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Sapanca is a municipality and district of Sakarya Province, Turkey. Its area is 173 km2, and its population is 44,712 (2022). It lies on the south bank of Lake Sapanca. The town's mayor is Özcan Özen (AKP).
Sapanca has recently become a tourist destination, due to its stunning natural environment and its lake, as well as its proximity to Istanbul and the city of İzmit, also known as Kocaeli. The town has a number of hotels and resorts.
Composition
There are 29 neighbourhoods in Sapanca District:
Akçay
Balkaya
Camicedit
Çayiçi
Fevziye
Gazipaşa
Göl
Güldibi
Hacımercan
İkramiye
İlmiye
İstanbuldere
Kırkpınar Hasanpaşa
Kırkpınar Soğuksu
Kırkpınar Tepebaşı
Kurtköy Dibektaş
Kurtköy Fatih
Kurtköy Yavuzselim
Kuruçeşme
Mahmudiye
Memnuniye
Muradiye
Nailiye
Rüstempaşa
Şükriye
Ünlüce
Uzunkum
Yanık
Yenimahalle
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Sakarya Province
Districts of Sakarya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapanca |
Edmund Glaise-Horstenau (also known as Edmund Glaise von Horstenau; 27 February 1882 – 20 July 1946) was an Austrian Nazi politician who became the last Vice-Chancellor of Austria, appointed by Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg under pressure from Adolf Hitler, shortly before the 1938 Anschluss.
During the Second World War Glaise-Horstenau became a general in the German Wehrmacht and served as Plenipotentiary General to the Independent State of Croatia. Dismayed by the atrocities committed by the Ustaše, he was involved in the Lorković-Vokić plot, with the purpose of overthrowing Ante Pavelić's regime and replacing it with a pro-Allied government.
Early life and career
Born in Braunau am Inn, the son of an officer, Glaise-Horstenau attended the Theresian Military Academy and served in World War I on the Austro-Hungarian General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army. From 1915, he headed the press department of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces.
After the war, he studied history at the University of Vienna, together with his employment at the Austrian War Archives (as director from 1925 to 1938). He also achieved the rank of a colonel at the Austrian Heeresnachrichtenamt in 1934.
Originally a monarchist, Glaise-Horstenau became the second man in the hierarchy of the banned Austrian Nazi Party in the mid-to-late 1930s behind its leader Josef Leopold. To improve relations with Nazi Germany, he was appointed a member of the Staatsrat of the Federal State of Austria from 1934 in the rank of a Minister Without Portfolio, and from 1936 to 1938, he served as Federal Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, after being appointed under pressure from Adolf Hitler following the Juliabkommen. At the meeting at the Berghof in Berchtesgaden on 12 February 1938 between Hitler and Schuschnigg, Germany demanded that Glaise-Horstenau be made Minister of War in a new pro-Nazi government and that he would establish close operational relations between the German and Austrian Armies, which would ultimately lead to the assimilation of the Austrian to the German system.
After Schuschnigg had to resign on 11 March, Glaise-Horstenau served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria under Arthur Seyß-Inquart for two days.
In Croatia
After the Anschluss, he entered the Wehrmacht and was appointed as Plenipotentiary General in the Independent State of Croatia on 14 April 1941. There, he was shocked by the atrocities of the Ustaše (Croatian fascist paramilitaries), which he repeatedly denounced and opposed. As early as 28 June 1941, he reported the following to the German High Command, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW):
On 10 July, he added:
The lack of response from the OKW at Glaise-Horstenau's criticism of the Ustaše's methods increasingly frustrated him and caused deep tension with Ante Pavelić, the poglavnik, or head, of the Independent State of Croatia. By 1944, he had grown so dismayed at the atrocities that he had witnessed that he became deeply implicated in the Lorković-Vokić plot to overthrow Pavelić's regime and to replace it with a pro-Allied government.
The subsequent failure of that attempt turned Glaise-Horstenau into persona non grata for both the Croatians and the Nazis. In the first week of September, Pavelić and German ambassador Siegfried Kasche conspired together and effected his removal on 25 September. Glaise-Horstenau's withdrawal from the scene opened the door for the total politicalization of the Croatian armed forces, which occurred over the next several months.
Suicide
Glaise-Horstenau was then passed into Führer-Reserve and entrusted with the obscure task of Military Historian of the South East until his capture by the US Army on 5 May 1945. Fearing extradition to Yugoslavia or Austria, he committed suicide at Langwasser military camp near Nuremberg, Germany, on 20 July 1946.
Publications
The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire, translated by Ian F.D. Morrow, London, Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1930 (Die Katastrophe, Die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns und das Werden der Nachfolgestaaten, Amalthea Verlag, Zürich-Leipzig-Wien, 1929)
Edmund Glaise von Horstenau: Ein General im Zwielicht: die Erinnerungen Edmund Glaises von Horstenau, Volume 76, Böhlau, 1988,
Footnotes
References
Peter Broucek (Eingel. und hrsg.): Ein General im Zwielicht. Die Erinnerungen Edmund Glaises von Horstenau. Böhlau, Wien u.a. 1980 ff.
Band 1: K.u.k. Generalstabsoffizier und Historiker (= Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs. Bd. 67). 1980, .
Band 2: Minister im Ständestaat und General im OKW (= Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs. Bd. 70). 1983, .
Band 3: Deutscher Bevollmächtigter General in Kroatien und Zeuge des Untergangs des "Tausendjährigen Reiches" (= Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs. Bd. 76). 1988, .
Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Mitteilungen des österreichischen Staatsarchivs, Band 47, 1999
1882 births
1946 suicides
1946 deaths
Austrian military personnel of World War II
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Vice-Chancellors of Austria
German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Austrian people who died in prison custody
Historians of World War I
Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
People from Braunau am Inn
Austrian military personnel who committed suicide
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
World War II prisoners of war held by the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Glaise-Horstenau |
Yad Sarah () is the largest national volunteer organization in Israel. Employing over 6,000 volunteers, with a salaried staff of 150, Yad Sarah serves over 350,000 clients each year. It is best known for its free loans of over 244,000 pieces of medical and rehabilitative home-care equipment annually, enabling sick, disabled, elderly and recuperating patients to live at home. This saves the country's economy an estimated $320 million in hospital fees and long-term care costs each year.
According to an independent survey, one out of every two Israeli families has been helped by Yad Sarah. The organization serves Jews, Christians, Muslims and Druze, as well as tourists with disabilities. Its menu of free or nominal-fee services include lending of medical and rehabilitative equipment, oxygen service, wheelchair transportation, national emergency alarm system, services for the homebound, legal aid for the elderly, geriatric dentistry, day rehabilitation centers, a play center for special needs children, and an education and recreation club for retirees. Yad Sarah receives no government funding, but relies on donations to meet its $23 million operating budget. It exports its expertise to developing countries and has established similar models in various countries. Yad Sarah is a recipient of the Israel Prize and has been awarded advisory status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
History
Yad Sarah started in the 1970s as a gemach (free-loan service) in the home of Rabbi Uri Lupolianski, who later served as mayor of Jerusalem from 2003 to 2008. At that time, Lupolianski was a high school teacher with a young family and one of his children needed a vaporizer during the winter, so his wife borrowed one from a neighbor. Upon hearing that such short-term-use items were hard to obtain, Lupolianski decided to start his own gemach by buying a few vaporizers to lend to others. People who heard about his gemach began dropping off other items which are also used for a short time, such as crutches, walkers and wheelchairs. With seed money from his father, Yaakov Lupolianski, and guidance from Kalman Mann, director general of Hadassah Medical Center, Lupolianski incorporated his gemach into a nationwide non-profit in 1976. Lupolianski named the organization Yad Sarah (Hebrew for "Memorial to Sarah") in memory of his grandmother, Sarah, who was murdered in the Holocaust. Yad Sarah raises 92% of its operating budget from donations. The organization does not receive any government assistance. Yad Sarah has helped establish equipment-lending centers and repair workshops in Angola, Cameroon, El Salvador, Russia, South Africa, and Jordan.
Operation
As of 2022, Yad Sarah operates 126 equipment-lending branches throughout Israel. These are located in cities, development towns, and Arab villages, hospitals and private homes. Altogether, the branches stock approximately 300,000 items and 300 types of medical and rehabilitative equipment, including wheelchairs, crutches, beds and oxygen tanks. Yad Sarah's six-story Jerusalem headquarters and central warehouse on Herzl Blvd. occupies a full city block.
Services
Equipment lending
Yad Sarah lends out wheelchairs, crutches, oxygen concentrators, apnea monitors, infant scales, hospital beds, shower chairs and commodes, high-tech and assistive devices, and many other home-care items. At any given time, 18,000 wheelchairs are in circulation. Equipment loans are free of charge; borrowers leave a refundable security deposit and can use the equipment for up to three months.
Worn or damaged items are repaired and refurbished at four regional warehouses staffed by volunteers. Yad Sarah receives donations of new and used equipment from local and foreign donors, and some communities have organized used equipment drives on the organization's behalf. In recent years, Yad Sarah began importing components and assembling its own orthopedic and high-tech equipment. It offers a six-month training course in parts assembly to unemployed new immigrants over the age of 50 from the Former Soviet Union and Ethiopia, with certification recognized by the Ministry of Labor.
In conjunction with its equipment-lending operation, Yad Sarah has established five resource and exhibition centers where clients can see and try out home-care equipment, and receive guidance on their use.
Oxygen service
Yad Sarah lends oxygen purifying machines and oxygen cylinders for home use. The organization is reimbursed for this service by Israel's National Insurance Institute (Bituah Leumi) and the patient's health insurer.
Wheelchair transportation
Specially equipped vans are available to transport persons in wheelchairs to doctor's appointments, Yad Sarah center activities, social occasions, or errands. These vans also bring disabled individuals to and from polling places on election day. Yad Sarah provides airport pick-up and return for disabled tourists as well.
National emergency alarm system
Yad Sarah introduced the first emergency alarm response service in Israel. Thousands of Israelis have been supplied with alarm transmitters which they can mount on their wall or wear on their wrist, connecting them with Yad Sarah's 24-hour emergency response center. Following payment of a token fee, the transmitters are lent for an unlimited period of time and are installed, repaired and serviced by volunteers free of charge. Yad Sarah has installed its alarm transmitters in kindergartens and nursery schools free of charge, to provide contact in the event of a terrorist attack.
Services for the homebound
Meals on wheels: Yad Sarah provides cooked, frozen meals through a catering company and delivers them to the home for a nominal fee.
Laundry service: Volunteers pick up soiled linens and bedclothes from the homes of incontinent individuals, wash and iron them, and return them. This service is available in Israel's three major cities for a nominal fee.
Home repairs: Volunteers with mobile workshops perform home repairs for the elderly and housebound, collecting a token fee for parts.
Home visits: Yad Sarah volunteers visit elderly and homebound individuals on a weekly basis to engage them in handicrafts, computer instruction, taping and typing of life stories, and wheelchair outings.
Legal aid for the elderly
Lawyers, social workers, and legal and social-work students volunteer their expertise to draft wills, mediate property and landlord issues, mediate family disputes, advise on insurance rights and pensions, and advocate in cases of elder abuse, all at low cost. This service, overseen by Yad Riva within the auspices of Yad Sarah, also makes house calls.
Geriatric dentistry
Yad Sarah's dental clinic is one of the few in the world specializing in geriatric dentistry. Volunteer dental surgeons, certified hygienists, and dental students provide treatment at the Jerusalem headquarters as well as in a mobile clinic that visits the elderly at home or in old age homes. On average, patients pay 70% of the cost price of dental treatment, and Yad Sarah subsidizes the remainder.
Day rehabilitation centers
Yad Sarah operates Day Rehabilitation Centers in Jerusalem, Rishon LeZion, Beer Sheba, Ra'anana and Netanya. These centers, designed to help adults recover and restore independent functioning, offer activities such as art therapy, music, horticulture, and holiday parties. Participants arrive in wheelchairs, with crutches or walkers, or in Yad Sarah vans. Yad Sarah also operates a fitness center and a computer center for individuals with disabilities.
Children's services
The Yad Sarah Play Center in Jerusalem supplements the therapeutic process for children with mild to moderate developmental delays. Professionally trained volunteers guide children aged 3 to 12 in five play rooms, including a "noisy" activity room for children with coordination difficulties, a "quiet" activity room for youth with attention deficit disorders, a game room, an imagination room with costumes and props, a creativity room with arts-and-crafts supplies, and a computer room with interactive games and puzzles. Parents attend orientation workshops and accompany their child each week so they can learn new ways to play with the child at home. A morning program provides information and skills to parents of infants and toddlers with mild to severe developmental disabilities.
Yad Sarah dispatches a mobile lending library throughout the country which lends special toys, games and books to disabled children.
Retirement club
The Golden Age Club is an education and recreation program for retirees. Volunteers lead classes in language studies, arts and crafts, folk dancing, and Tai Chai, as well as offer podiatry, manicure, pedicure and reflexology. Participants can purchase discount tickets to theaters, concerts, and exhibitions. The club maintains a cafeteria which sells light meals, snacks and coffee, plus pre-cooked, frozen meals, at nominal cost.
Volunteers
Volunteers are of all ages and backgrounds, including different socioeconomic sectors and cultural and religious backgrounds. They include retirees and moderately disabled persons. While women usually dominate the volunteer field, fully 35% of the volunteer staff is male. Lupolianski, the founder and president of Yad Sarah, is also a volunteer. He still runs one of the equipment-lending branches in his home.
In addition to Yad Sarah's regular volunteers, students, bar and bat mitzvah groups, and other visitors to Israel often lend a hand at the wheelchair-repair center in Jerusalem.
Awards and recognition
Yad Sarah received the Kaplan Prize for Efficiency in 1990 and the 1994 Israel Prize for its special contribution to society and the State of Israel. In 1982 Lupolianski was the recipient of the President's Award for Volunteering.
In 2004 the United Nations recognized Yad Sarah as a Non-Governmental Organization, according it UN observer status. In 2005 the UN Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations upgraded Yad Sarah's status to an advisory body to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. This status allows Yad Sarah to participate in General Assembly meetings and UN international conferences, as well as serve as consultants for UN and government bodies.
Madoff investment scandal
In 2008, Friends of Yad Sarah was named as one of the victims of the Madoff investment scandal. The group had invested $1.5 million with J. Ezra Merkin's Ascot Partners, a Madoff promoter, in 2006, and lost its entire investment when the fraud was discovered.
See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
List of investors in Bernard L. Madoff Securities
References
External links
Yad Sarah Official Website
Friends of Yad Sarah
Medical and health organizations based in Israel
Charities based in Israel
Jewish community organizations
Volunteer organizations in Israel
Organizations established in 1976
Israel Prize recipients that are organizations
Israel Prize for special contribution to society and the State recipients | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad%20Sarah |
Saraydüzü is a town in Sinop Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Saraydüzü District. Its population is 1,288 (2022). The mayor is Hasan Peker (AKP).
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Sinop Province
Saraydüzü District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarayd%C3%BCz%C3%BC |
Saraykent is a town in Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The former name of the town is Karamağara. It is the seat of Saraykent District. Its population is 5,687 (2022). Its elevation is .
References
External links
District municipality's official website
General information on Saraykent
Populated places in Saraykent District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraykent |
Sarayköy is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 379 km2, and its population is 30,834 (2022). It is 20 km west of the city of Denizli, on a plain between mountains and watered by Büyük Menderes River.
Sarayköy is at a high altitude inland from the Mediterranean and thus has hot dry summers and very cold winters. The mountain sides are mostly bare but there are ongoing forestry projects.
History
The town was previously a village named Sarıbey after the Turkmen lord that settled his tribe here in the 14th century.
Sarayköy was an important point of resistance to the Greek Army in the Turkish War of Independence. Volunteers assembled here were able to defend the bridge across the River Menderes and thus prevent the Greeks from occupying the city of Denizli. There is a statue in the town of a fighter in local efe costume to commemorate this struggle.
Composition
There are 32 neighbourhoods in Sarayköy District:
Acıdere
Acısu
Adaköy
Ahmetli
Altıntepe
Aşağı
Atatürk
Bala
Beylerbeyi
Caber
Cumhuriyet
Duacılı
Gerali
Hasköy
Hisarköy
Kabaağaç
Karakıran
Karataş
Köprübaşı
Kumluca
Sakarya
Sazak
Sığma
Tekke
Tepeköy
Tırkaz
Tosunlar
Trafo
Turan
Uyanık
Yakayurt
Yeşilyurt
Sarayköy today
The major activity of the area is textile production (following in the footsteps of nearby Babadağ), mainly weaving but some printing and sewing of bedding and other home textiles.
5,000 homes in the town are heated with water run off from the geothermal power station in the village of Kızıldere, which was the first plant of its kind in Turkey. There are also plants near the power station making dry ice and bottling carbon dioxide. The plain is irrigated and mostly used for growing cotton and there is a large cotton storage and processing plant in the town. Other crops include figs, olives and apricots. Other activities include limestone quarrying and coal mining.
Sarayköy is also a market town for the surrounding countryside.
Places of interest
The Ahmetli Bridge over the Büyük Menderes river, 15 km from Sarayköy township, dates back to the Roman era. The middle section of the bridge was blown up by the Greek Army as a defensive measure during the Greco-Turkish War but was reconstructed with reinforced concrete later on.
Notable natives
Sezen Aksu, Turkey's leading modern singer and songwriter was born in Sarayköy.
References
External links
Thermal Resort & Spa
Populated places in Denizli Province
Districts of Denizli Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarayk%C3%B6y |
The American Society of Media Photographers, abbreviated ASMP, is a professional association of imaging professionals, including photojournalists, architectural, underwater, food/culinary and advertising photographers as well as video/film makers and other specialists. Its members are primarily those who create images for publications, though many cross over into wedding and portrait photography.
ASMP advocates for photographers' legal rights, supports information-sharing among members, and provides business and technical information. Much of the material is freely available to the public. For instance, it offers a web tutorial on registering copyrights, and on model releases and property releases. It also helps users of images find qualified photographers for project assignments ("Find a Photographer") and helps photographers find qualified assistants ("Find an Assistant.")
The ASMP has more than 6,500+ members in over 30 countries.
History
In the fall of 1944, some two dozen New York photographers formed the Society of Magazine Photographers or SMP. Within a few months, though, they had to change the name to American Society of Magazine Photographers because the acronym SMP was already being used by another organization. (In 1992, recognizing that it had grown far beyond the borders of the magazine industry, the Society adopted its current name.) Their goal was to address their common problems: lack of credit lines, unauthorized reproduction of images, and uncredited copying of photographs by illustrators and artists. They also hoped to raise their rates of pay.
In the early years, a majority within the Society held the opinion that ASMP should be a labor union and bargain collectively for wages and working conditions. However, this was far from unanimous. A substantial minority wanted nothing to do with unions and saw ASMP as a professional guild along the lines of the American Bar Association or American Medical Association. During the 1950s, the issue was the cause of frequent schisms and mass resignations. The issue was laid to rest by a 1976 ruling of the National Labor Relations Board, which determined that ASMP was a group of independent contractors and, thus, ineligible to be a union.
Thereafter, ASMP focused its efforts on areas that are traditional activities of professional associations: networking, advocacy and business practices.
Activities
Networking and special-interest groups
From just a couple dozen photojournalists in New York City, the Society soon expanded. Local chapters were formed, first in Los Angeles and San Francisco, and then in other cities. Today there are 39 chapters, covering the major U.S. metropolitan areas. Although the group does distribute videos of its major events, outreach to smaller cities remains a continuing challenge.
During the 1950s and '60s, ASMP also grew to encompass a wider range of photographic applications, including such specialties as advertising, catalog, architectural and industrial imagery. After the Internet came of age, The Society's specialty groups took advantage of the free and easy interchange of ideas that bulletin boards, listservs and social networks could provide.
Advocating for photographers' interests
Though then 88 years old and unable to attend in person, in 1967 Edward Steichen, as a still active member of the copyright committee of ASMP, and David Linton as the committee chairman, wrote submissions to the U.S. Senate hearings to support Copyright law revisions. Steichen requested that "this young giant among the visual arts be given equal rights by having its peculiar problems taken into account." Linton wrote; "We join with other creators of 'Original Works of Authorship' in supporting the proposed copyright term of the creator's life plus fifty years after."
During the 1970s, Congress debated a major revision to the copyright laws, culminating in passage of the Copyright Act of 1976. ASMP lobbied for the provision of the Act that automatically grants copyright to the creator of a work. (Under previous U.S. law, copyright was dependent on registering the work with the Copyright Office.) Likewise, in the late '90s ASMP lobbied in favor of the Sonny Bono Copyright Extension Act, which brought U.S. law into conformity with the international Berne Convention treaty by extending the term of copyright to the life of the creator plus 70 years.
Several recent Congresses have considered a change in the treatment of "orphan works", which are copyrighted works whose owner cannot be identified or located. ASMP has testified about the impact on photographers of the proposed changes, and has worked with Congressional committees to mitigate the harm that might be done.
ASMP has also supported photographers in the courts, filing amicus curiae briefs and providing financial support in a number of precedent-setting cases. Major cases of recent years include New York Times Co. v. Tasini (U.S. Supreme Court) and Jarvis v. K2 (Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals). ASMP (with the Graphic Artists Guild, the Picture Archive Council of America, the North American Nature Photography Association, Professional Photographers of America, and several individual photographers) filed class-action litigation against Google, claiming that Google's Library Project, which is scanning millions of books and publications, infringes the copyrights of photographers, illustrators and visual artists.
Some chapters offer lectures or small meetings to facilitate business related questions known as Brain Trusts.
Professional education
In 1973, at the instigation of then-president Lawrence Fried, ASMP published Professional Business Practices in Photography, a compilation of recommended procedures, industry terminology, and standard forms and contracts. Initially issued in looseleaf format (and informally referred to as the "Business Bible"), the publication has regularly been revised over the years; the seventh edition was released as a trade paperback in 2008.
In addition to the Professional Business Practices book, which is aimed at photographers, ASMP has published pamphlets for photo users that explain how the business works. The Society has also regularly produced business seminars and conferences on topics of interest to professional photographers.
ASMP was among the founding members of the UPDIG Coalition, which in 2006-07 published a set of technical recommendations for accurate reproduction of digital images. In 2008–2011, ASMP sponsored the dpBestflow project that, with financial support from the Library of Congress, published best practices and tutorials for preserving digital images.
References
External links
UPDIG site
dpBestflow site
American photography organizations
1944 establishments in the United States
Clubs and societies in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Society%20of%20Media%20Photographers |
Sarayönü is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,620 km2, and its population is 27,771 (2022). The town occupies the location of the ancient Laodicea Combusta.
Composition
There are 26 neighbourhoods in Sarayönü District:
Bahçesaray
Başhüyük
Batıistasyon
Boyalı
Büyükzengi
Çeşmelisebil
Değirmenli
Doğuistasyon
Ertugrul
Fatih
Gözlü
Hatip
İnli
Kadıoğlu
Karabıyık
Karatepe
Kayıören
Konar
Kurşunlu
Kuyulusebil
Ladik
Özkent
Saraç
Selimiye
Yenicekaya
Yukarı
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Important Bird Areas of Turkey
Lycaonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC |
Sarıcakaya is a municipality and district of Eskişehir Province, Turkey. Its area is 382 km2, and its population is 4,621 (2022). The town lies at an elevation of . On August 15, 2023, there was a temperature of recorded in Sarıcakaya, setting the record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Turkey.
Composition
There are 14 neighbourhoods in Sarıcakaya District:
Beyköy
Beyyayla
Bilal Habeşi
Camikebir
Dağküplü
Düzköy
Fatih
Güney
İğdir
Kapıkaya
Laçin
Mayıslar
Sarıkaya
Yeni
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Map of Sarıcakaya district
Populated places in Eskişehir Province
Districts of Eskişehir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1cakaya |
Jamieson K. Price is an American actor, best known for his deep and booming voice in numerous anime and video games. He is known as the voice of the Count of Monte Cristo in Gankutsuou, Sojiro Sakura in Persona 5, Ovan in .hack//G.U., and Galbalan, and Milton Grimm from Ever After High. Price also had a part in the 2000 movie The Patriot.
Biography
Price became interested in acting as a young child, starting from when he was in the fourth grade and later did theatre performances even during his adolescent and young adult years. In high school, Price got involved with dramatic interpretations-(focusing on poetry and prose reading) as well as voice competitions in his teens and became Virginia State Champion in his senior year of high school which later lead him to get into acting and voice acting by a close friend of his during the late 90s after graduate school. He eventually got a job in the voice acting business by Dorothy Fahn who is a friend of his wife Bethany who was very interested in his deep voice; aside from acting/voice acting, he has also done work for fight choreography as well as a theatrical technician.
Personal life
Price has been married to his wife Bethany Price since December 31, 1993, who works as a director, audition/stage coach, and an acting instructor. He has three children-(2 daughters and 1 son); Dane-(an actor and musician), Cynthia-(an actress and dancer), and Meghan-(a chiropractor). Jamieson Price is also involved with a few podcasts, one of them being Crypto-Z.
Filmography
Anime
===Animation===
Films
Video games
Live action
References
External links
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
California State University, Long Beach alumni
College of William & Mary alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamieson%20Price |
Sarıgöl is a municipality and district of Manisa Province, Turkey. Its area is 432 km2, and its population is 35,537 (2022). The town lies at an elevation of .
History
Sarıgöl is a small town located between the provinces of Denizli and Manisa. According to some historians, it has been an important city throughout history. There was an ancient city called Callatebus () in the vicinity of today's Sarıgöl. The city of Kallatebos (Callatebus) was mentioned by Herodotus in his Histories 7th book's 31st paragraph. The city was between Philadelphia (Alaşehir) and Hierapolis (Pamukkale).
Composition
There are 35 neighbourhoods in Sarıgöl District:
Afşar
Ahmetağa
Alemşahlı
Aşağıkoçaklar
Ayan
Bağlıca
Bahadırlar
Baharlar
Bereketli
Beyharmanı
Çanakçı
Çavuşlar
Çimentepe
Cumhuriyet
Dadağlı
Dindarlı
Doğuşlar
Emcelli
Güneydamları
Günyaka
Kahramanlar
Karacaali
Kızılçukur
Konak
Mimarsinan
Özpınar
Selimiye
Şeyhdavutlar
Sığırtmaçlı
Siteler
Tırazlar
Yeniköy
Yeşiltepe
Yukarıkoçaklar
Ziyanlar
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Road map of Sarıgöl and environs
Various images of Sarıgöl
Populated places in Manisa Province
Districts of Manisa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1g%C3%B6l |
Sarıkamış or Sarikamish (, ) is a town in Kars Province in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Sarıkamış District. Its population is 15,260 (2022).
The town is perhaps best known for being the site of the Battle of Sarikamish, one of the major battles of the Caucasus front of World War I.
History
For most of the 19th century, Sarikamish was an insignificant settlement that was divided into two parts: upper Sarikamish and lower Sarikamish.
Nothing is known of its earlier history, but nearby archaeological sites date from Urartian times: there is a Urartian fortress on a hill beside upper Sarikamish, another, away, beside Chatak village, and a third, away, at a site known as Yedikilise. In 1878, archaeologist Alexander Yeritsian discovered near Sarıkamış a cuneiform inscription made during the reign of Urartian king Argishti I. To the east and south of the town, in the forests of Soğanlı, there were many medieval Armenian monasteries, but most were in ruins by 1878.
Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan invaded the Sarikamish area including Allahüekber and Soğanlı mountains in 1064, only a few years prior to the battle of Manzikert between the armies of Alp Arslan and Byzantines. The area was then taken by Selim I in 1514 and became a liva of Kars sancak of the Ottoman Empire.
In the 19th century, the region around Sarikamish became a conflict zone between the Ottoman and Russian empires. Battles took place at nearby Zivin in 1829, 1855 and 1877.
After the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, Sarikamish became part of the Russian empire, incorporated within the militarily administered Kars Oblast, which was renowned for the extreme ethnic diversity of its population. Lower Sarikamish developed into a small, modern town. Being close to the Ottoman border, it was also a military station with barracks for two regiments. It had a railway station that was the railhead for the line running from Kars and Alexandropol.
Battle of Sarikamish
An important battle took place between the armies of the Ottoman and Russian empires in and around the city in late December 1914-January 1915 as part of the Caucasus Campaign of World War I.
Enver Pasha, the leader of the Ittihat ve Terakki party in Istanbul, personally led the army along with Hafiz Hakki Pasha, who was his brother in-law, to scale the Mount Allahu Ekber and afterwards attack the Russian army in Sarikamish. Enver Pasha intended to occupy the town in order to halt logistic support to the city of Kars, which the Turks lost to the Russians in 1878, and which he was planning to reoccupy.
In mid December, Enver Pasha entered the Caucasus region through Armenia. Enver ordered his forces to attack along many routes with the goal of arriving suddenly at Sarikamis at the same time. The chief German military advisor, Liman von Sanders strongly argued against this plan but was ignored. Governor General Vorontsov planned to withdraw his forces to the city of Kars. But General Yudenich, in charge of the defense of the area, ignored Vorontsov's wishes to withdraw and instead stayed to defend Sarikamis.
Enver's forces lost touch with one another and arrived at Sarakamis at different times from December 29 through 3 January. The first divisions to arrive briefly took control of the barracks in the western part of the city but were driven off. In the following days, as more Ottoman forces arrived at the battle, they attacked without coordination and the Russians under the skillful command of Yudenich fought off the attacks one by one. The battle finally ended on January 4 and the Ottoman army retreated in complete disorganization back through the mountains in the middle of winter.
The number of Turkish losses is estimated to be 60,000-80,000 dead out of an army of 90,000. It is very likely that the majority of Turkish soldiers died because of inadequate winter clothing and field shelters during the attack and retreat. In any event, this was an extraordinarily costly defeat for the Turks; in losses this was the worst single defeat they suffered in the entire war. Turkish soldiers reached their targets but they were too weak to win. The Russian casualties were estimated at 35,000.
As one German officer attached to the army wrote later, the Ottoman 3rd army had "suffered a disaster which for rapidity and completeness is without parallel in military history."
See also
Soğuksu Nature Park, a 2011-established nature park southeast of Sarıkamış.
References
External links
360 Degree Panoramic Photos / Sarıkamış Virtual Tour, 360TR.COM, 2009
District municipalities in Turkey
Ski areas and resorts in Turkey
Populated places in Kars Province
Sarıkamış District
Kars Oblast
Kurdish settlements in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1kam%C4%B1%C5%9F |
District 24 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves all of Bandera, Bell, Blanco, Brown, Burnet, Callahan, Comanche, Coryell, Gillespie, Hamilton, Kerr, Lampasas, Llano, Mills, San Saba counties and portions of Taylor and Travis counties in the U.S. state of Texas.
The current Senator from District 24 is Pete Flores.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 24 has a population of 798,189 with 596,939 that is at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 24 from 1992.
Previous elections
2020
2016
2012
2008
2004
2002
2000
1996
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
24
Bandera County, Texas
Bell County, Texas
Blanco County, Texas
Brown County, Texas
Burnet County, Texas
Callahan County, Texas
Comanche County, Texas
Coryell County, Texas
Gillespie County, Texas
Hamilton County, Texas
Kerr County, Texas
Lampasas County, Texas
Llano County, Texas
Mills County, Texas
San Saba County, Texas
Taylor County, Texas
Travis County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2024 |
Sarıkaya is a town in Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Sarıkaya District. Its population is 18,457 (2022). It is known for its hot springs and the associated bathhouses.
Sarıkaya's Ottoman-era name was Terzili and known locally as Terzilihamam due to its bathhouses (hamam). The town is currently known for its UNESCO submitted Roman-era bath named Basilica Therma that is preserved and easily visible in the town center.
References
External links
District municipality's official website
General information on Sarıkaya
Populated places in Yozgat Province
Sarıkaya District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1kaya%2C%20Yozgat |
Adam Smith College was a Scottish further and higher education college located over various campuses across the county of Fife.
On 1 August 2013 Adam Smith College and Carnegie College came together to form Fife College, creating a new college for the region in line with Government legislation. The land-based elements of Scotland's Rural College, SRUC Elmwood College, were also incorporated in the new Fife College providing a wide range of courses to choose from.
History
The college was formed on 1 August 2005 by the merger of Glenrothes College and Fife College and is named after Adam Smith, the founder of modern economics, who was born in Kirkcaldy. Smith's best known work is The Wealth of Nations. Before closure the college ran a range of NQ, HNC and HND courses. It also provided several degrees through Abertay University and a degree in Quantity Surveying from Heriot Watt University. The chancellor of the college before closure was Gordon Brown, the former prime minister.
Campuses
The main campuses were St Brycedale (St Brycedale Avenue, Kirkcaldy) and Stenton (Stenton Road, Glenrothes).
Additional campuses were located at Levenmouth (Victoria Road, Leven), Lochgelly (Main Street, Lochgelly), Priory (Victoria Road, Kirkcaldy) and Southfield (Nasmyth Road, Glenrothes).
Outreach centres were located across Fife, including Anstruther, Bowhill and St Andrews.
Courses
Adam Smith College offered a range of courses from introductory level through to degrees and professional qualifications.
Subject areas:
Creative Industries
Hair and Beauty
Care and Social Sciences
Sport and Fitness
Tourism and Hospitality
Languages and ESOL
Business and Management
Computing
Engineering and Renewables
Built Environment
Science
Skills for Life and Work
Adam Smith Foundation
The Adam Smith Enterprise and Education Foundation, also known as the Adam Smith Foundation, was the charitable trust of Adam Smith College. The Foundation was established in 1997 to improve and extend opportunities for students.
Through partnership with businesses, charitable trusts and individual donors the Foundation developed a Scholarship Programme which provides recognition, a financial award, and in some cases, work experience and internships to support and encourage students to achieve their full potential.
All funds received from donors are transferred directly to the successful students and no money was retained by the college/foundation. These awards are used to provide direct assistance to students to support and augment their studies.
The Adam Smith Foundation has now become the charitable trust of Fife College.
Adam Smith Lecture
The Adam Smith Lecture celebrates the life and work of Kirkcaldy's most famous son, Adam Smith – a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and the father of modern economics.
The Adam Smith Lecture series has attracted prestigious national and international speakers including: Alan Greenspan KBE, who spoke while Chairman of the Federal Reserve in the US; and Sir Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England, both of whom were introduced by The Rt Hon Gordon Brown MP, former prime minister and last chancellor of the college. It is expected that Fife College will continue the lecture series.
Adam Smith College Students' Association
The Adam Smith College Students’ Association organised campaigns and social activities and also provided support services and confidential help for College students.
The Students' Association caused controversy in 2005 when they rejected the name of Adam Smith, stating that "He is associated with socio-economic policies that work against the people, that were synonymous with Thatcherite and Reaganite governments". Instead they chose to use the name Jennie Lee Students’ Association, after a local socialist MP.
In April 2008, the students took the decision rename the association the Adam Smith College Students' Association.
Controversy
In 2012 the college became embroiled in controversy amid claims of systemic abuse, bullying and victimisation of staff and students, and misappropriation of finances, by senior management. This led to internal investigations by the college's board of governors and vice principal of HR.
According to the Interested Parties of Adam Smith College (an anonymous group thought to be made up of college staff), the investigations recommendations for dismissal of two executive directors for the misappropriation of finances, were halted by the senior board staff. The senior staff of the board of governors were the principal, Dr. Craig Thomson, and the chairman of the board, Graham Johnstone.
Following this three board members, including the vice chair, resigned, as did the principal's secretary, the secretary of the board, and the vice principal of HR.
In response, the college's staff appealed to the Government Cabinet Secretary for Education Michael Russell to step in and act upon the findings of the investigations, and also suspend the principal and the board of governors, while a “transparent investigation by an independent third party” is carried out into their actions.
On 26 January 2012 the Interested Parties of Adam Smith College group launched the ItsOurCollegeNotCraigs website, which allowed staff and public to comment on the situation and sign a petition to the Government. The Government Minister David Torrance was one of the first to comment on the site, encouraging any staff to contact him in confidence.
From 26 January 2012 the agenda and minutes of the board since June 2011 were not available on the college's web site, which was a requirement of the Constitution and Standing Orders of the board of governors.
On 27 January 2012, after an emergency board meeting, the chairman of the board resigned.
On 28 January 2012 these events were reported in the national press,
Government Minister David Torrance confirmed that he had been inundated by complaints from staff for months regarding bullying, intimidation, and financial misappropriation, and that the board and staff resignations had occurred. He said “I have arranged a meeting with the Cabinet Secretary for Education Michael Russell to call on a full external enquiry into these allegations..”
An Adam Smith College spokesman confirmed that two executive directors were already being investigated, saying “These are being fully investigated and will comply with our official procedures."
References
External links
BBC News- "Finishing touches for new college"
Adam Smith College Students' Association
Education in Fife
Universities and colleges established in 2005
Further education colleges in Scotland
Kirkcaldy
2005 establishments in Scotland
Educational institutions disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Smith%20College |
The Heinkel HeS 40 (HeS - Heinkel Strahltriebwerke) was an experimental constant-volume jet engine designed by Adoph Müller's team at Heinkel starting some time in 1940 or 41. It was based on the mechanical layout of the HeS 30, but replaced the conventional flame cans with oversized ones including large poppet valves that sealed off the chambers during firing. Constant-volume combustion, similar to the Otto cycle used in most piston engines, is considerably more fuel efficient than the constant-pressure combustion used in a typical jet engine.
Design
The design was based on the HeS 30 not only to make parts more readily available as well as to make direct comparisons between the two easier. The main changes were to reduce the compression ratio of the compressor to about 2:1 (from 2.8:1), and add the new combustion chambers. The new chambers were considerably larger than the originals, forcing a reduction in the number from ten to six burners. The valve stems projected forward into streamlined fairings in the intake area behind the compressor.
The operational cycle of the engine is somewhat similar to a conventional six-cylinder engine, except the compressor did all the compressing instead of a piston stroke, and the chamber only served as a combustion chamber, rather than a compression, combustion and expansion chamber as in a piston engine. Compressed air, similar to an automobile equipped with a turbocharger, but at a higher pressure ratio, was channeled into the cylinders in turn, closed off with the poppet valves, and then burned. By the time the combustion was complete the pressure in the flame cans would be much higher, although the actual expansion ratio is not specified. The hot gas was then released, and flowed through a turbine to extract power, instead of forcing a piston to move (although most of the output in the expected turbojet engine format - as opposed to a turboshaft - would be extracted as thrust, and the turbine only acted to power the compressor to continue the cycle). Although there would be some loss of charge during the burning period, and thus the design would be less efficient than the true Otto cycle, it would nevertheless be somewhat more efficient than a traditional jet engine, at the cost of some complexity.
History
It appears the HeS 40 was never built, and remained a paper design. Nevertheless, work on the design was ended by 1942, by which point the HeS 30 was making good progress.
References
Bibliography
Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines
Heinkel aircraft engines
1940s turbojet engines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel%20HeS%2040 |
Music was almost universally present in ancient Greek society, from marriages, funerals, and religious ceremonies to theatre, folk music, and the ballad-like reciting of epic poetry. This played an integral role in the lives of ancient Greeks. There are some fragments of actual Greek musical notation, many literary references, depictions on ceramics and relevant archaeological remains, such that some things can be known—or reasonably surmised—about what the music sounded like, the general role of music in society, the economics of music, the importance of a professional caste of musicians, etc.
The word music comes from the Muses, the daughters of Zeus and patron goddesses of creative and intellectual endeavours.
Concerning the origin of music and musical instruments: the history of music in ancient Greece is so closely interwoven with Greek mythology and legend that it is often difficult to surmise what is historically true and what is myth. The music and music theory of ancient Greece laid the foundation for western music and western music theory, as it would go on to influence the ancient Romans, the early Christian church and the medieval composers. Our understanding of ancient Greek music theory, musical systems, and musical ethos comes almost entirely from the surviving teachings of the Pythagoreans, Ptolemy, Philodemus, Aristoxenus, Aristides, and Plato.
Some ancient Greek philosophers discussed the study of music in ancient Greece. Pythagoras in particular believed that music was subject to the same mathematical laws of harmony as the mechanics of the cosmos, evolving into an idea known as the music of the spheres. The Pythagoreans focused on the mathematics and the acoustical science of sound and music. They developed tuning systems and harmonic principles that focused on simple integers and ratios, laying a foundation for acoustic science; however, this was not the only school of thought in ancient Greece. Aristoxenus, who wrote a number of musicological treatises, for example, studied music with a more empirical tendency. Aristoxenus believed that intervals should be judged by ear instead of mathematical ratios, though Aristoxenus was influenced by Pythagoras and used mathematics terminology and measurements in his research.
Music in society and religion
Music played an integral role in ancient Greek society. Pericles' teacher Damon said, according to Plato in the Republic, "when fundamental modes of music change, the fundamental modes of the state change with them." Music and gymnastics comprised the main divisions in one's schooling. "The word 'music' expressed the entire education".
Instrumental music served a religious and entertaining role in ancient Greece as it would often accompany religious events, rituals, and festivals. Music was also used for entertainment when it accompanied drinking-parties or symposia. A popular type of piece to be played while drinking at these drinking parties was the skolion, a piece composed to be heard while drinking. Before and after the Greek drinking parties, religious libations, or the religious the act of partaking and pouring out drink, would be made to deities, usually the Olympic gods, the heroes, and Zeus. The offering of libations were often accompanied by a special libation melody called the spondeion, which was often accompanied by an aulos player.
Music occupied an important role in the Greek sacrificial ceremonies. The sarcophagus of Hagia Triada shows that the aulos was present during sacrifices as early as 1300 BC. Music was also present during times of initiation, worship, and religious celebration, playing very integral parts of the sacrificial cults of Apollo and Dionysus.
Music (along with intoxication of potions, fasting, and honey) was also integral in preparing for and catalyzing divination, as music would often induce prophets into religious ecstasy and revelation, so much so that the expression for "making music" and "prophesying" were identical in ancient Greek.
Instruments were also present in war time, though it may not have been considered music entirely. Specific notes of the trumpet were played to dictate commands to soldiers on the battlefield. The aulos and percussion instruments also accompanied the verbal commands given to oarsmen by the boatswain. The instruments were used mainly to help keep the oarsmen in time with one another.
Popular song types
Hymn
A hymn is a metric composition whose text addresses a god, either directly or indirectly. They are the earliest formal type in Greek music, and survive in relatively large numbers.
Paean
Paeans were most commonly sung in honor or worship of Apollo as well as Athena. They usually solemnly expressed the hope for deliverance from a peril, or were sung in thanksgiving after a victory or escape.
Prosodion
A type of hymn or processional that invoked or praised a god. Prosodions were usually sung on the road to an altar or shrine, before or after a paean.
Hyporchema
Hyporchema was a dance-song with a marked rhythmic movement, commonly associated with the paean, and often difficult to distinguish from it. For example, the First Delphic Hymn is titled "Paean or Hyporchema".
Dithyrambs
Usually merrily sung in celebration at festivals, performed especially in dedication to Dionysus, the god of wine. Dithyrambs featured choirs (choros) of men and boys who were accompanied by an aulos player.
Poetry and drama
Whether or not long narrative poetry, or epic poetry like those of Homer, was sung is not entirely known. As in Plato's dialogue Ion, Socrates uses both the words "sing" and "speak" in connection with the Homeric epics, however there are heavy implications that they have been at least recited unaccompanied by instruments, in a sing-song chant.
Music was also present in ancient Greek lyric poetry, which by definition is poetry or a song accompanied by a lyre. Lyric poetry eventually branched into two paths, monodic lyric which were performed by a singular person, and choral lyric which were sung and sometimes danced by a group of people choros. Famous lyric poets include Alkaios and Sappho from the Island of Lesbos, Sappho being one of the few women whose poetry has been preserved.
Music was also heavily prevalent in ancient Greek Drama. In his Poetics, Aristotle links the origins of tragic drama to dithyrambs. The leaders of dithyrambs were the ones who led the song and dance moves, which would then be responded to by the group. Aristotle implies that this relationship between a single person and a group began the tragic drama, which in its earliest stages had a single actor who played all the parts through either song or speech. The single actor engaged in dialogue with the choros. The choros narrated most of the story through song and dance. In ancient Greece, the playwright was expected to not only write the script but also expected to compose the music and dance moves.
Mythology
The ancient Greek myths were never codified or documented into one form; what exists are several different versions from several different authors, across multiple centuries, which can lead to variations and even contradictions among authors and even the same author. According to Greek mythology, music, instruments, and the aural arts are attributed to divine origin, and the art of music was gift of the gods to men.
Although Apollo was prominently considered the god of music and harmony, several legendary gods and demigods were purported to have created some aspect of music as well as contributed to its development. Some gods, and especially the Muses, represented specific aspects or elements of music. The 'inventions' or 'findings' of all ancient Greek instruments were accredited to the gods as well. The performance of music was integrated into many different modes of Greek story-telling and art related to mythology, including drama, and poetry, and there are a large number of ancient Greek myths related to music and musicians.
In Greek mythology: Amphion learned music from Hermes and then with a golden lyre built Thebes by moving the stones into place with the sound of his playing; Orpheus, the master-musician and lyre-player, played so magically that he could soothe wild beasts; the Orphic creation myths have Rhea "playing on a brazen drum, and compelling man's attention to the oracles of the goddess"; or Hermes [showing to Apollo] "... his newly-invented tortoise-shell lyre and [playing] such a ravishing tune on it with the plectrum he had also invented, at the same time singing to praise Apollo's nobility that he was forgiven at once ..."; or Apollo's musical victories over Marsyas and Pan.
There are many such references that indicate that music was an integral part of the Greek perception of how their race had even come into existence and how their destinies continued to be watched over and controlled by the Gods. It is no wonder, then, that music was omnipresent at the Pythian Games, the Olympic Games, religious ceremonies, leisure activities, and even the beginnings of drama as an outgrowth of the dithyrambs performed in honor of Dionysus.
It may be that the actual sounds of the music heard at rituals, games, dramas, etc. underwent a change after the traumatic fall of Athens in 404 BC at the end of the first Peloponnesian War. Indeed, one reads of the "revolution" in Greek culture, and Plato's lament that the new music "... used high musical talent, showmanship and virtuosity ... consciously rejecting educated standards of judgement." Although instrumental virtuosity was prized, this complaint included excessive attention to instrumental music such as to interfere with accompanying the human voice, and the falling away from the traditional ethos in music.
Mythical origins
Lyre
According to the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, after stealing his brother Apollo's sacred cattle, Hermes was inspired to build an instrument out of a tortoise shell; he attached horns, and gut-string, to the shell and invented the first lyre. Afterwards, Hermes gave his lyre to Apollo, who took interest in the instrument, in repayment for the stolen cattle. In other accounts, Hermes gave his newly invented lyre to Amphion, a son of Zeus and a skilled musician.
Aulos
According to Pindar's Twelfth Pythian Ode, after Perseus beheaded Medusa, Athena 'found' or 'invented' the aulos in order to reproduce the lamentation of Medusa's sisters. Since the same Greek word is used for 'find' and 'invent', it is unclear; however, the writer Telestes in the 5th century states that Athena found the instrument in a thicket. In Plutarch's essay On the Restraint of Anger, he writes that Athena, after seeing her reflection while playing the aulos, threw the instrument away because it distorted her facial features when played, after which Marsyas a satyr, picked up her aulos and took it up as his own.
Syrinx / Pan flute
According to Ovid's Metamorpheses, the original Syrinx was a Naiad, a water nymph, who ran away from Pan after he tried to woo her. While she fled, she came upon an uncrossable river and prayed to her sisters to transform her so that she may escape Pan. Her Nymph sisters transformed Syrinx into a bundle of reeds which Pan found and fashioned an instrument out of, the Pan flute or syrinx.
Orpheus myth
Orpheus is a significant figure in the ancient Greek mythology of music. Orpheus was a legendary poet and musician, his lineage is unclear as some sources note him as the son of Apollo, the son of the Muse Calliope, or the son of mortal parents. Orpheus was the pupil and brother of Linus. Linus by some accounts is the son of Apollo and the Muse Urania; Linus was the first to be gifted the ability to sing by the Muses, which he passed to Orpheus. Other accounts state that Apollo gave Orpheus a golden lyre and taught him to play, while the muses taught Orpheus to sing.
Orpheus was said to be such a skilled musician that he could charm inanimate objects. According to the Argonautica, Orpheus in his adventures with Jason and the Argonauts, was able to play music more beautiful and louder than the bewitching sirens, allowing the Argonauts to travel safely without being charmed by the sirens. When Orpheus' wife, Eurydice, died, he played a song so mournful that it caused the gods and all the nymphs to weep. Orpheus was then able to travel to the underworld, and with music, softened the heart of Hades enough that he was allowed to return with his wife; however, under the condition that he must not set eyes upon his wife until they finished their travel out of the underworld. Orpheus was unable to fulfill this condition and tragically, his wife vanished forever.
Marsyas myth
According to Pseudo-Apollodorus in Bibliotheca, Marsyas the Phrygian satyr once boasted of his skills in the aulos; a musical contest between Marsyas and Apollo was then conducted, where the victor could do "whatever they wanted" to the loser. Marsyas played his aulos so wildly that everyone burst into dance, while Apollo played his lyre so beautifully that everyone cried.
The muses judged the first round to be a draw. According to one account, Apollo then played his lyre upside down, which Marsyas could not do with the aulos. In another account Apollo sang beautifully, which Marsyas could not do. In another account, Marsyas played out of tune and accepted defeat. In all accounts, Apollo then flayed Marsyas alive for losing.
Pindar recounts a similar myth but instead of Marsyas, it was Pan who contests Apollo and the judge was Midas. This myth can be considered a testament of Apollo's skill but also a myth of caution towards pride.
Greek musical instruments
The following were among the instruments used in the music of ancient Greece.
The lyre, cithara, aulos, barbiton, hydraulis, and salpinx all found their way into the music of ancient Rome.
String
Lyre
A strummed and occasionally plucked string instrument, essentially a hand-held zither built on a tortoise-shell (chelys) frame, generally with seven or more strings tuned to the notes of one of the modes. The lyre was a folk-instrument, associated with the cult of Apollo. It was used to accompany others or even oneself for recitation and song, and was the conventional training-instrument for an aristocratic education.
Cithara
Cithara was a professional version of the lyre used by paid musicians. The kithara had a box-type frame with strings stretched from the cross-bar at the top to the sounding box at the bottom; it was held upright and played with a plectrum. The strings were tunable by adjusting wooden wedges along the cross-bar. In the Politics, Aristotle describes the cithara as an "organon technikon", or an artist's instrument, requiring training.
Barbiton
A larger, bass-version of the cithara, considered to be east-Ionian, an exotic and somewhat foreign instrument. The barbiton was the primary instrument of the highly regarded ancient lyricist Sappho, as well as often associated with satyrs.
Kanonaki
A trapezoidal psaltery, invented by the Pythagoreans in the 6th century BC, however, may have had Mycenaean origins. The kanonaki was held on the thighs of the player, and plucked with both hands with bone pickings.
Harp
Harps are among the oldest known string instruments, and were in use by Sumerians and Egyptians long before they were present in Greece. The ancient version of the harp resembles a bow, with the strings connecting to the top and bottom of the arch. The strings are perpendicular to the soundbox, while the strings on a lyre are parallel.
Wind
Aulos
Usually double, consisting of two double-reed (like an oboe) pipes, not joined but generally played with a mouth-band to hold both pipes steadily between the player's lips. Modern reconstructions of the aulos indicate that they produced a low, clarinet-like sound. There is some confusion about the exact nature of the instrument; alternate descriptions indicate single-reeds instead of double reeds. It was associated with the cult of Dionysus.
Syrinx or Pan flute
Syrinx (), also known as Pan flute, is an ancient musical instrument based on the principle of the stopped pipe, consisting of a series of such pipes of gradually increasing length, tuned (by cutting) to a desired scale. Sound is produced by blowing across the top of the open pipe (like blowing across a bottle top).
Hydraulis
A keyboard instrument, the forerunner of the modern pipe organ. As the name indicates, the hydraulis used water to supply a constant flow of pressure to the pipes. Two detailed descriptions have survived: that of Vitruvius and Heron of Alexandria. These descriptions deal primarily with the keyboard mechanism and with the apparatus that supplied the instrument with air.
Salpinx
A brass trumpet used for military calls, and even contested in the Olympics. A number of sources mention this metal instrument with a bone mouthpiece.
Percussion
Tympanum
Tympanum, also called tympanon, is a type of frame drum or tambourine. It was circular, shallow, and beaten with the palm of the hand or a stick.
Crotalum
The crotalum was a kind of clapper or castanet used in religious dances by groups.
Koudounia
The Koudounia are bell-like percussion instruments made of copper.
Music and philosophy
Pythagoras
The enigmatic ancient Greek figure of Pythagoras with mathematical devotion laid the foundations of our knowledge of the study of harmonics—how strings and columns of air vibrate, how they produce overtones, how the overtones are related arithmetically to one another, etc. It was common to hear of the "music of the spheres" from the Pythagoreans. After studying the sound hammers made in a blacksmith's forge, Pythagoras invented the monochord, which has a movable bridge along with a string stretched over a sounding board. Using the monochord, he found the association between the vibrations and the lengths of the strings.
Plato
At a certain point, Plato complained about the new music:
Our music was once divided into its proper forms ... It was not permitted to exchange the melodic styles of these established forms and others. Knowledge and informed judgment penalized disobedience. There were no whistles, unmusical mob-noises, or clapping for applause. The rule was to listen silently and learn; boys, teachers, and the crowd were kept in order by threat of the stick. ... But later, an unmusical anarchy was led by poets who had natural talent, but were ignorant of the laws of music ... Through foolishness they deceived themselves into thinking that there was no right or wrong way in music, that it was to be judged good or bad by the pleasure it gave. By their works and their theories they infected the masses with the presumption to think themselves adequate judges. So our theatres, once silent, grew vocal, and aristocracy of music gave way to a pernicious theatrocracy ... the criterion was not music, but a reputation for promiscuous cleverness and a spirit of law-breaking.
From his references to "established forms" and "laws of music" we can assume that at least some of the formality of the Pythagorean system of harmonics and consonance had taken hold of Greek music, at least as it was performed by professional musicians in public, and that Plato was complaining about the falling away from such principles into a "spirit of law-breaking".
Playing what "sounded good" violated the established ethos of modes that the Greeks had developed by the time of Plato: a complex system of relating certain emotional and spiritual characteristics to certain modes (scales). The names for the various modes derived from the names of Greek tribes and peoples, the temperament and emotions of which were said to be characterized by the unique sound of each mode. Thus, Dorian modes were "harsh", Phrygian modes "sensual", and so forth. In his Republic, Plato talks about the proper use of various modes, the Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, etc. It is difficult for the modern listener to relate to that concept of ethos in music except by comparing our own perceptions that a minor scale is used for melancholy and a major scale for virtually everything else, from happy to heroic music.
The sounds of scales vary depending on the placement of tones. Modern Western scales use the placement of whole tones, such as C to D on a modern piano keyboard, and half tones, such as C to C-sharp, but not quarter-tones ("in the cracks" on a modern keyboard) at all. This limit on tone types creates relatively few kinds of scales in modern Western music compared to that of the Greeks, who used the placement of whole-tones, half-tones, and even quarter-tones (or still smaller intervals) to develop a large repertoire of scales, each with a unique ethos. The Greek concepts of scales (including the names) found its way into later Roman music and then the European Middle Ages to the extent that one can find references to, for example, a "Lydian church mode", although name is simply a historical reference with no relationship to the original Greek sound or ethos.
From the descriptions that have come down to us through the writings of those such as Plato, Aristoxenus and, later, Boethius, we can say with some caution that the ancient Greeks, at least before Plato, heard music that was primarily monophonic; that is, music built on single melodies based on a system of modes / scales, themselves built on the concept that notes should be placed between consonant intervals. It is a commonplace of musicology to say that harmony, in the sense of a developed system of composition, in which many tones at once contribute to the listener's expectation of resolution, was invented in the European Middle Ages and that ancient cultures had no developed system of harmony—that is, for example, playing the third and seventh above the dominant, in order to create the expectation for the listener that the tritone will resolve to the third.
Plato's Republic notes that Greek musicians sometimes played more than one note at a time, although this was apparently considered an advanced technique. The Orestes fragment of Euripides seems to clearly call for more than one note to be sounded at once. Research in the field of music from the ancient Mediterranean—decipherings of cuneiform music script—argue for the sounding of different pitches simultaneously and for the theoretical recognition of a "scale" many centuries before the Greeks learned to write, which they would have done before they developed their system for notating music and recorded the written evidence for simultaneous tones. All we can say from the available evidence is that, while Greek musicians clearly employed the technique of sounding more than one note at the same time, the most basic, common texture of Greek music was monophonic.
That much seems evident from another passage from Plato:
... The lyre should be used together with the voices ... the player and the pupil producing note for note in unison, Heterophony and embroidery by the lyre—the strings throwing out melodic lines different from the melodia which the poet composed; crowded notes where his are sparse, quick time to his slow ... and similarly all sorts of rhythmic complications against the voices—none of this should be imposed upon pupils ...
Aristotle
Aristotle had a strong belief that music should be a part of one's education, alongside reading and writing, and gymnastics. Just as men must work hard in their duties, they must also be able to relax well. According to Aristotle, all men could agree that music was one of the most pleasurable things, so to have this as a means of leisure was only logical. Amusing oneself was not considered a viable hobby, or else we would not want to help in society. Since music combined relaxing ourselves, along with others, Aristotle claimed that learning an instrument was essential to our development.
Virtues is a topic that Aristotle is widely known for, and he also used them to justify why music should be involved in education. Since virtues consist of loving and rejoicing in something, then music could be pursued without issue. Music forms our character, so it should also be a part of our education. Aristotle also comments on how getting children involved in music would be a way to keep them occupied and quiet. It is important to note that since music helps in forming the character, it could cause either adverse or pleasant effects. The way in which music is taught can have a large impact on development.
Learning music should not interfere with the younger years, nor should it damage the body in a way that a person is unable to fulfill duties in the military. Those that have learned music in education should not be at the same level as a professional, but they should have a greater knowledge than the slaves and other commoners. Aristotle was specific in what instruments should be learned. The harp and flute should not be taught in school, as they are too complicated. Additionally, only certain melodies have benefits in an educational setting. Ethical melodies should be taught, but melodies of passion and melodies of action should be for performances.
Surviving music
Classical Period
Eleusis inv. 907 (trumpet signal)
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Comp. 63 f.
Euripides, Orestes, Papyrus Vienna G 2315
Papyrus Leiden inv. P. 510 (Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis)
Hellenistic Period
Papyrus Ashm. inv. 89B/31, 33
Papyrus Ashm. inv. 89B/29-32 (citharodic nomes)
Papyrus Hibeh 231
Papyrus Zeno 59533
Papyrus Vienna G 29825 a/b recto
Papyrus Vienna G 29825 a/b verso
Papyrus Vienna G 29825 c
Papyrus Vienna G 29825 d-f
Papyrus Vienna G 13763/1494
Papyrus Berlin 6870
Epidaurus, SEG 30. 390 (Hymn to Asclepius)
Roman imperial period
Delphic Hymns
Seikilos epitaph
Hymns of Mesomedes
See also
Nomos (music)
Oxyrhynchus hymn
Ancient Roman music
For a technical discussion, Musical system of ancient Greece or Ancient Greek Musical Notation
Notes
References
Aristotle, and S. H. Butcher. Aristotle's poetics. New York: Hill and Wang, 1961. Print.
Aristoxenus (1902). The Harmonics of Aristoxenus, translated by H. S. Macran (Oxford, Calrendon; facs. Hildesheim, G. Olms, 1974).
Boethius (1989). Fundamentals of Music (De institutione musica), translated by Calvin Bower. edited by Claude Palisca, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Calter, Paul (1998). "Pythagoras & Music of the Spheres ". Course syllabus, Math 5: Geometry in Art and Architecture, unit 3. Dartmouth .edu (accessed 1 October 2014).
Graves, Robert (1955). The Greek Myths. Mt. Kisco, New York: Moyer Bell.
Henderson, Isobel(1957). "Ancient Greek Music". In The New Oxford History of Music, vol.1: Ancient and Oriental Music, edited by Egon Wellesz, pp. 336–403. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn, and Richard L. Crocker. (1976) Sounds from Silence: Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music. (CD BTNK 101 plus booklet) Berkeley: Bit Enki Records.
Landels, John G. (1999). Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. London and New York: Routledge. .
Olson, Harry Ferdinand. (1967). Music, Physics and Engineering, second edition. New York: Dover Publications. .
Ovid (1989). Ovid's Metamorphoses. Dallas, Texas: Spring Publications.
Pindar (1969). The Odes of Pindar, edited and translated by C. M. Bowra. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Plato. Laws, (700-701a).
Plato. Republic, (398d-399a).
Quasten, Johannes (1983). Music and Worship in Pagan and Christian Antiquity. Washington, D.C: National Association of Pastoral Musicians.
Richardson, N. J. (2010). Three Homeric Hymns: To Apollo, Hermes, and Aphrodite : Hymns 3, 4, and 5. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sendrey, Alfred (1974). Music in the Social and Religious Life of Antiquity. Rutherford N.J: Fairleigh Dickinson University.
Strunk, Oliver; Leo Treitler, and Thomas Mathiesen (eds.) (1997). Source Readings in Music History: Greek Views of Music, revised edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Trehub, Sandra (2000). "Human Processing Predispositions and Musical Universals". In The Origins of Music, edited by Nils L. Wallin, Björn Merker, and Steven Brown. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Ulrich, Homer, and Paul Pisk (1963). A History of Music and Musical Style. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanoich.
Virgil (1830). The Eclogues Translated by Wrangham, the Georgics by Sotheby, and the Æneid by Dryden, edited by William Sotheby. 2 vols. London. Reprinted, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1834.
Virgil (1909). Virgil's Æneid, translated by John Dryden. The Harvard Classics, edited by C. W. Eliot. New York: P. F. Collier & Son.
Virgil (1938). The Aeneid of Virgil, translated by John Dryden, selections, edited by Bruce Pattison. The Scholar's Library. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Virgil (1944). Virgil, the Æneid, translated by John Dryden with Mr. Dryden's introduction; illustrated by Carlotta Petrina. New York: Heritage Press. Reissued Norwalk, Connecticut: Heritage Press, 1972.
Virgil (1975). The Aeneid of Virgil, in the Verse Translation of John Dryden, illustrated with the woodcuts of John Grüninger. The Oxford Library of the World's Great Books. Franklin Center, Pa.: Franklin Library. Reissued 1982.
Virgil (1989). Vergil's Aeneid and Fourth ("Messianic") Eclogue, translated by John Dryden, edited, with introduction and notes, by Howard W. Clarke. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. .
Virgil (1997). Aeneid, translated by John Dryden, with an introduction by James Morwood. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. .
Wellesz, Egon (ed.) (1957). Ancient and Oriental Music. New Oxford History of Music 1. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Reprinted 1999. .
West, M.L. Ancient Greek Music (1992). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. . (Clarendon Paperback reprint 1994. .)
Williams, C. F. (1903). The Story of the Organ. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons.
Ruck, Carl A.P. and Danny Staples, The World of Classical Myth (Carolina Academic Press) 1994.
Further reading
Anderson, Warren D. (1966). Ethos and Education in Greek Music: The Evidence of Poetry and Philosophy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Anderson, Warren D. (1994). Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. (cloth); (pbk).
Barker, Andrew (ed.) (1984–89). Greek Musical Writings, 2 vols. Cambridge Readings in the Literature of Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Limited preview of vol. 1 online.
Barker, Andrew (2007). The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. .
Comotti, Giovanni (1989). Music in Greek and Roman Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. .
Kramarz, Andreas (2016). The Power and Value of Music. Its Effect and Ethos in Classical Authors and Contemporary Music Theory. New York/Bern: Peter Lang Publishing. .
Landels, John G. (1999). Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. London and New York: Routledge. (cloth); (pbk reprint, 2001). Limited preview online.
Le Ven, Pauline A. (2014). The Many-Headed Muse. Tradition and Innovation in Late Classical Greek Lyric Poetry. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. .
Lord, Albert B. (1960). The Singer of Tales. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Maas, Martha, and Jane McIntosh Snyder (1989) Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece. New Haven: Yale University Press. . Limited preview online.
Mathiesen, Thomas J. (1999). Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Limited preview online.
Mathiesen, Thomas J. (1974). Bibliography of Sources for the Study of Ancient Greek Music. New Jersey: Joseph Boonin, Inc.
Michaelides, S. (1978) The Music of Ancient Greece: An Encyclopaedia. London: Faber & Faber.
Monro, David Binning (1894). The Modes of Ancient Greek Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Republished as an unabridged facsimile by Elibron, limited preview online.
Murray, Penelope, and Peter Wilson (eds.) (2004). Music and the Muses: The Culture of 'Mousike' in the Classical Athenian City. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. . Limited preview online.
Pöhlmann, Egert, and Martin L. West (2001). Documents of Ancient Greek Music: The Extant Melodies and Fragments Edited and Transcribed with Commentary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. .
Power, Timothy (2010). The Culture of Kitharôidia (Hellenic Studies: 15). Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. .
Sachs, Curt (1943). The Rise of Music in the Ancient World. NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Webster, T. B. L. (1970). The Greek Chorus. London: Methuen anc Co. Ltd. .
Winnington-Ingram, R. P. (1968). Mode in Ancient Greek Music. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
Plato. The Symposium. Trans. Alexander Nehamas and Pay Woodruff. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1989. Print.
Apollonius, Rhodius. The Argonautica.Cambridge, Mass. : London :Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1961. Print.
External links
Ensemble Kérylos, a music group led by scholar Annie Bélis and dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music.
Ensemble De Organographia, Music from the Ancient Greeks, 24 recordings on historical instruments from the documents published by Pöhlmann and West.
Ancient Greek music at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Audio-edition of the published fragments; reconstructed instruments played.
A modern reconstruction of an ancient hydraulis.
Ancient Greek scores from IMSLP
Ancient Greek poetry performed with Ancient Greek instruments
Rediscovering Ancient Greek Music: A performance reconstructs the past by Aeon
Ancient Greek music
Greece
Greece, Music of Ancient | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20ancient%20Greece |
Sarıoğlan is a municipality and district of Kayseri Province, Turkey. Its area is 642 km2, and its population is 13,396 (2022). The mayor is Bekir Ayyıldırım (MHP).
Composition
There are 28 neighbourhoods in Sarıoğlan District:
Alamettin
Bakarcak
Burunören
Çiftlik
Düzencik
Ebülhayır
Gaziler
Güzelyazı
Hürriyet
İğdeli
Ilıca
Kadılı
Kaleköy
Karaözü
Karpınar
Keklikoğlu
Kızılpınar
Muratbeyli
Ömerhacılı
Ömürlü
Palas
Şenyurt
Sofumahmut
Tatılı
Üzerlik
Yahyalı
Yerlikuyu
Yıldırım
References
Populated places in Kayseri Province
Districts of Kayseri Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1o%C4%9Flan |
The House of Fürstenberg () is the name of a German noble family of Westphalia, which descended from Hermannus de Vorstenberg. He was a liegeman of the Archbishop of Cologne, who was among the prince electors of the Holy Roman Empire. Hermannus held a castle for his lord called Fürstenberg ("Prince's Hill") at Ense-Höingen in Soest; this castle would give the family its name. His son was Wilhelm von Vorstenberg, the Justiciar and Castellan of Werl.
History
Already Imperial Knights, the family members were created Imperial Barons (Reichsfreiherren) on 26 April 1660. Matriculation to the baronial class in the Kingdom of Bavaria occurred on 22 August 1891 for Friedrich Freiherr von Fürstenberg, Rittmeister à la suite in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt and Freeholder of Egenburg by Würzburg. The baronial Fürstenberg family of Westphalia should not be confused with the princely family of Fürstenberg from Swabia.
Some members of the family were elevated to comital dignities during German Mediatization for their services to the Kingdom of Prussia, or given honorific titles for their twentieth-century achievements:
Herdringen Line: a Prussian graviate; the title was Graf von Fürstenberg-Herdringen, and an estate in tail, Besitz Herdringen, was given on 16 January 1843 to Franz Egon Freiherr von Fürstenberg of Herdringen (1818–1902), a member of the Prussian House of Lords and Seneschal in the Duchy of Westphalia.
Stammheim Line: a Prussian graviate; the title of Graf von Fürstenberg-Stammheim, in the Demesne of Stammheim, was given on 15 October 1840 to the Royal Prussian Chamberlain, Franz Egon Freiherr von Fürstenberg of Stammheim, and the heirs of his body. This line died out in 1925.
Belgian naturalisation as Baron de Furstenberg was granted on 18 April 1887 to Clemens Freiherr von Fürstenberg. A Belgian comté was created with the title of Comte de Furstenberg on 3 January 1964 for Wenemar Freiherr von Furstenberg, an agricultural scientist.
Former holdings
The family's ancestral seat is Schloss Herdringen near Arnsberg. In the nineteenth century, the family also owned the following castles:
Eggeringhausen
Gimborn
Hugenpoet-Borbeck
Körtlinghausen
Köln-Stammheim
Notable members
Kaspar of Fürstenberg, Drost of Westphalia (1545–1618)
Dietrich of Fürstenberg, prince bishop of Paderborn (1546–1618)
Ferdinand Freiherr von Fürstenberg, prince bishop of Paderborn, prince bishop of Münster (1626–1683)
Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von Fürstenberg, statesman and educator (1729–1810)
Franz Egon Freiherr von Fürstenberg, prince bishop of Paderborn, prince bishop of Hildesheim (1737–1825)
Franz Egon Graf von Fürstenberg-Stammheim (1797–1859)
Maximilien de Furstenberg-Stammheim (1904–1988), a cardinal of the Catholic Church and prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
Elimar Freiherr von Fürstenberg (1910–1981)
Fürstenberg-Herdringen
Franz Egon Freiherr von Fürstenberg-Herdringen (1818–1902)
Engelbert Egon Graf von Fürstenberg-Herdringen (1850–1918)
Franz-Egon Graf von Fürstenberg-Herdringen (1896–1975), married to Gloria Guinness (1912–1980)
Wenemar von Fürstenberg-Herdringen (1897–1972)
Betsy von Furstenberg-Herdringen (1931–2015), a German-born American radio, television, film, and Broadway actress
Dolores Guinness née von Fürstenberg-Herdringen (1936–2012)
Franz-Egon von Fürstenberg-Herdringen (born 1939)
Adelina von Fürstenberg, married to Franz-Egon von Fürstenberg-Herdringen
References
Bibliography
Andernach, Norbert/Keinemann, Friedrich et al. (rev.): Fürstenbergsche Geschichte, 4th vol., Die Geschichte des Geschlechtes von Fürstenberg im 18. Jahrhundert, Münster, 1979.
Gosmann, Michael (ed.): Fürstenberger Skizzen. Streifzug durch 700 Jahre westfälische Familien- und Landesgeschichte, Arnsberg, 1995.
v. Klocke, Friedrich (rev.): Fürstenbergsche Geschichte, 1st vol., Die Geschichte des Geschlechtes von Fürstenberg bis um 1400, 2nd edn., Münster, 1971.
v. Klocke, Friedrich und Theuerkauf, Gerhard: Fürstenbergsche Geschichte, 2nd vol., Die Geschichte des Geschlechtes von Fürstenberg von 1400 bis um 1600, Münster, 1971.
Lahrkamp, Helmut/Richtering, Helmut et al. (rev.): Fürstenbergsche Geschichte, 3rd vol., Die Geschichte des Geschlechtes von Fürstenberg im 17. Jahrhundert, Münster, 1971.
Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Freiherrliche Häuser, Vol.XV, pp. 135–177, Vol. 69 of the series, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn), 1989.
Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Adelslexikon Vol. III, p. 420, Vol. 61 of the series, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn), 1975.
German noble families
People from former German states in North Rhine-Westphalia
Duchy of Westphalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20F%C3%BCrstenberg%20%28Westphalia%29 |
Sarıyahşi is a town in Aksaray Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, at a distance of from the province seat of Aksaray. It is the seat of Sarıyahşi District. Its population is 3,543 (2021).
The town of Sarıyahşi is a small rural centre providing schools and other basic amenities to the surrounding countryside.
References
External links
Gallery website
Municipality's official website
Local news website
Local news website
Populated places in Aksaray Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Sarıyahşi District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yah%C5%9Fi |
is a Japanese voice actress and singer.
Filmography
Anime
Video games
Dubbing
References
External links
Official agency profile (archive)
Saori Gotō at Seiyuu Info
Saori Gotō at GamePlaza-Haruka Voice Acting Database
Saori Gotō at Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database
1987 births
Living people
Voice actresses from Yokohama
Japanese voice actresses
81 Produce voice actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saori%20Got%C5%8D |
Sarız, formerly known as Sáros (Greek: Σάρος), is a municipality and district of Kayseri Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,173 km2, and its population is 9,282 (2022). The mayor is Baki Bayrak (MHP).
History
The history of the district goes back to ancient times, to 700 BC. Cilicia remained under the rule of Dulkadiroğulları Principality from Byzantine Empire and beylik, and was included in Ottoman Empire in the period of Yavuz Sultan Selim in 1515. The settlement, which was shown as a part of the Hurman district of the Elbistan district in the 16th century Ottoman records, was connected to the Aziziye district, which was created in 1861.
registered as a sub-district. During this period, the center of Sariz was called "Koyyeri". In the records of 1910, it is stated that Sarız, which is a township, has 46 villages. The Municipality organization was established on July 30, 1914, upon the request of the Sivas Governor of the time being approved by the Ottoman Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1927, it was separated from Sivas and connected to Kayseri. In 1946, it was separated from the Pınarbaşı district to which it was affiliated and became an independent district.
Composition
There are 44 neighbourhoods in Sarız District:
Akoluk
Altısöğüt
Avşarobası
Ayranlık
Bahçeli
Büyükörtülü
Büyüksöbeçimen
Çağşak
Çatalpınar
Çavdar
Çörekdere
Dallıkavak
Damızlık
Darıdere
Dayoluk
Değirmentaş
Fettahdere
Gümüşali
Günesen
İncedere
İncemağara
Karapınar
Karayurt
Kemer
Kırkısrak
Kıskaçlı
Kızılpınar
Küçükkabaktepe
Küçükörtülü
Küçüksöbeçimen
Kurdini
Kurudere
Kuşçu
Mirzaağa
Mollahüseyinler
Oğlakkaya
Ördekli
Sancakağıl
Tavlaköy
Tekneli
Yaylacı
Yedioluk
Yeni
Yeşilkent
References
External links
Sarız District Governorship Official Website
Kayseri Governorship Official Website
Sarız District Website
Populated places in Kayseri Province
Districts of Kayseri Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1z |
Cups is a contemporary American two-ranked single-lap member of the ancient game family of Mancala.
It was one of several games invented in 1965 by father and son Arthur Amberstone and Wald Amberstone who were both cofounders of the New York Gamers Association (N.Y.G.A.). They also invented Power, and High Deck, a card game based on medieval society. At the time both were working as basket makers as well as game designers in New York City. This game was first published in A Gamut of Games by Sid Sackson in 1969. Wald Amberstone co-founded the Tarot School in 1995 along with his wife Ruth Amberstone.
Rules
Equipment
The Cups board is constructed from ten containers: eight small containers called cups and two large containers called pots. In addition to these, 80 beans are needed. Traditionally, the game is played with odds and ends, jars, drinking cups and assorted items serving as the beans.
Setup
Each player has four cups in front of him and a pot at the end of each row on the farthest right. Each of the player's four cups is aligned adjacent to one of the other player's four cups. Each player receives forty beans as his stock and sits across from the other player.
Play
Example Start of Game
Lower player begins by sowing four beans from his stock left to right.
Higher player sows three beans from his stock right to left and captures a bean.
Lower player sows the bean closest to his pot into his pot.
Players only play on their own four cups. At the beginning of a player's turn the player has the option of doing one of two things.
The player may remove 1, 2, 3, or 4 beans from his stock and sow them from his leftmost cup (farthest from his pot) towards his pot. Sowing, a term used in Mancala, means to place them in one by one along the line of cups.
The player may empty one of his cups and sow the contents towards his pot. The player may only do this if the number of beans in the cup is exactly enough to reach the pot. The last bean put into the pot.
Capturing
If the player chooses option one and the last bean lands in an empty cup a capture may take place. In a capture the opponent's cup adjacent to the formerly empty cup is emptied and placed into the capturing player's pot, unless the opponents cup is empty.
Blocked cups
A blocked cup is one that contains more beans than would be needed to perform option two, sowing the beans into the pot. Generally, it is unwise to block one's cups because it makes sowing from that cup impossible.
Object
The object of Cups is to have more beans in one's pot than one's opponent. The game ends when neither player can make a move: a turn is always made if one is possible.
Variation
This game can also be played with any even number of cups. The cups are arranged in the same manner as above were each cup has one of the opponent's cup adjacent to it and a pot on each end. Ten beans are added to a player's stock for each extra cup he has. For example, if a player has ten cups he would have 100 beans and the board would consist of 22 containers.
References
Sackson, Sid. A Gamut of Games. New York: Random House, 1969.
Mancala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cups%20%28game%29 |
Saruhanlı is a municipality and district of Manisa Province, Turkey. Its area is 771 km2, and its population is 56,523 (2022). The town lies at an elevation of .
Agriculture
Olive, walnut and almond cultivation is among the important agricultural activities of Saruhanlı.
Composition
There are 50 neighbourhoods in Saruhanlı District:
Adiloba
Alibeyli
Apak
Atatürk
Aydınlar
Azimli
Bahadır
Bedeller
Büyükbelen
Çakmaklı
Çaltepe
Çamlıyurt
Cengiz Topel
Çerkez Osmaniye
Çınaroba
Çullugörece
Cumhuriyet
Develi
Dilek
Gökçeköy
Gözlet
Gümülceli
Hacımusa
Hacırahmanlı
Halitpaşa
Hatipler
Heybeli
İshakçelebi
İstasyon
Kayışlar
Kemiklidere
Kepenekli
Koldere
Koyuncu
Kumkuyucak
Kurtuluş
Lütfiye
Mütevelli
Nuriye
Paşa
Pınarbaşı
Sarıçam
Sarısığırlı
Saruhan
Şatırlar
Şehitler
Seyitoba
Taşdibi
Tirkeş
Yılmaz
References
External links
District governor's official website
Road map of Saruhanlı and environs
Populated places in Manisa Province
Districts of Manisa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saruhanl%C4%B1 |
District 25 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves all of Comal and Kendall counties, and portions of Bexar, Guadalupe, Hays, and Travis counties in the U.S. state of Texas.
The current Senator from District 25 is Donna Campbell.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 25 has a population of 815,771 with 610,120 that is at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 25 from 1992.
Previous elections
2018
2014
2012
2010
2006
2002
2000
1996
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
25
Bexar County, Texas
Comal County, Texas
Guadalupe County, Texas
Hays County, Texas
Kendall County, Texas
Travis County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2025 |
Mahipati (1715 - 1790) was an 18th century Marathi language hagiographer who wrote biographies of prominent Hindu Vaishnava sants who had lived between the 13th and the 17th centuries in Maharashtra and other regions of India.
Early life
Mahipati was born in a Marathi Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin family of Shakala Shakha and Vasishta gotra to Dadopant Kamble who was the hereditary Kulkarni (record keeper) of Taharabad in present day Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. Dadopant and his wife were devotees of Vithoba of Pandharpur.
After his father's death, he inherited the job of Kulkarni for Taharabad. He also worked for a local Mughal landlord. After falling out with his landlord, Mahipati devoted the rest of his life to performing Kirtans on lives of saints, collecting information on these saints and writing their hagiographies.
Works
During his life, Mahipati played down his abilities, his hagiographies of the Varkari saints are considered to be the most authoritative. Mahipati claimed Varkari sant Tukaram as the inspiration for his writings.
Although in early part of his literary career he relied on works by Nabha Dass and Uddhava Ciddhan for his biographies, he soon realized shortcomings in their accounts of the saints and started collecting information himself. Mahipati, at times, during his life wrote multiple biographies of the same saint. He included any new information he obtained about the saint in his newer biographies. He also believed that the lives of the revered saints can not be grasped in a single sweep. Callewaert et al , therefore call the later biographies as the "revised editions of the old books. Mahipati wrote his biographies in the Ovi metre. Christian Lee Novetzke considers Mahipati's work to be a kind of transcribed kirtan. Indeed during his life mahipati, per Novetzke, was known as a kirtankar (Kirtan performer) rather than a writer.
Selected Works
Legacy
An English translation of Bhaktavijaya, originally written by Mahipati around 1762, was published under the provisions of the will of American Missionary, Justin E. Abbott in 1933.
Mahipati's town of Tahrabad has declared as a pilgrimage site by the government of Maharashtra. A pilgrim guest house has been constructed in the town for Mahipati devotees.
The pilgrimage complex in tahrabad includes his house, a Vitthal temple and a memorial to Mahipati consisting of a Tulasi Vrindavan.
Mahipati used to perform the annual Pandharpur Wari during his lifetime. The tradition continues with his symbolic sandals taken to Pandharpur from Tahrabad by his followers.
Gallery
References
Notes
Citations
1715 births
1790 deaths
18th-century Indian biographers
Bhakti movement
Hagiographers
People from Ahmednagar district
Writers from Maharashtra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahipati |
This is a list of extinct languages of Central America and the Caribbean, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers, and no spoken descendants.
There are 14 languages listed, 7 lost in Central America and 7 lost in the Caribbean.
Central America
Costa Rica
Chorotega
El Salvador
Cacaopera
Guatemala
Chicomuceltec
Honduras
Lenca
Nicaragua
Matagalpa
Monimbo
Subtiaba
The Caribbean
Ciguayo
Guanahatabey
Island Carib
Macorix (Northern and Southern dialects)
Shebaya
Taíno (Classic Taíno and Ciboney Taíno dialects)
Yao
Central America or Caribbean
Extinct languages
Extinct languages
Extinct
Extinct
Central America and the Caribbean | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20extinct%20languages%20of%20Central%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean |
The Bulgarian Cup () is a Bulgarian annual football competition. It is the country's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it.
The tournament's format is single-elimination, with all matches being one-legged, except the semi-finals. The competition's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa Conference League. If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it.
The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based teams. The Sofia teams have won together a total number of 65 titles. The three most successful teams are Levski Sofia (26 cups), CSKA Sofia (21 cups) and Slavia Sofia (8 cups). The current cup holders are Ludogorets Razgrad, who beat CSKA 1948 Sofia 3–1 in the 2023 final.
Format
The Bulgarian Cup tournament is divided in two phases - the qualification phase and the final phase.
Qualification phase
In this phase are participating teams from the four groups of the amateur division V AFG (3rd level of the Bulgarian football league system) and teams from Bulgarian A Regional Football Group (A RFG) (4th level of the Bulgarian football league system).
Final phase
In this phase are participating the teams that have won their matches in the qualification phase, with the 20 teams from the two groups of B PFG (10 teams from West B PFG and 10 teams from East B PFG) and 16 teams from A PFG. The team from a lower league division is the home team. In matches between teams from the same division, the home team is determined by lot.
Round 1 (round of 32) - 32 teams participate (the teams that have won their matches in the qualification phase, with the 20 teams from the two groups of B PFG (10 teams from West B PFG and 10 teams from East B PFG).
Round 2 (round of 32) - 32 teams participate (16 teams from round 1 and 16 teams from A PFG).
Round 3 (round of 16) - 16 teams participate (16 teams from round 2).
Quarter-finals - 8 teams participate (8 teams from round 3).
Semi-finals.
Final.
History
The Bulgarian Cup as a domestic cup knock-out tournament, has its roots in several tournaments held in Bulgaria through the early 20th century, simultaneously or successively starting in the 1910s with regional Sofia competitions.
Tsar's Cup
The Tsar's Cup () is recognised as the foundation of the modern domestic cup by the Bulgarian Football Union. The cup was founded in 1924, and until 1937 (and in 1943), it was awarded to the winner of the Bulgarian State Football Championship. The championship was a knockout tournament in which the champions of the country's districts (oblasts) played in one-legged single-elimination rounds.
From 1938 to 1942, a separate tournament was held to determine the cup champion, its winners are officially recognised as domestic cup holders by the BFS.
Soviet Army Cup
An annual cup competition was not held between 1943 and 1945 due to World War II. In 1946, Bulgaria, now a communist state, reformed its football league structure and competitions alike those in the Soviet Union. The new Central Football Committee created the Soviet Army Cup () in time for the 1945-46 season. Until the end of communist administration in Bulgaria in 1990, the annual two-legged knock-out tournament was held, its winners qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.
The Soviet Army Cup was the country's primary cup tournament up to 1982. In the following years until 1990, the championship served as a secondary cup tournament, before ceasing to exist. The Bulgarian Football Union recognises the historic winners of the Soviet Army Cup as official domestic cup holders for the seasons between 1945–46 to 1981–82. Levski Sofia, being the club to have won the tournament the most times, were given the original trophy permanently.
Bulgarian Cup
In 1981, in honour of the 1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State, a national knock-out football tournament was introduced, awarding the winner with the Bulgarian Cup. The Soviet Army Cup tournament gradually lost its importance due to the success of the Bulgarian Cup and in 1983 it ceded primacy to the new competition. The winners of the Bulgarian Cup from 1982-83 onwards are considered official domestic cup holders.
Records
The most successful club in the cup tournament is Levski Sofia, having won 26 titles. Levski Sofia also holds the record for the biggest win in a Bulgarian Cup final, winning 5–0 against Pirin Blagoevgrad in 1992 and 5–0 against CSKA Sofia in 1998. CSKA Sofia are the only team to have claimed the trophy from outside the top level of Bulgarian football, doing so in 2016, while representing the third tier of the country's football pyramid. Furthermore, CSKA Sofia hold the record for winning the most consecutive Bulgarian Cups (3 titles in a row), achieving that on two occasions, between 1972-1974 and 1987-1989.
Finals
Performance by club
A summary of the performance of various clubs who have taken part in the competition is shown in the table below.
Unofficial winners
Bulgarian Cup (1981–1982)
During the 1981 and 1982 Bulgarian Cup seasons, the tournament was a secondary cup competition.
Notes:
In 1981–82 the Winner of Cup of the Soviet Army, Lokomotiv Sofia still qualified for the next edition of 1982–83 European Cup Winners' Cup.
From 1982–83 onward the Bulgarian Cup was the major Cup tournament.
From 1981 until 1990 there were two Cup tournaments.
In 1981 the Cup of Bulgaria was not a serious tournament because only 4 teams took part: CSKA Sofia, Slavia Sofia, Levski Sofia and Botev Plovdiv. It was part of the commemorations for 1300 years of Bulgaria.
UEFA doesn't recognize as official the 1981 and 1982 tournaments of the Bulgarian Cup and also doesn't recognize as official the Cup of the Soviet Army (1983–1990). This fact has been acknowledged by the article of Lyubomir Serafimov, a football statistician. Its significant that the participants in the 1981–82 European Cup Winners' Cup and 1982–83 European Cup Winners' Cup are teams who won the last two Official Cups of the Soviet Army - Botev Plovdiv and Lokomotiv Sofia.
Sponsorship
From 1997 to 2011 the Bulgarian Cup is sponsored by the American car manufacturer Ford and its official distributor in Bulgaria Moto-Pfohe.
From season 2011–12 the Bulgarian Cup is sponsored by the Bulgarian Corporate Commercial Bank.
References
External links
Bulgarian Cup news from Topsport
Bulgaria Cups Overview, RSSSF.com
Football cup competitions in Bulgaria
National association football cups
Recurring sporting events established in 1938
1938 establishments in Bulgaria
Football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%20Cup |
David Boyle, 1st Earl of Glasgow (c. 1666 – 31 October 1733) was a Scottish politician and peer. He was the last Treasurer-depute before the Union with England.
Early life
David Boyle was born circa 1666 at Kelburn Castle, Fairlie, in North Ayrshire, Scotland. He was the son of John Boyle of Kelburn (d. 1685), a Shire Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland for Bute, and Marion Steuart, daughter of Sir Walter Steuart of Allanton.
Career
From 1689 to 1699, Boyle was the Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland from the Bute constituency. In 1697, he was invested as Privy Counsellor. He was Rector of Glasgow University from 1690 to 1691, as well as the last Treasurer-depute before the Union with England.
The Earl was a supporter of the Acts of Union, and after their passage, he sat as a Scottish representative peer from 1707 to 1710, serving alongside his first wife's nephew, John Lindsay, 19th Earl of Crawford (d. 1713). In Scotland, some claimed that union would enable Scotland to recover from the financial disaster wrought by the Darien scheme through English assistance and the lifting of measures put in place through the Alien Act of 1705 to force the Scottish Parliament into compliance with the Act of Settlement. As many Commissioners had invested heavily in the Darien Scheme, they believed that they would receive compensation for their losses of which Article 15 granted £398,085 10s sterling to Scotland, a sum known as The Equivalent, to offset future liability towards the English national debt, that was in essence used as a means of compensation for investors in the Company of Scotland's Darien Scheme. In total, £20,000 (£240,000 Scots) was dispatched to Scotland, of which £12,325, more than 60% of the funding, was distributed to Boyle and The Duke of Queensbury, the Commissioner in Parliament.
He was appointed Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1706, and in 1707 to 1710. He was also Lord Clerk Register prior to 1714.
Peerage
On 31 January 1699, he was raised to the Peerage of Scotland as Lord Boyle of Kelburn, Stewartoun, Cumbrae, Finnick, Largs and Dalry, with a special remainder to all of his heirs male whatsoever. On 12 April 1703, he advanced to the titles of Viscount of Kelburn and Earl of Glasgow, with a special remainder to all of his heirs male whatsoever.
Personal life
On 19 April 1687, Margaret Lindsay-Crawford (1669–1695), daughter of the Hon. Patrick Crawford of Kilbirney (1646–1681), who was the second son of John Lindsay, 17th Earl of Crawford (c. 1598–1678) and the brother of William Lindsay, 18th Earl of Crawford (1644–1698). Together, they had:
John Boyle, 2nd Earl of Glasgow (1688–1740), who married Helen Morison, daughter of William Morison of Prestongrange.
Patrick Boyle, Lord Shewalton (d. 1761), who did not marry.
Charles Boyle, (1691/92–1770), who did not marry. He traveled to America and obtained a grant of land in Long Island, New York and later returned to England.
On 16 June 1697, Boyle married for the second time to Jean Mure (d. 1724), the daughter and heir of William Mure of Rowallan (d. 1700), who was the grandson of Sir William Mure of Rowallan (1594–1657). Before her death in 1724, they had three daughters, including:
Lady Jean Boyle Mure of Rowallan (d. 1729), who married the Hon. Sir James Campbell (c. 1680–1745) the third and youngest son of James Campbell, 2nd Earl of Loudoun (d. 1684) and Lady Margaret Montgomerie, the daughter of Hugh Montgomerie, 7th Earl of Eglinton, in 1720.
In 1711, an engraving was made of The Earl by John Smith (1652-1743), based upon a portrait of him done by Jonathan Richardson (1665-1745).
Descendants
Lord Boyle's grandson, John Boyle, 3rd Earl of Glasgow (1714–1775), succeeded his eldest son, the 2nd Earl, to his titles in 1740. He married Elizabeth Ross (1725–1791), daughter of George Ross, 13th Lord Ross
Lord Boyle's grandson, James Mure Campbell (1726–1786), succeeded to the estate of Rowallan, and later became the 5th Earl of Loudoun. James married Flora Macleod, daughter of John Macleod of Raasay, with whom he had Flora Mure-Campbell (1780–1840), his heir and the 6th Countess of Loudoun. She married Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings (1754–1826), in 1804.
References
|-
1660s births
1733 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Earls of Glasgow
Boyle, David
Rectors of the University of Glasgow
Church of Scotland
Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Politics of Argyll and Bute
Scottish representative peers
David
Treasurers-depute
Commissioners of the Treasury of Scotland
Peers of Scotland created by William II
People from Fairlie, North Ayrshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Boyle%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Glasgow |
Seben is a town in Bolu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, 56 km south of the town of Bolu. It is the seat of Seben District. Its population is 2,395 (2021). The mayor is Fatih Kavak (AKP).
Places of interest
The high meadows (yayla), average 1400 m, on the flanks of Kiraz Dağı mountain. Of these Kızık yayla with its attractive wooden houses is the best-known.
Bağlum Kaplıcaları healing thermal water spring in the village of Kesenözü, 14 km south of Seben.
References
Populated places in Bolu Province
Seben District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seben |
Seferihisar is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 375 km2, and its population is 54,993 (2022). Seferihisar district area borders on other İzmir districts of Urla to the west and Menderes to the east, and touches İzmir's westernmost metropolitan district of Güzelbahçe in the north. Seferihisar town center is situated slightly inland at an altitude of 28 m and the urban area extends towards the Aegean Sea. The neighborhood Sığacık has its own port and made a name as a tourism resort. The wide area of the district center partly accounts for the high number of the population and an urbanization rate of only 51%, and the general impression observed is rather rural in some of its sections. Both the center town and the district as a whole preserves an overall outlook of a pleasant resort area bearing typical Aegean characteristics and it is estimated the population reaches the level of 150,000 people during the touristic season. Nevertheless, the district's economy is still largely based on agriculture, with the production of tangerines and satsumas standing out, and only increasingly on tourism, with the presence of several housing projects or vacation villages, pensioners opting to settle in the region due to its quiet charm and under the impetus of a university campus that is in phase of being built. At a distance of from İzmir center, (Konak), the connections with the metropolis are made easily, especially once reached the six-lane highway in Urla. Seferihisar is where the ancient city of Teos is located and its highly interesting await further research and discoveries. The district's literacy level is 99%.
History
Apart from Teos, a major Ionian port and artistic and cult center, two other ancient settlements datable to the ancient Greek period and beyond are located along Seferihisar district's seashore, both to the south of Teos. Near the southern boundary of the district is Lebedos, the smallest of the twelve original Ionian settlements along the Anatolian coastline. Pausanias mentions that the town was initially inhabited by Carians, for whom the region is normally a very northern one, and that Ionian Greeks immigrated there under the guidance of Andræmon, while Strabo gives the name the colonizing leader as Andropompus and that it previously bore the name of Artis of ancient Lydia. Although it is known to have engaged in maritime commerce, was famous for its mineral springs and a member of the Ionian League, the peninsular settlement of Lebedos suffered from the limited space of its hinterland and a comparatively unsuitable port. It has not been excavated and the visible ruins are scanty.
The other settlement, at the edge of a promontory between Teos and Lebedos, referred to by Hecataeus of Miletus (500 BC) as a "city" and by Artemidorus of Ephesus (100 BC) as merely a "place" is Myonnesos. The best definition for ancient times must have corresponded to that of a small town, advantaged by a peninsula with a 60 m cliff which was very difficult to access and easy to defend. Traces of Cyclopeian walls attest to the presence of a very particular site and it remains a visitor's attraction due to the challenges of rock climbing it offers.
Ottoman records refer to the present-day center town alternatively as "Seferihisar" or "Sivrihisar", sometimes leading to confusion with another town in Central Anatolia still named Sivrihisar, and which itself was nevertheless recorded from time to time as "Seferihisar". While the historic medrese in the depending village of Hereke (Düzce today) remained a regional center of learning throughout, on many occasions during the Ottoman period, the region of Seferihisar had made itself notorious as a pirate's lair, being a particularly appreciated hideout and at times a practically autonomous entity. The town is notably the birthplace of two of the best known Turkish corsairs of the very end of the 15th century, Kara Hasan and Kara Turmuş
The region was, as such, scarcely populated and development came gradually only in the course of the 19th century, due especially to cultivation of citrus fruits and cash crops. From 1867 until 1922, Seferihisar was part of Aidin Vilayet. The municipal administration was instituted in 1884 and by the time of the fall of the Empire, the kaza of Seferihisar counted 10,475 people, in which 2.641, about a quarter were Greeks, mostly recent immigrants from the islands or other areas of Anatolia, while 7.816 were Turks
Settlement and geography
Seferihisar district is one of the smaller districts of İzmir Province by population and the inward immigration level is rather low at only 0.18% despite rising interest in recent years by pensioners, those seeking secondary summer residences and university academia. The real estate market thus remains underexploited in striking contrast with the districts of Urla and Çeşme neighboring Seferihisar to the west. Several projected housing projects and the move by Yaşar University to its campus in phase of being built in the town are expected to change the present trend of stagnation.
Çakmaktepe is the highest point of the district with 680 m. Two streams, Kocaçay Stream and Hereke Stream cross the district area to join the sea within its boundaries and these generally dry up in summer. Five small dams are built on these streams and their affluents for agricultural irrigation purposes and there are also two artificial lakes built for the same objective. Four small islands depend Seferihisar district and a fifth near Doğanbey locality, connected to the mainland by a small causeway but still called Çıfıtkalesi Islet (ancient "Myonnesos", still also often called as such locally) is a prized location for rock climbers.
Composition
There are 21 neighbourhoods in Seferihisar District:
Atatürk
Bengiler
Beyler
Camikebir
Çamtepe
Çolak Ibrahim Bey
Cumhuriyet
Düzce
Gödence
Gölcük
Hıdırlık
İhsaniye
Kavakdere
Mersinalanı
Orhanlı
Payamlı
Sığacık
Tepecik
Turabiye
Turgut
Ulamış
Economy
Since citrus fruits occupy a considerable share in Seferihisar's agricultural production, the district's economy is relatively outward, including international, oriented, and Seferihisar realized exports nearing 10 million US Dollars in 2006. Other notable agricultural products include olives and vegetables, with viniculture and production of flowers grown under greenhouse conditions becoming increasingly important in recent years.
Tourism's growing importance is attested by the increase to a total bed capacity of 4,539 for the district as a whole in recent years. Only ten of the district's 1381 enterprises are registered as pursuing industrial activities, with nearly a thousand active in small-scale crafts and trades. Nine companies are registered exporters. There are 12 companies with foreign capital operating in Seferihisar district and among these one, corresponding to a capital of about 5 million US Dollars, was constituted in the last decade. There are four banks providing services through four branches in Seferihisar.
The total number of residences in Seferihisar district is 12,146, the part occupied by secondary residences owned by seasonal inhabitants starting to correspond to a significant share in this number. The literacy rate nears hundred per cent and the number of students per teacher is quite comfortable at 16. As a basic indicator of health services, there is one doctor for 1,495 patients. The yearly income level per inhabitant was calculated at 2,693 US Dollars in 2007, well below the national and provincial average.
Sights of interest
The district's most popular sights of interest is its depending small port of Sığacık with the Genoese - Ottomans. In 2008 that small port was redesigned by Turkish architect Günay Erdem and Turkish landscape architect Sunay Erdem. At 2010 construction of this new port ended and revealed its current state as Teos Marina. The ancient city of Teos is located between Seferihisar and Sığacık.
There is also the rock of Myonnesos and the ruins locally called "Karaköse", both near Doğanbey township. The other ancient city found within the district, Lebedos, is located further south, near Mersinalanı township.
A French vacation village is located near Sığacık. Seferihisar district also has several beaches and bays along its 27 km coastline.
Recent news
There are four small dams built for irrigation purposes within the boundaries of Seferihisar district and effort is being pursued to use the region's geothermal energy resources.
On 8 December 2007, the sea route from Seferihisar to Chios was the scene of the single largest maritime incident in terms of loss of lives and involving migrants in the Aegean Sea with the tragic occurrence of December 2007 Seferihisar, Turkey migrant boat disaster.
In December 2009, Seferihisar became the first Turkish town named a member of the Cittaslow movement. As the newest member of the movement, Seferihisar will host a football tournament between several Cittaslow cities which will be held in June 2010. .
The district was struck by a moderate tsunami generated by an earthquake on October 30, 2020. One person drowned in the advancing waves.
See also
December 2007 Seferihisar, Turkey migrant boat disaster
2020 Aegean Sea earthquake
References
Sources
External links
Seferihisar Municipality website
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Populated places in İzmir Province
Cittaslow
Tourist attractions in İzmir Province
Fishing communities in Turkey
Districts of İzmir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seferihisar |
District 26 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves a portion of Bexar county in the U.S. state of Texas.
The current Senator from District 26 is Jose Menendez.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 26 has a population of 802,046 with 589,522 that is at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 27 from 1992.
Previous elections
2020
2016
2015
2012
2008
2004
2002
2000
1999
1996
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
26
Bexar County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2026 |
Selçuklu is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,931 km2, and its population is 690,667 (2022). Selçuklu is one of the central districts of Konya, along with the districts of Karatay and Meram. It covers the northwestern part of the agglomeration of Konya and the adjacent countryside.
Flora
Between 2004 and 2006, a study was carried out of plants in the district in the area of the Başarakavak and Tatköy neighborhoods, and the Altınapa Dam. Two species are listed as 'Endangered' according to the IUCN Red List: Clypeola ciliata (Boiss) and Silene lycaonica (Chowdh). Also listed as 'Vulnerable' were Iris stenophylla and Centaurea bourgaei (Boiss).
Places to see
The Konya Tropical Butterfly Garden, opened in 2015, is a major tourist attraction.
Composition
There are 73 neighbourhoods in Selçuklu District:
Akademi
Akıncılar
Akpınar
Akşemsettin
Ardıçlı
Aşağıpınarbaşı-Bucak
Aydınlıkevler
Bağrıkurt
Başarakavak
Bedir
Beyhekim
Biçer
Bilecik
Binkonutlar
Bosnahersek
Buhara
Büyükkayacık
Çaldere
Çaltı
Çandır
Cumhuriyet
Dağdere
Dokuz
Dumlupınar
Eğribayat
Erenköy
Esenler
Fatih
Ferhuniye
Feritpaşa
Güvenç
Hacıkaymak
Hanaybaşı
Hocacihan
Horozluhan
Hüsamettinçelebi
İhsaniye
Işıklar
Kaleköy
Karaömerler
Kervan
Kılınçaslan
Kınık
Kızılcakuyu
Kosova
Küçükmuhsine
Malazgirt
Mehmet Akif
Merkez
Meydanköy
Musalla Bağları
Nişantaş
Parsana
Sakarya
Sancak
Sarayköy
Sarıcalar
Şeker
Selahaddini Eyyubi
Selahattin
Selçuk
Şeyhşamil
Sille
Sille Ak
Sızma
Sulutaş
Tatköy
Tepekent
Tömek
Ulumuhsine
Yazıbelen
Yazır
Yukarıpınarbaşı
Gallery
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uklu |
Selendi is a municipality and district of Manisa Province, Turkey. Its area is 726 km2, and its population is 19,203 (2022). The town lies at an elevation of .
It is the site of the ancient town Silandus, which was located on a tributary of the Hermos River.
Composition
There are 57 neighbourhoods in Selendi District:
Akçakertil
Altınköy
Aşağıtefen
Avlaşa
Bekirağalar
Beypınar
Çalıklı
Çamköy
Çamlıca
Çampınar
Çamyayla
Çanşa
Çıkrıkçı
Çinan
Çortak
Dedeler
Dumanlar
Eskicami
Eskin
Fatih
Gölbaşı
Hacıhaliller
Hacılar
Halılar
Havaoğlu
İnnice
Kabaklar
Karabeyler
Karakozan
Karaselendi
Karataşterziler
Karşıova
Kayranlar
Kazıklı
Kınık
Kürkçü
Kurşunlu
Kurtuluş
Mıdıklı
Mollaahmetler
Omurlar
Pınarlar
Rahmanlar
Şehirlioğlu
Selmanhacılar
Şerefiye
Tavak
Tepeeynihan
Turpçu
Yağcı
Yenicami
Yenice
Yeşil Mahalle
Yıldız
Yukarıtefen
Zafer
Zıramanlar
Ecclesiastical history
The diocese of Silandus was a suffragan of the diocese of Sardis. Suppressed under Muslim rule, it was revived as a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church in 1900.
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Road map of Selendi and environs
Various images of Selendi, Manisa
Communication portal of Selendi
Populated places in Manisa Province
Districts of Manisa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selendi |
Beat (pronounced "Bey-ah-t") is a German male given name, derived from the Latin name Beatus, which means "blessed". The name is common in German-speaking Switzerland because of St Beatus of Lungern, considered a patron saint. The female variant is Beate. The name Beat may refer to:
Beat Bosch (born 1971), Swiss athlete
Beat Breu (born 1957), Swiss cyclist
Beat Fehr (1943–1967), Swiss racing driver
Beat Feuz (born 1987), Swiss alpine skier
Beat Forster (born 1983), Swiss ice hockey player
Beat Furrer (born 1954), Austrian composer
Beat Gähwiler (born 1965), Swiss athlete
Beat Gerber (born 1982), Swiss ice hockey player
Beat Hefti (born 1978), Swiss bobsledder
Beat W. Hess (born 1949), Swiss businessman
Beat Koch (born 1972), Swiss cross country skier
Beat Mändli (born 1969), Swiss equestrian
Beat Müller (born 1978), Swiss sport shooter
Beat Raaflaub (born 1946), Swiss conductor
Beat Richner (born 1947), Swiss doctor
Beat Rüedi (1920–2009), Swiss ice hockey player
Beat Schwerzmann (born 1966), Swiss rower
Beat Seitz (born 1973), Swiss bobsledder
Beat Streuli (born 1957), Swiss artist
Beat Sutter (born 1962), Swiss football player
Beat Wyss (born 1947), Swiss art historian
Beat Zberg (born 1971), Swiss cyclist
Beat/Doctor Beat, a fictional character in the Gloria Estefan song Dr. Beat
See also
Beate
Beatus
References
German masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat%20%28name%29 |
The Jewish Book Council (Hebrew: ), founded in 1944, is an organization encouraging and contributing to Jewish literature. The goal of the council, as stated on its website, is "to promote the reading, writing and publishing of quality English language books of Jewish content in North America". The council sponsors the National Jewish Book Awards, the Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature, the JBC Network, JBC Book Clubs, the Visiting Scribe series, and Jewish Book Month. It publishes an annual literary journal called Paper Brigade.
It broke off from the JCC Association on January 1, 1994, and became an independent not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation chartered in the State of New York. Its primary support is from individuals, and from organizations and foundations in the Jewish community.
History
The Council's origins date back to 1925, when Fanny Goldstein, a librarian at the West End Branch of the Boston Public Library, set up an exhibit of Judaic books as a focus of what she called Jewish Book Week. In 1927, with the assistance of Rabbi S. Felix Mendelsohn of Chicago, Jewish communities around the country adopted the event.
Jewish Book Week proved so successful that in 1940 the National Committee for Jewish Book Week was founded, with Fanny Goldstein as its chairperson. Dr. Mordecai Soltes succeeded her one year later. Representatives of major American Jewish organizations served on this committee, as did groups interested in promulgating Yiddish and Hebrew literature.
Jewish Book Week activities proliferated and were extended to a one-month period in 1943. At the same time, the National Committee for Jewish Book Week became the Jewish Book Council, reflecting its broader scope. In March of the following year, the National Jewish Welfare Board, which would ultimately become the Jewish Community Centers Association (JCCA), entered into an agreement with the Book Council to become its official sponsor and coordinating organization, providing financial support and organizational assistance. This arrangement reflected the realization that local JCCs were the primary site of community book fairs.
While under the auspices of the JCCA, the Jewish Book Council maintained an executive board, composed of representatives from major American Jewish organizations and leading figures in the literary world.
From 1942 through 1999, the council published an annual journal called the Jewish Book Annual. The journal reflected on "the year’s events, figures, works, and community interests impacting Jewish literature and literacy." In 1999, the journal transformed into the Jewish Book World, a quarterly magazine that was published through 2015.
Today
On January 1, 1994, the Jewish Book Council became an autonomous organization. The Council's executive board voted to create an independent entity. The new organization is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation chartered in the State of New York.
Paper Brigade
Jewish Book Council's annual literary magazine, Paper Brigade, is named in honor of the group of writers and intellectuals in the Vilna Ghetto who rescued thousands of Jewish books and documents from Nazi destruction. Each issue provides a 200-page snapshot of the Jewish literary landscape in America and abroad, including essays, fiction, poetry, and visual arts.
JBC Book Clubs
JBC helps book clubs find reading material and discussion questions, whether the book club is formal or informal; social or educational; interested in reading only books of Jewish content, just a few Jewish books throughout the year, or good literature that happens to have Jewish themes.
Jewish Book World
Jewish Book World was a quarterly magazine published by the Jewish Book Council from 1982 to 2015. It was devoted to the promotion of books of Jewish interest. Jewish Book World reached over 5,000 readers with a specific interest in Jewish books, including library professionals, book festival coordinators, book group members, academicians, and lay leaders. The magazine was a tool to help them learn about new books of Jewish interest and make informed reading choices. Often called "the Publishers Weekly of Jewish literature", Jewish Book World brought the world of Jewish books to interested readers.
Jewish Book World began as a twelve-page pamphlet that was circulated to Jewish Community Centers, featuring short blurbs on approximately 50 new books of Jewish interest. In 1994, Jewish Book World expanded from a pamphlet to a full-length magazine that was published three times a year. Jewish Book World appeared quarterly and included reviews of over 120 books per issue, updates on literary events and industry news, author profiles, and articles on the world of Jewish books.
Since the discontinuance of Jewish Book World, Jewish Book Council has been publishing online content such as book reviews, author interviews, and excerpts from up-and-coming Jewish books on their website, where readers can found hundreds of new reviews each year.
The Prosenpeople
The Prosenpeople is the Jewish Book Council's blog. It posts book reviews, excerpts, and author interviews. The Prosenpeople also includes the Visiting Scribe series, a portion of the blog which features guest bloggers. These guest bloggers offer voices from the new Jewish literary scene and are most often Jewish Book Network authors.
National Jewish Book Awards
The National Jewish Book Awards is the longest-running North American awards program of its kind in the field of Jewish literature and is recognized as the most prestigious. The awards, presented by category, are designed to give recognition to outstanding books, to stimulate writers to further literary creativity and to encourage the reading of worthwhile titles.
The National Jewish Book Awards program began in 1950 when the Jewish Book Council presented awards to authors of Jewish books at its annual meeting. The first book awarded the prize was Philo: Foundations of Religious Philosophy in Judaism, Christianity and Islam by Harry Austryn Wolfson. Among the past notable literary winners are Sonia Levitin, Howard Fast, Chaim Grade, Samuel Heilman, John Hersey, Bernard Malamud, Cynthia Ozick, Chaim Potok, Arthur A. Cohen, Philip Roth, I.B. Singer, Michael Chabon, Lauren Belfer, and Elie Wiesel.
In addition to the category awards, every year since 2002, one non-fiction book has been selected as the winner of the Everett Family Foundation Jewish Book of the Year Award. The last winner was Daniel Gordis. The awards have a significant impact on American Jewish cultural life.
JBC Network
The JBC Network is a membership organization of over 120 participating sites, JCCs, synagogues, Hillels, Jewish Federations and other related organizations that host Jewish book programs. Through the Network, the Jewish Book Council is able to provide extensive resources to the program coordinators, including introduction to authors interested in touring Jewish book festivals, advice from experts on topics that affect a book program, and a chance to learn from the experiences of others in the field.
Jewish books are an essential part of Jewish culture. Programming for Jewish book events is a vital component. In recent years, the Jewish book festivals have grown into a $3 million industry. The Jewish Book Network goes a long way towards assisting in the preparation of successful events and connecting authors of Jewish interest books with the coordinators of these programs.
The Jewish Book Council formed the JBC Network in 1999 to serve as a central address for book programming. It functions on a year-round basis, although the primary focus remains on the Fall Jewish Book Month season. The Jewish Book Council assists with program suggestions and coordinates the speaking tours of more than 260 authors who travel country-wide during the Fall season and throughout the year. The Jewish Book Council annually prepares a book providing information about the authors on tour.
Each year the Jewish Book Council sponsors a conference for all JBC Network members and their lay leaders in conjunction with the annual BookExpo America. This conference begins the new season of book festival planning. In addition to workshops and networking among the Network members, the annual conference includes a program called Meet the Author. Through this event, authors are invited to speak to the members of the JBC Network in the hopes of touring and visiting with the Jewish book programs that are represented. Among the authors who were sponsored in the past are Warren Bass, Rich Cohen, Nathan Englander, Samuel G. Freedman, Jonathan Safran Foer, Myla Goldberg, Ari L. Goldman, Rabbi Irving Greenberg, Dara Horn, David Horowitz, Dr. Eric Kandel, Nicole Krauss, Rabbi Harold Kushner, Aaron Lansky, Daniel Libeskind, Tova Mirvis, Dr. Deborah Dash Moore, Judea Pearl, Naomi Ragen, Nessa Rapoport, Shulamit Reinharz, Steven V. Roberts, Jonathan Rosen, Ambassador Dennis Ross, and Dr. Jonathan Sarna.
Sami Rohr Prize
This is an annual $100,000 prize awarded to the finest works of Jewish interest. Established in 2006 by Sami Rohr's descendants on his 80th birthday, it is one of the richest literary prizes in the world. It alternates between fiction and non-fiction.
See also
List of winners of the National Jewish Book Award
References
External links
Home page
Jewish Book Annual The full run of the Annual has been fully digitized by the Center for Jewish History and is text-searchable
Jewish educational organizations
Jewish American literature
Jewish organizations based in the United States
Publishing-related professional associations
Literary awards honoring minority groups
Arts organizations established in 1944
1944 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20Book%20Council |
Serik is a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,263 km2, and its population is 139,545 (2022). It is east of the city of Antalya, along the Mediterranean coast.
Geography
Towards the coast the district is mainly flat farmland, used for growing vegetables, while the inland half of Serik is forested hills and the Taurus Mountains. The district has a typical Mediterranean climate of hot, dry summers and warm, wet winters, and the natural vegetation is dry shrubs.
Serik itself is a town of 76,046 people (2022). The city of Antalya is nearby limiting the potential for retailing and commerce in Serik, but there is some light industry. There is a well-known köfte and piyaz restaurant in the town centre; the piyaz is served with a sesame (tahini) sauce.
Although wealthy and only 15 km from the wild amenities on the coast, the people of Serik are typically welcoming and traditional in outlook. The population includes many who still identify themselves as Yörük or Turkmen, descendants of the nomadic people that populated the area during the Ottoman Empire and before. These are close-knit communities shunning outside influence and new immigration, prompting some Turkish people to give it the nickname Capital of a Yörük Republic, an echo of the vivaciously preserved traditions and lifestyle. Although the district has seen a large influx of migrant workers in agriculture and tourism most business in the town is still very much in the hands of these original Turkmen people.
Tourism
With of coastline including the busy resort town of Belek the district of Serik is a major centre of Turkey's tourism industry, attracting 30 million visitors each year. Belek has over fifty 5 star hotels and golf courses. Places of interest include the ruins of Sillyon and Aspendos, the cave of Zeytinlitaş and Uçansu waterfall.
The 2015 G20 Antalya summit was held in Serik, Antalya.
Agriculture
Many fruits and vegetables are grown in the region, especially bananas. Blueberries are among the important agricultural products of Serik.
Composition
There are 84 neighbourhoods in Serik District:
Abdurrahmanlar
Ahmediye
Akbaş
Akçaalan
Akçapınar
Akdeniz
Akınlar
Alacami
Aşağıçatma
Aşağıkocayatak
Aşağıoba
Aspendos
Atatürk
Azaplar
Belek
Belkıs
Belpınar
Berendi
Bilginler
Boğazak
Boğazkent
Bozdoğan
Bucakköy
Büğüş
Burmahancı
Çakallık
Çamlık
Çanakçı
Çandır
Çatallar
Çıtlıklı
Cumalı
Cumhuriyet
Demirciler
Deniztepesi
Dikmen
Dorumlar
Eminceler
Eskiyürük
Etler
Fatih
Fedenler
Gebiz
Gedik
Gökçay
Gökçepınar
Hacıosmanlar
Hasdümen
Haskızılören
Haspınar
Kadriye
Kahyalar
Karadayı
Karapınar
Karataş
Karıncalı
Kayaburnu
Kırbaş
Kökez
Kozağacı
Kozan
Kürüş
Kuşlar
Merkez
Nebiler
Orta
Pınarcık
Sahil
Sarıabalı
Şatırlı
Sinan
Tekkeköy
Tüngüşlü
Üründü
Yanköy
Yeni
Yeşilvadi
Yeşilyurt
Yukarıçatma
Yukarıkocayatak
Yumaklar
Yunuslar
Zırlankaya
Zümrüt
History
Two important cities here in antiquity were Sillion, a colony of the Kingdom of Pergamon, and Aspendos, one of the most important Greek Pamphylian cities. Aspendos is situated on the point where the Kopru River meets the sea. Once an important port and a commercial centre, it had a reputation for raising the best horses on earth. The odeon, basilica, galleria and fountains are worth seeing.
The area was named Serik after a Turkish tribe that settled here, one of many waves of Turkish settlers attracted to this coast throughout history.
References
External links
Kadriye.info Turkey's Premier Golf Resort with Beach Park in Serik, Antalya
Information on Serik
Serik-Belek-Kadriye NetGuide
Populated places in Antalya Province
Districts of Antalya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serik |
Serinhisar is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 256 km2, and its population is 14,355 (2022).
Name
Other names include Karia (in Latin) and Kızılhisar (literally "a red castle"). The latter is the name given by the Seljuk Turks as there were brick built fortifications here. The name was changed to Serinhisar (literally "a cool castle") in 1987, apparently because red castle was too symbolic of communism.
History
The area was first settled by the Hittites in 1500 BC, and later passed into the hands of the Lydians (800 BC), Persians (546 BC), Ancient Greeks (440 BC), Ancient Macedonians (334 BC) and Romans (133 BC). When the Roman Empire was divided in 395 the area remained within the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) and was then possessed by the Seljuk Turks in 1077, who ruled until 1308. Turkmens (from Oghuz Turks' Avsar and Kayi tribe) were settled in the district in this period. Seljuk rule was interrupted by the Crusades, Genghis Khan, and Timurlane, who left the area under the rule of the Germiyan dynasty, from whom it passed to the Ottoman Empire in 1429. The castle fell into ruin in the Ottoman period and was broken up for building materials, being finally demolished in 1954.
The battle of Kazıkbeli
During the Second Crusade in 1148 the French king was proceeding eastwards having crossed the Menderes River but was stalled at the pass of Kazıkbeli, near Kızılhisar, by the Seljuk armies.
Composition
There are 11 neighbourhoods in Serinhisar District:
Aşağı
Ayaz
Cumhuriyet
Kaya
Kocapınar
Orta
Pınarcık
Şair Eşref
Yatağan
Yenice
Yüreğil
Serinhisar today
Today Serinhisar is known for its leblebi (roasted chick peas), pottery, ropemaking and shoemaking. This is a rural area and its people are hospitable and warmblooded.
References
Populated places in Denizli Province
Districts of Denizli Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serinhisar |
Seydiler is a town in the Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Seydiler District. Its population is 2,851 (2021). The town lies at an elevation of .
References
Populated places in Kastamonu Province
Seydiler District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seydiler |
Seyitgazi is a municipality and district of Eskişehir Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,578 km2, and its population is 12,587 (2022). The central town of Seyitgazi lies at a distance of towards the south from the province capital of Eskişehir. The town was known formerly as Nakoleia.
History
The town occupies the site of the Byzantine city of Nakoleia which is attested from Roman times.
After the town was conquered by the Seljuk Turks, it was known as Kala'-i-Mashihya, the Christian Castle. During that time the old monastic centre dedicated to the archangel Michael was converted into a shrine to the 8th-century Muslim saint (seyyid) and warrior Battal Gazi, who allegedly fell in a battle nearby in 740. The town was eventually renamed after Battal Gazi.
From 1867 until 1922, Seyitgazi was part of Hüdavendigâr vilayet.
Places of interest
A complex () dedicated to Battal Gazi and containing his tomb, a mosque, a medrese, cells and ceremonial rooms for dervishes as well as charitable services for the community such as kitchens and a bakery were built in 1208 on a hill overlooking the town by Ümmühan Hatun, wife of the Seljuk sultan Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev I and further extended in 1511 by the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II. The shrine and the adjoining complex remain popular with local as well as foreign visitors.
Archaeological discoveries
In August 2019, researchers headed by Prof. Murat Türkteki announced the discovery of two skeletons dating back about 5,000 years in the same sarcophagus in Early Bronze Age settlement Küllüoba. Excavators assumed that one of the skeletons was a 13-year-old girl and other was a man in his late 30s.
In August 2020, archaeologists headed by Prof. Murat Türktaki revealed a 5,000-year-old paint palette made of stone in the Seyitgazi district at the Küllüoba site. According to Türktaki, this palette was used for painting dishes.
In March 2021, construction workers found a marble sarcophagus which is 1.5 meters long and 33 centimetres wide in the Seyitgazi district at the Küllüoba site.
Composition
There are 51 neighbourhoods in Seyitgazi District:
Akin
Aksaklı
Aşağısöğüt
Aslanbeyli
Ayvalı
Bardakçı
Beşsaray
Beykışla
Büyükdere
Büyükyayla
Çatören
Cevizli
Çukurağıl
Çukurca
Çürüttüm
Değişören
Derebenek
Doğançayır
Fethiye
Gemiç
Göcenoluk
Gökbahçe
Gökçegüney
Göknebi
Gümüşbel
İdrisyayla
İkiçeşme
İkizoluk
Karacalık
Karaören
Kesenler
Kırka
Kümbet
Numanoluk
Örencik
Oynaş
Salihler
Sancar
Sandıközü
Sarayören
Sarıcailyas
Şükranlı
Taşlıkköy
Üçsaray
Yapıldak
Yarbasan
Yazıdere
Yenikent
Yeşiltepe
Yukarısöğüt
Yunus
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Map of Seyitgazi district
Many pictures of the Battal Gazi complex and Seyitgazi village
Populated places in Eskişehir Province
Districts of Eskişehir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyitgazi |
Sındırgı, formerly Koruköy and Carseae (), is a municipality and district of Balıkesir Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,387 km2, and its population is 32,408 (2022). The mayor is Ekrem Yavaş (AKP). A carpet festival is held in Sındırgı town in every fall season around September, and it is called International Yağcıbedir Festival. The province is also famous for its kolonya, a scented perfume used to freshen the hands.
Composition
There are 75 neighbourhoods in Sındırgı District:
Akçakısrak
Aktaş
Alacaatlı
Alakır
Alayaka
Armutlu
Aslandede
Bayraklı
Bükrecik
Bulak
Büyükdağdere
Çakıllı
Çaltılı
Çamalanı
Camicedit
Camikebir
Çavdaroğlu
Çaygören
Çayırköy
Çelebiler
Çıkrıkçı
Çılbırcı
Çoturtepe
Cüneyt
Danaçayırı
Dedeler
Derecikören
Devletlibaba
Düğüncüler
Düvertepe
Eğridere
Emendere
Eşmedere
Gölcük
Gözören
Hisaralan
İbiller
Işıklar
İzzettin
Karaağaç
Karacalar
Karagür
Karakaya
Kepez
Kertil
Kınık
Kıranköy
Kızılgür
Kocabey
Kocakonak
Kocasinan
Kozlu
Küçükbükü
Küçükdağdere
Kürendere
Kurtuluş
Mandıra
Mumcuköy
Ormaniçi
Osmanlar
Pelitören
Pürsünler
Rızaiye
Şahinkaya
Şapçı
Sinandede
Süller
Taşköy
Umurlar
Yağcıbedir
Yaylabayır
Yaylacık
Yolcupınar
Yüreğil
Yusufçamı
References
External links
District governor's official website
Populated places in Balıkesir Province
Districts of Balıkesir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1nd%C4%B1rg%C4%B1 |
The Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study, or "MATS Plan" as it became known, was a comprehensive transport plan released in 1968 proposing a number of road and rail transport projects for the metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia.
It recommended the construction of of freeways, 34 kilometres of expressway and the widening of of existing arterial roads. It also featured new arterial roads and a new bridge over the Port River. For public transport, it proposed the closure of the Glenelg tram line, 20 rail grade separations and of new railway line, including a subway under King William Street.
The estimated cost of land acquisition and construction was $436.5 million in 1968, which equates to approximately $4,580 million in 2010 with inflation. Very few of the plan's recommendations were ultimately brought to fruition in their original form due to political and public opposition.
History
Like other states of Australia, there was a strong movement towards private car travel following World War II in South Australia. Fuel rationing was a thing of the past and private car ownership was increasing. The car was seen as a personal liberator, and many cities around the world were building their urban forms around the needs of private cars.
Adelaide continued to expand rapidly: by 1966 its population had increased by 90% on post-war levels. Experts had been warning of the consequences of unplanned urban sprawl leading to a renewed interest in planning. In 1955 the Town Planning Act was amended to require a coordinated plan for the city's future development.
The Report of Metropolitan Adelaide was released in 1962 and featured proposals for the construction of freeways. In 1964 the state Liberal and Country League Premier Thomas Playford announced the commencement of a comprehensive infrastructure planning study for the future of Adelaide's transport needs. This report, titled the Metropolitan Adelaide Transportation Study (MATS), was released in August 1968 together with an announcement that six months would be allowed for public comment before commencement of work.
Recommended freeways
North-South Freeway
The North-South Freeway was one of the most important parts of the plan, allowing travel north and south of Adelaide. The Report on the Metropolitan Area of Adelaide predicted that the city would eventually stretch more than 70 km, from Elizabeth in the north to Sellicks Beach in the south by the 1980s.
Travel from Salisbury to Noarlunga was estimated to take approximately 30 minutes. The freeway consisted of two sections: the Noarlunga Freeway and the Salisbury Freeway. The Noarlunga freeway would serve the rapidly growing residential, industrial and recreational to the south connecting to major highways to Victor Harbor and Yankalilla.
Starting at Old Noarlunga, it was to follow a path adjacent to Main South Road (this has since been completed and is known as the Southern Expressway), then continuing north on a path roughly parallel to South Road then land near the west parkland with off ramps to the CBD, until joining the North Adelaide Connector. An interchange north of the Anzac Highway would connect it to the proposed Glenelg Expressway that would have replaced the Glenelg tram line.
The Salisbury Freeway was the six-lane continuation of the Noarlunga Freeway starting at the Hindmarsh Interchange then roughly followed the west of the Gawler railway line through Wingfield and north to Edinburgh. The Noarlunga Freeway was proposed to be eight lanes, cost $34 million in land acquisition, $58 million in construction and carry 93,000 cars on an average weekday by 1986.
Main North Road comparably carries approximately 46,000 cars on an average weekday in 2007. The Mitchell and Kwinana Freeways in Perth forming a north–south freeway present a comparable example to the proposed North-South Freeway in Adelaide.
Port Freeway
This was to be a freeway constructed in the wide median strip of Port Road that had been left in earlier years for a possible canal leading from Port Adelaide to the Adelaide city centre. It was to go from the Hindmarsh Interchange to the Old Port Road intersection. It would feature pedestrian overpasses but was still criticised for blocking communications across Port Road. Following Port Road, Commercial Road was to continue over a new bridge over the Port River connecting to Victoria Road making a continuous arterial road.
Hindmarsh Interchange
The largest construction project in the plan. The intersection of the Port Freeway, North-South Freeway and North Adelaide Connector would have required a four-level spaghetti interchange with many flyovers that would have almost engulfed the suburb of Hindmarsh. Pictures of similar sized interchanges in Los Angeles were used to good effect by opponents of MATS. There were four different designs proposed including one that was to be sited in the parklands, reducing the need for land acquisition.
North Adelaide Connector
This was to connect the western and eastern sides of the city starting from the Hindmarsh Interchange and connecting to the Modbury Freeway. It would have been constructed through parkland and travel partially underground to reduce the loss of open space.
Arterial road projects have since taken place in the area, particularly on roads lining the parklands including Park Terrace, Fitzroy Terrace and Park Road. Overpasses were constructed to carry Park Terrace over the Gawler railway line in 1990 and the Outer Harbor railway line in 2017.
The Hawker Street tram bridge over the Gawler railway line was demolished in the 1970s due to lack of maintenance and safety concerns. An overpass over the Gawler railway line at Torrens Road was proposed but a report on the Torrens Road upgrade in 2005 stated grade separation was no longer a priority. A Torrens Road bridge over the Gawler railway line was constructed in 2021–2022 and allowed traffic from 18 June 2022, eliminating the level crossing.
Hills Freeway
This was proposed to be a connection between the new South Eastern Freeway (then under construction from Crafers, leaving the winding old road down to the plains) and the CBD. It would have cut a swathe through College Park, St Peters, Norwood, Rose Park, Myrtle Bank and Urrbrae before leaving the city at Belair Road. Many of Adelaide's most affluent suburbs would have been broken up. This proved to be the most controversial part of the entire MATS plan. It was dropped from subsequent proposals but served to turn public opinion against the rest of the project.
Foothills Expressway
A proposed link between the North-South Freeway at Darlington (approximately the point where South Road meets Sturt Road) travelling in a north-east direction to meet up with the Hills Freeway at Belair Road. The expressway was scrapped from subsequent proposals with the Hills Freeway.
Modbury Freeway
Starting at the North Adelaide Connector, this would have followed the River Torrens (the O-Bahn Busway was later constructed in this corridor instead). At approximately 1 km from the O-Bahn's current terminus in Modbury, it would have then turned further north along what is now McIntyre Road through Golden Grove.
An express bus service along the freeway giving a similar service to the current O-Bahn was proposed. The freeway would have required the relocation of the River Torrens in various sections.
Dry Creek Expressway
Starting at Port Adelaide, this would have been an east–west connector running roughly parallel to and slightly north of Grand Junction Road and terminating at the Modbury Freeway. The section west of Main North Road has been completed since as the Port River Expressway. However it has not been extended eastward, the original corridor now utilised as Montague Road.
Public transport changes
There were various changes to public transport proposed. While the report stated that it was important in directing and shaping urban growth and improving the Adelaide city centre, only 14 kilometres of new railway was proposed compared to 131 kilometres of freeway. The only remaining part of the Adelaide tram network, the Glenelg tram, was also to be removed in favour of an expressway.
Train
The existing rail system was to be turned into a rapid rail network which would be aimed at providing efficient long distance, high speed suburban transport. Many railway stations were to be rationalised and some would be relocated to link to main roads. Closure of some stations allowed higher running speeds of trains and reduced running and maintenance costs.
Locating stations closer to main roads made them more accessible and visible. Railway stations would be supported by feeder bus services thereby increasing their serviceable range. Competing bus services were to be removed. A distance of 3.2 kilometres between railway stations was said to be optimal.
The Noarlunga rail line, which then only went as far as Hallett Cove, was to be extended to Christie Downs.
King William Street subway
The most significant proposed public transport project was an underground railway beneath the city to bring rail to the core of the CBD. It was to link the main north–south Gawler and Noarlunga lines with a new arrangement of through-stations. This would have eliminated the limitations in service-frequency in railways with a central terminus. After skirting underground to the north of the Adelaide railway station, the subway was to proceed under the central King William Street and serve it with three stations, before returning to the surface just south of Greenhill Road where it is crossed by the current Glenelg tram line. The envisioned closure of the latter would have allowed its corridor to be used by the new railway instead, until Glandore, although options to accommodate four tracks and both services in this section of corridor could have existed. From Glandore, the new railway would have rejoined the existing Noarlunga Line at Edwardstown via an approximately 1,200m-long new railway corridor running parallel to South Road and about 200m to its west.
Apart from the direct public transport benefits, it was said the subway would also lead to increased land values and encourage development at the southern end of the city. The Toronto Yonge Street subway was used as an example. Furthermore, the heritage Adelaide railway station and much of the Adelaide rail yards would have become available for value capture property development.
The subway was estimated to cost $32 million. Construction costs were to be reduced by using a cut and cover construction technique involving the temporary removal of King William Street.
Tram
The report recommended the closure of the Glenelg tram line and its replacement with the Glenelg Expressway. The report stated that significant investment would be required to integrate the tram line with the proposed new rapid transit rail system and to construct grade separations along existing roads. Based on those assumptions, it recommended that the continued operation of the tram would not be cost-effective.
It was predicted that overall public transport usage would fall to below 5% by around the year 2000, and proceeding with the recommended changes would maintain the number at 7%.
Reaction and opposition
The Report on the Metropolitan Area of Adelaide 1962 had contained images of the city of Los Angeles, and its extensive freeways, to represent a potential model for Adelaide's future transport provision. However, in concert with changing community attitudes in Australia in the late 1960s, many South Australians were cautious about the MATS proposal for the construction of a large freeway network. Opposition was similar to the freeway and expressway revolts experienced in the United States.
Large-scale property acquisition proved to be one of the most contentious issues, with the very large areas taken up by a number of the proposed freeway interchanges seemingly recommended without any expectation of opposition. The Noarlunga Freeway alone would have required the acquisition as many as 3,000 properties, including 817 residential dwellings. The Hills Freeway would have seen the demolition of significant areas in the historic suburbs of inner south-eastern Adelaide.
The impact of freeways on the urban landscape also proved to be a considerable source of concern. It was feared freeways would create social problems, with people noting the urban divisions that cities such as Los Angeles experienced after extensive freeway construction, with the separation of neighbourhoods leading to the creation of urban ghettos. It was felt that the same would happen in Adelaide if the proposed freeways were constructed.
Implementation
In 1969 the State Cabinet with the Liberal and Country League as government and Steele Hall as premier approved the MATS Plan excluding some proposals which were to be further reviewed including:
Closure of the Grange Railway line
Foothills Expressway and Hills Freeway
Selections of the Modbury, Noarlunga Freeways and Dry Creek Expressway
Rerouting railway from Edwardstown to Goodwood
Abandonment
In 1970 a new Labor government under Don Dunstan was elected and shelved MATS, but did not go as far as selling the corridors already acquired. However, the Adelaide Festival Centre was developed over the optimal portal location for the proposed King William Street subway. Dunstan resisted urban sprawl, but initiated the ill-fated concept of the Monarto satellite city, as well as investigating new technologies in public transport. Dunstan attempted to construct a light rail line in the north-east along the Modbury corridor. That was not built, and the O-Bahn guided busway was constructed instead.
In 1979, the Liberal Party won government on a platform of fiscal conservatism and the premier, David Tonkin, committed his government to selling off the land acquired for the MATS plan, ensuring that even if needs or public opinion changed, the construction of most MATS-proposed freeways would be impossible. However, debate continued on a North-South Freeway to replace South Road. In 1982, the Minister for Transport Michael Wilson, abandoned the idea of a high-speed freeway and instead began widening South Road between Torrens Road and Daws Road as a short-term solution, while retaining the key central portion of the North-South Corridor between Dry Creek and Darlington as a concept.
In June 1983, the North-South Corridor, the last surviving element of MATS, was abandoned in totality by John Bannon's new Labor government, which cited land sales as the reason. The abandonment had a significant impact on the Highways Department, because it was the first time in its history that a government had rejected the recommendations of the Commissioner.
Post-abandonment assessment
Attitudes towards MATS in the present day are mixed. The then premier Steele Hall still believed abandoning the plan was a severe mistake and has continued to push for the plan to be implemented. Freight transport and motoring lobbies generally favoured the plan heavily and, periodically, refer to the rejection of the MATS plan as a lost opportunity. Major road lobby groups as of 2007 continue to call for a north–south freeway in particular with the State Government joining calls for funding under the Federal Government's AusLink Program.
Public transport activists criticised the plan due to its limited benefits for public transport and the potential effects on urban sprawl. Others believe varying degrees of the plan were too ruthless towards the environment and would have ruined the character of Adelaide.
Present-day
Some roads constructed since MATS are reminiscent of the original proposed freeways in MATS due to Adelaide's inherent transport pressures. The Southern Expressway was constructed partly following the southern section of the proposed Noarlunga Freeway; it remained viable to construct as much land remained undeveloped. The South Eastern Freeway, which had started early construction at the time of MATS, was completed in 1979 from Crafers to Murray Bridge with the final link from Crafers to Adelaide constructed from 1996 to 2000. The Port River Expressway was opened in 2005 and partially follows the original Dry Creek Expressway proposed by MATS but does not extend eastwards to Modbury.
The Rann Labor government stated it believed South Road should be upgraded into a non stop north–south route, but declined a 2007 $1bn pre-election funding offer from the then Howard Federal Government which would have upgraded substantial sections of the road. Instead, construction of an underpass at the intersection of South Road and the Anzac Highway began in 2007 and was completed in 2009. MATS' proposed North-South Freeway began to see fruition when the South Road Superway became the first in a series of mass construction projects to build the non-stop North–South Motorway to replace South Road; as of March 2020 approximately 24.3 km of the motorway has been completed from Hindmarsh to Virginia with a 1.8 km link within that length due for completion in 2022. The remaining 10 km through Adelaide's inner west and south-west is currently in the planning stages, due for completion in 2032.
See also
Transport in Adelaide
State Transport Authority
Railways in Adelaide
Freeways in Australia
South Eastern Freeway
South Road
History of Adelaide
Melbourne:
1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan
Hobart:
Hobart Area Transportation Study
References
Bibliography
De Leuw. Cather & Company. Rankine & Hill Alan M. Voorhees & Associates, 1968, Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study 1968, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide Department of Adult Education, the Metropolitan Adelaide Transportation Study and the Future Development of Adelaide, 1968, Adelaide
Thomas Wilson, The Relationship Between a Transport Link and Land Use Development between Adelaide and Port Adelaide South Australia, Adelaide
J.C. Radcliff. C.J.M. Steele, Adelaide Road Passenger Transport 1836–1958, Libraries Board of South Australia, Adelaide, 1974
External links
Atlas of South Australia – The course of settlement
Proposed transport infrastructure in Australia
History of Adelaide
Freeways and highways in Adelaide
Government reports
Politics of South Australia
1968 documents
1968 in Australian law
1968 in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20Adelaide%20Transport%20Study |
A shelving buffer is a technique used in computer processors to increase the efficiency of superscalar processors. It allows for multiple instructions to be dispatched at once regardless of the data dependencies between those instructions. This allows for out-of-order execution to occur which increases the throughput of the microprocessor.
Background
A superscalar processor allows the execution of a number of instructions simultaneously in the core of the processor itself, although this behavior is not to be confused with a multi-processor system. Most modern processors are superscalar. In a superscalar processor multiple instructions are dispatched from the same thread. Multi-core processors contain multiple processors all executing separate threads.
Problems with data dependencies
Executing instructions in parallel (i.e. simultaneously) raises problems with data dependencies, meaning that some instructions may be dependent on the results of others, and hence care must be taken to execute in the correct order.
Take for example these sequence of instructions:
r1 = r2 + r3
r7 = r1 + r4
The update to r7 introduces a (Read After Write) data dependency. The first line of instructions must complete before the second begins execution, as r7 requires the correct value of r1 (register 1) to be known prior to execution. This type of instruction cannot be executed concurrently or simultaneously, the order-of-operations is implicitly serial.
How it works
With a superscalar processor, the instruction window of the processor fills up with a number of instructions (known as the issue rate). Depending on the scheme that the superscalar processor uses to dispatch these instruction from the window to the execution core of the CPU, there may be problems if there is a dependency not unlike the one shown above.
Consider an instruction window 3 instructions wide, containing i1, i2, i3 (instructions 1,2 & 3). Suppose that i2 is dependent on an instruction that has not yet finished executing, and it cannot be executed yet.
Without the use of a shelving buffer, the superscalar processor will execute i1, wait until i2 can be executed and then execute i2 and i3 simultaneously.
However, with the use of a shelving buffer, the instruction window will be emptied into shelving buffers regardless of contents. The processor will then search for an appropriate number of instructions in the shelving buffers that can be executed in parallel (i.e. with no dependencies).
Hence the processor has a greater chance of running the maximum number of instructions simultaneously, and maximising throughput.
References
Parallel computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelving%20buffer |
Silopi () is a city and seat of Silopi District in the Şırnak Province of Turkey. The city is mainly populated by Kurds of Sipêrtî and Zewkan tribes and had a population of 103,831 in 2021.
The mayor Adalet Fidan of the HDP was elected in 2019 but deposed the same year and replaced by the sub-governor (kaymakam) Sezer Işiktaş as a "state-appointed caretaker" (acting mayor).
Large sections of the city was damaged in 2016 during clashes between Turkish forces and PKK.
Neighborhoods
The city is divided into the eleven neighborhoods of Barbaros, Başak, Cudi, Cumhuriyet (), Dicle, Karşıyaka, Nuh, Ofis, Şehit Harun Boy, Yenişehir and Yeşiltepe.
History
Recent history
Turkish authorities placed the city of Silopi under curfew from 14 December 2015 – 4 January 2016. According to the Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey), 20 people were killed. Since July 2015, 34 people have been killed in Silopi. On August 7, 2015, clashes between Turkish security forces and the Kurdish militant PKK group may have killed three people. Government reports claimed "terrorists" were killed, while pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party lawmaker Faysal Sarıyıldız said that the casualties were civilians and that he had seen no sign of armed militants, according to Reuters. The Kurdish-Turkish conflict in the region has escalated since late July 2015.
Employment
Şırnak Silopi power station is powered by asphaltite coal and is claimed both to emit air pollution and to be an important source of employment. In 2020 the EBRD proposed a just transition to support workers who may lose jobs due to the decline of coal in Turkey.
Peanuts are grown.
See also
Mount Judi
Şırnak death well trials
References
External links
Governorship of Şırnak
Şırnak local newspaper
Populated places in Silopi District
Kurdish settlements in Şırnak Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silopi |
The Canton of Heuchin is a former canton situated in the department of the Pas-de-Calais and in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 32 communes, which joined the canton of Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise in 2015. It had a total of 11,001 inhabitants (2012).
Geography
The canton is organised around Heuchin in the arrondissement of Arras. The altitude varies from 42m (Tilly-Capelle) to 196 m (Fiefs) for n average altitude of 111m.
The canton of Heuchin included the following communes:
Anvin
Aumerval
Bailleul-lès-Pernes
Bergueneuse
Bours
Boyaval
Conteville-en-Ternois
Eps
Équirre
Érin
Fiefs
Fleury
Floringhem
Fontaine-lès-Boulans
Fontaine-lès-Hermans
Hestrus
Heuchin
Huclier
Lisbourg
Marest
Monchy-Cayeux
Nédon
Nédonchel
Pernes
Prédefin
Pressy
Sachin
Sains-lès-Pernes
Tangry
Teneur
Tilly-Capelle
Valhuon
History
See also
Cantons of Pas-de-Calais
Communes of Pas-de-Calais
Arrondissements of the Pas-de-Calais department
References
Heuchin
2015 disestablishments in France
States and territories disestablished in 2015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%20of%20Heuchin |
Simav is a town in Kütahya Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Simav District. Its population is 26,872 (2022). The town is located on the Simav River.
History
From 1867 until 1922, Simav was part of Hüdavendigâr vilayet.
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Some Pictures of Simav
Ercüment ÇALI
Populated places in Simav District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simav |
District 27 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves all of Cameron, Kenedy, Kleberg and Willacy counties and a portion of Hidalgo county in the U.S. state of Texas.
The current Senator from District 27 is Morgan LaMantia.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 27 has a population of 786,946 with 524,120 that is at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 27 from 1992.
Previous elections
2020
2016
2012
2008
2004
2002
2000
1996
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
27
Cameron County, Texas
Hidalgo County, Texas
Kenedy County, Texas
Kleberg County, Texas
Willacy County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2027 |
Sincan is a municipality and metropolitan district of Ankara Province, Turkey. Its area is 880 km2, and its population is 572,609 (2022). It is a large town 27 km from the city of Ankara. Its elevation is .
Sincan has friendly relations with the municipality of Doboj Jug from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Sincan District hosts ASO 1. Organize Sanayi Bölgesi, the biggest Organized Industrial Zone in Ankara, operated by Ankara Chamber of Industry.
Demographics
Geography
Sincan stands on a plain surrounded by hills and watered by the Ankara River, a tributary of the Sakarya River. There is some agriculture and light industry in Sincan, but the majority of people commute to Ankara by rail.
The symbol of the municipality is the tulip. The central square is called Lale Meydanı (Turkish for "tulip square"), and every year a tulip festival is held where plastic tulips are handed out in the streets.
Composition
There are 57 neighbourhoods in Sincan District:
29 Ekim
Adalet
Ahi Evran
Akçaören
Akşemsettin
Alagöz
Alcı
Anayurt
Andiçen
Atatürk
Bacı
Beyobası
Çiçektepe
Çoğlu
Çokören
Cumhuriyet
Erkeksu
Ertuğrulgazi
Esenler
Fatih
Fevzi Çakmak
Gazi
Gazi Osmanpaşa
Girmeç
Gökçek
Hisarlıkaya
Hürriyet
İlyakut
İncirlik
İstasyon
İstiklal
Kesiktaş
Malazgirt
Malıköy
Maraşal Çakmak
Menderes
Mevlana
Mülk
Mustafa Kemal
Osmaniye
Osmanlı
Pınarbaşı
Plevne
Polatlar
Saraycık
Selçuklu
Tandoğan
Tatlar
Törekent
Türkobası
Ücret
Ulubatlı Hasan
Yeniçimşit
Yenihisar
Yenikayı
Yenipeçenek
Yunus Emre
History
Even prior to the period of the Ottoman Empire, a village stood in this location, which subsequently grew to when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk commissioned a housing project here for Turkish refugees from Bulgaria. The battle saw fighting during the Battle of the Sakarya in the Turkish War of Independence. This was the furthest spot in Anatolia in which the Greek Army had advanced to.
Well-known residents
Şafak Sezer, actor and comedian
Sinan Şamil Sam, professional boxer
Oğuz Yılmaz, folk musician
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Local news website
Populated places in Ankara Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Districts of Ankara Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincan%2C%20Ankara |
Sincik () is a town of Adıyaman Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Sincik District. The town is populated by Kurds of the Reşwan tribe and had a population of 4,344 in 2021. The mayor is Mehmet Korkut (BBP).
The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Ayengin, Cumhuriyet, Fatih, Karaman, Mahmutoğlu (Serindere), Onur and Zeynel Aslan.
References
Populated places in Adıyaman Province
Sincik District
Kurdish settlements in Adıyaman Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincik |
Zacharias Hildebrandt (1688, Münsterberg, Silesia – 11 October 1757, Dresden, Saxony) was a German organ builder. In 1714, his father Heinrich Hildebrandt, a cartwright master, apprenticed him to the famous organ builder Gottfried Silbermann, brother of Andreas Silbermann in Freiberg. In 1721, Hildebrandt finished his masterpiece, the organ of the Nikolaikirche of Langhennersdorf, a small village near Freiberg. Afterwards he built an organ in Störmthal near Leipzig (where befriended Johann Sebastian Bach) and from 1724 to 1726 an organ in Lengefeld. On this project, a dispute developed with Gottfried Silbermann, who treated him as a rival and sued him. The dispute was settled by an agreement in which Hildebrandt obliged himself to take over only orders rejected by Silbermann. Therefore, he moved his work to the region near Leipzig and to Thuringia. J.S. Bach thought Hildebrandt was the best organ builder of his time.
Hildebrandt's largest organ has 3 manuals and a pedalboard with 53 stops, and is located in the church of St. Wenzel in Naumburg an der Saale. Built from 1743 to 1746, in the 27th of September of the latter year, examinations were carried out by Silbermann and Bach. Hildebrandt had resorted to advice from the latter for its stoplist. The organ which had been rebuilt several times since then has been completely restored from 1993 to 2000 by Eule Orgelbau, and is commonly deemed Hildebrandt's magnum opus.
His son Johann Gottfried Hildebrandt (1724 or 1725 – 1775) was also an organ builder.
Organ list
He constructed the following organs:
External links
Association for reconstructing the Hildebrandt organ in Lengefeld
Official site of Hildebrandt organ in St. Wenzel church in Naumburg
1688 births
1757 deaths
People from Ziębice
People from Austrian Silesia
German pipe organ builders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias%20Hildebrandt |
District 28 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves Baylor, Borden, Childress, Coke, Coleman, Concho, Cottle, Crane, Crosby, Dawson, Dickens, Eastland, Fisher, Floyd, Foard, Garza, Hale, Hardeman, Haskell, Hockley, Irion, Jones, Kent, Kimble, King, Knox, Lamb, Lubbock, Lynn, McCulloch, Mason, Menard, Mitchell, Motley, Nolan, Reagan, Runnels, Schleicher, Scurry, Shackelford, Stephens, Sterling, Stonewall, Sutton, Terry, Throckmorton, Tom Green, Upton, Ward, and Wilbarger counties and a portion of Taylor county in the U.S. state of Texas.
The current Senator from District 28 is Charles Perry.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 28 has a population of 778,341 with 586,992 that is at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 28 from 1992.
Previous elections
2020
2016
2014
2012
2008
2004
2002
1998
1996
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
28
Baylor County, Texas
Borden County, Texas
Childress County, Texas
Coke County, Texas
Coleman County, Texas
Concho County, Texas
Cottle County, Texas
Crane County, Texas
Crosby County, Texas
Dawson County, Texas
Dickens County, Texas
Eastland County, Texas
Fisher County, Texas
Floyd County, Texas
Foard County, Texas
Garza County, Texas
Hale County, Texas
Hardeman County, Texas
Haskell County, Texas
Hockley County, Texas
Irion County, Texas
Jones County, Texas
Kent County, Texas
Kimble County, Texas
King County, Texas
Knox County, Texas
Lamb County, Texas
Lubbock County, Texas
Lynn County, Texas
McCulloch County, Texas
Mason County, Texas
Menard County, Texas
Mitchell County, Texas
Motley County, Texas
Nolan County, Texas
Reagan County, Texas
Runnels County, Texas
Schleicher County, Texas
Scurry County, Texas
Shackelford County, Texas
Stephens County, Texas
Sterling County, Texas
Stonewall County, Texas
Sutton County, Texas
Taylor County, Texas
Terry County, Texas
Throckmorton County, Texas
Tom Green County, Texas
Upton County, Texas
Ward County, Texas
Wilbarger County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2028 |
Siverek (from , ) is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 3,936 km2, and its population is 267,942 (2022). Siverek is in Şanlıurfa province but closer geographically to the large city of Diyarbakır (approx 83 km).
History
Siverek was historically known in medieval Arabic as Hisn ar-Ran, which was corrupted into Greek Chasanara () as found in the Escorial Taktikon. The town came under Byzantine control sometime after 956 and by the early 970s had become the seat of a strategos.
In the Ottoman Empire period Siverek was within the Diyarbekir vilayet, and it had several Christian settlements.
Demographics
9,275 Armenians lived in the kaza on the eve of the First World War according to the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople. They had eight churches and three schools. 5,450 Armenians and 1,200 Syriacs lived in the town of Siverek. 6,550 Syriacs lived in 32 surrounding villages. Armenian men were massacred in May 1915, followed by the deportation of the women and children, as part of the Armenian genocide. Faiz El-Ghusein reported that the road between Urfa and Severek was littered with corpses.
Politics
In common with other districts of Şanlıurfa, business and politics in Siverek are strongly influenced, even controlled, by a powerful clan. Siverek is the home town of Sedat Bucak, the former DYP member of parliament who survived the car crash in the Susurluk scandal. He is the leader of the Bucak tribe, one of whom has represented the area in the Turkish Parliament since its foundation. Sedat Bucak remains a friend of former DYP leader Mehmet Ağar. In the local elections in March 2019, Şehmus Aydın was elected mayor. He resigned due to health problems in 2020, and was succeeded by Ayşe Çakmak (AKP). The current kaymakam is Musa Aydemir.
Composition
There are 180 neighbourhoods in Siverek District:
Abdalağa
Alagün
Alanyurt
Altaylı
Altınahır
Altınlı
Altınpınar
Anacak
Armağanlı
Aşağı Alınca
Aşağı Karabahçe
Aşağı Karacaören
Aşağıyalankoz
Aşlıca
Atmaca
Avurtepe
Ayrancı
Ayvanat
Azıklı
Bağcı
Bağlar
Bahçe
Bahçelievler
Bakı Takoran
Bakırca
Bakmaç
Bardakçı
Başbük
Başdeğirmen
Batı
Bayırözü
Beğdeş
Benek
Beyali
Beybaba
Beyçeri
Böğürtlen
Bozkuyu
Bozlak
Bürüncek
Büyük Kazanlı
Büyük Oba
Büyük Tepe
Büyük Yakıtlı
Büyükgöl
Çağa
Çağdaş
Camiikebir
Çanakçı
Canpolat
Çatlı
Çavuşlu
Çaylarbaşı
Çeltik
Çepni
Çevirme
Çiftçibaşı
Çinhisar
Çubuklu
Dağbaşı
Damlıca
Dardağan
Darıcalı
Deliktaş
Dicle
Dilekli
Direkli
Divan
Doğukent
Dönemeç
Düğerin
Ediz
Eğriçay
Endarlı
Erbey
Ergen
Erkonağı
Ertem
Eskihan
Esmerçayı
Fırat
Fırın
Gaziköy
Gedik
Gerçek
Gözcek
Gözelek
Gözeli
Gülabibey
Güllice
Gülpınar
Güney
Güney Karabahçe
Gürakar
Güvenli
Güvercin
Güzelpınar
Hacıömer
Haliliye
Hamamören
Hamidiye
Hasançelebi
Hasırlı
Hayriye
İleri
İnanlı
Kale
Kalemli
Kalınağaç
Kamışlı
Kapıkaya
Karabahçe
Karacadağ
Karadibek
Karahisar
Karakeçi
Karakoyun
Kargalı
Karkaşı
Karpuzcu
Kavaklıdere
Kavalık
Kayalı
Kayseri
Keçiburcu
Keçikıran
Keş
Kesmekaya
Kıvançlı
Konurtepe
Küçükgöl
Kulaksız
Küptepe
Kurbağalı
Kuşlugöl
Mezraa
Narlıkaya
Nohut
Ofis
Oluklu
Onar
Önder
Örgülü
Ortanca
Oyman
Oyuktaş
Peynirci
Sabancı
Şairibrahimrafet
Salur
Sarıdam
Sarıkaya
Sarıören
Savucak
Şekerli
Selimpınar
Şirinkuyu
Sislice
Soydan
Söylemez
Sumaklı
Tanrıverdi
Taşağıl
Taşhan
Taşıkara
Taşlı
Turna
Ülkülü
Üstüntaş
Uzunpınar
Uzunziyaret
Yeleken
Yeniceli
Yenişehir
Yoğunca
Yoğurtçu
Yücelen
Yumrutepe
Yuvar
Zincirliçay
Climate
Siverek has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).
References
External links
District governor's office
Siverek
Siverek Son Haber
Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province
Districts of Şanlıurfa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Assyrian communities in Turkey
Former Armenian communities in Şanlıurfa Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siverek |
Alexander Löhr (20 May 1885 – 26 February 1947) was an Austrian Air Force commander during the 1930s and, after the annexation of Austria, he was a Luftwaffe commander. Löhr served in the Luftwaffe during World War II, rising to commander of Army Group E and then to commander-in-chief in Southeastern Europe (OB Südost).
Löhr was captured by Yugoslav Partisans at the end of the war in Europe. He was tried and convicted of war crimes by the Yugoslav government for anti-partisan reprisals committed under his command, and the bombing of Belgrade in 1941. He was executed by firing squad on 26 February 1947 In Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Early life and career
Löhr was born on 20 May 1885 in Turnu-Severin in the Kingdom of Romania. He was the youngest child of Friedrich Johann Löhr and his wife Catherine, née Heimann. His father had served as a 2nd captain on a hospital ship in the Black Sea during the Russo-Turkish War. Here his father had met his mother, a Ukrainian nurse. She was the daughter of the military doctor Mihail Alexandrovich Heimann from Odessa. After the war, they married in 1879 and moved to Turnu-Severin in Romania. The marriage produced three sons. Due to his mother's faith, he belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church; he grew up speaking German, Russian, French and Romanian. Löhr attended a military secondary school in Kaschau, present-day Košice in Slovakia until 1900.
Löhr transferred to the infantry cadet school at Temeswar, present-day Timișoara in Romania, in January 1900. In 1903 he was posted to Vienna, where he attended the Theresian Military Academy in Burg Wiener Neustadt until 1906. He graduated from the military academy on 18 August 1906, with an overall rating of "very good". On the same day Löhr was retired as a second lieutenant and immediately volunteered for active service. Löhr served as platoon commander of a pioneer battalion in the Imperial and Royal 85th Infantry Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army in World War I. By 1921 Löhr had reached the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Between 1921 and 1934 he held many staff positions in the military, including Director of the Air Force in the Federal Armies Ministry. In 1934, he was made Commander of the small Austrian Air Force, a position which he held until the annexation in 1938.
World War II
Löhr, who had been promoted to Major on 1 July 1920, was accepted into the newly created Austrian Armed Forces on 1 September 1920. On 15 March 1938, Löhr was transferred to the Luftwaffe, where he became commander of Luftwaffe forces in Austria. By then he had been promoted to Generalleutnant. He was commander of Luftflotte 4 in the East from May 1939 until June 1942.
Luftflotte 4 carried out the bombing of Warsaw, Poland in September 1939 and of Belgrade, Yugoslavia in April 1941. Löhr had developed a plan to bomb Belgrade with incendiary bombs first, so that the fires would help the second, nighttime, attack to find the targets. This cost thousands of people their lives. Löhr was promoted to colonel general effective 3 May 1941. He commanded the 12th Army from 12 July 1942 through to December 1942.
Commander-in-Chief South East
Löhr succeeded General der Pioniere Walter Kuntze as Commander-in-Chief of the 12th Army on 3 July 1942. He was appointed the Wehrmacht Commander in southeast Europe on 1 August 1942, and from 28 December 1942 this position was re-designated as Commander-in-chief in southeast Europe. The forces under his command were also designated as Army Group E, and he was appointed as its commander. In this role, Löhr controlled all subordinate commands in southeast Europe, including the commanding general in Serbia (Paul Bader), the military commander in the Salonika-Aegean area (Curt von Krenzki), the military commander in southern Greece, the commander of Crete, the naval commander in the Aegean Sea, the German plenipotentiary general in the Independent State of Croatia, the commanding general of German troops in Croatia, and the military attaché in Sofia, Bulgaria. Löhr organised the fourth and fifth offensives against Yugoslav Partisans in 1943, during which most of those taken prisoner, including the wounded, were murdered on the spot. As Commander-in-Chief of Army Group E, Löhr oversaw the Dodecanese campaign. On 26 August 1944, with the Allies driving on Germany on three fronts, Hitler ordered Löhr to begin evacuating Army Group E from Greece and move north to defend the Fatherland.
At the end of the war in Europe, Löhr received orders for unconditional surrender, but instead directed his forces to break out towards Austria. According to the historian Jozo Tomasevich, Löhr was captured by the 14th Slovene Division in Slovenia on 9 May 1945, and attempted to negotiate passage for his troops to Austria. This was refused and Löhr was prevailed upon to issue orders to cease fighting, which the troops nonetheless disobeyed. He escaped, countermanded his order to surrender and continued with the breakout attempt. After an intense manhunt, Löhr was recaptured on 13 May.
Conviction and execution
Löhr was imprisoned by Yugoslavia from 15 May 1945 to 26 February 1947. He was tried and convicted for war crimes committed during the anti-partisan operations of 1943, including the killing of hostages and burning of villages, and disregarding Germany's unconditional surrender. On 16 February 1947, the court sentenced the accused based on Article 3, Item 3 of the Act on Crimes Against the Nation and the State, to death by firing squad, and co-defendants Generalleutnants Josef Kübler, Fritz Neidholdt and Johann Fortner, Generalmajor Adalbert Lontschar, Oberst Günther Tribukait and SS-Brigadeführer August Schmidhuber to death by hanging.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
1885 births
1947 deaths
Austrian military personnel of World War II
Austrian people executed abroad
Austrian people of German descent
Austrian people of Russian descent
Austrian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Colonel generals of the Luftwaffe
Executed Austrian mass murderers
Executed Austrian Nazis
Executed military leaders
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Austria
Luftwaffe personnel convicted of war crimes
Luftwaffe World War II generals
Nazis executed by Yugoslavia by firing squad
People from Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Recipients of the Order of Franz Joseph
Theresian Military Academy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20L%C3%B6hr |
Sivrice (), is a town of Elazığ Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Sivrice District. Sivrice is on the shore of Lake Hazar. Its population is 3,645 (2021).
Kurds of the Şadiyan tribe are present in the town.
History
On 24 January 2020 the town was impacted by a magnitude 6.7 earthquake.
References
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Elazığ Province
Ski areas and resorts in Turkey
Sivrice District
Kurdish settlements in Elazığ Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivrice |
Sivrihisar (, "a pointed castle") is a municipality and district of Eskişehir Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,748 km2, and its population is 20,087 (2022). Its elevation is .
Location
The town of Sivrihisar lies north of the historical site of Pessinus, at the foot of a high double-peaked ridge of granite, which bears the ruins of a Byzantine castle, and gives the town its name (sivri "sharp, pointed", hisar "fortress, castle"). It is located at the intersection of the E-90 and E-96 routes.
Economy
As of 1920, Sivrihisar was producing knitting clothing.
Composition
There are 78 neighbourhoods in Sivrihisar District:
Ahiler
Aktaş
Aşağıkepen
Aydınlı
Babadat
Bahçecik
Ballıhisar
Benlikuyu
Benliyaver
Beyyazı
Biçer
Böğürtlen
Buhara
Buzluca
Camikebir
Çandır
Çaykoz
Cumhuriyet
Demirci
Demirciköy
Dinek
Dumluca
Dümrek
Elcik
Elmalı
Ertuğrulköy
Gedik
Gerenli
Göktepe
Gülçayır
Güvemli
Hamamkarahisar
Hızırbey
Hüdavendigar
İbikseydi
İğdecik
İlören
İlyaspaşa
İstiklalbağı
Kadıncık
Kaldırımköy
Karabaşlı
Karaburhan
Karacakaya
Karacalar
Karacaören
Karacaörenyaylası
Karadat
Karakaya
Karkın
Kaymaz
Kertek
Kılıç
Kınık
Koçaş
Koltan
Kubbeli
Kurşunlu
Kurtşeyh
Memik
Mülkköy
Nasrettinhoca
Oğlakçı
Ortaklar
Paşakadın
Sadıkbağı
Sarıkavak
Selimiye
Sığırcık
Tekören
Yaverören
Yenice
Yenidoğan
Yeniköy
Yeşilköy
Yukarıkepen
Yunusemre
Zeyköyü
Notable natives
Moushegh Ishkhan an Armenian poet, writer and educator.
Nasreddin Hoca was born in Hortu village of Sivrihisar.
Yunus Emre was born in Sivrihisar.
Gallery
See also
Monument of Sivrihisar Airplane
Sivrihisar Aviation Center
References
External links
District governor's official website
Local guide to Sivrihisar
Populated places in Eskişehir Province
Phrygia
Districts of Eskişehir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivrihisar |
pComb3H, a derivative of pComb3 optimized for expression of human fragments, is a phagemid used to express proteins such as zinc finger proteins and antibody fragments on phage pili for the purpose of phage display selection.
For the purpose of phage production, it contains the bacterial ampicillin resistance gene (for B-lactamase), allowing the growth of only transformed bacteria.
References
Molecular biology
Plasmids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PComb3H |
In mathematics, an initial algebra is an initial object in the category of -algebras for a given endofunctor . This initiality provides a general framework for induction and recursion.
Examples
Functor
Consider the endofunctor sending to , where is the one-point (singleton) set, the terminal object in the category. An algebra for this endofunctor is a set (called the carrier of the algebra) together with a function . Defining such a function amounts to defining a point and a function .
Define
and
Then the set of natural numbers together with the function is an initial -algebra. The initiality (the universal property for this case) is not hard to establish; the unique homomorphism to an arbitrary -algebra , for an element of and a function on , is the function sending the natural number to , that is, , the -fold application of to .
The set of natural numbers is the carrier of an initial algebra for this functor: the point is zero and the function is the successor function.
Functor
For a second example, consider the endofunctor on the category of sets, where is the set of natural numbers. An algebra for this endofunctor is a set together with a function . To define such a function, we need a point and a function . The set of finite lists of natural numbers is an initial algebra for this functor. The point is the empty list, and the function is cons, taking a number and a finite list, and returning a new finite list with the number at the head.
In categories with binary coproducts, the definitions just given are equivalent to the usual definitions of a natural number object and a list object, respectively.
Final coalgebra
Dually, a final coalgebra is a terminal object in the category of -coalgebras. The finality provides a general framework for coinduction and corecursion.
For example, using the same functor as before, a coalgebra is defined as a set together with a function . Defining such a function amounts to defining a partial function {{math|f''': X ⇸ Y}} whose domain is formed by those for which belongs to . Such a structure can be viewed as a chain of sets, on which is not defined, which elements map into by , which elements map into by , etc., and containing the remaining elements of . With this in view, the set consisting of the set of natural numbers extended with a new element is the carrier of the final coalgebra in the category, where is the predecessor function (the inverse of the successor function) on the positive naturals, but acts like the identity on the new element : , . This set that is the carrier of the final coalgebra of is known as the set of conatural numbers.
For a second example, consider the same functor as before. In this case the carrier of the final coalgebra consists of all lists of natural numbers, finite as well as infinite. The operations are a test function testing whether a list is empty, and a deconstruction function defined on non-empty lists returning a pair consisting of the head and the tail of the input list.
Theorems
Initial algebras are minimal (i.e., have no proper subalgebra).
Final coalgebras are simple (i.e., have no proper quotients).
Use in computer science
Various finite data structures used in programming, such as lists and trees, can be obtained as initial algebras of specific endofunctors.
While there may be several initial algebras for a given endofunctor, they are unique up to isomorphism, which informally means that the "observable" properties of a data structure can be adequately captured by defining it as an initial algebra.
To obtain the type of lists whose elements are members of set , consider that the list-forming operations are:
Combined into one function, they give:
which makes this an -algebra for the endofunctor sending to . It is, in fact, the initial -algebra. Initiality is established by the function known as foldr'' in functional programming languages such as Haskell and ML.
Likewise, binary trees with elements at the leaves can be obtained as the initial algebra
Types obtained this way are known as algebraic data types.
Types defined by using least fixed point construct with functor can be regarded as an initial -algebra, provided that parametricity holds for the type.
In a dual way, similar relationship exists between notions of greatest fixed point and terminal -coalgebra, with applications to coinductive types. These can be used for allowing potentially infinite objects while maintaining strong normalization property. In the strongly normalizing (each program terminates) Charity programming language, coinductive data types can be used for achieving surprising results, e.g. defining lookup constructs to implement such “strong” functions like the Ackermann function.
See also
Algebraic data type
Catamorphism
Anamorphism
Notes
External links
Categorical programming with inductive and coinductive types by Varmo Vene
Recursive types for free! by Philip Wadler, University of Glasgow, 1990-2014.
Initial Algebra and Final Coalgebra Semantics for Concurrency by J.J.M.M. Rutten and D. Turi
Initiality and finality from CLiki
Typed Tagless Final Interpreters by Oleg Kiselyov
Category theory
Functional programming
Type theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial%20algebra |
Solhan (, , ) is a town (belde) and seat of the Solhan District of Bingöl Province in Turkey. The mayor is Abdulhakim Yıldız (AK Party).
Poklan (Boglan) had 77 Armenians, 8 houses, one church (St. Sargis) before the Armenian genocide.
The town had a population of 20,217 in 2021. It is divided into the neighborhoods of Boğlan, Halimepınar, Yenimahalle and Yeşilova.
References
Populated places in Bingöl Province
Kurdish settlements in Bingöl Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Solhan District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solhan |
Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair is a 1996 simulation video game by Knowledge Adventure for Windows and Macintosh. In the game, the player is guided by film director Steven Spielberg through the process of moviemaking, including scriptwriting, filming, and editing, using pre-generated film clips featuring Jennifer Aniston, Quentin Tarantino, Katherine Helmond, and Penn & Teller, among others. The game features advice from Hollywood professionals such as editor Michael Kahn, special effects supervisor Michael Lantieri, and cinematographer Dean Cundey. The game was produced by Roger Holzberg, who directed Spielberg in scenes in which Spielberg himself appeared.
Plot
The player begins with a small budget and a personal assistant who provides guidance. Spielberg gives a pep talk to the player before the first feature can be made. Ted and Terry (or Terry and Ted) offer the player useful suggestions on changing the film's script. Delays can occur during the filmmaking process. Ultimately, the player works with actor Quentin Tarantino and actress Jennifer Aniston, as well as Penn & Teller. Cinematographer Dean Cundey also works on the player's film to keep it within budget.
The film is then edited by the player, who can choose which angles to use, and can add sound effects and a soundtrack. Spielberg then presents the film at its premiere. The studio sometimes offers the player a chance to make the film again with a larger budget. Script and shot options increase as the player advances in experience.
The short film within the game concerns a prisoner on death row (Tarantino) sentenced to death for the killing of an old lady (Katherine Helmond). His partner (Aniston) sets out to clear his name by investigating a pair of sinister magicians (Penn & Teller). The virtual budget of the game is $40 million.
Reception
Computer Gaming World rated the game two and a half stars out of five. AllGame rated the game three stars out of five.
In 2020, Molleindustria released a free browser version of the short film within the game, presented as a simplified interactive movie similar to Black Mirror: Bandersnatch, or Mosaic.
See also
The Movies
References
External links
1996 video games
Filmmaking video games
Classic Mac OS games
North America-exclusive video games
Steven Spielberg
Video games developed in the United States
DreamWorks Interactive games
Windows games
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Spielberg%27s%20Director%27s%20Chair |
Sorgun is a city in Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Sorgun District. Its population is 55,079 (2022), making it the second-largest city in the province, after Yozgat. Its elevation is .
References
External links
District municipality's official website
A web portal of Sorgun
Populated places in Sorgun District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorgun%2C%20Yozgat |
Söğütlü is a municipality and district of Sakarya Province, Turkey. Its area is 145 km2, and its population is 14,724 (2022). The mayor is Koray Oktay Özten (AKP).
Composition
There are 23 neighbourhoods in Söğütlü District:
Akarca
Akçakamış
Akgöl
Beşdeğirmen
Camicedid
Fındıklı
Gündoğan
Hasanfakı
İmamlar
Kantar
Karateke
Küçüksöğütlü
Kurudil
Levent
Mağara
Maksudiye
Orta
Rüstemler
Sıraköy
Soğucak
Tokmaklıdere
Türkbeylikkışla
Yeniköy
References
Populated places in Sakarya Province
Districts of Sakarya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCtl%C3%BC |
The Patriot League men's basketball tournament is held at the conclusion of each regular season. The winner of the tournament is awarded an automatic bid to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship.
Tournament finals results
Sources:
Championships by school
^ Regular season co-champion
*In 2021, Navy finished 12–1, the best regular season winning percentage and received the #1 seed in the league tournament. However, the Patriot League did not award Navy a regular season title due to the unbalanced schedule. Navy played only 5 of the other 9 teams in the league and played more than half of their league games against just two teams.
† Fordham departed the Patriot League in all sports (except football) in 1995.
Postseason results
All-time Patriot League Tournament records
Records
*Fordham left the Patriot League in men's basketball after the 1994–95 season, with a cumulative tournament record of 7–3 in its 5 seasons with the league. In total Fordham made 2 finals appearances and 4 semi-finals appearances.
All-time regular season standings
Records
*Adjusted for vacated wins of 2004–05 season. Lehigh finished with a league record of 7–7, but later vacated 6 wins for an adjusted record of 1–13 (per Forfeits and Vacated Games)
**In 2021, Navy finished 12–1, the best regular season winning percentage and received the #1 seed in the league tournament. However, the Patriot League did not award Navy a regular season title due to the unbalanced schedule. Navy played only 5 of the other 9 teams in the league and played more than half of their league games against just two teams.
***Fordham left the Patriot League in men's basketball after the 1994–95 season, with an cumulative record of 46–22 (0.676), 3 regular season titles (1 solo) and winning seasons in 4 of 5 played.
Regular season honors
Broadcasters
Television
Radio
See also
Patriot League women's basketball tournament
References
Recurring sporting events established in 1991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot%20League%20men%27s%20basketball%20tournament |
Söke is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,064 km2, and its population is 123,301 (2022). It is the largest district of Aydın Province by area. Söke is 54 km (34 miles) south-west of the city of Aydın, near the Aegean coast. Its neighbours are Germencik from north-east, Koçarlı from east, Milas from south-east, Didim from south-west, Aegean Sea from west and Kuşadası from northwest. The mayor of Söke is Mustafa İberya Arıkan.
Etymology
Modern Söke is identified with the ancient Greek city of Annaea () (also referred to as Anea, Anaea, Anaia or Annaia), which was named after the Amazon Anaea (Ἀναία). Later, it was also called Sokia (). As of 1920, the British were calling it Sokia. Anaia is also the name of a titular see (Anaea) of the Catholic and Orthodox churches. From 1833 to 1922, it was the seat of the Diocese of Anea of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. After that date, the demographics of the population changed and Orthodox Christians declined in number in the area.
History
Settled for centuries before the Common Era, the region was called Aneon () and was inhabited by Greeks.
Stephanus of Byzantium, quoting Ephorus, mention that the tomb of the amazon Anaea was at the city.
During the Peloponnesian War, some Samian exiles migrated there. In addition, Thucydides mentioned that there was a naval station, and it was near enough to annoy Samos.
In 1426 the city was captured by the Ottoman Empire under Murad II as the remaining capital of the Sanjak of Menteşe. From 1867 until 1922, Söke was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After the First Balkan War, many Muslim refugees from the Balkans settled around this area.
According to the 1914 Ottoman population statistics, the district of Karaburun had a total population of 36.976, consisting of 20.028 Muslims, 16.720 Greeks, 133 Armenians, and 95 Jews.
In 18 May 1919, Italian troops landed at Söke. The Allies were afraid that the Italian landing might provoke trouble with the Greek troops, who were near Smyrna. Although Italy and Greece were allies during WWI, their relations were not good.
After the end of World War I, fighting continued in a power struggle after the break-up of the Ottoman Empire. In 1920, large Turkish and Arab forces were fighting against the occupying Italian forces.
In April 1922 Italian troops were withdrawn and Greek troops entered the area. After the defeat of the Greek army in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), Greek troops was withdrawn, and Turkish troops entered in September 1922. Greek inhabitants of the area evacuated to Greece together with the Greek army or they were killed by the advancing Turkish troops.
The Turkish resistance in the area was led by one Cafer Efe (Djafer Efe); a statue was erected later here to commemorate him.
During the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s, the Greek Christian population migrated to the Greek island of Crete and the Cretan Muslims moved here.
Geography
The district lies between the Aegean coast and the edge of the fertile alluvial plain of the Büyük Menderes River. Lake Bafa is to the south of the district. The plain contains much rich agricultural land; it is one of Turkey's largest cotton-growing areas and is also important for the commodities of wheat and flour. Other income comes from handicrafts, forestry, and fishing. Söke is Turkey's only exporter of culinary snails.
Söke is a large town in the centre of the Aegean region, and the market town is at the heart of an agricultural district. Although secondary to the nearby centres of tourism on the coast, Kuşadası, Didim and Bodrum, Söke does catch passing trade from the tourist visitors to the area, including visitors to the nearby historical site of Priene. There are a number of amenities on the highway for tourists passing through from Izmir airport to the coast, including restaurants, service stations, and outlet stores. The local cuisine includes çöp şiş (a shish kebab of small pieces of lamb) and pide (a flat bread pizza).
Composition
There are 49 neighbourhoods in Söke District:
Ağaçlı
Akçakaya
Akçakonak
Argavlı
Arslanyaylası
Atatürk
Atburgazı
Avcılar
Avşar
Bağarası
Bayırdamı
Burunköy
Çalıköy
Çalışlı
Çavdar
Çeltikçi
Cumhuriyet
Demirçay
Doğanbey
Fevzipaşa
Gölbent
Güllübahçe
Güneyyaka
Güzeltepe
Karaatlı
Karacahayıt
Karakaya
Kaygıllı
Kemalpaşa
Kisir
Konak
Köprüalan
Nalbantlar
Özbaşı
Pamukçular
Sarıkemer
Savuca
Sayrakçı
Sazlı
Serçin
Sofular
Tuzburgazı
Yamaç
Yenicami
Yenidoğan
Yenikent
Yeniköy
Yeşilköy
Yuvaca
Economy
Söke has a history of mining lignite. During World War I, it was producing large amounts of lignite. The British described the quality as being "very poor." It was exported to Smyrna via train and used in factories.
Places of interest
Priene - ancient ruins, from Söke
See also
Lake Bafa
References
External links
Official website
Soke – A Town On The Aegean Coast of Turkey
About the famous Cop Sis kebab restaurants of Soke
Populated places in Aydın Province
Districts of Aydın Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ke |
Sulakyurt is a town in Kırıkkale Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Sulakyurt District. Its population is 1,990 (2022). Its elevation is .
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Kırıkkale Province
Sulakyurt District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulakyurt |
Run for Your Life is an American television drama television series starring Ben Gazzara as a man with only a short time to live. It ran on NBC from 1965 to 1968. The series was created by Roy Huggins, who had previously explored the "man on the move" concept with The Fugitive.
Synopsis
Premise
Ben Gazzara played attorney Paul Bryan. When his doctor tells him he will die in no less than 9 months, but in no more than 18 months, he decides to do all the things for which he had never had the time—to squeeze 30 years of living into one or two years of life. Much like Route 66, each episode features the main character on the move, encountering new people in new situations.
Background
Gazzara originated the character of Paul Bryan on Kraft Suspense Theatre, in the episode "Rapture at Two-Forty," which aired on April 15, 1965, and served as the show's pilot. Well received, the show became a series that September. Near the beginning of that episode, the audience actually sees the conversation between Bryan and his doctor, which is heard only in voice-over in subsequent episodes of Run For Your Life. Although Bryan's doctor gave him no more than 18 months to live, the series ran for three seasons, with 86 hour-long episodes, all filmed in color.
Episodes
Pilot (Kraft Suspense Theatre, 1965)
SOURCES
Season 1 (1965–66)
SOURCES
Season 2 (1966–67)
SOURCES
Season 3 (1967–68)
Production
Bryan needed to have a disease from which he would die, but would not affect his quality of life otherwise. The disease selected was chronic myelogenous leukemia.
References
External links
The Ultimate Episode Guide to Run For Your Life With Ben Gazzara
Run for Your Life opening and closing credits on YouTube
Krat Suspense Theatre episode "Rapture at Two-Forty" (pilot for Run for Your Life) on YouTube
Run for Your Life episode "The Girl Next Door Is a Spy" on YouTube
Run for Your Life episode "Someone Who Makes Me Feel Beautiful" on YouTube
1965 American television series debuts
1968 American television series endings
1960s American drama television series
American television spin-offs
English-language television shows
NBC original programming
Television series by Universal Television
Television series created by Roy Huggins
Television series about lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run%20for%20Your%20Life%20%28TV%20series%29 |
District 29 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves all of Culberson, El Paso, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, and Presidio counties in the U.S. state of Texas.
The current Senator from District 29 is Cesar Blanco.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 29 has a population of 816,681 with 571,426 that is at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 30 from 1992.
Previous elections
2020
2016
2012
2010
2006
2002
2000
1996
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
29
Culberson County, Texas
El Paso County, Texas
Hudspeth County, Texas
Jeff Davis County, Texas
Presidio County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2029 |
Maryland Route 824 (MD 824) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Blythedale Road, the state highway, which is officially MD 824A, runs from MD 222 north to MD 222 and MD 275 in Perryville in western Cecil County. MD 824 is the old alignment of U.S. Route 222 (US 222), which is now MD 222, in Perryville. MD 824 was assigned to the old road after US 222 was relocated for its interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95) in the early 1960s.
Route description
MD 824 begins at an intersection with MD 222 (Perryville Road) in the hamlet of Blythedale between downtown Perryville and MD 222's interchange with I-95 (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway). The highway starts east as Reservoir Road but immediately turns north along two-lane undivided Blythedale Road. After passing under I-95 and intersecting Principio Road in the valley of Mill Creek, MD 824 curves to the west toward its northern terminus at a four-way intersection with MD 222 and MD 275. MD 222 heads south toward the I-95 interchange as Perryville Road and west as Bainbridge Road toward Port Deposit, and MD 275 heads north as Perrylawn Drive toward Rising Sun.
History
MD 824 is the old alignment of US 222, and its course was originally constructed as MD 268. The highway was constructed as a concrete road in 1920 and 1921. MD 268 was replaced by a southern extension of US 222 from Conowingo to Perryville in 1938. The highway was proposed to be widened to in 1934, and that expansion came between 1942 and 1944 when US 222 was expanded to improve access between US 40 and United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, east of Port Deposit. MD 824A was assigned to the highway after US 222 was relocated for its interchange with I-95 when the freeway was constructed in 1962 and 1963. The highway was resurfaced in 1978.
Junction list
Auxiliary route
MD 824 (without suffix) was the designation for Weaver's Corner Road, which extended for parallel to US 222 between a pair of dead ends on both sides of Old Conowingo Road at Oakwood. The highway was assigned after US 222 was relocated through Oakwood in 1951 and 1952. MD 824 was transferred from state to county maintenance through a December 27, 1979, road transfer agreement.
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 824
MD 824 at AARoads.com
824
Maryland Route 824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20824 |
Sultanhisar is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 220 km2, and its population is 20,230 (2022). It is 30 km east of the city of Aydın on the road to Denizli.
History
The first settlement here was the ancient city of Nysa in Asia (on the Maeander), founded in the Hellenistic period and continuing to thrive under the Ancient Romans, also as bishopric, where the geographer Strabo was educated. Nysa is 3 km from the modern town of Sultanhisar, which was founded by the Seljuk Turks in 1270 and brought into the Ottoman Empire in 1425.
Geography and economy
Sultanhisar is an agricultural district in the Büyük Menderes valley. The main products of the area are typical of the Aegean region: olives, figs, citrus fruits, grapes, strawberries etc. and the local industry is the processing of these products: olive oil pressing, spinning cotton, preparing and packing fruit, especially figs. Sultanhisar itself is a small town of 6,000 people on the İzmir-Afyon railway line. The local cuisine features typical Aegean dishes such as the bread-pancakes called gözleme. The town has a horticultural school of Adnan Menderes University.
Atça is a well-planned and tidy town, with 7,600 people larger than Sultanhisar itself. One of Turkey's largest strawberry growing districts. There is an annual strawberry harvest festival.
Composition
There are 18 neighbourhoods in Sultanhisar District:
Atça
Beşeylül
Demirhan
Eskihisar
Güvendik
Hisar
İncealan
Kabaca
Kavaklı
Kılavuzlar
Kurtuluş
Malgaçemir
Malgaçmustafa
Rekmez
Salavatlı
Uzunlar
Yağdere
Zafer
Places of interest
Nysa on the Maeander - ruins of the ancient Carian city, including a large theatre, bridges (Nysa Bridge), baths and a gymnasium. The site is still being excavated, led by Professor Vedat Idil of Ankara University.
References
Sources and external links
archaeology in Nysa
Populated places in Aydın Province
Districts of Aydın Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanhisar |
Suluova is a town in Amasya Province of Turkey, located on high ground inland within the central Black Sea region. It is the seat of Suluova District. Its population is 39,286 (2021). Altitude is 510 m. The mayor is Fatih Üçok (AKP).
Name
Suluova was known in antiquity as Arguma, meaning 'watery'. This was later translated into Turkish first as Suluca and later as Suluova, meaning watery plain. Two-thirds of the district lies on the plain (watered by the Tersakan River), one-third in the surrounding mountain forest. The land is dry and strong winds whip over the mountains from the Black Sea so Suluova is notorious for its dust storms. Özhan Öztürk claims that Argoma means "border settlement/base" at Hittite-Kaskians border erha “border” + huma(ti) “base/settlement” while Bergama means "high settlement/base" in Hittite language
Climate
Suluova has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb).
History
Excavations of the hill of Kümbettepe show the history of Suluova goes back to 2000 BC, the stone age. The area was then settled by the Hittites.
The Seljuk Turks arrived in the 11th century AD and the area was brought within the Ottoman Empire in 1386.
Suluova today
Suluova has grown into a large town for four reasons: the area is a rich source of lignite coal, this is good farmland and in particular Turkey's largest growers of onions are located here, there is a sugar factory located there, and a railway line passes through the town.
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Amasya Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Suluova District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suluova |
Karen Macdonald Gillon ( Turnbull; born 18 August 1967) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who served as Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the constituency of Clydesdale from 1999 to 2011.
Early life and career
Gillon was born in 1967 in Edinburgh to Edith Turnbull. She was educated at the state comprehensive Jedburgh Grammar School before going on to study at the University of Birmingham. Before entering politics, she worked in community education. From 1997 until 1999, she served as personal assistant to Helen Liddell MP.
Political career
Gillon was elected in the 1999 Scottish Parliament election, taking 16,755 votes (43.02%). She was re elected in 2003 with 14,800 votes (46.62%) and in 2007 with 13,835 votes (41.5%). She served as Labour's spokesperson on rural development until her defeat in 2011.
Gillon was co-chair of the Cross Party Group on Malawi and worked with civic society across Scotland and in the constituency of Clydesdale, to develop better links between the two countries. She was defeated in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election by the candidate from the SNP, Aileen Campbell, by 4,216 votes (14.1%).
Personal life
Gillon is married to James Gillon with whom she has two sons and one daughter. Gillon is a Christian and has described the Beatitudes as the best example in the Bible of turning prayer into action.
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Labour MSPs
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
People from Jedburgh
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
20th-century Scottish women politicians
Scottish Christians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Gillon |
Sungurlu is a town in Çorum Province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, located 72 km south-west of the city of Çorum. It is the seat of Sungurlu District. Its population is 30,275 (2022). The mayor is Abdulkadir Şahiner (MHP).
Sungurlu is on the main road from the Turkish capital Ankara to the Black Sea city of Samsun, and is a popular stop for soup or snacks, including Çorum's famous roasted chick peas (leblebi), when traveling that route by bus. The town consists of 17 quarters: Başpınar, Fevzipaşa, İsmetpaşa, Sunguroğlu, Şekerpınar, Turan, Yenidoğan, Akçay, Bahçelievler, Gürpınar, Hacettepe, Yenihayat, Cevheri, Çiftlik, Akçakent, Fatih and Örnekevler.
Many of Turkey's leading socks manufacturers are from Sungurlu.
There is a clock tower in the town, built in 1891.
History
Sungurlu has been settled by Hittites, Assyrians, Phrygians, Cimmerians, Alexander the Great, Galatians, Ancient Romans, and Pontic Greeks. Following the defeat of Byzantium by the Turks at the battle of Malazgirt in 1071, the area was settled by Danishmend lords.
Sungurlu formerly was a village in Yozgat District of Sivas Province of Ottoman Empire. In 1872–73, there were 310 Armenian households, 250 Turkish households and 30 Greek households in the village. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 1275 Armenians living in the village. Armenians were engaged in crafts, art and agriculture, especially blacksmithing and tailoring. There was Sb. Astvadzadzin Church in the village, while at the end of 19th century, the Armenian Haygazian collage had 200 students. The Armenians of the village were massacred or dislocated during the Armenian genocide.
See also
Hüseyindede Tepe
References
External links
A local news website
Populated places in Sungurlu District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungurlu |
Susuz (, , ) is a town in Kars Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Susuz District. Its population is 2,044 (2022). The mayor is Oğuz Yantemur from the Republican People's Party (CHP).
Geography
There is Lake Aygır to the west of the Susuz district center.
Notable people
Tuncer Bakırhan, Politician
Qanate Kurdo, Philology
References
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Kars Province
Susuz District
Kurdish settlements in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susuz |
Suşehri (formerly: Endires) is a town in Sivas Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Suşehri District. Its population is 15,960 (2022). The mayor is Fazlı Yüksel (AKP), since 2014.
Name
The first localization of Suşehri is 2 km east of the city centre. After the country, called Bulahiye, had collapsed by earthquakes started to grow with the name of Andıryas at the place where it is now. In Kurdish the known as Bilekan.
According to county arrangement, which is done in 1857, Şebinkarahisar was gotten from Trabzon, then Amasya, Tokat and Şebinkarahisar were given to Sivas. with this arrangement Gölova (Suşar) and Akşar were cancelled. Then Village of Endıres was composed a county and called Suşehri.
In 1933 Şebinkarahisar became a town with a new law and it was given Giresun and Suşehri was given Sivas. However Suşehri is a part of Caucasian with its properties of culture and geography.
History
Suşehri is an ancient localization centre. According to accounts its history begins from Bronze Age. In the nearby plain objects were found which prove that the area was inhabited during the Bronze Age. This area called Kayadelen Village which is under the barrage of Kılıçkaya now. There are some castle hangover from term of Byzantine Empire, Rome Era and Selçuklu Era in villages of Akşar, Eskişar and Kale and also in Çataloluk.
The villages of Büyükgüzel and Küçükgüzel which are ancient localization areas are the important centres in Roman Era. That registered from. The marble head of lion which was found in Küçükgüzel is exhibited at Museum of Sivas. Also there are some objects from the same area which are protected in The Garden of Administration Hall.
Akşar (Akşar-Abat), town of Suşehri, was an important centre in Middle Age. Also Suşehri and around of it was depended to Akşar and so we understand that Plain of Suşehri is called ‘Plain of Akşar’ in historical sources.
Geology and geomorphology
Suşehri district center is located on the northern slopes of Kösedağ.
Culture
One of the most important facts affecting the cultural structure is its geographical position. Because of being on the border of Anatolia and Black Sea, it shows both species of folk and plant properties.
References
Populated places in Sivas Province
Suşehri District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%9Fehri |
The British Ambassador to Germany is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the Federal Republic of Germany, and in charge of the UK's diplomatic mission in Germany. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany.
History
On German unification in 1871 the British Ambassador to the Kingdom of Prussia/North German Confederation in Berlin became the Ambassador to the new German Empire. During the partition of Germany following World War II the Ambassador to the new Federal Republic (or West Germany) resided in Bonn, the capital, from 1952. Berlin once more became the capital at reunification in 1990 and the Ambassador returned to Berlin in a new Embassy building, on the exact site of its predecessor in the Wilhelmstrasse, in 2000.
This article also includes the following predecessors:
German Confederation, whose Diet was at Frankfurt.
North German Confederation.
For envoys to the:
Holy Roman Emperor see Austria.
Imperial Diet at Ratisbon see Bavaria.
Imperial Court at Brussels see Belgium.
Elector of Cologne at Cologne and then Bonn see Cologne
Electorate of Hanover and then Kingdom of Hanover at Hanover see Hanover
Hanseatic cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck see Hanseatic Cities
Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel and then Electorate of Hesse at Darmstadt see Hesse-Cassel
Elector of Brandenburg and to the Kingdom of Prussia at Berlin see Prussia
Electorate of Saxony at Dresden see Saxony
Kingdom of Württemberg at Stuttgart see Württemberg
Other German States see other German states
List of heads of mission
German Confederation
Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary
1817–1824: Hon. Frederick Lamb
1824–1827: Hon. Frederick Cathcart
1826–1828: John Ralph Milbanke Chargé d'Affaires (Legation secretary 1826–1835)
1828–1829: Henry Addington
1829–1830: George Chad
1830–1838: Thomas Cartwright
1838: Hon. Henry Fox
1838–1839: Ralph Abercromby
1840–1848: Hon. William Fox-Strangways
1848–1852: Henry Wellesley, 2nd Baron Cowley Special Mission 1849-1851
1852–1866: Sir Alexander Malet, 2nd Baronet
German Confederation dissolved 1866
North German Confederation
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
1868–1871: Lord Augustus Loftus (previously ambassador to Prussia, 1866-1868)
North German Confederation becomes German Empire 1870-71
German Empire
Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
1871–1884: Lord Odo Russell (created 1st Baron Ampthill in 1881)
1884–1895: Sir Edward Malet
1895–1908: Sir Frank Lascelles
1908–1914: Sir Edward Goschen
No representation 1914–1919 due to World War I—US diplomats mainly took care of duties during this time
Weimar Republic
Chiefs of the Military Mission to Berlin
1919: Gordon Macready
1919–1920: Neill Malcolm
Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
1920: Victor Hay (later 21st Earl of Errol) Chargé d'Affaires
1920–1926: Lord D'Abernon (created 1st Viscount D'Abernon in 1926)
1926–1928: The Hon Sir Ronald Lindsay
1928–1933: Sir Horace Rumbold
Third Reich
Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
1933–1937: Sir Eric Phipps
1937–1939: Sir Nevile Meyrick Henderson
World War II and after
No representation 1939–1944 due to World War II
Post-war government of Germany 1944–1948 by Allied Control Council
West Germany
High Commissioner at Allied High Commission
1949–1950: Sir Brian Robertson (later 1st Baron Robertson of Oakridge)
1950–1953: Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick
1953–1955: Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar (later 1st Baron Inchyra)
Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
1955–1957: Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar (later 1st Baron Inchyra)
1957–1962: Sir Christopher Steel
1962–1968: Sir Frank Roberts
1968–1972: Sir Roger Jackling
1972–1975: Sir Nicholas Henderson
1975–1981: Sir Oliver Wright
1981–1984: Sir Jock Taylor
1984–1988: Sir Julian Bullard
1988–1990: Sir Christopher Mallaby
East Germany
Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
1974–1976: Sir Curtis Keeble
1976–1978: Sir Percy Cradock
1978–1981:
1981–1984: Peter Maxey
1984–1988:
1988–1990: Sir Nigel Broomfield
1990: Patrick Eyers
Germany
Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
1990–1993: Sir Christopher Mallaby
1993–1997: Sir Nigel Broomfield
1997: Christopher Meyer (later Sir Christopher Meyer)
1997–2003: Sir Paul Lever
2003–2007: Sir Peter Torry
2007–2010: Sir Michael Arthur
2010–2015: Sir Simon McDonald
2015–2020: Sir Sebastian Wood
2020–present: Jill Gallard
References
External links
UK and Germany, gov.uk
Germany
United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diplomats%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20to%20Germany |
Royal Air Force Bovingdon or more simply RAF Bovingdon is a former Royal Air Force station located near the village of Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, England, about south-west of Hemel Hempstead and south-east of Berkhamsted.
During the Second World War, the airfield was used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force. It was assigned USAAF designation Station 112, station code "BV", later changed to "BZ".
Royal Air Force use
Bovingdon was built in 1941–42 as a standard Class A RAF bomber airfield. The main NE/SW runway was long and the two secondary runways were each long. Over 30 dispersal hardstandings were built.
On 15 June 1942, No. 7 Group, RAF Bomber Command took up residence at Bovingdon. Operational missions were flown in June and July by the RAF until the field was turned over to the USAAF in August.
United States Army Air Forces use
USAAF Station Units assigned to RAF Bovingdon were:
1st Combat Crew Replacement Center Group
11th Combat Crew Replacement Center Group
328th Service Group (VIII Air Force Service Command)
347th Service Squadron; HHS 328th Service Group
18th Weather Squadron
26th Station Complement Squadron
Headquarters & Headquarters Squadron (VIII Fighter Command)
Regular Army Station Units included:
1054th Signal Company
1071st Quartermaster Company
1787th Ordnance Supply & Maintenance Company
978th Military Police Company
2128th Engineer Fire Fighting Platoon
The primary mission of Bovingdon was to support Eighth Air Force Headquarters and the Air Technical Section, both equipped with a variety of aircraft types. General Eisenhower's personal B-17 was housed on the base. During World War II, several film stars were assigned at one time or another to the base, including Clark Gable, James Stewart and William Holden. Among famous wartime visitors were Bob Hope, Frances Langford, Mrs Eleanor Roosevelt, and Glenn Miller.
A unique mission undertaken at Bovingdon was the training of United States journalists to cover the air war over Occupied Europe. A group of military journalists underwent training in February 1943 to fly high-altitude missions in bombers, to shoot the flexible machine guns (although they did not actually fire them in combat), as well as parachute and life support training as aircrew.
The group of journalists flew on a combat mission over Wilhelmshaven, Germany on 26 February 1943 to attack the German Naval submarine pens there. The mission saw heavy losses for the USAAF, and the aircraft of Andy Rooney of the Stars and Stripes was damaged by flak and Robert Post of the New York Times was killed in action when his B-24 exploded. This ended the training of journalists to fly along with Eighth Air Force bomber crews. Other journalists who underwent this training included Walter Cronkite, James Denton Scott, Homer Bigart, William Wade and Gladwin Hill.
92nd Bombardment Group (Heavy)
The first USAAF tenant at Bovingdon was the 92nd Bombardment Group (Heavy), being deployed from Sarasota Army Air Field, Florida. The group was known as "Fame's Favored Few", and it was assigned to the 40th Combat Bombardment Wing at RAF Thurleigh. The group tail code was a "Triangle B". Its operational squadrons were:
325th Bombardment Squadron (NV)
326th Bombardment Squadron (JW)
327th Bombardment Squadron (UX)
407th Bombardment Squadron (PY)
The group flew a few two combat missions in September and October 1942, then was assigned the role of a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Combat Crew Replacement Unit (CCRU). In January 1943, it was transferred to RAF Alconbury where it was became an operational combat group.
11th Combat Crew Replacement Center Group
Although the 92nd Bomb Group departed for Alconbury, the 326th Bomb Squadron of the 92nd remained at Bovingdon to form the core of 11th Combat Crew Replacement Center Group. The training was performed on the Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress aircraft, and most combat crews of Eighth Air Force bombing units for the balance of the war received their introduction before moving on to their operational bases. Although based at Bovingdon, the 326th remained under the operational control of the 92nd at Alconbury until May 1943.
In September 1944 the 11th CCRCG was disbanded and Bovingdon became the base for the European Air Transport Service (EATS). Many thousands of Americans returned to the States via the air terminal.
Postwar uses
After the war, Bovingdon was returned to RAF control on 15 April 1947. The British Ministry of Civil Aviation obtained the airfield for civilian airline use. On 15 September 1949, Bovingdon was the start point for a successful record air speed attempt by a de Havilland Hornet to and from Gibraltar.
Because of its elevation of about 160 metres, Bovingdon was often clear when Heathrow Airport and RAF Northolt were fog-bound; during the winter months especially, Bovingdon was used by British European Airways (BEA). British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) used Bovingdon as a maintenance facility and numerous other independent aircraft operators used the former technical site during the postwar years.
During the 1950s both civilian and military organizations used Bovingdon. The proximity of the USAF Third Air Force Headquarters at RAF South Ruislip and HQ RAF Fighter Command at Bentley Priory made Bovingdon the ideal location for service aircraft.
The USAF returned to Bovingdon on 25 May 1951, with the establishment of the 7531st Air Base Squadron. Douglas C-47 Skytrains were assigned to the unit, however many transitory USAF planes used the airfield routinely. In addition, the RAF operated the Fighter Command Communication Squadron RAF on the base. In October 1962, the USAF departed from Bovingdon. During the 60s, RAF Transport Command (Southern Communication Squadron RAF) operated Anson, Devon, Pembroke and latterly Basset aircraft from Bovingdon. In the 1960s the base was home to the last flight of Anson Mk 21 aircraft, descended from a World War II design.
The Air Training Corps 617 Gliding School operated from Bovingdon between 1968 and 1970; the last flight by a military aircraft was by Kirby Cadet Mk.3 glider XN246 on 25 Oct 1970. The school had moved from RAF Hendon in 1968, but moved on to RAF Manston in 1971. In 1968 the airfield was used to store and dispose of several aircraft used in the making of the film "Battle of Britain".
Closure and civilian use
In 1968, the Ministry of Defence (MOD) announced that Bovingdon would be closed for budgetary reasons, and in 1972 the airfield was shut down, although from World War II to present day, the runway, 650m long × 49m wide, on Berry Farm has continuously been used for light aircraft activities. Berry Farm is owned separately by the Webb family and is unconnected to the part of the original airfield where the land has been used for various other uses, including the market. In 2012 Dacorum Borough Council confirmed that the Berry Farm stretch of runway 08/26 remains a legally active airfield for light aircraft operation.
In the early 1980s, flying returned to the airfield, first with hang-glider tow-launching (using a truck-mounted pay-out winch) and then microlight aircraft, mainly of the 'Trike/hang-glider' type. Some local residents complained on the grounds of noise and danger. After a local inquiry, the Ombudsman narrowly decided against allowing flying to continue. At that time the combined control tower and fire-tender garage were in 'reasonable structural condition' but deliberately damaged a few years later by earthmoving equipment, thereafter making restoration highly unlikely. The remains of the control tower were demolished in August 2010.
An area of the former technical site was transferred to HM Prison Service for use as a prison, called 'The Mount' which opened in 1987.
The airfield site still houses a VOR navigational beacon, code BNN. The airspace above the airfield and nearby Chesham is known as the Bovingdon stack and is a holding area for aircraft approaching Heathrow Airport, to the south. Aircraft are requested to join the hold, typically at an altitude of 7000–16000 feet, and then to fly a 'race-track' pattern around the Bovingdon VOR beacon, separated at vertical intervals of 1000 feet from other aircraft. Each aircraft is then instructed to descend to a lower available altitude as the lowest aircraft leaves the hold to make its final approach to Heathrow. At busy times there may be up to 10 aircraft holding at the available 1000 foot separations between 7000 feet and 16000 feet, and these may be seen circling overhead on a clear day.
The remainder of the airfield site was used for a regular Saturday market and there was also a permanent circuit for banger racing which closed in September 2008. The main runway and taxiways are still intact though in a poor state of repair, but are also used for other events such as autojumbles and classic car shows. Alongside a runway is a Delta Force Paintballing facility. The ruins of the control tower also remain.
It was reported in September 2021 that new studios would be added to the Airfield and that Bovingdon Market would be closing down due to the new studios. It was confirmed on the Bovingdon Market Facebook page in March 2022 that the market would be ceasing trading on the site after 40 years of trading due to television works taking over the airfield with 3 new studios, new offices and a backlot being added to the site. The final day of trading for Bovingdon Market was 29 August 2022.
Bovingdon Studios
ITV Studios Bovingdon (also known as Bovingdon Airfield Studios) is a television studio complex operated by ITV Studios. The first studios opened in January 2018. ITV Bovingdon currently has one full sized studio which was purpose built for Dancing on Ice. A number of other productions are also filmed at ITV Studios Bovingdon including Michael McIntyre's The Wheel and The Masked Singer.
In September 2021, it was announced that ITV Studio Bovingdon had submitted plans to expand the studio capacity by building three new permanent studios, new office spaces, a backlot for temporary studios and sets. The plans were granted in 2022 this will take the number of studios at ITV Bovingdon to 4 once completed along with a backlot. It was reported in August 2022 that ITV Bovingdon's new backlot will become home of the new Big Brother UK house which will return to ITV in 2023.
Future development will include four additional studios and seven backlot areas. The four new sound stages and seven new backlot areas officially opened in late 2022 early 2023 with the studios taking bookings. The studios also have 13 workshop buildings.
Studios and sound stages
Studio 1 (also known as ITV Studios) – 2,088 square metres (22,483 ft²) – Studio 1 is currently home to programmes such as Dancing on Ice, The Masked Singer, The Wheel and The Masked Dancer. The studio can accommodate audiences and an ice rink. Studio 1 opened in January 2018 with Dancing on Ice being the first series to be filmed there.
Stage A – 1,744 square metres (18,780ft²)
Stage B – 2,322 square metres (25,000ft²)
Stage C – 1,858 square metres (20,000ft²)
Stage D – 2,322 square metres (25,000ft²)
Backlots
The triangle backlot was used for the filming of the 2019 film 1978 and the 2014 film Fury. The Main runway backlot was used for the filming of 2018 film Bohemian Rhapsody Live Aid stage and for the 2013 Fast & Furious 6 plane crash scene. The production pad is for large set-builds, storage and temporary pop-up stages.
Backlot 1 (Triangle Backlot) – 62,000m2
Backlot 2 (Corner Backlot) – 28,100m2
Backlot 3 (Control Tower Backlot) – 12,400m2
Backlot 4 (Perimeter Backlot) – 13,354m2
Backlot 5 (Radar Backlot) – 65,700m2
Backlot 6 (Main runway Backlot) – 42,750m2
Backlot 7 (Production Pad) – 8,000m2
Programmes
The studios are home to many television programmes, including:
Other film and television appearances
In the 1960s, Bovingdon was used in the production of four World War II films, The War Lover (1962); 633 Squadron (1964) Battle of Britain (1969) and Mosquito Squadron (1969). Although flying ceased at the airfield in 1969, it was also used to film parts of the flying car scenes in the James Bond film The Man With the Golden Gun starring Roger Moore, when the palm trees fold down as it takes off. In 1977, parts of the Golden Gate Bridge sequence from Superman were filmed on one of the runways. In 1978, some flying scenes for the film Hanover Street.. The site was also used in the 2016 Star Wars film Rogue One, representing the planet Scarif.
On television, it served as the location for at least one black and white episode of The Avengers "The Hour That Never Was", starring Patrick Macnee and Diana Rigg featuring Gerald Harper and Roy Kinnear as well as the 1980 Blake's 7 episode The Harvest of Kairos as the surface of the planet Kairos. An airstrip at the airfield is also reputed to have been used in the opening credits of the 1967 television series The Prisoner in which Patrick McGoohan is seen driving a Lotus Super Seven car past the camera at speed. The control tower and airfield was the filming location for the 1981 movie Silver Dream Racer starring David Essex and Beau Bridges. In the movie, the montage scene before the final race shows Essex and Christina Raines training for the forthcoming grand prix. It has continued to be used in various TV shows up to the present day. The airfield has also been used in the production of the film Bohemian Rhapsody, as the production crew were required to recreate the 1985 Live Aid set.
Major units assigned
Royal Air Force
No. 150 Staging Post RAF (9 August 1946 – 18 February 1947)
Flying Training Command Communication Squadron RAF (9 July 1947 – 30 June 1963)
Bomber Command Communication Squadron RAF (31 March – 30 June 1963)
Bomber/Fighter/Coastal Command Communication Squadron RAF (30 June – 1 August 1963)
Southern Communication Squadron RAF (1 August 1963 – 1 January 1969)
No. 617 Volunteer Gliding School RAF (1968 – September 1969)
Strike Command Communication Squadron RAF (1–27 January 1969)
United States Army Air Forces
92d Bombardment Group (18 August 1942 – 6 January 1943)
11th Combat Crew Replacement Unit (January 1943 – September 1944)
92d Bombardment Group (18 August 1942 – 6 January 1943)
1402nd Air Base Group (October 1944 – April 1946)
United States Air Force
7531st Air Base Squadron (25 May 1951 – 1962)
2130 Communications Group (1961 to 1991)
See also
List of former Royal Air Force stations
References
Citations
Bibliography
Maurer Maurer, Air Force Combat Units of World War II, Office of Air Force History, 1983
Freeman, Roger A., Airfields of the Eighth, Then And Now, 1978
Freeman, Roger A., The Mighty Eighth, The Colour Record, 1991
Maurer Maurer, Air Force Combat Units of World War II, Office of Air Force History, 1983
USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers--1908 to present
External links
Control Towers - RAF Bovingdon
Royal Air Force stations in Hertfordshire
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom
Installations of the United States Air Force in the United Kingdom
Military installations closed in 1972
Airfields of the VIII Bomber Command in the United Kingdom
RAF
Military installations established in 1942
1942 establishments in England
1972 disestablishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF%20Bovingdon |
Sürmene (Greek: Σούρμενα, Sourmena; , romanized as Sürmena[/e]) is a municipality and district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 166 km2, and its population is 25,950 (2022). In ancient times the town of Hyssus or Hyssos () was nearby. The mayor is Rahmi Üstün (AKP).
Sürmene (Humurgan) is situated some east of Trabzon. Known in antiquity also as Susarmia or Augustopolis, it lies on the River Kora (Manahoz Deresi) and is best known as the place where Xenophon and his Ten Thousand fell sick after eating wild honey, an event which was confirmed by the local people. In the village of Kastil, to the west of Sürmene, stands a ruined medieval castle as well as the impressively restored 18th-century Yakupoğlu Memiş Ağa Konağı mansion. This was formerly the seat of the Yakupoğlu family, who lived here as rulers (derebeys, hence its alternative name of Derebeyli Kale, the Castle of the Derebeys) of the surrounding region relatively free of interference from the Ottoman government in faraway Constantinople/Istanbul.
Economy
Historically, Sürmene produced small amounts of manganese. The area also had mineral springs, and shipped bottled water to Istanbul.
Composition
There are 37 neighbourhoods in Sürmene District:
Aksu
Armutlu
Aşağıovalı
Balıklı
Birlik
Çamburnu
Çamlıca
Çarşı
Çavuşlu
Çiftesu
Çimenli
Dirlik
Fındıcak
Gültepe
Güneyköy
Kahraman
Karacakaya
Konak
Koyuncular
Küçükdere
Muratlı
Ormanseven
Ortaköy
Ortamahalle
Oylum
Petekli
Soğuksu
Üstündal
Üzümlü
Yazıoba
Yemişli
Yeniay
Yeşilköy
Yokuşbaşı
Yukarıçavuşlu
Yukarıovalı
Zeytinli
Flora and fauna
According to WWF the largest amount of endemic flora is to be found in the Ağaçbaşı yayla (summer upland pasture) in Sürmene.
Zehirli biberiye (Andromeda polifolia),
Böcek yiyen bitkilerden Drosera,
Pamukotu (Eriophorum angustifolium ve E. latifolium),
Kurtayağı (Lycopodiella inundata),
Kara ot (Rhynchospora alba)
Gallery
See also
Memiş Aga Mansion
Memiş Agha
Madur
Anabasis (Xenophon)
Ten Thousand
Sürmene knife
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website* Surmenem.com - A local website about Sürmene
Populated places in Trabzon Province
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Districts of Trabzon Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrmene |
Sütçüler is a town in Isparta Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Sütçüler District. Its population is 2,473 (2022).
See also
Yazılı Canyon Nature Park
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Isparta Province
Sütçüler District
Pisidia
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCt%C3%A7%C3%BCler |
The word FCM may refer to:
Science and technology
FCM (chemotherapy), a chemotherapy regimen
Flow cytometry
Food contact materials
Fuel-containing material
Flight control module, a computer that assists in the control of an aircraft
Computing
Firebase Cloud Messaging
Flash cache module
FlashCopy Manager
Flash Core Module
Fuzzy C-means clustering, an algorithm
Fuzzy cognitive map
Organizations
Federation of Canadian Municipalities
First Congregational Methodist Church, a Christian denomination
Florida Citrus Mutual, an American trade group
Friends of Cathedral Music, a British organisation
Mexican Railway (Spanish: )
, a French shipbuilder
Sport
1. FC Magdeburg, a German football club
FC Metz, a French football club
FC Midtjylland, a Danish football club
FC Mulhouse, a French football club
Moldavian Cycling Federation (Romanian: )
Other uses
Futures commission merchant
Flying Cloud Airport (IATA and LID codes), in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, US
Food Chain Magnate, 2015 strategy board game | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCM |
Şahinbey is a municipality and district of Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its area is 960 km2, and its population is 941,055 (2022). It was named after Şahin Bey (1877–1920), a Turkish National Movement commander. It covers the southern part of the agglomeration of Gaziantep and the adjacent countryside. It is the location of a large amount of student housing for the public University of Gaziantep, as well as the site of two private universities: Zirve and Hasan Kalyoncu.
Composition
There are 181 neighbourhoods in Şahinbey District:
23 Nisan
25 Aralık
60. Yıl
75. Yıl
Abdülhamit Han
Akbayır
Akbulut
Akkent
Akpınar
Akyazı
Akyol
Alaybey
Alibaba
Alleben
Almalı
Aydınbaba
Bağlarbaşı
Bahçelievler
Barak
Barış
Bayramlı
Bekirbey
Bekişli
Belenköy
Beşkuyu
Beştepe
Bey
Beyazlar
Beydili
Binevler
Bostancı
Bostancık
Boyacı
Bozca
Bozoklar
Bülbülzade
Burç Esentepe
Burç Karakuyu
Cabi
Çağdaş
Çamlıca
Çamtepe
Çapalı
Cebeler
Cemal Gürsel
Cengiz Topel
Cevizli
Çevreli
Çimenli
Çöreklik
Çubukdiken
Cumhuriyet
Damlacık
Deniz
Deredüzü
Doğanca
Dokur
Dumlupınar
Durantaş
Düztepe
Ekinli
Ertuğrul Gazi
Eyüpoğlu
Fidanlık
Fırat
Gazitepe
Geneyik
Gerciğin
Geylani
Güllüce
Gülpınar
Gümüştekin
Güneş
Güneykent
Güzelvadi
Hacıarslan
Hacıköprü
Hacıköy
Hoşgör
İbn-i Sina
İnönü
İsmetpaşa
İstiklal
Kabarcık
Kahvelipınar
Kale
Kaleboynu
Kanalıcı
Kapçağız
Karaçomak
Karagöz
Karatarla
Karataş
Karayılan
Kavaklık
Kavşak
Kayakent
Kazıklı
Kepenek
Kerer
Kıbrıs
Kılınçoğlu
Killik
Kolejtepe
Konak
Kozanlı
Kozluca
Küçükkızılhisar
Külecik
Kumruhamurkesen
Kurbanbaba
Kürüm
Kuşçu
Malazgirt
Mavikent
Mimar Sinan
Morcalı
Muhacirosman
Narlıca
Narlıtepe
Nuripazarbaşı
Ocaklar
Öğretmenevleri
Onur
Ortaklar
Osmanlı
Ozanlı
Pancarlı
Perilikaya
Saçaklı
Şahinbey
Şahinbey Mülk
Şahintepe
Şahveli
Sarıbaşak
Sarıkaya
Sarısalkım
Sarıt
Savcılı
Seferpaşa
Şekeroğlu
Selçuklu
Şenyurt
Serince
Serinevler
Sırasöğüt
Süleymanşah
Sultanselim
Suyabatmaz
Tekstilkent
Tışlaki
Tiyekli
Töreli
Türkmenler
Türközü
Türktepe
Üçoklar
Ufacık
Uğurtepe
Ulaş
Ulucanlar
Ünaldı
Vatan
Yağdöver
Yamaçtepe
Yavuzlar
Yaycı
Yaylacık
Yazıbağı
Yazıcık
Yeditepe
Yeniköy
Yeşilevler
Yeşilkent
Yeşilköy
Yeşilpınar
Yeşilyurt
Yığmatepe
Yoğuntaş
Yukarıbayır
Zeytinli
Sport
Two women's football clubs are based in Şahinbey. The 2006-established Gazikentspor playing in the Women's Second League and the 2021-founded Gaziantep Asyaspor, which was promoted to the Women's Super League in the [-2023–24 season.
References
Districts of Gaziantep Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahinbey |
Şalpazarı is a municipality and district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 161 km2, and its population is 10,434 (2022). The mayor is Refik Kurukız (MHP). Şalpazarı is a home to sizeable Chepni Turkmen population.
Şalpazarı has a creek called Ağasar.
History
During the Ottoman period, Şalpazarı was a village that was a part of the town of Görele. In 1809 Şalpazarı became a part of Vakfıkebir. Then in 1987 it gained town status.
Composition
There are 30 neighbourhoods in Şalpazarı District:
Ağırtaş
Akçiriş
Çamkiriş
Çamlıca
Çarlaklı
Çetrik
Dereköy
Doğancı
Dorukkiriş
Düzköy
Fidanbaşı
Geyikli
Gökçeköy
Gölkiriş
Güdün
Kabasakal
Kalecik
Karakaya
Kasımağzı
Kireç
Kuzuluk
Pelitçik
Sayvançatak
Simenli
Sinlice
Sugören
Sütpınar
Tepeağzı
Turalıuşağı
Üzümözü
References
External links
District governor's official website
Populated places in Trabzon Province
Districts of Trabzon Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ealpazar%C4%B1 |
Sir William Edward Goschen, 1st Baronet, (18 July 1847 – 20 May 1924), was a British diplomat.
Background and education
Goschen was born at Eltham, England, the twelfth child and sixth son of Wilhelm Heinrich Göschen, originally of Leipzig, Saxony, and Henrietta Ohmann, who was born in London. At the time of his birth his father was 54. The Liberal Unionist politician Lord Goschen was Goschen's elder brother. He was educated at Rugby and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He twice represented Oxford at real tennis, played five matches of first-class cricket as a right-handed batsman for the University of Oxford and throughout his life was a keen sportsman.
Diplomatic service
Goschen entered the Diplomatic Service in 1869 and after an initial few months at the Foreign Office he served in Madrid, as Third Secretary in Buenos Aires, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Constantinople, Peking, Copenhagen as secretary to the legation (1888–1890), Lisbon as secretary to the legation, Washington (1893–1894) as secretary and Saint Petersburg (1895–1898).
Minister to Belgrade
Goschen was offered the Belgrade legation and took up post in Serbia in September 1899. He was later to recall that his only instructions from the Foreign Secretary Lord Salisbury was to "keep [an] eye [on] King Milan". He remained in Serbia until 1900.
Minister to Copenhagen
According to Goschen himself he was initially less than happy to be offered the Copenhagen legation. "Oh dear, oh dear! I am not thrilled and later accepted but with misgivings". He served as Minister to Denmark from 1900 until 1905 and although recognising the posting as something of a diplomatic backwater he at least revelled in the social aspects of his position.
Ambassador to Vienna
Goschen's appointment as Ambassador to Austria-Hungary was seemingly made at the behest of King Edward VII. Goschen most probably expected the Vienna posting to be his last but the imminent retirement of Sir Frank Lascelles at the Berlin embassy posed problems for the Foreign Secretary.
Ambassador to Berlin
Finding a successor for Lascelles was not easy. Berlin made it clear that Sir Arthur Nicolson would be unacceptable as the successor and although the Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs Charles Hardinge had initially favoured Fairfax Cartwright, the Minister at Munich, he was in his turn vetoed by the Germans who wanted a public figure. Eventually a reluctant Kaiser was persuaded to accept Goschen. In Goschen's last conversation with the German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg before asking for his passports, on 4 August 1914, Bethmann famously expressed his astonishment that England would go to war for "a scrap of paper" (the 1839 treaty guaranteeing Belgium's neutrality).
Sir Edward Goschen Fund
During World War I, Goschen established a relief fund for British citizens still living in Germany who had lost their means of income and for British POWs being held prisoner in Germany. The fund was primarily administered through the United States Consular Service, now the United States Foreign Service.
Honours
British honours and decorations
GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – 19 June 1911
GCMG: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George – 25 June 1909
KCMG: Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George – 13 September 1901 – during a private visit to Denmark by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra
GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order – 8 September 1905
KCVO: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order - 18 April 1904
Goschen was admitted to the Privy Council in 29 May 1905
He was created a Baronet, of Beacon Lodge, in the parish of Highcliffe, in the County of Southampton, on 17 January 1916.
Foreign decorations
: Grand Cross of the Order of Dannebrog
: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle
Personal life
Goschen married Harriet Hosta Clarke, an American from Michigan, in 1874. They had two sons, Edward Henry Goschen, born in 1877, and George Gerard Goschen, born in 1887. Lady Goschen died in February 1912. In later life he became an enthusiastic if untalented violinist. He notes in his diary playing duets with the German Crown Prince in 1910. Goschen died in Chelsea, London, in May 1924, aged 76, and was succeeded in his title by his eldest son, Edward Henry Goschen.
References
Baring, Maurice, The Puppet Show of Memory (London, 1922)
Bruce, Henry, Silken Daliance (London, 1946)
Howard, C. H. D. (ed.), The Diary of Sir Edward Goschen 1900–1914 (London, 1980)
Jones, Raymond A., The British Diplomatic Service 1815–1914 (Waterloo Ontario, 1983)
Kennedy, Paul M., The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 (London, 1981)
Rattigan, Frank, Diversions of a Diplomat (London, 1924)
Rumbold, Horace, War Crisis in Berlin (London, 1940)
Steiner, Zara S., The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy 1898–1914 (Cambridge, 1970)
Steiner, Zara S., Britain and the Origins of World War I (London, 1978)
First World war primary documents – Britain's Breaking Off of Diplomatic Relations with Germany, 4 August 1914
External links
|-
1847 births
1924 deaths
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Denmark
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Germany
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Serbia
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary
Edward Goschen
English people of German descent
English cricketers
Oxford University cricketers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Edward%20Goschen%2C%201st%20Baronet |
Şaphane, formerly Abşeker, is a town in Kütahya Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Şaphane District. Its population is 2,853 (2022). Its elevation is .
Tourism
Mt. Şaphane (Akdağ) is open for the mountain tourism with its plateaus that are rich for their oxygen levels. It is 2121 meters high and on a 100,000-hectare area with 20,000 hectares of new planting parts. Paragliding and trekking are some of the activities you can do on Mt. Şaphane.
Kocaseyfullah Mosque is one of our historical spots with its age dating back to 700 years. It is inherited from Anatolian Seljuks. We also have Agha Mansions on which some
investments can be directed.
We have profitable thermal water sources in Karacaderbent ward of Şaphane where some thermal villages, hotels and physical therapy clinic projects can be done.
Medicinal herbs
On Mount Şaphane, there is a variety of medicinal herbs like thyme, sage, linden tree, Ayvadanası, Filistan herb, nigella sativa, urtica dioica, daisy, Papaver rhoeas, sand rose, etc., and many kinds of unexplored plant families.
Cherry and sour cherry
In the district, cherry and sour cherry are cultivated using waterless agricultural methods. There is a quality policy over world standards with 2000 tons of cherry and 7000 tons of sour cherry exported.
The district is open for investments for both industry ( fruit juice – concentrate – marmalade – jam) and export.
Mines
Alum
There is alum mine in the district and the mine area is possessed by Dostel Inc. and it gives 50,000 tons of total production amount per year.
Aluminium sulphate
65000 tons of aluminium sulfate (Al2SO4) has been produced by Dostel Inc. in the district. This product is sold mainly to İSKİ and ASKİ. It is also purchased by metropolitan municipalities and standard municipalities’ water authority units and paper factories.
Gold
It was found out, after 15 drilling works made under 500 meters depth conducted by MTA with the provision of ETİBANK in 2000, that gold mine was encountered by the depth of 280 meters. This research was carried out by Canadian research centers. The deposit is not developed.
Marble
There are great quantities of marble and calcite veins under Mt. Şaphane.
Wind energy
North, south and southwest areas of Mt. Şaphane are appropriate for energy production from wind. This energy potential would be enough for meeting the electric energy needs of the district and nearby districts.
Thermal water energy
a) 90 °C hot water (30lt/second) was found after drilling works made under 1326 meters depth in Üçbaş sub-district by MTA in 2006. this thermal source has been opened for bid by MTA.
b) 97 °C hot water was found after drilling works made under 1600 meters depth by MTA in 2007 in Karacaderbent Ward that is on Kütahya-Gediz-Simav-Balıkesir-Bursa highway.
MTA has planned activities in this area in its 2009 agenda that TPAO is going to carry
out drilling projects by the depth of 4000 meters. This area is appealing for both tourism and energy investments because of its proximity to the highway.
References
Populated places in Kütahya Province
Şaphane District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaphane |
Şarkışla is a town in the Central Anatolian Sivas Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Şarkışla District. Its population is 23,707 (2022). The mayor is Ahmet Turgay Oğuz (AKP).
Aşık Veysel, one of the most famous Turkish folk poets and folk music singers of the 20th century were born in Şarkışla, as well as another earlier poet (19th century) named Aşık Sefil Kanberi. The well known Turkish originated female Dutch politician Nebahat Albayrak was born (1968) in Maksutlu village of this town as well.
Şarkışla has all the characteristics of Central Anatolian climate in all seasons. The weather is mostly sunny and dry, and the clouds are high. In the summer time, it is a better place to live in and in the winter it is very cold here.
There are plenty of dams constructed in and around the town, which are used for agricultural and recreational needs. A recently constructed Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline is crossing by Şarkışla.
The history of this town is very old. Şarkışla is known to be populated since the ancient time of the Romans. A historical high castle still exists in the middle of the town.
During the last decades, many residents emigrated from this region to settle abroad. Anatolian cultural motives can be seen here. A rich Turkish cuisine and variety of regional foods and meals are found here.
References
See also
Aşık Veysel
Aşık Veysel Meslek Yüksekokulu
Populated places in Şarkışla District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eark%C4%B1%C5%9Fla |
Şarköy, formerly Peristasis (Greek: Περίστασις), is a municipality and district of Tekirdağ Province, Turkey. Its area is 487 km2, and its population is 33,466 (2022). It is a seaside town on the north coast of the Marmara Sea in East Thrace. Şarköy is 86 km west of the town of Tekirdağ, and can be reached either by the inland road or by the winding coast road, which goes on to Gallipoli. The mayor is Alpay Var (CHP).
History
Stone-age weapons and implements have been found in the villages of Kızılca Terzi, Fener Karadutlar and Sofuköy. Bronze Age artefacts from 1200BC have been found in İğde Bağları (Araplı), showing that mining took place here and also that there were trading links between Thrace and the Aegean coast.
Greek colonies were founded from 750 to 550 BC with the agreement of the local Thracians. The Greek villages of Heraklea (Eriklice) (), Chóra (Hoşköy) (), Gános (Ganoz) (), Byzanthe-Panion (Barbaros) () later fell into the hands of the Romans. Then under Byzantine rule Thrace was subject to wave on wave of invaders coming via the Balkans; Huns, Slavs, Bulgars, the Crusaders. By this time the area was known as Tristatis (), Peristasis () and also Agorà ().
Following the Ottoman invasion in 1362 the name of the city became 'Şehirköy' ('city-village') and later 'Şarköy'. The area was first invaded in 1356 by Süleyman Paşa, son of Orhangazi, the son of the founder of the Ottoman dynasty. It changed control a few times before coming under Ottoman control in 1362, and permanently after the fall of Constantinople, now Istanbul, in 1453.
In the Ottoman period this coastline thrived, growing produce to ship to Constantinople, wine production, and also making bricks and roof-tiles which were exported further afield.
Şarköy was a township (bucak) in Gelibolu sanjak and belonged to Kaptanpaşa vilayet at first. Gelibolu sanjak returning to Adrianople vilayet in 1864.
According to the Ottoman population statistics of 1914, the kaza of Şarköy had a total population of 16,613, consisting of 11.009 Greeks and 5.604 Muslims.
During the 20th century the Turkish authorities oppressed, persecuted and terrorized the Greek and other Christian population of the town and of the surrounding area and nearby towns, so as to compel them to flee. Towards the beginning of 1913, the authorities exacted from the inhabitants payment for the upkeep of the Turkish fleet. Also, imposed further contribution from the Christians for the construction of Government buildings, a Turkish school, telephonic communications, national defence, etc. At the same time the most rigorous boycott was exercised, for the purpose to bring famine the dispersion to the Christian Communities. In addition, the importation of provisions into the town was prohibited under the penalty of death and no communication between the town and the other communities was allowed, and as another precaution the boats were rendered useless by the removal of the oars.
The coast was occupied briefly by Bulgarian forces on December 22, 1912 during the Balkan Wars, and again in 1920–22 by Greek forces during the Greco-Turkish War, this time with the support of the local Greek and Armenian people. Şarköy was a district in Thrace province between 1922–1926 before returning to Tekirdağ province.
The area today
Şarköy and Mürefte are small country towns providing the surrounding villages with amenities such as medical care and high schools. 90% of the land is cultivated, vineyards and olive groves near the coast, with sunflowers, wheat, barley and tobacco inland.
Şarköy has the longest beach in Turkey, the 12th longest in the world, which was dirty but has been cleaned up now and in 2006 was awarded a blue flag. The district includes 60 km of coastline for tourism, fishing and prawn fishing. And it is possible to take a motorboat from here to Avşa or Marmara Island. With all this to offer Şarköy is naturally popular with holidaymakers from Istanbul. There are hotels and guest houses in the town of Şarköy, but not enough to fill the demand in summertime. There are also compounds of holiday flats for summer residents. The town has a little jetty and pretty narrow lanes. The night-life and cuisine of the towns are not top-class. Şarköy attracts Istanbul's Population coming on family holidays, because it is not so far from İstanbul away. There are bars and discos playing a variety of different musics, and places among the rocks for the young or young at heart to creep off and drink beer and Raki. And as this area thrives on wine-making and tourism people are pretty cool about life. Şarköy is a mecca for Windsurfing because it is Said that 7 types of winds are meeting together there. The young generation tend to migrate to Istanbul for study and careers. Uçmakdere village has a parasailing possibility between end of May and beginning of September.
The land behind the coast has the right micro-climate for vineyards and wine-making; Şarköy is known for its wine and holds a wine festival each autumn. Güler Sabancı has a winery here making a Cabernet Sauvignon called Gulor. And the olives are very good too.
There is also an institute of Trakya University here.
Composition
There are 31 neighbourhoods in Şarköy District:
Aşağıkalamış
Beyoğlu
Bulgur
Camikebir
Çengelli
Çınarlı
Cumhuriyet
Eriklice
Gaziköy
Gölcük
Güzelköy
Hoşköy
İğdebağları
İshaklı
İstiklal
Kirazlı
Kızılcaterzi
Kocaali
Mürefte
Mursallı
Palamut
Şenköy
Sofuköy
Tepeköy
Uçmakdere
Ulaman
Yayaağaç
Yayaköy
Yeniköy
Yörgüç
Yukarıkalamış
Agriculture
The coastline between Tekirdağ and Şarköy, particularly Uçmakdere and Mürefte, are important places for viticulture and winemaking. 22 of the 27 villages of Şarköy grow grape and produce wine. There are well-known wine producers in the region, including "Doluca", "Gülor", "Kutman", "Bağcı" and "Latif Aral". Other wine producers of the region is "Melen" in Hoşköy.
Places of interest
Great Mosque of Gazi Süleyman Pasha
Uçmakdere - (formerly 'Avdim') 36 km from Şarköy, on a winding road along the cliffs from Tekirdağ. Uçmakdere is a lovely seaside village on a rocky coast with pretty wine-growing countryside behind. A wine making centre since the Byzantine period, Greek-built wineries still active today. Ruins of a Byzantine monastery, once silk was made here too. Partridge shooting on the steep hillside behind the village, and also great views.
Gaziköy - 25 km from Şarköy, 2700 years of history including; fossils, ruined Byzantine houses and churches, the castle named 'Ganos'
Hoşköy - (formerly 'Hora') 16 km from Şarköy, another village with vineyards ('Melen' and others) and a long history
Eriklice - an old-established seaside fishing village with vineyards and olive groves
Mürefte - (formerly 'Myrióphyton') - 13 km from Şarköy, an ancient tree-lined village on a lovely coastline, with views of Marmara Island across the sea. Wine-making and olive-growing. There are guest houses and restaurants for those looking for a weekend escape from Istanbul. Wine-making is a large-scale modern industry here now, well known grape varieties such as semillon and gamay are grown alongside the traditional local varieties for use in wineries including Kutman.
References
External links
Şarköy'ün web adresi - Şarköy Haber, Resim Video Portalı
Sarkoyunsesi.com - Voice of Şarköy
Sarkoy Bilgileri Portalı
SARKOY GUIDANCE - Şarköy
Local news homepage
Otelcenneti Şarköy Otelleri
Districts of Tekirdağ Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Seaside resorts in Turkey
Populated places in Tekirdağ Province
Fishing communities in Turkey
Former Greek towns in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y |
V4 or V-4 may refer to:
Science and technology
LNER Class V4, a class of British steam locomotives
V4 engine, a V engine with four cylinders in two banks of two cylinders
Visual area V4, in the visual cortex
Klein four-group, in mathematics
ITU-T V.4, a telecommunication recommendation
ATC code V04 Diagnostic agents, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
The V4 JavaScript engine for QML
V4, one of six precordial leads in electrocardiography
V-4 (rocket launch), first mostly-successful launch of the V-2 rocket
Other uses
Visegrád Group, an alliance of four Central European states - Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia
Rheinbote or V-4, a German World War II four-stage missile
Saint Kitts & Nevis (ITU prefix)
Vieques Air Link (IATA airline code)
V4, a grade (climbing) for difficulty of a boulder climbing route
See also
4V (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V4 |
Şavşat () is a town in Artvin Province in the Black Sea region, between the cities of Artvin and Kars on the border with Georgia at the far eastern end of Turkey. It is the seat of Şavşat District. Its population is 6,048 (2021).
History
According to Rayfield, in 790 BC, King Menua of Urartu invaded Shesheti in Kingdom of Diauehi, which is the Kartvelian province of Shavsheti.
In 387 this land was a part of Marzpan Iberia (vassal of Iran). After this, in IX century it was one of the Georgian princedoms in the constellation of several polities which is conventionally known as Tao-Klarjeti in Georgian. The princedom of Shavsheti included today's districts of Şavşat, Borçka, and Murgul in Turkey and Lower Machakheli in Adjara (Georgia). The fortress above the town is primarily of Georgian construction and probably dates from the 9th century A.D., when it was rebuilt by Adarnase I of Iberia. The site has an impressive circuit wall with strategically placed towers and rooms, including two small chapels. In 1983 the fortress was surveyed and three years later an accurate scaled plan and description were published.
This lasted until it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1547.
Following the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) Şavşat was among the territories ceded to Russia, and was returned to the new Republic of Turkey in 1921. It was briefly bounded to Ardahan Province between 27 February 1921 and 7 July 1921. People living in Şavşat and Imerkhevi are Georgians and Turkified Georgians.
Geography
Like most districts of Artvin this is a beautiful hilly area surrounded by high mountains on all sides, including the Karçkal mountains to the west, and watered by many mountain streams and pools. There are trout in the largest, Şavşat Karagöl lake and a number of mineral water springs. The area has a cold inland climate, somewhat tempered by being above the Black Sea coast, but at these altitudes winter lasts a long time; it snows from November to April. The mountains are covered with pine forest, with some broadleaf forest at lower elevations.
In this landscape there is little agricultural land, no industry and the only real potential income is from tourism (people on trekking holidays), herding animals on the mountainside and beekeeping. There are some fruit trees (mainly pears and apples) and some potatoes are grown in the Çoruh River valley floor. Of the land area 13% can be planted while 27% is used for grazing, 42% is forest and 17% is high mountain.
The town of Şavşat is small (population about 6,000) and has few amenities.
Climate
The climate in Şavşat is a mild/cool summer subtype (Köppen: Dfb) of the humid continental climate.
Places of interest
Papart forest
Qenciyan Hill, overlooks the border
Şavşat Karagöl lake, a large trout lake in the forest, and the crater lake of Kuyruklu.
Şavşat Castle
Satle Fortress, also known as Shavsheti Fortress, (Turkish: Şavşat) is a monument of Georgian architecture located above the town of Şavşat.
References
External links
local information
the Municipality
local information2
Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Şavşat Castle
Populated places in Artvin Province
Historical regions of Georgia (country)
Tao-Klarjeti
District municipalities in Turkey
Şavşat District
Cittaslow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eav%C5%9Fat |
Şefaatli is a town in Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Şefaatli District. Its population is 8,769 (2022).
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Yozgat Province
Şefaatli District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eefaatli |
Kopačka (; ) is a traditional Macedonian Oro, folk dance, from the region of Pijanec, a range of mountains in the eastern part of North Macedonia.
Kopačka is traditionally performed by male dancers. It is a fast-paced dance with fast movements on half feet, featuring extensive jumping, side movements and scissors movements. The dancers hold their belts with their left hand over the right one and begin their dance in a position of a half circle. The dance rhythm is .
The dance was first introduced to Tanec (the national folklore performance group in North Macedonia) by the village dancers. The original name for the dance was Sitnata (Macedonian: Ситната; English: The small/fine one). Tanec changed the name to Kopačka and the dance subsequently became so famous that the villagers adopted this name of Kopačka for both the dance and the name of their group, to remind everyone whence this dance originally came.
The dance is based on a combination of two songs: Dimna Juda for the slow, walking part of the dance, and Derviško Dušo (Viško) for the fast part of the dance.
See also
Kopanitsa
Kopačka (folklore ensemble)
Music of North Macedonia
Further reading
Dimovski, Mihailo. (1977:80-6). Macedonian folk dances (Original in Macedonian: Македонски народни ора). Skopje: Naša kniga & Institut za folklor
External links
About the Kopačka dance
Video with a wedding lunch followed by the Kopačka dance on YouTube
Kopačka folklore ensemble marks 60 years jubilee - Vest newspaper
Video of the Kopačka folk dance on YouTube
Video of the Kopačka folk dance by Tanec on YouTube
Macedonian dances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopa%C4%8Dka%20%28folk%20dance%29 |
John Edyvean was a British engineer from Cornwall who developed an inclined plane system, to reduce the necessity for locks on the UK canal network.
In 1773, during the reign of George III, a plan was made to create a canal from Mawgan Porth, through various parishes including St Mawgan, St. Columb Major, Little Colan, and St. Columb Minor, to Porth. The project was meant to convey goods from the coast inland and eventually to the south coast.
However, Edyvean died before the project was completed at a cost of £100,000. An attempt to revive the scheme was made in 1829 by a Mr Retallick of Liskeard, but this too amounted to nothing.
Edyvean died in the 1780s. An obituary of the time in a monthly review related:
"In the year 1779 he had finished the canal up to the town of St. columb..... in that year I went with some friends to visit this work. We overtook this poor old man groping his way up the inside of his canal, and leading a miserable little horse in his hand. We joined him and he conducted us to all the parts of his ingeneous work with the intelligence of one who had formed the whole, inch by inch, and this alone can account for the ease and safety with which in his blind state he passed through every part of it. We dined together and he gave us a little history of his life"
See also
Bude Canal.
St. Columb Canal
Canal inclined plane
References
'The Canals of South West England' by Charles Hadfield ()
External links
History of Bude Canal
British inventors
Engineers from Cornwall
Inventors from Cornwall
1780s deaths
Year of birth unknown
English civil engineers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Edyvean |
Şehitkamil is a municipality and district of Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,290 km2, and its population is 857,167 (2022). It covers the northern part of the agglomeration of Gaziantep and the adjacent countryside. It contains the old city, including Gaziantep Castle, as well as the University of Gaziantep. On 20 August 2012, a bomb attack occurred, killing at least eight and wounding 64 people. Şehitkamil was the epicenter of the 7.8 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, which heavily damaged the district, including its landmarks.
Composition
There are 123 neighbourhoods in Şehitkamil District:
15 Temmuz
29 Ekim
8 Şubat
Acaroba
Ağaçlıboyno
Akçaburç
Akçagöze
Aktoprak
Alparslan
Aşağıarıl
Atabek
Atalar
Atatürk
Bağbaşı
Batıkent
Battal
Bayatlı
Bedirköy
Belkıs
Beykent
Beylerbeyi
Beyreli
Bilek
Boyno
Bozobası
Budak
Burak
Büyükpınar
Çağkuyu
Çamlıtepe
Cerityeniyapan
Çıksorut
Değirmiçem
Dımışkılı
Dülük
Dündarlı
Durnalık
Erikli
Eskişarkaya
Eydibaba
Eyüpsultan
Fevzipaşa
Fıstıklık
Gazikent
Gaziler
Göksüncük
Göktürk
Göllüce
Günbulur
Güngürge
Güvenevler
Hacıbaba
İbrahimli
İbrahimşehir
İncesu
Işıklı
İskenderli
Kabasakız
Karacaahmet
Karacaburç
Karacaoğlan
Karacaören
Karadede
Karahüyük
Karakesek
Karayusuflu
Karpuzkaya
Karşıyaka
Kayaönü
Kızıkhamurkesen
Kızık Karasakal
Koçlu
Köksalan
Kozluyazı
Küllü
Medegöz
Merveşehir
Mevlana
Mücahitler
Nesimi
Öğümsöğüt
Onat Kutlar
Osmangazi
Övündük
Pancarlı
Pirsultan
Sacır
Safaşehir
Sam
Sanayi
Sancaktepe
Sarıgüllük
Sarılar
Selahattin Eyyübi
Selimiye
Serintepe
Seymenli
Seyrantepe
Sinan
Şirinevler
Sofalıcı
Suboğaz
Sülüklü
Taşlıca
Tekirsin
Tokdemir
Tuğlu
Türkyurdu
Üçgöze
Uğruca
Ülkerli
Ulus
Umut
Yalankoz
Yamaçoba
Yaprak
Yayıktaş
Yenişarkaya
Yeşilce
Yeşilova
Yığınlı
Yukarıarıl
Zülfikar
See also
Gazikentspor, women's football team promoted to the Turkish Women's First Football League for the 2014–15 season.
References
Districts of Gaziantep Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehitkamil |
Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency is a Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament) constituency, which covers the entire area of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep in India. This seat is reserved for Scheduled Tribes. As of 2014, it is the smallest Lok Sabha constituency by number of voters.
Until 1957, Lakshadweep formed part of a constituency in the Malabar District, but it was only in 1967 that its member of parliament (MP) was directly elected, having previously been appointed by the President of India. Its first MP was K. Nalla Koya Thangal of the Indian National Congress (INC) who served two terms from 1957 to 1967. Its first election in 1967 was won by independent politician, P. M. Sayeed. In the next election in 1971, Sayeed representing the INC was elected unopposed. He went on to win the next eight elections consecutively before being defeated by 71 votes in the 2004 election by P. Pookunhi Koya of the Samata party election campaign led by Jayakumar Ezhuthupally from samata party Kerala party. In total, Sayeed represented this constituency in the Lok Sabha for ten consecutive terms from 1967 to 2004. In the 2009 election, Sayeed's son, Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed, won the seat. After 2019 General elections, Mohammed Faizal Padippura of the Nationalist Congress Party was the MP till his disqualification. He was disqualified after he was convicted with 10 year jail term. However, his conviction was suspended by Kerala High Court, and he was reinstated as MP.
Members of Parliament
Election results
General election 1967
Independent candidate, P. M. Sayeed won the first election and represented this constituency in the 4th Lok Sabha. Sayeed was also the youngest MP elected to the 4th Lok Sabha.
General election 1971
In the 1971 election, INC candidate, P. M. Sayeed was elected unopposed.
General election 1977
P. M. Sayeed held the seat and represented the constituency in the 6th Lok Sabha.
General election 1980
P. M. Sayeed defected to the Indian National Congress (Urs) party but still held the seat and represented the constituency in the 7th Lok Sabha.
General election 1984
P. M. Sayeed returned to the INC and held the seat and represented the constituency in the 8th Lok Sabha.
General election 1989
P. M. Sayeed held the seat and represented the constituency in the 9th Lok Sabha.
General election 1991
P. M. Sayeed held the seat and represented the constituency in the 10th Lok Sabha.
General election 1996
P. M. Sayeed held the seat and represented the constituency in the 11th Lok Sabha.
General election 1998
P. M. Sayeed held the seat and represented the constituency in the 12th Lok Sabha.
General election 1999
P. M. Sayeed held the seat and represented the constituency in the 13th Lok Sabha.
General election 2004
P. Pookunhi Koya of the JD (U) party (part of the BJP-led NDA) defeated the ten term incumbent MP, P. M. Sayeed by 71 votes.
General election 2009
Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed won the seat and also became the youngest member of the 15th Lok Sabha.
General election 2014
Mohammed Faizal P. P. of the Nationalist Congress Party won the seat and represented the constituency in the 16th Lok Sabha.
General election 2019
See also
Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency
Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
Government of India
Notes
References
Lakshadweep Lok Sabha Election 2019 Result Website
External links
Lakshadweep lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule
Lakshadweep
Constituencies of the Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha
Elections in Lakshadweep
1957 establishments in Lakshadweep | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweep%20Lok%20Sabha%20constituency |
Pennsylvania Route 115 (PA 115) is a north–south state highway in eastern Pennsylvania. It stretches from U.S. Route 209 (US 209) in Brodheadsville, Monroe County, northwest to Interstate 81 (I-81) and PA 309 near Wilkes-Barre in Luzerne County. PA 115 passes through rural areas along its route, intersecting PA 903 in Tunkhannock Township, I-80 and PA 940 in Tobyhanna Township, and I-476 (Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension) in Bear Creek Township. The road serves as a connector between the Pocono Mountains and the Wyoming Valley.
The road originated as the Sullivan Trail, a route that follows the path taken by General John Sullivan during his expedition in the American Revolutionary War. The Sullivan Trail later became known as the Easton and Wilkes-Barre Turnpike, a turnpike that connected Easton and Wilkes-Barre between 1815 and the 1850s. PA 115 was designated in 1928 to run from Montoursville east to Swiftwater; the route was designated PA 15 for a year prior to that. In 1935, the east end was realigned from Swiftwater to Saylorsburg. By 1937, the termini were moved from Montoursville to Mausdale and from Saylorsburg to Easton. PA 115 was extended west to Milton by 1950. The northern terminus was realigned to Hughesville by 1960, the same time a portion of the route from Saylorsburg to Wind Gap was relocated to a freeway alignment. PA 115's northern terminus was cut back to the Wilkes-Barre area in 1961. The southern terminus was rolled back to Brodheadsville by 1972. PA 115 has had its northern terminus in various locations in the Wilkes-Barre area from 1962 to 1990; finally being moved to its current location in 1991.
Route description
PA 115 begins at a Y intersection with US 209 in the community of Brodheadsville in Chestnuthill Township, Monroe County, which is in the Pocono Mountains region. From this intersection, the route heads northwest as a two-lane undivided road, running through business areas and passing north of Pleasant Valley High School before continuing into a mix of farmland and woodland with some development. The road passes through the community of Effort and curves to the north. PA 115 briefly gains a center left-turn lane before it becomes a three-lane road with a second northbound lane and continues into forested areas with residential neighborhoods, turning to the northwest and entering Tunkhannock Township. The route narrows back to two lanes and runs through more dense forests. The road passes to the southwest of Pocono Raceway and gains a center left-turn lane before it curves more to the west and meets the northern terminus of PA 903. Past this intersection, the route narrows to two lanes and crosses Tunkhannock Creek. PA 115 heads northwest again through more forested areas with some development before crossing into Tobyhanna Township. Here, the route immediately reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-80 at exit 284, at which point it widens into a four-lane divided highway. After the interchange, PA 115 narrows back into a two-lane undivided road and crosses Tobyhanna Creek. The route intersects PA 940 in the community of Blakeslee, at which point it passes a few businesses. Following this intersection, the road heads back through forests.
PA 115 crosses the Lehigh River into Buck Township in Luzerne County, where the name of the road becomes Buck Boulevard. The route passes through more dense forest, curving more to the west and entering Bear Creek Township in the community of Shades Glen. The road becomes Bear Creek Boulevard and continues west, entering the borough of Bear Creek Village. Here, PA 115 gains a center left-turn lane and heads through wooded areas of homes, passing to the south of Bear Creek Lake. The route heads northwest and becomes the border between Bear Creek Village to the northeast and Bear Creek Township to the southwest, with the turn lane disappearing and the road gaining a second southbound lane. The route fully enters Bear Creek Township again, where it turns back into a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane and passes near some residential neighborhoods, turning to the north.
PA 115 curves northwest and comes to a ramp that provides access to I-476 (Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension) at exit 105 (Wilkes-Barre interchange). The route becomes a wide two-lane road and runs parallel to I-476 to the west as it descends Wyoming Mountain. The road curves northeast, coming to a northbound pullover for overweight trucks, before a turn to the northwest, where it passes under I-476. PA 115 continues north through forests with some homes, coming to a northbound runaway truck ramp and passing through Llewellyns Corners. The route enters Plains Township and passes over the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad's Lehigh Division line as it comes to another northbound runaway truck ramp and winds through more dense forests as a four-lane divided highway. PA 115 turns to the west and passes south of commercial development before it comes to its northern terminus at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-81 and PA 309 at exit 170 outside of the city of Wilkes-Barre. Past this interchange, the roadway continues west as a freeway called the North Cross Valley Expressway, which is part of PA 309.
History
Old roads
The southern and northern portions of what became PA 115 from Easton to Wilkes-Barre was originally a pathway made by General John Sullivan and his forces in 1779 during the American Revolutionary War on their expedition from Easton to the Wyoming Valley. George Washington ordered Sullivan to march upstream the Susquehanna River to join General James Clinton's brigade at the Bradford County town of Tioga (now known as Athens). Soon after, Sullivan's army departed to Newtown, New York where they defeated the Iroquois and Cayuga Indians living in Western New York. His campaign was one of the most important military movements in the American Revolution. The southernmost segment of General Sullivan's path which became part of PA 115 centuries later from Knox Avenue in Easton to PA 512 in Wind Gap is currently designated as Sullivan Trail.
At the turn of the 19th century, the population and economy of Luzerne County continued to grow and there was a necessity for new roads to improve communication between distant settlements. Most of the early merchandise transportation in the area was done by Durham boats on the Lehigh and Susquehanna Rivers. This led Arnold Colt, a Luzerne County clerk, to construct a turnpike directly connecting the Wyoming and Lehigh Valleys on Sullivan's Trail. Colt then obtained a charter to incorporate the Easton and Wilkes-Barre Turnpike on February 11, 1803. The first of the turnpike from Wilkes-Barre to Wind Gap were finished by 1807. The road was completed by 1815 at a total expense of $75,000 (equivalent to $ in ).
The turnpike was initially used as major thoroughfare for conveying grains and plaster during War of 1812. When Northampton County farmers could not afford shipped plaster from the Eastern seaboard they became interested in New York plaster. The plaster was transported from New York via the Susquehanna River then onto the turnpike on wagons and sleds. Transporting this product became the turnpike's legacy as it transformed the road into an important commercial line.
By the 1850s, the transport industry heavily favored trains over wagons and sleds. In 1851, the Lackawanna and Western Railroad was completed, connecting Scranton to upstate New York. The new railroad shortened the time required to ship goods between the two endpoints from ten days (by way of roads) to just one. The amount of traffic on the turnpike declined as a result. By the 1850s, the turnpike company had folded and the highway was abandoned. From Bear Creek to Tobyhanna Township the name Easton and Wilkes-Barre Road is still marked on PA 115. The former southern extension of PA 115 from Brodheadsville to Wind Gap is marked as the Wilkes-Barre Turnpike.
Designation
When Pennsylvania began maintenance over roads by the way of the Sproul Road Bill in May 1911, the Luzerne County portion of present-day PA 115 was adopted as Legislative Route 169 (LR 169), the primary connector between Wilkes-Barre and the Pocono Mountains. The former southernmost segment of the route from Saylorsburg to Easton was adopted as LR 166. The first traffic routes were assigned in 1924 and by 1927, the state had assigned LR 169 as PA 15 only to be renumbered the following year as PA 115.
When PA 115 was commissioned in 1928, the road was mostly aligned east–west and stretched from US 220 in Montoursville east to US 611 in Swiftwater near Mount Pocono. Through the Wilkes-Barre area, PA 115 passed through Luzerne on Bennett Street before it ran through Kingston by following US 11 on Wyoming Avenue and Market Street. PA 115 crossed the Susquehanna River into Wilkes-Barre and passed through the city by following US 309 along River Street, Courtright Street, Main Street, Butler Street, Pearl Street, and Kidder Street. In April 1935, the southern terminus of PA 115 was moved from Mount Pocono to PA 12 in Saylorsburg, following the Effort Mountain road connecting Wilkes-Barre with Easton. The former alignment of PA 115 from Tobyhanna Township to Swiftwater was replaced by PA 940, which is now PA 940 between Tobyhanna Township and Pocono Summit and PA 314 between Pocono Summit and Swiftwater. By 1937, the southern terminus of PA 115 extended to US 611 in Easton. The new route followed the Sullivan Trail and replaced PA 102 between Easton and Stockertown. The same year, the northern terminus was moved from Montoursville to PA 54 in the Montour County community of Mausdale. The route replaced a part of PA 154 between Mausdale and Jerseytown, all of PA 439 between Jerseytown and Benton, and a part of PA 339 between Benton and Coles Creek. The former alignment of PA 115 between Montoursville and Coles Creek became PA 87 between Montoursville and Forksville and PA 154 between Forksville and Coles Creek. This alignment retains these designations today except that PA 154 has been removed between Laporte and Coles Creek. By 1940, PA 115 was realigned in Wilkes-Barre to follow Market Street, US 309 along Washington Street, Butler Street, and Kidder Street.
By 1950, PA 115 was extended west to PA 14 (currently PA 405) in Milton, replacing a portion of PA 154 between Milton and Mooresburg and a portion of PA 45 between Mooresburg and Mausdale. Also, a new alignment of PA 115 between Lehman and PA 415 in Dallas was proposed. By 1950, US 309 was designated concurrent with PA 115 through the Wilkes-Barre area, with the two routes following Union Street through Luzerne, US 11 along Wyoming Avenue and Pierce Street through Kingston, and River Street, Courtright Street, Main Street, Butler Street, and Kidder Street through Wilkes-Barre. The northern terminus was moved from Milton to US 220 in Hughesville during the 1950s; this stretch replaced a portion of PA 642. The former alignment of PA 115 between Milton and Red Rock became PA 642 between Milton and Jerseytown and PA 254 between Jerseytown and Red Rock. This alignment is now PA 642, PA 254 between Jerseytown and Benton, and PA 487 between Benton and Red Rock. In addition, the route was moved to its new alignment between Lehman and Dallas, where it turned southeast and picked up a concurrency with US 309. By 1960, PA 115 was moved onto a freeway (now PA 33) from Saylorsburg to PA 512 in Wind Gap.
In April 1961, the northern terminus of PA 115 was moved from Hughesville to US 309 (now PA 309 Business, PA 309 Bus.) in Wilkes-Barre Township, with the route replaced by PA 118 between Hughesville and Dallas. This change was made in order to eliminate the concurrency with US 309 between Dallas and Wilkes-Barre Township and to give the east-west portion between Hughesville and Dallas an even route number.
By 1972, the southern terminus was truncated from Easton to its current location. The portion of PA 115's former surface alignment in Northampton County between Center Square in Easton and PA 191 in Stockertown is now designated as State Route 2025, a north-south quadrant route. PA 115 was extended back to its former alignments by 1980 via Kidder Street, Butler Street, Main Street, Courtright Avenue, River Street, North Street, and Pierce Street through Wilkes-Barre and ended at US 11 in Kingston; this extension replaced a portion of PA 309 that was realigned through the Wilkes-Barre area. The route was truncated to PA 309 at the intersection of Kidder and Scott Streets in Wilkes-Barre by 1989, with PA 309 briefly replacing the designation along Kidder Street between Scott Street and Conyngham Avenue. In 1991, the northern terminus was moved to its current location when the North Cross Valley Expressway (PA 309) was completed, with PA 309 Bus. replacing the PA 115 designation along Kidder Street.
On March 10, 2014, Governor Tom Corbett announced plans for a $5 million project to widen PA 115 between PA 903 and Pocono Raceway in order to improve traffic flow to and from the raceway on race weekends. In 2018, widening began, with the road being widened from two lanes to three lanes with a center left-turn lane that can be configured as a reversible lane on race weekends.
There are plans to construct a roundabout at US 209 in Brodheadsville in order to alleviate traffic congestion. In February 2021, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation opened construction bids for the proposed roundabout.
Major intersections
See also
References
Works cited
External links
Pennsylvania Highways: PA 115
Pennsylvania Roads - PA 115
115
Transportation in Monroe County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%20Route%20115 |
Şemdinli (, or ) is a town located in the Şemdinli District of Hakkari Province in Turkey and had a population of 16,079 in 2022. The current mayor is Tahir Saklı from the Justice and Development Party (AKP), elected in 2019.
The town is populated by Kurds of the Humaru and Zerzan tribes and moreover of mixed tribal and non-tribal origin.
Neighborhoods
Şemdinli is divided into the five neighborhoods of Beşevler, Karşıyaka, Moda, Yayla and Yeni.
Kurdish-Turkish conflict
Conflict between the PKK and the Turkish state forces
A bomb exploded in Şemdinli town centre on November 1, 2005. It was officially attributed to the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), an armed Kurdish militant group. On November 9 one man was killed in a grenade attack on a local bookshop. The suspects of this attack, however, were caught in the act by bystanders. They were said to be members of a Turkish Gendarmerie unit, JITEM. The resulting investigation developed into a major political issue in Turkey in the first half of 2006. After a lengthy legal process the three suspects were eventually sentenced to 39 years.
Investigations concerning the Şemdinli bombing trial were blocked by the military, and all the judges and prosecutor associated with the Şemdinli bookshop bombing case transferred from Van to other cities following a June 2007 decree.
Clashes in 2012
On 23 July 2012, Turkish security forces began a major security offensive, backed by airpower, against the PKK around Şemdinli. Interior minister, İdris Naim Şahin, explained that the forces were attempting to block the PKK's escape routes into northern Iraq, and that as many as 115 PKK fighters had been killed. Television news channel, Nergis Televizyonu (NTV), claimed that up to two thousand troops were involved in the operation. On 5 August 2012, PKK forces fired on a military post in the village of Gecimli, triggering clashes that killed 22 fighters, soldiers and village guards, and injuring 15 others, including five civilians. The military post was one of a number attacked in Hakkâri Province, although there were no reports of casualties in the other incidents.
Population
Population history from 1997 to 2022:
Climate
Şemdinli has a hot, dry-summer continental climate (Köppen: Dsa).
References
External links
Today's Zaman, 16 April 2013, European court orders Turkey to pay 1.4 million euros over Şemdinli raid
Populated places in Hakkâri Province
Şemdinli District
Kurdish settlements in Hakkâri Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eemdinli |
Maidenhead Bridge is a Grade I listed bridge carrying the A4 road over the River Thames between Maidenhead, Berkshire and Taplow, Buckinghamshire, England. It crosses the Thames on the reach above Bray Lock, about half a mile below Boulter's Lock. The Thames Path crosses the river here.
History
The first bridge was built of wood in 1280 in what was then the hamlet of South Ellington. The Great West Road to Reading, Gloucester and Bristol was diverted over the new bridge – previously it kept to the north bank crossed the Thames by ford at Cookham – and mediaeval Maidenhead grew up around it. Within a few years a wharf was constructed next to the bridge and the South Ellington name was dropped with the area becoming known as Maidenhythe (literally meaning "new wharf"). The earliest record of this name change is in the Bray Court manorial rolls of 1296.
In 1297 a grant of pontage for the charge of tolls for repairs to the bridge was awarded and a replacement bridge was constructed. The event is recorded in the Patent Rolls of Edward I as a... "grant at the instance of Will, de Berford in aid of the bridge of Maidenhead which is almost broken down, of pontage (tolls) for three years, to be taken at the hands of two good and lawful men appointed by him." In 1335 another three years pontage was granted to the "baliffs and good men of Maidenhythe" on wares passing under or over the bridge.
Only a century later the bridge had again fallen into disrepair and during the reign of Henry VI was so unsafe that most travellers preferred to cross using the ferry. Since it was first built, the bridge had a hermitage and chapel attached so that travellers could pray for safe passage over the bridge or to give thanks for a safe crossing. Another chapel in the town lent its name to The Guild of St Andrew and St Mary Magdelene which was formed in 1452 to repair the bridge and to maintain the chapel after which it was named. The guild levied tolls for use of the bridge and although it was dissolved by Edward VI during the Reformation in 1547 it was reinstated in 1581 when Queen Elizabeth I granted Maidenhead a Charter of Incorporation and the guild's bridge maintenance duties were transferred to the new Corporation who employed one warden, two bridgemasters and eight burgesses dedicated to the upkeep of the bridge and the collection of tolls. The corporation was specifically not permitted to rebuild the chapel but were allowed to levy toll and hold a weekly market and two annual fairs. The charter was renewed by James I who added a Whit Wednesday fair and the right to take three oaks per year from the Royal Forest of Bray.
During the Civil War the bridge again fell into disrepair. Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, a commander of Parliamentary forces reported on 25 September 1644 that his army was "constrained to wait at Uxbridge as Maidenhead Bridge is broken". Colonel Whitcote the Parliamentary Commander at Maidenhead acquired seven oaks with which to make repairs but by 1660 it was again in a dangerous state.
The bridge wardens petitioned the restored monarch – Charles II – in 1672 but had to wait until 1679 for a warrant for 20 oaks to be issued. On the accession of James II all of the benefits granted by James I were restored and the senior bridge warden was made Mayor. When William of Orange landed in 1688 the town, still loyal to James followed the order of the King and broke the bridge to prevent William crossing however their efforts were cosmetic and William's army was able to march across it a matter of days later.
Although James' restoration of benefits included the annual quota of oaks, in 1714 the corporation complained to the Lord Treasurer about the poor quality of the trees. The corporation also claimed that bridge revenues were adversely affected by the opening of a toll-free bridge in Datchet but their request for compensation was refused. A further eighteen years passed before the treasury granted a warrant for 23 oaks.
Present structure
In 1750 the bridge was again in a state of disrepair and a contract for "great works" was awarded to Mr Stiff Leadbetter of Eaton. The estimated cost was £600 and the actual cost on the final bill was £794 9s 2d – equivalent to £ today. This prompted the corporation to consider the large ongoing cost of maintaining the old structure and decision was made to build an entirely new bridge.
Two designs were submitted. Mr Fuller White proposed a timber structure and Robert Taylor a thirteen-arch Portland stone bridge. The corporation preferred Taylor's design but demanded that the original cost of £25,000 (equivalent to £ today) be reduced. Taylor therefore modified the design so that only the river arches were of Portland stone, the rest in brick.
The rebuilding was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1771 and Taylor's design was built by John Townsend of Oxford (builder of Swinford Bridge) at a total cost of £19,000 (equivalent to £ today). Works were delayed until a temporary ferry had been constructed and the foundation stone was laid by the Mayor of Maidenhead on 19 October 1772. After delays caused by ice, frost and flooding the centre arch was completed in 1775. The new bridge was finished and finally opened for traffic in 1777.
In 1966 Nikolaus Pevsner recorded it in his Buildings of Berkshire as "a beautiful piece of 1772–7.... seven main water-arches with rock rustication on the voussoirs... fine balustrade".
Tolls
Throughout its history the tolls on Maidenhead Bridge had been considered high and were the subject of disquiet. In 1337 the toll for a loaded barge to pass under or a loaded cart to pass over was 1 old penny (equivalent to £10 today). By the 1830s the bridge was recorded as raising £1,245 per annum in tolls (equivalent to £ today). It remained a toll bridge until 1903, after an Eton man named Joseph Taylor, who had already made a successful legal challenge against the tolls on Windsor Bridge petitioned the Charity Commissioners in 1902 that the toll was illegal as the funds raised had been used by the Maidenhead Corporation for purposes other than bridge maintenance – a fact freely admitted by the town clerk. The Charity Commission agreed that the toll was illegal and an Act of Parliament was passed in 1903 which legislated for tolls to cease after 31 October 1903. A large crowd gathered at the bridge and in the first moments of 1 November 1903 they removed the toll gates and threw them into the Thames. The tolls in 1903 were 1 shilling (equivalent to £ today) for a coach and horses, sixpence (equivalent to £ today) for a car and 10 old pence (equivalent to £ today) for twenty sheep.
In 1843 the Corporation of Maidenhead as owners of the turnpike toll-bridge sued Great Western Railway for the maximum statutory compensation of £2,500 for loss of tolls in consequence of the construction of the London to Bristol main line taking traffic away from the toll bridge. The Great Western defended the claim on the dubious grounds it had built its London terminus at Paddington, not Euston as originally authorised by its Act of incorporation containing the provisions for compensation but they paid in full before trial whilst avoiding the payment of interest and costs on a technicality.
Exhibition
In 2007, the bridge was the subject of a special exhibition to mark its 230th anniversary at Maidenhead Heritage Centre.
See also
Crossings of the River Thames
List of Grade I listed buildings in Berkshire
List of Grade I listed buildings in Buckinghamshire
References
External links
Bridges in Berkshire
Bridges in Buckinghamshire
Bridges across the River Thames
Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead
Grade I listed bridges
Grade I listed buildings in Berkshire
Grade I listed buildings in Buckinghamshire
Bridges completed in 1777
Maidenhead
Robert Taylor buildings
Former toll bridges in England
A4 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenhead%20Bridge |
The Ashford–Ramsgate line is a railway that runs through Kent from Ashford to Ramsgate via Canterbury West. Its route mostly follows the course of the River Great Stour.
The line was opened in 1846 by the South Eastern Railway (SER). The SER's route included reversing at Ramsgate to take a branch line to ; this section closed in the 1920s as part of a rationalisation to merge duplicate routes built by the SER and its former competitor the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR). The remainder of the line is double-track and electrified with 750 V DC third rail. At Ashford it links to High Speed 1 for fast services to .
Services
Services are operated by SE Trains. , the typical off-peak down service per hour is:
One high-speed service from London St. Pancras International towards , stopping at Stratford International, , and .
One service from London Charing Cross via and Ashford to , stopping at all stations; changing at Ashford is generally faster than using this service to and from London
A small number of peak services on the Kent Coast line run onto the Ashford to Ramsgate line at Minster and then reverse as a school service, running Ramsgate–Minster–Sandwich–Deal (mornings) or the reverse (evenings).
History
The line was proposed by the South Eastern Railway (SER) as a branch from its main line in April 1834. At the time, coastal towns on the Isle of Thanet such as Margate and Ramsgate were undergoing a rise in popularity as holiday resorts, and railways could be seen as faster and cheaper rivals to the steamboat traffic bringing holidaymakers from London. However, the SER suffered from having no direct access to Thanet on their network except via Ashford. By August 1836, the rival London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) made its own proposal to serve Thanet. Planning for the line stalled for a while, but by 1840 the SER realised that rival railways were making serious proposals for lines to Thanet.
The SER were not convinced the railway would be a success, and so built it as single track, with space to add an additional track if necessary, and crossed roads at level in several places, including Wye, Chartham and Sturry. The line ran through Minster to Ramsgate, then doubled back on a branch line to , which required trains reversing. The overall planned cost was £385,339.
The line opened as far as Canterbury on 6 February 1846. Intermediate stations were not immediately provided, but opened soon afterwards; Wye railway station was open by April 1846. A station was planned at Godmersham but then cancelled. The extension to Ramsgate opened on 13 April, with stations at , Minster and Ramsgate. The SER hoped by building the line to Ramsgate, it would be able to run boat train services to Ostend. The Margate branch was delayed and finally opened on 1 December 1846. An intermediate station at Sturry opened on 22 April 1847.
The goods and cattle facilities at Ramsgate made the line popular for transporting these, and they were extended in 1895. An additional siding was added at Wye in 1895 to serve racing traffic.
After the LCDR's line reached Dover on 22 July 1861, there was serious competition between the two companies for continental port traffic. The rivalry between the SER and LDCR almost bankrupted both companies, and consequently they formed a joined management committee, known as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR), in 1899. This then became part of the Southern Railway (SR) as part of the grouping under the Railways Act 1921. In 1924, a extension began construction between the former SER line at Ramsgate and the former LCDR line at . This opened on 2 July 1926. At the same time, the former SER branch to Margate Sands closed to passengers, as did the stations at and . The Margate Sands branch line survived as a goods depot until November 1976, when it was closed completely.
The line was electrified in 1961 under the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan. Grove Ferry station closed on 3 January 1966.
Accidents and incidents
On 11 August 1858, an excursion train was derailed near . Three people were killed.
On 1 January 1877, a major storm hit Kent, causing damage along the line. The roof at Canterbury West was damaged, and a timber bridge across the line blew down. The bridge was replaced three months later by a subway.
On 9 October 1894, an early morning goods train carrying hop pickers from Ashford to Canterbury West collided with a horse and cart on a level crossing close to Horton Chapel Farm. Five people were killed immediately, and two later died from their injuries. The SER denied responsibility and blamed the cart driver who did not check to see if a train was coming.
On 15 July 1970, an electric multiple unit was in collision with a lorry on an occupation crossing between and Chilham due to an error by the crossing keeper. The driver of the lorry and the guard of the train were killed.
On 26 July 2015, electric multiple unit 375 703 was in collision with a herd of cattle on the line at Chilham and was derailed. There were no injuries amongst the 70 passengers. The line was closed until 30 July.
References
Citations
Sources
Rail transport in Kent
Transport in Ashford, Kent
Railway lines in South East England
Standard gauge railways in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford%E2%80%93Ramsgate%20line |
Calala is a suburb of the Northern New South Wales city of Tamworth, administered by Tamworth Regional Council. In the 2016 census, Calala had a population of 3,927.
The suburb is 4.5 km southeast of the CBD of Tamworth and is connected to the city by Calala Lane, which continues through the suburb to form its main street. Calala Lane often becomes flooded in times of heavy rain, usually isolating the residents from the rest of the city but generally only for several hours at a time. Further along Calala Lane past the residential area of Calala is Farrer Memorial Agricultural High School and the New South Wales Department of Agriculture plant research institute.
Commercial area
A commercial shopping complex opened in 2006 which now serves the residents of Calala. The complex contains an IGA supermarket, fish and chip takeaway shop, bottle shop, butcher, pharmacy and Northwest Health GP clinic. Following an extension to the complex in late 2017, a Domino's pizza outlet is also part of this shopping centre. Calala also contains a smaller shopping centre consisting of a bottle shop, a takeaway shop and a small hippie clothing and giftware store.
Schools
Carinya Christian School
Farrer Memorial Agricultural High School, located just outside Calala
History
The name "Calala" originates from the local aboriginal name for this area on what is now known as the Peel River. Various anglicised spellings of this name have been used, including "Kalala", "Kilala", "Kallala, and "Callala". The first house in the Calala area, built for Charles Hall in 1834, was named "Killala". An historical marker has been constructed on the northwest outskirts of Calala to recognise this construction.
References
Suburbs of Tamworth, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calala%2C%20New%20South%20Wales |
Plantation Lullabies is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter and bassist Me'shell NdegéOcello. It was released by Maverick Records on October 19, 1993, to widespread critical acclaim and has since been viewed as a landmark neo soul record.
Music and lyrics
NdegéOcello recorded Plantation Lullabies after being one of the first artists to sign with Madonna's Maverick label. She worked with co-producer and multi-instrumentalist David Gamson on much of the record. NdegéOcello was also accompanied in the recording sessions by backing players such as saxophonist Joshua Redman and guitarist Wah Wah Watson. Her music incorporated hip hop, funk, soul, and jazz elements; NdegéOcello was a fan of Prince, Miles Davis, A Tribe Called Quest, Sly Stone, and Parliament. In her songwriting, NdegéOcello explored themes of sexuality, gender, Black pride, and White racism from a perspective she described as Afrocentric.
Reception and legacy
Plantation Lullabies received widespread acclaim from contemporary critics. Rolling Stone was impressed by NdegéOcello's "mellow, majestic cool" style and "confident, intelligent sexuality", finding it "more potent than any crotch-grabbing shtick". Vibe journalist Christian Wright applauded her for fluidly "juxtaposing sound and sensibility that prevents bleeding-heart sentimentality" on an album that "explores the black condition with an intricate, seductive sound". Fellow Vibe critic Greg Tate hailed it as "the future of the funk" and "the Next Wave in Soul Music", while Brian Keizer of Spin deemed it "the kind of deep soul we need in this decade of disintegration", writing that NdegéOcello explores "the wage-slave pits, projects, and reservations of the present-day Pan-African world" with anger, nihilism, and on the romantic ballads, the "sublime grace" of Stevie Wonder. Entertainment Weekly was somewhat less enthusiastic, finding some of the singer's lyrics clichéd, the music overly fashionable, and her voice derivative of proto-rap performers such as Gil Scott-Heron, although the magazine said NdegéOcello "delivers her cool cocktail talk with a winning bluesy resignation". At the end of 1993, Plantation Lullabies appeared on numerous top-10 lists and was voted the year's 27th best album in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics nationwide, published by The Village Voice.
Although the album had been acclaimed by music journalists, others criticized NdegéOcello's unapologetic lyrics on songs dealing with race, gender relations, and her own sexuality. A few songs from the album led some to charge her with being racist, which NdegéOcello denied; the lyrics of "Shoot'n Up and Gett'n High" held a racist society responsible for the drug addiction and death of its subject while declaring "the white man shall forever sleep with one eye open". Some African-American critics were angered by the singer's depiction of Black men in "Soul on Ice", which accused them of embracing "white racist standards of beauty" while derisively asking if they date White woman because they "go better with the Brooks Brothers suit?". Ndegeocello was also criticized by some feminists for her boasts of sexual competition on "If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)". In response to the criticism, she told the Los Angeles Times in 1994:
According to NdegéOcello, she was reprimanded by the executives at Maverick for her "outspokenness". Buddy Seigal wrote at the time that "perhaps because of the controversial nature of her work, radio has been slow to add Plantation Lullabies to its playlists". The album charted at number 166 on the Billboard Top 200 in 1994, while the single "If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)" was a modest hit, reaching number 73 on the Hot 100. At the end of the year, Plantation Lullabies received a nomination for a 1995 Grammy Award in the category of Best R&B Album; "If That's Your Boyfriend" was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.
Plantation Lullabies has since been credited as the beginning of the neo soul genre; it was "arguably the first shot in the so-called 'neo-soul' movement", according to Renee Graham of The Boston Globe. In 2002, the album was named one of Vibes nine "essential black rock recordings". Geoff Himes reflected on the record in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004): "Virtually a Prince-like one-person production, it bristled with irresistible hooks -- rhythmic, melodic, and verbal ('I'm digging you like an old soul record'). [NdegéOcello] celebrated African-American culture, but she also criticized its self-betrayals in the form of addiction and misogyny." "NdegéOcello injected hip-hop with the adrenaline of Alternative, organic soul humming with the politics of sex and 'black-on-black love'", Sal Cinquemani wrote in Slant Magazine, calling Plantation Lullabies "the quintessential hip-hop album, mixing the soul of Sly Stone and the funk of James Brown with the pop sensibilities of Prince and the grace of Lena Horne". AllMusic's Michael Gallucci said that in spite of NdegéOcello's occasionally derivative "funky soul" and identity politics, most of the album was "as boundary-busting and as affecting as '90s R&B gets". Robert Christgau remained relatively unimpressed, citing "I'm Diggin' You" and "Picture Show" as highlights while writing, "deprived of womanist rap, we settle for strong-woman singsong".
Track listing
"Plantation Lullabies" – 1:31
"I'm Diggin You (Like an Old Soul Record)" – 4:25
"If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)" – 4:31
"Shoot'n Up and Gett'n High" – 4:14
"Dred Loc" – 4:05
Untitled – 1:41
"Step into the Projects" – 3:54
"Soul on Ice" – 5:08
"Call Me" – 4:45
"Outside Your Door" – 5:08
"Picture Show" – 4:38
"Sweet Love" – 4:54
"Two Lonely Hearts (On the Subway)" – 4:16
Personnel
Musicians
Me'shell NdegéOcello – vocals, bass guitar, additional instruments
David Gamson – drums
David “Fuze” Fiuczynski – guitar (on track 1), acoustic guitar (8)
Wah-Wah Watson – guitar (4, 9, 11)
Joshua Redman – Tenor saxophone (7, 8, 11)
Geri Allen – piano (7)
Bobby Lyle – piano solo (9)
James “Sleepy Keys” Preston – piano (5)
André Betts – drum programming (5)
Luis Conté – congas (4, 7, 9 - 12)
Bill Summers – quíca, hands (7), shekeré (11)
Byron Jackson – background vocals (12)
DJ Premier – “turntable interpretations” (13)
Production
David Gamson and Me'shell NdegéOcello – producer (2, 4, 6 - 12)
Bob Power and Me'shell NdegéOcello – producer (1, 13)
André Betts – producer (3, 5)
Bob Power – mixer
Mic Murphy – additional engineering (5)
George Karas – mixer (3, 5)
Tom Coyne – mastering
Bill Toles – executive producer
Julie Larson – A&R coordinator
Singles
Dred Loc
US 12" single (1993) 0-41039
1. Dred Loc
2. Dred Loc (Skins I'm In Remix)
3. Dred Loc (Sly N Robbie Remix)
4. Dred Loc (Skins I'm In Instrumental)
5. Dred Loc (Sly N Robbie Instrumental)
If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)
Outside Your Door
US 12" promo (1993) PRO-A-6852
1. Outside Your Door (Edit) 4.23
2. Outside Your Door 5.07
3. Outside Your Door (Remix) 5.05
US CD promo (1993) PRO-CD-6852-R
1. Outside Your Door (Edit) 4.23
2. Outside Your Door (Remix) 5.05
3. Outside Your Door 5.07
Call Me
UK 12" single (1993) WO244T
UK CD single (1994) WO244CD
1. Call Me (Master Mix)
2. Call Me
3. If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night) (Cool R&B Extended Mix)
Charts
References
External links
Meshell Ndegeocello albums
1993 debut albums
Maverick Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation%20Lullabies |
Şenkaya is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,381 km2, and its population is 16,035 (2022). The mayor is Yavuz Bedir (AKP).
Composition
There are 71 neighbourhoods in Şenkaya District:
Akşar
Aktaş
Alıcık
Aşağı
Aşağıbakraçlı
Atyolu
Aydoğdu
Balkaya
Bereketli
Beşpınarlar
Beykaynak
Çamlıalan
Çatalelma
Değirmenlidere
Deliktaş
Doğanköy
Dokuzelma
Dolunay
Dörtyol
Esence
Esenyurt
Evbakan
Gaziler
Gezenek
Göllet
Göreşken
Gözalan
Gözebaşı
Gülveren
Hoşköy
İçmesu
İğdeli
İkizpınar
İnceçay
Kayalısu
Kaynak
Kireçli
Köroğlu
Köşkköy
Kürkçü
Nişantaşı
Ormanlı
Oyuktaş
Özyurt
Paşalı
Penek
Sarıkayalar
Sarıyar
Şenpınar
Sındıran
Söğütler
Susuz
Tahtköy
Tazeköy
Teketaş
Timurkışla
Turnalı
Tütenocak
Uğurlu
Yanıkkaval
Yaymeşe
Yazılı
Yelkıran
Yeşildemet
Yeşilkaya
Yoğurtçular
Yukarı
Yukarıbakraçlı
Yünören
Yürekli
Zümrütköy
References
Populated places in Erzurum Province
Districts of Erzurum Province
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eenkaya |
Şenpazar, formerly Şarbana, is a town in the Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Şenpazar District. Its population is 1,609 (2021).
References
Populated places in Kastamonu Province
Şenpazar District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eenpazar |
Şereflikoçhisar, formerly known as Koçhisar, is a municipality and district of Ankara Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,155 km2, and its population is 33,140 (2022). It is 148 km south of the city of Ankara. Its average elevation ranges between 900 and 1,200 m, with the highest point being Mt. Karasenir at 1,650 m.
The area is a flat dry plain, the only water being Hirfanlı reservoir and the salt lake Lake Tuz. The countryside is inhospitable, with minerals extracted from the salt lake being a major source of income. Therefore, the rural population is migrating to nearby towns or abroad.
Demographics
Name
The name derives from the Seljuk Turkish castle of Koçhisar. The prefix Şerefli meaning "honourable" was added by Atatürk in recognition of the men of the town lost at the battle of Gallipoli.
History
Şereflikoçhisar is believed to have been inhabited since the time of the Hittites and was a thriving town in the Seljuk and Ottoman Empire periods.
Composition
There are 64 neighbourhoods in Şereflikoçhisar District:
Acıkuyu
Acıöz
Akarca
Akin
Akseki
Aktaş
Aliuşağı
Bağobası
Baltalı
Boğaziçi
Büyükdamlacık
Büyükkışla
Çalören
Çatçat
Çavuşköy
Çayırönü
Cıngıl
Cumhuriyet
Deliller
Devekovan
Doğankaya
Ekici
Eley
Emek
Fadıllı
Geçitli
Gülhüyük
Hacıbektaşlı
Hacıenbiya
Hamzalı
Haydarlı
Hürriyet
İstiklal
Kacarlı
Kadıncık
Kadıobası
Kale
Karabük
Karamollauşağı
Karandere
Küçükdamlacık
Mehmet Akif Ersoy
Mustafacık
Musular
Odunboğazı
Palazobası
Parlasan
Sadıklı
Sanayi
Şanlıkışla
Sarıkaya
Şekerköy
Şereflidavutlu
Şeyh Kuyusu
Şeyhli
Seymenli
Tuzla
Üzengilik
Yalnızpınar
Yazısöğüt
Yeni
Yeşilova
Yeşilyurt
Yusufkuyusu
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Ankara Province
Districts of Ankara Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerefliko%C3%A7hisar |
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