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The Godavari-Krishna mangroves are a mangrove ecoregion of India's eastern coast.
Location and description
The ecoregion covers an area of , in discontinuous enclaves extending from the state of Odisha in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south. The largest mangrove community in the ecoregion lies in the delta of the Godavari and Krishna rivers in Andhra Pradesh; other mangrove communities can be found at Point Calimere in Tamil Nadu, Pulicat Lake in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, the Bhitarkanika Mangroves and Chilika Lake in Odisha, and the Pichavaram mangroves in Tamil Nadu.
Flora
The predominant mangroves are all of the species include Avicennia marina, Suaeda spp., Rhizophora spp., and Bruguiera spp. These have a thick canopy and an undergrowth of climbing plants and shrubs.
Fauna
Mangroves are an important coastal habitat for much wildlife such as the saltwater crocodiles who shelter among the roots and feed of the fish and other seafood in this warm mixture of fresh and seawater. These mangroves are home to many insects, molluscs, shrimp, crabs and fish as well as 140 bird species, including the threatened lesser florican (Eupodotis indica), best known for the male birds' leaping breeding displays, and large communities of aquatic birds such as egrets, flamingoes (Phoenicoptreus spp.), spot-billed pelicans (Pelecanus philippensis), Eurasian spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia), and painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala).
Threats and preservation
Mangroves are vulnerable to coastal development including prawn farming, other agriculture that diverts fresh water from reaching the coast and seaside urbanisation. Most mangroves on the east coast of India have been cleared and while 14% of the ecoregion is under protection in Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary and the Bhitarkanika National Park even those areas are not secure.
References
Ecoregions of India
Mangrove ecoregions
Forests of India
Godavari River
Krishna River
Indomalayan ecoregions
Western Indo-Pacific | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari%E2%80%93Krishna%20mangroves |
Maryland Route 312 (MD 312) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs from MD 404 near Ridgely north to MD 313 at Baltimore Corner. MD 312 traverses northwestern Caroline County, connecting Ridgely with Bridgetown. The highway's first section was paved around Ridgely in the 1910s. The highway was completed from MD 404 to Ridgely in the mid-1920s and from north of Ridgely to Baltimore Corner in the late 1920s.
Route description
MD 312 begins at a superstreet intersection with MD 404 (Shore Highway) between the towns of Hillsboro and Denton. The roadway continues south as county-maintained Log Cabin Road. MD 312 heads north as two-lane undivided Downes Station Road, passing through farmland until it curves to the east and meets MD 480 (Ridgely Road) on a tangent, joining that highway in a concurrency. After MD 776 (Sunset Boulevard), the old alignment of MD 312, splits to the north, MD 312 and MD 480 enter the town of Ridgely and the highway's name changes to Sixth Street. MD 312 leaves MD 480 by turning north onto Central Avenue, a two-lane street with very wide shoulders used for angle or perpendicular parking. The state highway intersects an abandoned railroad grade owned by the Maryland Department of Transportation after meeting the other end of MD 776 (Railroad Avenue). MD 312 leaves the town of Ridgely shortly after passing west of Ridgely Elementary School. The state highway continues north through farmland as Oakland Road, passing west of Ridgely Airpark and through the hamlet of Oakland. MD 312 intersects the eastern terminus of MD 304 (Bridgetown Road) in Bridgetown and passes through a forested area before reaching its northern terminus at MD 313 (Goldsboro Road) at Baltimore Corner.
History
The first section of MD 312 was paved through Ridgely and north about toward Oakland by 1921. That highway was extended to Oakland by 1923. The state highway was constructed between MD 404 at Long's School House Corner and Ridgely in 1924 and 1925. The remainder of the highway through Bridgetown to MD 313 at Baltimore Corner was constructed between 1926 and 1929. MD 312 originally followed Sunset Boulevard and Railroad Avenue through Ridgely, rejoining the present route at Railroad Avenue's intersection with Central Avenue, which headed south as MD 480. In 1953, Sixth Street was completed between Sunset Boulevard and Central Avenue. MD 312 and MD 480, which was later extended west to Hillsboro, were assigned to the new road and MD 312 replaced MD 480 on Central Avenue.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 312
MD 312 at AARoads.com
312
Maryland Route 312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20312 |
Yenişehir or Yeni Şehir (Turkish for "new city" or "new town"), also spelt as Yeni Shehr may refer to:
Settlements
Yenişehir, the modern section of Ankara, Turkey
Yenişehir, Bursa, a district of Bursa Province, Turkey
Yenişehir, Diyarbakır, a district of the city of Diyarbakır, Diyarbakır Province, Turkey
Yenişehir, Mersin, a district of Mersin Province, Turkey
Yenişehir, Nicosia, a suburb of Nicosia, in Northern Cyprus
Yenişehir, Pendik, a neighborhood of Istanbul, Turkey
Yenişehir-i Fener, the Ottoman name of the city of Larissa, Greece
Structures
Yenişehir Airport, an airport in Yenişehir district of Bursa Province, Turkey
Yenişehir railway station, a TCDD station in Ankara, Turkey
Yenişehir Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium in Karabük, Turkey
GSIM Yenişehir Ice Hockey Hall, a venue in Erzurum, Turkey
See also
Nevşehir, with an equivalent etymology in Turkish language
Turkish toponyms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni%C5%9Fehir |
Yerköy is a town in Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Yerköy District. Its population is 27,084 (2022). Its elevation is . The Mayor is Ferhat Yılmaz from the İYİ Party.
2009 Great Union Party's rally
A rally of the Great Union Party (BBP) was scheduled at 17:00 EET (15:00 UTC) on March 25, 2009 in the town, at which party leader Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu was expected to hold a speech before the upcoming local elections. Yazıcıoğlu was underway from another rally in Çağlayancerit, Kahramanmaraş by a chartered helicopter. The helicopter crashed at Mount Keş in Göksun district of Kahramanmaraş Province, causing the death of the pilot and all five passengers. The crash site could be reached only two days later due to harsh weather conditions in the region.
References
External links
District municipality's official website
A web portal of Yerköy
Populated places in Yozgat Province
Yerköy District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerk%C3%B6y |
Yeşilhisar, formerly known as Kbistra, is a municipality and district of Kayseri Province, Turkey. Its area is 913 km2, and its population is 15,531 (2022).
History
Although the date of establishment of the town is not known for certain, first the Hittites and then the Persians came under the command of Alexander in 3500 BC. In 317 BC, this region came under the rule of the Roman Empire. Kbistra or Siyiera, which is mentioned among the eight big cities of the Cappadocia region, is today's Yeşilhisar. It's also sometimes referred to as Cyzistra.
Kbistra, which came under the rule of Iran in 256 BC and then again by the Byzantine Empire, passed into the hands of Muslims for the first time with the conquest of Battal Gazi in 672. Yeşilhisar came under the rule of Abbasids, Danishmends and Seljuks, İlhanlılar and Karamanoğulları in 1114, and Yeşilhisar came under the rule of the Ottomans in the time of Yıldırım Bayezid. Fatih Sultan Mehmet appointed Koçi Bey for the conquest of Yeşilhisar.
Composition
There are 35 neighbourhoods in Yeşilhisar District:
Akköy
Araplı
Başköy
Beyleryukarı
Büğet
Çadırkaya
Camikebir
Cumhuriyet
Derbentbaşı
Doğanlı
Erdemli
Fatih
Fevzioğlu
Gülbayır
Güney
Güzelöz
İçmece
İdris
Kaleköy
Karacabey
Kavakköy
Kayadibi
Keler
Keşlik
Köşk
Kovalı
Kuşçu
Kuzey
Mahmudiye
Musahacılı
Ovaçiftlikköy
Soğanlı
Yavuz Selim
Yenişehir
Yeşilova
Economy
The economy of the district is agriculture based. Irrigated agriculture is practiced on 60% of the 500,000 decares of land planted. Apples, apricots and other fruits are grown in irrigated areas. Sugar beet and potato are the leading industrial plants.
Places of Interest
Agios Eustatios Church in Güzelöz
References
Populated places in Kayseri Province
Districts of Kayseri Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filhisar |
The Isis Highway is a state highway in southern Queensland, Australia. The highway is relatively short, and runs for in a north-east / south-west direction between Bundaberg North and the Burnett Highway at Ban Ban Springs. The Isis Highway links the sugar producing Bundaberg and Fraser Coast regions with the cattle farming districts of the North Burnett.
The highway takes its name from the Isis River, which flows between Childers and Burrum Heads. The highway also passes through a significant amount of the former Isis Shire local government area, of which Childers was the administrative centre.
The Isis Highway is signed as State Route 3 between Bundaberg and Childers, and State Route 52 between Childers and Ban Ban Springs. The section between Bundaberg and Childers is a state-controlled regional road (number 19A) while that between Childers and Ban Ban Springs is a state-controlled strategic road (numbers 19B and 19C)
Route description
The road commences at a roundabout in Bundaberg North as State Route 3 and runs south as Hinkler Avenue, crossing the Burnett River on the Don Tallon Bridge. Most of this section is one lane in each direction. After it passes through a five-way intersection, crossing Bourbong Street and turning south-west on Takalvan Street. This four lane road continues for a further to the Airport Drive / Kendalls Road exit, where it becomes Childers Road, reverting to two lanes.
Childers Road passes to the west of Bundaberg Airport and through the outer suburbs of Kensington and Branyan before reaching the village of South Bingera. From there to Apple Tree Creek it passes through a mixture of farm land and forest, with sugar cane and other crops intermixed. Childers Road is in length, making a cumulative distance to the Bruce Highway at Apple Tree Creek of .
From Apple Tree Creek the Isis Highway runs south-east concurrent with the Bruce Highway for to the western outskirts of the town of Childers, where it turns south on Broadhurst Street as State Route 52. The street name is dropped as the road leaves the town, and the two lane road runs south-west and south through farm land and forest for to Biggenden. From Biggenden a further generally south-west through similar country leads to the Burnett Highway at Ban Ban Springs, making a total cumulative distance of .
Roads of Strategic Importance upgrade
The Roads of Strategic Importance initiative, last updated in March 2022, includes the following project for the Isis Highway.
Overtaking lanes
A project to construct overtaking lanes on the Isis Highway, at an estimated cost of $5 million, was completed in mid-2021.
Other upgrades
A project to improve safety in various locations, at a cost of $41.8 million, was expected to be completed in 2024.
Towns along the Isis Highway
Bundaberg
Cordalba
Childers
Dallarnil
Degilbo
Biggenden
Coalstoun Lakes
Major intersections
Gallery
See also
Highways in Australia
List of highways in Queensland
List of numbered roads in Queensland
References
Highways in Queensland
Bundaberg
Wide Bay–Burnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis%20Highway |
Yeşilli (, , ) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 168 km2, and its population is 13,621 (2022). It is the smallest district in the province by population and by area. The district was created in 1990 from parts of the former central district of Mardin Province and of Ömerli district.
Demographics
The town is populated by Arabs and by Kurds of the Omerkan tribe.
Composition
There are 14 neighbourhoods in Yeşilli District:
Alıçlı ()
Bahçebaşı
Bülbül ()
Dereyanı ()
Gül
Karşıyaka
Koyunlu ()
Kütüklü ()
Ovaköy ()
Sancar ()
Şirinevler
Tepebaşı
Uzunköy ()
Zeytinli ()
References
External links
Yeşilli homepage
Populated places in Mardin Province
Arab settlements in Mardin Province
Kurdish settlements in Mardin Province
Districts of Mardin Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filli |
Maryland Route 314 (MD 314) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs from the beginning of state maintenance along Sunset Avenue in Greensboro east to the Delaware state line in Whiteleysburg, where the highway continues east as Delaware Route 12 (DE 12). What is now MD 314 was paved in Greensboro in the 1910s. The remainder of the state highway to Whiteleysburg was constructed in the late 1920s. MD 314 west of MD 480 was originally MD 315. When MD 313 bypassed Greensboro in 1950, MD 314 was extended west to its present terminus.
Route description
MD 314 begins in the town of Greensboro at a former railroad crossing with an unused railroad grade owned by the Maryland Department of Transportation between Cosden Street and Granby Street. Sunset Avenue continues west as a municipal street. MD 314 heads east as two-lane undivided Sunset Avenue toward the center of town, where the highway intersects MD 480 (Main Street). After crossing the Choptank River, the state highway meets MD 313 (Greensboro Road). MD 314 continues east as Whiteleysburg Road through the eastern part of Greensboro before it leaves the town limits and passes through farmland. Immediately before the Delaware state line in the hamlet of Whiteleysburg, Two State Road, which is unsigned MD 314A, splits to the east while the main road curves southeast. At the state line, MD 314 becomes DE 12, which immediately turns northeast onto Whites Lane, soon becoming Burnite Mill Road and heading toward the town of Felton. Meanwhile, Whiteleysburg Road continues southeast toward the city of Harrington.
History
Sunset Avenue in Greensboro was paved by 1910. A short stretch of Whiteleysburg Road was paved east of MD 313 by 1921. Whiteleysburg Road, the original portion of MD 314, was completed in 1929. Sunset Avenue west of Main Street was originally designated MD 315. MD 313 followed the portion of Sunset Avenue between the present intersection with MD 313 and Main Street, then headed north on Main Street toward Goldsboro. When the MD 313 bypass of Greensboro was completed in 1950, MD 314 was extended to its present western terminus, assuming the section of old MD 313 along Sunset Avenue and all of old MD 315.
Junction list
Auxiliary route
MD 314A is the unsigned designation for Two State Road, a two-lane undivided spur from MD 314 to the Delaware state line at Whiteleysburg, where the spur quickly encounters DE 12. MD 314A is the old alignment of MD 314 at the Delaware state line. The present segment of MD 314 to the state line was originally MD 489, a designation that was removed by 1950.
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 314
MD 314 at AARoads.com
314
Maryland Route 314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20314 |
NGC 246 (also known as the Skull Nebula or Caldwell 56) is a planetary nebula in the constellation Cetus. It is the first known planetary nebula to have a hierarchical triple star system at its center. The nebula and the stars associated with it are listed in several catalogs, as summarized by the SIMBAD database. NGC 246 was discovered by William Herschel in 1785.
The nebula is roughly 1,600 light-years away. NGC 246's central star is the 12th magnitude white dwarf HIP 3678 A.
NGC 246 is not to be confused with the Rosette Nebula (NGC 2337), which is also referred to as the "Skull." Among some amateur astronomers, NGC 246 is known as the "Pac-Man Nebula" because of the arrangement of its central stars and the surrounding star field.
Discovery and research
In 1785, William Herschel discovered NGC 246.
In 2014, astronomers discovered a second companion to NGC 246's central star, HIP 3678 A, which has a comoving companion star called HIP 3678 B. The second companion star, a red dwarf known as HIP 3678 C, was discovered using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope.
Image gallery
References
External links
Planetary nebulae
Cetus
0246
056b
17841127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20246 |
Yığılca is a town in Düzce Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Yığılca District. Its population is 3,024 (2022). The mayor is Rasim Çam (MHP), elected in 2019.
References
Populated places in Düzce Province
Yığılca District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1lca |
Yıldızeli is a town in Sivas Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Yıldızeli District. Its population is 6,420 (2022). The mayor is Mehmet Sabit Karakaş (AK Parti). Yıldızeli has a broad and colorful history and culture. Various social communities reside in Yıldızeli, such as Alevis, Turkmens, Circassians, etc. The district has a lot of touristic places as well as hot springs which are claimed to be curative for some diseases.
Yıldızeli has been identified as the site of the town of Phiara () which, according to Ptolemy, was located in the district of Sargarausena in Cappadocia.
References
Populated places in Sivas Province
Yıldızeli District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1zeli |
Yomra (Greek: Γέμουρα) is a municipality and district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 200 km2, and its population is 47,283 (2022). The town lies on the Black Sea coast, east of the city of Trabzon. The mayor is Mustafa Bıyık (Good Party).
Composition
There are 25 neighbourhoods in Yomra District:
Çamlıca
Çamlıyurt
Çınarlı
Demirciler
Gülyurdu
Gürsel
İkisu
Kaşüstü
Kayabaşı
Kılıçlı
Kıratlı
Kömürcü
Madenköy
Namık Kemal
Ocak
Oymalı
Özdil
Pınarlı
Sancak
Şanlı
Tandırlı
Taşdelen
Tepeköy
Yenice
Yokuşlu
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Trabzon Province
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Districts of Trabzon Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomra |
Market Street Bridge may refer to:
Market Street Bridge (Chattanooga), officially the Chief John Ross Bridge, in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States
Market Street Bridge (Passaic River) in New Jersey, United States
Market Street Bridge (Philadelphia) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Market Street Bridge (Ohio River) in Ohio and West Virginia, United States
Market Street Bridge (Susquehanna River), across the Susquehanna River in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States
Market Street Bridge (Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania), across the Susquehanna River in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States
Carl E. Stotz Memorial Little League Bridge, formerly Market Street Bridge, in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, United States
South Market Street Bridge, Wilmington, Delaware, United States
Market Street Bridge (Clearfield, Pennsylvania) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%20Street%20Bridge |
Yumurtalık, formerly called Aegeae, Ayas, Lyeys or Laiazzo, is a municipality and district of Adana Province, Turkey. Its area is 447 km2, and its population is 17,654 (2022). It is a Mediterranean port and resort town at a distance of about from Adana city. The resident population of the town Yumurtalık is 5,739 (2022), but in summer, it rises to 30 to 40,000 people since many inhabitants of Adana have holiday homes here. There are also many daily visitors during the holiday season.
Yumurtalık has a large free economic zone housing the production units of up to thirty companies presently in operation or in phase of being built. Fields of activities include industries ranging from petrochemicals, synthetic fibers and steel industry, and there are also plans for establishing a major shipyard.
History
The port has a long history, at least to 2000BC. Hittite pottery of the 17th century BC has been found in the mound of Zeytinbeli Höyük.
This Cilician port city is mentioned by Pausanias under the name Aegeae (). a name that appears also in its coinage, It was located on the Gulf of Issus (modern Gulf of İskenderun). Tacitus' Annals XIII:8 also mentions it in its account of the war between Armenia/Rome and Iberia/Parthia. Apollonius of Tyana (c. 15 – c. 100) made his early studies at Aegeae, when the city was at its cultural height.
In Strabo's time it was a small city with a port. Aegae was a Greek town, but the origin of it is unknown. A Greek inscription of the Roman period has been discovered there; and under the Roman dominion it was a place of some importance. Tacitus calls it Aegeae. It was Christianised at an early date, and while no longer retaining a residential bishop, remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church, under the name of Aegeae.
Under Rome, it was in the Roman province of Cilicia. The Saints Cosmas and Damian are mentioned in Christian hagiography to have been twin brothers, physicians who practiced their profession in Aegeae, accepting no payment for their services, and who eventually suffered martyrdom under Diocletian.
In the Middle Ages, and particularly in the 13th century, Aegeae grew to become an important harbour city of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The Venetians called Aegeae Aiazzo or (incorporating the initial of the definite article) Laiazzo, and it became known locally as Ayas (). The fall of Acre and the silting up of the harbour of Tarsus, together with the advantage of Ayas's good roads eastward, led to the city's becoming the principal centre of trade between West and East. Numerous treaties were negotiated in which the Armenian kings granted various trade privileges to several Italian city-states.
Between 1266 and 1322 raids by Mamluks and Turkmen in the area caused only minor disruptions in mercantile activities. Marco Polo disembarked here to begin his trip to China in 1271, he reportedly described it as a “city good for good trade,” adding that “all spices, silk, gold and wool from inland were carried to this town.”
The Battle of Laiazzo in 1294, in which the navy of the Republic of Genoa overcame that of the Republic of Venice, is thought by some to be that in which Marco Polo later became a prisoner of the Genoese. Within the city a quarter and trading post belonging to another of the Italian maritime republics, Pisa, was also established.
The city was increasingly oppressed by the Mamluks and fell definitively into their hands in 1347, and when European trade routes with the East moved away from the Mediterranean, the city and its harbour lost importance. Later, it was ruled by the Anatolian beylik of Ramadanids and in the 16th century, by the Ottoman Empire - eventually becoming part of the Turkish Republic.
In 1974, actor and film director Yılmaz Güney was arrested at Yumurtalık after a shooting incident that involved the murder of a Yumurtalık judge.
Ecclesiastical History
Christianity came early to Aegeae, to judge by the numerous martyrs recorded in the Acta Sanctorum and the Greek menologia, of whom the most famous are Saints Cosmas and Damian, commemorated in the Roman Martyrology under 26 September.
The martyr Zenobius is traditionally considered to be the first bishop of Aegeae. Tarcodimantus, an Arian, was bishop at the time of the First Council of Nicaea (325). Patrophilus was a correspondent of Basil the Great; another unnamed bishop of Aegeae was an adversary of John Chrysostom; Eustathius was at the Council of Chalcedon (351) and was a correspondent of Theodoret; Julius was expelled from his see by Byzantine Emperor Justin I in 518 because of supporting Monophysitism; Thomas was at a synod in Mopsuestia in 550; and Paschalius was at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553. As indicated in a 6th-century Notitiae Episcopatuum, the see itself was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Anazarbus, the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia, to which Aegeae belonged.
Titular see
No longer a residential bishopric, presumably faded under Islam, Aegeae is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see, the diocese having been nominally restored in the 18th century as a titular bishopric.
It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents of the lowest (episcopal) rank (except the first) : Titular Archbishop Jakub Stefan Augustynowicz (1737.02.11 – 1751.12.22)
Jean-Baptiste-Marie Bron (1754.01.14 – 1775.11.15?)
Michel Joseph de Laulanhier (1776.01.29 – 1788)
Giovanni Maria Bisignani (1824.05.24 – ?)
Francisco Orueta y Castrillón, Oratorians (C.O.) (1855.09.28 – 1859.09.26), later Bishop of Trujillo (Peru) (1859.09.26 – 1873.03.21), Metropolitan Archbishop of Lima (Peru) (1873.03.21 – 1886.08.25)
Francesco Domenico Raynaud, Capuchin Franciscans (O.F.M. Cap.) (1867.12.12 – 1885.05.05) as Apostolic Vicar of Sofia–Plovdiv (Bulgaria) (1867.12.12 – 1885); emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Stauropolis (1885.05.05 – 1893.07.24)
Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse (駱書雅), Paris Foreign Missions Society (M.E.P.) (1916.01.28 – 1946.04.11)
John Joseph Wright (1947.05.10 – 1950.01.28) as Auxiliary Bishop of Boston (USA) (1947.05.10 – 1950.01.28); later Bishop of Worcester (USA) (1950.01.28 – 1959.01.23), Bishop of Pittsburgh (USA) (1959.01.23 – 1969.04.23), Prefect of the Roman Sacred Congregation for Clergy (1969.04.23 – 1979.08.10), created Cardinal-Priest of Gesù Divin Maestro alla Pineta Sacchetti (1969.04.30 – 1979.08.10)
Michel-Jules-Joseph-Marie Bernard, Spiritans C.S.Sp. (1950.03.12 – 1955.09.14), as Apostolic Vicar of Conakry (Guinea) (1950.03.12 – 1954.07.18) & Vicar Apostolic of Brazzaville (Congo-Brazzaville) (1954.07.18 – 1955.09.14); later promoted first Metropolitan Archbishop of Brazzaville (1955.09.14 – 1964.05.02), Titular Archbishop of Aræ in Mauretania (1964.05.02 – 1966.01.15), Archbishop-Bishop of Nouakchott (Mauritania) (1966.01.15 – 1973.12.21)
Francisco de Borja Valenzuela Ríos (1956.05.24 – 1957.08.20), as Bishop-Prelate of Territorial Prelature of Copiapó (Chile) (1955.06.27 – 1956.05.24 and 1956.05.24 – 1957.08.20); later Bishop of Antofagasta (Chile) (1957.08.20 – 1967.06.28), also Apostolic Administrator of Territorial Prelature of Calama (Chile) (1965.07.21 – 1968.05.19), promoted first Metropolitan Archbishop of Antofagasta (1967.06.28 – 1974.03.25), again Apostolic Administrator of Calama (1970.04 – 1970.06.02), also Archbishop-Bishop of San Felipe (Chile) (1974.03.25 – 1983.05.03), President of Episcopal Conference of Chile (1977 – 1980), Archbishop-Bishop of Valparaíso (Chile) (1983.05.03 – 1993.04.16)
José Joaquim Ribeiro (1957.11.30 – 1967.01.31)
Fortifications
This site has both land and sea castles as well as a polygonal watchtower.
The single curving wall that constitutes the surviving land castle closes the tip of a small peninsula and is surrounded by the old town. The now missing seaward wall, which once followed the shore to enclose the entire ward, was visible in the late 19th century. Three round towers and a polygonal bastion survive as well as several casemates with loopholes (shooting ports) and at least seven embrasured windows. The basic plan of the fortress may have been laid in late antiquity, but extensive rebuilding belongs to the early period of Ottoman occupation, when it served as a minor port for the fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent.
The sea castle, which is located on an island about 400 meters east of the shore, consists of a tight cluster of five chambers encased in a massive irregular bastion. Attached is a badly damaged circuit wall that surrounds most of the island. The vaulted rooms and enclosures were probably storage areas for merchandise destined for Europe. Although there are the distinct traces of late antique foundations (e.g., dovetail sockets), the peculiar masonry and construction techniques of the sea castle are those typically used during Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and may date from the reported re-fortification of the harbour in A.D. 1282.
The watchtower, which is located 1.5 kilometers west of the land castle, was built by Suleiman the Magnificent in the mid 16th century with spolia from the nearby late antique city. The lower two floors are covered with stone vaults. The loopholes in the walls of all three levels are identical in design to those in the nearby Ottoman fortress of Payas.
Yumurtalık today
The sea is clean and there is still a relaxed feel to this coast, so Yumurtalık is a holiday and weekend retreat for the people of Adana and of other cities in Çukurova region, who come to stay in seaside holiday flats generally built in compounds. There are also small hotels and guest houses for occasional visitor who can swim during the day and stroll along the beach or into the village in the evenings. The public beaches are not very well kept by the municipality, and they are sometimes covered with litter. But the holiday villages have private beaches which are kept clean and can also be used by outsiders for a small daily entrance fee.
A number of beaches in Yumurtalık are also the nesting places for loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta breed. In fact the amount of beach-front holiday property is also part of the problem, even though the sand is clean the turtles won't lay eggs in these busy beaches with neon-lit discothèques blasting out all night. Adequate protection for the turtle's nesting habitat continues to remain a critical question. These endangered species lay eggs only in Yumurtalık, in Akyatan beach in neighboring Karataş district and in İztuzu Beach in Dalyan in southwestern Turkey. In fact, the very name Yumurtalık means, among other things, egg nest in Turkish language.
As well as tourism, the fertile agricultural lands that extend behind the coast are also a key factor in local economy and quality tomatoes, watermelons and other fruits and vegetables are extensively produced in Yumurtalık.
Just outside Yumurtalık is the Botaş oil and natural gas terminal. It is the end of the Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline running from Northern Iraq, which was opened in the 1970s. Refined oils are also imported through here by sea. Immediately to the southwest, there is the oil terminal for crude oil pipeline from Baku, opened in 2006. Further in the same direction, there is the recently built İsken Sugözü coal-fired power station.
Composition
There are 24 neighbourhoods in Yumurtalık District:
Akdeniz
Akyuva
Asmalı
Ayas
Ayvalık
Demirtaş
Deveciuşağı
Devrişiye
Gölovası
Hamzalı
Haylazlı
Kaldırım
Kalemli
Kemalpaşa
Kesmeburun
Kırmızıdam
Kuzupınarı
Narlıören
Ören
Sugözü
Yeniköy
Yeşilköy
Yumurtalık
Zeytinbeli
Places of interest
Ayas castle is reported to be the dock used by Marco Polo when travelling to China.
The tower of Suleyman
Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) beaches.
There are also picnic areas, a beach and birdwatching facilities in the lagoon.
Notable people
Zenobios and Zenobia (d. ), bishop of Aegae and his sister, martyrs and Eastern Orthodox saints
References
Sources and external links
Gigacatholic with titular see incumbent biography links
Adana Yumurtalık Free Zone
Yumurtalık Photographs
Extensive photographic survey and plans of the fortifications at Ayas / Yumurtalık
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Mediterranean port cities and towns in Turkey
Seaside resorts in Turkey
Populated places in Adana Province
Tourist attractions in Adana Province
Fishing communities in Turkey
Districts of Adana Province
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Populated places along the Silk Road
Ancient Greek geography
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Greek colonies in Anatolia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k |
Yunak is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,101 km2, and its population is 20,991 (2022).
Composition
There are 42 neighbourhoods in Yunak District:
Altınöz
Ayrıtepe
Beşışıklı
Böğrüdelik
Çayırbaşı
Cebrail
Eğrikuyu
Esentepe
Eşme
Fatih
Hacıfakılı
Hacıömeroğlu
Harunlar
Hatırlı
Hursunlu
İmamoğlu
Karataş
Karayayla
Kargalı
Kıllar
Koçyazı
Kurtuşağı
Kuyubaşı
Kuzören
Meşelik
Odabaşı
Ortakışla
Özyayla
Piribeyli
Saray
Selçuk
Sertler
Sevinç
Sinanlı
Sıram
Sülüklü
Turgut
Yavaşlı
Yeni
Yeşiloba
Yeşilyayla
Yığar
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunak |
Yusufeli (, Berdagrak; , Akhalti) is a town and district of Artvin Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is located on the bank of Çoruh River 104 km south-west of the city of Artvin, on the road to Erzurum. It is the seat of Yusufeli District. Its population is 7,306 (2021).
The town of Yusufeli sits in a valley where the Çoruh River is joined by the Barhal. To its north are the Kaçkar Mountains running east to west, with villages in other valleys between the mountains. The micro climate allows the cultivation of olives, grapes, and citrus fruits, the driving forces of the economy in addition to tourism. The town can be reached by air via Erzurum Airport, away from Yusufeli or by road from Artvin, Erzurum and Trabzon (via İspir in Erzurum Province).
There is a widely criticised plan to dam the Çoruh at Yusufeli, which would submerge 15,000 homes.
Climate
Yusufeli has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).
History
The history of Yusufeli, formerly Perterek or Pertarek, is traced to 3000 BC, the Bronze Age. The area has since been inhabited by Hurri, Urartu, Persians, Armenians, Ancient Romans, Byzantines and Georgians. In the Turkish era the area has been settled by Seljuks, Saltuks, Ilkhanates, Tamerlan, Akkoyunlu, Safevids and the Ottoman Empire. In the kingdom of Armenia in antiquity it was part of Tayk province, known as the Canton of Arsiats por.
In 1879 the area was the district of Kiksim in the county of Çıldır. Then following the war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia it became a county of Erzurum. Most of the population is descended from Armenians or Georgians who converted to Islam in the 1700s.
Because of the rocky geography it was difficult for people from all villages to reach the city center, so a local district was established centred on Ögdem, but this was still inaccessible so Kılıçkaya (Ersis) became the center of county. Ersis means "a place where no boys live", so-called because so many sons of the district were lost in the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and First World War. In the year 1912 the county name became Yusuf İli, i.e. "province of Yusuf" so the name Kiskim should not be confused with the name Keskin which was a county of Ankara at that time.
Culture
The folk music and culture is typical of the Black Sea region featuring the clarinet type zurna, a drum and bagpipes.
There are a number of historical Georgian churches in the valleys of Yusufeli, including the ruins of the Four Churches (Dört Kilise) in a village off the road to İspir (Map).
Places of interest
There are many medieval forts and Georgian churches in the valleys of Yusufeli. Some of them:
Armashen fortress
Ersis fortress
Nihak fortres
Oshnak fortress
Ishan monastery
Ogdem fortress
Peterek fortress
Parhal monastery
Savangin, a pre-historical cave with an inscription written in an undeciphered writing system
Notable natives
The singer and politician Zülfü Livaneli was born into a family from Yusufeli.
The former mayor of Istanbul, Kadir Topbaş, was born in Yusufeli.
References
External links
Yusufeli-video
The Municipality
Local information website with a photo gallery
Populated places in Artvin Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Yusufeli District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusufeli |
Margaret Jamieson (born 1953 in Kilmarnock) is a retired Scottish Labour. She was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency from 1999 to 2007.
In 2007 she lost her seat to Willie Coffey of the Scottish National Party (SNP).
Prior to 1999 she had worked as a UNISON official.
External links
Margaret Jamieson MSP profile at the site of Scottish Labour
Constituency website
1953 births
Living people
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
20th-century Scottish women politicians
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
People from Kilmarnock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Jamieson |
Murder for body parts also known as medicine murder (not to be confused with "medical murder") refers to the killing of a human being in order to excise body parts to use as medicine or purposes in witchcraft. Medicine murder is viewed as the obtaining of an item or items from a corpse to be used in traditional medicine. Its practice occurs primarily in sub-equatorial Africa.
The illegal organ trade has led to murder for body parts, because of a worldwide demand of organs for transplant and organ donors. For example, criminal organizations have engaged in kidnapping and killing people for the purpose of harvesting their organs for illegal organ trade. The extent is unknown, and non-fatal organ theft and removal is more widely reported than murder.
Historically, anatomy murders took place during the earlier parts of modern Western medicine. In the 19th century, the human body was still poorly understood, and fresh cadavers for dissection and anatomical study were sometimes difficult to obtain. Mortuaries remained the most common source, but in some cases, such as the notorious Irish murderers Burke and Hare, victims were killed then sold for study and research purposes.
Medicine murder
Purpose and frequency
The objective of medicine murder is to create traditional medicine based partly on human flesh. Medicine murder is often termed ritual murder or muthi / muti murder, although there is evidence to suggest that the degree of ritual involved in the making of medicine is only a small element of the practice overall. Social anthropological ethnographies have documented anecdotes of medicine murder in southern Africa since the 1800s, and research has shown that incidences of medicine murder increase in times of political and economic stress.
The practice is commonly associated with witchcraft, although ethnographic evidence suggests that this has not always been the case, and that it may have been accorded local-level political sanction. Medicine murder is difficult to describe concisely, as it has changed over time, involving an ever-greater variety of perpetrator, victim, method and motive. Most detailed information about the minutiae of medicine murder is derived from state witnesses in trials, court records and third-party anecdote.
The phenomenon is widely acknowledged to occur in southern Africa, although no country has issued an accurate and up to date record of the frequency with which it takes place. This is not only because of the secrecy of the practice, given its controversial status, but also because of difficulties in classifying subcategories of murder. Medicine murder has been a topic of urban legends in South Africa, but this does not diminish its status as a practice that has resulted in legal trials and convictions of perpetrators.
Medicine murder in southern Africa has been documented in some small detail in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, although it is a difficult subject to investigate because of its controversial standing in customary practices and laws. Very few research and discussion documents have been devoted to this subject. Three concerning Lesotho were published in 1951, 2000 and 2005 regarding the same events in the 1940s and 1950s; one concerning Swaziland was published in 1993 covering the 1970s and 1980s; and a commission of enquiry held in South Africa in 1995 covering medicine murder and witchcraft in the 1980s and 1990s.
Methodology
The perpetrators are usually men, although women have been convicted as well, most notably in Swaziland when Phillippa Mdluli was hanged in 1983 for commissioning a medicine murder. Perpetrators vary widely in age and social status.
An individual or group of individuals commissions an inyanga (a herbalist skilled in traditional medicine) to assist them by concocting a medicine called muti. The medicine supposedly strengthens the 'personality' or personal force of the person who commissions the medicine. This increased personal force enables the person to excel in business, politics, or other sphere of influence. A human victim is identified for murder in order to create the medicine.
Victims vary widely in age and social standing. They are often young children or elderly people, and are both male and female. In some instances, the victim is identified and 'purchased' via a transaction involving an often nominal amount of money. The victim is then abducted, often at night, and taken to an isolated place, often in the open countryside if the murder is being committed in a rural area. It is usually intended that the victim be mutilated while conscious, so that the medicine can be made more potent through the noises of the victim in agony. Mutilation does not take place in order to kill the victim, but it is expected that the victim will die of the wounds.
Body parts excised mostly include soft tissue and internal organs – eyelids, lips, scrota, labia and uteri – although there have been instances where entire limbs have been severed. These body parts are removed to be mixed with medicinal plants to create a medicine through a cooking process. The resulting medicine is sometimes consumed, but is often made into a paste that is carried on the person or rubbed onto scarifications.
Variances
Since the 1970s, the manner in which medicine murder is practiced has become altered to the methods described above, although the continued practice of medicine murder demonstrates that belief in human flesh as a powerful medicinal component remains strong in some communities. It would appear that medicine murder in the 18th and 19th centuries may have been considered the legitimate domain of traditional chiefs and leaders, in order to improve agriculture and protect against war (see Human sacrifice).
Following industrialisation and growth of commerce, the range of purposes for which medicine was used to increase influence expanded significantly. In the early 1990s when South Africa was experiencing internal political strife between several political groupings, it became clear that some mutilations for medicine were opportunistic and incidental to the assassination of political opponents. There have also been occurrences of mutilation of corpses in medical facilities. In not all cases does the employment of a traditional healer seem to have been thought necessary to the process.
Notable cases
1994 Segametsi Mogomotsi case
In 1994, a 14-year-old named Segametsi Mogomotsi was murdered in Mochudi, Botswana and body parts removed. The killing was widely believed to have been for muti, and the police even recovered some excised organs. However, these were destroyed before being tested to establish them as human, leading to accusations of police complicity with the murder. The killing led to riots as students in Mochudi protested about police inaction, and eventually Scotland Yard from Britain were asked to investigate, as neutral outsiders. Their report was given to the Botswana government, which did not release it to the public. These events inspired some of the events in the book The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency by Alexander McCall Smith.
2001 Thames torso case
A little boy whose headless and limbless body was found floating in the Thames in 2001 was identified by an arrestee in March 2011. The five-year-old's identity has remained a mystery after he was smuggled into Britain and murdered in a voodoo-style ritual killing. He was drugged with a ‘black-magic’ potion and sacrificed before being thrown into the Thames, where his torso washed up next to the Globe Theatre in September 2001. Detectives used pioneering scientific techniques to trace radioactive isotopes in his bones to his native Nigeria. They even enlisted Nelson Mandela to appeal for information about the murder.
They struggled to formally identify the boy, whom they called Adam, despite travelling to the West African state to try to trace his family. Nigerian Joyce Osiagede, the only person to be arrested in Britain as part of the inquiry, has claimed that the victim's real name is Ikpomwosa. In an interview with ITV's London Tonight, Mrs Osiagede said she looked after the boy in Germany for a year before travelling to Britain without him in 2001. She claimed she handed the boy over to a man known as Bawa who later told her that he was dead and threatened to kill her unless she kept silent.
Police have passed numerous files on the case to the Crown Prosecution Service but it has never gone to court. A second suspect, a Nigerian man, was arrested in Dublin in 2003 but was never charged. Mrs Osiagede was first questioned by police after they found clothing similar to that worn by ‘Adam’ in her Glasgow tower-block flat in 2002. The only clothing on his body was a pair of orange shorts, exclusively sold in Woolworths in Germany and Austria.
Dressed in a traditional gold and green dress, Mrs Osiagede denied any involvement with the death of the young boy.
Asked who killed him, she said a ‘group of people’. She added: "They used him for a ritual in the water." Claiming the boy was six years old, she said: ‘He was a lively boy. A very nice boy, he was also intelligent.’ Detailed analysis of a substance in the boy's stomach was identified as a ‘black magic’ potion. It included tiny clay pellets containing small particles of pure gold, an indication that Adam was the victim of a Muti ritual killing in which it is believed that the body parts of children are sacred. Bodies are often disposed of in flowing water.
2009 Masego Kgomo case
Masego Kgomo was a 10-year-old South African girl whose body parts were removed and sold to a sangoma in Soshanguve, South Africa. The little girl's body was found in bushes near the Mabopane railway station, north-west of Pretoria. Thirty-year-old Brian Mangwale was found guilty of the murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Illegal organ trade murders (the 'Red trade')
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), illegal organ trade occurs when organs are removed from the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. The illegal organ trade is growing, and a recent report by Global Financial Integrity estimates that globally it generates profits between $0.6 billion and $1.2 billion per year
In some cases, criminal organizations have engaged in kidnapping of people, especially children and teens, who are murdered and their organs harvested for profit. In 2014 an alleged member of the Mexican Knights Templar cartel was arrested for the kidnapping and deaths of minors, after children were found wrapped in blankets and stuffed in a refrigerated container inside a van.
According to the most recent Bulletin of the World Health Organization on the state of the international organ trade, 66,000 kidney transplants, 21,000 liver transplants, and 6000 heart transplants were performed globally in 2005, while another article reports that 2008 the median waiting time for the U.S. transplant list in 2008 was greater than 3 years and expected to rise, while the United Kingdom reported a lack of organs for 8000 patients, with the rate increasing at 8%. It was estimated that about 10% of all transplants occur illegally, with the Internet acting as a facilitator. Transplant tourism raises concerns because it involves the transfer of healthy organs in one direction, depleting the regions where organs are bought. This transfer typically occurs from South to North, developing to developed nations, females to males, and from colored peoples to whites, a trend that some experts say "has exacerbated old...divisions". While some organs such as the kidney can be transplanted routinely and the single remaining kidney is adequate for normal human needs, other organs are less easy to source. Liver transplants in particular are prominent, but incur an excruciating recovery that deters donations.
Most countries have laws which criminalize the buying and selling of organs, or the carrying out of medical procedures for the illegal organ trade.
Capital punishment and organ harvesting in China
In March 2006, three individuals alleged that thousands of Falun Gong practitioners had been killed at Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital, to supply China's organ transplant industry. The third person, a doctor, said the so-called hospitals in Sujiatun are but one of 36 similar concentration camps all over China.
The allegations were the subject of investigative reports by Edward McMillan-Scott, Vice-President of the European Parliament, and by former Canadian Secretary of State David Kilgour and human rights lawyer David Matas.
The Kilgour-Matas report stated "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and concluded that "there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners".
The report called attention to the extremely short wait times for organs in China—one to two weeks for a liver compared with 32.5 months in Canada—noting that this was indicative of organs being procured on demand. A significant increase in the number of annual organ transplants in China beginning in 1999, corresponded with the onset of the persecution of Falun Gong. Despite very low levels of voluntary organ donation, China performs the second-highest number of transplants per year. The report includes incriminating material from Chinese transplant center web sites advertising the immediate availability of organs from living donors, and transcripts of interviews in which hospitals told prospective transplant recipients that they could obtain Falun Gong organs. An updated version of their report was published as a book in 2009.
In 2014, investigative journalist Ethan Gutmann, published his own investigation. He conducted extensive interviews with former detainees of Chinese labor camps and prisons, as well as former security officers and medical professionals with knowledge of China's transplant practices. He reported that organ harvesting from political prisoners likely began in Xinjiang province in the 1990s, and then spread nationwide. Gutmann estimates 65,000 Falun Gong prisoners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008.
Data on availability and speed of transplants within China (under 2 – 3 weeks in some cases compared to years elsewhere) led several renowned doctors to state that the statistics and transplant rates seen would be impossible without access to a very large pool of pre-existing donors already available on very short notice for hearts and other organs; several governments also established restrictions intended to target such a practice.
The extent of evidence still led to many responses expressing "deep concerns" at the findings, and several countries took action as a result of the concerns and findings. Responses were noted from the Queensland Ministry of Health in Australia (abolished training programs for Chinese doctors in organ transplant procedures and banned joint research with China on organ transplantation), A petition signed by 140 Canadian physicians urged the Government to warn Canadian nationals that organ transplants in China were "sourced almost entirely from non-consenting people".
In 2012, State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China, edited by David Matas and Dr. Torsten Trey, was published with contributions from 12 specialists. Several of the essays in the book conclude that a primary source of organs has been prisoners of conscience, specifically practitioners of Falun Gong.
In May 2008, two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their requests for the Chinese government to fully explain the allegation of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants in China since 2000.
In August 2009, Manfred Nowak the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture said, "The Chinese government has yet to come clean and be transparent ... It remains to be seen how it could be possible that organ transplant surgeries in Chinese hospitals have risen massively since 1999, while there are never that many voluntary donors available."
Murder for dissection and study
An anatomy murder (sometimes called burking in British English) is a murder committed in order for all or part of the cadaver to be used for medical research or teaching. It is not a medicine murder because the body parts are not believed to have any medicinal use in themselves. The motive for the murder is created by the demand for cadavers for dissection, and the opportunity to learn anatomy and physiology as a result of the dissection. Rumors concerning the prevalence of anatomy murders are associated with the rise in demand for cadavers in research and teaching produced by the Scientific Revolution. During the nineteenth century, the sensational serial murders associated with Burke and Hare and the London Burkers led to legislation which provided scientists and medical schools with legal ways of obtaining cadavers. The practice has intermittently been reported since that time; in 1992 Colombian activist Juan Pablo Ordoñez, claimed that 14 poor residents of the town of Barranquilla had been killed for local medical study with a purported account by an alleged escapee being publicized by the international press. Rumors persist that anatomy murders are carried out wherever there is a high demand for cadavers. These rumors are hard to substantiate, and may reflect continued, deep-held fears of the use of cadavers as commodities.
See also
Persecution of people with albinism
Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa
Child sacrifice in Uganda
References
Sources
External links
"'I was forced to kill my baby'" – article about 2001 Thames torso case by BBC News
Murder
African shamanism
African witchcraft
Religious practices
Health in China
Organ trade
Blood libel
Killings by type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20for%20body%20parts |
Yüksekova District is a district in the Hakkâri Province of Turkey. Its seat is the city Yüksekova. Its area is 2,547 km2 and had a population of 119,194 people in 2021. It borders Iran to the east, and Kurdistan Region of Iraq to the south.
History
The district was historically an important trade route location due to its proximity to Iran.
From the 1810s to Sayfo in 1915, the entire population of around the Great Zab was East Syriac Assyrian whose main occupation was agriculture that consisted of wheat, barley, cotton and tea. The local Assyrian population were descendants of people who found refuge among Kurds from the Golden Horde in the early fifteenth century.
Traveller Soane visisted the district in 1910, describing the area as 'one of the most inaccessible of the many sealed corners of this mountain country'. After the genocide, Assyrian villages were subsequently populated by Kurds.
In 1936, the name of the district was Turkified to .
Settlements
Beldes
The district encompasses three municipalities:
Yüksekova ()
Büyükçiftlik ()
Esendere ()
Villages
The district has sixty-two villages of which three are unpopulated:
Adaklı ()
Akalın ()
Akçalı ()
Akocak ()
Akpınar ()
Aksu ()
Altınoluk ()
Armutdüzü ()
Aşağıuluyol ()
Bağdaş ()
Bataklık ()
Beşatlı ()
Beşbulak ()
Bostancık ()
Bölük ()
Bulaklı ()
Çatma ()
Çukurca ()
Dağlıca ()
Dedeler ()
Değerli ()
Demirkonak ()
Dibekli ()
Dilekli ()
Dilektaşı ()
Doğanlı ()
Gökyurt ()
Güçlü ()
Güldalı ()
Güllüce ()
Gürdere ()
Gürkavak ()
Ikiyaka ()
İnanlı ()
Kadıköy ()
Kamışlı ()
Karabey ()
Karlı ()
Kazan ()
Keçili ()
Kısıklı ()
Kolbaşı ()
Köprücük ()
Köşkönü ()
Onbaşılar ()
Ortaç ()
Örnekköy ()
Pınargözü ()
Pirinçeken ()
Salkımlı ()
Sarıtaş ()
Serindere ()
Suüstü ()
Sürekli ()
Tatlı ()
Tuğlu ()
Vezirli ()
Yazılı ()
Yeniışık ()
Yeşiltaş ()
Yoncalık ()
Yürekli ()
Hamlets
The district has 104 hamlets.
Climate
Yüksekova has a continental mediterranean climate (Köppen: Dsb). The winter months are cold and snowy, springs are cool and wet, autumns are mild and crisp, while the summer months are pleasantly warm and dry with cool nights. The average annual temperature is 6.9 °C and precipitation here averages 670 mm.
Gallery
Notable people
Hacı Karay (1950–1994)
Savaş Buldan (1961–1994)
Abdullah Zeydan (1972–)
References
Districts of Hakkâri Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCksekova%20District |
Acoustic cleaning is a maintenance method used in material-handling and storage systems that handle bulk granular or particulate materials, such as grain elevators, to remove the buildup of material on surfaces. An acoustic cleaning apparatus, usually built into the material-handling equipment, works by generating powerful sound waves which shake particulates loose from surfaces, reducing the need for manual cleaning.
History and design
An acoustic cleaner consists of a sound source similar to an air horn found on trucks and trains, attached to the material-handling equipment, which directs a loud sound into the interior. It is powered by compressed air rather than electricity so there is no danger of sparking, which could set off an explosion. It consists of two parts:
The acoustic driver. In the driver, compressed air escaping past a diaphragm causes it to vibrate, generating the sound. It is usually made from solid machined stainless steel. The diaphragm, the only moving part, is usually manufactured from special aerospace grade titanium to ensure performance and longevity.
The bell, a flaring horn, usually made from spun 316 grade stainless steel. The bell serves as a sound resonator, and its flaring shape couples the sound efficiently to the air, increasing the volume of sound radiated.
The overall length of acoustic cleaner horns range from 430 mm to over 3 metres long. The device can operate from a pressure range of 4.8 to 6.2 bars or 70 to 90 psi. The resultant sound pressure level will be around 200 dB.
There are generally 4 ways to control the operation of an acoustic cleaner:
The most common is by a simple timer
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
Programmable logic controller (PLC)
Manually by ball valve
An acoustic cleaner will typically sound for 10 seconds and then wait for a further 500 seconds before sounding again. This ratio for on/off is approximately proportional to the working life of the diaphragm. Provided the operating environment is between −40 °C and 100 °C, a diaphragm should last between 3 and 5 years. The wave generator and the bell have a much longer life span and will often outlast the environment in which they operate.
The older bells which were made from cast iron were susceptible to rusting in certain environments. The new bells made from 316 spun steel have no problem with rust and are ideal for sterile environments such as found in the food industry or in pharmaceutical plants.
Acoustic cleaning began in the early 1970s with experiments using ship horns or air raid sirens. The first acoustic cleaners were made from cast iron. From 1990 onwards the technology became commercially viable and began to be used in dry processing, storage, transport, power generation and manufacturing industries. The latest technology uses 316 spun stainless steel to ensure optimum performance.
Operation and performance
The majority of acoustic cleaners operate in the audio frequency range from 60 hertz up to 420 Hz. However a few operate in the infrasonic range, below 40 Hz, which is mostly below the human hearing range, to satisfy strict noise control requirements.
There are three scientific fields which converge in the understanding of acoustic cleaning technology.
Sound propagation. This relates to an understanding of the nature of the sound waves, how they vary and how they will interact with the environment.
Mathematics of the environment. Materials science, surface friction, distance and areas familiar to a mechanical engineer.
Chemical engineering. The chemical properties of the powder or substance to be debonded. Especially the auto adhesive properties of the powder.
An acoustic cleaner will create a series of very rapid and powerful sound induced pressure fluctuations which are then transmitted into the solid particles of ash, dust, granules or powder. This causes them to move at differing speeds and debond from adjoining particles and the surface that they are adhering to. Once they have been separated then the material will fall off due to gravity or it will be carried away by the process gas or air stream.
The key features which determine whether or not an acoustic cleaner will be effective for any given problem are the particle size range, the moisture content and the density of the particles as well as how these characteristics will change with temperature and time.
Typically particles between 20 micrometres and 5 mm with moisture content below 8.5% are ideal. Upper temperature limits are dependent upon the melting point of the particles and acoustic cleaners have been employed at temperatures above 1000 °C to remove ash build-up in boiler plants.
It is important to match the operating frequencies to the requirements. Higher frequencies can be directed more accurately whilst lower frequencies will carry further, and are generally used for more demanding requirements. A typical selection of frequencies available would be as follows:
420 Hz for a small acoustic cleaner which might be used to clear bridging at the base of a silo.
350 Hz will be more powerful and this frequency can be used to unblock material build-up in ID (induced draft) fans, filters, cyclones, mixers, dryers and coolers.
230 Hz. At this frequency, the power involved is sufficient to use in most electricity generation applications.
75 Hz and 60 Hz. These are generally the most powerful acoustic cleaners and are often used in large vessels and silos.
Health and safety
The introduction of acoustic cleaners has been a significant improvement in many areas of health and safety. For instance in silo cleaning - the previous solutions tended to be intrusive or destructive. Air cannons, soot blowers, external vibrators, hammering or costly man entry are all superseded by noninvasive sonic horns.
An acoustic cleaner requires no down time and will operate during normal usage of the site.
Taking the example of silo cleaning a little further, there are two typical problems.
Bridging
This is when the silo blocks at the outlet. Previously the problem was addressed by manual cleaning from underneath the silo which in its turn introduced significant risk from falling material when the blockage was cleared. An acoustic cleaner is able to operate from the top of a silo through in situ material to clear the blockage at the base.
Rat holing
Compaction on the side of a silo. This not only reduces the operating volume in a silo but it also compromises quality control by disrupting the first in first out cycle. Older material compacted on the side of a silo can also start to degrade and produce dangerous gases. An acoustic cleaner will produce sound waves which will make the compacted material resonate at a different rate to the surrounding environment resulting in debonding and clearance.
Advantages of acoustic cleaners
Repetitive use during operations means that there are fewer unscheduled shut downs.
Improved material flow by the elimination of hang-ups, blocking and bridging.
Minimisation of cross contamination by ensuring complete emptying of the environment.
Improved cleaning and reduction of health and safety risks.
Increased energy efficiency. Reducing the buildup on heat exchange surfaces results in lower energy usage.
Extended plant life. Aggressive cleaning regimes are avoided.
Ease of operation. It is easy to automate the horns either at regular intervals or to tie the sounding in to changes in their environment such as pressure or flow rates.
Importantly they prevent the material buildup problem from occurring in the first place.
These advantages mean that the financial payback is often very quick.
It is also possible to compare acoustic cleaners directly to alternative solutions.
Air cannons. These are well established but are expensive with limited coverage thus requiring multi unit purchase. They are also noise intrusive and have a high compressed air consumption.
Vibrators. These are easy to fit to an empty silo but can cause structural damage as well as contributing to powder compaction.
Low friction linings. These are very quiet but are expensive to install. Also they are prone to erosion and can then contaminate the environment or product.
Inflatable pads and liners. Again these are easy to install in an empty silo. They help side wall buildup but have no impact on bridging. They are also hard to maintain and can cause compaction.
Fluidisation through a 1 way membrane. This can help already compacted material. However they are expensive and difficult to install and maintain. They can also contribute to mechanical interlocking and bridging.
Specific applications
Boilers. Cleaning of the heat transfer surfaces.
Electrostatic precipitators. Acoustic cleaners are being used for cleaning hoppers, turning vanes, distribution plates, collecting plates and electrode wires.
Super heaters, economisers and air heaters.
Duct work.
Filters. Acoustic cleaners are used on reverse air, pulse jet and shaker units. They are effective in reducing pressure drop across the collection surface which will increase bag life and prevent hopper pluggage. Generally they can totally replace the both reverse air fans and shaker units and significantly reduce the compressed air requirement on pulse jet filters.
ID fans. Acoustic cleaning helps to provide a uniform cleaning pattern even for inaccessible parts of the fan. This maintains the balance of the fan.
Kiln inlet. Acoustic cleaners help to prevent particulate buildup at the kiln inlet and this will minimise nose ring formation.
Mechanical pre Collectors. Acoustic cleaners help prevent buildup around the impellers and between the tubes.
Mills. Acoustic cleaners help maintain material flow and also prevent blockages in the pre grind silos. They also help prevent material buildup in the downstream separators and fans.
Planetary Coolers. Acoustic cleaners help prevent bridging and ensure complete evacuation.
Precipitator. Acoustic cleaners help clean the turning vanes, distribution plates, collecting plates and electrode wires. They can either assist or replace the mechanical rapping systems. They also prevent particulate buildup in the under hoppers which would otherwise result in opacity spiking.
Pre heaters. Used in towers, gas risers, cyclones and fans.
Ship cargo holds. Used both to clean and de aerate current loads.
Silos and hoppers. To prevent bridging and rat holing.
Static cyclones. Acoustic cleaners will work both within the cyclone and with the associated duct work.
See also
Ultrasonic cleaner - Cleaning using higher frequencies than those found in acoustic cleaners.
Sonic soot blowers
Ultrasonic homogenizer
References
External links
Acoustics
Audio engineering
Cleaning tools
Cleaning methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20cleaning |
NGC 1514 is a planetary nebula in the zodiac constellation of Taurus, positioned to the north of the star Psi Tauri along the constellation border with Perseus. Distance to the nebula is 466 pc, according to GAIA DR2 data.
It was discovered by William Herschel on November 13, 1790, describing it as "a most singular phenomenon" and forcing him to rethink his ideas on the construction of the heavens. Up until this point Herschel was convinced that all nebulae consisted of masses of stars too remote to resolve, but now here was a single star "surrounded with a faintly luminous atmosphere". He concluded: "Our judgement I may venture to say, will be, that the nebulosity about the star is not of a starry nature."
This is a double-shell nebula that is described as, "a bright roundish amorphous PN" with a radius of around and a faint halo that has a radius of . It consists of an outer shell, an inner shell, and bright blobs. The inner shell appears to be distorted, but was likely originally spherical. An alternative description is of "lumpy nebula composed of numerous small bubbles" with a somewhat filamentary structure in the outer shell. Infrared observations show a huge region of dust surrounds the planetary nebula, spanning . There is also a pair of rings forming what appears to be a diabolo-like structure, similar to those found in MyCn 18, but these are extremely faint and only visible in the mid-infrared, The combined mass of the gas and dust is estimated at The ionized gas is moderately excited, and the electron temperature is estimated to be 15,000 K.
The nebula originated from a binary star system with the designation HD 281679 from the Henry Draper Catalogue. The bright, visible component is a giant star on the horizontal branch with a stellar classification of A0III, while the nebula-generating companion is now a hot, sub-luminous O-type star. The two were originally thought to have an orbital period on the order of 10 days, but observations of the system over years showed that their orbit is actually one of the longest known for any planetary nebula, with a period of about 9 years. Their orbital eccentricity is about 0.5.
References
External links
Basic data on NGC 1514
Discussion on the dynamics of the NGC 1514 system
Planetary nebulae
1514
Taurus (constellation)
Discoveries by William Herschel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201514 |
Maryland Route 315 (MD 315) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs from MD 313 and MD 318 on the west side of Federalsburg east to MD 318 east of Federalsburg. MD 315, which is the old routing of MD 318 through downtown Federalsburg, is maintained by the town within the town limits and on either side of the town limits by the Maryland State Highway Administration (MDSHA). MD 315 follows what were sections of MD 319, MD 313, and MD 318, which were constructed between the late 1910s and mid-1920s. The highway became fully part of MD 318 in the mid-1950s. The highway was designated as MD 315 in the early 1960s after MD 318 was moved to the Federalsburg Bypass.
Route description
MD 315 begins at an intersection with MD 313 and MD 318 on the west side of Federalsburg. MD 313 heads north and south from the intersection as Federalsburg Highway. MD 318 heads west as Preston Road and south concurrent with MD 313. MD 315 heads east as two-lane undivided Bloomingdale Avenue through a commercial and industrial area. At University Avenue, the state highway enters the town limits of Federalsburg and municipal maintenance begins. After passing Denton Road, the old alignment of MD 313, MD 315's name changes to Main Street and the highway curves south into the central business district. At Central Avenue, Main Street continues south while MD 315 turns east onto Central Avenue to cross Marshyhope Creek. The state highway enters a residential area and intersects Reliance Avenue, the old alignment of MD 313 that heads south to the eastern MD 313-MD 318 intersection. MD 315 turns southeast onto Liberty Road while Central Avenue continues straight and leads to MD 306. After passing Bernard Avenue, the state highway leaves the town of Federalsburg and MDSHA maintenance resumes. MD 315 crosses Tanyard Branch shortly before the intersection with Liberty Church Road, where MD 315 turns south for a very short distance to reach its eastern terminus at MD 318 (Bridgeville Road).
History
MD 315 is the old alignment of MD 318 through Federalsburg. The portion of MD 318 west of Federalsburg was originally MD 319 and the section of the highway between Denton Road and Reliance Avenue was part of MD 313. The Bloomingdale Avenue section of MD 319 west of the town limits was constructed as a state-aid road around 1919. The Liberty Road portion of the highway east of the town limits was built between 1924 and 1926. MD 318 was extended west through Federalsburg and over the whole length of MD 319 in 1956. MD 315 was designated on the old alignment of MD 318 following the transfer of MD 318 to the Federalsburg Bypass in 1964.
Junction list
Auxiliary route
MD 315A is a connector between MD 318 and MD 315 at the Liberty Church Road intersection that runs one-way westbound.
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 315
Maryland Roads - MD 315
315
Maryland Route 315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20315 |
A V10 is an engine with ten cylinders in two banks of five.
V10 or V-10 may also refer to:
Aircraft
North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco, an American observation and light attack aircraft
Škoda-Kauba V10, a Czechoslovak trainer project
Volland V-10, a French biplane
Automobiles
Lancia Esatau V.10, an Italian bus
Toyota Camry (V10), a Japanese sedan
Zotye V10, a Chinese microvan
Other uses
ATC code V10, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Canon V-10, a microcomputer
Danhai New Town light rail station, in New Taipei, Taiwan
ITU-T V.10, a telecommunications standard
LG V10, a smartphone
Version 10 Unix
V10, a grade in bouldering
V10, a personal history of malignant neoplasm, in the ICD-9 V codes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V10%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Ottonella Mocellin (born 1966 in Milan) is an Italian photographer and video artist based in Milan.
Mocellin works with text, sound installation, performance and site specific projects. Her work is based on issues of identity and human relationships. In 1984 she moved to London, where she attended the Chelsea School of Art. She was a founding member of the ARC Group along with Shahin Afrassiabi, Emma Holmes, Gideon London, Lennie Lee, David Miles, Nicola Pellegrini, João Quintino, Nicola Reece, Andrew Stockwell and Emanuelle Waeckerle. In 1993 she moved back to Milan with Pellegrini.
Her work has been exhibited at the Malmo Museum, the Venice Biennale, the Gallery of Modern Art in Turin, the National Slovak Gallery, Bratislava, the Contemporary Art Center in Vilnius, the Gallery of Modern Art in Bologna, the P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center in New York, the 2nd Tirana Biennale (2003). She represented Italy for the PS1 International Studio Program In New York in 2001/2002.
External links
Ottonella Mocellin at Uesse Arte
Turin gallery
Tirana Biennale
Galleria Milano
1966 births
Living people
Photographers from Milan
Italian women photographers
Italian contemporary artists
20th-century Italian women artists
21st-century Italian women artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otonella%20Mocellin |
Hermann III of Baden (c. 1105 – 16 January 1160), nicknamed the Great, was Margrave of Verona and Baden.
He was the son of Hermann II of Baden and Judith von Hohenberg. He was ruler of the margraviate of Baden from 1130 until 1160.
Faithfully devoted to the Staufens, Hermann III came in conflict with his relatives from Zähringen-Swabia. In 1140 he participated in the siege of Weibtreu castle, and received the bailiwick of Selz in Alsace.
In 1151 the margravate of Verona was taken from Ottokar III of Styria and conferred on Hermann III. A deed of donation exists from 1153, that states Frederick I bought Castle Besigheim from Hermann III.
Hermann III fought in the first Italian campaign of Emperor Frederick I, and gained the title margrave of Verona.
Hermann III took part in the Second Crusade.
Marriage and children
He married Bertha von Lothringen (d. after 1162), in 1134; she was the daughter of Simon I, Duke of Lorraine, and his wife Adelaide of Leuven.
He had the following children:
Hermann IV (d. September 13, 1190)
Gertrud (d. before 1225) who married in 1180 Graf Albrecht von Dagsburg (d. 1211)
Secondly, he married Maria of Bohemia after 1141. She was the daughter of Duke Sobeslav I of Bohemia.
Hermann III was buried in the Augustine Monastery in Backnang.
References
Sources
House of Zähringen
Margraves of Baden
Christians of the Second Crusade
Burials at Backnang Abbey
1100s births
1160 deaths
Year of birth uncertain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20III%2C%20Margrave%20of%20Baden |
Maryland Route 317 (MD 317) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Burrsville Road, the state highway runs from MD 313 in Oil City east to the Delaware state line in Burrsville, where the highway continues east as Delaware Route 14 (DE 14). MD 317 was constructed in the mid-1920s and realigned through Burrsville around 1960.
Route description
MD 317 begins at an intersection with MD 313 (Greensboro Road) in Oil City. The state highway heads east as a two-lane undivided road through farmland. MD 317 crosses Webber Branch before the old alignment, Ruritan Road, splits to the northeast as the highway approaches Burrsville. The old alignment, now part of Knife Box Road, crosses MD 317 again shortly before the route comes to its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line. The highway continues east as DE 14 (Vernon Road) toward the city of Harrington.
History
MD 317 was paved in 1925 and 1926 along its whole length. The state highway originally performed an S-curve through Burrsville, following present day Ruritan Road and Knife Box Road, the latter of which was designated MD 457 north of MD 317 between 1951 and 1960. MD 317 was constructed on its present straight alignment through Burrsville around 1960.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 317
MD 317 at AARoads.com
317
Maryland Route 317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20317 |
Thekla is a former cargo ship moored in the Mud Dock area of Bristol's Floating Harbour, England. The ship was built in Germany in 1958 and worked in the coastal trades.
In 1982 the ship was bought by Ki Longfellow-Stanshall, the wife of Vivian Stanshall, refitted, and brought to Bristol in 1983 as the Old Profanity Showboat. It was used as a theatre to showcase music of every sort, including cabaret, comedy, plays, musicals, and poetry events. The ship also contained an art gallery. The living quarters were home for Vivian, Ki, their daughter, Silky Longfellow-Stanshall, and Ki's daughter, Sydney Longfellow, as well as a few key personnel. During the 1990s, under new management, it was run as a rent-a-nightclub. The ship has now been returned to its original working name of Thekla and is run as a night club and venue for various bands by Daybrook House Promotions.
Construction and working life
Built in Yard No. 185, Thekla was launched on 12 July 1958 by Büsumer-Schiffswerft W & E Sielaff at Büsum, Schleswig-Holstein for the Schepers family of Haren/Ems. One of the last riveted ships to be produced (the hulls of metal ships have long been made by welding plates), she measured 424 gross registered tons and had a deadweight tonnage of 718 tons. Her overall length is and breadth , with a draft. Theklas hold was lined with Australian red jarrah, one of the hardest woods. With a single screw propulsion, she was powered by a diesel engine made by Bohn & Kähler, Kiel.
Thekla was a coastal trading vessel carrying a variety of cargoes between northern and western European ports, particularly timber from ports of the Baltic Sea. During her trading life, she remained on the ship register of Haren/Ems, passing in ownership from Johann Schepers to Josef Schôning and then Bernhard Schepers but with no change of name. After running aground at Gatesend, Norfolk, she was left rusting away for seven years in the half-abandoned docks of Sunderland on the eastern coast of England, before being purchased by the Stanshalls for £15,000.
Converting a ship into a showboat
The Stanshalls bought the ship with a government-guaranteed loan. Refitted and covered in a new coat of black paint and white paint Thekla took six days and six nights to sail the to Bristol, arriving on 4 August 1983. Her opening night on 1 May 1984 was filmed as an Omnibus BBC 1 documentary by the BBC.
For the next two and a half years, The Old Profanity Showboat put on over 240 theatrical productions. To support its theatre and cabaret (which seldom paid for itself), the Old Pro also provided a stage for bands. Within a year, the Old Pro was in use as a small theatre, jazz venue, folk club and cabaret.
By early 1986, Ki had become exhausted and wanted to go back to writing novels, and Vivian wanted to renew his recording career, and in August 1986 the showboat stopped putting on shows.
Throughout the 1990s and into the early 2000s, Thekla was taken over and run as an underground nightclub.
Work by the artist Banksy can be seen stencilled over the bulkheads inside the club as well as his much larger work on the outside of the hull at the waterline. This piece was painted over by the harbour master, much to the annoyance of the club's owners, who threatened the council and harbour master with legal action. Banksy returned to paint it again. The painting of the "Grim Reaper" is now on display at the M Shed. The space on the hull was replaced with artwork by Bristol-born artist, Inkie. The Banksy "Grim Reaper" is still used as key iconography by Thekla.
A refurbishment of the ship was completed in October 2006 after being purchased by Daybrook House Promotions (DHP). It remains at the moorings in central Bristol where it was first positioned in 1983 and continues to function as a music venue and nightclub. Artists such as Franz Ferdinand, The New York Dolls, Pete Doherty, Tokyo Police Club, The Growlers, Santigold, Wire, Kevin Coyne, The Chords in their final gig in the classic line-up, and iconic bands from all over the world as well as local acts from Bristol and Bath have played at Thekla since DHP purchased the venue. Artists that have played the boat since DHP's takeover include Stormzy and Phoebe Bridgers. The ship was repainted from black to cream and dark green.
A further £1m refurbishment of the ship took place in the summer of 2019. For the extensive repairs, the venue was towed away from its historic spot in the harbour to Albion Drydock. The repairs included a brand new steel offset hull, which was welded into place around the original hull. During this time the venue had to close, and took up temporary residency as "Thekla Faraway" in a bar on Small St in central Bristol - where its regular club nights continued until it was able to re-open in September that year. In 2020, the venue was forced to temporarily close as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. In accordance with government guidelines, the venue was able to periodically reopen for socially distant "Sit Down Sessions" of its regular club nights. The venue fully re-opened in July 2021.
See also
List of theatres in Bristol
Footnotes
Thekla is still moored in Bristol's Floating Harbour where she was docked in 1983. Today she is used as a venue for bands and club nights.
No advertisements were ever placed anywhere. No one was ever actually interviewed and formally "hired." Theklas people either came from the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, or as customers ... and kept returning until a place was found for them.
The Bristol production of Stinkfoot was celebrated in print with Stinkfoot:An English Comic Opera by Sea Urchin Editions, with full script, song lyrics, cast, artwork by Stanshall, and an introduction by Ki.
It was not, he insisted, about Christmas, or for Christmas, and it certainly was not a pantomime, a very British style of entertainment traditionally put on in theatres over the Christmas period.
Stanshall called it his "awkestra"
References
General references
Venue: 24 Apr – edition of 3 May 2009, Bristol's "What's On" magazine.
The Illustrated Vivian Stanshall, A Fairytale of Grimm Art, by Ki Longfellow-Stanshall.
External links
The Bristol Showboat Saga by Tony Staveacre, Omnibus, BBC 1, 1984 (YouTube)
Theatres in Bristol
Culture in Bristol
Bristol Harbourside
Music venues in Bristol
Floating theatres
1958 ships
Ships built in Germany
Merchant ships of West Germany
Nightclubs in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Thekla |
Four Seasons is a patience or card solitaire which is played with a single deck of playing cards. It is also known as Corner Card and Vanishing Cross, due to the arrangement of the foundations and the tableau respectively. Another alternate name is Cross Currents.
Albert Morehead and Geoffrey Mott-Smith rate the odds of successfully completing Four Seasons as 1 in 10.
It should not be confused with another simple packer, Fortune's Favor, which was originally also called The Four Seasons.
History
The rules were first published in 1883 by Dick under the name The Four Seasons which used a 3 x 3 card layout, the foundations being the four corners. In 1898, Mary Whitmore Jones published essentially the same game under the name Czarina Patience using an 'exploded' layout in which the four corner cards were moved away from the tableau which now assumed the form of a cross of five cards. This version is subsequently recorded by Dalton (1948). The game has generally been known as Four Seasons, but some sources cite Corner Card, Corners and Vanishing Cross as alternatives. David Parlett commends the name Vanishing Cross as the best title, alluding to what happens to the tableau cross if the player is successful.
Rules
Four Seasons (original rules)
The following rules are based on Dick (1883):
The layout comprises three rows of three depots, within which there is a tableau of five cards in a cruciform and a foundation at each corner. The aim is to build the foundations up in ascending suit sequence, using the tableau by packing cards in descending sequence in any suit.
Cards are dealt singly from the pack. The first goes to the upper left corner as the base card of the first foundation; the other three cards of the same denomination are placed on the other corners as they appear. Any suitable cards are built on the foundations; otherwise cards are dealt to the cross until its five depots are filled. The tableau is then examined and any marriages made by moving a card onto another one that is one higher in rank. Once all possible moves have been made, another card is dealt and so on. Cards that cannot be used on the foundations or to form marriages are discarded to a wastepile.
Vacancies in the tableau are filled immediately, either by the uppermost card from another pile or by a card from the wastepile. Only if the wastepile is exhausted may a space be filled by the next card from the pack. Sequences in the tableau may be moved from one pile to another "at pleasure". There is no re-deal.
Four Seasons (later rules)
First, five cards are dealt in form of a cross: three cards are placed in a row, then two cards are each placed above and below the middle of the three cards. A sixth card is dealt in the upper left corner of the cross. This card will be the base for the first of four foundations. During the game the three other cards of this rank will eventually be placed in the other three corners of the cross as foundations.
The foundations are built up according to suit, and building is round-the-corner, i.e. aces are placed above kings, except when aces are the foundation bases.
Cards in the cross are built down regardless of suit and any space in the cross is filled with any available card, whether it is the top card of a pile within the cross, the top card of the wastepile, or a card from the stock. Like the foundations, building in the cross is round-the-corner, i.e. kings are placed over aces, unless aces are the foundations. Only one card can be moved at a time.
Whenever the game goes on a standstill, the stock is dealt one card at a time into the wastepile, the top card of which is available for play on the cross or on the foundations. There is no redeal.
The game ends if a standstill occurs after the stock has run out. The game is won when all cards end up in the foundations.
Variations
Variations of Four Seasons include:
In Czarina, any space in the cross is immediately filled only from the stock.
In Corners, the cross is a reserve instead of a tableau, with each space being a cell that can hold at most one card. Empty cells in this game are filled immediately from the stock.
In Simplicity, instead of a cross the tableau contains twelve cards dealt into two rows of six. The thirteenth card dealt becomes the base of the first foundation. Also, building in the tableau is down by alternating colors.
Other related games include Florentine Patience and Little Windmill.
See also
List of patiences and solitaires
Glossary of patience and solitaire terms
Footnotes
References
Single-deck patience card games
Reserved builders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20Seasons%20%28card%20game%29 |
Mykolas Burokevičius (7 October 1927 – 20 January 2016) was a communist political leader in Lithuania. After the Communist Party of Lithuania separated from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), he established alternative pro-CPSU Communist Party of Lithuania in early 1990, and led it as the First Secretary of Central Committee until its ban in 1991. He was the only Lithuanian to serve in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, and did so from 1990 until its ban in 1991.
Biography
He was born in Alytus, Lithuania in 1927. In 1942, a young Burokevičius was employed as a carpenter and a machinist at a plant in Udmurtia. In 1944 he became a member of the Lithuanian Communist Party where he worked as a chief of department and instructor. He graduated from the Vilnius Pedagogical Institute (now the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences) in 1955 and the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in 1963.
In 1963 he became a research fellow at the Institute of the History of the Party of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party. He died in Vilnius, Lithuania in 2016, aged 88.
Political activities
After the Communist Party of Lithuania voted to separate from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in December 1989, he became the Secretary of the latter and on 3 March 1990 he gained the title of the First Secretary.
His party's political programme stated that one of its goals was to maintain Lithuania as part of the USSR. Seven members of Burokevičius' party were elected during the Supreme Council of Lithuania elections on 24 February 1990. The Supreme Council declared re-establishment of Lithuania's independence during its first session in March.
On 11 January 1991 the pro-CPSU CPL sent an ultimatum to the Government of Lithuania, ordering it to comply with USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev's public requirement that the Supreme Council would immediately reinstate the legal force of the USSR and Lithuanian SSR Constitutions. The requirement was voiced one day earlier. The party added that failing that it might create the "Lithuanian National Rescue Committee" (), "which would take care of the matters of the future of the LSSR" - and eventually did so. During its lifetime, the party established several organizations meant to be alternative ministries.
The Soviet Army assault on the Vilnius TV tower and station on 13 January 1991 followed, during which 14 people were killed. During the period of 11 to 19 January 1991, the pro-CPSU party also made five more public declarations urging the forceful overthrow of the Government and other authorities of independent Lithuania. Burokevičius took part preparing those declarations.
Lawsuit
Burokevičius was indicted by Lithuanian prosecutors as a suspect in a criminal with regard to the January Events case on 22 August 1991. He was eventually arrested on 15 January 1994 in Belarus (on Lithuanian orders). From October 1996 to August 1999, Burokevičius and five other members of the Lithuanian Communist Party were tried for their involvement in the January Events. In August 1999, he was sentenced in Vilnius to 12 years' imprisonment for organizing murders and grievous bodily harm and also for establishing organizations which intended to overthrow the state. In early 2000, President Valdas Adamkus proposed the chief of colony to prepare documents that granted Burokevičius eligibility for pardon. Burokevičius refused this request, pleading innocent and stating that he was not guilty in his actions. He finished the sentence and was released on 13 January 2006.
On 5 January 2006 the European Court of Human Rights declared admissible Burokevičius' case against Lithuania on three counts of possible Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms violations and joined it with two other cases against Lithuania for its January Events lawsuits (Juozas Kuolelis and Leonas Bartoševičius). Burokevičius also sought compensation.
Specifically, the court examined whether Lithuania violated these articles of the convention:
Article 6 - i.e. spent more than a "reasonable time" awaiting court proceedings
Article 7 - i.e. sentenced a person for actions which were not crimes at the time under Lithuanian law (Burokevičius holds that Lithuanian state came into existence only after the Soviet coup attempt of 1991, and cannot apply its judiciary system for earlier events)
Articles 9, 10 and 11 and 14 (Burokevičius and others claim that they had been unjustly punished in the exercise of their beliefs as communists, their legitimate work as journalists, their right of association with other individuals, and their support for the idea of Lithuania's continuing membership of the USSR during the politically turbulent times of 1990-1991)
In 2008, the Court delivered judgment deciding that no violations took place.
References
1927 births
2016 deaths
Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Lithuania
Lithuanian communists
People from Alytus
Members of the Politburo of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolas%20Burokevi%C4%8Dius |
Evan Brophey (born December 3, 1986) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played with the Chicago Blackhawks and the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Playing career
Brophey was drafted 68th overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks. Prior to being drafted Brophey played in the Ontario Hockey League, drafted by the Barrie Colts in 37th overall in the priority selection of 2002. Evan also played for the Belleville Bulls and the Plymouth Whalers. He was also remembered for scoring the overtime game-winning goal against Saginaw to clinch the West Division title in 2005–06.
On May 15, 2007, Brophey signed a three-year entry level contract with the Blackhawks. In his first professional campaign, in the 2007–08 season, Brophey finished with four goals and 15 assists in 74 games with Blackhawks AHL affiliate, the Rockford IceHogs. He scored his first professional goal and had three points on October 13 against the Iowa Stars in just his second pro contest.
On October 23, 2010 Brophey played in his first NHL game. He achieved one shot on goal during 10 shifts in the 3-2 home loss against the Columbus Blue Jackets.
On July 8, 2011, Brophey signed a one-year contract as a free agent with the Colorado Avalanche. Assigned to AHL affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters, to begin the 2011–12 season, Brophey was later recalled to make his Avalanche debut and second career game in a 5-4 defeat to the San Jose Sharks on December 16, 2011. After three games with the Avalanche, Brophey was returned to the Monsters and instantly responded to record a Monsters club record with four assists in a 6-5 victory over the Grand Rapids Griffins on December 28. In the remainder of the season with the Monsters, Brophey scored a career high 18 goals and matched his career best 39 points.
With the NHL lockout affecting his status as a free agent, Brophey joined the Portland Pirates of the AHL on a professional try-out just prior to the start of the 2012–13 season on October 15, 2012. Brophey remained with the Pirates for the duration of the season and as an alternate captain, tallied 23 points in 61 games.
On July 30, 2013, Brophey was signed as a free agent to his first European contract on a one-year deal with EC Red Bull Salzburg of the Austrian Hockey League. He enjoyed a successful 2013–14 season with Salzburg, helping claim the crown of Austrian Champions before falling to HC Bolzano in the EBEL final.
Brophey then joined EHC München on a one-year contract on June 5, 2014, following head coach Don Jackson from fellow Red Bull sponsored Austrian team, the EC Red Bull Salzburg of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL).
For the 2015–16 season, Brophey returned to the EBEL in signing a one-year contract with the Graz 99ers.
After three seasons with the 99ers, Brophy left the EBEL as a free agent to sign a one-year contract with Slovakian club, HC Košice, of the Slovak Extraliga on May 17, 2018.
Career statistics
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Barrie Colts players
Belleville Bulls players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks draft picks
Chicago Blackhawks players
Colorado Avalanche players
Graz 99ers players
Ice hockey people from Kitchener, Ontario
HC Košice players
Lake Erie Monsters players
EHC München players
Plymouth Whalers players
Portland Pirates players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
EC Red Bull Salzburg players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%20Brophey |
The Bank OZK Arena, formerly known as Summit Arena and Bank of the Ozarks Arena, is a 6,300-seat multi-purpose arena in Hot Springs, Arkansas, USA. It hosts local sporting events, concerts, and assorted other engagements such as the Miss Arkansas Pageant. It was opened in 2003 with a concert by Tony Bennett. The arena can seat 6,050 for sporting events and circuses. It has hosted the Arkansas Activities Association's High School Basketball Championships since 2012 and the Great American Conference's Women's Volleyball Championship since 2013. It has been the site of the Forrest L. Wood national bass fishing championship three times and will host the event again in 2015.
The arena, with a ceiling height and of exhibit space, is the newest facility in the Hot Springs Convention Center complex, which also includes a exhibit hall which is used for trade shows, conventions, and other events (maximum capacity: 8,000), has a ceiling height, and can be divisible into four smaller halls; and fifteen meeting rooms, including the Horner Hall ballroom with capacity of up to 1,850 and capable of hosting banquets, meetings and other special events, along with of meeting space in the other 14 meeting rooms.
The complex is also home to a permanent art collection.
Prior to the 2014 acquisition of Summit Bank of Arkadelphia, Arkansas by Bank of the Ozarks, Summit Bank was the arena's naming sponsor.
References
External links
Bank OZK Arena
Hot Springs Convention Center
Map:
Convention centers in Arkansas
Sports venues in Arkansas
Indoor arenas in Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Hot Springs, Arkansas
Tourist attractions in Garland County, Arkansas
2003 establishments in Arkansas
Sports venues completed in 2003
Basketball venues in Arkansas
Volleyball venues in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20OZK%20Arena |
Marilyn Livingstone (born 30 September 1952) is a Scottish Labour Co-operative politician, who served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Kirkcaldy constituency from 1999 to 2011.
Before her election in 1999 she was the head of the Business School at Fife College. She was also a councillor on Kirkcaldy District Council and Fife Council. She won re-election from the Kirkcaldy constituency in the 2003 and 2007 elections,
In the 2011 election she was unsuccessful, losing to the Scottish National Party's David Torrance by 182 votes.
Electoral history
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
Scottish Labour councillors
Councillors in Fife
Labour Co-operative MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
20th-century Scottish women politicians
Women councillors in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn%20Livingstone |
Yelena Valeryevna Välbe (, née Trubitsyna; born 20 April 1968) is a Russian former cross-country skier. She won a record-high 14 gold medals at the FIS World Championships, including all five golds in the 1997 edition. She also won three Olympic gold medals and four bronze medals in various Winter Olympic Games as well as four World Cup Crystal Globes.
She has been president of the Russian Cross-Country Ski Association since 2010, and manager of the Russian National Cross-Country Team since 2012. White Snow, a biographical sports drama about Välbe, was released in 2020–21.
She was elected to the FIS Council in 2021, but after she supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, a number of European Ski Federations objected to her participation in the 2022 election, and Välbe's nomination was publicly opposed by the representatives of Sweden, Poland and Finland. As a result, she was removed from the position after garnering the fewest votes.
Career
Summary
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, Välbe won a record-high fourteen gold (1989: 10 km freestyle, 30 km; 1991: 10 km, 15 km, 4 × 5 km relay; 1993: 15 km, 4 × 5 km relay; 1995: 30 km, 4 × 5 km relay), and three silver medals (1989: 4 × 5 km relay, 1991: 30 km, 1995: 15 km), including all five golds at the 1997 championships in Trondheim (5 km, 5 km + 10 km combined pursuit, 15 km, 30 km, and 4 × 5 km relay). She also won three gold (all in relays) and four bronze medals in various Winter Olympic Games as well as the FIS Cross-Country World Cup five times (1989, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1997). Välbe also won the 5 km (1991) and 15 km (1992) competitions at the Holmenkollen ski festival. She received the Holmenkollen medal in 1992.
After retirement
In 2010, Välbe was elected as President of the Russian Cross-Country Ski Association. – FIS 29 June 2010 article accessed 30 June 2010. Late in 2012, she got the position of manager for the Russian Cross-Country Team towards the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. She was also manager for the Russian team during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.
Välbe was elected to the FIS Council in 2021, but after she supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, a number of European Ski Federations objected to her participation in the 2022 election, and Välbe's nomination was publicly opposed by the representatives of Sweden, Poland and Finland. As a result, she was removed from the position after garnering the fewest votes.
Views
In March 2023, Välve said the following about European politics and the United States.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
7 medals – (3 gold, 4 bronze)
World Championships
17 medals – (14 gold, 3 silver)
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
45 victories
81 podiums
Team podiums
24 victories – (24 )
32 podiums – (30 , 2 )
Note: Until the 1999 World Championships and the 1994 Olympics, World Championship and Olympic races were included in the World Cup scoring system.
Personal life
Formerly she was married to Estonian cross-country skier Urmas Välbe. Together they had one child, Franz. She then married Maxim Dovolnov and gave birth to Polina and Varvara. She now lives in Moscow region.
In popular culture
White Snow – a biographical sports drama film about Välbe.
References
External links
– click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file
– click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file
1968 births
Living people
20th-century Russian people
21st-century Russian people
People from Magadan
Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Holmenkollen medalists
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Russian female cross-country skiers
Olympic gold medalists for the Unified Team
Olympic bronze medalists for the Unified Team
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic cross-country skiers for Russia
Olympic cross-country skiers for the Unified Team
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Cross-Country World Cup champions
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Magadan Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena%20V%C3%A4lbe |
Corners may refer to:
A community formed at a crossroads or other intersection; a few examples include:
Balcom Corners, New York
Bells Corners in Ottawa
Dixon's Corners, Ontario
Five Corners, Wisconsin (disambiguation), any of three communities of that name
Hales Corners, Wisconsin
Hallers Corners, Michigan
Layton Corners, Michigan
Corners, a variation on the Four Seasons card game
Corners (TV series), 1980s BBC children's television series
Corners, Perry County, Missouri, an unincorporated community
See also
Corner (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corners |
PENG! is a one-shot 72 page sports action comic written and drawn by Corey Lewis, published in 2005 by Oni Press.
Publication history
Like much of Lewis's work, it abounds with subtextual martial arts and video game references. It is the follow-up to Lewis's breakthrough work, the first volume of the Sharknife series. Produced immediately after Sharknife, PENG nevertheless displays a stylistic shift towards looser linework and more open page layout. This shift in style, combined with PENGs larger page dimensions, made it more readable for many critics, such as Mark Fossen:
<blockquote>In [Sharknife's] tankōbon format, Lewis's art seemed cramped and confusing. There was too much linework in each small panel, and his frequent use of double-page spreads was a problem when the middle of the spread was swallowed by the spine of the book. In Pengs standard comic format, his art has room to breathe, and the splash pages can be enjoyed in their full glory. ... It's like a rich chocolate torte, that doesn't need to be made any more dense. Peng is a joy, and a completely different take on a new visual language for comics...</blockquote>PENG! was reprinted in 2020 as PENG! Action Sports Adventures! The new edition contains the original story along with two additional stories, including Freeze, a previously self-published one-shot.
Plot
PENG contains the story of The Foot Knux, a young team of Advanced Kickball players and their battle to win the championship. PENG opens just before the semi-final match of the tourney as the final four teams prepare to kick-it-out for the cup.
Characters and teams
The Foot Knux - "The season's rookie favorite"
The Anologgers - "Formed by various music artists"
The Aurora Skeddos - "Protectors of kickbal purity"
The Dolpheets - "The best Canadian team ever"
Shared universe in PENG!
PENG is set in the same continuity as Lewis's signature work, Sharknife, and the main character of Peng, Rocky Hallelujah, is the younger brother of the titular character of that work. Rocky also appear in the second volume, Sharknife Double Z. So far, there is no storyline connections between the two works. Scott Pilgrim also briefly appears as a substitute member of The Dolpheets.
See also
Sharknife
External links
PENG! in Oni Press
REYYY.com
References
Oni Press graphic novels
2005 comics debuts
Sports comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PENG |
Vs. Time is the second album by Span and features 11 tracks.
The band decided to produce the album themselves, unlike their first album Mass Distraction, which was produced by Gil Norton (who also produced albums by The Pixies).
The track "Cut Like Diamonds" was released as a single and reached number two in the Norwegian chart. The album itself reached the Norwegian top 10. "The Outside" was the only other song to have a promotional music video from the album.
Track listing
"Better Believe It"
"Cut Like Diamonds"
"The Outside"
"I'm One of Us"
"Living in a Suitcase"
"I'm Nothing"
"Sea"
"Nowhere to be Found"
"When I Fall"
"Room For One"
"Wish It Would Rain"
2005 albums
Span (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vs.%20Time |
Season Of Ash is a novel by American writer Justin Bryant, published in February 2004 by ENC Press of Hoboken, New Jersey.
The novel tells the story of three South Africans and one stranded American dealing with the chaos and confusion immediately prior to Nelson Mandela being elected President of South Africa in 1994.
2004 American novels
Apartheid novels
Cultural depictions of Nelson Mandela
Fiction set in 1994
Novels set in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season%20of%20Ash |
Hristo Botev Stadium may refer to:
Hristo Botev Stadium (Blagoevgrad)
Hristo Botev Stadium (Gabrovo)
Hristo Botev Stadium (Plovdiv)
Hristo Botev Stadium (Vratsa)
Hristo Botev Stadium (Botevgrad) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo%20Botev%20Stadium |
Bradley is a village and civil parish in Derbyshire just east of Ashbourne. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 313. Other neighbouring parishes include Hulland and Yeldersley.
History
Bradley was mentioned in the Domesday book of 1086 as belonging to Henry de Ferrers, having previously been in the possession of "Aelfric of Bradbourne" and "Leofwin".
The village is assessed as being worth twenty shillings (a fall, having been valued as worth £2 in 1066), and having a taxable value of 1 geld unit. The village is recorded as having 17 households, 6 of which were smallholdings.
In 1891 Kelly described the village as "an agricultural parish and picturesque but scattered village" of 2,374 acres. The soil is described as "chiefly gravel and clay", with the main crops grown being hay, wheat, barley, oats and turnips. The population is recorded as 227 and the rateable value of the village given as £2,945.
Village landmarks
All Saints' Church
The village's parish church is dedicated to All Saints. Primarily constructed in the late 14th century, but incorporating some earlier work, it has an unusual layout with an aisleless nave and chancel, and no tower. In 1891 the church was described as "an edifice in the Decorated style of the early 14th century, consists of a small chancel and nave under a single roof, south porch and a wooden turret at the west end containing 3 bells, two of which date from 1722, the tenor being undated".
The 18th century wooden bell-turret has been removed and one of the bells is attached to the rear wall. The church was substantially renovated in the 19th century. The church contains several graves and monuments belonging to members of the Kniveton, Byrom and Meynell families, who had formerly resided at Bradley Hall opposite the church.
Bradley Hall
The original Bradley Hall was sold by Sir Andrew Kniverton who was bankrupted by the English Civil War. The Old Bradley Hall was demolished by Hugo Meynell in the late 18th century, who built the Hall we currently see. What is known as "Bradley Hall" today was originally built to be part of a stable-block for a new Hall which was never built. The stable block was later converted to serve as the residence. Additions were made to the Hall in both the 19th and 20th centuries; it is currently protected as Grade II Listed. The hall was recently listed up for sale with a guide price of £2,900,000.
Hole-in-the-Wall
Hole-in-the-Wall is a pair of brick tenements dated 1750–51, with a central road arch, on the outskirts of the main village. It was formally the entrance gate to the park.
Primary school
The Church of England primary school was founded in 1873.
Notable residents
Thomas Bancroft, a 17th-century poet from Swarkestone, retired here.
The following lines are by Sir Aston Cockayne and begin a commendation of Bancroft's poem:
From your abode in Bradley town,
Welcome, my friend, abroad to fair renown.
Nova Atlantis and Eutopia you
Again expose unto the publique view
Major Ernest Clowes, DSO, who served in the second Anglo-Boer War with the Life Guards, and in the Great War. Succeeded by his son John Ernest Clowes who served with the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during World War Two in Greece (Force 133) and Burma (Force 136).
See also
Listed buildings in Bradley, Derbyshire
References
Civil parishes in Derbyshire
Villages in Derbyshire
Towns and villages of the Peak District
Derbyshire Dales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley%2C%20Derbyshire |
Sid Meier's Antietam! is a real-time computer wargame designed by Sid Meier, the co-founder of Firaxis Games, then released in December 1999. It is the sequel to the 1997 Sid Meier's Gettysburg!.
Gameplay
The game allows the player to control either the Confederate or Union troops during the Battle of Antietam of the American Civil War. It can be played as a single scenario, or as a campaign of linked scenarios, either recounting the original history or exploring alternate possibilities.
Development
The game was not released through retail stores. The staff of Computer Gaming World summarized it as "a grand experiment by Firaxis to test the popularity of online-only distribution for commercial releases."
Reception
Antietam! received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
The game was a runner-up for Computer Games Strategy Plus 1999 "Wargame of the Year" award. The staff wrote, "Another battle, another victory for this thoroughly entertaining wargame 'for the masses.'" Conversely, the staff of Computer Gaming World named it the best wargame game of 1999. They wrote, "Antietam is the epitome of a Sid Meier design: intensely absorbing and wickedly punishing."
See also
Battle of Antietam (video game)
References
External links
1999 video games
American Civil War video games
Computer wargames
Firaxis Games games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Real-time tactics video games
Antietam!
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Battle of Antietam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%20Meier%27s%20Antietam%21 |
Kate Maclean (born 16 February 1958, Dundee) is a Scottish Labour Party politician. She was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Dundee West constituency from 1999 to 2007.
Kate was educated at Craigie High School, Dundee and became a councillor in 1988. Prior to her election she had been leader of the Dundee City Council from 1992. Kate was also vice-president of Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) between 1996 and 1999.
Although selected by Labour as a candidate for the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, Kate announced in June 2006 that she would instead not seek re-election. The Dundee West seat was taken by Joe FitzPatrick of the Scottish National Party at the 2007 election.
References
External links
Kate Maclean MSP profile at the site of Scottish Labour
1958 births
Living people
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament for Dundee constituencies
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Scottish Labour councillors
Councillors in Dundee
20th-century Scottish women politicians
Women councillors in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Maclean |
Tsestos (, ), is a challenging dance from Northern Greece (the region named Thrace or in Greek language Thraki. The dance starts with a moderate rhythm and is danced by both men and women with very few figure (this is an intro dance named dousko, the steps are the same with the dance zonaradiko. As it goes on, men come in front and they catch each other by the zonari (belt). At this point the dance becomes very quick and it consists of figures only.
See also
Greek music
Kalamatianos
Greek folk music
Greek dances
Tsamiko
Horon (dance)
Zonaradiko
Greek music
Greek dances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsestos |
Hans van Helden (born 27 April 1948) is a former speed skater, originally competing for the Netherlands, later for France.
Life and career
Despite being a very talented speed skater and having an excellent skating style and technique, Van Helden never won any major international tournaments. However, he did become Dutch Allround Champion twice (1976 and 1977) and he did break two world records. Being the then-current world record holder on the 5,000 m, he "only" finished 3rd on that distance during the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, possibly because the ice was in much worse condition during his race than it was when his major rivals (Sten Stensen and Piet Kleine) ran theirs.
In Dutch skating, Van Helden was known as an enfant terrible. His clashes with fellow Dutch skaters, his being fed up with fighting the KNSB (Koninklijke Nederlandsche Schaatsenrijders Bond – the Royal Dutch Skaters Federation), and (in 1980) his marriage to a French skater (Marie-France Vives), led to his naturalisation to French citizenship in December 1981. As a Frenchman, having very little competition from other French skaters, he had no problems qualifying for skating events. This also resulted in a long career as a speed skater and he participated in international competitions until he was 40.
One of his most memorable feats was finishing 4th on the 1,500 m during the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, aged 35, and well ahead of his former compatriots, Dutchmen Hilbert van der Duim, Frits Schalij, and Hein Vergeer.
Records
Personal records
Van Helden was number one on the Adelskalender, the all-time allround speed skating ranking, from 13 March 1976 to 25 December 1976 – a total of 287 days. He has an Adelskalender score of 163.047 points.
World records
Over the course of his career, Van Helden skated two world records:
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
Tournament overview
NC = Did not qualify for the final distance; classification calculated from the three shorter distances
DQ = Disqualified
DNQ = Did not qualify for the final distance
source:
Medals won
References
Eng, Trond. All Time International Championships, Complete Results: 1889 – 2002. Askim, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2002.
Teigen, Magne. Komplette Resultater Internasjonale Mesterskap 1889 – 1989: Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior, allround/sprint. Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1989.
External links
Hans van Helden at SpeedSkatingStats.com
The Adelskalender pages maintained by Evert Stenlund
1948 births
Living people
Dutch male speed skaters
French male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for France
Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands
Speed skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
World record setters in speed skating
People from Almkerk
Sportspeople from North Brabant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Helden |
The Odisha semi-evergreen forests (also Orissa semi-evergreen forests) are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of eastern India. The ecoregion covers an area of on the coastal plain of Odisha state, bounded by the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests west and north-west, transitioning from the huge ecoregion Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests along the north coastland, and surrounding the smaller ecoregion Godavari-Krishna mangroves along a stretch of the south-east coast by the Bay of Bengal.
Several of Odisha's largest cities, including Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Puri, Chhatrapur, Kendrapara, and Bhadrak, lie within this ecoregion, and it has been extensively cleared for agriculture and urbanization. According to the WWF, 96% of the ecoregion's area has been cleared, and only 4% remains in the original semi-evergreen rain forest. Much of the remaining forest has been degraded by grazing and fuelwood harvesting.
Flora
Fauna
This ecoregion does not harbour any endemic species, but despite the heavy anthropogenic changes of the landscape and the almost total deforestation, several large mammals are still living here, including elephant and tiger. Important mammals in need of special attention here, includes the tiger, Asian elephant, gaur, dhole (cuon alpinus), sloth bear, and chousingha (tetracerus quadricornis).
The birdlife in the Odisha semi-evergreen ecoregion is quite diverse with 215 known species. The lesser florican (Eupodotis indica) is globally threatened and has found a sanctuary here.
Protected areas
Of the total ecoregion area, about 12.8% is protected.
Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary (70 km2)
Chilka Wildlife Sanctuary (980 km2), including the Nalbana Bird Sanctuary
Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary (50 km2)
Only tiny fragments of semi-deciduous forest remains in Kapilash Forest Range, Chandaka Forest, Bolagarh Forest and Khallikote Forest.
Conservation
The original biome of this ecoregion is almost non-existing. According to older surveys, this has been the case since at least 1968. If left to itself, the habitat is believed to be replaced by tropical evergreen forests, not semi-evergreen forests.
Forest management
A study done by Reddy, Jha, & Dadhwal in this area is being used to shape environmental policies in India to protect biodiversity. Through monitoring long term forest resource changes show a loss in overall species and ecosystem services that can be measured in physical data. The results of this study show a connection between deforestation and habitat fragmentation, and loss of important biodiversity in the ecoregion.
See also
List of ecoregions in India
References
External links
Geographical ecoregion maps and basic info.
Ecoregions of India
Forests of Odisha
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Forests of India
Geography of Odisha
Indomalayan ecoregions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha%20semi-evergreen%20forests |
Central Croydon railway station in Croydon, England, was a largely unsuccessful venture by the London Brighton and South Coast Railway to bring trains closer to the centre of Croydon, as East Croydon station was deemed too far from the busy town centre. It originally opened in 1868 and closed in 1871: it then reopened in 1886, before closing permanently in 1890. Its site was used for the building of Croydon Town Hall, erected in 1892–1896.
Authorisation
Then a thriving market town of around 20,000 inhabitants on the southern fringe of London, Croydon was first connected with the railway network in 1839 when the London and Croydon Railway opened a station (now West Croydon) on London Road. Two years later, the London and Brighton Railway opened a station (now East Croydon) on the other side of town. Both stations were a fair distance from the town centre and the local stage coach, previously the dominant mode of transport but now undercut by the railway, sought to create new business by ferrying passengers to and from the stations.
This situation prevailed until 1863 when, under pressure to provide a more convenient station, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) (formed in 1846 by a merger of the Brighton and Croydon companies) promoted the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (Additional Powers) Bill which, amongst other matters, sought authorisation for the construction of a branch from East Croydon to Katharine Street, where a new "Central Station" would be built. The Act passed into law on 29 July 1864 and the LBSCR began purchasing the necessary land, a whole block between the present-day Mint Walk and Katharine Street up to the High Street. The line and station were initially intended to approach Katharine Street at an angle, but a realignment of the route made it parallel with Katharine Street, reducing the amount of land needed. The plot of land to the west of Park Street was purchased for £11,217 and a contract was awarded to Messrs John T Chappell of Steyning to construct the line and station for £4,089.
An Ordnance Survey map surveyed in 1867–69 shows the station as "Katharine Street Station", which may have been an early proposed name. The station opened as Central Croydon, leaving the map in error.
The branch left the Brighton Main Line just south of George Street and curved sharply west, where the Fairfield Halls are today. It passed under Park Lane, through the present-day Queen's Gardens to the site of the Croydon Clocktower and Town Hall.
Operations
Opened on 1 January 1868, the station was served from platforms 1 and 2 of New Croydon, an extension of East Croydon dealing with local traffic. Initially there were 12 trains per day, to and from London Bridge, but the commercial judgement that had created the station went unrewarded and services ceased after three years, on 1 December 1871. The station was mothballed until 1 June 1886 when, under pressure from the council, it was reopened. Around this time, the LBSCR sought to improve the usefulness of the branch by extending it under High Street to curve around to the right to join the West Croydon - Epsom line at West Croydon, but this plan, which might have seen it become a viable station, was not realised.
The reopening of the station in 1886 was for London & North Western Railway and Great Eastern Railway (not LBSCR) trains, providing, by all accounts, a generally poor service. The withdrawal of services on 1 September 1890 came therefore as little surprise; it was hoped that the station would give impetus to the development of High Street, but this never materialised and ironically it was only after the demolition of the station that plans for the area could be advanced. Two years before reopening, a "High Street Improvement Committee" had been set up with the aim of carrying out necessary civic improvements such as the widening of High Street and the laying of a tram line, and the station, which occupied the main road frontage, stood in the way.
Anxious to rid itself of an unprofitable facility, in 1889 the LBSCR offered the land for sale for £12,500. A figure of £11,500 was agreed on condition that the LBSCR leave in place the retaining walls supporting part of Katharine Street. The council intended to erect its municipal offices, courts, a police station and library on part of the land, hoping that the presence of public facilities would increase the value of the remainder. By 1890, the necessary agreements and consents for the sale were in place, drawing to a close Central Croydon's short history.
The short section from the main line as far as Park Lane remained in use as "Fairfield Yard" engineers sidings until 1933, when they were abandoned.
The site today
The site of the station is occupied by the Town Hall. A short section of landscaped cutting and some of the retaining walls can be seen in the Queen's Gardens. No other trace of the station remains, but a plaque on the retaining wall of the gardens marks its significance.
Gallery
References
Disused railway stations in the London Borough of Croydon
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1868
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1871
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1886
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1890
Former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Croydon%20railway%20station |
The Order of the Nation is a Jamaican honour. It is a part of the Jamaican honours system and was instituted in 1973 as the second-highest honour in the country, with the Order of National Hero being the highest honour.
The Order of the Nation is only conferred on the Governor-General of Jamaica and upon any person who has been appointed as Prime Minister of Jamaica, unless they are already recipients of the Order of National Hero.
Members of the order and their spouses are styled "The Most Honourable", and members wear the insignia of the order as a decoration while appending the post-nominal letters ON to their name. The motto of the order is "One Nation Under God".
In 2002, all deceased former Prime Ministers of Jamaica were posthumously awarded the Order of the Nation.
References
Inline
General
Order of the Nation, Office of the Prime Minister.
Nation, Order of
Awards established in 1973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Nation |
The Queen's Gardens is a public garden in the centre of Croydon, South London. The gardens are bordered by Croydon Town Hall, Bernard Weatherill House, the site of the former Taberner House, Park Lane and Katharine Street.
In their present form, and under their present name, the gardens and their central fountain were opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1983. The area had previously consisted of the smaller Town Hall Gardens, and the site of Croydon's police station. The Town Hall Gardens had originally been laid out in the 1890s on the site of the disused spur railway line leading to Croydon Central station.
The gardens now comprise areas of lawn with standard trees, a central fountain with benches, and a sunken garden area with formal flower beds and trees exploiting the former track bed and station wall complete with original railings on top. Situated just across from Croydon's register office, the gardens are popular for wedding photographs. A subway exits the park under Park Lane into an underground car park and across to the Fairfield Halls: the gardens are regularly used as a route between the Council offices and the underpass.
The cancelled Park Place development featured proposals to radically alter the Queen's Gardens, with a more formal and modern planting style, an ice rink, space for performances and entrance into the Park Place shopping centre. The gardens remain part of the Croydon Vision 2020 regeneration plan.
After Taberner House was demolished in 2014–2015, the former site was redeveloped with completion expected in late 2021. The new housing created extended into the Queen's Gardens itself and there was some concern that the former urban ornamental park had effectively been absorbed into the new project for the use of the residents.
Gallery
See also
List of Parks and Open Spaces in Croydon
Croydon parks and open spaces
References
(1997) Hidden History in Croydon's Parks, Croydon Council
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Croydon
Croydon 2020
Urban public parks in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s%20Gardens%2C%20Croydon |
The Quillan Games is the seventh book in D.J. Machale's Pendragon book series. The book takes place after The Rivers of Zadaa and was released on May 16, 2006 in Canada and the US. It was released on November 16, 2006 in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and in other countries.
Territory
The story takes place on a territory called Quillan, in the city of Rune, whose population live dreary lives under the rule of the megacorporation "BLOK". Many people gamble on the eponymous games in hope of a better life; but may lose their lives, their families, or their professions if the bet fails. The games' celebrity players are called 'challengers', and often kill each other during the competition.
Plot summary
Like the other Pendragon books, The Quillan Games follows protagonist Bobby Pendragon's adventures on Quillan, while showing his friends Mark Dimond and Courtney Chetwynde on their home territory of Second Earth.
Pendragon
Upon arrival on Quillan, Bobby witnesses a fellow Traveler die in the games; but is soon captured by the android 'dados' of Quillan's police force, and recruited as a 'challenger' by the siblings LaBerge and Veego. He is also befriended by another Traveler, Nevva Winter, who explains the social situation. Subsequently, antagonist Saint Dane offers a 'secret' of the Travelers to Bobby, in exchange for Bobby's participation in the Grand X, an upcoming series of games. Bobby initially refuses; but is persuaded to join the Grand X by a secret society of 'revivers' bent on overthrowing Blok. Before this competition, Bobby learns that LaBerge and Veego originated the territory of Veelox, but were taken to Quillan by Saint Dane, and later shown Eelong, Cloral, and Zadaa from which they derive the games' structure. Ultimately, Bobby wins the game and the support of the people, who revolt against Blok; but Nevva, secretly in league with Saint Dane, reveals the revivers' archive 'Mr. Pop' to the dados, who suppress the rebellion. In leaving Quillan, Bobby encounters Nevva's mother, Elli Winter, who assumes the position of Traveler.
Mark and Courtney
Courtney recovers from near-fatal injuries inflicted by Saint Dane, while Mark studies science with Andy Mitchell, a former school bully, with whom he invents "Forge", a mechanized polymer capable of assuming geometric shapes on command. En route to witness the display thereof in Florida, Mark's parents are killed by the collapse of their aircraft, and Mark flees to another territory. Courtney, investigating this, discovers Saint Dane, who identifies Andy Mitchell as an alter-ego of his own, and returns her to Second Earth. There, Courtney discovers a lifelike robotic cat, and an unusually-advanced computer. When Bobby returns to Second Earth, he and Courtney discover these technologies trademarked 'Dimond Alpha Digital Organization'. Suspecting this name to derive from Mark's own, they also realize that the initials spell the word DADO, the name of the robot police on Quillan. Hoping to discover the precise changes made in Earth's history, they embark for Third Earth, concluding the book.
Characters in The Quillan Games
Bobby Pendragon: Pendragon is the lead Traveler from Second Earth. He becomes a member of the revival and also becomes Challenger Red in this book.
Saint Dane: Saint Dane is the antagonist of the story. He said to Bobby if he competed in the Quillan Games, he will tell him the truth about the Travelers. He acted as a Blok Trustee Mr. Kayto, and Challenger Green a competitor who competed in the Quillan Games. At the end of the book he revealed a mysterious event he called "The Convergence".
Nevva Winter: Nevva is the biological daughter of Elli Winter. She pretends to be Traveler but she betrays them after Nevva had destroy Mr. Pop. She works for Blok but also was a member of the revival.
Elli Winter: Elli is the biological mother of Nevva Winter. She has taken her place as a Traveler when Nevva joined sides with Saint Dane. Just like Bobby and Nevva, she works both for Blok and the Revival.
Mark Dimond: Mark is an acolyte of Bobby Pendragon on Second Earth. In this book Mark created an invention called "Forge" along with Andy Mitchell (who later to be reveal to be Saint Dane in disguise). Mark had run away from Second Earth in the end of the Quillan Games knowing that the flume would be destroyed.
Courtney Chetwynde: Courtney is an acolyte of Bobby in Second Earth. She later came back home after her accident with Whitney Wilcox in the book "The Rivers of Zadaa".
Veego: She is the co-host of the Quillan Games. She has a gruff attitude over Bobby. Veego was recently from Veelox, but was brought to Quillan, after Saint Dane in the form of Mr. Kayto arrived on Veelox.
LaBerge: He is the co-host of the Quillan Games alongside his sister Veego. He was the one who designed the games while Veego makes them real. LaBerge was a former phader in Veelox, and was also brought to Quillan, when Saint Dane came in the form of Mr. Kayto. He enjoys clowns, playing a toy called Runkle, and eating a carrot known as Tribbun.
External links
Pendragon Official Website
The Pendragon Adventure
2006 American novels
American fantasy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Quillan%20Games |
Maureen Macmillan (born 9 February 1943 in Oban) is a Scottish Labour Party politician. She was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Highlands and Islands list from 1999 until 2007.
Prior to her election she worked as a teacher of English at Millburn Academy in Inverness and in a voluntary capacity with Ross-shire Women's Aid of which she was a founding member. Apart from her work in her native Highlands, she is particularly credited as being the force behind the Protection from Abuse (Scotland) Act 2001 which extended protection of victims of domestic violence to unmarried couples. The Bill was promoted by the then Scottish Parliament Justice and Home Affairs Committee and became the first Committee Bill ever to be enacted into law by the Scottish Parliament.
References
External links
Maureen MacMillan MSP profile at the site of Scottish Labour
1943 births
Living people
People from Oban
Scottish schoolteachers
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
20th-century Scottish women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen%20Macmillan |
Tecumseh High School can refer to:
Tecumseh High School (Indiana) in Lynnville, Indiana
Tecumseh High School (Michigan) in Tecumseh, Michigan
Tecumseh High School (Franklin Furnace, Ohio)
Tecumseh High School (New Carlisle, Ohio)
Tecumseh High School (Oklahoma) in Tecumseh, Oklahoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh%20High%20School |
Oskar Barnack (Nuthe-Urstromtal, Brandenburg, 1 November 1879 – Bad Nauheim, Hesse, 16 January 1936) was a German inventor and photographer who built, in 1913, what would later become the first commercially successful 35mm still-camera, subsequently called Ur-Leica at Ernst Leitz Optische Werke (the Leitz factory) in Wetzlar.
Life and career
Barnack was an engineer at the Leitz company and suffered from asthma, so he proposed reducing the size and weight of cameras in order to be able to take photographs in his travels. In 1924 the camera was named Leica, an acronym obtained from Leitz Camera. It was released at the Leipzig Fair in 1925.
Between 1913 and 1914, Barnack adapted 35 mm cinematic film for still-camera use with a larger negative than other 35mm cameras. The pronged-film rollers holding the perforated film allowed more precision than typical paper-backed roll film. His design was revolutionary because he transported the film horizontally, allowing an extended frame size to 24×36 mm with a 2:3 aspect ratio, instead of the 18x24 mm of cameras that carried the film vertically. Negatives in this small format could be enlarged to obtain sharper positive images. For this to be effective, the camera also needed a high-quality lens capable of producing the larger format film's quality.
Barnack tried various types of lenses, trying to find the best quality images. At the time, lenses for existing 35mm cameras covered the 18×24 mm frame format, so the larger Leica frame size was only partially covered. Existing Leitz and competing Zeiss lenses were either too large for the camera or would not cover the 24x36 frame. To achieve the necessary resolution for a satisfactory enlargement, the 24x36 mm format needed a specially designed lens. Leica's first suitable lens was a 50 mm f/3.5 design based on the "Cooke triplet"; this would later evolve into the famous Leica Elmar series of lenses.
In 1923 Barnack convinced his boss, Ernst Leitz II, to make a series of 31 pre-production cameras for the factory and for outdoor photographers. Although the prototypes received a mixed reception, Ernst Leitz decided in 1924 to produce the camera. It was a success when presented at the Spring Fair of Leipzig in 1925 as the Leica I (Leitz camera).
Barnack was also one of the first photographers to create news images in which people's relationship to their surroundings could be seen. In this style, he made the first news image made with a 35 mm camera, showing the flood caused by the Lahn River in Wetzlar.
In 1979, on the occasion of the centenary of its birth, the Leica Oskar Barnack Prize was awarded, endowed with 5000 euros, and awarded in July at the Meetings of Arles.
Oscar Barnack Prize
An international jury awards the Leica Oskar Barnack Prize to professional photographers, whose powers of observation capture and express the relationship between man and the environment in the most graphic way in a sequence of a minimum of 10 to a maximum of 12 images.
Input presentations must be an autonomous series of images in which the photographer perceives and documents the interaction between man and the environment with an acute vision and contemporary visual style: creative, breakthrough and innovative. Only one entry per photographer is accepted. In addition to these categories of "Leica Oskar Barnack Prize" and "Leica Oskar Barnack Award Newcomer Prize", ten finalists will be awarded with a cash prize of 2,500 euros for their series.
The winner of the main category "Leica Oskar Barnack Award" receives a cash prize of 25,000 euros and also a Leica M camera and a loan worth 10,000 euros.
Collections
International Photography Hall of Fame - St.Louis, MO
References
External links
Leica Camera AG
Leica History by Thorsten Overgaard
"Oskar Barnack" at the International Photography Hall of Fame
Oskar Barnack films on the European Film Gateway
1879 births
1936 deaths
20th-century German inventors
Optical engineers
Leica Camera people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar%20Barnack |
Jozef "Jos" Cleber (; 2 June 1916, Maastricht – 21 May 1999, Hilversum) was a Dutch trombonist, violinist, conductor, composer, arranger, and producer.
He wrote numerous arrangements (notably to Heel de wereld, the Dutch Eurovision Song Contest entry in 1958) and conducted De Zaaiers, one of the orchestras of Dutch radio, and many recordings on the Phonogram label until he left for South Africa in 1962. However, he may be best known for orchestrating the Indonesian national anthem Indonesia Raya.
Biography
Child and student
Cleber was born in Maastricht, the youngest of eight children in the Roman Catholic family of Gerardus Josephus Cleber, the organist and choir conductor at the Basilica of Saint Servatius, and Anna Maria Bastian. His father gave him his first music lessons.
After high school, he attended the Maastricht Academy of Music, where he studied violin and piano, and at fifteen years old, he began playing viola with the Maastrichts Stedelijk Orkest. He later became fascinated by jazz and the music of Duke Ellington and thus chose to continue his studies at the Royal Conservatory of Liège in saxophone and clarinet. There he was advised to study trombone instead, because his lips were thought to be well suited for it.
Trombonist
Cleber completed his obligatory military service early so that he could join the jazz orchestra of Paul Godwin. During a performance with Godwin in 1936, he received a commission to play with the Tonhalle Orchester Zürich, where he remained until 1939, when the threat of World War II became too great. He returned to the Netherlands and began playing violin and trombone for the Tuschinski Theatre, Amsterdam, under the direction of Max Tak.
First marriage
On 8 February 1939, he married Elisa Magdelijns (1917–2007), with whom he had a daughter, Yvonne Charlotte Cleber. The couple later divorced on 25 September 1951.
World War II
Cleber came into contact with AVRO, a Dutch public broadcaster, and in 1940, he joined their orchestra as a trombonist under the direction of Elzard Kuhlman. A year later, this orchestra became part of the Groot Amusementsorkest of the Nazi-organised Nederlandsche Omroep, and in 1942, by virtue of obligatory membership in the Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer, he became a trombonist in the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra.
During this time, he also continued his studies at the Conservatory of the Muzieklyceum Society in conducting, harmony, and counterpoint, receiving lessons from Kees van Baaren. After a meeting with Theo Uden Masman in May, 1945, Cleber joined Masman's dance orchestra De Ramblers, again as a trombonist. He continued playing with De Ramblers until 1945, when on the request of conductor Dolf van der Linden, he became a trombonist and arranger for the new Metropole Orkest. He remained with them until 1948, making several studio recordings with van der Linden, and at the same time, he led Selecta, his own ensemble of twelve musicians.
Conductor
In 1948, Cleber left the Netherlands to work for Radio Batavia in the Dutch East Indies, forming the Cosmopolitain Orkest. His wife and daughter followed later, but ultimately they divorced on 25 September 1951. Three months later, on 12 December 1951, he married Johanna Dirkje de Bruijn (born 1923), a cabaretière, in Jakarta. From this marriage, his second daughter, Karian, was born.
Cleber returned to the Netherlands to share the direction of AVRO's theatre orchestra with Gerard van Krevelen. In 1952, he formed De Zaaiers, a pops orchestra, for AVRO, which with additional string players expanded to become a newly formed Cosmopolitain Orkest a year later. In 1957, his orchestra won the ‘Golden Gondola’ in Venice. He also worked as an arranger not only for his own orchestra but also for the Metropole Orkest and Promenade Orkest.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Cleber also worked as a staff conductor for Phonogram, making recordings with Conny Stuart, Corry Brokken, Mieke Telkamp, Jules de Corte, and Willy Alberti, among others. From 1962-64, Cleber lived in South Africa, trying unsuccessfully to start a new orchestra in Johannesburg. While in South Africa, Cleber recorded a long playing record titled "Charls Segal's Compositions", featuring the compositions of South African pianist and composer Charles Segal. Cleber returned to conduct De Zaaiers and the Cosmopoitain Orkest until 1966, when AVRO dissolved them during a period of cost-cutting.
Producer
Even after his orchestras had disbanded, Cleber was in demand for developing new musical talent. He remained at AVRO for two years as a music advisor, and from 1968 until his retirement in 1981, he produced the program Jonge mensen op weg naar het concertpodium.
Composer
Orchestration of Indonesia Raya
In 1950, Jusuf Ronodipuro (then the Studio Head of Radio Republik Indonesia), requested that Cleber arrange Indonesia Raya for orchestra, upon which Cleber began a preliminary study on the history and actual impression the anthem intended to convey, and concluded that he sensed a Marseillaise impression in Indonesia Raya. Cleber's first arrangement was subsequently recorded in the RRI Studio, Central Jakarta, in early 1951, involving Cleber's orchestra and two other RRI orchestras. The initial response to the orchestration was warm and Cleber joined Ronodipuro to present the recording to President Sukarno. However, upon hearing it, Sukarno commented that the arrangement was too embellished.
Sukarno wanted Indonesia Raya to be as majestic as the Dutch national anthem, Wilhelmus. Wilhelmus has a slow tempo (largo), whereas Indonesia Raya was intended to have a march tempo (Tempo di marcia), which led to Cleber's initial disagreement with the president over the orchestration. He began to work on the second arrangement, and the tempo was changed to Maestoso con bravura, ("majestically and with bravura"). Sukarno liked the second arrangement better; however, he thought that there should be a part in the anthem that expresses beauty, softness, and sweetness, just prior to the climactic refrain. In the third arrangement, Cleber modified the verses right before the chorus to employ the string section, whereas the chorus itself was accompanied by the timpani, cymbal, and brass section. Sukarno considered this arrangement perfect and approved it.
References
External links
Article in Chamber Music
Dutch Article 1
Dutch Article 2
Biography from the Huygens Instituut
Overview and media files from the Muziekencyclopedie at the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision
1916 births
1999 deaths
Dutch composers
Dutch conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Dutch Roman Catholics
Musicians from Maastricht
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century composers
20th-century Dutch male musicians
The Ramblers (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef%20Cleber |
Motivation crowding theory is the theory from psychology and microeconomics suggesting that providing extrinsic incentives for certain kinds of behavior—such as promising monetary rewards for accomplishing some task—can sometimes undermine intrinsic motivation for performing that behavior. The result of lowered motivation, in contrast with the predictions of neoclassical economics, can be an overall in the total performance.
The term "crowding out" was coined by Bruno Frey in 1997, but the idea was first introduced into economics much earlier by Richard Titmuss, who argued in 1970 that offering financial incentives for certain behaviors could counter-intuitively lead to a drop in performance of those behaviors. While the empirical evidence supporting crowding out for blood donation has been mixed, there has since been a long line of psychological and economic exploration supporting the basic phenomenon of crowding out.
The typical study of crowding out asks subjects to complete some task either for payment or no payment. Researchers then look to self-reported measures of motivation for completing the task, willingness to complete additional rounds of the task for no additional compensation, or both. Removing the payment incentive, compared to those who were never paid at all, typically lowers overall interest in and willingness to complete the task. This process is known as "crowding out" since whatever motivation for the task that previously existed—as estimated by the control condition that was not offered compensation for the task—has been crowded out by motivation merely based on the payment.
A 2020 study which reviewed more than a 100 tests of motivation crowding theory and conducted its own field experiments found that paying individuals for intrinsically enjoyable tasks boosts their performance, but that taking payment away after it is expected may lead individuals to perform worse than if they were not paid at first.
Development of the theory
History
According to research on operant conditioning and behaviorism in the 1950s, extrinsic rewards should increase the chances of the rewarded behavior occurring, with the greatest effect on behavior if the reward is given immediately after the behavior. In these studies, often removing the reward quickly led to a return to the pre-reward baseline frequency of the behavior. These findings led to popular calls for the adoption of incentives as motivational tools in a variety of professional and educational contexts. Moreover, according to standard economics, providing extrinsic incentives for a behavior has an immediate relative-price effect which should produce more of that behavior by making that behavior more attractive. Literature in economics has myriad examples of this.
However, Titmuss argued that sometimes adding incentives can actually diminish the rewarded behavior. Exploring this idea, Edward Deci noticed in the early 1970s that some actions appear to provide their own reward. These behaviors are described as being intrinsically motivated, and their enjoyment or rewards come from the act of engaging in the task itself. In this case, behavior does not require any extrinsic reward.
These observations led researchers to ask how providing extrinsic rewards for a given activity would influence intrinsic motivation toward that activity. While the relative-price effect would predict that rewards should only enhance the attractiveness of the behavior, there appeared to be indirect psychological effects of offering extrinsic incentives that, in some cases, have the opposite effect of making the behavior seem less attractive.
Experimental manipulations
Dependent measures
A wide range of behaviors has been investigated for crowding out, including completion of rote tasks, engagement with interesting puzzles, pro-social favors, creative art projects, and more. Crowding out is typically measured in two ways. First, crowding out is measured as self-reported interest in the activity after an incentive has been provided. Second, crowding out can be measured by engagement in the activity while subjects believe the experiment has ended and after full compensation has been provided. Some studies use both measures. In some cases, crowding out has been found to directly affect effort and performance on the target behavior itself even while compensated for performance. For instance, paying people a token amount of money to raise money for charity has been shown to cause people to wind up collecting less money than those who were not paid at all.
Independent variables
According to a meta-analysis, three kinds of rewards are used in the investigation of crowding out. First, task-noncontingent rewards, such as show-up fees, are offered to subjects independent of task performance or completion, simply as compensation for their time. These rewards are not expected to displace intrinsic motivation. Second, task-contingent rewards, on the other hand, are incentives on the quantity, quality, or completion of some specific behavior (e.g. solving word puzzles or collecting charitable donations). Crowding out is thought to be most significant in this case. Finally, performance-contingent rewards, incentives for achieving certain outcomes, are thought to create comparatively little crowding out because they can serve as a signal of status and achievement rather than tampering with motivation.
Early evidence
Early research in this area in the 1970s found that providing an extrinsic incentive for completing a task could undermine intrinsic motivation and subsequent effort devoted to that task across a broad range of contexts. This research considered the effect of monetary, tangible (e.g. gifts), and symbolic rewards among young children, college students, and adults doing a wide variety of tasks. In a classic study, Deci paid all subjects for participation in a psychological experiment that involved solving multiple puzzles or IQ test questions. Half of the subjects were paid a flat fee just for showing up to the experiment, but the other half of subjects were informed that they would be paid per their completion of the study's tasks. After the presumptive experiment was over, subjects were left with free time during which they could either sit idly or complete more tasks. Deci measured the number of additional IQ questions or puzzles completed during this non-compensated time as well as self-reported measurements of interest in the task. Deci found that, compared to those who were paid simply for showing up, subjects who were paid specifically to complete the tasks were significantly less likely to complete additional non-compensated tasks and gave lower ratings of interest levels in the tasks themselves. Deci interpreted these findings to suggest that motivation for and interest in the tasks had been displaced by the provision of extrinsic incentives.
These studies typically find that if incentives are large then, once removed, they can have long-run crowding out effects. However, more recent research has found that even if workers find incentives to be insufficient then there can be short-run crowding out of the rewarded behavior too. Examples of early crowding out studies include:
In a pioneering study, Deci had college students attempt to solve a puzzle game called a Soma cube. During Phase I of the experiment, all subjects had the opportunity to play with the cube and attempt to solve several puzzles. During Phase II, half of the subjects (control) repeated Phase I whereas the other half of subjects were paid $1 for each puzzle they could solve. During Phase III, no one was paid but experimenters interrupted participants in the middle of the session, telling them a cover story about why the experimenter needed to leave the room for a few minutes. Secretly, experimenters were able to observe how participants spent their free time. Deci found that those who had been paid during Phase II were significantly less likely to play with the cube during the free, uncompensated time during Phase III.
In a follow-up study that replicated the basic pattern of results from 1971, Deci later found that offering verbal praise as a reward for task completion did not have a similar backfiring effect as offering a monetary reward had.
Kruglanski et al. found that if high school students were promised an extrinsic incentive before engaging in a variety of tasks, the students showed less creativity and subsequently reported enjoying the task less compared to those who were not promised payment at the outset.
Lepper et al. found that children who were told that they would receive a reward in exchange for drawing—something they had previously shown to be intrinsically interested in—subsequently became less interested in drawing after the reward was given, compared to those who received a reward unexpectedly or who received no reward at all.
Other research has shown that a similar effect of crowding out can occur from negative disincentives for behavior, too. For instance, economic studies have shown that increasing penalties can actually lower obedience with the law and decrease worker performance. While all of these early investigations demonstrated that providing extrinsic incentives could undermine motivation for the rewarded behavior, researchers had not yet established the psychological process involved that could explain this consistent pattern of results.
Psychological theories
Various explanations have been offered for why crowding out occurs.
Motivational theories
On this view—sometimes referred to as cognitive evaluation theory—the post-behavioral significance people assign to the reward determines subsequent motivation. Deci and Ryan argue that rewards can be seen to have two components: one that controls people's behavior and thus infringes on their autonomy, and a different, status-signaling component that enhances people's sense of competence. For instance, an employee recognition award could be seen as either the reason why an employee worked so hard in a given month (i.e. to win the award) or could be seen simply as a recognition of the employee's performance in general. If an extrinsic reward for some behavior appears to be controlling (i.e. the reason a person plausibly performed that behavior), this is argued to supplant intrinsic motivation for engaging in the behavior. Insofar, however, as the extrinsic incentive is seen not as an inducement but rather as a signal of high status or high achievement in general (e.g. a merit-based award), the incentive will engender more effort without crowding out motivation. On this account, then, the extent to which a given extrinsic incentive crowds out motivation is determined by the balance of the controlling versus status-signaling nature of the awards as perceived by the actor.
Attributional theories
The application of self-perception theory to motivation suggests that people sometimes form post-behavior judgments about the causes of their actions by considering the external circumstances of their decision. While intrinsic motivation for doing the activity might be a cause, the presence of an extrinsic reward could also be sufficient for explaining a behavior. The overjustification account of motivational crowding, most prominently advanced by Lepper et al., argues that people recognize the presence of a significant extrinsic incentive, attribute their motivation for doing the rewarded activity to the reward itself, and consequently lower their feelings of intrinsic motivation toward the activity. Thus, they infer, if effort for engaging in a task becomes too onerous or if an extrinsic reward is removed, people feel less internally motivated to engage in the task compared to those who were never offered a reward for doing so.
Behavioral theories
Various attempts have been made by behaviorists to explain the apparent phenomenon of crowding out in terms of reward conditioning. Behaviors that are typically thought to be intrinsically motivated, these theories argue, are actually motivated by the social praise they tend to engender. Dickinson argues that part of the reason why these behaviors are socially praised is precisely because they are not connected with any particular reinforcers. When a person helps someone else, he argues, he receives praise in part because there does not seem to be any specific private incentive for doing helping. Thus, the introduction of a specific reinforcer such as an extrinsic reward lowers the public praise, Dickinson argues. If the loss of praise is larger than the size of the specific reinforcer, she argues, then free-choice selection of that behavior will decrease. Hence, what appears as crowding out of intrinsic motivation can instead be explained, according to these theories, by shifting perceptions and incentives.
Economic utility theories
Some have argued that certain utility functions can be modeled to explain crowding out. Bénabou and Tirole, for instance, have theoretically established that crowding out can reliably occur if an agent's utility function for some behavior is composed of three things: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and image-signaling concerns.
Signals to actors
In a context of uncertainty or information asymmetry, rewards can signal important information to the actor. If the person offering the reward (the "principal") is presumed to know something more about the task than the person to engage in the activity (the "agent"), then offering an extrinsic reward can be seen as revealing the principal's distrust as to whether or not the action would be taken without the inducement. In this view, offering a reward is a signal that either the principal knows the task is unpleasant and otherwise would not be completed, or that the principal does not trust that the agent is sufficiently motivated without such incentives. On either interpretation, agents are understood to infer something negative about the activity which lowers their willingness to engage in it without additional incentive.
An implication of this view is that, under certain conditions, crowding in might occur. If an activity were valued poorly by an agent, an especially high premium offered might signal to the agent that this task is more valuable than the agent previously considered.
Signals to observers about actors' motivations
Additionally, the presence or absence of extrinsic incentives can be interpreted by observers as signals of an agent's motivations for engaging in some activity. To the extent that agents are concerned with cultivating an image as an altruist, the presence of extrinsic incentives can lower interest in engaging in some task that might signal non-altruistic motives. Compatible with these findings are studies showing that the effect of crowding out is greater in the case when extrinsic incentives are known publicly compared to when they are known only to the actor but not to observers.
Debate and meta-analyses
Controversy was ignited when some researchers questioned whether the data support claims that motivation crowding actually occurs. Meta-analyses revealed mixed or even null overall effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. However, these meta-analyses have been questioned, especially for their treatment of dependent measures and failure to account for moderating variables (e.g. the kind of reward or class of dependent measure). Other meta-analyses have concluded that, once these factors are properly controlled for, motivation crowding for certain behaviors is a robust effect for certain kinds of rewards.
Through the debate, consensus seems to have emerged that crowding out reliably occurs if the following conditions are met:
Rewards are offered in the context of pre-existing intrinsic motivation (e.g. in a pro-social setting or for interesting tasks).
Rewards are known in advance and expected.
Rewards are tangible.
Applications
People have proposed using the insights of motivational crowding theory to change reward structures at work, in schools, for government policies, non-profits, and at home. The basic phenomenon of incentives undermining motivation, effort, and output has been demonstrated in populations of children, college students, adults, and workers, both in the lab and in the field. Crowding out has been shown to occur in teacher performance-based pay, temporary workers' effort in commission-based pay structures, charitable giving, and student scholastic performance. The collection of this evidence has led some economists to call for rethinking how governments and charitable organizations that rely on volunteers use incentives and pay-for-performance schemes.
See also
Burnout
Motivation
Self-determination theory
Self-perception theory
Backward bending supply of labor
References
Microeconomics
Labour economics
Motivational theories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation%20crowding%20theory |
NGC 6302 (also known as the Bug Nebula, Butterfly Nebula, or Caldwell 69) is a bipolar planetary nebula in the constellation Scorpius. The structure in the nebula is among the most complex ever observed in planetary nebulae. The spectrum of NGC 6302 shows that its central star is one of the hottest stars known, with a surface temperature in excess of 250,000 degrees Celsius, implying that the star from which it formed must have been very large.
The central star, a white dwarf, was identified in 2009, using the upgraded Wide Field Camera 3 on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The star has a current mass of around 0.64 solar masses. It is surrounded by a dense equatorial disc composed of gas and dust. This dense disc is postulated to have caused the star's outflows to form a bipolar structure similar to an hourglass. This bipolar structure shows features such as ionization walls, knots and sharp edges to the lobes.
Observation history
As it is included in the New General Catalogue, this object has been known since at least 1888. The earliest-known study of NGC 6302 is by Edward Emerson Barnard, who drew and described it in 1907.
The nebula featured in some of the first images released after the final servicing mission of the Hubble Space Telescope in September 2009.
Characteristics
NGC 6302 has a complex structure, which may be approximated as bipolar with two primary lobes, though there is evidence for a second pair of lobes that may have belonged to a previous phase of mass loss. A dark lane runs through the waist of the nebula obscuring the central star at all wavelengths.
The nebula contains a prominent northwest lobe which extends up to 3.0′ away from the central star and is estimated to have formed from an eruptive event around 1,900 years ago. It has a circular part whose walls are expanding such that each part has a speed proportional to its distance from the central star. At an angular distance of 1.71′ from the central star, the flow velocity of this lobe is measured to be 263 km/s. At the extreme periphery of the lobe, the outward velocity exceeds 600 km/s. The western edge of the lobe displays characteristics suggestive of a collision with pre-existing globules of gas which modified the outflow in that region.
Central star
The central star, among the hottest stars known, had escaped detection because of a combination of its high temperature (meaning that it radiates mainly in the ultraviolet), the dusty torus (which absorbs a large fraction of the light from the central regions, especially in the ultraviolet) and the bright background from the star. It was not seen in the first Hubble Space Telescope images; the improved resolution and sensitivity of the new Wide Field Camera 3 of the same telescope later revealed the faint star at the centre. A temperature of 200,000 Kelvin is indicated, and a mass of 0.64 solar masses. The original mass of the star was much higher, but most was ejected in the event which created the planetary nebula. The luminosity and temperature of the star indicate it has ceased nuclear burning and is on its way to becoming a white dwarf, fading at a predicted rate of 1% per year.
Dust chemistry
The prominent dark lane that runs through the centre of the nebula has been shown to have an unusual composition, showing evidence for multiple crystalline silicates, crystalline water ice and quartz, with other features which have been interpreted as the first extra-solar detection of carbonates. This detection has been disputed, due to the difficulties in forming carbonates in a non-aqueous environment. The dispute remains unresolved.
One of the characteristics of the dust detected in NGC 6302 is the existence of both oxygen-bearing silicate molecules and carbon-bearing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Stars are usually either oxygen-rich or carbon-rich, the change from the former to the latter occurring late in the evolution of the star due to nuclear and chemical changes in the star's atmosphere. NGC 6302 belongs to a group of objects where hydrocarbon molecules formed in an oxygen-rich environment.
See also
List of largest nebulae
Lists of nebulae
Notes
References
External links
NASA News Release
Discovery of the star
ESA/Hubble News Release
SIMBAD Query Result
Butterfly Nebula at Constellation Guide
069b
6302
Planetary nebulae
Scorpius
Sharpless objects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206302 |
Hugo von Seeliger (23 September 1849 – 2 December 1924), also known as Hugo Hans Ritter von Seeliger, was a German astronomer, often considered the most important astronomer of his day.
Biography
He was born in Biala, completed high school in Teschen in 1867, and studied at the Universities of Heidelberg and Leipzig. He earned a doctorate in astronomy in 1872 from the latter, studying under Carl Christian Bruhns. He was on the staff of the University of Bonn Observatory until 1877, as an assistant to Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander. In 1874, he directed the German expedition to the Auckland Islands to observe the transit of Venus. In 1881, he became the Director of the Gotha Observatory, and in 1882 became a Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Observatory at the University of Munich, which post he held until his death. His students included Hans Kienle, Ernst Anding, Julius Bauschinger, Paul ten Bruggencate, Gustav Herglotz, Richard Schorr, and especially Karl Schwarzschild, who earned a doctorate under him in 1898, and acknowledged Seeliger's influence in speeches throughout his career.
Seeliger was elected an Associate of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1892, and President of the Astronomische Gesellschaft from 1897 to 1921. He received numerous honours and medals, including knighthood (Ritter), between 1896 and 1917.
His contributions to astronomy include an explanation of the anomalous motion of the perihelion of Mercury (later one of the main tests of general relativity), a theory of nova coming from the collision of a star with a cloud of gas, and his confirmation of James Clerk Maxwell's theories of the composition of the rings of Saturn by studying variations in their albedo. He is also the discoverer of an apparent paradox in Newton's gravitational law, known as Seeliger's Paradox. However his main interest was in the stellar statistics of the Bonner Durchmusterung and Bonn section of the Astronomische Gesellschaft star catalogues, and in the conclusions these led about the structure of the universe. Seeliger's views on the dimensions of our galaxy were consistent with Jacobus Kapteyn's later studies.
Seeliger was an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
He continued his work until his death, on 2 December 1924, aged 75.
The asteroid 892 Seeligeria and the lunar crater Seeliger were named in his honour. The brightening of Saturn's rings at opposition is known as the Seeliger Effect, to acknowledge his pioneering research in this field. Minor planet 251 Sophia is named after his wife, Sophia.
Students
His PhD students were (after Mathematics Genealogy Project, Hugo Hans von Seeliger) :
Julius Bauschinger, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1884
Ernst Anding, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1888
Richard Schorr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1889
Karl Oertel, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1890
Oscar Hecker, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1891
Adalbert Bock, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1892
George Myers, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1896
Karl Schwarzschild, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München 1897
Lucian Grabowski, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1900
Gustav Herglotz, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1900
Emil Silbernagel, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1905
Ernst Zapp, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1907
Kasimir Jantzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1912
Wilhelm Keil, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1918
Friedrich Burmeister, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1919
Gustav Schnauder, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1921
Walter Sametinger, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1924
References
Freddy Litten:Hugo von Seeliger – Kurzbiographie Short biography (in German).
Obituary: Professor Hugo von Seeliger Scan from "The Observatory", Vol. 48, p. 77 (1925), presented by Smithsonian/NASA ADS Astronomy Abstract Service
1849 births
1924 deaths
People from Biała
People from Austrian Silesia
20th-century German astronomers
19th-century German astronomers
Bavarian nobility
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Relativity critics
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20von%20Seeliger |
Guanylate cyclase 2C, also known as guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), intestinal guanylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase-C receptor, or the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (hSTAR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2C gene.
Guanylyl cyclase is an enzyme found in the luminal aspect of intestinal epithelium and dopamine neurons in the brain. The receptor has an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane region, a region with sequence similar to that of protein kinases, and a C-terminal guanylate cyclase domain. Tyrosine kinase activity mediates the GC-C signaling pathway within the cell.
Functions
GC-C is a key receptor for heat-stable enterotoxins that are responsible for acute secretory diarrhea. Heat-stable enterotoxins are produced by pathogens such as Escherichia coli. Knockout mice deficient in the GC-C gene do not show secretory diarrhea on infection with E. coli, though they do with cholera toxin. This demonstrates the specificity of the GC-C receptor.
In medicine
Guanylate cyclase 2C is the target of linaclotide and plecanatide, oligopeptide agonists used for the treatment of chronic constipation.
References
Further reading
External links
GCC testing for colorectal cancer staging
GC-C knock-out mice
EC 4.6.1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylate%20cyclase%202C |
Steve Bell, C.M.,O.M., (born November 17, 1960) is a Canadian singer/songwriter and guitarist based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He is among the best-known Christian musicians in Canada and is an accomplished songwriter and record producer. Before embarking on his solo career he was a long-time member of the group Elias, Schritt and Bell. In 1989, Bell founded the independent recording label Signpost Music along with Dave Zeglinski, long-time friend and co-producer. His first solo album, Comfort My People, was released on Signpost that same year. Bell now has twenty albums to his credit. Among his many awards are two Junos, several GMA Canada Covenant Awards and the 2012 Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.
Musical career
Steve Bell has been performing music since childhood. His recording career began at 13 when his family's gospel band, The Alf Bell Family Singers, recorded an LP. The album contains some of his earliest songwriting. After graduating from high school he was a member of a succession of bands playing a number of different musical genres. For three years he played with the secular folk trio Elias, Schritt and Bell, along with Tim Elias and John Schritt. The group released one commercial studio album, Awakening, in 1982. Bell quit the band and performed with various artists (Rocki Rolletti, Rhonda Hart, Byron O'Donnell, Bob King) until 1988 when he withdrew from performing. It was during this period that his childhood Christian faith became reanimated and over a six-month period wrote most of the material for his first four solo projects. Faced with a lack of interest from established labels he formed the Indie record label Signpost Music in 1989 and released his first solo album. The first edition of Comfort My People comprised 300 Cassettes.
Bell has gone on to release twenty solo albums, selling over 400,000 copies independently. His tours have taken him all over North America and the world (2000+ concerts). In 1994 Signpost Music received a boost when Bell became business partners with his co-producer Dave Zeglinski. Bell was the Juno Awards' first winner in the Best Gospel Album category in 1998. That category was created from the former Blues/Gospel Album category, which represented the industry's recognition of Contemporary Christian Music in Canada.
Since then, Bell has gone on to release 20 albums, 4 concert DVDs, 5 songbooks, a co-authored book on the Psalms, and a 7-book series on the Christian calendar called Pilgrim Year. His work has earned him two JUNOs, four Western Canadian Music Awards, three Prairie Music Awards, eleven Gospel Music Association Covenant Awards (including Male Vocalist of the Year, Recorded Song of the Year, Album of the Year, and the 2018 Lifetime Achievement Award), and many more nominations. He has won three Word Awards for his poetry, song lyrics, and magazine articles. Bell's most recent feature-length album, Where the Good Way Lies (released on LP and DVD) included collaborations with local Indigenous singers Ray “Coco” Stevenson and Fresh I.E., was nominated for a 2017 JUNO Award for Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year.
In 2006 Bell was invited to perform with the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra. Scores were created by jazz pianist and composer Mike Janzen. Since then, Bell has performed 30 sold-out or capacity-crowd concerts with symphonies across Canada and the United States. Bell's concert DVD, Steve Bell in Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, won a 2009 International Christian Visual Media Gold Crown Award for Best Music Video. For his "skill, his musicality, for his connection with the symphony, and for his openness" Steve was awarded the Winnipeg Symphony Golden Baton Award in 2013.
In 2014, Bell was the subject of a documentary by Refuge31 Films entitled Burning Ember: The Steve Bell Journey, for which a film crew followed Steve across North America to chronicle the many ups and downs of life in the music industry. The documentary has won numerous awards and has been broadcast in Canada (CBC's Documentary Channel) and worldwide.
Advocacy
Amidst his regular touring schedule, Bell has worked on behalf of aid organizations such as World Vision, Compassion Canada, and the Canadian Foodgrains Bank. His advocacy efforts have helped raise awareness and significant financial support. A close association with the National Roundtable on Homelessness and Poverty has helped draw attention to the plight of Canada's marginalized. Having traveled extensively in the Third World, Bell spreads hope via his music and message to communities in India, Thailand, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Ethiopia, Palestine, Kenya, Guatemala, and many other countries.
In recent years, Bell has used his platform to advocate for the building of Freedom Road, a 27-kilometre road that ended a century of isolation for the people of Shoal Lake 40 First Nation. He has also been a strong voice urging the Canadian government to adopt Bill C-262, an act that would ensure that Canadian laws are in harmony with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Bell's "effort for the sake of Indigenous communities" which has "brought together many Indigenous, church, political and other groups of people, including students," was a major impetus for Canadian Mennonite University's selection of him as their 2018 CMU PAX Award recipient. Crandall University also presented Bell with their 2017 Leadership Award "for an extraordinary career of sustained artistic excellence, spiritual vitality, and open-handed generosity to others."
Works
Discography
Bibliography
I Will Not Be Shaken: A Songwriter's Journey Through the Psalms (co-written with Jamie Howison), published by Signpost, 2015
Pilgrim Year (Seven-volume boxset), published by Novalis, 2018
Videos
Steve Bell — In Concert, at Home, and With Friends (1996)
Steve Bell Band In Concert (1999)
Steve Bell in Concert with The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra (2007, review)
Steve Bell & Malcolm Guite — Live at the West End: An Evening of Story, Song and Friendship (2013)
Songbooks
The Music of Steve Bell (1989–1995)
Romantics & Mystics (1997)
Simple Songs (2000)
Waiting for Aidan (2001)
Devotion (digital) (2008)
Audio magazines
Blessings, volume 1
Can God Be Trusted, volume 2
Collaborations
Co-wrote "Tremble" with Glen Soderholm on his album By Faint Degrees (Pilgrim Gargoyle Recording, 2000)
Co-wrote "These Are The Ones" with Glen Soderholm on his album This Bright Sadness (Signpost, 2008)
"Everything We Need" (2009, video) (with Fresh I.E.)
"Where the Good Way Lies" (2016, song) (with Fresh I.E. and Ray "Coco" Stevenson)
Notable appearances
Mandolin and vocals on Glen Soderholm's album In the Belly of the Fish (Pilgrim Gargoyle Recording, 1997)
Background vocals on Glen Soderholm's By Faint Degrees (Pilgrim Gargoyle Recording, 2000)
Mandolin and guitar on "It Has to Be You", on Carolyn Arends' album Travelers (Signpost, 2001)
Duet on "Who You Are" on Carolyn Arends' album Under the Gaze (2B Records, 2004)
Duet on "When I Survey The Wondrous Cross" with Lianna Klassen on her album Out of Borderland (Dawntreader Productions, 2004)
Harmony vocals on "All Is Made Well" on Glen Soderholm's World Without End (Signpost, 2006)
Background vocals on "Tonight I Am the Wind" with Kerri Woelke on her album Where We Were (Signpost, 2008)
Background vocals on "Never Say Goodbye" on Carolyn Arends' album Love Was Here First (Signpost, 2009)
Harmony vocals on "Lord of All" on Jaylene Johnson's album Potter & Clay (Signpost, 2016)
Songs in other projects
Window of Hope, "Here by the Water", "Burning Ember", "Ready My Heart" and "Psalm 32" (Gospel Music Foundation, 2002)
Signpost Collections Vol. 1, "Ever Present Need", "Stay Awake" (Signpost, 2003)
Sea to Sea: Filled With Your Glory, "Jesus My Glory" (CMC, 2004)
Canadian Bible Society centennial CD: Good News Celebration, "Eventide" (CMC, 2006)
GMA Canada presents 30th Anniversary Collection, "Deep Calls To Deep" (CMC, 2008)
Sea to Sea: Christmas, "Coventry Carol" (Lakeside, 2009)
Am I Safe? Exploring Fear and Anxiety with Children by Tim Huff & Iona Snair, "A Heartbeat Away" (Castle Quay Books, 2019)
Awards and recognition
Note that years indicated represent award ceremony dates, not the years in which qualifying albums were released.
Gold Crown Award
2009 Best Music Video: Steve Bell in Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra
Gospel Music Association of Canada Covenant Awards
2002 Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year: Waiting for Aidan
2002 Song of the Year: "Eventide"
2008 Producers of the Year (with Dave Zeglinski): Symphony Sessions
2009 Jazz/Blues Song of the Year: "Embrace the Mystery"
2011 Folk/Roots Album of the Year (tie): Kindness
2015 Folk album of the Year: Pilgrimage
2015 Album Artwork: Roberta Hanson/designer: Pilgrimage
2018 Lifetime Achievement Award
2018 Album of the Year: Where the Good Way Lies
2018 Collaboration of the Year (with Ray "Coco" Stevenson and Fresh I.E.): Where the Good Way Lies
2018 Inspirational Song of the Year: Wait Alone in Stillness
30 other nominations between 2001 - 2018
Juno Awards
1998 Best Gospel Album: Romantics & Mystics
2001 Best Gospel Album: Simple Songs
2002 nominee, Best Gospel Album: Waiting for Aidan
2010 nominee, Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album: Devotion
2015 Recording Package of the Year: Pilgrimage boxset designed by Roberta Hansen
2017 nominee, Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year: Where the Good Way Lies
Prairie Music Awards
2001 Outstanding Christian Recording: Simple Songs
2001 Outstanding Producer (with Dave Zeglinski): Simple Songs
2002 Outstanding Christian Recording: Waiting For Aidan
Shai/Vibe Awards
2003 Male Vocalist of the Year
2004 Artist of the Year
2004 Male Soloist of the Year
2005 nominee, Male Soloist of the Year
Western Canadian Music Awards
2004 nominee, Outstanding Christian Recording (with Sarah Bell): Sons & Daughters
2004 nominee, Outstanding Producer (with Dave Zeglinski): Sons & Daughters
2008 Outstanding Contemporary Christian/Gospel Recording: Symphony Sessions
2009 Contemporary Christian/Gospel Recording of the Year: Devotion
2013 Spiritual Recording of the Year: Keening for the Dawn
2015 nominee, Roots Album of the Year: Pilgrimage
2015 Album Design: Pilgrimage (Roberta Hanson / designer)
Word Awards
2014 Terence L. Bingley Award for Best Song Lyrics: "Oracles"
2015 Terence L. Bingley Award for Best Song Lyrics: "Long Love"
2017 Word Award for Poetry: "Freedom Road" in Intotemak Magazine
2017 nominee, Column – Single: "Red Brother Red Sister" in Mosaic Magazine
2018 Word Award for Column – Single: "Success: The Art of Staying Closely Behind" in Seven Magazine
2019 nominee (awards not yet announced) for Best Song Lyrics: "Wouldn't You Love to Know"
2019 nominee (awards not yet announced) for Poetry: "The Name"
Other
1999 Cantate Award Citation (St. Benedict’s Monastery)
2008 Distinguished Christian Leadership Award / Providence College and Seminary
2012 Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
2013 Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra Golden Baton Award for artistic achievement
2017 Crandall University Leadership Award
2018 CMU Pax Award
2021 Member of the Order of Manitoba
See also
Hugh Marsh (Collaborations)
Music of Manitoba
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
Canadian performers of Christian music
Musicians from Calgary
Juno Award for Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year winners
Members of the Order of Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Bell%20%28musician%29 |
For the new club claimed as the successor, see PFC Neftochimic Burgas.
PFC Naftex Burgas () is a former football club from Burgas, Bulgaria.
History
The club was created in 1962 by a group of workers, laying the foundations of the future Petroleum Refinery Neftochim, which had not yet been named. The team startеd in A regional group under the name of Stroitel. The team's first-ever friendly game was against Lokomotiv Burgas. In 1964 the Refinery was finally named Neftochim and the team's name was also changed to Neftochimic.
In 1965 the team earned its promotion to 2nd Bulgarian division. In its first game in 2nd division, on September 9, 1965, the team played in front of a crowd of 8000 fans. The team players at the time were workers from the refinery, who had been training daily after hours. 1965 was the year when the construction of the new official stadium of the team commenced. The stadium was completed in 1967 and was named "Neftochimic Stadium" ("Стадион Нефтохимик"). The first-ever game played at the stadium was the game between the under-21 teams of Bulgaria and Finland. The primary reason for the stadium construction was to host the home games of Neftochimic.
In 1969, after an ill-advised decision by the ruling communist party in Bulgaria, to form a unified Burgas team that would gather the best football players in town, FC Neftochimic was disbanded and the best players of the team left to join the other local team – Chernomorets.
From 1969 to 1981 Neftochimic remained a lower tier club, involved in workers' championships only. The stadium in complex Lazur, however, was still frequented by the same enthusiastic crowd of fans that had supported the team during its years in second division. During those days, the local rival team – FC Chernomorec – tried on numerous occasions to "steal" Neftochimic's stadium. At the time FC Chernomorec was a member of Bulgaria's elite division, but it played its home games at a place called "Kolodruma" which did not suit the team's ambitions. The directors of the "Neftochim" refinery, however, managed to retain ownership of the stadium by creating an inter-refinery workers' championship that was hosted at the stadium.
For a period of 12 years Neftochimic was wiped off the map of Bulgarian football.
On May 6, 1981, after the stadium of second division club Lokomotiv Burgas (created 1932) was destroyed to leave space for a railway expansion, Lokomotiv decided to merge into FC Neftochimic and start playing its home games at "Neftochimic" stadium. That brought Neftochimic back into professional football and the official name of the team became DSF Neftochimic. The new team was officially registered on January 29, 1986 and this is what has caused a lot of confusion later and is the main source of the misconception that the team has been in existence since 1986 only.
The newly formed team started its first season in second division, where Lokomotiv had been playing before the merger.
The Portochanov Era (1990–2004)
Neftochimic played in the lower divisions in the first four years of the existences of the team. In 1990, Hristo Portochanov took charge of the administration of the club. In his first year as a president, he began the reconstruction of the Neftochimic Stadium and by the year 1997 the stadium was transformed into the best football stadium in Bulgaria and among the best on the Balkan Peninsula. In 1993, Dimitar Dimitrov signed as a manager of the team and it won the Bulgarian Eastern B PFG and qualifies in the Bulgarian top division for the first time in its history. Neftochimic finished at 8th place in its first season and reached the semifinals of the Bulgarian Cup eliminating champions Levski Sofia on its way. The second season in the Bulgarian A PFG was among the most successful season in the history of the club. Neftochimic finished 4th and won the Professional League Cup. In 1997, PFC Neftochimic finished second after a series of referee's mistakes in favor of champions CSKA Sofia and won again the Professional League Cup. In the following years, Neftochimic established itself as one of the best teams in the country regularly finishing in places allowing the team to participate in the UEFA Cup. In 2000–01 season Neftochimic eliminated AC Omonia Cyprus with 2:1 on aggregate, but later was defeated by Lokomotiv Moscow – 0:0 and 2:4.
Difficult Years (2004–2009)
In year 2004, Portochanov resigned as a president of Naftex and the club began experiencing serious troubles. Many of the very strong and experienced players that brought success to Naftex were sold and the new management managed the club carelessly allowing it to fall out of the Bulgarian A PFG in 2006. From 2006 PFC Naftex is a satellite of PFC Chernomorets. On July 6, 2009, the club is folded. On the next day – July 7 an amateur football club called "Athletic" was renamed to Neftochimic 1986 and was declared by its new owners as successor of the old team.
Stadium
Lazur Stadium in Burgas was the home stadium of PFC Neftochimic. The stadium is currently used by ПФК „Нефтохимик 1962“.
It has 18,037 seats and a great training and fitness base. It is located in the Lazur complex near the sea garden in Burgas. The stadium has great facilities and has hosted several international games of the Bulgaria national football team. Litex Lovech and Lokomotiv Plovdiv have also played a number of their games for the continental competitions in Burgas.
Lazur Stadium's capacity of 18,037 seats was quite outnumbered in the past by eventually reaching up to 25,000 in derby games between domestic Naftex and leading teams from the country.
Prominent Managers
Ivan Vutov
Dimitar Stoychev
Georgi Vasilev
Dimitar Dimitrov
External links
Fan Site
Association football clubs established in 1986
Association football clubs disestablished in 2009
Naftex
Naftex
1986 establishments in Bulgaria
2009 disestablishments in Bulgaria
Works association football clubs in Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC%20Naftex%20Burgas |
GC-C may refer to:
Guanylyl cyclase C, an enzyme
Prodelphinidin B3 (Gallocatechin 4→8 catechin dimer), a condensed tannin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC-C |
Tobiah ben Eliezer () was a Talmudist and poet of the 11th century, author of Lekach Tov or Pesikta Zutarta, a midrashic commentary on the Pentateuch and the Five Megillot.
Biography
Zunz inferred from Tobiah's reference to his father as "the great" and from his mention of the massacre in Mainz in 1096, that he was a native of Mainz and a son of Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol, who is thought by David Conforte to have been one of Rashi's teachers. But as in the course of his work Tobiah often attacks the Karaites and, besides, manifests a thorough knowledge of Muslim customs, Samuel Judah Löb Rapoport concluded that toward the end of his life Tobiah settled in the Land of Israel, the modern-day country of Israel.
As to Tobiah's birthplace, it has been proved by Solomon Buber that he was a native of Kastoria at that time in Bulgaria, as is testified to by Tobiah's countryman Judah Leon Mosconi in his supercommentary on Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch. According to him, the author of the commentary on the Pentateuch mentioned by Ibn Ezra in the preface to his own work was a certain Meïr of Castoria, a pupil of Tobiah b. Eliezer. On the other hand, in his commentary on Ecclesiastes, Tobiah mentions a R. Samson as his teacher; and Buber supposes that he may be identical with the Samson quoted by Rashi in his commentary on Isaiah 58:14 and Amos 6:3. It is also to be concluded from various dates given in Lekach Tov that he wrote it in 1097 and revised it in 1107 or 1108.
Lekach Tov
Name
Tobiah himself entitled his work "Lekach Tov" in allusion to his name Tobiah; and it is so cited by the earlier rabbis. Since the mid-16th century, however, it has been most often referred to as Pesikta Zutarta (= "the Lesser Pesikta") in distinction to the Pesikta Rabbati (= "the Greater Pesikta"). This second title was because the editors of the part relating to Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy (Venice, 1546), found no title in the manuscript, but noted that every verse was headed פס "piska", and took it for granted that it was entitled Pesikta. Consequently, the rimed title which, Zunz (l.c.) thinks, was composed by the press-corrector Johanan Treves begins פסיקתא זוטרתא או רבתא ("Pesikta, be it small or great"). In the colophon the editors call it "Pesikta Zutarta." It was owing to the latter title that Lekach Tov was confused with the Pesikta Rabbati by Gedaliah ibn Yaḥya, J. Heilprin, Azariah dei Rossi, and others.
Characteristics
In the commentary, Every weekly parsha is introduced by a Biblical verse containing the word "ṭob." Moreover, in the text he very often says, "I, Tobiah b. Eliezer" or "Tobiah said." It is true that in the Jerusalem manuscript there occurs very often the expression "our teacher Tobiah b. Eliezer," from which it might be assumed that Lekach Tov was written by Tobiah's pupils; but from a closer examination of the text, and to judge from the Florence manuscript, it is evident that the expression in question is merely a copyist's mistake.
Lekach Tov covers the whole Pentateuch and the Five Megillot. It is in reality half a simple ("peshaṭ") commentary, giving the grammatical meaning of the words, and half aggadah. But in many instances Tobiah declares that the standard interpretation is the simple one. Even in his aggadic interpretation, which he derives from the Talmud and from the pre-Talmudic and post-Talmudic literatures, Tobiah manifests his love of good style. He endeavors to arrange the various midrashim in perfect order and to edit them in few words and clear language. He therefore shortens the midrashic passages, and, instead of the Aramaic in which those passages were written, renders them into good Hebrew, omitting also the foreign words which occur in the midrashim. In the parts of the Pentateuch which deal with the commandments he inserts many halakhot, apparently taken from various halakhic collections, particularly from Achai Gaon's She'eltot. The Talmudic passages which he cites in connection with the halakhot he often interprets according to his own judgment and differently from Rashi.
Throughout the whole commentary Tobiah shows his thorough knowledge of Hebrew grammar and his acquaintance with the works of the earlier grammarians. Incidentally it may be remarked that he seems to have held the opinion that the Hebrew roots are not necessarily triliteral. In certain places he interprets a Biblical word as though it were a mishnaic or Talmudic one. He considers there is not a letter too many or too few in the whole Pentateuch; and he bases many of his aggadic interpretations on the Qere and Ketiv.
One of the main features of his commentary is the allegorical interpretation of all the Biblical passages which speak of God as a corporeal being. He likewise considers that the expressions in R. Ishmael's Heikhalot must be taken figuratively. In many places he refutes assertions of the Karaites, though he does not expressly name their authors. Like many other Biblical commentators, he translates certain words into the language of the country in which he is living, namely, Greek.
Sources
Tobiah seldom mentions the sources for his commentary; but they are found to be as follows: Targum of Onqelos; Baraita of R. Ishmael; Baraita of R. Eliezer ben Jose ha-Gelili; Sifra; Sifre; Mekhilta; Seder Olam; Sefer Yeẓirah; the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmud; Genesis Rabbah; a midrash on the blessing of Jacob; Leviticus Rabbah; midrash on the Five Megillot; Tanchuma; Yelammedenu; Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer; Baraita di-Meleket ha-Mishkan; Aggadat Mashiaḥ; Heikhalot of R. Ishmael; Sefer ha-Yashar; Midrash Abkir; Midrash Hashkem; and many other midrashim.
It seems that he utilized the She'eltot of R. Achai, the Halakot Gedolot, and the Yosippon. He quotes also Eleazar ha-Ḳalir, Saadia, Hai Gaon, Shabbethai Donnolo, Ben Asher, Ben Naphtali, and his teacher R. Samson, while he cites passages from Menahem ben Saruk and Moses ha-Darshan without mentioning their names.
Influence
Tobiah is in turn quoted by those of Rashi's pupils who redacted the Liḳḳuṭe ha-Pardes, and by the following: Menahem ben Solomon in his "Sekhel Ṭov"; Jacob Tam in his Sefer haYashar; RaSHBaM in his commentary on the Pentateuch; Ibn Ezra (see above); Tobiah ben Moses the Karaite in his Yehi Me'orot; Isaac ben Abba Mari in his Sefer haIṭṭur; Isaac ben Moses in his Or Zarua; Zedekiah ben Abraham (see above); Judah ben Eliezer in his Minḥat Yehudah; Eliezer ben Nathan in his piyyut Lel Shimmurim; and numerous later Biblical commentators, halakhists, and Talmudists.
It will thus be seen that Lekach Tov was considered as an authority by the German, French, and Italian, but not by the earlier Spanish, scholars. Of the latter Ibn Ezra alone mentions it, disparagingly. But later Spanish authorities who, after the expulsion, settled in the East considered Lekach Tov as the chief source for their works.
Publication
Only that part of Tobiah's work covering Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy was edited in Venice, 1546. The same part was afterward reedited with a Latin translation under the title "Pesikta" by Ugolino; and was subsequently republished by Aaron Moses Padua under the title Midrash Lekach Tov (Wilna, 1880), with a short commentary or "bi'ur." Four years later the part comprising Genesis and Exodus was published, also under the title Midrash Lekach Tov, by Solomon Buber (Wilna, 1884), who added a long introduction and copious notes. The commentary on Lamentations was edited by Nacht, and that on the Book of Ruth by Bamberger (Mainz, 1887).
Poems
Tobiah is known as a Hebrew poet through four poems of his which are still extant. One is an introduction to his commentary on Genesis, another is an epilogue to the same, both being acrostics on "Tobiah bar Eliezer Ḥazaḳ"; a third is a short acrostic on "Tobiah," forming an epilogue to Leviticus;and the remaining one is a "seliḥah" beginning "Ehyeh asher Ehyeh," the verses being arranged in alphabetical order, and signed "Tobiah b. Eliezer Ḥazaḳ." The last-cited poem has been published by Solomon Buber at the end of his introduction to Lekach Tov.
References
Further reading
Its bibliography:
Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, i.;
Brüll' ed. Buber, Introduction;
Ha-Maggid, xxxix., Nos. 36–37;
Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 2674;
Winter and Wünsche, Jüdische Literatur, ii. 270 et seq.;
Zunz, G. V. pp. 293 et seq.;
Kaufmann, Eine unbekannte messianische Bewegung unter den Juden, in Jahrbuch für Jüdische Geschichte und Literatur, i. 148 et seq., Berlin, 1898
People from Kastoria
11th-century Byzantine rabbis
Byzantine poets
Jewish poets
Bible commentators
11th-century Byzantine writers
Jewish liturgical poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobiah%20ben%20Eliezer |
Timeline for Music of Italy
Dates for musical periods such as Baroque, Classical, Romantic, etc. are somewhat arbitrary.
All dates are CE.
c. 100-c. 500 Early Christian era
c. 230 — Alleluia melodies heard in Rome.
313 — The Roman Emperor Constantine issues the Edict of Milan, granting Roman Christians freedom to worship.
386 — St. Ambrose introduces vigils and popular psalmody in Milan.
c. 425 — Pope Celestine I officially introduces the responsorial singing of a Gradual psalm in the Roman Mass.
c. 425 — Cassian, Bishop of Brescia, adapts Egyptian monastic psalmody to Western usage.
476 — Rome falls to the Ostrogoths, which is often used to mark the beginning of the Middle Ages.
c. 495 — Boethius writes the De institutione musica, which becomes the standard - if somewhat inaccurate - textbook on the Ancient Greek musical scales.
c. 500-c. 1400 Italian Medieval Music.
c. 530 — St. Benedict arranges the weekly order of monastic psalmody in his Rule.
530-609 — Venantius Fortunatus creates some of Christianity's most enduring hymns, including "Vexilla regis prodeunt," later the most popular hymn of the Crusades.
536 — Under Justinian's orders, Belisarius recaptures Rome from the Ostrogoths and reestablishes Byzantine rule in Italy. Northern Italy soon falls to the Lombards.
590-604 — Reign of Pope Gregory the Great, who reformed Church bureaucracy and unified the liturgy. Carolingian chant would later, somewhat misleadingly, be called Gregorian chant in his honor.
c. 650 — The Roman schola cantorum, the trained papal choir, is founded.
c. 700 — Pope Sergius I introduces the Agnus dei into the Roman Mass.
early 8th century — The Roman Stational Mass is recorded, in which the Pope presided over Masses in a series of cities.
785-6 — At Charlemagne's request, Pope Hadrian I sends a papal sacramentary with Roman chant, which only includes certain major holy days, to the Carolingian court in Francia. Charlemagne assigns Alcuin the task of completing an official compendium of Roman chants for the whole year. This led to the introduction of Gallican elements into the Roman chant cycle, creating Carolingian chant, later called Gregorian chant.
mid-9th century — Moslems invade Italy, taking Sicily and pressing as far north as Rome.
998 - Pope Gregory V requests a copy of the Reichenau sacramentary, typifying the collapse of the manuscript tradition in Italy and the power shift to the Ottonian Holy Roman Empire.
11th century — The first extant Ambrosian chants are written down. The Milanese chronicler Landulphus relates the tale that Charlemagne placed a Gregorian and an Ambrosian sacramentary side by side on an altar. When they both flew open together, it was a sign that both traditions were valid. Milanese chant is the only non-Gregorian chant tradition to survive in the West.
1014 — At his imperial coronation Mass, the German Holy Roman Emperor Henry II asks for the Credo to be sung, as was the custom in German Masses. This was the last of the ordinary chants to be added to the Roman Mass.
c. 1020 — Guido d'Arezzo describes the musical staff, solmization, and the Guidonian hand in his Micrologus. This early form of do-re-mi created a technical revolution in the speed at which chants could be learned, memorized, and transmitted.
1058 — Pope Stephen IX outlaws the local Beneventan chant of Benevento and Montecassino.
1197-1250 — Frederick II, the last great Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, encourages music at the Sicilian court. Sicily becomes a refuge for troubadours displaced by the Albigensian Crusade and a melting pot of Christian, Jewish, and Muslim musical styles.
13th century — The local chant tradition of Rome, which scholars now call Old Roman chant, gives way to Gregorian chant.
1209-29 — The Albigensian Crusade. Supposedly to attack Cathar heretics, it brought southern France under northern French control and crushed Occitan culture and language. Most troubadours fled, especially to Spain and Italy.
c. 1250-1350 — Italian flagellants develop the Italian folk hymns known as spiritual laude.
mid-13th century — Sordello of Mantua active as a trovatore, an Italian troubadour.
1265-1321 — Dante Alighieri. Dante champions the poetic use of the vernacular tongue. Strongly influenced by troubadour culture, he analyzed the troubadour verse forms, included troubadours and trovatori in the Divine Comedy, and strongly considered writing in Occitan rather than Tuscan.
1304-74 — The Italian poet Petrarch, whose poems were frequently set to music.
1317-c. 1319 — Marchettus of Padua writes major treatises on plainchant and polyphony, expounding a theory of rhythmic notation that paved the way for trecento (Italian ars nova) music.
c. 1335 — The Rossi Codex, the earliest extant collection of Italian secular polyphony, and a major source of early trecento music, including examples of early madrigals, cacce, and ballate.
c. 1360 — Death of Jacopo da Bologna, the first famous trecento composer.
c. 1360 — The Ivrea Codex, a major source of late trecento music.
c. 1397 — Death of Landini, the famous blind trecento composer, known for his characteristic "Landini cadence."
c. 1411 — Death of Johannes Ciconia, the first northern European of stature to compose music in the Italian style. He synthesized the French and Italian styles, presaging the "international" music typical of the Renaissance.
1410-1415 — Compilation of the Squarcialupi Codex, the largest source of trecento music.
c. 1400-c. 1600 Italian Renaissance Music.
c. 1420-c. 1490 — Composition of polyphonic music enters a slow period. More great Italian performers than composers are known from this time. Rise of the influential d'Este and Medici political dynasties.
1446 — Death of Leonardo Giustinian, noble performer and anthologist.
1454-5 — The Peace of Lodi shifts the balance of power among the powerful families of northern Italy.
1470s — Franco-Flemish composers such as Josquin and Compère are hired as professional musicians in the courts of Milan.
c. 1480-c. 1520 — The light, courtly music known as the frottola flourishes in the Mantuan court of Isabella d'Este, composed by such composers as Marchetto Cara and Bartolomeo Tromboncino.
c. 1500 — The witty, earthy songs of the Florentine carnival, the canti carnascialeschi, are in vogue.
1501 — Ottaviano dei Petrucci publishes the Odhecaton, the first substantial collection of printed polyphonic music.
1516 — Andrea Antico publishes the earliest printed Italian music for keyboard.
1525 — Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born (d. 1594).
1527-1562 — Adrian Willaert's tenure at St. Mark's in Venice, where he developed the Venetian tradition of music for double chorus.
1528 — Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier recommends proficiency at music as a courtly virtue.
1537 — Santa Maria di Loreto, the first music conservatory, is opened in Naples.
1543 — Death of Francesco Canova da Milano, famous lutenist, and the first native Italian musician to achieve an international reputation.
mid-16th century — Italy is the premier center of harpsichord construction.
mid-16th century — The classic Italian madrigal thrives, though largely composed by non-Italians, frequently using Petrarchan sonnets and text painting. Lighter music is represented by the villanella, which originated in the popular song in Naples and spread throughout Italy.
1550s — Composers such as Orlando di Lasso and Cipriano de Rore experiment with chromaticism.
1558 — Gioseffo Zarlino publishes the Istitutioni harmoniche, the leading source of practical musical theory of the Renaissance, and the first music theory to seriously address invertible counterpoint.
1559 — Antonio Gardano publishes Musica nova, whose politically pro-republican partisan songs please the northern Italian republics and rile the Church.
1562-3 — The Council of Trent bans most paralitugical music, including all but four Sequences. A ban on all liturgical polyphony is debated, and music is required to have clear words and a pure, uplifting style.
1564 — Violin production starts in Cremona in the workshop of Andrea Amati.
1567 — Birth of Claudio Monteverdi
1579 — Pietro Vinci, founder of the Sicilian polyphonic school, publishes his second book of madrigals.
1580 — Vincenzo Galilei publishes Dialogo della Musica.
1580-97 — The Concerto delle donne sing virtuosic women's choral music in the court of Ferrara under the direction of Luzzasco Luzzaschi.
1585 — Founding in Rome of the musical confraternity that would become the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia.
1590 — Monteverdi's first book of madrigals published, including "Ecco mormorar l'onde."
1597 — Jacopo Peri's La Dafne, the "first opera", is staged at Palazzo Corsi in Florence.
c. 1600-c. 1725 Italian Baroque Music.
1605 — Claudio Monteverdi's fifth book of madrigals opens with a defense of the seconda pratica of Cipriano de Rore, Luca Marenzio, Giaches de Wert, and his own music, in which the music evokes stronger emotion through increasing use of dissonance and a stronger harmonic progression based on a more independent bass line, presaging the musical developments of the Baroque.
1607 — Monteverdi's first opera, Orfeo.
1611 — Carlo Gesualdo publishes his sixth book of madrigals, including the highly mannerist "Moro, lasso."
1614 — The Editio medicea of Gregorian chant is published, rewriting the old modal chant according to the contemporary aesthetic style.
1623 — Salomone Rossi publishes arrangements of The Song of Solomon using Hebrew texts and Italian polyphonic style.
1637 — Europe's first opera house, the Teatro Tron, opens in Venice.
1644 — Violin maker, Antonio Stradivari born (d. 1737).
1660 — Birth of Alessandro Scarlatti (d. 1725).
1709 — First fortepiano (modern piano) built by Bartolommeo Cristofori in Florence.
1718 — Alessandro Scarlatti's The Triumph of Honour paves the way for Italian comic opera.
1725 — Vivaldi's Four Seasons published.
c. 1725-c. 1825 Italian Classical Music and Comic Opera
1737 — The Teatro di San Carlo opens in Naples.
1753 — Pergolesi's La Serva Padrona (The Servant Mistress), plays in Paris and starts a continental rage for Italian comic opera.
1760 — La Cecchina by Niccolò Piccinni, later praised by Verdi as the first true Italian comic opera.
1778 — The Teatro alla Scala—La Scala—opens in Milan.
1792 — Birth of G. Rossini (d. 1868).
1797 — Birth of Gaetano Donizetti (d. 1848).
1801 — Birth of Vincenzo Bellini (d. 1835).
1813 — Birth of Giuseppe Verdi (d. 1901).
1816 — Rossini's The Barber of Seville performed for the first time.
c. 1825-1900 Italian Romantic Music.
1828 — Debut of violinist Paganini in Vienna.
1829 — Rossini's last opera, William_Tell_(opera).
1831 — Norma, opera by Bellini.
1832 — Elisir d'amore, opera by Donizetti.
1835 — First festival of the Canzone Napoletana, the Neapolitan song.
1842 — Nabucco, Verdi's first successful opera.
1847 — MacBeth, opera by G. Verdi.
1858 — Birth of Giacomo Puccini (d. 1924).
1886 — Otello, opera by G. Verdi.
1890 — Cavalleria Rusticana, important realist opera by Pietro Mascagni.
1896 — La Bohème, opera by Puccini.
c. 1900–present Modern Italian Music.
1900 — Tosca, opera by Puccini
1902 — Tenor Enrico Caruso, stung by criticism, leaves Italy for America.
1907 — Ferruccio Busoni publishes Sketches for a New Musical Aesthetic.
1914 — The Fountains of Rome, prominent orchestral piece by Ottorino Respighi.
1922 — Death of Alessandro Moreschi, last Vatican castrato singer.
1924 — Arturo Toscanini conducts Puccini's last opera Turandot at La Scala in Milan.
1925 — Italian radio starts to broadcast music programs.
1951 — First San Remo Festival of Italian popular music.
1953 — First edition of the Ravello Festival.
1954 — Tarantella Napoletana, first Italian film musical.
1958 — First edition of Canzonissima, popular TV song festival; first edition of the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto.
1994 — The National Symphony Orchestra of the RAI (Italian Radio & Television) is formed, uniting the earlier orchestras of Torino, Milan, Rome and Naples. Based in Torino.
1996 — Founding of CEMAT (Federation of Italian Electroacoustic Music Centers), with the purpose of promoting the activity of Italian computer music research and production centers.
2002 — Parco della Musica, a vast multi-auditorium musical venue, one of the largest in the world, opens in Rome.
Italian music
Italian | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Italian%20music |
NGC 6751, also known as the Glowing Eye Nebula, is a planetary nebula in the constellation Aquila. It is estimated to be about 6,500 light-years (2.0 kiloparsecs) away.
NGC 6751 was discovered by the astronomer Albert Marth on 20 July 1863. John Louis Emil Dreyer, the compiler of the New General Catalogue, described the object as "pretty bright, small". The object was assigned a duplicate designation, NGC 6748.
The nebula was the subject of the winning picture in the 2009 Gemini School Astronomy Contest, in which Australian high school students competed to select an astronomical target to be imaged by Gemini.
NGC 6751 is an easy telescopic target for deep-sky observers because its location is immediately southeast of the extremely red-colored cool carbon star V Aquilae.
Properties
NGC 6751, like all planetary nebulae was formed when a dying star threw off its outer layers of gas several thousand years ago. It is estimated to be around 0.8 light-years in diameter.
NGC 6751 has a complex bipolar structure. There is a bright, inner bubble (shown in the photo), as well as two fainter halos. (The outer halo, with a radius of 50 is extremely faint and is broken, while the inner halo with a radius of 27 is roughly spherical). On both the west and east sides of the inner shell, knots can be seen that are surrounded by faint "lobes". These lobes are actually a ring, and the eastern side is nearer than the western side. As a whole, the system is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of −31.7 km/s.
The central star of the nebula has a similar spectrum to a Wolf–Rayet star (spectral type [WC4]), and has an effective temperature of about 140,000 K and a radius of about . It is losing mass at a rate of per year, and its surface composition is mostly helium and carbon.
The winning image of the 2009 Gemini Astronomy Contest shows a nebula at the top left of NGC 6751. This 80 x 40 arcsec nebula was discovered in 1990 by Hua & Louise at the Newton focus of the Foucault telescope, 120cm in diameter at Observatoire de Haute Provence (O.H.P.) Saint Michel l'Observatoire.
See also
List of planetary nebulae
References
External links
NGC 6751 seds.org
Planetary nebulae
6751
Aquila (constellation)
177656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206751 |
Sport- und Schwimmverein Jahn Regensburg e. V., commonly known as SSV Jahn Regensburg, Jahn Regensburg, SSV Jahn or simply Jahn is a German football club based in Regensburg, Bavaria. The club is based on a gymnastics club founded in 1886 as Turnerbund Jahn Regensburg which took its name from Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, whose ideas of gymnastics greatly influenced German sport in the 19th century. The football department was created in 1907.
The footballers left their parent club in 1924 to form Sportbund Jahn Regensburg, in 1934 they were combined with two further sports clubs, Sportverein 1889 Regensburg and Schwimmverein 1920 Regensburg, to Sport- und Schwimmverein Jahn 1889 Regensburg, today commonly known as SSV Jahn 1889 Regensburg with the departments athletics, boxing, futsal, gymnastics, handball, kendo and nine-pin bowling. The football department separated in 2000 and is called SSV Jahn Regensburg.
SSV Jahn play their home games at Jahnstadion Regensburg since 2015. The club colours are white and red, the team's most common nicknames 'Rothosen' (Red Shorts) and 'Jahnelf' (Jahn Eleven). Jahn currently plays in the 3. Liga, the German third division, having been relegated from the 2. Bundesliga in the 2022–23 season.
History
The merger in 1934 to form SSV Jahn Regensburg strengthened the football side somewhat, but mostly produced only indifferent results, from 1927 in the Bezirksliga Bayern, coming second as its best result in 1930. In the Gauliga Bayern, one of sixteen top flight divisions formed in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich in 1933, Jahn lasted for only two seasons before being relegated in 1935. It returned in 1937 and their best performances were consecutive third-place finishes in 1938 and 1939 after which they languished as an uncompetitive mid-to-lower table side.
The club spent most of the period between the end of World War II and the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 as a "yo-yo team" bouncing up and down between the Oberliga Süd and the second division. Regensburg played the early 1960s in the third division before making their way back to the Regionalliga Süd (II). By the mid 1970s the team began to falter and by the end of the decade had become a third and fourth division side, even playing three years in the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (V) in the late 1990s.
In 2000 the football team left to become an independent club and were joined by players from SG Post/Süd Regensburg in 2002. Regensburg has recovered to some degree and has played in the Regionalliga Süd (III) since the turn of the millennium with a single season in the 2. Bundesliga in 2003–04. However, the club faced financial difficulties and narrowly avoided bankruptcy in 2005. After sinking to the fourth division Oberliga Bayern in 2005–06, Jahn achieved first place in the following season and were promoted again to the Regionalliga Süd. Due to a reorganisation of the leagues, Jahn had to finish in tenth place or higher in order to stay in the third division, which is now the new 3. Liga. Jahn struggled to do so but finished ninth in the end and gained entry to the new league.
The club played its first two seasons in the 3. Liga close to the relegation zone but then improved to the point that it came third in 2011–12 and qualified to play against the Karlsruher SC in the promotion round to the 2. Bundesliga. Draws in 1–1 at Regensburg and in 2–2 at Karlsruhe meant Jahn's return to second level after eight years according to away goal rule.
The Jahn finished last in the 2. Bundesliga in 2012–13 and was relegated back to the 3. Liga, finishing eleventh in 2013–14. In 2014–15 they also finished last in the 3. Liga and were relegated back to the Regionalliga. In the following season, they made the first place in the Regionalliga Bayern and faced the Regionalliga Nord champions VfL Wolfsburg II in the play-offs. The club defeated Wolfsburg II 2–1 on aggregate and immediately returned to third level for the 2015–16 season. Another great season followed in the 3. Liga, with Regensburg finishing third. Like in 2012, they were promoted via the play-off, defeating 1860 Munich 3–1 on aggregate.
Players
Current squad
Out on loan
Reserve team
SSV Jahn Regensburg II (or SSV Jahn Regensburg Amateure) made a single season appearance in the southern division of the Amateurliga Bayern in 1962–63, the last year of the league being divided into two regional divisions. An eleventh place in the league that season was not enough to qualify for the new single-division league and the team also did not become part of the new Landesliga Bayern-Mitte.
A lengthy period in the lower amateur divisions followed until 2002, when the merger of the first team with SG Post/Süd Regensburg allowed the reserve side to take Post's place in the Bayernliga, where the team played from 2002 to 2006. In 2006, the first team's relegation meant, they had to move down one level even so they finished eleventh this season. After three average seasons, the side became a promotion contender again, finishing second in 2010–11 but losing to SpVgg Bayern Hof in the promotion round.
At the end of the 2011–12 season, the club qualified directly for the newly expanded Bayernliga after finishing third in the Landesliga.
Recent managers
Recent managers of the club:
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
SSV Jahn Regensburg
SSV Jahn Regensburg II
With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onwards were elevated one tier.
Key
Honours
League
2. Oberliga Süd (II)
Champions: 1953
Bayernliga (II-III-IV)
Champions: 1949, 1967, 1975, 2000, 2007
Runners-up: 1946, 1964
Bayernliga South (II)
Runners-up: 1947, 1948
Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (IV)
Champions: 1966, 1983, 1990
Runners-up: 1997, 2011‡
2. Amateurliga Niederbayern (IV)
Champions: 1962‡
Cup
Bavarian Cup
Winners: 1947, 1948, 2001, 2004‡, 2005, 2010, 2011
Runners-up: 2002
Oberpfalz Cup
Winners: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004‡, 2006
Youth
Under 19 Bayernliga
Winners: 2005, 2007
Runners-up: 2013
Under 17 Bayernliga
Winners: 2007
Runners-up: 2003
Under 15 Bayernliga
Winners: 2015
Runners-up: 2005, 2012
‡ Reserve team
References
External links
SSV Jahn Regensburg profile on Weltfussball.de
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Bavaria
Association football clubs established in 1907
Sport in Regensburg
Football in Upper Palatinate
1907 establishments in Germany
2. Bundesliga clubs
3. Liga clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSV%20Jahn%20Regensburg |
Tammouz may refer to:
Tammuz (deity), Babylonian and Sumerian god
Tammuz reactor, an Iraqi nuclear power plant
Tamouz (band), an Israeli band | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammouz |
Christine May (born 23 March 1948, in Dublin) is a Scottish Labour Co-operative politician. She was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Central Fife constituency from 2003 to 2007.
Raised and educated in Dublin, Christine worked in the catering industry in Dublin and then London, and first moved to Scotland in 1984, where she became a college lecturer.
She was elected to the Central Fife seat after former First Minister Henry McLeish stood down as MSP following a scandal relating to the sub-letting of his constituency office – dubbed "Officegate" by the media. She had previously been leader of Fife Council from 1998. She represented a ward in Kirkcaldy as a councillor, and still lives in the town, which is just outside the Central Fife constituency. Her constituency office was based in Glenrothes, adjacent to Fife Council's headquarters.
In 2007, she lost her constituency to SNP politician Tricia Marwick.
References
External links
Christine May MSP personal site
Christine May MSP profile at the site of Scottish Labour
1948 births
Living people
Labour Co-operative MSPs
Councillors in Fife
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Politicians from Dublin (city)
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
Scottish Labour councillors
People from Kirkcaldy
Women councillors in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20May |
The West Bengal Board of Secondary Education is the West Bengal state government administered autonomous examining authority for the Standard 10 examination (or secondary school level examination) of West Bengal, India. It has come into force by the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education Act-1963.
See also
West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education
West Bengal Board of Primary Education
West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education
School Education Department, West Bengal
References
External links
Education in West Bengal
State secondary education boards of India
1951 establishments in West Bengal
Government agencies established in 1951
State agencies of West Bengal
Educational boards based in Kolkata | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Bengal%20Board%20of%20Secondary%20Education |
NGC 6781 is a planetary nebula located in the equatorial constellation of Aquila, about 2.5° east-northeast of the 5th magnitude star 19 Aquilae. It was discovered July 30, 1788 by the Anglo-German astronomer William Herschel. The nebula lies at a distance of from the Sun. It has a visual magnitude of 11.4 and spans an angular size of .
The bipolar dust shell of this nebula is believed to be barrel-shaped and is being viewed from nearly pole-on. It has an outer angular radius of ; equivalent to a physical radius of . The total mass of gas ejected as the central star passed through its last asymptotic giant branch (AGB) thermal pulse event is , while the estimated dust mass is .
The magnitude 16.88 central star of the planetary nebula is a white dwarf with a spectral type of DAO. It has an M-type co-moving companion at a projected separation of under . The white dwarf progenitor star had an estimated initial mass of . It left the AGB and entered the cooling stage around 9,400 years ago.
References
External links
Planetary nebulae
6781
Aquila (constellation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206781 |
The Sound of the Trio is a 1962 live album by the Oscar Peterson Trio, recorded in 1961 at the London House jazz club in Chicago.
Three other Oscar Peterson Trio albums were also released featuring music from the London House concerts: The Trio, Something Warm, and Put On a Happy Face. The complete sessions were released in 1996 as The London House Sessions.
Track listing
Side One
"Tricrotism" (Originally Tricotism) (Oscar Pettiford) – 11:10
"On Green Dolphin Street" (Bronislaw Kaper, Ned Washington) – 8:55
Side Two
"Thag's Dance" (Oscar Peterson) – 5:43
"Ill Wind" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler) – 5:36
"Kadota's Blues" (Peterson) – 11:15
2000 CD reissue bonus tracks
"Scrapple from the Apple" (Charlie Parker) – 9:29
"Jim" (Caesar Petrillo, Milton Samuels, Nelson Shawn) – 9:13
"Band Call (Duke Ellington) – 7:47
"The Night We Called It a Day" (Tom Adair, Matt Dennis) – 5:08
"Billy Boy" (Traditional) – 2:35
Personnel
Oscar Peterson - piano
Ray Brown - double bass
Ed Thigpen - drums
References
Oscar Peterson live albums
Albums recorded at The London House, Chicago
Albums produced by Norman Granz
1962 live albums
Verve Records live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sound%20of%20the%20Trio |
The British Library of Political and Economic Science, commonly referred to as "LSE Library", is the main library of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). It is one of the largest libraries in the world devoted to the economic and social sciences. The Library responds to around 6,500 visits from students and staff each day. In addition, it provides a specialist international research collection, serving over 12,000 registered external users each year. It is housed in the Lionel Robbins Building.
Location
The library is located on the London School of Economics (LSE) Campus, near Portugal Street. The current building is the former headquarters and warehouse facilities of WH Smith, opened in 1916 and taken over by LSE in 1976, to be reopened as a library in 1978.
History
The Library was founded in 1896, one year after the LSE. It was founded in order to "provide, for the serious student of administrative and constitutional problems, what has hitherto been lacking in this country, namely a collection of the materials for economic and political research". A history of its development and collections is available on its institutional repository, LSE Research Online.
Collections
Since its foundation the library has been the national social sciences library of the United Kingdom, and collects material on a worldwide basis in all major European languages. Over 50 km of shelving, enough to stretch the length of the Channel Tunnel, houses over four and a half million items including 31,000 past and present journal titles. The Library subscribes to approximately 15,000 e-journals as part of its electronic information provision. It has been designated as a United Nations depository library, providing a comprehensive collection of UN publications and documents. Many other organisations are also represented, including OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), ILO (International Labour Organization), OAS (Organization of American States) and GATT/WTO (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade / World Trade Organization). It is also a European Documentation Centre and has received publications from the European Community since 1964. Its collections have been recognised for their national and international importance and awarded 'Designation' status by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA).
The library's archives hold a number of unique collections. These include Charles Booth's poverty maps, which were awarded UNESCO status in 2016 on the Memory of the World Register. It also holds a number of other archive collections of national or international significance, such as The Women's Library, LGBT activism, British politics and early left wing thought, and peace campaigning.
The Library has a number of open access platforms to make its collections available freely online. These include a digital library which holds digitised items from its collections, LSE Theses Online, which holds PhDs recently completed or digitised at the LSE, and LSE Research Online, which holds research outputs by LSE academic staff. LSE Press was launched in 2018 and publishes peer-reviewed open access research in the social sciences through books and journals (LSE Public Policy Review, Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, and Journal of Long-Term Care). Student work is published through the Houghton Street Press imprint. The Library holds a free exhibition space which showcases some of its unique collections, with three termly exhibitions each year.
Redevelopment
The library underwent a £35 million building redevelopment in 2000, overseen by Foster and Partners. The building was officially reopened on 27 November 2001 by The Princess Royal and was commended in the 2002 Civic Trust Awards, given to outstanding examples of architecture and environmental design in major city areas of the UK, taking into account the benefit each project brings to its local area as well as the quality of its design. A further redevelopment in summer 2007, saw the expansion of the Course Collection by 60%, a new help desk, more study spaces and an increase in self-service facilities.
The Lionel Robbins Building covers 20,000 square metres, and offers 1,700 study places, including 450 networked PCs and 226 laptop drop-in points. A light-filled atrium, named after Michael Peacock and spiral stepped ramp culminate at the top in a partially glazed dome which has been precisely angled to maximise daylight with minimal solar glare. A reflecting panel on the roof also helps to direct sunlight to the floors below. The dome and other windows respond automatically according to the temperature in the building; ventilating it naturally.
See also
Women's Library
Shaw Library
References
External links
British Library of Political and Economic Science
Collection highlights
The LSE Digital Library
Charles Booth Online Archive
LSE Library Catalogue
LSE Press
Houghton Street Press
Commercial buildings completed in 1916
London School of Economics
Academic libraries in London
Research libraries in the United Kingdom
Libraries in the City of Westminster
Economics libraries
1896 establishments in the United Kingdom
Libraries established in 1896
Neo-futurist architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Library%20of%20Political%20and%20Economic%20Science |
Steve Bell may refer to:
Steve Bell (news anchor) (1935–2019), first anchor of the ABC News program World News This Morning, previously reporter for WOWT-TV
Steve Bell (cartoonist) (born 1951), English cartoonist
Steve Bell (musician) (born 1960), Canadian musician
Steve Bell (soccer) (born 1975), retired American soccer midfielder
Steve Bell (Ackley Bridge), fictional character
Steven Bell (born 1976), Australian rugby league player
Steven Bell (footballer) (born 1985), Scottish footballer
See also
Stephen Bell (1965–2001), English footballer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Bell |
John Allen Nelson is an American actor and screenwriter. He is best known for his roles on television as Warren Lockridge on Santa Barbara, John D. Cort on Baywatch, Walt Cummings in 24 and Silas Bunch in Crazy Ex-Girlfriend. He is also known for starring in the cult classic science fiction comedy horror film Killer Klowns from Outer Space.
Career
Nelson portrayed original series character Warren Lockridge on the American soap opera Santa Barbara from August 1, 1984, to April 29, 1986. He starred as the title character in the low-budget 1987 comedy-fantasy Hunk where a nerd was transformed into a golden-tanned, muscular hunk after "leasing" his soul to the Devil.
Nelson co-starred with in the 1988 cult/sci-fi epic Killer Klowns from Outer Space.
Nelson co-starred (and later recurred) in the early seasons of the series Baywatch as "John D. Cort," a lifeguard who is ultimately forced to retire because of retinitis pigmentosa. Later, Nelson co-starred with fellow Baywatch alum Gena Lee Nolin in the syndicated Sheena, Queen of the Jungle.
Nelson also co-wrote the screenplay for the martial arts-yarn Best of the Best 2, which was released in 1993, as well as American Yakuza starring Viggo Mortensen. The following year, in 1994, Nelson co-wrote and co-starred in the movie Criminal Passion which featured Joan Severance and Anthony Denison.
Nelson may be best known for his role as Walt Cummings in 24, or the role of Senator Jeffrey Collins in the 2006 Fox drama Vanished.
Nelson also appeared as Paul, Monica Geller's boyfriend (also known as "The Wine Guy") in the first episode of Friends. His most recent role was in a 2017 episode of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
American male television actors
Living people
American male soap opera actors
American male film actors
American television writers
American male television writers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Allen%20Nelson |
Jing County or Jingxian may refer to:
Jing County, Anhui (泾县), China
Jing County, Hebei (景县), China
Jingzhou Miao and Dong Autonomous County, formerly Jing County (靖县)
Jīngxiān, a class of Xian or immortals in Taoist lore.
See also
Jin County (disambiguation)
Jinxian County
Jinxiang (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing%20County |
Anarchism in Mexico, the anarchist movement in Mexico, extends from Plotino Rhodakanaty's organization of peasant workers in the 1890s, to Ricardo Flores Magón's activism prior to the Mexican Revolution, to the punk subcultures of the 1990s.
Origins and early movement
The Mexican anarchist movement originated in the mid-19th century, a product of both Mexico's unique historical development and European influences. Utopian ideas and movements went back further. Vasco de Quiroga attempted in the 1530s to create Thomas More's Utopia in two communities, while the priest and senator José María Alpudre tried to start another socialist community of Freemasons in 1825. In 1828, the English socialist Robert Owen requested permission from the Mexican government to start a utopian colony in Texas. Melchor Ocampo, a Mexican radical, while in exile in New Orleans read Charles Fourier and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and translated a chapter of the latter's Philosophy of Poverty.
The Greek-born philosopher Plotino Rhodakanaty, like the famed anarchist Mikhail Bakunin of aristocratic descent, arrived in Mexico in February 1861 and was the first advocate for anarchist ideas in the country. He had participated in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and then in Berlin come into contact with Hegel, Fourier, and Proudhon's ideas. Upon arriving in Mexico, he concluded that traditional Mexican peasant villages were already implementing Fourier and Proudhon's ideals. These communities, however, were under threat from hacendados and the government and Rhodakanaty sought to organize them and build a network of socialist agrarian colonies. He wrote the pamphlet Cartilla Socialista, the first socialist publication in Mexico, to gain supporters in this struggle. It argued that humankind was essentially good, but was corrupted by private property, social inequality, and exploitation. He failed to gain adherents for his agrarian colonies. He took on a teaching post and started the Group of Socialist Students (Grupo de Estudiantes Socialistas), which followed Bakunin's teachings. It included Francisco Zalasota and Santiago Villanueva who would be leaders in agrarian and urban labor struggles, respectively. After the 1871 Paris Commune, Rhodakanaty's group turned its focus to urban workers and founding a proletarian anarchist movement. While Rhodakanaty's moral outreach did not reach beyond young artisans and peasants, he inspired Julio López Chávez to lead a peasant rebellion in the late 1860s.
In the mid-19th century, workers' organizations confronted inadequate working conditions. Mutualist groups offered members compensation for unemployment, medical leave, and old age, and focused on providing equal social provisions to workers rather than critiquing capitalism. Separately, anarchist groups, who blamed capitalism and the state for workers' ills, encouraged worker protest, as influenced by the European anarchist movement. Anarchists organized the country's first industrial strikes. Mutualist groups were hesitant to strike, but eventually joined. The strikes, mostly for wages and working conditions, were primarily in textile and mining industries.
Mexican Revolution
Ricardo Flores Magón was the preeminent figure in early 20th-century Mexican anarchism and a progenitor of the 1910 Mexican Revolution. He wrote the newspaper Regeneración with his brother Enrique. Their movement of followers were known as the Magonistas.
Anselmo L. Figueroa was a Mexican-American anarchist political figure, journalist and member of the Organizing Council of the Mexican Liberal Party (MLP). He was imprisoned in the United States between 1911 and 1914 due to violations of U.S. neutrality laws. He published Regeneración, the official newspaper of the MLP, before and after his imprisonment. At the time of the uprisings, Regeneración generated about US$1,000 per week in subscription fees. Even after covering its publication costs, several hundred dollars per week were made available for MLP revolutionary causes. Smaller sums of money were received from outside donors to the organization. Regeneración was published until 1918. It was distributed in Mexican communities in the United States and used in literacy lessons there, as books were often scarce.
Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza was an anarchist and feminist activist, typographer, journalist and poet born in San Juan del Río, Durango, Mexico. While many women contributed in the Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 by fighting alongside their husbands, others wrote against the injustices of the Díaz regime. In May 1901 she found an anti-Díaz newspaper called Vésper. She attacked the clergy in Guanajuato and wrote against foreign domination in Mexico. She also wrote against the Díaz regime and criticized Díaz for not carrying out the requests and needs of the people. As a result, her newspaper was confiscated and she was also put in jail several times by Díaz between 1904 and 1920. She established a new newspaper called El Desmonte (1900-1919) and continued her writings. She translated the works of Peter Kropotkin, Mikhail Bakunin, and Pierre Joseph Proudhon to Spanish. She was also a Caxcan Indian from the state of Durango.
The Mexican Anarchist Federation
The Mexican Anarchist Federation (sp: Federación Anarquista Mexicana) was a Mexican anarchist organization that existed from December 28, 1945, until the 1970s. It appeared as the Anarchist Federation of the Center joined with the Anarchist Federation of the Federal District. It published the periodical Regeneración. It received the energy of recent Spanish anarchists who sought refuge in Mexico escaping from Francisco Franco's dictatorship.
Shortly after its establishment it gained the attention of the Mexican police forces and the Mexican government after some Spanish exiled anarchists along with members of the Mexican Anarchist Federation were arrested after trying to rob a truck that carried large amounts of money from a beer industry. Also linked to the Mexican Anarchist Federation was the Libertarian Youth (sp:Juventudes Libertarias) and the publication Tierra y Libertad.
Present day
Formed in 1997, the Popular Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (CIPO-RFM) is a grassroots organization based on the philosophy of Ricardo Magón.
Anarcopunk In Mexico
Anarco-punk is a subsect of the larger punk scene primarily associated with political activism and anarchist beliefs. Anarcopunk is a well-entrenched part of the punk scene, but their presence has been most heavily felt in Mexico City and Oaxaca in recent years. The political climate in these cities means that protests and political activism have been near-constant, and anarcho-punks have significantly participated in these movements. The most notable of these events was the Oaxaca protests of 2006. During these protests, anarcho-punks made a name for themselves due to their willingness to engage directly with police forces, often becoming the targets of police brutality. Despite their political activism supporting many marginalized groups, these punks still have a tenuous and occasionally contentious relationship with other activists.
Politics
Anarcho-punks are known for being the most politically active and motivated subsect of the punk scene, and these politics are a core part of their identity[1]. The specific politics of any self-identifying anarcho-punk are likely to vary, but they all share common traits. They are profoundly anti-authoritarian and anti-capitalist and view the Mexican government’s tactics of control to be particularly repressive. With these antiauthoritarian politics comes a belief in the concept of Autogestión or self-determination[1]. The political activism of the anarcho-punk movement has led them to be significant participants in several activism groups. These groups include Autonomy, Autogestión, Self-Determination Collective (AAA), and the Autonomous Block of Liberationist Resistance (BARL).
Timeline
1861: Plotino Rhodakanaty immigrates to Mexico
1867: Julio López Chávez leads a 1,500-strong proto-anarchist peasant insurrection
1900: The anarchist Mexican Liberal Party and their newspaper Regeneración are formed
1906: Cananea strike
1907: Río Blanco strike
1910: Práxedis Guerrero is killed in unclear circumstances
1911: Magonista rebellion of 1911
1912: The anarcho-syndicalist Casa del Obrero Mundial is formed in Mexico City
1913: The Magonist Margarita Ortega is killed
1916: The anarcho-syndicalist Red Battalions are disbanded
1922: Ricardo Flores Magón dies in prison in the USA
1945: Mexican Anarchist Federation formed
1983: The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is founded
1989: Tomás Cruz Lorenzo is assassinated by unknown entities
1994: The Zapatista uprising occurs leading to the Chiapas Conflict and the 1995 Zapatista Crisis
1996: The San Andrés Accords are signed between the Zapatistas and the Mexican government
1997: The Popular Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" formed
1997: The Acteal massacre occurs, where the Mexican government kills 45 Zapatista supporters
1998: The pro-Zapatista Chiapas Media Project is launched
2000: The Okupa Che social center is launched at the campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City
2003: The Zapatistas launch Radio Insurgente
2003: The Chanti Ollin social center is launched in Mexico City
2005: Zapatistas make the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle
2006: Zapatistas launch The Other Campaign
2006: In Villa de Zaachila, a parallel government is formed
2006: US anarchist Brad Will is assassinated during the 2006 Oaxaca protests
2009: The anarchist urban guerilla group Práxedis G. Guerrero Autonomous Cells of Immediate Revolution is formed
2010: The anarchist urban guerilla group Mariano Sánchez Añón Insurrectional Cell is formed in Mexico City
2011: The town of Cherán expels politicians and police following an uprising
2011: The anarcho-primitivist urban guerilla group Individualists Tending to the Wild is formed in
2017: The Chanti Ollin social center in Mexico City is evicted and shut down
2021: Zapatistas launch the Journey for Life, traveling to 5 continents
Notable Bands
Desobediencia Civil
See also
Emiliano Zapata
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
References
Bibliography
External links
Insurrectionary Anarchism in Mexico
Political movements in Mexico
Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Mexico |
Max Winkler (7 September 1875 – 12 October 1961) was a politician and senior political appointee in the local government of West Prussia, the national government of the German Empire, the Nazi government of the German Reich, and the post-war government of West Germany.
Origins
Born in Karrasch, Germany (now Karaś, Poland), Winkler came from a family of teachers. As a teenager, he was working for the postal service by 1891. By 1914 he was a city councillor in Graudenz, West Prussia (now Grudziądz, Poland), and by November 1918 was the last mayor of German Graudenz. This portion of West Prussia was part of the Polish Corridor, ceded to the Second Republic of Poland, following World War I, to provide it access to the Baltic Sea.
From 1919 Winkler was a member of the Landtag in Prussia for the German Democratic Party, and between 1920 and 1933 served as Reich Trustee for Ceded German Areas.
German film
As head of Cautio Treuhand GmbH, a German holding company, Winkler was trusted with the task of economically and culturally supporting ethnic German communities in other countries, and establishing the "fortification" of German minority newspapers. After Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Nazi Germany in 1933, Winkler was instrumental in the Gleichschaltung (bringing in line) of the press.
Winkler did not join the ruling Nazi Party until 1937. In the same year, the Führer named him "Reich Commissioner for the German Film Industry". In this function, by order of Joseph Goebbels's Propaganda Ministry, he decreed appointments and instructions which curtailed the industry's entrepreneurial freedom. This included the nationalization of controlling interests in all German film production companies, most importantly Universum Film AG and Tobis Film. Winkler's Cautio holding company also financed the creation of Continental Films within occupied France, producer of 30 feature films between 1941 and 1944, for example The Murderer Lives at Number 21.
Between 1939 and 1945, Winkler was leader of the Main Trusteeship Office East (Haupttreuhandstelle Ost), responsible for the administration of seized industrial and property assets in Poland during World War II.
After World War II
After the war, Winkler was held in an internment camp while the Denazification court in Lüneburg considered his fate. By 11 August 1949, the court had classified Winkler as "uncharged" and released him. He then became a staffer at a film company. Under orders from the new West German government, Winkler was involved in the attempted Denazification of the Universum Film AG company—whose product was so associated with the Third Reich that reissues of its non-political catalogue were proving difficult to market.
Winkler died in 1961 in Düsseldorf.
References
External links
1875 births
1961 deaths
People from Iława County
People from the Province of Prussia
German Democratic Party politicians
Nazi Party politicians
Members of the Landtag of Prussia
Mayors of Grudziądz
German film producers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Winkler |
Fortress is a patience or solitaire card game which is played with a deck of playing cards, in which the entire deck is laid out. It is a member of the Castle family of solitaire games, but has two more tableau piles than Beleaguered Castle and the piles are shorter.
Overview
First, ten overlapping rows of cards are formed, two containing six cards (one on the left and one at the right) and the rest having five cards (four at each side). A space is left in the middle for the aces, which when available, become the bases for the foundations. The foundations are each built up by suit up to kings.
At the tableau rows, the top card (i.e. the fully exposed one) of each row is available for play on the foundations or in the tableau. Tableau building is up or down by suit as the player pleases. However, one card can be moved at a time, and building is not round-the-corner, i.e. aces cannot be placed over kings and vice versa. Spaces can be filled with any available card.
The game is won when all cards are built onto the foundations. But like Beleaguered Castle and its cousin Streets and Alleys, winning is slim because of the distribution of high cards in the tableau.
Rules
Game-play is described in the book Lady Cadogan's Illustrated Games of Solitaire of Patience as follows:
Deal out the entire pack horizontally in two groups, as in tableau, beginning at the left hand, and dealing straight across each group, leaving space in the centre for four aces. These, when they can be played, form the foundation cards, and are to descend in sequence to kings.
Two key rules apply throughout:
I. Only the outside cards of each group are available, until by their removal the next ones are released, the principle being that no card can be used that has another outside it. Note: By "outside" is meant the cards on the right side of the right-hand group, and those on the left side of the left-hand group.
II. The foundations must follow suit.
Should any aces appear on the outside of either group, play them, as also any other suitable cards for continuing the foundations (Rules I and II).
You next proceed to form marriages, both in ascending and in descending lines, with cards on the outside of both groups (Rule I). But this must be done with extreme care, so as not only to release the greatest number of suitable cards, but also, if possible, to open out one entire horizontal row of cards to form a lane. The success of the game entirely depends on these lanes. If, therefore, you succeed in opening out one, it is more prudent not to refill it until, by some fresh combination, others can be made.
When a lane is to be refilled, select any available card (Rule I), and place it at the inner end of the lane, and along it any others in sequence of the same suit, the last card being, of course, the available one. One great use of these lanes is to reverse any sequences that have been made by marriages in the ascending line.
Note: Supposing you have placed upon a deuce a sequence ending with eight; place the eight at the inner end of the lane, the other cards following in succession until the deuce becomes the outside card. When there are more cards in the lane than the original number, they can be placed partly over each other.
There is no re-deal.
Variants
Chessboard is a variation of Fortress. It is played like Fortress except that in this game, the player can freely choose the starting rank of all the foundations. Furthermore, building can go round-the-corner, i.e. aces can be placed over kings and vice versa.
References
See also
Beleaguered Castle
List of solitaires
Glossary of solitaire
Open packers
Single-deck patience card games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress%20%28card%20game%29 |
Menahem ben Solomon ben Isaac was a rabbi and author of the Sekel Ṭob and the Eben Boḥan.
The presence of twenty-five Italian glosses in his works indicates that he lived in Italy. The Sekel Ṭob, written in 1139 at Rome, is a midrashic compilation on the Pentateuch.
The substance of the old midrashim is quoted in smooth and ornate language, from which foreign words are excluded, the general method being that of Tobiah ben Eliezer's Leḳaḥ Ṭob, which is frequently quoted, both with and without acknowledgment.
Menahem's sources, in addition to the Targumim, are the whole of the earlier midrashic literature as well as the literature of geonic mysticism. He interprets also halakic authors, especially Alfasi and R. Hananeel, explaining verses as well as single words literally, although he expressly states that the midrashic interpretation is deeper and more thorough. Sekel Ṭob is frequently quoted both for its exegesis and for its halakic decisions. In the Middle Ages it was still intact, but now only the portion from Gen. xv. 1 to Ex. xi. 2 (edited by Buber, Berlin, 1900) is in existence, in two separate manuscripts in the Bodleian Library.
Of Menahem's other work, the Eben Boḥan, only fragments are extant (Munich MS. No. 55). A part of it has been translated by Dukes, and it has been analyzed in detail by Bacher. This work, completed at Rome in 1143, in five months, was intended to prepare the author's three young sons for the study of the Bible. Menahem undertook to prepare for the first time in Hebrew a comprehensive manual of the Hebrew language and of Biblical exegesis. The work was divided into fifty parts; the first part, by far the largest and most valuable, was a dictionary of the Hebrew language; the other parts, now known only by their chapter-headings, dealt with grammar. The author follows chiefly Menahem ben Saruq; occasionally, and with diffidence, however, he advances his own views, and the entire conception of the form and contents of the work shows a certain degree of independence. It was intended, according to Bacher, to uphold Menahem b. Saruḳ's system against the teachings of Ḥayyuj and Ibn Janaḥ, introduced about that time (1143) into Italy by Abraham ibn Ezra.
Bibliography
Zunz, Z. G. pp. 71, 108;
Bacher, Die Hebr. Sprachwissenschaft (Winter and Wünsche, Die Jüdische Litteratur, ii. 185);
idem, Bibelexegese (ib. ii. 272);
idem, Einleitung zum Sechel Tob, pp. i., lx., Berlin, 1900;
Dukes, Kobeẓ 'al-Yad, part 1, Esslingen, 1846;
Kirchheim, in Orient, Lit. vii. 439;
Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xvii. 28 et seq., 134 et seq.;
Bacher, "Der Prüfstein des Menahem b. Salomo", in Grätz Jubelschrift, pp. 94–115.
12th-century Italian rabbis
Rabbis from Rome
Medieval Hebraists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem%20ben%20Solomon |
Waverly High School may refer to:
United States
Waverly High School (Illinois), Waverly, Illinois
Waverly High School (Kansas), Waverly, Kansas
Waverly Senior High School, Lansing, Michigan
Waverly High School (Nebraska), Waverly, Nebraska
Waverly Junior and Senior High School, Waverly, Tioga County, New York
Waverly High School (Ohio), Waverly, Ohio
Waverly High School (South Dakota), Waverly, Codington County, South Dakota
Waverly Central High School, Waverly, Tennessee
Elsewhere
Waverley High School, Australia, Glen Waverley, Melbourne, Australia
Waverley High School, New Zealand, Taranaki Region, New Zealand
See also
New Waverly High School, New Waverly, Texas
Waverly-Shell Rock Senior High School, Waverly, Iowa
Howard Lake-Waverly-Winsted High School, Howard Lake, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly%20High%20School |
Papyrus Anastasi I (officially designated papyrus British Museum 10247) is an ancient Egyptian papyrus containing a satirical text used for the training of scribes during the Ramesside Period (i.e. Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties). One scribe, an army scribe, Hori, writes to his fellow scribe, Amenemope, in such a way as to ridicule the irresponsible and second-rate nature of Amenemope's work. The papyrus was originally purchased from Giovanni Anastasi in 1839.
Content and importance to modern scholarship
The letter gives examples of what a scribe was supposed to be able to do: calculating the number of rations which have to be doled out to a certain number of soldiers digging a lake, or the quantity of bricks needed to erect a ramp of given dimensions, assessing the number of men needed to move an obelisk or erect a statue, and organizing the supply of provisions for an army. In a long section Hori discusses the geography of the Mediterranean coast as far north as the Lebanon and the troubles which might beset a traveler there.
This papyrus is important to historians and Bible scholars above all for the information it supplies about towns in Syria and Canaan during the New Kingdom. There is a long list of towns which run along the northern border of the djadi or watershed of the Jordan in Canaan, which bound Lebanon along the Litani River and upper retnu and Syria along the Orontes. The border lands of Egypt's province of Caanan with Kadesh are defined on page XIX:
An example of the satire in the text
Hori goes on to show that Amenemope is not skilled in the role of a maher. The word maher is found frequently in this papyrus, but nowhere else. Gardiner suggests it must be the technical name of the Egyptian emissary in Syria.
Hori then relates an imagined anecdote where Amenemope experiences an adventure of a maher. It contains a lot of detail reflecting discreditably on his name and comparing him to Qedjerdi, the chief of Isser: "Thy name becomes like (that of) Qedjerdi, the chief of Isser, when the hyena found him in the balsam-tree."
The composition of the satirical interchange between the scribes comes across as quite well written especially where Hori describes Amenemope as incompetent toward the end, giving as an example his poor management of not just his chariot but his character.
Amenemope traverses a mountain pass. Hori makes clear that these involve routes that should be well known to the scribes operating as mahers or messengers and scouts. Illustrations from the Battle of Kadesh provide an excellent background for Hori's tale showing the form of the chariots, and the size of the Shashu.
Hori sets this up as an incident in which the incompetence, inexperience and fear of Amenemope results in damage to his chariot. Amenemope's lack of experience causes him not to be apprehensive when he should be and then panicking when he should remain calm.
Hori piles on the results of Amenemope's inexperience and lack of expertise to show his state of mind clearly, including the part where he releases his pain and fear by forcing his way to the maiden who keeps watch over the gardens when he reaches Joppa:
British Museum registration numbers
See also
List of ancient Egyptian papyri
Ancient Egyptian literature
References
Bibliography
External links
1839 archaeological discoveries
Extra-biblical references to Canaan
Satirical books
Papyri from ancient Egypt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus%20Anastasi%20I |
In Greek mythology, the Asphodel Meadows or Asphodel Fields () was a section of the ancient Greek underworld where the majority of ordinary souls were sent to live after death. It was one of the three main divisions of the underworld along with Elysium, where righteous souls were granted eternal reward, and Tartarus, where vicious souls were granted eternal punishment. In his Odyssey, Homer locates the Fields of Asphodel close to the Land of dreams. He further refers to them as the dwelling place of the spirits of men who have abandoned their earthly labors.
Name
The name of the land, inspired by the plant Asphodelus, appears in the literature as far back as Homer's Odyssey, where it features in Odysseus’ survey of the underworld. Many ancient Greek poets and Homeric commentators understand the adjective asphodelòs to mean 'flowery', 'fragrant', or 'fertile'. According to others, the unattractive plant was chosen by the Greeks because of its ghostly gray colour which is appropriate to the shadowy atmosphere of the underworld. A different proposal explains the name of the land as 'field of ashes' basing it on sphodelos or spodelos, an alternative version of the name that could be related to "σποδός", spodós ('ashes', 'embers').
Later depictions
The Asphodel Meadows is most probably where the souls of people who lived mediocre lives remain. Its relationship to other places in the Greek afterlife remains uncertain.
For later Greek poets the very ancient pre-Homeric association of the asphodel flower with a positive form of afterlife as well as the enlarged role of Elysium as it became the destination of more than just a few lucky heroes, altered the character of the meadows. Greek poets who wrote after Homer's time describe them as untouched, lovely, soft and holy. Such an evolutionary change is quite common: "Like most cultures throughout human history, both ancient and modern, the Greeks held complex and sometimes contradictory views about the afterlife".
Some depictions describe it as a land of utter neutrality. That is, while the inhabitants were in life neither good nor evil, so they are treated in the afterlife. Other depictions have also stated that all residents drink from the river Lethe before entering the fields, thus losing their identities. This somewhat negative outlook on the afterlife for those who make little impact was perhaps passed down to encourage militarism in Greek cultures (as opposed to inaction). In fact, those who did take up arms and became heroes were rewarded with everlasting joy in the fields of Elysium.
Edith Hamilton suggested in 1999 that the asphodel of these fields are not exactly like the asphodel of our world, but are "presumably strange, pallid, ghostly flowers." Others have suggested, in 2002, that they were actually narcissi.
References
Works cited
Afterlife places
Locations in the Greek underworld | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodel%20Meadows |
The Mundell–Tobin effect suggests that nominal interest rates would rise less than one-for-one with inflation because in response to inflation the public would hold less in money balances and more in other assets, which would drive interest rates down. In other words, an increase in the exogenous growth rate of money increases the nominal interest rate and velocity of money, but decreases the real interest rate. The importance of the Mundell–Tobin effect is in that it appears as a deviation from the classical dichotomy. Robert Mundell was the first to show expected inflation has real economic effects. A similar argument was introduced by economist James Tobin.
See also
Solow–Swan model
References
Inflation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Tobin%20effect |
Catherine Liggins Hughes (born Catherine Elizabeth Woods; April 22, 1947) is an American entrepreneur, radio and television personality and business executive. She has been listed as the second-richest Black woman in the United States, after Oprah Winfrey. She founded the media company Radio One (Urban One), and when the company went public in 1999, she became the first African-American woman to head a publicly traded corporation. In the 1970s, Hughes created the urban radio format called "The Quiet Storm" on Howard University's radio station WHUR with disc jockey and fellow Howard student Melvin Lindsey.
Early life
Cathy Hughes was born to Helen Jones Woods, a trombonist with the International Sweethearts of Rhythm at Piney Woods School, a private boarding school in Mississippi, and William Alfred Woods, who was the first African-American to earn an accounting degree from Creighton University. Her grandfather Laurence C. Jones was a successful Mississippi educator and lynching survivor. The family lived in the Logan Fontenelle Housing Projects while Hughes' father attended college. Hughes grew up with a household of siblings. She found her love for music at a very young age, while repeatedly each night lying in bed listening to Everly Brothers and The Platters. In her early life, her parents did not have much money. She struggled to eat. In fact, she lied about her age to get her first job at the age of 14.
Hughes attended Duchesne Academy of the Sacred Heart in Omaha before her first pregnancy. She also went to the University of Nebraska Omaha and Creighton University taking Business Administration courses, her father's alma mater, but was not able to complete and receive a degree, which led to her getting a job as a sales manager at Howard University's radio station, WHUR-FM.
Career
Before radio, in the mid-1960s, Hughes worked for an African American newspaper called the Omaha Star. Hughes began her career in 1969 at KOWH in Omaha, but left for Washington, D.C. after she was offered a job as an administrative assistant with Tony Brown at the School of Communications at Howard University. In 1973, she became General Sales Manager of the university's radio station, WHUR-FM, increasing station revenue from $250,000 to $3 million in her first year. In 1975, Hughes became the first woman vice president and general manager of a station in the nation's capital and created the format known as the "Quiet Storm," which revolutionized urban radio and was aired on over 480 stations nationwide.
During her marriage with Dewey Hughes in 1979, they set out to purchase a radio station. Successfully finding a lender after being denied thirty-two times by banks, in 1980 Hughes and then-husband Dewey founded Radio One, subsequently buying AM radio station WOL 1450 in Washington, D.C. After the previous employees had destroyed the facility, she faced financial difficulties and subsequently lost her home and moved with her young son to live at the station. Her fortunes began to change when she revamped the R&B station to a 24-hour talk radio format with the theme, "Information is Power." Hughes served as the station's Morning Show Host for 11 years. In 1982 the bank had threatened to cease payments to Hughes investment unless she agreed to airing music. She decided to keep her station airing a talk format in the morning and music throughout the day. WOL is still the most-listened-to talk radio station in the nation's capital.
In 1987, Hughes bought radio station WMMJ with her company Radio One (now Urban One). In 1995, Radio One bought radio station WKYS.
Radio One went on to own 70 radio stations in nine major markets in the U.S. In 1999, Radio One became a publicly traded company, listed under the NASDAQ stock exchange. As of 2007, Hughes's son, Alfred Liggins, III, serves as CEO and president of Radio One, and Hughes as chairperson. Hughes is also a minority owner of BET industries.
In January 2004, Radio One launched TV One, a national cable and satellite television network which bills itself as the "lifestyle and entertainment network for African-American adults." Hughes interviews prominent personalities, usually in the entertainment industry, for the network's talk program TV One on One.
Both Cathy Hughes and her son, Alfred Liggins have been named Entrepreneur of the Year by the company Ernst & Young. She is a notable member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.
In 2015, a local business organization unofficially named the corner of 4th Street and H Street NE in Washington, D.C. "Cathy Hughes Corner".
Hughes' life story is featured on the documentary series Profiles of African-American Success. In 2016, Hughes was inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame.
In 2020, she accepted a position on the Board of Trustees at Creighton University in Omaha.
Personal life
Hughes was married to Alfred Liggins Jr from 1965 to 1967. Together they had one child, Alfred Liggins III, born January 30, 1965, in Omaha, Nebraska. She got pregnant when she was seventeen and her mom threw her out of her house.
Hughes married Dewey Hughes in 1979 and they divorced in 1987. They had no children together.
Cathy said that debt was overwhelming for him. He was never an entrepreneur. She, on the other hand, was focused and knew she could pay back the 1 million dollars they were able to borrow from their "angel" lender. After her divorce and with looming debt, she ended up moving into the station with her son. When asked if it was hard or stressful to deal with, she said:
"No, number one I was in awe of Washington DC. I was in Georgetown. I haven't been able to get back there yet! During my struggling days, I had a prime corner. You would see the president having dinner at one of the restaurants."Hughes is Catholic. As of 2018, she attended St Benedict the Moor Catholic Church, a Black parish, when in Omaha. She resides in Pasadena, Maryland.
Awards
Cathy Hughes has titled many awards. Granted an honorary doctorate from Sojourner Douglass College in Baltimore in 1995. That accomplishment drove Hughes back to school 2 years later. In 1988, she was the first woman awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the twelfth annual ceremony. Hughes is also a member of the Maryland Chamber of Commerce's Business Hall of Fame. Jumping to the year 2000, she was awarded the First Annual Black History Hall of Fame Award. Following that she was presented the National Action Network's "Keepers of the Dream" award, which is an award that spotlights role models who contribute to and honor Martin Luther King, Jr.'s legacy.
Radio One is number nine on BET 100, with a net worth of $450.8 million for 2015.
See also
Laurence C. Jones
Piney Woods Country Life School (Cathy Hughes serves as a Board Member)
References
External links
Factmonster biography: Cathy Hughes
Radio One official website
TV One official website
TV One (American TV channel)
Urban One
1947 births
Living people
American television executives
Women television executives
Businesspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
Piney Woods Country Life School
African-American business executives
African-American company founders
American company founders
American women company founders
African-American radio personalities
African-American television personalities
American women in business
African-American journalists
University of Nebraska Omaha alumni
Creighton University alumni
Writers from Omaha, Nebraska
Journalists from Nebraska
African-American Catholics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy%20Hughes |
V16 may refer to:
Aircraft
Fokker V.16, a German experimental aircraft
Mil V-16, a Soviet helicopter
McDonnell Douglas AV-16, a proposed ground-attack aircraft
Other uses
Cadillac V-16, an American car
V16 engine, a sixteen-cylinder engine
V16 warning beacon lights
V16, a grade in bouldering
V16, a family history of malignant neoplasm, in the ICD-9 V codes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V16 |
Franz Ittenbach (18 April 1813, Königswinter – 1 December 1879, Düsseldorf) was a German religious painter, in the Nazarene style, associated with the Düsseldorfer Malerschule.
Life and work
Ittenbach began his art education as a student of Kaufmann, then left to study under in Cologne. In 1832, Ittenbach became a pupil, at the age of 19, of the Düsseldorf Academy, where he also received private lessons from its president, Schadow. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. He was a member of the Nazarene movement and associated himself mainly with three of his friends and fellow-students: Karl Müller and Andreas Müller, and Ernst Deger. The four men travelled about in Germany, studying and painting together. From 1839 to 1842, Ittenbach lived in Italy. On his return, he stayed in Munich for some time. In 1849, he returned to Düsseldorf. He died there in 1879. From 1859 until his death, he was a member of the artists' club "Malkasten".
Ittenbach was exceedingly religious and persistently declined any commissions for mythological or pagan subjects. As a rule, he devoted his energies exclusively to church decoration. He would precede the execution of his greatest works with devout religious exercises, including confession and communion.
His finest paintings are said to be found at Bonn, in the St. Remigius, and in Breslau in a church dedicated to the same saint. There is also a remarkable "Holy Family" dated 1861, painted for Prince Liechtenstein in his private chapel near Vienna. Most of his other works can be found in various Catholic churches in Germany. His only important fresco was painted in 1844 in a church at Remagen.
Ittenbach was a popular painter in court circles, a member of most of the European academies, and the recipient of many medals and decorations. He painted a few portraits, although his main work was his altar-pieces.
References
Further reading
External links
1813 births
1879 deaths
People from Königswinter
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
German romantic painters
Catholic painters
Nazarene painters
Fresco painters
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Romantic painters
Düsseldorf school of painting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Ittenbach |
The Yabloko — United Democrats (; Yabloko — Obyedinonnyye demokraty) was a coalition between Yabloko party and the Union of Right Forces formed for the Moscow municipal elections on December 4, 2005.
During the campaign, the coalition declared its opposition to the policies of President Vladimir Putin and called for the restoration of political and media freedoms, curtailed by the Putin administration. Yabloko-United Democrats won 11% of the vote and became one of only three parties (along with United Russia and the Communist Party) to enter the new Moscow City Duma. Its deputies in the Duma are Yevgeny Bunimovich (Yabloko), Sergei Mitrokhin (Yabloko) and Ivan Novitsky (Union of Right Forces).
Electoral results
Moscow City Duma elections
2005 establishments in Russia
Defunct political party alliances in Russia
Liberal parties in Russia
Union of Right Forces
Yabloko | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabloko-United%20Democrats |
Neovascularization is the natural formation of new blood vessels (neo- + vascular + -ization), usually in the form of functional microvascular networks, capable of perfusion by red blood cells, that form to serve as collateral circulation in response to local poor perfusion or ischemia.
Growth factors that inhibit neovascularization include those that affect endothelial cell division and differentiation. These growth factors often act in a paracrine or autocrine fashion; they include fibroblast growth factor, placental growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and platelet-derived endothelial growth factor.
There are three different pathways that comprise neovascularization: (1) vasculogenesis, (2) angiogenesis, and (3) arteriogenesis.
Three pathways of neovascularization
Vasculogenesis
Vasculogenesis is the de novo formation of blood vessels. This primarily occurs in the developing embryo with the development of the first primitive vascular plexus, but also occurs to a limited extent with post-natal vascularization. Embryonic vasculogenesis occurs when endothelial cells precursors (hemangioblasts) begin to proliferate and migrate into avascular areas. There, they aggregate to form the primitive network of vessels characteristic of embryos. This primitive vascular system is necessary to provide adequate blood flow to cells, supplying oxygen and nutrients, and removing metabolic wastes.
Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the most common type of neovascularization seen in development and growth, and is important to both physiological and pathological processes. Angiogenesis occurs through the formation of new vessels from pre-existing vessels. This occurs through the sprouting of new capillaries from post-capillary venules, requiring precise coordination of multiple steps and the participation and communication of multiple cell types. The complex process is initiated in response to local tissue ischemia or hypoxia, leading to the release of angiogenic factors such as VEGF and HIF-1. This leads to vasodilatation and an increase in vascular permeability, leading to sprouting angiogenesis or intussusceptive angiogenesis.
Arteriogenesis
Arteriogenesis is the process of flow-related remodelling of existing vasculature to create collateral arteries. This can occur in response to ischemic vascular diseases or increase demand (e.g. exercise training). Arteriogenesis is triggered through nonspecific factors, such as shear stress and blood flow.
Ocular pathologies
Corneal neovascularization
Corneal neovascularization is a condition where new blood vessels invade into the cornea from the limbus. It is triggered when the balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors are disrupted that otherwise maintain corneal transparency. The immature new blood vessels can lead to persistent inflammation and scaring, lipid exudation into the corneal tissues, and a reduction in corneal transparency, which can affect visual acuity.
Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity is a condition that occurs in premature babies. In premature babies, the retina has not completely vascularized. Rather than continuing in the normal in utero fashion, the vascularization of the retina is disrupted, leading to an abnormal proliferation of blood vessels between the areas of vascularized and avascular retina. These blood vessels grow in abnormal ways and can invade into the vitreous humor, where they can hemorrhage or cause retinal detachment in neonates.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy, which can develop into proliferative diabetic retinopathy, is a condition where capillaries in the retina become occluded, which creates areas of ischemic retina and triggering the release of angiogenic growth factors. This retinal ischemia stimulates the proliferation of new blood vessels from pre-existing retinal venules. It is the leading cause of blindness of working age adults.
Age-related macular degeneration
In persons who are over 65 years old, age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of severe vision loss. A subtype of age-related macular degeneration, wet macular degeneration, is characterized by the formation of new blood vessels that originate in the choroidal vasculature and extend into the subretinal space.
Choroidal neovascularization
In ophthalmology, choroidal neovascularization is the formation of a microvasculature within the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. Neovascularization in the eye can cause a type of glaucoma (neovascularization glaucoma) if the new blood vessels' bulk blocks the constant outflow of aqueous humour from inside the eye.
Neovascularization and therapy
Ischemic heart disease
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Ischemic heart disease develops when stenosis and occlusion of coronary arteries develops, leading to reduced perfusion of the cardiac tissues. There is ongoing research exploring techniques that might be able to induce healthy neovascularization of ischemic cardiac tissues.
See also
Choroidal neovascularization
Corneal neovascularization
Revascularization
Rubeosis iridis
Inosculation
References
Angiogenesis
Medical terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neovascularization |
Michael Robert Gross is an American author, journalist and editor whose work focuses on the American upper class.
Early life
Gross has a B.A. in History from Vassar College.
Career
Early in his career, Michael Gross wrote about rock music for magazines. From 1973, his work appeared primarily in Crawdaddy!, the New Musical Express, Zoo World, Rock, Club, Circus and Swank. In addition to writing features for Circus magazine's sister publication, Circus Raves, during the mid 1970s, he served as editor-in-chief of Rock in 1976 and 1977. Gross was the editor of the Fire Island News, a weekly newspaper in a New York summer colony, in 1978. He then began covering fashion photography for Photo District News and subsequently wrote the column "Fashion Statements" for Manhattan, Inc., a short-lived business magazine. In 1985, he went to work for The New York Times, writing about fashion in feature stories and a weekly column, "Notes on Fashion". In 1988, he became a contributing editor of New York magazine, covering fashion and the world of the rich and famous.
In 2000, he was briefly a senior editor of George, a political magazine. In 2002, he wrote a gossip column, "The Word", for the New York Daily News. From 2002 until 2010, he edited the written content of Bergdorf Goodman Magazine. He worked for Crain's New York Business as a columnist from 2010 to 2012.
Gross was also the real estate editor and a monthly columnist for Avenue magazine, its editor-in-chief from October 2016 until March 2019, and a contributing editor of Travel and Leisure magazine from 1997 until 2014. In 2015, he was named a contributing editor of Departures. In addition to The New York Times and New York, he has written for Esquire, GQ, Vanity Fair, and Town & Country.
Gross is the author of the bestsellers Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women and 740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building. He has also written books on the Baby Boom, the fashion designer Ralph Lauren, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and estates in Los Angeles. In 2014, Gross published a book on the luxury condominium building 15 Central Park West, with the title House of Outrageous Fortune. It reached number 20 on the New York Times Non-Fiction Best Seller list.
In July 2016, Gross published Focus: The Secret, Sexy, Sometimes Sordid World of Fashion Photographers through Simon & Schuster. His next book “Flight of the WASP: The Rise, Fall and Future of America’s Original Ruling Class,” about a dozen prominent Colonial American families over 400 years, will be published in November 2023 by Atlantic Monthly Press.
Personal life
Gross is married to Barbara Hodes. His sister, the late Jane Gross, a reporter and bureau chief at The New York Times, and their father, Milton Gross, a syndicated sports columnist for the New York Post, were also authors.
Works
Focus: The Sexy, Secret, Sometimes Sordid World of Fashion Photographers, Atria Books (Simon & Schuster), 2016
House of Outrageous Fortune, on 15 Central Park West, Atria Books (Simon & Schuster), 2014Unreal Estate: Money, Ambition and the Lust for Land in Los Angeles (Broadway Books, 2011)Rogues' Gallery: The Secret Story of the Lust, Lies, Greed and Betrayals That Made the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the paperback edition of a book first published in hardcover with the subtitle The Secret History of the Moguls and the Money That Made the Metropolitan Museum, an unauthorized social history of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City (Broadway Books, 2009). 740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building (Broadway Books, 2005)Genuine Authentic: The Real Life of Ralph Lauren (HarperCollins, 2002)My Generation: Fifty Years of Sex, Drugs, Rock, Revolution, Glamour, Greed, Valor, Faith and Silicon Chips (Cliff Street Books, 2000) Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women (William Morrow, 1995).
Film adaptations740 Park inspired Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream'', the documentary directed by Alex Gibney that explores the theme of income inequality in the United States. The film was produced for the Why Poverty? documentary project aired on public television networks around the world in fall 2012.
References
External links
MGross.com Official Michael Gross web site
Michael Gross on ObsessedTV
1952 births
Living people
21st-century American journalists
American fashion journalists
American magazine editors
American music journalists
Writers from New York City
Vassar College alumni
American male journalists
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Gross%20%28American%20writer%29 |
On the evening of 12 December 1993, Lee Kok Cheong (李国祥 Lǐ Guóxiáng) was at his home in Greenleaf Place along Holland Road, when three youths entered his house to commit robbery. Two of the attackers stabbed Lee, then strangled him, which caused his death. Lee, an associate professor at the National University of Singapore, was 54 years old at the time of his death.
The killers subsequently stole valuables from Lee's house and left his body in the house before its discovery two days later. Between 1997 and 2006, the three robbers were all arrested and charged with murder. One of the robbers was subsequently imprisoned and caned for lesser charges of robbery, theft and cheating, while the remaining two assailants, who were both involved in the strangulation of Lee, were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in 1998 and 2006 respectively.
Death of Lee Kok Cheong
Discovery of Lee's corpse
On 14 December 1993, a man was discovered dead inside his house in Greenleaf Place along Holland Road. According to the press and police sources, the police responded to a report that the dead man's house had the lights on for two days and two nights, and it led to the discovery of the body. The man's partially decomposed corpse was reportedly found lying on the floor of the master bedroom, with a pillow covering his face, and his legs tied with a belt, and his hands were raised above his head and bound with telephone wire. The case was subsequently classified as murder. The police report was lodged by a maid working for Lee's neighbour, after she was informed by a newspaper vendor that Lee had not collected his newspapers, which were all left outside for the past two days.
The victim was identified as 54-year-old Lee Kok Cheong, who was an associate professor and Head of the English Proficiency Unit at National University of Singapore (NUS). According to his brother Lee Kok Fatt (李国发 Lǐ Guófā), he last saw his brother on 12 December 1993, two days before his death, when they went to collect red packet money for Lee's nephews in advance for the upcoming Chinese New Year of 1994. Lee's brother said that Lee informed him he would have two friends coming to his house to visit him later that evening. The police also found some uneaten servings of yong tau foo and chicken curry inside the kitchen of Lee's house and some drinks (mainly two opened cans of orange juice and one cup of Milo drink) on the coffee table of Lee's living room, which further corroborated the fact that Lee was receiving guests at his house on the day he was murdered. Since the house's door was left wide open and no signs of forced entry were found, it also suggested that the killer(s) were someone known to Lee, who was most likely killed two days before his body was found. Forensic pathologist Dr Paul Chui performed an autopsy, and confirmed that the victim died from strangulation.
Lee's murder was one of the two murder cases to be discovered on that day itself. The other case was the death of 32-year-old Tan Kee Fan, whose body was discovered inside a rubbish chute at another location in Singapore after she was killed. The case of Tan's death remains unsolved till today.
Background of Lee
Lee Kok Cheong was born in Singapore in 1939. He had two brothers Lee Kok Meng (李国明 Lǐ Guómíng) and Lee Kok Fatt (who worked as a taxi driver) in his family, and after completing his education, Lee became an associate professor at National University of Singapore (NUS), and became the university's Head of the English Proficiency Unit since it first opened in 1979. He was single and never married, and lived alone in his house at Holland Road after moving out of his Dover Crescent flat two years prior to the murder. Lee's students and colleagues remembered him as a kind, generous and easygoing man. A former student recalled that he once threw a big Christmas party in 1991 for his students and colleagues. Lee's neighbours told the press that he mostly kept to himself. He also had a hobby of collecting Chinese antiques. Lee, who took a year off from his teaching job at NUS, also had upcoming plans to go to England to do research; the week when Lee died happened to be the second week of his year-long vacation.
During the trial of one of Lee's murderers in August 1998, it was revealed that Lee was homosexual. Lee's family however, never knew about his sexuality, and had attempted to matchmake him with a woman to no avail. In his private life, Lee had several intimate relationships with young men, including at least eight undergraduates and ten other men outside the campus, including random strangers he befriended, and had a large collection of pornographic magazines about homosexual activities; this promiscuous habit gave Lee the nickname "Oriental Aunty". Lee would also spend a lot on new designer clothes as gifts for his partners in spite of his usual habit of wearing plain clothes. Three of Lee's former students (whose identities remain anonymous) admitted that they voluntarily became Lee's lovers and had been intimate with him in the past, and one of Lee's boyfriends even went on an overseas holiday together with Lee. This habit of befriending random strangers to seek love was what ultimately cost Lee his life, since one of the men (whose murder trial led to the revelation of Lee's sexual preference) he befriended would become one of the three alleged murderers responsible for his brutal death.
Police investigations
Investigations and 1995 tip-off
The police began to investigate the murder of Lee Kok Cheong, and they found that after his death, his ATM card was still in use, and about S$3,400 in cash were withdrawn from his bank account. A brown wallet, a gold chain, some gold bangles, S$1,200 in cash, and also the ATM card in question were confirmed to be stolen from his house. Several shops in some shopping malls across the whole of Singapore were traced by the police, where the purchases using Lee's card were made. About S$3,900 worth of items, including clothes, shoes and jewellery, were procured using Lee's card, and the shop owners or employees were asked to identify the buyers on the captured CCTV images, whom the police classified as possible suspects of the crime. Based on the testimonies of the owners or employees, a group of three youths came by to make these purchases.
In April 1994, the police made a public appeal for information to trace the whereabouts of the three suspects (described to be in their twenties and around 1.7m in height), and Singaporean crime show Crimewatch also re-enacted the case to put up a public notice to locate the suspects. Two years after the murder of Lee Kok Cheong, the police received a mysterious phone call, with an unknown caller provided a tip-off to the police, telling them that one of the suspects was known by his alias "Nelson", and he was a waiter of a karaoke lounge in Singapore, but he went missing after the murder. This allowed police to have a major progress in their investigations (led by police detective Richard Lim Beng Gee), and eventually, the police were able to arrest "Nelson" and one of his two accomplices between December 1997 and May 1998 respectively.
Arrest of Too Yin Sheong
On 23 December 1997, four years after the murder of Lee Kok Cheong, the police finally arrested "Nelson", a 25-year-old Malaysian who was entering Singapore with his girlfriend through the Woodlands Checkpoint. "Nelson", whose real name was Too Yin Sheong (杜延雄 Dù Yánxióng), became the first member of the trio to be arrested for killing Lee. Too, who celebrated his 26th birthday on 26 December 1997, was charged with murder on Christmas Eve (a day after his capture).
Background information showed that Too, a secondary school drop-out, had one younger brother and two older sisters, and he was working as the manager of a karaoke lounge in Johor Bahru prior to his arrest for the murder, and both his mother and stepfather were permanent residents living in Singapore. In fact, after he allegedly killed Lee, Too never entered Singapore for more than three years since 1993 before he once again entered Singapore in August 1997 to attend the funeral of his late younger brother Yin Seng (who died from a car crash at the age of 23). Before his arrest, Too was making his second entry into Singapore with plans to celebrate his birthday and visit his mother.
Arrest of Ng Chek Siong
On 20 May 1998, a second suspect, Ng Chek Siong (黄哲祥 Huáng Zhéxiáng; alias Koo Neng), was arrested in Muar, Johor by the Royal Malaysia Police and extradited back to Singapore for trial. Two days later, Ng was charged with murder, as well as cheating and theft for having stole Lee's money and ATM card and made unauthorized transactions under the victim's name.
Before his arrest, Ng, also a Malaysian, was married with a daughter (aged three in 1998) and a son (aged nine months in August 1998). His hometown was in Muar, Johor, where he also worked as a helper in his father's durian plantation. Ng and Too were both held in remand awaiting trial for murder, while the police continued to trace the whereabouts of the third and final suspect, only known by his nickname "Kim Beh".
Trial of Ng Chek Siong (1998)
About three months after he was arrested, Ng Chek Siong's murder charge was reduced to robbery. Ng pleaded guilty to the reduced charge, as well as five other counts of cheating and two counts of theft. Six other charges of cheating and three other charges of theft were taken into consideration during sentencing.
In mitigation, Ng's defence counsel argued that Ng only acted as a driver of the trio's get-away car, and he was remorseful of the fact that Lee Kok Cheong died as a result of the robbery. It was revealed that after the crime, Ng continued to go in and out of Singapore (where he worked as a freelance renovation contractor) until April 1994, when he discovered through a newspaper that he and Too and "Kim Beh" were on the police's wanted list and the publication of their photos, and this led to him realizing that Lee had been murdered, and he thus went into hiding in Muar, where he stayed until May 1998, when the Malaysian police managed to locate him and place him under arrest.
On 14 August 1998, 27-year-old Ng was sentenced to a total of eight years' imprisonment and ten strokes of the cane. Justice M P H Rubin, who presided Ng's trial, imposed six years and caning of ten strokes for the robbery charge, one year for each of the theft charges, and two years for each of the cheating charges, before he ordered that the two-year sentence for one of the cheating charges should be served consecutively with the six-year term for robbery. The sentence was backdated to Ng's date of arrest.
Ng was released on parole since October 2003, after he served two-thirds of his sentence (equivalent to five years and four months) with good behaviour, and had since repatriated to Malaysia.
Ng's trial for robbing Lee took place just three days before the first suspect, Too Yin Sheong, would go on trial for murder.
Trial of Too Yin Sheong (1998)
Trial hearing
On 17 August 1998, 26-year-old Too Yin Sheong stood trial at the High Court for one count of murdering Lee Kok Cheong five years before. Too also faced multiple counts of cheating and theft, but these were stood down by the prosecution in the course of his murder trial. Too was represented by Ramesh Tiwary, while the prosecution was led by Lee Sing Lit. The trial was presided by Judicial Commissioner Chan Seng Onn.
According to Too's confession, in October 1993, he first met Lee Kok Cheong at a coffee shop along Dover Crescent, where Lee was a regular customer. On their first meeting, Lee eagerly approached him and offered to befriend him, and even left his phone number and residential address. Three weeks later, Too was invited to Lee's house, and Lee showed him around his house, and even told him where he bought his Chinese antiques. After they sat down to talk, Lee started to get close to Too, touching his body and thighs. Too, who realized Lee was homosexual, grew uncomfortable and thus made an excuse to make his leave from Lee's house. Too said that he relayed his experience at the house with his two Malaysian friends: Ng Chek Siong and the missing third accomplice "Kim Beh". He also told the pair that Lee kept a lot of antiques in his house and assumed that Lee was wealthy. After hearing this, "Kim Beh" suggested robbing the professor, and he asked Too to arrange a meeting on the pretext of introducing "Kim Beh" to Lee, so that the trio could gain entry to Lee's house.
On 12 December 1993, the day of the murder, Ng drove both Too and "Kim Beh" to Lee's house, where Lee prepared food to treat Too and "Kim Beh" under the belief that Too wanted him to meet "Kim Beh". After both "Kim Beh" and Too entered the house, the pair restrained Lee and brought him into the master bedroom, where Lee had his hands and feet tied up. According to Too, it was "Kim Beh" who murdered Lee by strangling him to death: he stated that after they tied up Lee, who pleaded with them to not harm him, "Kim Beh" left the room and retrieved an electrical cord, which "Kim Beh" used to strangle Lee (who was also stabbed by "Kim Beh" with a knife). Too said he never took part in the strangulation, and he left the room prior to the strangulation, which he witnessed from outside the room. Overall, Too's defence was he only wanted to rob Lee, and he never killed Lee or even intended to kill Lee, and he also was confused, frightened and distraught at the actions of "Kim Beh", which caused him to, in a moment of cowardice, not step in to save Lee from being killed.
However, the prosecution rebutted Too's evidence, and they described him as a "cold-blooded killer" who never stepped in to stop "Kim Beh" from strangling Lee or try to save Lee. They stated that from the onset, it was inherently clear that both Too and "Kim Beh", together with Ng (who was outside the house and on the lookout) shared the common intention to rob Lee, and both Too and "Kim Beh" were equally responsible for killing Lee. The prosecution pointed out that even though it may be true that "Kim Beh" was the only person who strangled Lee to death, Too likely knew about the actions of "Kim Beh" and never intervened out of the need to silence Lee and prevent Lee to report them to the police and identify them, and he was not a mere bystander or passive follower as he claimed to be. Too's subsequent actions of stealing the valuables from Lee's house and using the money (including those he received from selling some of the stolen items) to buy himself a new ring and go shopping, were also corroborative of the fact that Too was never in a state of confusion or distraught at the death of Lee Kok Cheong. Hence, the prosecution sought a guilty verdict of murder in Too's trial.
Closing submissions were made on 24 August 1998, and the verdict was scheduled to be given four days later on 28 August 1998.
Verdict
On 28 August 1998, the trial judge - Judicial Commissioner Chan Seng Onn - delivered his verdict.
In his two-hour long judgement, Judicial Commissioner Chan found that Too played a "passive" part in the murder of Lee by doing nothing to help the professor while the missing accomplice "Kim Beh" was strangling Lee Kok Cheong to death. He accepted that it was solely "Kim Beh" who had directly murdered Lee by strangulation, but he stated that Too should be held equally responsible for the actions of "Kim Beh" since the latter did so in furtherance of the common intention to rob Lee, and Too's decision to leave the room showed that he had a cool frame of mind to let "Kim Beh" finish off Lee to ensure they leave no witnesses to their crime, indicating he was agreeable with causing Lee's death as the probable consequence of their joint intention and actions. Too's absence from the scene of the murder was also not a valid excuse to exonerate himself from the blame of killing Lee.
Judicial Commissioner Chan also cited that after murdering Lee, Too went on to steal Lee's ATM card to withdraw the victim's money and spent them on shopping for new clothes and jewellery for himself and his two accomplices, and these actions were not supposed to come from someone who become "confused, shocked, frightened and traumatised" at the sight of a murder. Judicial Commissioner Chan also inferred that Too never had any remorse for having abetted the murder and used the victim's money to lavishly spend for themselves. He stated that it was a natural human instinct to help someone in trouble, and Too was inhumane for not acting on that instinct and left Lee to die as the victim of, in the judge's words, a "cold-blooded, brutal and ruthless murder".
Therefore, 26-year-old Too Yin Sheong was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. Under Section 302 of the Penal Code, the death penalty was mandated as the sole punishment for murder in Singapore. Too was reportedly crestfallen when the death sentence was passed, and he was given a chance to speak to mother and stepfather, who both asked his lawyer to appeal their son's sentence.
Appeal
On 10 November 1998, Too's appeal against his conviction and sentence was dismissed by the Court of Appeal. The three judges - Chief Justice Yong Pung How, and two Judges of Appeal L P Thean (Thean Lip Ping) and M Karthigesu - upheld the murder conviction and death sentence of Too on the grounds that he played an active role behind the murder and shared the common intention with Kim Beh to commit murder aside from their intent to rob, since he never stepped in to stop the missing accomplice "Kim Beh" from strangling Lee to death, and the element of omission in this case was also considered a crime.
Execution
On 30 April 1999, 27-year-old Too Yin Sheong was hanged in Changi Prison at dawn. On the same day, a 39-year-old drug trafficker named Gurbajant Singh was executed at the same prison.
Trial of Lee Chez Kee (2006)
Arrest of Lee Chez Kee
In the aftermath of Too Yin Sheong's execution and Ng Chek Siong's imprisonment, the final suspect "Kim Beh" remained at large for a total of 13 years before he was finally arrested in February 2006 and charged with murdering Lee Kok Cheong back in 1993.
"Kim Beh", whose real name was Lee Chez Kee (李哲奇 Lǐ Zhéqí), was first arrested by the Royal Malaysia Police in June 2005 for stealing a vehicle and jailed for more than a year in a Malaysian prison. Before his release, the authorities managed to link him to the murder of Lee Kok Cheong back in 1993, and therefore, the Singaporean authorities made arrangements with the Malaysian counterparts to extradite him back to Singapore for trial. On 17 February 2006, Lee Chez Kee was released from prison, but he was handed over to the Singaporean police and extradited back to Singapore for trial. The reason behind Lee's capture was due to the uniqueness of his name's spelling, mainly the word "Chez" in Lee's given name, which led to police scouring through the wanted list of Interpol and allowed the authorities to identify and capture Lee as the final suspect behind the murder of Lee Kok Cheong, for which Lee Chez Kee was charged a day after his arrival in Singapore. Aside from the murder charge, another five counts of theft and four counts of cheating were tendered against Lee Chez Kee in his charge sheet for having used Lee's money and ATM card for shopping.
Trial hearing
On 18 September 2006, Lee Chez Kee stood trial at the High Court for murdering the professor Lee Kok Cheong back in 1993. Lee was represented by Wendell Wong and Rupert Seah, while the prosecution consisted of Lee Cheow Han and Tan Wee Soon. High Court judge Tay Yong Kwang was appointed as the trial judge of Lee's case. By that time, Too was already executed for his part in the murder, while Ng, who was since released, could not be located despite a summons being served at Ng's father's house (he never returned home for six months at the time of the summons). As a result, Ng was not brought in as a witness in Lee's trial. In light of these circumstances, the prosecution sought to have Too's statements admitted as evidence against Lee, while Lee's defence counsel objected to admitting Too's confession on the basis that his reliability as a witness, as a result of his execution, cannot be scrunitized and it would prejudice Lee in determining whether he was guilty or not.
Lee maintained during his trial that he never killed the victim. Although Lee did not deny that he had stabbed the professor and tied him up, Lee stated he never killed the professor like what Too claimed in his 1998 trial. Lee's version of events was that he went into the house, restrained Lee Kok Cheong before he left Too and the victim inside the master bedroom, ransacking the house for valuables. According to Lee, the professor was still alive when he left the room and a few minutes later, after Too joined him, Lee and Too left the house, and he stated the professor was still alive when the duo departed the house with the things they stole, although Lee admitted he saw Too covering Lee Kok Cheong's face with a pillow. He blamed Too for being the person who killed Lee Kok Cheong, and he only wanted to commit robbery.
Verdict
On 11 October 2006, about 13 years after Lee Kok Cheong was murdered, Justice Tay Yong Kwang delivered his verdict in Lee Chez Kee's case.
In his verdict, Justice Tay rejected Lee's contention that he was a mere participant of the robbery. He referred to a portion of Lee's evidence, in which he admitted to arguing with Too before the crime about his fear of being recognized, which contradicted his testimony. Justice Tay referred that Lee had played an active part in the robbery, and the strangulation was committed in furtherance of the common intention by Lee, Too and Ng to commit robbery, such that the outcome of the robbery ended with the death of 54-year-old Lee Kok Cheong. He also stated that Lee even used the stolen money and card to withdraw cash to purchase items for himself and his accomplices, and he also at one point, continued to travel in and out of Singapore until the arrest of Too in 1997, which could only be interpreted as Lee knowing that the victim had died and consequently, there was no need for the trio to fear that the professor could identify the three of them and report them to the police.
Justice Tay accepted that it was the defendant who directed killed Lee Kok Cheong by strangulation, and he ruled that Too's confession should be admissible as evidence, although he acknowledged the dangers of relying on the confession of Too due to his death. Alternatively, even if Lee was not the main perpetrator and Too was actually the one strangling the professor to death, it did not detract from the fact that Lee and Too both acted in concert of their common intention to rob and subsequently, to silence Lee Kok Cheong by soliciting his death to prevent themselves from being identified and arrested for robbery.
Therefore, 35-year-old Lee Chez Kee was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death.
Aftermath of Lee's trial
On 12 May 2008, by a rare split decision of 2 – 1, the Court of Appeal dismissed Lee's appeal against his conviction and sentence.
When making the appeal ruling, the three judges - Judge of Appeal V K Rajah and two High Court judges Woo Bih Li and Choo Han Teck - had different views on the admissibility of Too Yin Sheong's statements against Lee, and it posed an issue since Too was since put to death and cannot be questioned to further verify the validity and reliability of his evidence. Additionally, it addressed the question of using a dead accomplice's statements from a separate trial against a defendant in a subsequent trial. Both Justice Rajah and Justice Choo agreed that the statements should not be admitted as evidence, while Justice Woo dissented, stating that the statements should be considered as evidence against Lee in his trial. Also, the definition of common intention was also revised, with the Court of Appeal ruling that a secondary offender should be deemed as sharing the common intention to commit an offence with the principal offender, as long as he/she had the knowledge that the principal offender may potentially perpetuate actions that result in the offence convicted for.
However, when it came to the question of whether Lee's murder conviction should stand, both Justice Rajah and Justice Woo agreed that Lee was the primary offender who had murdered Lee Kok Cheong by strangulation, and hence his murder conviction and death sentence should be affirmed. Justice Rajah, who rejected the admissibility of Too's statements, felt that it was correct to convict Lee of murdering the professor because he had knowledge that the victim would be killed and shared the common intent to silence Lee Kok Cheong by engineering his death, while Woo felt that while Too's statements were admissible, his self-serving parts should not be considered and the statements held little weight compared to the other sources of evidence that could return with a verdict of murder in Lee's case. As for Justice Choo (who dissented regarding this matter), he felt that a re-trial should be given to Lee since it was unsafe to rely on the unrebutted statements of Too to determine Lee's guilt, and that it would prejudice Lee in deciding whether to convict Lee of murder. In conclusion, based on the majority opinion by Justice Woo and Justice Rajah, Lee's appeal was accordingly dismissed.
After his death sentence was upheld, Lee Chez Kee was eventually hanged in Changi Prison, but the exact date of his execution in 2009 was unknown.
See also
Capital punishment in Singapore
References
Notes
Cited sources
1993 in Singapore
Murder in Singapore
1993 murders in Singapore
Singaporean murder victims
People murdered in Singapore
Deaths by strangulation in Singapore
Capital punishment in Singapore
Malaysian people executed abroad
Malaysian people convicted of murder
Violence against men in Asia
Violence against LGBT people
Violence against LGBT people in Asia
Violence against gay men
1993 in LGBT history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Lee%20Kok%20Cheong |
The Seilbahn Zugspitze is an aerial tramway running from the Eibsee Lake to the top of Zugspitze in Bavaria, Germany. It holds the world record for the longest freespan in a cable car at as well as the tallest lattice steel aerial tramway support tower in the world at . Construction of the system began in 2015 and it opened on 22 December 2017.
This cable car replaced the original Eibsee Cable Car which closed on 2 April 2017 leaving no service for eight and a half months (access to Zugspitze was still possible via the rack railway and the Gletscherbahn Cable Car).
History
The original Eibsee Cable Car, which opened in 1963, was a cable car which connected the lower station ( above sea level) near lake Eibsee with the top station at above sea level next to the summit of Zugspitze, Germany's highest mountain on the border to Austria.
The cable car from Lake Eibsee was built to provide a faster access to the Zugspitze from its German side, as the rack railway from Garmisch-Partenkirchen does not go directly to the summit and takes much longer. Both the original Eibsee Cable Car and its replacement Seilbahn Zugspitze belong to Bayerische Zugspitzbahn Bergbahn AG, the company operating the rack railway and most cable cars, gondola lifts and chairlifts in the Garmisch-Partenkirchen area. It is thus possible to make round trips using both the rack railway and the cable car. On the Austrian side, there is the Tyrolean Zugspitze Cable Car which starts at Ehrwald and meets the Seilbahn Zugspitze at the top.
Technical
The technical details of the Eibsee Cable Car and the replacement Seilbahn Zugspitze are summarised in the following table.
Incidents
On 12 September 2018, during an emergency training exercise, the chain of the chain hoist used to lower the rescue vehicle onto the running ropes broke dropping the vehicle onto the ropes before the hoisting rope could be attached. Consequently, the rescue vehicle ran down the ropes unrestrained into the passenger gondola that was approximately below the mountain station. As both the rescue vehicle and the gondola were empty during the exercise, nobody was hurt. The gondola was damaged beyond repair (there is no information on the fate of the rescue vehicle, but there is no indication that a replacement is required).
The tramway remained closed until a replacement gondola was available. It reopened on 21 December 2018. It is not possible to operate the system with one gondola as each gondola counter-balances the other. Installing a temporary counter-weight would necessitate recertification of the system. This was a previously unknown failure scenario and has required other similar aerial tramway systems to review their safety assessments. In particular: to devise a method by which the rescue vehicle is restrained while being lowered onto the running ropes rather than afterwards.
See also
Bavarian Zugspitze Railway
References
External links
Description and pictures on Seilbahngeschichte.de (German)
Cable cars in Germany
1963 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seilbahn%20Zugspitze |
Virgins and Philistines is the debut album by British new wave band The Colourfield.
Overview
Virgins and Philistines failed to gain a large audience due to difficulty in marketing an album with such a diverse sound—it mixes 1960s and early 1970s pop music with more acoustic based melodies and string arrangements. The album is often regarded as the direct musical predecessor to the later work of The Lightning Seeds in the 1990s, with whom singer Terry Hall would later collaborate in a songwriting role whilst providing occasional vocals.
Virgins and Philistines contained all original material except "The Hammond Song" (a cover of The Roches song), and "Can’t Get Enough of You Baby" (written by Linzer/Randell), which was the only track that received much airplay. The album was recorded at Strawberry Studios in Stockport (near Manchester) and was produced by Hugh Jones and Jeremy Green, and engineered by Chris Jones.
Additional personnel featured on the album included Pete de Freitas (Echo & the Bunnymen) on drums, Paul Burgess (ex-Camel, also drums), Preston Heyman (percussion), Ian Nelson (clarinet), and Katrina Phillips (background vocals).
Release
Virgins and Philistines was released in April 1985 over a year after the group's first release. It charted at #12 on the UK Albums Chart and #28 on the New Zealand Album chart. It was preceded by three singles. The first, "Take", did not chart as highly as their début and only made #70 in the UK. The second single, "Thinking of You", was much better received and returned Hall to the top forty in the UK and Ireland, reaching #12 and #11 respectively. "Castles in the Air" was the final single and directly preceded the album, but it only managed #51.
The album was released in the US with different track listing including the band's self-titled début single. It also added the B-sides "I Can't Get Enough of You Baby", "Pushing Up the Daisies" and "Your Love Was Smashing". "Armchair Theatre" and "Yours Sincerely" were not included, but were later released in the US on the EP; The Colour Field.
The album was released in Canada with the same track order as the US release. Faint Hearts is a shorter 3:58 minute version that excludes the 20 second slow vocal introduction. Another notable difference is the song titles: "I Can't Get Enough of You Baby" appears as "Can't Get Enough Of You Baby" and "The Colour Field" is listed as "The Colourfield".
In 1999, the album was re-released in Japan with twenty tracks, including all of the songs on the UK and US versions of the album plus all of the singles, B-Sides and remixes that were released before and immediately after the original release of Virgins and Philistines.
In 2010, the album was reissued once again, this new version was released by Cherry Red and it included most of the bonus tracks of the 1999 version.
Track listing
All tracks written by Terry Hall and Toby Lyons, except as indicated.
US version
Personnel
The Colour Field
Terry Hall - all instruments and voices
Toby Lyons - all instruments and voices
Karl Shale - all instruments and voices
Additional musicians
Paul Burgess - drums
Pete de Freitas - drums on "Take" and "Cruel Circus"
Katrina Phillips - backing vocals on "Thinking of You"
Ian Nelson - clarinet on "Virgins and Philistines"
Preston Heyman - percussion
References
1985 debut albums
The Colourfield albums
Albums produced by Hugh Jones (producer)
Chrysalis Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgins%20and%20Philistines |
Morrell Park is a neighborhood located in the Northeast section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located on the eastern side of the Far Northeast, northwest of Byberry Creek and east of Northeast Philadelphia Airport.
Characteristics
Morrell Park is primarily a residential district, with only a handful of small industries, all of which are located within one and one-half miles of the Northeast Philadelphia Airport. The residences themselves consist mostly of rowhouses, but Morrell Park is distinctive in that most of its row homes have garages in front, facing and with access to the street, something quite different from the traditional Philadelphia rowhouse design. (An exception is one side of one block of Wessex Lane and Churchill Lane, where houses have garages in the back with access to a shared driveway. The duplexes along Frankford Avenue are also set up in this manner.) Later rowhouses followed this form of having garages in the front, but this was first seen in Morrell Park in the very late 1950s. Most homes have kitchens that face the front, living rooms that face the rear of the property, three or four bedrooms, and about of living space. The street pattern of the development is also quite distinctive, as a view of an aerial photo will confirm, consisting of a few through streets that curve through many looping side streets with only one cul-de-sac, Pitt Place. The streets curve to conform to the natural topography of the area, for years avoiding development right along the stream valley of Byberry Creek, which flows through and about the development before its confluence with Poquessing Creek.
History
The land area of Morrell Park was originally the summer home estate of Edward and Louise Morrell. Colonel Edward de Veaux Morrell (1863-1917), a lawyer, was a US congressman from 1900 to 1907. Born in Newport, Rhode Island, he was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. He was a colonel and afterward a brigadier general in the National Guard. He was a member of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry and owned extensive land in Torresdale. His wife Louise was the daughter of Francis Anthony Drexel and Francis's second wife Emma Bouvier, related [first cousin twice removed] to Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. Louise's uncle was Anthony J. Drexel, founder of Drexel University, and her two older half-sisters were Elizabeth Drexel and Saint Katharine Drexel. The Morrells built their summer home , one of the five homes they maintained, near what is now Morrell and Frankford Avenues, not too far from Francis Drexel's summer home , which was itself near what is now the emergency room of Aria Health's Torresdale Campus.
The Morrells entertained extensively, maintained a horse track, established the first telephone line north of Frankford, built the electric-light plant in the area, and conducted an amusement park called Torresdale Park, located by Poquessing Creek behind the trolley barn at Frankford Avenue and Knights Road. The park ran from 1880 to 1906. After Torresdale Park closed, it donated many of its rides to Willow Grove Park, once located at the site of the present-day Willow Grove Park Mall.
The Morrells had no children. Edward Morrell served on Philadelphia's board of education from 1912 to 1916, and died in Colorado Springs, CO (where he had gone for health reasons) in September 1917; he is interred in a family crypt at Eden Hall in Torresdale. Louise died twenty-six years after her husband, in 1943, and the area was planned for development by the Korman Corporation in the late 1950s.
Morrell Park was settled in earnest during the 1960s by families moving from other areas of Philadelphia. Children attended the Aloysius Fitzpatrick Elementary School at Knights Rd & Chalfont Dr until the John Hancock Elementary School opened at West Crown & Morrell Ave in the autumn of 1968. Children also attended Christ the King School on Chesterfield Road, which opened in 1965. The population of its postal ZIP code, 19114, which covers more territory than Morrell Park alone once did, was approximated at 31,000 inhabitants in 1990.
References
Freitag, Alicia M & Harry C Silcox, eds. Historical Northeast Philadelphia: Stories and Memories. Holland, PA: Brighton Pr, 1994.
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1771-Present
External links
Older map showing area before Morrell Park was developed
Neighborhoods in Philadelphia
Northeast Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrell%20Park%2C%20Philadelphia |
The Gant-Hohtälli Aerial Tramway is a large-cab cable car near Zermatt, Switzerland. It is long and spans an elevation of some . This cable car is notable in that it runs over the tallest aerial lift pylon in Switzerland, with a height of .
External links
Seilbahnen.org website (German)
The Gant-Hohtälli tramway pillar
Cable cars in Switzerland
Transport in Zermatt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gant-Hoht%C3%A4lli%20Cable%20Car |
The Deed of Paksenarrion, The Legend of Paksenarrion or the Paksworld series is an epic fantasy saga by American author Elizabeth Moon. The Deed of Paksenarrion was originally published in three volumes in 1988 and 1989 and as a single trade edition of that name in 1992 by Baen. The three books included are Sheepfarmer's Daughter, Divided Allegiance, and Oath of Gold. Sheepfarmer's Daughter was awarded the Compton Crook Award by the Baltimore Science Fiction Society for the author's first fantasy novel.
A single-volume prequel about the life of Paksenarrion's guiding saint was published in 1990, followed by a sequel tying characters from both works together.
A new series is set immediately after The Deed of Paksenarrion; it includes five volumes, released in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014 respectively.
Publications
The original trilogy and the two Gird-related books were first published as mass-market paperbacks, before being collected as trade-paperback omnibus editions. The new series is being published in hardcover.
The Deed of Paksenarrion
The Deed of Paksenarrion omnibus (February 1992), hardcover (October 2003)
Sheepfarmer’s Daughter (, June 1988)
Divided Allegiance (, October 1988)
Oath of Gold (, January 1989)
"Those Who Walk in Darkness" (March 1990) – short story set during Oath of Gold, included in Deeds of Honor: Paksenarrion World Chronicles, as well as in the collections Lunar Activity and Phases
The Legacy of Gird
The Legacy of Gird (published as A Legacy of Honour in the UK) omnibus (, September 1996)
Surrender None (, June 1990) – prequel to The Deed of Paksenarrion
Liar's Oath (, May 1992) – sequel to both Surrender None and The Deed of Paksenarrion
Paladin's Legacy
Oath of Fealty (, March 2010)
Kings of the North (, March 2011)
Echoes of Betrayal (, March 2012)
Limits of Power (, June 2013)
Crown of Renewal (, May 2014)
Paksenarrion World Chronicles
Deeds of Honor: Paksenarrion World Chronicles – eight stories set in the world of Paksenarrion ("Point of Honor"; "Falk's Oath"; "Cross Purposes"; "Torre's Ride"; "A Parrion of Cooking"; "Vardan's Tale"; "Those Who Walk in Darkness"; and "The Last Lesson") (, June 2015)
Deeds of Youth: Paksenarrion World Chronicles II – seven stories set in the world of Paksenarrion ("A Bad Day at Duke’s East"; "The Dun Mare’s Grandchild"; "Dream’s Quarry"; "Gifts"; "First Blood"; "Mercenary’s Honor"; and "Consequences") (publication forthcoming in July 2023)
Synopsis
The Deed of Paksenarrion was written as one long story, but published as three separate books.
The Deed of Paksenarrion revolves around the adult life of Paksenarrion Dorthansdotter, known as Paks, of Three Firs. It takes place in a fictional medieval world of kingdoms of humans, dwarves, gnomes, and elves.
The story begins by introducing Paks as a headstrong girl of 18, who leaves her home in Three Firs (fleeing a marriage arranged by her father) to join a mercenary company. Through her journeys and hardships, she comes to realize that she has been gifted as a paladin, if in a rather non-traditional way. Paksenarrion works, fights, and sacrifices herself until she can see the rightful king of Lyonya established over the opposition of evil forces, or gods, and evil humans.
Film adaptation
As of December of 2019 Warner Bros. owned the film rights to the books and planned on production of a live-action feature film.
Reception and analysis
Suanna Davis discussed the series as one of the examples in her article on Representations of Rape in Speculative Fiction, in the context of Paksenarrion's backstory as survivor of an attempted rape from her days, an event that happened in the first book the series. Davis argues that when the event is mentioned in later in the book, Paksenarrion's (and the author's) reference to the event as "it" rather than directly as "rape" represents an example of "silence from sexual assault survivors" on this topic, "possibly due to the cultural codes attached to the word".
Jennifer O'Sullivan discussed the series through the lenses of the feminist theory, concluding that "her work is still largely restricted by normative notions of gender and heteronormative contexts and ideals".
References
External links
The Legend of Paksenarrion at Elizabethmoon.com
The Paksenarrion World Chronicles
American novel series
Fantasy novel series
High fantasy novels
Novels by Elizabeth Moon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Deed%20of%20Paksenarrion |
Mary Mulligan (born 12 February 1960, Liverpool) is a Scottish Labour Party politician, and formerly Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Linlithgow constituency from 1999 to 2011. She lost her seat to the Scottish National Party's Fiona Hyslop in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election.
She was appointed Deputy Minister for Health and Community Care upon Jack McConnell becoming First Minister in 2001. After the reshuffle following the 2003 election she became Deputy Minister for Communities. She resigned from this position in October 2004 in order to concentrate on preventing St John's Hospital in Livingston being downgraded. This hospital served many of her constituents. Nevertheless, services were cut from the hospital as planned.
Mulligan was Labour's Shadow Minister for Housing and Communities. She was a member of the Scottish Parliament Local Government and Communities Committee.
References
External links
Mary Mulligan MSP Official Website
Mary Mulligan profile at the site of Scottish Labour
1960 births
Living people
Politicians from Liverpool
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Ministers of the Scottish Government
Women members of the Scottish Government
20th-century Scottish women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Mulligan |
Allan Johnstone Massie (born 16 October 1938) is a Scottish journalist, columnist, sports writer and novelist. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. He has lived in the Scottish Borders for the last 25 years, and now lives in Selkirk.
Early life
Born in Singapore, where his father was a rubber planter for Sime Darby, Massie spent his childhood in Aberdeenshire. He was educated at Drumtochty Castle preparatory school and Glenalmond College in Perthshire before going on to attend Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read history.
Career
Journalist
Massie is a journalist and critic of fiction, writing regular columns for The Scotsman, The Sunday Times (Scotland) and the Scottish Daily Mail. He has been The Scotsman's chief fiction reviewer for a quarter of a century and also regularly writes about rugby union and cricket for that paper. He has previously been a columnist for The Daily Telegraph, the Glasgow Herald, and was the Sunday Standard's television critic during that paper's brief existence. He is also a contributor to The Spectator - where he writes an occasional column, Life and Letters - the Literary Review, The Independent, and The Catholic Herald. He has also written for the New York Review of Books.
His conservative political outlook is apparent, despite the then decline of Conservative influence in Scotland. He was a leading, if lonely, campaigner against Scottish devolution, and a critic of much of the legislation passed by the Scottish Parliament since its establishment in 1999. Though initially in favour of greater devolutionary powers for Scotland, his views on devolution changed during the Thatcher years and he came to regret his support for the 1979 devolution referendum.
In his literary reviews, his preferences lie towards traditional novels rather than the avant-garde. He is a great admirer of Sir Walter Scott (and a past president of the Sir Walter Scott Club). Among contemporary novelists, he is a champion of the Russian writer Andreï Makine and Scotland's William McIlvanney. Though he has criticised Irvine Welsh and James Kelman, he has admired some of the latter's work, arguing that Kelman is an important voice for a section of society often ignored in literary fiction.
Novelist
He is the author of nearly 30 books, including 20 novels. He is notable for writing about the distant past, and the middle class, rather than grittier elements of the present. The most successful of his novels, at least in terms of sales, have been a series of reconstructed autobiographies or biographies of Roman political figures, including Augustus, Tiberius, Mark Antony, Caesar, Caligula and Nero's Heirs. Gore Vidal called him a "master of the long-ago historical novel." His most recent book is The Thistle and the Rose, a series of essays on the often thorny relationship between Scotland and England, in which he takes a strong Unionist viewpoint.
His 1989 novel about Vichy France, A Question of Loyalties, won the Saltire Society's Scottish Book of the Year award - an award he has been shortlisted for more than once. The Sins of the Fathers (1991) caused a controversy when Nicholas Mosley resigned from the judging panel for the Booker Prize, protesting that none of his books (of which Massie's was the favourite) made it on to the shortlist (Martin Amis' Time's Arrow edged out Massie's novel for the final spot on the six book list).
Those two novels, and Shadows of Empire constitute a loose trilogy in which a constant concern is the potential danger of idealism and ideology, as well as the struggle to lead a decent personal life in indecent political times.
In 2009, Massie brought out what he calls "a private novel" (i.e. an examination of private morality rather than the large political or "public" dilemmas examined in his other contemporary novels). This innovative work, Surviving, is set in Rome and concerns a group of English-speaking alcoholics and the intensity of their friendships. It is also a highly personal work, reflecting the author's own experience of Italy in the seventies, although the book is set in the nineties.
His 2010 novel, Death in Bordeaux, sees Massie return to Vichy France in the first of a trilogy.
Other works include critical studies of Muriel Spark and Colette as well as histories of Edinburgh and Glasgow and A Portrait of Scottish Rugby.
Massie was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to literature.
All-time Scotland XV
Massie is a keen rugby fan and writer, and came up with an all time XV in 1984. Firstly, he excludes any players from before 1951, as he says it is unfair to judge the abilities of players without having been able to see them for himself, and secondly, his list, being published in the mid 80s excludes most of the people involved in the 1990 Grand Slam:
Backline: Andy Irvine, Arthur Smith, Jim Renwick, Ken Scotland, Roger Baird;
Half backs John Rutherford, Roy Laidlaw;
Forwards: Hugh McLeod, Colin Deans, Sandy Carmichael, Gordon Brown, Alastair McHarg, Douglas Elliot, Jim Telfer (captain), David Leslie
He also supplies a list of reserves:
Jock Turner, David Chisholm, Alex Hastie, David Rollo, Norman Bruce, Iain Paxton
Players that Massie includes in his early selection, but not in the final team include:
Ian Laughland, Chris Rea, Ian McGeechan, Robertson, David Johnston; Aitken, Milne, Bruce, Laidlaw, Mike Campbell-Lamerton, Peter Brown, Tomes, Cuthbertson, Jim Greenwood, Ron Glasgow, Derrick Grant, Rodger Arneil, Jim Calder.
Awards
Massie has received the following awards:
Scottish Arts Council Book Award for The Death of Men (1982)
Frederick Niven Literary Award for The Last Peacock (1980)
Bibliography
Novels
Change and Decay in All Around I See - (1978)
The Last Peacock - (1980)
The Death of Men - (1981)
One Night in Winter - (1984)
Augustus (1986)
A Question of Loyalties - (1989)
The Hanging Tree - (1990)
Tiberius - (1991)
The Sins of the Father - (1991)
Caesar - (1993)
The Ragged Lion - (1994)
These Enchanted Woods (sequel to The Last Peacock) - (1993)
King David (novel) - (1995)
Shadows of Empire - (1997)
Antony - (1997)
Nero's Heirs - (1999)
The Evening of the World - (2001)
Caligula - (2003)
Arthur the King - (2004)
Charlemagne and Roland - (2007)
Surviving - (2009)
Klaus: and other stories - (2010)
Death in Bordeaux - (2010)
Dark Summer in Bordeaux - (2012)
Cold Winter in Bordeaux - (2014)
End Games in Bordeaux - (2015)
Non-fiction
Muriel Spark - (1979)
Ill Met by Gaslight: Five Edinburgh Murders - (1980)
The Caesars - (1983)
Aberdeen: Portrait of a City - (1984)
A Portrait of Scottish Rugby (Polygon, Edinburgh; ) - (1984)
Colette - (1986)
101 Great Scots - (1987)
Byron's Travels - (1988)
The Novelist's View of the Market Economy - (1988)
How Should Health Services be Financed?: A Patient’s View - (1988)
Glasgow: Portraits of a City - (1989)
The Novel Today: A Critical Guide to the British Novel, 1970-1989 - (1990)
Edinburgh - (1994)
The History of Selkirk Merchant Company 1694 - 1994 - (1994)
The Thistle and the Rose: Six Centuries of Love and Hate Between the Scots and the English - (2005)
The Royal Stuarts: A History of the Family That Shaped Britain - (2010)
Edited books
Edinburgh and the Borders: In Verse - (1983)
P.E.N. New Fiction II - (1987)
The History Man columns in Scots Heritage Magazine
Book reviews
Reviews
McKie, Dave (1980), review of The Last Peacock, in Bold, Christine (ed.), Cencrastus No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 42 & 43
Further reading
Paterson, Lindsay (1982), Language and Society: The Novels of Allan Massie, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 10, Autumn 1982, pp. 34 – 36,
References
External links
1938 births
1930s births
Living people
Scottish columnists
People educated at Glenalmond College
People educated at Drumtochty Castle Preparatory School
Scottish journalists
Scottish novelists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Rugby union journalists
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Scots Heritage Magazine people
Scottish sportswriters
Scottish political commentators
The Spectator people
Singaporean emigrants to the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Massie |
Wayne High School can refer to:
Wayne High School (Indiana) in Fort Wayne, Indiana
Wayne High School (Nebraska) in Wayne, Nebraska
Wayne High School (New York) in Ontario Center, New York
Wayne High School (Ohio) in Huber Heights, Ohio
Wayne High School (West Virginia) in Wayne, West Virginia
Wayne High School (Utah) in Bicknell, Utah
Wayne County High School (Georgia) in Jesup, Georgia
Wayne County High School (Kentucky) in Monticello, Kentucky
Wayne County High School (Mississippi) in Waynesboro, Mississippi
Wayne Memorial High School in Wayne, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20High%20School |
Sonatina, Sz. 55, BB. 69 is a piece for solo piano written in 1915 by Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. Initially entitled Sonatina on Romanian folk tunes, it is based on folk tunes Bartók collected in his neighbour country Romania, which, even though he proclaimed Hungarian folk music was clearly superior, was a direct source of inspiration all along his active years.
Structure
This sonatina consists of three movements and, according to Bartók's notes, takes 3 minutes 47 seconds to perform:
Though Bartók arranged it in three movements, the piece actually consists of five different folk tunes: he used two in the first movement, in an ABA form, and two in the last movement, which he then combines snatches of in the coda. In a radio broadcast of the Sonatina in 1944, Bartók described the piece:
This sonatina was originally conceived as a group of Rumanian folk dances for piano. The three parts which Mrs. Bartók will play were selected from a group and given the title of Sonatina. The first movement, which is called "Bagpipers", is a dance – these are two dances played by two bagpipe players, the first by one and the second by another. The second movement is called "Bear Dance" – this was played for me by a peasant violinist on the G and D string, on the lower strings in order to have it more similar to a bear’s voice. Generally the violin players use the E string. And the last movement contains also two folk melodies played by peasant violin players.
Bartók arranged this piece for orchestra sixteen years later. He called the orchestral version Transylvanian Dances, Sz. 96, BB 102.
Notable recordings
Notable recordings of this composition include:
References
External links
Compositions by Béla Bartók
Bartok
1915 compositions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatina%20%28Bart%C3%B3k%29 |
Debra Di Blasi (born 1957) is an American author, screenwriter and former publisher.
Biography
Debra Di Blasi was born May 27, 1957, in Kirksville, Missouri. She grew up in northern Missouri.
She was the art columnist for The Pitch magazine, and taught experimental writing, hyperfiction, mixed media fiction, and other writing courses at Kansas City Art Institute for seven years. She has taught and lectured on 21st Century narrative forms at universities and conferences including &NOW Conference and Associated Writing Programs Conference.
From 2008 to January 2016, she was founding publisher of the multimedia company Jaded Ibis Productions, LLC, and managing editor of its book imprint Jaded Ibis Press. In January 2016, she sold the company's assets to newly formed Jaded Ibis Press, LLC.
Works
The New York Times Book Review praised her story collection Prayers of an Accidental Nature for its "clear, resonant prose, laced with bittersweet humor." Likewise
Publishers Weekly wrote that "Di Blasi's style and her objective distance and comprehension of her chosen subject mark her as a very psychologically driven, very talented writer."
Her writing is frequently included in related literary anthologies and has appeared in the journals The Los Angeles Review, TriQuarterly, New Letters, The Iowa Review, Chelsea, Boulevard, Notre Dame Review, and many others. Her stories have been adapted to radio, film, theatre and audio CD in the U.S. and abroad.
Her screenwriting credits include The Walking Wounded, finalist in the 1996 Austin Screenwriters Competition, and Drought, for which she won the 1999 Cinovation Screenwriting Award. Drought was directed by Lisa Moncure won a host of national and international awards. It was one of only six U.S. films included in the Universe Elle special section of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival.
From the University of Alabama Press:
Con—ceptualisms
Forms at War
The Jiri Chronicles
Awards
1991 Diagram Innovative Fiction Award, 2008 Inspiration Grant from Arts Council of Metropolitan Kansas City
Drought & Say What You Like won the 1998 Thorpe Menn Literary Excellence Award.
2003 James C. McCormick Fellowship in Fiction from the Christopher Isherwood Foundation
Di Blasi received an &NOW award in 2009 for her stories “The Incomplete But Real History of The Jiri Chronicles Illustrated by The Real Jiri Cech” and “Products” published in The &NOW Awards: The Best Innovative Writing in 2009.
An early version of her manuscript, Selling the Farm: Descants from a Recollected Past, was a 2017 finalist in Four Way Books Levis Prize in Poetry, and semifinalist in Seneca Review's Deborah Tall Lyric Essay Book Award.
Di Blasi has been a regular participant in the biennial &NOW Festival.She received the 2019 C&R Press Nonfiction Award for Selling the Farm: Descants from a Recollected Past (September 2020)
She also received three Pushcart Prize nominations, among other awards. She was a finalist in the Heekin Foundation's Novel-in-Progress.
Bibliography
Short fiction collections
Skin of the Sun: New Writing, Amazon Digital Service, LLC, Seattle, WA (first edition: 2019)
TODAY IS THE DAY THAT WILL MATTER: An Oral History of the New America: #AlternativeFictions, Black Scat Books, San Francisco, CA (2018)
Ugly Town: The Movie: A Novel, Amazon Digital Service, LLC (ADS), Seattle, WA (2016)
The Jiri Chronicles & Other Fictions, FC2/University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL (2007)
Prayers of An Accidental Nature, Coffee House Press, Minneapolis (1999)
Drought & Say What You Like, New Directions, New York (1997)
Novels
What the Body Requires, Jaded Ibis Press, Seattle (2009);
Memoirs
Selling the Farm: Descants from a Recollected Past, C&R Press, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (2020);
Editor
Dirty:Dirty, Jaded Ibis Press, Seattle (2013)
References
External links
Official website
Show Me Something New: Jaded Ibis Press Is Dragging the Book into the Future
1957 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
People from Kirksville, Missouri
American women screenwriters
Kansas City Art Institute alumni
American women short story writers
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
Screenwriters from Missouri
Writers from Missouri
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra%20Di%20Blasi |
Rawlins Cross (also Rawlin's), formed by the intersection of Prescott and Flavin Streets, Monkstown, Rennies Mill, Queens, and Military Roads, is a well known St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador landmark. Military Road, built in 1773, was one of the first roads in this area that joined Fort William with Fort Townsend. Monkstown Road (formerly Georgetown Road) was built in the early 19th century and Prescott Street around 1840. It is on the edge of Monkstown, which is part of the Georgetown Improvement Area and Downtown St. John's.
Rawlins Cross takes its name from the Rawlins family who had a grocery store there from at least 1864. Another early business was grocer, James G Pennicuick. T J Eden later had a grocery business in Rawlins Cross, which was bought out by W J Murphy in 1919, as well as O'Mara-Martin Drugs, established in 1892. W J Murphy had initially worked in the drugstore, and T J Eden's before establishing a grocery store nearby at the top of Prescott Street.
It was the site of the first traffic light for the city that was manually operated by a police constable. A commemorative plaque for the St. John's Electric Light Company is located at Rawlins Cross, although the business was established on nearby Flavin Street in 1885.
The popular Newfoundland Celtic Rock band, Rawlins Cross, formed in 1988, takes its name from this St. John's landmark.
References
Neighbourhoods in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
History of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawlins%20Cross%2C%20St.%20John%27s |
The Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests, presently known as East Deccan moist deciduous forests, is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion in east-central India. The ecoregion covers an area of , extending across portions of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Telangana states.
Setting
The Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests extend from the Bay of Bengal coast in northern Andhra Pradesh and southern Orissa, across the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats range and the northeastern Deccan Plateau, to the eastern Satpura Range and the upper Narmada River valley.
The forests of the ecoregion are sustained by the moisture-bearing monsoon winds from the Bay of Bengal, which lies to the southeast. The ecoregion is bounded on the north and west by tropical dry deciduous forest ecoregions, including the Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests to the southwest and west, the Narmada valley dry deciduous forests to the northwest, and the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests to the north and northeast. The drier Northern dry deciduous forests ecoregion, lying west of the Eastern Ghats range, is completely surrounded by the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests, in the rain shadow of the Ghats, which partially block the moisture-laden monsoon winds off the Bay of Bengal. The humid Orissa semi-evergreen forests ecoregion lies to the northeast in the coastal lowlands of Orissa.
Flora
The ecoregion's forests are dominated by Sal (Shorea robusta), in association with Terminalia, Adina, Toona, Syzygium, Buchanania, Cleistanthus, and Anogeissus, according to soil variations. The flora of the ecoregion shares many species with the moist forests of the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas.
From the Western Ghats this includes plants like jackfruit and several lianas such as Schefflera vine (Heptapleurum venulosum), joint fir (Gnetum edule), and common rattan.
From the Eastern Himalayas this includes the peculiar Indian pepper tree and several shrubs, herbs and flowers such as yellow Himalayan raspberry, false nettle (Boehmeria macrophylla), and whipcord cobra lily among others.
Several globally threatened plant species are found in this ecoregion, including the two endemic plants Leucas mukerjiana and Phlebophyllum jeyporensis.
Fauna
The ecoregion still harbours large intact areas of tropical moist deciduous forest and is an important refuge for healthy populations of most of the original large vertebrates associated with this habitat. Large mammals include the predators Indian tiger, wolf, dhole, and sloth bear, and the herbivores gaur, chousingha, blackbuck, and chinkara. The Asian elephants that once lived were extirpated long ago.
The only endemic species found in the ecoregion is the cave-dwelling Khajuria's leaf-nosed bat.
Conservation
Approximately 25% of the original habitat remains, much of it in blocks of 5000 km² or larger. 31 protected areas, totaling 13,540 km², preserve about 4% of the ecoregion's intact habitat. The largest protected area in the ecoregion is Simlipal National Park in Odisha state.
Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (550 km²)
Badalkhol Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (120 km²)
Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (170 km²)
Balimela Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (130 km²)
Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (240 km²)
Bhairamgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh (160 km²)
Bori Wildlife Sanctuary, Hoshangabad district, Madhya Pradesh (460 km²)
Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, Warangal district, Telangana (120 km²)
Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (140 km²)
Indravati National Park, Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh (1,150 km²)
Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh (70 km²)
Kanha National Park, Mandla and Balaghat districts, Madhya Pradesh (900 km²)
Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (150 km²)
Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary, Adilabad district, Telangana (1,080 km²)
Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary, Khammam district, Telangana (290 km²)
Kolleru Wildlife Sanctuary (480 km², partially in the Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests ecoregion).
Kondakameru Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (400 km²)
Kotgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (400 km²)
Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Ganjam district, Odisha (180 km²)
Lanjamadugu Wildlife Sanctuary, Karimnagar district, Telangana (80 km²)
Mahuadaur Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (60 km²)
Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh (500 km²)
Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary, Warangal district, Telangana (120 km²)
Pamed Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (60 km²)
Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuary, East and West Godavari districts, Andhra Pradesh (530 km²)
Phen Wildlife Sanctuary, Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh (100 km²)
Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary, Adilabad district, Telangana (130 km²)
Satkosia Gorge Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (790 km²)
Satpura National Park, Madhya Pradesh (490 km²)
Simlipal National Park, Mayurbhanj district, Odisha (2,550 km²))
Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (670 km²)
Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (340 km²)
See also
List of ecoregions in India
Flora of Madhya Pradesh
Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI)
References
External links
Geographical ecoregion maps and basic info.
Ecoregions of India
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Forests of India
Environment of Andhra Pradesh
Environment of Chhattisgarh
Environment of Jharkhand
Environment of Madhya Pradesh
Environment of Maharashtra
Environment of Odisha
Forests of Odisha
Environment of Telangana
Indomalayan ecoregions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Highlands%20moist%20deciduous%20forests |
Sydney John Smith, (September 23, 1892 - July 15, 1976), was a Canadian politician, farmer, rancher and businessman who served as Speaker of the Senate of Canada from 1966 to 1968.
Life and work
Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Smith was educated at Lisgar Collegiate Institute before moving to Saskatchewan with his family. He studied at New York University through correspondence courses and played football with the Regina Roughriders as well as working as an automobile salesman.
He eventually settled in Gull Lake, Saskatchewan where he became an alderman and then mayor from 1921 to 1925.
Smith attempted to win a seat in the Saskatchewan legislature as a Liberal in 1934 but was defeated.
He then moved to Kamloops, British Columbia where he raised cattle and grew hops as well as involving himself in selling automobile sales and heavy equipment. He organized several businesses, Sydney Smith Ltd., Sydney Smith U Drive Ltd., Sydmar Estates Ltd., and the Highway Equipment Co. Ltd., among others, and held a number of directorships in other firms.
In 1951 and 1952 he was chairman of the British Columbia Hospital Insurance Inquiry Board.
Smith entered British Columbia politics in the 1949 provincial election and was elected as MLA for the Kamloops riding for the British Columbia Liberal Party (then in a coalition with the Conservative Party) but was defeated after one term with much of the rest of the Coalition caucus (his successor in the Kamloops seat was Phil Gaglardi, part of what would become the new Social Credit cabinet). He served as president of the British Columbia Liberal Association from 1953 to 1959 and was summoned to the Senate on January 3, 1957, on the advice of Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent.
He was appointed Speaker of the upper house in early 1966 on the advice of Lester Pearson and served for two years. He stepped down as Speaker in September 1968 and then resigned from the Senate on December 31 due to ill health.
He died in Victoria, British Columbia in 1976.
References
1892 births
1976 deaths
Businesspeople from Ottawa
BC United MLAs
Politicians from Ottawa
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
Speakers of the Senate of Canada
Canadian senators from British Columbia
20th-century Canadian businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20John%20Smith |
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