operating area, these locomotives took numbers 6154-6163 and 6415-6422 in the GCR series.
New Locomotives
Immediately after Grouping, new engines were numbered in the series used by their constituent company that had ordered them; including the onward transfer of older locomotives to the appropriate duplicate list. Subsequently the new numbering systems of 1923 and 1924 were used in the same way.
Thereafter, new locomotives built to LNER designs were mostly numbered in blocks of unused numbers, keeping engines of the same class together. In general, the lowest available block of numbers were used (i.e. starting with the 2xxx numbers after the ex-HBR stock and moving upwards), but there were some exceptions:
Some engines built for work in a specific area took numbers in the range used for engines of the appropriate constituent company.
Some engines were given 'significant numbers' for publicity purposes, e.g. the experimental water tube boiler locomotive was allocated 10000, and the 'P2' class started at 2001.
There is evidence that there were cases where new engines were initially allocated numbers in one series according to one of the principles set out above, but these were changed before the engines were released into service in line with an alternative principle. For example, 'P2' class 2001 was originally allocated '2981' until it was decided to give it a 'significant number' instead.
1942 Renumbering
In October 1942, a limited renumbering of locomotives was undertaken to clear numbers in the 8300-8900 series for reuse by new locomotives. The following locomotives were affected:
However, this scheme was abandoned in early 1943, after only 38 locomotives had been renumbered. The reason was that new plans had been drawn up to carry out a wholesale renumbering of engines, as set out below. The engines that had been renumbered mostly continued to carry their 1942 numbers until the 1946 renumbering was implemented, though two reverted to their 1923 numbers to make way for new locomotive construction.
1944 Interim Renumbering
In the interim period between the new numbering system being devised (See below) and it being applied to engines from 1946, a number of temporary renumberings were undertaken to keep things in order. These included:
3157-3167 (10 survivors only) renumbered 3180-3189 to make way for new freight engines.
4075 renumbered to the 'significant number' of 2000 following its refurbishment for dedicated use hauling officers' saloons (resulting in old 2000 becoming 2050). This engine was briefly numbered 1 after refurbishment, during which time old 1 became 4075 before reverting to 1.
8000-8011 renumbered 7978-7989 to make way for new diesel shunters.
1946 Renumbering
The downside of the numbering system used by the LNER - and which had not been tackled by the 1942 renumbering - was that locomotives were carrying scattered numbers without reference to class, let alone type of locomotive. In 1943, a scheme was drawn up that would see a complete renumbering of the LNER stock, so that locomotives of the same class would be numbered together and placed in a series with classes of the same type. Only three locomotives would retain their previous numbers: one (Class W1 no. 10000) by design, the other two (Class J3 nos. 4125/6) by coincidence. Due to the pressures of World War II, the scheme was not actually implemented until 1946, but the basic principles remained the same, as set out in the table below:
In each class, individual engines were numbered in order of construction (with a small number of exceptions, most notably the 'A4' class where locomotives carrying the names of the LNER's directors were given 'significant numbers' 1-4).
Self-evidently the renumbering process was very complicated as the LNER was keen not to have two locomotives running in service with the same number. This meant renumbering engines whose new numbers were already vacant first and then following through the chain of renumberings.
There was a further complication in that part-way through the renumbering, there was a change of plan in terms of the numbers allocated in the 1-999 series (for reasons that are mostly unclear), the 1xxx series (to allow more space for new 'B1' class engines), and the 3xxx series (to allow more space for engines purchased from the War Department). This meant some of these engines were renumbered twice (106 in total - 59 of which were 'O1' or 'O4' engines). The changes were as follows:
In addition, there were a number of other minor changes from the original plan where engines had since been withdrawn, but in these cases the numbers allocated under the new plan were carried from the start and no additional renumbering was required.
Application by British Railways
New engines built by British Railways to ex-LNER designs after Nationalisation in 1948 continued to use this numbering system, albeit with 60000 added to the numbers to avoid number conflicts with other absorbed engines (see BR locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification). There were some minor amendments made by BR, however:
Former LNER diesel and petrol shunters were numbered in the 15xxx series (though the petrol shunters initially carried their appropriate 68xxx series numbers until 1949), while the electric locomotives were numbered in the 26xxx series, leaving the 66xxx series unused.
LNER 10000 became 60700 as the 70xxx series was designated for standard BR steam designs
Ex-War Department freight locomotives, initially allocated their appropriate 6xxxx series numbers, were renumbered into the 90xxx series along with other engines of this type purchased by BR.
'L1' class engines, initially numbered from 9000 upwards by the LNER and 69000 upwards by BR, were quickly renumbered to 67701 upwards, where there was more space for new engine numbers. The 69000 series was then reused for new-build 'J72' locomotives.
In addition, older engines continued to be renumbered within the rules of the LNER numbering system to make way for new engines, particular production of the 'B1' and 'K1' classes.
Classification
Constituent Companies
Great Central Railway
From 1859, the GCR identified different classes using an alphanumeric system. The first list of classes was a simple list of numbers from 1 onward. Number 18 was the highest allocated. Thence, newly built classes received class numbers with a letter suffix rather than using more numbers. By 1923, the '9' series (the largest) had reached '9Q'. Of themselves the letters and numbers had no meaning; they appear to have been allocated randomly.
Where new classes were built, or existing classes rebuilt, these were often indicated by adding a more meaningful suffix to the existing alphanumeric class were used. Examples included:
ALT: Altered
B: Bogie version
CONV: Converted
I: Improved version
M: Motor train equipment fitted
T: Tank engine version
Locomotives inherited from the Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway retained their existing classifications (lettered A to D) and the locomotive inherited from the Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway was left unclassified.
Great Eastern Railway
The principal GER works at Stratford used an order number series that ran from A to Z, then A1 to Z1, A2 to Z2 and so on. This system was used for a myriad of items, including locomotives, but it was these numbers that were used to refer to locomotive classes. Self-evidently this meant there was no continuity in the GER locomotive classification system. The highest-numbered locomotive class was 'H88'.
Where more than one order number had been used for a given class, the first order number allocated was used to refer to the whole class. Where locomotives were purchased from outside manufacturers, they were referred to by the lowest number applied to a class member.
Great Northern Railway
From 1900, the GNR adopted a system of classification based on a locomotive's wheel arrangemenent (using the Whyte Notation), with each arrangement being represented by a letter. Initially, the letters A to J were allocated in ascending order of driving axles and descending order of leading axles. Letters K to O were allocated later as new types were introduced and A was re-used once all the 4-2-2 locomotives had been withdrawn. The full list of letters used was as follows:
After the letter was a number that identified broadly similar types, although there could be some significant variation within a single class number. In the main, numbers were allocated in descending order of driving wheel diameter.
Great North of Scotland Railway
In 1879, every class then in service was allocated a letter between 'A' and 'M' (except 'I'), the oldest types first. From then on, new classes either reused letters that had become free due to withdrawal of older engines, or were allocated a letter at the end of the series. Class 'U' was not used and the highest letter allocated was 'Y'.
Hull and Barnsley Railway
Classes were allocated a letter consecutively from 'A', with similar classes being allocated a numeric suffix, or an 'S' suffix to indicate Superheated. The last class letter allocated was 'L'. When the HBR was absorbed by the NER from April 1922, the suffix '(HB)' was added to all ex-HBR classes to differentiate them from NER classes.
North British Railway
In 1913, every locomotive then in service was allocated a letter indicating its power. Letters 'A' to 'G' were used for goods engines and shunters and 'H' to 'R' for passenger engines, most powerful types first. Letters 'O' and 'Q' were not used. This system did mean that each letter covered a variety of different classes of locomotive.
North Eastern Railway
Prior to 1886, classes were referred to by the number applied to the first built locomotive within that class. New classes built after 1886 were allocated a letter to describe them, commencing at A. Where new classes were a modification of an earlier class allocated a letter, then they were allocated that letter with a numeric suffix starting at 1. The series reached Z in 1911. The next new class was allocated 'D', which had become vacant following rebuilding of the original class to take that letter.
There were some exceptions to this system:
Class BTP: A series of Bogie Tank Passenger locomotives built in 1874.
Class 3CC and 4CC: A series of 3- and 4-Cylinder Compound locomotives.
Class 4-6-2: The five 4-6-2 locomotives built in 1922.
Minor Companies
The three minor companies absorbed by the LNER in 1923 and 1924 were too small to need to classify their locomotive stock. However, both the M&GNJR and Metropolitan Railway had owned a much larger stock of locomotives. Both railways allocated each class a letter consecutively from 'A'. The highest letter issued by the M&GNJR was 'D', and by the Metropolitan was 'K'.
LNER System
Steam Locomotives
When the LNER was created in 1923, a new classification scheme was drawn up that could accommodate all the inherited steam locomotives and future new classes, and provide useful information about the features of a given class. The answer, approved in September 1923, was a variation of the GNR system, using a letter to indicate each type's wheel arrangement (based on the Whyte Notation).
The letters were allocated with passenger engine arrangements first in descending order of coupled wheels ('A' to 'H'), then goods engine arrangements in ascending order of coupled wheels ('J' to 'T'). Letters 'X' to 'Z' were used for a variety of small engine arrangements. Letters 'I' and 'U' to 'W' were left unused at the time, but the latter three were later applied when new wheel arrangements were introduced; I was never used. The full list of letters used was as follows:
The letter 'Z' was initially intended for all miscellaneous classes, including departmental (non-revenue earning types), no matter what their wheel arrangement. However, this application was abandoned in 1927 and the letter was used solely for 0-4-2 types from then onwards.
After the letter was a number, which was unique to a particular class of locomotive. In 1923, these numbers were allocated (with a small number of exceptions) in the following order:
Tender engines first, then tank engines (except letters 'X' and 'Y')
Ex-GNR classes first, then ex-GCR, GER, NER (including HBR), NBR and GNoSR classes
In order of driving wheel diameter, largest first
In order of age, oldest first
In order to indicate variations within a class, subclass numbers were issued, taking the form of a suffix to the main class number, e.g. 'D17/1'.
New build and converted locomotives to LNER designs were allocated class numbers in appropriate gaps in the series. On occasions, this led to the re-use of class numbers left vacant following withdrawal or rebuilding of its members. This occurred only infrequently up to 1941, but became more common thereafter. Indeed, on occasions, older classes in the course of withdrawal were reclassified so that new types could have lower numbers; e.g. the old 'B1' class became 'B18' to make room for the new standard LNER 4-6-0 type.
During 1942, three new types were allocated the appropriate letter classification ('A', 'B' and 'D') but without any suffix number; these were prototypes for what were planned to be the new standard LNER classes. However, this approach was not maintained, and the production types were allocated standard class numbers.
A number of classes inherited by the LNER were not formally allocated a place in the new system. Most of these were one-off or departmental engines, or types slated for early withdrawal, although some of the latter survived in stock through to 1928. However, there were some curious gaps in the formal list of class numbers allocated in 1923, and it may be that some of these unused numbers were nominally intended for these classes. Other gaps in the list were clearly left to allow space for the construction of new classes, and many of these gaps were filled in due course.
Engines absorbed from the smaller companies during 1923-1924 (the CV&HR, E&WYUR and MSLR) were either withdrawn before a classification could be allocated or were fitted into appropriate gaps in the class list. For the ex-M&GNJR engines (absorbed 1936), their original single letter classification was maintained through to 1942 when they were, at last, allocated class numbers at the end of the appropriate series. The only exceptions were engines that were identical to ex-GNR designs, which adopted the latter's classification. In contrast, the ex-Metropolitan Railway engines (absorbed 1937) were allocated LNER classifications immediately.
Modern Traction
Diesel and electric locomotives were given three-part classifications, commencing with either 'DE' for Diesel (electric transmission), 'DM' for Diesel (mechanical transmission) or 'E' for Electric, then 'B' for Banking, 'E' for Express, 'M' for Mixed Traffic or 'S' for Shunter, and finally a number issued to different types consecutively from 1.
Note: The LNER's petrol shunters were initially unclassified. When they were allocated a class number in the 1940s, it was 'Y11' in the steam locomotive class series. Similarly, the diesel electric shunters were initially allocated 'J45', being reclassified 'DES1' from September 1945.
References
London and North Eastern Railway
Locomotive classification systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER%20locomotive%20numbering%20and%20classification |
Eşme is a town in Uşak Province in the inner Aegean Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Eşme District. Its population is 15,762 (2022). The principal economic activities include tobacco farming, stockbreeding, kilim weaving and trading.
History
The 2nd century BC is the period when Eşme took its place on the stage of history. During the Hellenistic ages, many civilizations, from the Phrygians to the Cimmerians, from the Lydians to the Romans, reigned in these lands. Immigrants of Thracian origin named "Maion" left their mark on the history scene by giving the name "Maionia" to the region.
Before the Ottoman period, Eşme came under the rule of the Seljuk State. Eşme was included in the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Yıldırım Bayezid. From 1867 to 1922, Eşme was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.
References
External links
Eşme District
Populated places in Uşak Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fme |
Etimesgut, formerly Ahimesut, is a municipality and metropolitan district of Ankara Province, Turkey. Its area is 273 km2, and its population is 614,891 (2022). It mainly consists of large public housing projects, from Ankara city centre. Its elevation is .
History
Archaeological research shows habitation since 2000 BC, including a Phrygian settlement in the 8th century BC. Then of course the district began to share the history of the city of Ankara with its Lydians, Persians, Galatians, Ancient Romans, Byzantines and finally Turks. Etimesgut is on the ancient Silk Road to the orient, and still today the road and railway from Ankara to Istanbul pass through the district.
Atatürk was fond of the area and would come here to ride horses and chat to the locals. He had a room in the building that is the public health laboratory today, and many other public buildings, including the hospital and the post office, that were built by his order still stand today.
Etimesgut began as a housing project of 50 homes ordered by Atatürk in 1924 to accommodate Turkish refugees from Bulgaria. From the 1950s, as poverty forced people to migrate from the countryside into the city much illegal housing gecekondu was thrown up in this district. Some of this has been replaced by public housing projects such as Elvankent, Eryaman and Güzelkent and also military and civil service accommodation. However much gecekondu remains, inhabited by working-class people from cities such as Erzurum, many of whom commute to jobs in the city of Ankara.
The Islamic terrorist organisation Hizbullah had a number of hidden cells here in the 1990s.
Present
The area has only the most basic shops and amenities. Almost all of the housing in Etimesgut is apartment buildings except for the Güzelkent project. As building land in the city of Ankara is now impossible to find, areas like this on the fringes of the city, where building land is cheap, are growing faster and faster.
Public buildings include the sugar factory, the Turkish aviation authority headquarters at Etimesgut Airport and a military training camp.
As for places to shop, Etimesgut has a myriad of shopping malls, with one of the latest of them constructed being also one of the biggest and most popular: Metromall AVM. The building is made up of 5 floors, 2 of them being basement floors, and the second basement being a closed car park. The construction of the shopping mall started in 2014 in Eryaman, Etimesgut, and it finished construction officially in 2017. Both the design and the construction of the building was done by "MSA Mimarlık", an architecture company based in Ankara. Today, the shopping mall is one of the most popular shopping malls in Etimesgut, and increased the property value and overall popularity of Eryaman since its construction.
The local football team Etimesgut Şekerspor has a chequered history; in recent years it has gained popularity by hiring former national team player Sergen Yalçın.
Demographics
Planned security campus
The construction of a new building in Etimesgut is underway, to serve as the joint new headquarters of the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MİT), the Ministry of National Defence, and the Turkish General Staff together with the commands of the Army, Navy and Air Force branches of the Turkish Armed Forces. Reportedly, the move, which will turn the area into a "security campus" comparable to the US Pentagon, is part of measures taken after the failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.
Composition
There are 38 neighbourhoods in Etimesgut District:
30 Ağustos
Ahi Mesut
Alsancak
Altay
Aşağıyurtçu
Atakent
Atayurt
Ayyıldız
Bağlıca
Bahçekapı
Balıkuyumcu
Devlet
Elvan
Erler
Eryaman
Etiler
Fatih Sultan
Fevziye
Göksu
Güzelkent
İstasyon
Kazım Karabekir
Oğuzlar
Orhun
Piyade
Şehit Osman Avcı
Şehitali
Şeker
Şeyh Şamil
Süvari
Topçu
Tunahan
Turkuaz
Yapracık
Yavuz Selim
Yeni Bağlıca
Yeşilova
Yukarıyurtçu
Former broadcasting site
At Etimesgut, there was a longwave broadcasting station with two masts each 256 metres tall, which worked on 198 kHz. The station, whose masts stood at and at was built in 1938 and shut-down in 2004 and was afterwards demolished.
Places of interest
Ankara Aviation Museum
Image gallery
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Ankara Province
Illegal housing
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etimesgut |
John George Bartholomew (22 March 1860 – 14 April 1920) was a British cartographer and geographer. As a holder of a royal warrant, he used the title "Cartographer to the King"; for this reason he was sometimes known by the epithet "the Prince of Cartography".
Bartholomew's longest lasting legacy is arguably naming the continent of Antarctica, which until his use of the term in 1890 had been largely ignored due to its lack of resources and harsh climate.
Biography
Bartholomew came from a celebrated line of map-makers. He was the son of Annie McGregor (d. 1872) and John Bartholomew Junior, and the grandson of the founder of John Bartholomew and Son Ltd. He was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh and the University of Edinburgh.
Under his administration the family business became one of the top operations in its field. Bartholomew himself was not merely a specialist in production, but also a talented geographer and cartographer. It was he who introduced the use of coloured contour layer maps; he also anticipated the needs of late nineteenth and early 20th century travellers by publishing street maps of major cities, cycling maps, railway timetable maps, and road maps for automobiles.
He collaborated with major scientific figures and travelers of the period on projects involving their studies. Bartholomew's Atlas of Meteorology and Atlas of Zoogeography were issues from a planned five-volume series that was never completed. Before he died he was able to plan out the first edition of the Times Survey Atlas of the World; this and its succeeding editions represent the most successful atlas project of the twentieth century. John was a great friend of geographer and writer John Francon Williams. Correspondence between the two friends is held in the Bartholomew Archive at the National Library of Scotland. Williams also acted as a literary agent for Bartholomew in America, the UK and other territories in the world.
In 1889, he married Janet MacDonald.
He handed the reins of the business on to his son John (Ian) Bartholomew (1890–1962).
A memorial to Bartholomew, sculpted by Pilkington Jackson, exists on the northern wall of the 20th century extension to Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. His wife Jennie, sons Hugh and Ian Bartholomew, and grandson John Christopher Bartholomew are buried at the monument.
His daughter Margaret married Philip Francis Hamilton-Grierson, grandson of Sir Philip James Hamilton-Grierson.
On the centenary of Bartholomew’s death (14 April 2020), he was commemorated publicly and named as a publisher who helped to put ‘Edinburgh on the map’.
Chronology
1860: born in Edinburgh on 22 March
1880: begins work for his father in the family's map-making business
1884: co-founder of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
1884–1920: honorary secretary, Royal Scottish Geographical Society
1887: elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1888: succeeds his father in the family business
1888: elected to the Royal Geographical Society
1892: secretary, Section E, British Association for the Advancement of Science
1895: publishes his Survey Atlas of Scotland
1899: publishes his Atlas of Meteorology
1903: publishes his Survey Atlas of England and Wales
1905: receives the Victoria Research Gold Medal from the Royal Geographical Society
1909–1912: council member, Royal Society of Edinburgh
1910: appointed Cartographer Royal by King George V
1911: publishes his Atlas of Zoogeography
1918: receives the Helen Carver medal from the Geographical Society of Chicago
1920: dies at Sintra, Portugal, on 14 April
1922: first edition of the Times Survey Atlas of the World posthumously published
References
External links
Bartholomew: A Scottish Family Heritage – site maintained by the family.
Times World Atlases official website including a History and Heritage section detailing landmark Times atlases
J.G. Bartholomew at Open Library
Central and South Africa, Edinburgh, 1891, at the National Library of Portugal
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Victoria Medal recipients
Scottish businesspeople
Scottish cartographers
Scottish geographers
Scientists from Edinburgh
1860 births
1920 deaths
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
19th-century Scottish people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20George%20Bartholomew |
Evciler is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey, on a plain in the mountains behind the Aegean coast, 132 km from the city of Afyon along the road to Denizli. It is the seat of Evciler District. Its population is 3,394 (2021). The mayor is Ali Dede Savaş (AKP).
History
The burial mounds of Kocahöyük and Küçükhöyük near Evciler date back to the Lydian civilization. Remains of pottery have been found at Öküzviran and Kocaviran settlements.
Evciler today
Evciler is a small town providing schools and other infrastructure to the surrounding villages. The land is fairly dry and mainly used for growing wheat and other grains. Many people from Evciler have emigrated to Belgium and other European countries.
References
Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Evciler District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evciler |
The Edinburgh Geographical Institute was founded as a map publishers by famed Scottish geographer and cartographer John George Bartholomew in 1888.
History
Around 1826 John Bartholomew Sr. opened a firm dedicated to the production of maps called 'John Bartholomew and Sons'. In 1888, John George Bartholomew, having taken over the company and hoping to create 'a site for the promotion of national geographic knowledge', renamed the publishers to the 'Edinburgh Geographical Institute'.
With the demolition of John's family home, Falcon Hall, the Palladian façade was removed to a new site on Duncan Street in the Newington district of Edinburgh, to serve as the façade of the new Edinburgh Geographical Institute. The name was inscribed into the stone and remains there to this day.
Until 1962 the firm was the Geographer and Cartographer to the King for Scotland.
The Institute continued to produce high quality maps from their new premises until 1989 when they merged with the Glasgow publisher Collins, as part of the multinational HarperCollins Publishers, where the name lives on as Collins Bartholomew, a map publishing subsidiary of HarperCollins.
In 1995, the office in Duncan Street was closed; however, the building remains there to this day and still bears the Edinburgh Geographical Institute name.
See also
John George Bartholomew
Collins Bartholomew
Royal Scottish Geographical Society
References
Category B listed buildings in Edinburgh
History of Edinburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh%20Geographical%20Institute |
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