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Abandon is a 2002 American psychological thriller drama film written and directed by Stephen Gaghan in his directorial debut. It stars Katie Holmes as a college student whose boyfriend (Charlie Hunnam) disappeared two years previously. Despite being set at an American university, much of the movie was filmed in Canada at McGill University's McConnell Hall. It is based on the book Adams Fall by Sean Desmond. The book was re-titled Abandon for the movie tie-in paperback printing. The film co-stars Zooey Deschanel, Gabrielle Union and Melanie Lynskey, with Benjamin Bratt playing the detective investigating the boyfriend's disappearance. It received generally negative reviews.
Plot
Senior college student Katie Burke is struggling to deal with the stress of completing her thesis and succeeding in an upcoming rigorous interview process. To make matters even more complicated, Detective Wade Handler, a recovering alcoholic, reopens the two-year-old police investigation into the disappearance of her boyfriend, Embry Larkin. An orphaned young man of considerable means, Embry had purchased two tickets to Athens, Greece before his disappearance; the tickets had never been used and Embry's financial assets had not been touched since his disappearance. With the official reopening of the Larkin case, however, Katie begins to see Embry lurking around campus, seemingly stalking her.
Reporting this back to Detective Handler, who dismisses her as he believes Embry to be dead, Katie is not convinced but nevertheless returns to school. Falling asleep in the college library while studying, upon waking she finds a number carved into the wood of the desk. Upon investigation, she discovers it references a library book: The Inferno. There she finds Embry staring back at her from the other side of the book stack.
Confiding these troubling events to her friends, most notably her roommate Samantha, Katie learns that during her relationship with Embry, he had acted extremely jealous and even violent toward another of Katie's admirers, Harrison, for whom Katie held only platonic feelings. Shortly thereafter, Harrison seemingly disappears from campus. Convinced that Embry is responsible, Katie confronts him at a local restaurant, only to be asked to meet him at his family's country house.
Once at the Larkin family's country house, however, a violent confrontation ensues between Katie and Embry. Fleeing from the house and finding comfort in Handler, Katie begins an affair with the detective which spurs her to complete her thesis. With Handler closing the investigation, citing that Embry Larkin was indeed alive, and resigning from his job as a detective, he and Katie plan on temporarily retreating to Handler's cabin in New Hampshire. Meanwhile, however, Handler learns from a forensic expert that a note which had supposedly only recently been written by Embry to Katie was, in fact, two years old.
Waiting for Handler on campus, Katie is once again attacked by Embry, who promises to find her wherever she goes before running off. Informing Handler of her encounter with Embry, Katie asks him if the two of them can just leave, but Handler insists on putting a stop to Embry's threats. Following Katie's direction to where Embry ran off, Handler and Katie venture into Embry's former dormitory, which is now abandoned due to the building's derelict structure. As they walk into one of the building's old tunnels, a former spot for Katie and Embry's trysts, Katie begins to interact with Embry, but Handler sees no one.
Through flashbacks, Katie and Embry have been in the same location two years prior, with Embry cruelly breaking up with her and calling off their planned trip to Greece. It is subsequently revealed that as a repercussion of her father's abandonment of her at a young age, Katie possesses severe psychotic tendencies surrounding abandonment. Distraught over Embry's disposal of her, Katie picks up a rock and strikes him from behind repeatedly, killing him.
Attempting to reason with Katie before telling her she cannot come with him to New Hampshire, Handler takes notice of something at the bottom of the water. Realizing that it is the skeleton of Embry Larkin, Handler is suddenly struck from behind and falls into the water, echoing Embry's murder two years prior. The epilogue reveals that the dormitory is to be demolished for the construction of a new structure on the site, thus cementing the permanent disappearance of Embry Larkin and Wade Handler.
Katie Burke has graduated, and finally gets the job she has always wanted. But co-worker Robert Hanson informs her that he has been promoted and that their relationship must end; a familiar look passes over Katie's face.
Cast
Katie Holmes as Katie Burke
Benjamin Bratt as Detective Wade Handler
Charlie Hunnam as Embry Larkin
Zooey Deschanel as Samantha Harper
Fred Ward as Lieutenant Bill Stayton
Mark Feuerstein as Robert Hanson
Melanie Lynskey as Julie 'Mousy Julie'
Philip Bosco as Professor Jergensen
Gabriel Mann as Harrison Hobart
Will McCormack as August
Gabrielle Union as Amanda Luttrell
Tony Goldwyn as Dr. David Schaffer
Release
Box office
The film opened at #7 at the U.S. box office, taking $5,064,077 in its first opening weekend.
Critical reception
Reception was largely negative. Rotten Tomatoes judged the film to have a 16% "rotten" critical approval rating based on 113 reviews, with an average score of 4.28/10, summarizing critical opinion in saying that the plotline is "disjointed and muddled". On Metacritic, the film's score is 36/100 based on 26 reviews, indicating generally unfavorable reception. Variety magazine described it as "a tricked-up Fatal Attraction wannabe".
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale.
See also
Adams Fall, a novel by author Sean Desmond, which served as a loose basis for the plot of Abandon
References
External links
Abandon at Metacritic
Review of the book on which the film is based, Adams Fall by Sean Desmond
2002 films
2002 directorial debut films
2002 psychological thriller films
2002 romantic drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s mystery thriller films
American mystery thriller films
American nonlinear narrative films
American psychological thriller films
American romantic drama films
Films based on American thriller novels
Films based on mystery novels
Films based on romance novels
Films directed by Stephen Gaghan
Films produced by Roger Birnbaum
Films produced by Lynda Obst
Films scored by Clint Mansell
Films set in universities and colleges
Films shot in Montreal
Films with screenplays by Stephen Gaghan
Paramount Pictures films
Spyglass Entertainment films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandon%20%28film%29 |
Luka Špik (born 9 February 1979 in Kranj, SR Slovenia) is a Slovenian rower and Olympic gold medalist.
At the 2005 World Championship, he won gold in the Double Sculls event together with Iztok Čop and silver in the Quadruple Sculls with Iztok Čop, Matej Prelog and Davor Mizerit.
He also won the 2007 World Championships in M2X.
Špik and Iztok Čop won the 1999 World Championship, and also the gold at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, which was the first Olympic gold medal for independent Slovenia.
Špik and Čop were the favourites to win the men's double sculls at the 2004 Summer Olympics, but finished in silver medal position.
Coming into the 2012 Summer Olympics they were not the favourites, however with a strong performance in the semi-finals they announced they could be in the running for a medal. In the final of the Men's double sculls after taking an early lead and holding it until nearly the 1500 m mark, they lost the lead to the Italians and the later winners from New Zealand. They finished in the third position, giving Slovenia the second medal of the Olympics after Urška Žolnir won gold 2 days earlier.
Achievements
Olympic Games
2000: Sydney (AUS) – 1st place (double scull with Iztok Cop)
2004: Athens (GRE) – 2nd place (double scull with Iztok Cop)
2012: London (GBR) – 3rd place (double scull with Iztok Čop)
2008: Beijing (CHN) – 6th place (double scull with Iztok Cop)
Junior World Championships
1998: Ioannina (GRE)-1st place (single scull)
1997:Hazewinkel (BEL)-1st place (single scull)
1995:Poznań (POL)-2nd place (single scull)
1994:Munich (GER)-6th place single scull)
World Championships:
2007: Munich (GER) – 1st place (double scull)
2006: Eton (GBR) – 2nd place (double scull)
2005: Gifu (JPN) – 1st place (double scull), 2nd place (quadruple scull)
2003: Milan (ITA)-4th place (double scull with Prelog)
2002: Seville (ESP)-8th place (4x; Novak, Sracnjek, Bozic)
2001: Luzern (CH)-5th place (double scull with MIzerit)
1999: St. Catharines (CAN)-1st place (double scull with Iztok Cop)
References
External links
luka-spik.com- Official website (Slovene and English)
1979 births
Living people
Slovenian male rowers
Olympic rowers for Slovenia
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Slovenia
Olympic silver medalists for Slovenia
Olympic bronze medalists for Slovenia
Sportspeople from Kranj
Olympic medalists in rowing
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for Slovenia
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka%20%C5%A0pik |
Mathew Frazer Horne (born 6 September 1978) is an English actor, comedian, singer, television presenter and narrator. He is best known for appearing on several BBC sketch shows and sitcoms, most notably Gavin & Stacey (as Gavin Shipman), The Catherine Tate Show, Horne & Corden, and Bad Education.
Early life
Horne was born on 6 September 1978 in Burton Joyce, Nottinghamshire. He attended Burton Joyce Primary School. While at school he played in goal for Notts County juniors. He studied A level performing arts at Southwell Minster School in Nottinghamshire, and gained a degree in drama from the University of Manchester. He met Bruce Mackinnon there in the first few weeks of term; they realised they shared a similar sense of humour, but did not write material together until the third year of their studies.
Career
Horne began his career as a comedian and became half of comedy duo Mat and MacKinnon, first performing at the Edinburgh Fringe in 2000. He was spotted at the festival by Catherine Tate, who invited him to perform in BBC TV programme The Catherine Tate Show.
Since then Horne has continued to appear in several Catherine Tate's Nan specials. He reprised his role as Jamie in two festive episodes of Catherine Tate's Nan in 2015.
In 2003, he starred in Channel 4's 20 Things to do Before You're 30 and in the following year he earned the role of Ben, an atheist RE teacher, in Channel 4 series Teachers. He also appeared in the first series of ITV production Doc Martin. In 2005, Horne appeared in an episode of The Smoking Room, playing Dominic, nephew of Janet. The latter was conducting a psychological study of the employees. In 2007 he starred in BBC sitcom Roman's Empire and in November appeared in comedy sketches in The Kylie Show on ITV1 alongside Kylie Minogue, playing her assistant. Horne was also a guest star in the second series of Robin Hood. From 2007 to 2010 he starred in double-BAFTA-winning series Gavin & Stacey as main character Gavin Shipman, a kind-hearted young man who gets together with a girl he has met through their work phone calls and falls in love with her. The programme ran for three series with a Christmas special and received widespread critical acclaim. He returned to this role for the Christmas special of 2019. In 2008, Horne appeared in a modern adaptation of the Three Billy Goats Gruff as part of the BBC's Fairy Tales season. He also narrated the ITV2 series The Passions of Girls Aloud.
Horne starred in the film Lesbian Vampire Killers alongside James Corden and made his stage debut in a 2009 revival of Entertaining Mr Sloane at the Trafalgar Studios. On 3 April 2009, it was reported that Horne had collapsed on-stage during a West End performance of the play. He remained on stage until medical assistance arrived, at which point he was taken to hospital. A statement released soon after said he was exhausted after working "flat out" for three months. It was later revealed he was suffering from a virus.
On 18 February 2009, he presented the 2009 BRIT Awards alongside James Corden and Kylie Minogue.
In 2010, Horne appeared in an episode of Miss Marple, named "The Secret of Chimneys", as Bill Eversleigh. He appeared alongside fellow Gavin & Stacey star Ruth Jones.
He played Culture Club drummer Jon Moss in the 2010 BBC TV docudrama Worried About the Boy, about the teenage years of Boy George.
In 2016, Horne toured British theatres with Catherine Tate in The Catherine Tate Show Live. He also appeared as a young Mr. Grace in Are You Being Served?.
He played Private Walker in Dad's Army: The Missing Episodes, in the 2019 UKTV Original produced series. He starred in all three episodes aired on the TV channel Gold.
In early 2019, an announcement was made that Catherine Tate's Nan would be developed into a feature film adaptation. The film was scheduled to be released on 19 June 2020 but was indefinitely postponed due to cinemas being closed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The trailer and poster for the film were released on 18 February 2022 with Josie Rourke receiving an executive producer credit and no director credited. The film was released on 18 March 2022.
In May 2022, Horne appeared as Edgar is series 8 episode 4 of BBC dark comedy series, Inside No. 9, in the episode titled "Love Is A Stranger".
Work with James Corden
Since working on the BBC sitcom Gavin & Stacey, Horne has collaborated a number of times with its co-creator James Corden.
Horne and Corden presented the Big Brother spin-off show Big Brother's Big Mouth as guests in 2007 and were then regulars for the run covering E4's Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack. They presented the NME Shockwaves Awards together in 2008 and a section of Comic Relief in March 2009. In 2008, the pair toured the UK with a stand-up show in preparation for their BBC sketch show Horne & Corden. The first episode was broadcast on 10 March 2009 on BBC Three. It was presented in front of a live audience, in a style reminiscent of Morecambe and Wise or The Two Ronnies. A variety of pre-filmed sketches and live performances were included.
2009 also saw the release of Lesbian Vampire Killers, a comedy horror film. Reviews of the film were largely negative. It holds a 29% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 4/10. James Christopher of The Times described it as "profoundly awful", stating that it is an "instantly forgettable lads' mag farce" and an "appalling waste of a perfectly decent title". Allan Hunter of the Daily Express called it "badly written and hastily executed" and "takes all the easy options of bad taste, bosoms and body fluids". Anthony Quinn, writing in The Independent, gave the film 1 star out of 5, describing it as woeful and stating Horne and Corden had "overstretched their appeal" and looked in danger of becoming today's Hale and Pace. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian described the film as "mostly pretty awful, but there are one or two crass laughs".
Nicholas Yanes of Scifipulse.net found it to be "a great B film" worth becoming a cult classic. In September 2010, whilst on the comedy panel show, The King is Dead, Corden commented that watching the film would be too harsh a punishment for prisoners being held at Guantanamo Bay and that it was "a pile of shit".
Horne appeared alongside Corden in the CGI film Planet 51, with a minor part voicing a soldier, Vesklin.
Personal life
Horne splits his time between East London and Helmsdale in the Scottish Highlands. He is a fan of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. and has often been seen at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium. Horne is also the narrator of the stadium's multi media tour device.
On 20 December 2018, Horne was struck by a train as he was crossing the railway line near to his parents' home in Burton Joyce, Nottinghamshire. Horne was said not to have been injured and had been near a dedicated pedestrian crossing across the Nottingham to Newark railway line.
Horne was engaged to actress Evelyn Hoskins until 2018. Horne married set-designer Celina Bassili in September 2021, in Norway. They had been romantically linked since July 2019.
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage
Radio
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Voice-over artist
2005 interview in the Guardian
1978 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Manchester
English comedy writers
English male comedians
English male film actors
English male television actors
English stand-up comedians
English television presenters
Male actors from Nottingham
People from Burton Joyce
21st-century English male actors
People from Helmsdale
English male comedy actors
English sketch comedians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew%20Horne |
Pichia kudriavzevii (formerly Candida krusei) is a budding yeast (a species of fungus) involved in chocolate production. P. kudriavzevii is an emerging fungal nosocomial pathogen primarily found in the immunocompromised and those with hematological malignancies. It has natural resistance to fluconazole, a standard antifungal agent. It is most often found in patients who have had prior fluconazole exposure, sparking debate and conflicting evidence as to whether fluconazole should be used prophylactically. Mortality due to P. kudriavzevii fungemia is much higher than the more common C. albicans. Other Candida species that also fit this profile are C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. guillermondii and C. rugosa.
P. kudriavzevii can be successfully treated with voriconazole, amphotericin B, and echinocandins (micafungin, caspofungin, and anidulafungin).
Role in chocolate production
Cacao beans have to be fermented to remove the bitter taste and break them down. This takes place with two fungi: P. kudriavzevii and Geotrichum. Most of the time, the two fungi are already present on the seed pods and seeds of the cacao plant, but specific strains are used in modern chocolate making. Each chocolate company uses its own strains, which have been selected to provide optimum flavor and aroma to the chocolate.
The yeasts produce enzymes to break down the pulp on the outside of the beans and generate acetic acid, killing the cacao embryo inside the seed, developing a chocolatey aroma and eliminating the bitterness in the beans.
Growth and Metabolism
P. kudriavzevii grows at a maximum temperature of 43–45 °C. Candida species are a major differential diagnosis and these generally require biotin for growth and some have additional vitamin requirements, but P. kudriavzevii can grow in vitamin-free media. Also, P. kudriavzevii grows on Sabouraud's dextrose agar as spreading colonies with a matte or a rough whitish-yellow surface, in contrast to the convex colonies of Candida spp. This characteristic, together with its "long grain rice" appearance on microscopy, helps the definitive identification of the species.
References
Further reading
External links
Yeasts
Chocolate industry
Pathogenic microbes
Fungal pathogens of humans
Animal fungal diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichia%20kudriavzevii |
An aspirational brand is a term in consumer marketing for a brand or product which a large segment of its exposure audience wishes to own, but for economic reasons cannot. Because the desire for aspirational goods is relative to the consumer's purchasing power, an aspirational brand may be a luxury good if the person desires it, or it may simply be any product whether luxury or not if a consumer has less spending money.
The premise of this type of marketing is that purchase decisions are made at an emotional level, to enhance self-concept.
Target audience
A defining feature of an aspirational product is that its target customer base cannot easily afford to purchase it, but may be able to purchase it with sacrifice or at some point in the future.
This part of the exposure audience is referred to as the aspirational audience, whereas the part of the exposure audience that already can afford the product is called the consumption audience. Consumption audience and aspirational audience together form the aspirational product's target audience, which typically represents 30%-60% of the exposure audience - see Audience measurement.
Weak aspirational brands have target audiences that are almost as large as their exposure audiences (e.g. MP3 player brands), and are thus slowly becoming commodity brands (whose consumption audiences coincide with their exposure audiences, thereby lacking an aspiring audience).
Pricing
As a general rule, an aspirational brand and its products can command premium pricing in the marketplace over a commodity brand. This ability can to a large extent be explained by the consumer's need for conspicuous consumption for which he is willing to pay a Price premium. The smaller the size of the product's target audience compared to the exposure audience, the more the product satisfies this need, and the higher the premium that such a consumer is prepared to pay.
To keep the premium level of a brand high, the consumption portion of the audience should not exceed 30% of the aspirational audience.
Aspirational brand strategy
Aspirational brand strategies are employed to re-position a brand within a marketplace. The idea is that brand can lead organizational change and lead consumer opinion about a brand. Aspirational brand strategies are used when the current image of the brand is either negative or no longer relevant to the company.
Companies have to take great care in employing an aspirational brand strategy. The company needs to be structured around truly delivering on the promise and must have employees who understand the brand goals and actively and daily work to achieve them. BP learned the dangers of aspirational branding during the summer of 2010 during the BP/Deepwater Oil Spill disaster. As the article BP: Disingenuously Branding explains, the aspiration of the company to be environmentally friendly and "Beyond Petroleum" backfired in a big way.
One study examined interaction with brands on Facebook, and noted that user interaction in that platform with brands in general and asprirational brands specifically did not match marketplace purchasing behavior in an obvious way.
References
External links
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365730/marketing/27284/Consumer-goods-marketing
Brand management
Types of branding
Pricing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirational%20brand |
Galeria Awangarda, 32 Wita Stwosza St, is Wrocław's and Silesia's premier gallery of the avant-garde. It features work by contemporary Polish and European artists. The gallery measures 1000 m squared, Awangarda is the biggest of the BWA galleries, a triumvirate of spaces dedicated to contemporary art (the other two being the Glass and Ceramics Gallery and the Design Gallery). It is housed in the old Hatzfeld Palace, which was virtually destroyed in World War II and has since been maintained though never fully renovated. The gallery is determined to showcase as many artists as possible and has many different many displays during the course of the year from major exhibitions to local degree/diploma shows.
Exhibitors
Darek Orwat
External links
Wroclaw Avant-garde Gallery Homepage
Buildings and structures in Wrocław
Silesian culture
Tourist attractions in Wrocław
Art museums and galleries in Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeria%20Awangarda |
John James McNeill (1868 – 14 June 1943) was an Australian politician and trade unionist. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and served two terms in the House of Representatives (1922–1925, 1929–1931), representing the Division of Wannon in Victoria. He was Minister for Health and Minister for Repatriation from 1931 to 1932, holding office in the government of his brother-in-law James Scullin.
Early life
McNeill was born in Tantanoola, South Australia. After achieving a primary school education, McNeill worked as a shearer and then became a selector at Woosang. He sold his farm to prospect for gold during the Coolgardie, Western Australia gold rush and then returned to Victoria to farm at Macarthur before becoming an organiser for the Australian Workers' Union (AWU) in western Victoria and the Riverina of New South Wales. He married Mary Ann Mills in 1896, but she died in 1905.
McNeill contested the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Glenelg for Australian Labor Party in 1906. In 1908 he tried to farm in Roma, Queensland and then became an AWU organiser in Charleville. From 1913 to 1922 he was secretary of the Victoria-Riverina branch of the AWU. In 1915, he married James Scullin's sister, Catherine.
Federal Parliament
McNeill narrowly won the seat of Wannon in the House of Representatives in 1922 but was beaten in 1925. He won it back in 1929.
On 2 March 1931, dissatisfaction with the economic performance of the Scullin government and internal rivalries within the Labor Caucus resulted in the Caucus declaring all ministerial positions vacant and subsequently a new ministry was elected. McNeill was elected to cabinet and was allocated the portfolios of Health and Repatriation. He kept these positions until the Scullin government resigned on 6 January 1932. He lost his parliamentary seat at the December 1931 general election.
Later life
McNeill was the General President of the Australian Workers' Union from 1939 until his death in the Sydney suburb of Coogee of a coronary occlusion. He was survived by his wife and their two sons, and his two sons and a daughter of his first marriage.
References
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wannon
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Australian trade unionists
1868 births
1943 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Ministers for Health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McNeill%20%28Australian%20politician%29 |
Trestle Glen is a neighborhood in Oakland, California. It is located east of Lakeshore Avenue, a shopping street which it shares with the Grand Lake District. It lies at an elevation of 144 feet (44 m). The streets are laid out in the curvilinear pattern of early 20th century garden suburbs. Many of the houses are nestled in the surrounding hills, and were built shortly before The Great Depression. The neighborhood is named after a railroad trestle built in 1893, which was dismantled in 1906 when the line was rerouted. The railroad line ran along Trestle Glen Creek, which was named Indian Gulch by early settlers after the Huchiun village that was located near the present-day intersection of Lakeshore Avenue and Trestle Glen Road. (The creek is now mostly underground.) The streetcar was instrumental in spurring the development of residential neighborhoods in the area. It is often written that Mark Twain was a passenger on the maiden voyage of the streetcar, though Twain lived in Europe at the time.
References
Neighborhoods in Oakland, California
Streetcar suburbs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trestle%20Glen%2C%20Oakland%2C%20California |
John Albert McShane (August 25, 1850 – November 10, 1923) was an American Democratic Party politician. He was the first Democrat to be elected to the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska, serving one term from 1887 to 1889.
Early life and education
McShane was born in New Lexington, Ohio, on August 25, 1850. In 1871, he moved to the Wyoming Territory, and in 1874 he moved to Omaha, Nebraska.
Career
He started out in the livestock business but eventually became a director of the First National Bank of Omaha.
Politics
McShane was elected to the Nebraska state house of representatives in 1880 and to the state senate in 1882, serving there until 1886, when he ran for a seat in Congress
Congress
He won the seat in Nebraska's 1st congressional district, serving in the Fiftieth United States Congress from March 4, 1887, to March 3, 1889.
In 1888, he ran for Governor of Nebraska but lost the election to John Milton Thayer.
Later career
After retirement McShane worked against the right of women to vote. He was a member of the Nebraska Men's Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, which desired to restrict voting to white men of high social class.
Death and burial
McShane died in Omaha on November 10, 1923; he was buried in Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Omaha.
References
1850 births
1923 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Nebraska House of Representatives
Democratic Party Nebraska state senators
People from New Lexington, Ohio
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20McShane |
Frederick Robert Goodall (9 January 1938 – 18 October 2021) was a New Zealand international cricket umpire who officiated in 24 Tests and 15 One-Day Internationals between 1965 and 1988.
Goodall was the son of Fred and Betty Goodall from Greymouth. He umpired his first first-class match in December 1963, and went on to umpire 102 first-class matches before retiring in 1989. His debut as a One-Day International umpire was at Christchurch in February 1973, the first one-day international played in New Zealand. He had made his Test debut eight years earlier, also in Christchurch.
During the Second Test between New Zealand and West Indies at Christchurch's Lancaster Park in February 1980, the West Indies considered his umpiring so poor that they refused to emerge from their dressing room after the tea break on the third day unless Goodall was immediately replaced. After 11 minutes, they were persuaded to resume. Colin Croft collided with Goodall at the end of his bowling run-up during the fourth day's play. West Indies captain Clive Lloyd later said of the incident, "They were just bad umpires but we should not have behaved in that manner. I think if I'd had my time over again I'd have handled it differently. I regret it even until this day, that things went so far."
Goodall continued officiating in Tests and one-day matches after the infamous Christchurch incident. His last international match was a One-Day International at Napier in March 1988.
In the 1999 New Year Honours, Goodall was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to sport.
Goodall died in Wellington on 18 October 2021, aged 83.
See also
List of Test cricket umpires
List of One Day International cricket umpires
References
1938 births
2021 deaths
Sportspeople from Greymouth
New Zealand Test cricket umpires
New Zealand One Day International cricket umpires
Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit
People educated at Greymouth High School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Goodall |
Antiochia ad Taurum (lit. "Antiochia at Taurus") (; lit. "Antiochia of Taurus") was a Hellenistic city in ancient Syria east of Mount Amanus of the Taurus mountain range. Later identified as 'ad Taurum montem' (lit. "at Mount Taurus") in the Commagene province of Syria.
Historical geography
Antiochia ad Taurum was located to the east of Mount Amanus, and in the Second Temple period, Jewish authors seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical borders of the Promised Land, began to construe Mount Hor as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains, which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain.
Most modern scholars locate Antiochia ad Taurum at or near Gaziantep (formerly called Aïntab) in the westernmost part of present-day Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Region, although past scholars tried to associate it with Aleppo (Arabic name Halab), Syria. It has also been identified with Perrhe near Adıyaman.
Locating Antiochia ad Taurum at or near (Gaziantep, Turkey), the city lies in the Islahiye valley which connects the lower Orontes valley to the southern piedmont of the central Taurus mountain range. During the Bronze Age, the region belonged to the Inner Syrian cultural context, and held a highly strategic significance, over the course of time, for the connections between Upper Mesopotamian and Levantine lowlands on the one hand and the Anatolian highlands on the other.
Numismatics
Coins were minted at Antiochia ad Taurum.
History of Christianity
During the Roman Period (1st century CE), Antiochia ad Taurum was located within the Roman provinces of Antiochia or Cilicia et Syria, and excluded from Paul's missionary journeys. Antiochia ad Taurum was eventually Christianized and formed a bishopric see as "the episcopal city of Commagene in Syria with the Euphrates river near its border."
See also
List of ancient Greek cities
References
Bouillet Chassang, Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie ("Aintab")
External links
Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer
Commagene
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Former populated places in Cilicia
History of Gaziantep Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia%20ad%20Taurum |
Warren Joseph Rogers Jr. (May 6, 1922 – August 31, 2003) was a political reporter and an author. Born in New Orleans, Rogers took a liking to the press at an early age, working as a night messenger boy for the Postal Telegraph Co. and later as a copy boy for the New Orleans Item.
During World War II, Rogers served as a U.S. Marine and took part in the first offensive at Guadalcanal. He also served at Tulagi.
After returning home, Rogers work as a journalist with a New Orleans paper, but later joined the Associated Press and transferred to Baton Rouge to cover Louisiana politics.
In 1956, during the Adlai Stevenson campaign, Rogers first met Robert F. Kennedy, who was traveling with the press to prepare for his brother's 1960 presidential campaign. Despite the frequent arguments that they had with one another, Rogers and Kennedy became good friends as they sat on buses on Stevenson's campaign trail.
Rogers joined the Washington bureau of the New York Herald Tribune in 1959 and began reporting on the military, foreign affairs, the presidency, and national politics. During his time with the Herald Tribune, he was nominated for two Pulitzer Prizes: one for a series called "Our Man on the Bus" and one for a series of reporting on Green Beret combat in Vietnam, for which he made ten trips to that country. He also covered the Cuban Missile Crisis, the civil rights movement, the White House and the McCarthy hearings.
Rogers became bureau chief for the Hearst Corporation in 1963, and then was named Washington Editor for Look Magazine in 1966. In 1968, Rogers' friendship with Robert Kennedy allowed him an insider's view of Kennedy's campaign for the Democratic nomination. Rogers not only served as a reporter to the Kennedy campaign, but also as a near-staff member. Rogers was present during Kennedy's assassination on June 5, 1968, and even helped subdue the gunman, Sirhan Sirhan. In 1993, Rogers published a book called When I Think of Bobby: A Personal Memoir of the Kennedy Years (see below).
Warren Rogers died on August 31, 2003, from a perforated ulcer. He was 81 at the time of his death.
Bibliography
Sea Shepherd: My Fight for Whales and Seals (1981; ) by Paul Watson as told to Warren Rogers
When I Think of Bobby: A Personal Memoir of the Kennedy Years (1993; )
References
Sources
Eyewitness to History
Blog of Death (Obituary)
Warren Rogers Dies, Former NPC President (photo)
1922 births
2003 deaths
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Rogers |
Siegfried Seidl (24 August 1911 – 4 February 1947) was an Austrian career officer and World War II commandant of the Theresienstadt concentration camp located in the present-day Czech Republic. He also was commandant of the Bergen-Belsen, and later served as staff officer to Adolf Eichmann. After the war, in 1947, he was tried in Austria and convicted as a war criminal, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging.
Early life and education
Siegfried Seidl was born in Tulln an der Donau (Tulln on the Danube), then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now in Lower Austria. After completing his secondary schooling at the Oberschule, Seidl started law study. After three semesters, he interrupted his studies and took on various odd jobs.
From 1935 until 1938, Seidl studied history and German studies at the University of Vienna. He obtained his PhD in 1941. This title was taken away from him after he was convicted as a war criminal.
On 2 March 1939 Seidl married Elisabeth Stieber, a former teacher in a kindergarten. She was a member of the NSDAP (Nazi Party) and its NS-Frauenschaft (NSF: National Socialist Women's League, literally NS-Womanship), and supporting member of the SS.
Nazi career
On 15 October 1930 Seidl joined the Nazi Party (registered as member number 300,738). From September 1931 until May 1932, he was active in the SA. The same day that he left the SA, Seidl was assigned to the 11th SS-Standarte (SS-regiment) as Oberscharführer (equivalent to Staff Sergeant (US) or Sergeant (UK)) (member number 46,106).
In late 1939, Seidl was called into the police as a result of his SS membership. As of January 1940, he was attached to the SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) – Department IVB4 under Adolf Eichmann's command – and posted to the SS lead section in Posen. On 30 October 1941, Seidl was charged by Adolf Eichmann with establishing the Theresienstadt ghetto and concentration camp, Czechoslovakia.
From November 1941 until 3 July 1943, he was the ghetto's Commandant. He was responsible for thousands of people being ill treated and murdered. In November 1942, Seidl was promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain). During his time there, Eichmann issued Seidl an order to hang 16 Jews for trying to smuggle letter to the outside world. Seidl fulfilled the order. As commandant Seidl reported directly to Hans Günther, chief of the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central office for Jewish emigration) in Prague. Günther in turn reported to Adolf Eichmann at the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) IV B 4 in Berlin.
On orders of Eichmann, Seidl was on 3 July 1943 reassigned as Commandant of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. He was succeeded at Theresienstadt by SS-Obersturmführer Anton Burger.
In March 1944 Seidl met with the Wehrmacht in Budapest, where he joined the 5th Einsatzgruppe SS paramilitary death squad. As leader of the Debrecen outpost, Seidl was part of the Sondereinsatzkommando-Eichmann (SEK). The SEK organised the largest and quickest deportation of the Holocaust. From 15 May to 9 July 1944, in 56 days, the Germans deported 437,402 Jews from Hungary, according to their records. With the exception of 15,000 people, all were taken to the death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, where most were murdered.
In July 1944, when the deportation of the Jews of Hungary was finished, Seidl was appointed as acting leader of the SS Special Deployment Command, Outpost Vienna. There he exercised control over the remaining Hungarian Jews in forced-labour camps, which had been built in Vienna and Lower Austria.
After the war, Seidl attempted to hide in Austria. However, he was arrested by local police and handed over to American occupation forces on 30 July 1945. Seidl was sent back to Austrian custody on 3 June 1946. Czechoslovakia requested Seidl's extradition. Austrian officials refused, explaining that many of Seidl's victims had been Austrian Jews. In October 1946, Seidl tried by the Volksgericht (Austrian People's Court) for 16 counts of murder related to the executions and other charges. He was acquitted of murder, but found guilty of high treason and crimes against humanity dignity resulting in death for his leadership position at Theresienstadt. Seidl was sentenced to death and ordered to forfeit all of his property. After hearing the verdict, he calmly bowed, but he turned pale and started trembling. His wife and mother petitioned the president for clemency, saying he had three children. However, the petition was rejected. Seidl was hanged at 6:00 AM on 4 February 1947. As the noose was placed around his neck, Seidl told his executioner he was not sorry for the Jews he had killed and that he had "nothing to regret." He was pronounced dead 7 minutes later.
References
External links
Documents about Siegfried Seidl, Jewish Museum Prague
1911 births
1947 deaths
Austrian police officers convicted of crimes against humanity
Executed Austrian mass murderers
Executed Austrian Nazis
Executed Nazi concentration camp commandants
Gestapo personnel
Holocaust perpetrators in Bohemia and Moravia
Holocaust perpetrators in Hungary
Nazis executed by Austria by hanging
People executed for treason against Austria
People from Tulln an der Donau
Police officers executed for crimes against humanity
Police officers executed for treason
Reich Security Main Office personnel
SS-Hauptsturmführer
Theresienstadt concentration camp personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried%20Seidl |
Modularity refers to the ability of a system to organize discrete, individual units that can overall increase the efficiency of network activity and, in a biological sense, facilitates selective forces upon the network. Modularity is observed in all model systems, and can be studied at nearly every scale of biological organization, from molecular interactions all the way up to the whole organism.
Evolution of Modularity
The exact evolutionary origins of biological modularity has been debated since the 1990s. In the mid 1990s, Günter Wagner argued that modularity could have arisen and been maintained through the interaction of four evolutionary modes of action:
[1] Selection for the rate of adaptation: If different complexes evolve at different rates, then those evolving more quickly reach fixation in a population faster than other complexes. Thus, common evolutionary rates could be forcing the genes for certain proteins to evolve together while preventing other genes from being co-opted unless there is a shift in evolutionary rate.
[2] Constructional selection: When a gene exists in many duplicated copies, it may be maintained because of the many connections it has (also termed pleiotropy). There is evidence that this is so following whole genome duplication, or duplication at a single locus. However, the direct relationship that duplication processes have with modularity has yet to be directly examined.
[3] Stabilizing selection: While seeming antithetical to forming novel modules, Wagner maintains that it is important to consider the effects of stabilizing selection as it may be "an important counter force against the evolution of modularity". Stabilizing selection, if ubiquitously spread across the network, could then be a "wall" that makes the formation of novel interactions more difficult and maintains previously established interactions. Against such strong positive selection, other evolutionary forces acting on the network must exist, with gaps of relaxed selection, to allow focused reorganization to occur.
[4] Compounded effect of stabilizing and directional selection: This is the explanation seemingly favored by Wagner and his contemporaries as it provides a model through which modularity is constricted, but still able to unidirectionally explore different evolutionary outcomes. The semi-antagonistic relationship is best illustrated using the corridor model, whereby stabilizing selection forms barriers in phenotype space that only allow the system to move towards the optimum along a single path. This allows directional selection to act and inch the system closer to optimum through this evolutionary corridor.
For over a decade, researchers examined the dynamics of selection on network modularity. However, in 2013 Clune and colleagues challenged the sole focus on selective forces, and instead provided evidence that there are inherent "connectivity costs" that limit the number of connections between nodes to maximize efficiency of transmission. This hypothesis originated from neurological studies that found that there is an inverse relationship between the number of neural connections and the overall efficiency (more connections seemed to limit the overall performance speed/precision of the network). This connectivity cost had yet to be applied to evolutionary analyses. Clune et al. created a series of models that compared the efficiency of various evolved network topologies in an environment where performance, their only metric for selection, was taken into account, and another treatment where performance as well as the connectivity cost were factored together. The results show not only that modularity formed ubiquitously in the models that factored in connection cost, but that these models also outperformed the performance-only based counterparts in every task. This suggests a potential model for module evolution whereby modules form from a system’s tendency to resist maximizing connections to create more efficient and compartmentalized network topologies.
References
Sources
SF Gilbert, JM Opitz, and RA Raff. 1996. "Resynthesizing Evolutionary and Developmental Biology". Developmental Biology. 173:357-372
G von Dassow and E Munro. "Modularity in Animal Development and Evolution: Elements of a Conceptual Framework for EvoDevo". J. Exp. Zool. 285:307-325.
MI Arnone and EH Davidson. 1997. The hardwiring of development: organization and function of genomic regulatory systems.
EH Davidson. The Regulatory Genome: Gene Regulatory Networks in Development and Evolution. Academic Press, 2006.
S Barolo and JW Posakony. 2002. "Three habits of highly effective signaling pathways: principles of transcriptional control by developmental cell signaling". Genes and Development. 16:1167-1181
EN Trifonov and ZM Frenkel. 2009. "Evolution of protein modularity. Current Opinion in Structural Biology". 19:335-340.
CR Baker, LN Booth, TR Sorrells, AD Johnson. 2012. "Protein Modularity, Cooperative Binding, and Hybrid Regulatory States Underlie Transcriptional Network Diversification". Cell. 151:80-95.
Y Pritykin and M Singh. 2012. "Simple Topological Features Reflect Dynamics and Modularity in Protein Interaction Networks". PLoS Computational Biology. 9(10): e1003243
GP Wagner. 1989. "Origin of Morphological Characters and the Biological Basis of Homology". Evolution. 43(6):1157-1171
SB Carroll, J Grenier, and S Weatherbee. From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002.
Further reading
W Bateson. Materials for the Study of Variation. London:Macmillan, 1984.
R Raff. The Shape of Life. University of Chicago Press, 1996.
EH Davidson. The Regulatory Genome: Gene Regulatory Networks in Development and Evolution. Academic Press, 2006.
M Ptashne and A Gann. Genes and Signals. Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2002.
Biology terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity%20%28biology%29 |
Brda, which translates as hills from Serbo-Croatian, may refer to:
Places
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brda, Bugojno, a village in the municipality of Bugojno
Brda, Donji Vakuf, a village in the municipality of Donji Vakuf
Brda, Drvar, a village in the municipality of Drvar
Brda, Konjic, a village in the municipality of Kalinovik
Brda, Kupres, a village in the municipality of Kupres
Brda, Olovo, a village in the municipality of Olovo
Brda (Rogatica), a village in the municipality of Rogatica
Brda (Srebrenik), a village in the municipality of Srebrenik
Brda (Trnovo), a village in the municipality of Trnovo
Brda, Vareš, a village in the municipality of Vareš
Brda, Velika Kladuša, a village in the municipality of Velika Kladuša
Donja Brda, a village in the municipality of Goražde
Gornja Brda, a village in the municipality of Goražde
Lohovska Brda, a village in the municipality of Bihać
Obla Brda, a village in the municipality of Trnovo
Montenegro
Brda (Montenegro), a region
Brda, Pljevlja, a village in Pljevlja Municipality
Poland
Brda, Pomeranian Voivodeship, a village
Nowa Brda, a settlement in the Pomeranian Voivodeship
Stara Brda, a settlement in the Pomeranian Voivodeship
Slovenia
Babna Brda, a settlement in the Municipality of Šmarje pri Jelšah
Brda, Radovljica, a settlement in the Municipality of Radovljica
Brda, Slovenj Gradec, a settlement the Municipality of Slovenj Gradec
Dolga Brda, a settlement in the Municipality of Prevalje
Krajna Brda, a settlement in the Municipality of Sevnica
Mala Brda, a village in the Municipality of Postojna
Municipality of Brda, a municipality in the Slovenian Littoral region
Velika Brda, a village in the Municipality of Postojna
Other uses
Brda (river), a river in Poland
Brda dialect, a Slovene dialect
NK Brda, a Slovenian football club from Dobrovo
Tribes of Brda, tribes from the region of Montenegro
, hills in Serbia
See also
Burda (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brda |
A carotid bruit is a vascular murmur sound (bruit) heard over the carotid artery area on auscultation during systole.
Associated conditions
It may occur as the result of carotid artery stenosis (though some disagree); however, most carotid bruits, particularly those found in younger or asymptomatic patients, are not related to any disease and are termed "innocent carotid bruits".
Many carotid bruits are discovered incidentally in an otherwise asymptomatic patient. The presence of a carotid bruit alone does not necessarily indicate the presence of stenosis, and the physical examination cannot be used to estimate the degree of stenosis, if present; therefore, any bruit must be evaluated by ultrasound or imaging.
Pronunciation and terminology
Bruit is traditionally pronounced broot, rhyming with fruit, although the etymologically accurate pronunciation bru´e or bru-e´ is common in North American medical parlance. In addition, while bruit and murmur are technically synonymous, the term bruit is generally reserved for arterial sounds in North America.
References
External links
Vascular diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid%20bruit |
The Florida Forensic League, Inc., or FFL, is a speech and debate organization offered to all schools in the state of Florida. It is the governing body for local and state speech and debate competitions in Florida, with higher-level competition under the auspices of the National Forensic League and the National Catholic Forensic League. The league was officially incorporated by the State of Florida on November 20, 2003, and began operations on January 1, 2004, although it existed some time before then in an unorganized fashion. Competitors in the league have been extremely successful at national tournaments.
Officers
The officers of the Florida Forensic League are:
President - Carol Cecil
Vice President/Operations - Dario Camara
Vice President/Middle School Director - Alyssa Fiebrantz Awsare
Treasurer - Grant Chmielewski
Secretary - Ben Gaddis
Panhandle Region Director -
Timacuan Region Director - Nathan Johnston
Gulf Coast Region Director -
Macaw Region Director - Bo Lint
Art Deco Region Director - Kate Hamm
Hurricane Region Director - Ryan Levesque
Events Sponsored
The Florida Forensic League offers the following events:
Policy Debate
Lincoln-Douglas Debate
Public Forum Debate
Oral Interpretation
Duo Interpretation
Dramatic Interpretation
Humorous Interpretation
Student Congress
Original Oratory
International Extemporaneous
Domestic Extemporaneous
World Schools Debate
The Florida Forensic League also offers Group Interpretation at the regional qualifying tournaments and the Varsity State Championship. Declamation is also offered at the Novice State Championship.
Districts
The Florida Forensic League divides the state of Florida into six regions:
Panhandle - includes the counties of Escambia, Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, Walton, Holmes, Washington, Bay, Jackson, Calhoun, Gulf, Gadsden, Liberty, Franklin, Leon, Wakulla, Jefferson, Madison, Taylor, Lafayette, Hamilton, Suwannee, Columbia, Baker, Union, Bradford, Nassau, Duval, Clay, and St. Johns.
Timacuan - includes the counties of Alachua, Putnam, Flagler, Marion, Volusia, Seminole, Lake, Orange, Brevard, Polk, and Osceola.
Gulf Coast - includes the counties of Dixie, Gilchrist, Levy, Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Pinellas, Hillsborough, Manatee, Sarasota, Hardee, DeSoto, Charlotte, and Lee.
Macaw - includes the counties of Indian River, Okeechobee, Highlands, St. Lucie, Martin, Glades, Hendry, and Palm Beach.
Art Deco - includes the counties of Monroe and Dade.
Hurricane - includes the counties of Collier and Broward.
Qualifying
To compete at the Varsity State Championship, competitors must place in the qualifying range for their district. The number of qualifiers per event is determined in proportion to the membership of each region.
To compete at the Novice State Championship, competitors must:
Be in grades 6–12.
Have fewer than 25 NFL Points at the start of the current school year.
Have competed in less than three tournaments during the previous school year.
Have never competed in the Novice State Championship before.
Championship tournaments
The Florida Forensic League offers two state championships every year: a Varsity State Championship, which is open to all competitors who qualify; and a Novice State Championship, which is open only to novices.
The 2019–2020 Varsity State Championship was held February 29 and March 1 at Olympia High School in Orlando. The 2019–2020 Novice State Championship was scheduled to be held April 4 and April 5 at Cypress Bay High School in Florida but was cancelled due to concerns over the coronavirus outbreak.
References
External links
Florida Forensic League, Inc. Website
Student debating societies
Organizations based in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20Forensic%20League |
Giardini di Mirò is an Italian rock band from Cavriago. The group's music is a mix of psychedelia, shoegaze, dream pop, noise, and post punk.
Background
Giardini di Mirò was formed in 1995 from a collaboration between university friends Corrado Nuccini and cartoonist Giuseppe Camuncoli. In 1998, they released their first self-produced EP and began performing live.
The band has published seven studio albums and a number of EPs. They have collaborated with various musicians, including Sara Lov Hood, Alessandro Raina, DNTL, Alias, Hermann & Kleine, Styrofoam, Apparat, Piano Magic, Isan, and Paul Anderson.
Band members
Current
Jukka Reverberi – vocals, guitar, bass, live electronics (1996–present)
Corrado Nuccini – vocals, guitar (1995–present)
Luca Di Mira – keyboards (1995–present)
Andrea Scarfone – bass (2020–present)
Emanuele Reverberi – violin, trumpet, live electronics (2002–present)
Lorenzo Cattalani – drums (2013-presente)
Past
Alessandro Raina – vocals (2003)
Lorenzo Lanzi – drums, percussion (1998–2003)
Francesco Donadello – drums, live electronics, programming (2003–2011)
Andrea Mancin – drums (2011–2013)
Andrea Sologni – bass
Mirko Venturelli – bass, clarinet, saxophone (1997–2020)
Discography
Studio albums
Rise and Fall of Academic Drifting (2001)
Punk... Not Diet! (2003)
Dividing Opinions (2007)
Il fuoco (2009)
Good Luck (2012)
Rapsodia Satanica (2014)
Different Times (2018)
EPs
Giardini di Mirò (1998)
Iceberg (1999)
The Soft Touch (2002)
Split with Deep End (2002)
North Atlantic Treaty of Love, Pt. One (2005)
North Atlantic Treaty of Love, Pt. Two (2006)
Del tutto Illusorio (2021)
Soundtracks
Sangue – La morte non esiste (2006)
Compilations
The Academic Rise of Falling Drifters (2002)
Hits for Broken Hearts and Asses (2004)
References
External links
Italian rock music groups
Italian post-rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardini%20di%20Mir%C3%B2 |
Zuni fetishes are small carvings made from primarily stone but also shell, fossils, and other materials by the Zuni people. Within the Zuni community, these carvings serve ceremonial purposes for their creators and depict animals and icons integral to their culture. As a form of contemporary Native American art, they are sold with secular intentions to collectors worldwide. Prior to the establishment of a non-Native market for fetishes, Hopi, Navajo, and other Pueblo peoples, especially at Kewa Pueblo also carved and used fetishes.
Directions and typology
The primary non-Native source for academic information on Zuni fetishes is the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology submitted in 1881 by Frank Hamilton Cushing and posthumously published as Zuni Fetishes in 1966, with several later reprints. Cushing reports that the Zuni divided the world into six regions or directions: north, west, south, east, above, and below. At the center of each region is a great mountain peak that is a very sacred place. Yellow mountain to the north, blue mountain to the west, red mountain to the south, white mountain to the east, the multicolored mountain above, and the black mountain below.
Each direction is represented by a Prey God, or guardian animal, and are listed by Cushing as follows:
north: yellow mountain lion
west: black bear (represented by the color blue),
south: red badger,
east: white wolf,
above or the sky: multicolored eagle,
below or underground: black shrew (often misnamed "mole," but moles do not live in the Southwest).
Each prey god is the “guardian and master” of their region, with the yellow mountain lion being the elder brother of all animals and the master and guardian of all regions. Each one of these regions contains an order of all the guardian animals, but the "guardian and master" of a particular region is the elder brother to all animals of that region. These guardians are considered as having protective and healing powers. They are held by the priests of the medicine orders as if "in captivity" and act as mediators between the priests and the animals they represent.
A second group of fetishes, the Prey Gods of the Hunt, belonging to the Hunter Order, or Society, are given in the “prayer songs of the Sa-ni-a-kia-kwe”. These guardian animals are the same as the original regions with the exception of the coyote, which replaces the bear; and the wildcat (or bobcat), which replaces the red badger. Sa-ni-a-kia is the awakening of the fetish and subsequently the power of the hunter.
In addition to the animals mentioned above, typical Zuni fetishes depict animals such as the wolf, badger, bear, mountain lion, eagle, mole, frog, deer, ram, and others. Contemporary carvers many produce images of exotic subjects – dinosaurs, for example – or some insects and reptiles that are customary but more integral to petroglyphs, symbolism, and the patterns of design in pottery – dragonflies, butterflies, water spiders, and lizards for example. Other animals, such as the horse, were carved in the past mainly for trade. The Zuni was not a horse culture, but their horse carvings were considered by the horse cultures to the north as having great power for the protection of their herds.
Materials
Historical, carvers used locally sourced materials or item procured by trade or pilgrimages. The most important of these materials was turquoise which the Zuni regard as the sacred stone. Jet, shell (primarily mother-of-pearl), and coral are also frequently used. These materials and their associated colors are principle in the Zuni sunface, a cultural symbol which is present in Zuni jewelry and fetishes and represents their Sun Father]]. Other materials used are travertine or "Zuni rock", fishrock, jasper, pipestone, marble, or organic items such as fossilized ivory, bone, and deer or elk antler. Even artificial substances such as slag glass are used. But historically the most-used stone has been serpentine, a local soft stone found abundantly in the Zuni Mountains and also in Arizona. In recent years Zuni carvings, or fetishes, have become popular collectibles and Zuni artisans have familiarized themselves with materials available from all parts of the world in order to serve the aesthetic tastes of collectors.
Sacredness
In Zuni cosmology and those of neighboring tribes, each animal is believed to have inherent powers or qualities that may aid the owner. The Navajo, for example, treasured and bartered for figures of horses, sheep, cattle or goats to protect their herd from disease and to ensure fertility. The Zuni hunter, or "Prey brother," was required to have his fetishes (prey gods of the hunt) with a "Keeper" and practice a ceremony of worship when procuring a favorite or proper fetish to aid in a successful hunt. In the ceremony of the hunt the Keeper presented a clay pot containing the fetishes to the hunter. Facing in the direction appropriate to the chosen fetish the pot was sprinkled with medicine meal and a prayer was recited. The fetish was placed in a buckskin bag and carried by the hunter over his heart (Cushing, 1994:33). The fetish aids in the chase and represents "the roar of the animal" and is also fed on the blood of the slain prey.
In addition to the Prey Gods of the Six Regions with their guardian and medicinal powers, and the Prey Gods of the Hunt that aid in the chase, Cushing names three Prey Gods of the Priesthood of the Bow, a society of which he was a member, that aid a Priest of the Bow when traveling in a region where he may be captured by the enemy. These are the mountain lion and great white bear, which belong to the "skies", as well as a prey god of human form adorned with "flint knife-feather pinions and tail". An arrowhead, "emblematic of Sa-wa-ni-kia", or the "medicine of war", on the back or side of either of these animals prevented a warrior from being taken by surprise by his enemy, and an arrowhead on the belly or feet erased the tracks of the carrier so that they could not be followed by the enemy. Unlike the Prey Gods of the Hunt these fetishes were never deposited with a keeper, but like the Prey Gods of the Hunt they were fed on the blood of the slain and their ceremony involved depositing sacred flour to the four directions and reciting a prayer, and like the Prey Gods of the Six Regions they were protective of the carrier.
On the subject of feeding, within Zuni culture it is believes fetishes require periodic meals of cornmeal and ground turquoise. Fetishes may be kept in a clay pot as it is the tradition, although collectors usually like to keep theirs somewhere where they can be admired. Any but the very delicate fetishes could be carried by the owner in a pocket, pouch or bag.
While the Zuni fetish carvings available for sale online are considered "Zuni fetishes," carved by a variety of well-known Zuni carvers, true Zuni fetishes do not leave the village and are blessed by a spiritual leader and used by the carver himself or a special recipient.
Religion as art
Zuni fetish carvings have been around for centuries. Ancient Pueblo effigies were an earlier form of a Zuni fetish carving. It has only been in recent times that the fetishes have been carved to sell, and have left the village. While the Zuni fetish carvings you see for sale on the internet are considered Zuni fetishes, carved by a variety of well known Zuni carvers, true Zuni fetishes do not leave the village and are blessed by a Shaman or Medicine Man and used by the carver himself or a special recipient.
The artist's styles are as unique as the artists themselves, and there are many whose works are highly sought after by collectors. Some collectors prefer a figure that is more realistic in appearance, while others prefer the more classical styles that are intrinsic to Zuni belief. The customary Zuni perspective is that the least modification of the original material maintains, or heightens, the power of the fetish as a "natural concretion." Realism in carving style is a matter relative to the beliefs of its owner, and the realism in contemporary carving is a product of collector request and demand and the intent of Zuni carvers to raise the level of their art form through participation in the world of contemporary art. The enigma, or apparent paradox relevant to Zuni belief and realism in art is resolved in the notion that carvings for sale and collection are produced without religious intent. For this reason some carvers prefer the term "carvings" rather than the term "fetishes" when referring to offerings for collectors.
A fetish may be signed by the carver, or not. Personalization by signing a piece of art violates the historic Zuni notion of community purpose, and the signing of artwork is a concept introduced to the Zuni by Anglo collectors at the beginning of the 20th century (c. 1915). Often, though, a Zuni carver feels that their own unique style is readily identifiable and the fetish's style will be enough to identify the carver as surely as would any other mark. Most carvers are the recipients of a family practice and have learned their skill from parents, grand parents, or siblings, and have passed the art to their own children as well.
Besides being made from various stones and other materials (each material has unique properties), the contemporary fetish may carry an offering of a smaller animal or a prayer bundle of carved arrowheads with small beads of heishe. It may be adorned with a heishe necklace, feathers, etchings representing ancient petroglyphs, or an etched or inlaid heartline. These small items, although colorful to the eye, are intended to protect and feed the fetish itself.
Notes
References
Bahti, Mark (1999, 2016) Spirit in the Stone: A Handbook of Southwest Indian Animal Carvings and Beliefs
Bunzel, Ruth L. (1929). The Pueblo Potter: A Study of Creative Imagination in Primitive Art.
Cushing, Frank Hamilton (1994). Zuni Fetishes. Tenth printing. Reprint of the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883. Introduction by Tom Bahti. ASIN B000TH8P4C
Finkelstein, Harold (1994). Zuni Fetish Carvings.
McManis, Kent (1998). A Guide To Zuni Fetishes & Carvings, Volume II, The Materials and the Carvers.
Young, M. Jane (1988). Signs from the Ancestors: Zuni Cultural Symbolism and Perceptions in Rock Art. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Holmes, Jill M. (1996). "Minerals and their Metaphysical Properties", web.
Further reading
Cushing, Frank Hamilton, Mark Bahti (1999). Zuni Fetishes. Reprint of the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883. Introduction by Tom Bahti. .
McManis, Kent (1995). A Guide To Zuni Fetishes & Carvings.
McManis, Kent (1998). A Guide To Zuni Fetishes & Carvings, Volume II, The Materials and the Carvers. .
Riggs, David Austin, Darlene Meader Riggs (2008). ZUNI SPIRITS: A Portfolio of Fine Zuni Fetish Carvings. Introduction by the Zuni Governor, Norman Cooeyate.
Bennett, Hal Zina (1993). ZUNI FETISHES: Using Native American Objects for Meditation, Reflection, and Insight.
American Indian relics
Indigenous sculpture of the Americas
Indigenous culture of Oasisamerica
Stone sculptures in the United States
Zuni mythology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni%20fetishes |
The Westward Ho is a high-rise building in Phoenix, Arizona. The 16-story building, which is 208 ft (63m) to the roof, held the title of tallest building in Arizona for over 30 years until the completion of the Meridian Bank Tower in 1960.
The building primarily served as a hotel from its grand opening in 1928 until its official closure on April 7, 1980. The facility also housed several offices and restaurants, including one on the 16th floor called Top of the Ho. There were also several gathering rooms in the hotel, the Turquoise Room on the 2nd floor where many wedding receptions were held, and a large convention center adjacent to the main hotel which could seat 1,600 called the Thunderbird Room where many of Phoenix's big events took place.
After closing as a hotel in 1980, the building's new owners converted it into a subsidized housing complex for the elderly and mobility-impaired. It was later renovated to make apartments more accessible, housing 320 residents in 289 rooms.
History
Construction of the Roosevelt Hotel was announced in spring 1927. The project was financed by Sutherlin-Barry & Company of New Orleans, Louisiana, for owner G. L. Johnson of Chicago, Illinois. The architectural team who designed the hotel were Fisher, Lake, and Traver, who had also designed the Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood, California a few years before. The hotel was to be operated by Johnson's Pacific Hotel Company. Work came to a halt in early 1928 with only six stories completed. In April, J. V. McNeil Company of Los Angeles, California, were awarded a contract to complete the hotel.
In September 1928, Charles V. Bob of New York City purchased all issued and outstanding shares of the Pacific Hotel Company from G. L. Johnson; complete financing of the hotel was transferred to Bob, including construction, furnishings, and equipment. August Heckscher loaned US$275,000 to Bob prior to the purchase; in return for the loan, Bob pledged 10,000 shares of Pacific Hotel Company to Heckscher. Following the transfer of ownership, the hotel's name was changed to Westward Ho. On September 20, Southwestern Supply Company of Phoenix was awarded a $100,000 contract for the heating and air-conditioning of Western Ho. The hotel officially opened on December 15, 1928.
According to the Sun City Museum librarian, developer Del Webb got his start hanging doors at the hotel during its construction.His namesake company would go on to build an expansion to the hotel.
A 5-story annex was built west of the original structure by the Del E. Webb Construction Company in 1948.
The steel tower and antenna on top of the building were erected in 1949 to broadcast Phoenix's first television station, KPHO-TV channel 5, taking the total height of the structure to , making it the tallest structure in Downtown Phoenix. In 1960, KPHO moved to its new transmitter on South Mountain. The antennas was used in the 1970s by KXTC 92.3 FM, and later became a cellular telephone tower.
In 1982, the National Register of Historic Places recognized the Westward Ho as a historic building. In 2003, the building was acquired by the Phoenix Preservation Partnership, a Rhode Island-based group of investors.
Hotel Westward Ho
The building has had several owners, beginning with G. L. Johnson in 1927, who sold it to Charles V. Bob and August Heckscher in 1928 while still under construction. Heckscher took over full control of the Westward Ho in the early 1930s, and after many years of successful ownership died April 26, 1941, leaving his life's real estate to his wife Virginia Henry Curtiss, who died a few months later. The hotel was put up for sale and eventually purchased by partners John B. Mills and R. H. Hawn of Federal Underwriters, Inc, Dallas, Texas in 1943. They purchased the hotel without themselves seeing it in person, persuaded by W. R. Wayland, president of the Westward Ho since 1937. Wayland was already partnered with the two in their Texas hotel interests, working with their holding company Federal Underwriters, later Associated Federal Hotels, of which Mills was Chairman of the Board. They already owned several other large hotels in Texas, including the former William Penn Hotel in Houston, Texas, which was demolished in 2006, Cliff Towers Hotel in Dallas, and the Hotel Hawn in Temple, Texas. There was no change in management or policy following the change of ownership.
In December 1972, after nearly 30 years of ownership by the Mills family, the hotel was sold to Leisure Inns and Resorts Inc. of Cleveland, Ohio. In March, after encountering financial difficulties and a foreclosure notice, Leisure Inns sold the property to Minneapolis banker Deil Gustafson, owner of four banks in Minnesota and the Tropicana Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.
In May 1975, management announced that the facility would no longer operate as a hotel and would become a retirement residence, in August, a foreclosure suit was filed against Gustafson by Republic National Life Insurance Company of Dallas, who claimed the owners were late on mortgage payments and were failing to operate as a hotel, as specified in an original agreement. The Republic National Life Insurance Company purchased the hotel at a Maricopa County sheriff's auction in June 1976, but Gustafson had until December 10, 1976 to pay a $2,044,800 purchase price for the hotel plus a penalty of about $180,000. If he failed to pay before the deadline, the sheriff's office was to give Republic the deed. Hours before the deadline Gustafson obtained the deed through the Maricopa County Recorder's office, and filed for protection from creditors under federal bankruptcy laws; the judge in the case blocked Maricopa County Sheriff's Office from handing over the deed. In March, Gustafson's lawyer and an attorney for Republic National came to an agreement that $2,504,908 was to be paid to Republic National by March 1, 1977 or the stay order on the Sheriff's office would be lifted and Republic National would become the owner. The payment was not made, and ownership of the Westward Ho was passed to Republic National Life Insurance Company on March 1, 1977.
Post-hotel
In December 1977, the building was sold to Al and Marie Seidel and their partners Roger Rudin and Tom Caprino of R&C Trust and Westward Ho Associates. They had plans of using federal funding to turn Westward Ho into a home for the aged. Renovations began mid-1980 to convert the former hotel into a federally-subsidised housing complex for the elderly; the first residents began moving in the following year.
The building was later used as housing for the physically or mentally disabled.
It was again thoroughly remodeled in 2003 and 2004 to improve the living conditions of the residents and restore the building's historical façade. At an estimated cost of $9 million, window-mounted air-conditioners were removed and centralized air-conditioning was installed. Approximately 450 exterior windows were replaced with replicas of the originals, the exterior was power-washed, stucco was repaired, and the building was repainted in its original beige. Upgrades to the automatic fire sprinkler and fire alarm systems were made.
Gallery
In popular culture
The Westward Ho appears in the opening sequence of the 1960 Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho. The clip fades in centered on Hotel San Carlos, which is located on the northwest corner of Central and Monroe. The former Arizona Bank Building (under-construction) can be seen just west of Hotel San Carlos, and Camelback Mountain can be seen in the background. When the camera pans south to the right you can see the Heard Building in the foreground with its antenna, which was often confused to be the Westward Ho antenna. Behind the Heard Building you can see the Professional Building.
In the 1998 Gus Van Sant remake of Psycho, the camera zooms into a window on the 8th floor of the Westward Ho.
In the 1972 film Pocket Money, actor Paul Newman throws a television set off the 4th story balcony of a hotel room in the J wing of the Westward Ho. Lee Marvin and Strother Martin can also be seen inside the same hotel room. Other areas of the hotel used in the film included the lobby, patio, J Wing stair and walkways, and the hotel barber shop. In the film, the hotel was supposed to be located in Mexico.
In the 1956 film Bus Stop starring Marilyn Monroe, the parade scenes were filmed on Central Ave in front of the entrance.
Famous guests
Vice President Richard Nixon had breakfast at the Westward Ho before giving a speech in the Thunderbird Room October 15, 1960.
Actor (and later President) Ronald Reagan was a guest speaker for the Phoenix Chamber Of Commerce in the Thunderbird Room on May 30, 1961.
President John F. Kennedy stopped by the Westward Ho for dinner in honor of Senator Carl Hayden on November 17, 1961.
Senator Ted Kennedy campaigned for Presidential candidate John Kerry at the Westward Ho on the afternoon of January 30, 2004.
See also
Phoenix Historic Property Register
List of tallest buildings in Phoenix
References
External links
Westward Ho on Emporis
Multimedia website on the Westward Ho compiled by graduate students at Arizona State University's Walter Cronkite School of Journalism.
Residential skyscrapers in Phoenix, Arizona
Hotel buildings completed in 1927
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Phoenix, Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westward%20Ho%20%28Phoenix%2C%20Arizona%29 |
The Municipality of Brda (; , ) is a municipality in western Slovenia. It is located in the Slovenian Littoral region, extending from the Italian border to the Soča River. It is bounded by Sabotin Hill () to the east and Korada Hill () to the north.
The people speak a distinctive Slovene dialect belonging to the Littoral dialect group.
Geography
The municipality comprises the Slovenian part of the Gorizia Hills (, ), which are one of the most important wine-producing microregions in Slovenia. It enjoys a mild Mediterranean climate and it is protected from the strong Bora wind, which frequently blows in other parts of the Slovenian Littoral.
Settlements
In addition to the municipal seat of Dobrovo, the municipality also includes the following settlements:
Barbana
Belo
Biljana
Brdice pri Kožbani
Brdice pri Neblem
Breg pri Golem Brdu
Brestje
Brezovk
Ceglo
Dolnje Cerovo
Drnovk
Fojana
Golo Brdo
Gonjače
Gornje Cerovo
Gradno
Hlevnik
Hruševlje
Hum
Imenje
Kojsko
Kozana
Kozarno
Kožbana
Krasno
Medana
Neblo
Nozno
Plešivo
Podsabotin
Pristavo
Senik
Slapnik
Slavče
Šlovrenc
Šmartno
Snežatno
Snežeče
Vedrijan
Vipolže
Višnjevik
Vrhovlje pri Kojskem
Vrhovlje pri Kožbani
Zali Breg
Economy
Agriculture is an important part of the local economy: besides grapes, cherries are the most important agricultural product in the municipality, followed by apricots, pears, figs, and plums. Together with the Vipava Valley, Brda produces most of the persimmons in Slovenia. Small amounts of olive oil are also produced.
The wine varieties grown in Brda include Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Pinot gris, and Sauvignon vert.
Notable people
Brda is the native land of the poet Alojz Gradnik, who was born in the village of Medana.
In popular culture
The Slovenian sitcom Ena žlahtna štorija is set in Brda.
See also
Slovenian wine
Collio Goriziano
References
External links
Municipality of Brda on Geopedia
Municipality of Brda website
About Goriska Brda
Brda
1994 establishments in Slovenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20Brda |
Bangladesh International School and College is a private school located in Mohakhali DOHS, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is managed by the Bangladesh Army Station Headquarters, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka. The school was established in 1995 as a standard primary school, but the original plan was changed to an English medium school.
As of 2023, the chairman of the governing body is Brigadier General S M Zia-Ul-Azim, and the chief patron is Major General Md Moin Khan, ndc, psc.
History
The school was established on 14 March 1995 under the dynamic leadership of the founder Principal in Charge Mr. A K M Sufiur Rahman with only 27 students.
The first H.S.C national curriculum batch of students started in 2011 with 15 students. The batch was inaugurated on 17 September 2011 and the school was renamed Bangladesh International School and College.
Academic year and curriculum
International Curriculum
Students in this curriculum are prepared for O-level and A-level exams under Pearson Edexcel, UK.
National curriculum
The school started the national curriculum in 2006 (English version). In this curriculum, the students are prepared for the Secondary School Certificate and Higher Secondary Certificate examinations. The students used to sit the PECE exam in Class 5 and JSC in Class 8, but now according to the new curriculum, they don't have to. The students follow the textbooks, translated into English, and published by the National Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education in Bangladesh.
See also
List of schools in Bangladesh
References
External links
International schools in Dhaka
Educational institutions established in 1995
Educational Institutions affiliated with Bangladesh Army
1995 establishments in Bangladesh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh%20International%20School%20%26%20College |
Windows Address Book was a component of Microsoft Windows that lets users keep a single list of contacts that can be shared by multiple programs. It is most commonly used by Outlook Express. It was introduced with Internet Explorer 3 in 1996 and improved in subsequent versions. The Windows Address Book API can query LDAP servers or read/write data to a local file. In Windows Vista, Windows Address Book was replaced with Windows Contacts.
Overview
The Windows Address Book is an application that has a local database and user interface for finding and editing information about people, making it possible to query network directory servers using Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Other applications can also use the WAB. Microsoft Office Outlook uses its own store for email messages. However, it can import contacts from the format. Microsoft Exchange / Windows Messaging uses file for Personal Address Book.
Features
Can store comprehensive contact information in tabs including personal and business information.
Integrates with Outlook Express.
Programmable API to work with other applications. Applications can also extend functionality such as adding more tabs and fields to store additional custom information or customizing the toolbar.
Can store contacts inside contact groups and folders.
Can selectively send email to contacts only in plain text for additional security.
Can export and import cards to and from vCard 2.1 and CSV formats. Can also import from LDIF and other formats.
Search for entries in the contact database, arrange contacts by first name or last name.
Automatically add contacts from received email.
Prints contact lists as memo, business card or phone list styles.
Security risk
In May 2000 the ILOVEYOU virus showed how the Windows Address Book could be part of an exploit to spread malicious software by accessing and sending email to a user's contacts. This approach has since been adopted by many commercial spammers.
Outlook integration
One of the undocumented features of the Windows Address Book is integration with Microsoft Office Outlook. A registry value has to be set at the following registry key location:
Note: Users should back up the registry before making changes.
HKCU\Software\Microsoft\WAB\WAB4
A value named "UseOutlook" (if not present already) can be created with its value set to 1. After setting this value, Outlook Contacts are shared with the Windows Address Book. This feature works only up to Windows XP and Outlook 2003. Windows Contacts introduced with Windows Vista does not support sharing contacts with Outlook. The above method works with any version of Outlook up to Outlook 2003, despite newer versions not including it as a configurable option in the user interface.
See also
Windows Contacts
Microsoft
Microsoft Office Outlook
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
References
External links
More information on WAB
MSDN API Reference Information about the WAB API.
Address Book
Internet Explorer add-ons
Discontinued Windows components | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Address%20Book |
Pseudocheiridae is a family of arboreal marsupials containing 17 extant species of ringtailed possums and close relatives. They are found in forested areas and shrublands throughout Australia and New Guinea.
Characteristics
Physically, they appear very similar to the pygmy possums, except for their greater size. Even so, they are relatively small animals, with the largest being cat-sized, and they weigh between 200 grams and 2 kilograms. They have grasping hands and feet with opposable first toes on their hindfeet, and, in all species save the greater glider, a prehensile tail. They are nocturnal, with large eyes.
All species feed almost entirely on leaves. To enable them to digest this tough and fibrous food, they have an enlarged cecum containing fermenting bacteria, and, like rabbits, they are coprophagous, passing food through their digestive tracts twice. Their teeth include a battery of grinding molars, and they lack lower canines. Their dental formula is:
Most are solitary animals, although a few live in small family groups, and they are generally shy and secretive, making them difficult to study. They travel across home ranges of up to 3 hectares (7.5 acres). Gestation lasts up to 50 days, but varies depending on species.
Classification
The listing for extant species is based on The Third edition of Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World (2005), except where the Mammal Diversity Database and IUCN agree on a change. The 18 living species of pseudocheirid possum are grouped into three subfamilies and six genera.
†Pildra
†Paljara
†Marlu
†Pseudokoala
Subfamily Hemibelideinae
Genus Hemibelideus
Lemur-like ringtail possum, Hemibelideus lemuroides
Genus Petauroides
Southern greater glider, Petauroides volans
Subfamily Pseudocheirinae
Genus Petropseudes
Rock-haunting ringtail possum, Petropseudes dahli
Genus Pseudocheirus
Common ringtail possum, Pseudocheirus peregrinus
Western ringtail possum, Pseudocheirus occidentalis
Genus Pseudochirulus
Lowland ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus canescens
Weyland ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus caroli
Cinereus ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus cinereus
Painted ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus forbesi
Herbert River ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus herbertensis
Masked ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus larvatus
Pygmy ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus mayeri
Vogelkop ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus schlegeli
Subfamily Pseudochiropsinae
Genus Pseudochirops
D'Albertis' ringtail possum, Pseudochirops albertisii
Green ringtail possum, Pseudochirops archeri
Plush-coated ringtail possum, Pseudochirops corinnae
Reclusive ringtail possum, Pseudochirops coronatus
Coppery ringtail possum, Pseudochirops cupreus
†Pseudochirops winteri
References
Possums
Extant Chattian first appearances
Taxa named by Herluf Winge
Mammal families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocheiridae |
A fucosyltransferase is an enzyme that transfers an L-fucose sugar from a GDP-fucose (guanosine diphosphate-fucose) donor substrate to an acceptor substrate. The acceptor substrate can be another sugar such as the transfer of a fucose to a core GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine) sugar as in the case of N-linked glycosylation, or to a protein, as in the case of O-linked glycosylation produced by O-fucosyltransferase. There are various fucosyltransferases in mammals, the vast majority of which, are located in the Golgi apparatus. The O-fucosyltransferases have recently been shown to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Some of the proteins in this group are responsible for the molecular basis of the blood group antigens, surface markers on the outside of the red blood cell membrane. Most of these markers are proteins, but some are carbohydrates attached to lipids or proteins [Reid M.E., Lomas-Francis C. The Blood Group Antigen FactsBook Academic Press, London / San Diego, (1997)]. Galactoside 3(4)-L-fucosyltransferase () belongs to the Lewis blood group system and is associated with Le(a/b) antigen.
Classification
Glycosyltransferase family 10 CAZY GT_10 comprises enzymes with two known activities; galactoside 3(4)-L-fucosyltransferase () and galactoside 3-fucosyltransferase (). The galactoside 3-fucosyltransferases display similarities with the alpha-2 and alpha-6-fucosyltranferases. The biosynthesis of the carbohydrate antigen sialyl Lewis X (sLe(x)) is dependent on the activity of an galactoside 3-fucosyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the transfer of fucose from GDP-beta-fucose to the 3-OH of N-acetylglucosamine present in lactosamine acceptors.
Role in preventing UTIs
Robust fucosyltransferase activity discourages bacterial adherence in the urethra of women. This is also mediated by the presence of few bacterial adhesion sites in the bladder and urethra. Women with these receptors who do not have mucosal secretion of the fucosyltransferase enzyme to help block bacterial adherence are more likely to have colonization of E. coli and other coliforms from the rectum and less likely to have lactobacilli in the periurethral area, resulting in frequent episodes of cystitis.
Human proteins containing this domain
FUT1; FUT2; FUT3; FUT4; FUT5; FUT6; FUT7; FUT8; FUT9; FUT10; FUT11;
See also
Fucosylation
References
External links
Transferases
EC 2.4.1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosyltransferase |
The 2006 Washington State House elections took place on November 7, 2006. Voters in all 49 of Washington's legislative districts voted for their representatives. Washington State Senate elections were also held on November 7.
Overview
Election results
District 1
District 2
District 3
In 2004, Alex Wood was challenged by David Stevens and won with 61.61% of the vote.
District 4
Seat 1
Larry Crouse (R) - Incumbent
In 2004, Larry Crouse was challenged by Jim Peck (D) and won with 61.55% of the vote.
Seat 2
Lynn Schindler (R) - Incumbent
Ed Foote (D) - Challenger
In 2004, Lynn Schindler was challenged by Ed Foote (D) and won with 65.85% of the vote.
District 5
Seat 1
Jay Rodne (R)
In 2004, Jay Rodne was challenged by Jeff Griffin (D) and Keith Kemp (L) and won with 52.36% of the vote.
Seat 2
Glenn Anderson (R)
In 2004, Glenn Anderson was challenged by Barbara de Michele (D) and Beau Gunderson (L) and won with 54.07% of the vote.
District 6
Seat 1
John W. Serben (R) - Incumbent
Donald A. Barlow (D) (WINNER)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20060827122542/http://www.electdonbarlow.com/
Info: Spokane Spokesman Review
In 2004, John Serben ran against Don Barlow (D) for an open seat (vacated when Brad Benson ran for State Senate) and won with 51.90% of the vote.
Seat 2
John Ahern (R) - Incumbent (WINNER)
Barbara Lampert (D)
In 2004, John Ahern was challenged by Douglas Dobbins (D) and won with 60.56% of the vote.
District 7
Seat 1
Bob Sump (R) - Incumbent
Jack Miller (D) - Challenger
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20060525060604/http://www.electjackmiller.com/
In 2004, Bob Sump was challenged by Jack Miller (D) and Dave Wordinger (L) and won with 64.12% of the vote.
Seat 2
Joel Kretz (R) - Incumbent
In 2004, Joel Kretz ran against Yvette Joseph (D) for an open seat (vacated when Cathy McMorris ran for Congress) and won with 65.15% of the vote.
District 8
Seat 1
Shirley Hankins (R) - Incumbent
In 2004, Shirley Hankins was challenged by Rick Dillender (D) and won with 73.28% of the vote.
Seat 2
Larry Haler (R) - Incumbent
Website: http://www.larryhaler.com
In 2004, Larry Haler was challenged by Jerad Koepp (D) and won with 69.82% of the vote.
District 9
Seat 1
Steve Hailey (R)
Joe Schmick (R)
Glen R. Stockwell (R)
Tedd Nealey (R)
Caitlin Ross (D)
Current incumbent Don Cox (R) is not seeking re-election in 2006.
Seat 2
David W. Buri (R) - Incumbent
District 10
Seat 1
Christopher Strow (R)
Seat 2
Barbara Bailey (R) - Incumbent
Tim Knue (D) - Challenger
District 11
Position 1
Zack Hudgins (D) - Incumbent
Position 2
Bob Hasegawa (D) - Incumbent
John Potter (R)
District 12
Position 1
Cary Condotta (R) - Incumbent
Position 2
Mike Armstrong (R) - Incumbent
District 13
Position 1
Judith (Judy) Warnick (R)
Max Golladay (R)
Current incumbent Janéa Holmquist (R) is running for State Senator.
Position 2
Bill Hinkle (R) - Incumbent
District 14
Position 1
Mary Skinner (R) - Incumbent
Don Hinman (D)
Position 2
Ron Bonlender (D)
Sandra Belzer Swanson (R)
James Keightley (R)
Harold F. Koempel (R)
Charles R. Ross (R)
Glen Blomgren (R)
Current Incumbent James Clements (R) is not seeking re-election in 2006.
District 15
Position 1
Bruce Chandler (R) - Incumbent
Glen Howard Pinkham (D)
Position 2
Dan Newhouse (R) - Incumbent
William J. Yallup (D)
District 16
Position 1
Maureen Walsh (R) - Incumbent
Patrick Guettner (R)
George Fearing (D)
Position 2
Bill Grant (D) - Incumbent
Sheryl Cox (R)
Kevin Young (R)
District 17
Seat 1
Jim Dunn (R) - Incumbent
Pat Campbell (D) - Challenger
Jack Burkman (D) - Challenger
Seat 2
Deb Wallace (D) - Incumbent
Paul Harris (R) - Challenger
District 18
Position 1
Richard Curtis (R) - Incumbent
Jonathan Fant (D)
Position 2
Ed Orcutt (R) - Incumbent
Julie McCord (D)
District 19
Position 1
Dean Takko (D) - Incumbent
Tim Sutinen (R) - Challenger
Position 2
Brian Blake (D) - Incumbent
Keath Huff (R) - Challenger
District 20
Position 1
Richard DeBolt (R) - Incumbent, House Minority Leader
Mike Rechner (D)
Position 2
Gary C. Alexander (R) - Incumbent
District 21
Position 1
Mary Helen Roberts (D) - Incumbent
Position 2
Brian Sullivan (D) - Incumbent
District 22
Seat 1
Brendan W. Williams (D) - Incumbent
Seat 2
Sam Hunt (D) - Incumbent
Kevin Bonagofski (R)
District 23
Position 1
Sherry Appleton (D) - Incumbent
Earl Johnson (R)
Position 2
Beverly Woods (R) - Incumbent
Christine Rolfes (D)
District 24
Seat 1
James Buck (R) - Incumbent
Kevin Van de Wege (D) - Challenger
James Buck was challenged by Van de Wege in 2002, and won with 51%.
Seat 2
Lynn Kessler (D) - Incumbent, House Majority Leader
District 25
Position 1
Joyce McDonald (R) - Incumbent
Jonathan E. Bristol - (D)
Position 2
Dawn Morrell (D) - Incumbent
Wally Nash (R)
District 26
Seat 1
Patricia Lantz (D) - Incumbent
Beckie Krantz (R) - Challenger
Seat 2
Larry Seaquist (D)
Ronald Boehme (R)
Trent England (R)
Current Seat 2 Representative Derek Kilmer (D) is running for the State Senate seat left open by the retirement of Bob Oke, which leaves the race for this seat an open race.
District 27
Seat 1
Dennis Flannigan (D) - Incumbent
Stan Barker (politician) (R)
Seat 2
Jeannie Darneille (D) - Incumbent
Bret Edensword (R)
District 28
Position 1
Troy Kelley (D) (cw)
Don Anderson (R) (cw)
Stan Flemming (R)
Current incumbent Gigi Talcott (R) is not seeking re-election in 2006.
Position 2
Tami Green (D) - Incumbent (cw)
Bob Lawrence (R)
Jim Oliver (R)
District 29
Position 1
Steve Conway (D) - Incumbent
Position 2
Steve Kirby (D) - Incumbent
District 30
Position 1
Mark Miloscia (D) - Incumbent
Anthony Kalchik (R)
Position 2
Skip Priest (R) - Incumbent
Helen Stanwell (D)
District 31
Seat 1
Dan Roach (R) - Incumbent
Karen Willard (D) - Challenger
Seat 2
Jan Shabro (R) - Incumbent
Christopher Hurst (D) - Challenger and former House member
District 32
Position 1
Maralyn Chase (D) - Incumbent
Norine Federow (R)
Position 2
Ruth Kagi (D) - Incumbent
Steve Gibbs (R)
District 33
Position 1
Shay Schual-Berke (D) - Incumbent
Mike Cook (R)
Position 2
Dave Upthegrove (D) - Incumbent
District 34
Position 1
Eileen L. Cody (D) - Incumbent
Position 2
Joe McDermott (D) - Incumbent
Savun Neang (R)
District 35
Position 1
Kathy Haigh (D) - Incumbent
Marco Brown (R)
Position 2
William 'IKE' Eickmeyer (D) - Incumbent
Randy Neatherlin (R)
District 36
Position 1
Helen Sommers (D) - Incumbent
Position 2
Mary Lou Dickerson (D) - Incumbent
District 37
Position 1
Sharon Tomiko Santos (D) - Incumbent
Position 2
Eric Pettigrew (D) - Incumbent
Kwame Wyking Garrett (R)
District 38
Position 1
John McCoy (D) - Incumbent
Kim Halvorson (R)
Position 2
Mike Sells (D) - Incumbent
District 39
Seat 1
Dan Kristiansen (R) - Incumbent
Scott Olson (D) - Challenger
Seat 2
Kirk Pearson (R) - Incumbent
District 40
Position 1
Dave Quall (D) - Incumbent
Yoshe Revelle (R)
Position 2
Jeff Morris (D) - Incumbent
District 41
Position 1
Fred Jarrett (R) - Incumbent
Dale Murphy (D)
Position 2
Judy Clibborn (D) - Incumbent
Erik Fretheim (R)
District 42
Seat 1
Doug Ericksen (R) - Incumbent
Website: http://dougericksen.com/
Jasper MacSlarrow (D) - Challenger
Website: http://www.votejasper.com/
Seat 2
Kelli Linville (D) - Incumbent
Craig Mayberry (R) - Challenger
District 43
Seat 1
Dick Kelley (D) Kelley in 2006
Jamie Pedersen (D) People for Pedersen
Bill Sherman (D) billsherman.com
Stephanie Pure (D) People for Pure
Jim Street (D) JimStreet.org
Lynne Dodson (D) LynneToWin.org
Hugh Foskett (R)
Linde Knighton (Progressive) voteknighton.org
Ed Murray is stepping down from his House seat to run for the State Senate.
Rough road ahead for non-Democrat candidates in 43rd
Seat 2
Frank Chopp (D) - Current Speaker of the House
Will "Chopper" Sohn (R) Will Sohn For Representative
District 44
Position 1
Hans Dunshee (D) - Incumbent
Mike Hope (R)
Position 2
John Lovick (D) - Incumbent
Robert Legg (R)
District 45
Seat 1
Roger Goodman (D)
Jeffrey Possinger (R)
Current Rep. Toby Nixon (R) is running for the open Senate seat.
Seat 2
Larry Springer (D) - Incumbent
Tim Lee (R)
District 46
Position 1
Jim McIntire (D) - Incumbent
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20060829232052/http://jimmcintire.com/
Position 2
Phyllis Gutierrez Kenney (D) - Incumbent
Website:
District 47
Seat 1
Geoff Simpson (D) - Incumbent
Website: http://www.votesimpson.com/
Donna Watts (R)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20070502190510/http://www.donnawatts.org/
Seat 2
Pat Sullivan (D) - Incumbent
Website: http://www.votepatsullivan.com/
Andrew Franz (R)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20061106034048/http://www.andrewfranz.org/
District 48
Seat 1
Ross Hunter (D) - Incumbent, Ross Hunter
Nancy Potts (R) Nancy Potts
Seat 2
Deb Eddy (D) Deb Eddy
Santiago Ramos (D) (cw)
Brett Olson - (R) Bret Olson for 48th District Representative
Seat 2 became an open seat on March 14, 2006 when Rodney Tom announced his candidacy for the Senate, switching parties from Republican to Democrat in the process.
District 49
References
See also
House of Representatives
Washington House of Representatives elections
Washington House | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Washington%20House%20of%20Representatives%20election |
The Zee Cine Award for Most Promising Director is an Indian film award which began in 2005.
In 2002, Zee Cine tried to acknowledge debut directors by creating a Zee Cine Special Award for Debut Director. In 2005, the category for most promising director was made official. A group of juries chose the best candidate out of five nominated directors. The inaugural Zee Cine Award for Most Promising Director was given to Farah Khan for Main Hoon Na.
Winners
See also
Zee Cine Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
Zee Cine Awards
Awards established in 2005
2005 establishments in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee%20Cine%20Award%20for%20Most%20Promising%20Director |
Getter Robo Armageddon, known in Japan as , is an OVA released between August 25, 1998 to May 25, 1999 by Bandai Visual and was animated by Brain's Base and Studio OX. The OVA is based on the manga and anime series Getter Robo, created by Ken Ishikawa and Go Nagai. The series adapts numerous elements from previous installments of both the Getter Robo manga and anime entries, in addition to other elements from Ken Ishikawa's library of work, but is an independent story from any other installments.
Plot
The plot opens some time after the Moon Wars, where things for the original cast have taken a turn for the worse. The main character and pilot of Getter-1, Ryōma Nagare, has been framed for the murder of the Getter Machine builder Dr. Saotome after the death of Saotome's daughter, Michiru. However, he is released from jail and is reunited on Earth—unhappily—with his old allies, Hayato Jin and Musashi Tomoe, to fight none other than Dr. Saotome himself, who has seemingly risen from the grave to threaten humanity with his ultimate creation—and most dangerous weapon, the Shin Getter Dragon. The Shin Getter Dragon is a massive weapon powered by the same cosmic Getter Rays which gave life to their machines. However, their efforts to stop Dr. Saotome (not to mention an overzealous Japanese Defense Force), are in vain, as nuclear weapons are used on Shin Dragon.
The resulting explosion and shock wave of Getter Rays wipes out 99% of the human population worldwide. Thirteen years after this catastrophe, as humanity clings desperately to life, the re-emerged extraterrestrial invaders threaten planet Earth once more. The only safeguard against this alien threat is a giant robot that emerges from the wreckage of the nuclear blast—Shin Getter Robo—piloted by an artificially created human named Gō. With the help of Hayato's Super Robot Army and Gō's co-pilots Kei and Gai, Shin Getter fights to keep humanity's dreams alive.
Later, Ryōma returns piloting the Black Getter Robo to aid the new Getter team against Dr. Saotome, who returns with Stinger and Cowen when Shin Getter Dragon re-activates and continues its evolution. It was also revealed that Kei was Dr. Saotome's younger daughter and Michiru's younger sister, who was adopted by Benkei. Soon the invaders put their true plan into action by transforming Jupiter into a Getter Ray Sun and Ganymede, one of its moons, would soon go on a collision course with Earth, prompting both the old and new Getter teams to spring into action to save the planet.
Characters
Old Getter Team
– Former leader of the Getter team and pilot of Getter-1, he was framed some time before the events of the OVA for the death of Dr. Saotome. However, when Dr. Saotome seemingly returns from the dead and threatens to start the end of the world, he is released from jail to commit the very murder he was put in jail for, which he is all too happy to do. After the nuclear explosion he seems to have disappeared, but in reality he was transported 13 years into the future, and then returned from the moon piloting the Black Getter.
– Former member of the Getter team and pilot of Getter-2, Hayato is manipulative and seems to have ulterior motives. He was the one who helped Dr. Saotome with his plan. He claims to regret helping Dr. Saotome and 13 years after the nuclear fallout, he reappears as the commander of a massive ground battleship called the Tower along with a small army of Super Robots to fight the resurfaced Invaders.
– Former member of the Getter team and pilot of Getter-3. After Saotome's supposed death, he took care of Genki, Saotome's daughter. However circumstances forced him back in a Getter, where he was killed by Invaders early in the story.
– In the Armageddon story Musashi and Benkei have met and are friends, he raises Genki as his own daughter (giving her the name Kei) to protect her identity after the fallout. He plays the mentor role during most of the series but eventually returns to pilot Shin Getter.
New Getter Team
– Pilot of Shin Getter-1, he is an artificial human created by Dr. Saotome in order to control Shin Dragon. After the nuclear fallout he realizes Kei is Dr. Saotome's daughter and devotes himself to protecting her. He does not seem to age, as he stays exactly the same after 13 years. Although based on the character of Go Ichimonji from Ken Ishikawa's Getter Robo Go manga, the two characters bear little similarity.
– The younger daughter of Dr. Saotome, she becomes traumatized after witnessing what truly happened to her older sister. When the nuclear bomb exploded, the trauma of everything caused her to become amnesic, where she began life fresh as , Benkei's tomboyish daughter. As Kei, she pilots Shin Getter-2. Genki's character is a departure from the TV series, as Genki is a boy in that series as the tag-along happy-go-lucky character. Kei is based on the character of Kei Minamikaze from the Getter Robo Go manga, but aside from their appearance and involvement with the Getter Team, they are otherwise unrelated.
– A large but good-natured guy, he was part of Benkei's group when they ventured to the outside world after 13 years. After Benkei is injured by Invaders, he becomes pilot of Shin Getter-3. He is friends with Kei and seems to have a small crush on her.
Antagonists
– The father of Getter technology, he was supposedly killed by Hayato but mysteriously returned from the dead. He takes a departure from the traditional role by being the antagonist throughout most of the story. He holds a grudge against Ryoma and Hayato because of the death of Michiru, his daughter, and it is this grudge that starts his plans for the end of the world.
– Two mysterious scientists who worked with Dr. Saotome on Getter Energy in the past. However, because of their desire for evolution they have allowed Invaders into their bodies and believe the Invaders are the only ones for the Earth, and therefore the Getter Energy. Along with Dr. Saotome, they are the antagonists of the story. Stinger and Cowen are both based on two characters from Ken Ishikawa's Majuu Sensen. Stinger is based on Dr. Barbia, and Cowen is based on Dr. Shot.
– The amorphous creatures which were eradicated in the Moon Wars. However they seem to have resurfaced on Earth, with the intention of reaching Shin Dragon. After the nuclear explosion the Invaders have thrived and spread rapidly across the surface. Invaders have the power to possess humans, mutating them into hideous creatures, as well as survive even if reduced to tiny pieces. They can also assume any shape they want, as they are amorphous in nature. However their one weakness lies in the fact that Getter Rays cause their overevolution, destroying them with enough exposure. Their most distinctive features are their many eyeballs and protruding spikes.
Other
– Dr. Saotome's oldest daughter who was killed in a Getter combining accident involving Ryouma and Hayato. Dr. Saotome believes it was on purpose and holds an intense grudge against them, which starts the events of Armageddon.
– A creepy and odd scientist with a deformed face, he is always beside Hayato and is extremely interested in Shin Dragon's evolution and Go.
– An American Super Robot pilot in Hayato's army, he usually leads the attacks. It is implied his girlfriend was killed by Invaders in the past. He also has a hatred for the Japanese due to their hiding from the outside world, this causes him to dislike the new Getter Team. However he learns to respect the team after they save his life. He pilots the Stilva, which is a black humanoid robot capable of changing into a stealth fighter.
– The Armageddon continuity's versions of Emperor Gore and Emperor Burai, the main antagonists from the original Getter Robo and Getter Robo G, respectively. In this setting they're cloned humans, made from Ryouma and Hayato's DNA and infused with Getter Rays, in order to control Shin Dragon. However, for unknown reasons became horrible monsters that rampage once awakened, eventually fusing into a giant monster (resembling Burai's Combined Hundred Oni Robot).
Episodes
Manga
Mazinkaiser vs. Getter Robo Armageddon
Written by Masanao Akahoshi and illustrated by Moo Nenpei. A crossover manga of the Mazinger and Getter Robo series from the Immortal Super Robot Encyclopedia, released about one month after VHS volume 1. Although it was released as a companion to the OVA, the setting conformed more to the one found in the Toei Manga Festival movies (e.g. Getter Robo vs Great Mazinger). In the magazine that published it, this manga was posted with a set of introductions from the OVA series.
Try to Remember
Written by Yasuhiro Imagawa and illustrated by Hisashi Matsumoto. The manga was serialized in Kodansha's Super Robot Battle Tribute. While the characters, terms, and the worldview have some parts in common with the OVA, the stories presented in the manga are different from that of the OVA. In addition, characters from Go Nagai's manga Gakuen Taikutsu Otoko also appear.
Controversy
Yasuhiro Imagawa was originally put in charge of the project. Due to an unknown disagreement with the staff, he left the project, leaving the story in disarray from episode 4 and onward.
His directing role was replaced by Jun Kawagoe for the subsequent episodes. Kawagoe would later go on to direct the Shin Getter Robo vs. Neo Getter Robo, New Getter Robo OVAs and the Getter Robo Arc television series.
Reception
Daryl Surat of Otaku USA Magazine calls the animation "spectacular" and argues that even without Imagawa's guidance, the series despite taking a different turn still ended strongly.
Bamboo Dong of Anime News Network was highly critical of the narrative, animation and artwork, critiquing the hard-to-follow story and the "almost disturbing to watch" physics of Ryoma's scarf, along with the "extraneous and overdone lines on the characters" that tend to "clutter the screen".
Getter Robo Armageddon sold an average of 24,076 copies (VHS, LD, VHD, DVD, LD-BOX, DVD-BOX) making it one of the top 50 sold anime up to 2008.
Release
Bandai Visual originally released the OVA across 7 volumes on VHS and Laserdisc, priced at 1,500 yen per episode (which was an unusual price for OVAs at the time and now). In 2007, the series received a DVD boxed set release and in 2009 was released on UMD Video.
In 2010, the OVA received a remastered Blu-Ray release, once again from Bandai Visual.
The OVA was licensed in the US by ADV Films on DVD under the title Getter Robo Armageddon. Following the closure of ADV Films in 2009, the series was more recently licensed and released by Discotek Media on Blu-ray on March 29, 2016.
Notes
References
External links
Japanese Official Website
1998 anime OVAs
Bandai Visual
Brain's Base
Armageddon
Super robot anime and manga
Seinen manga
Discotek Media
Kodansha manga
Futabasha manga
ADV Films
Post-apocalyptic anime and manga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getter%20Robo%20Armageddon |
Henry Doyle Haynes (July 27, 1920 – August 7, 1971) was an American comedy entertainer and musician who gained fame on radio and television as a country and jazz guitarist and as the character Homer of the country music comedy and parody duo Homer and Jethro with Kenneth C. Burns for 35 years beginning in 1936.
Biography
Haynes was born near Knoxville, Tennessee, on July 29, 1920. He met Kenneth Burns during a WNOX-AM audition in 1936 when they were both 16 years old. Haynes strummed the guitar and Burns played the mandolin. Known as Junior and Dude (pronounced "dood'-ee"), the duo was rechristened Homer and Jethro when WNOX Program Director Lowell Blanchard forgot their nicknames during a 1936 broadcast. In 1939 they became regulars on the Renfro Valley Barn Dance radio program.
Haynes was drafted into the US Army and served in the medical corps in the Pacific. He reunited in Knoxville in 1945 with Burns, who had served in Europe. In 1947, the duo moved to Cincinnati, Ohio and were working at WLW-AM on the station's Midwestern Hayride. They signed with King Records, where they worked as a house band and recorded singles on their own, and two years later signed with RCA Records. The pair was fired along with several other stars by new management at WLW in 1948 and, after a brief tour, they moved to Springfield, Missouri and performed on KWTO-AM with Chet Atkins, the Carter Family and Slim Wilson.
In 1949 they moved to Chicago and appeared on National Barn Dance on WLS-AM; and later appeared on television programs including Ozark Jubilee, The Beverly Hillbillies, The Johnny Cash Show and The Tonight Show.
The pair recorded more than 50 albums during their career and won a Grammy for the best comedy performance in 1959 for "The Battle of Kookamonga", a parody of Johnny Horton's "Battle of New Orleans".
Haynes died on August 7, 1971, of a heart attack in Hammond, Indiana. He had lived the last decade of his life just across the state line in Lansing, Illinois. He and Burns were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001 as Homer and Jethro.
References
General sources
Homer and Jethro biography at Britannica.com
.
External links
1920 births
1971 deaths
American country guitarists
American jazz guitarists
American male guitarists
American country singer-songwriters
American comedy musicians
Musicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
Country musicians from Tennessee
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
20th-century American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Guitarists from Tennessee
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male musicians
American male singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20D.%20%22Homer%22%20Haynes |
A paper chase (also known as a chalk chase or as hare and hounds) is an outdoor racing game with any number of players.
Method of play
At the start of the game, one or two players are designated the 'hares' and are given a bag of small paper clippings known as the 'scent'. Other members of the group are the 'hounds' who will pursue them.
The 'hare' is given a head start of five to fifteen minutes, and runs ahead periodically throwing out a handful of paper shreds, which represent the scent of the hare. Just as scent is carried on the wind, so too are the bits of paper, sometimes making for a difficult game. After some designated time, the hounds must chase after the hare and attempt to catch them before they reach the ending point of the race.
The game is generally played over distance of several miles, but shorter courses can be set, or the game played according to a time limit. If the hare makes it to the finish line, they get to choose the next hare, or to be the hare themselves. Similarly, the person who catches the hare gets to choose the next hare.
The game may also be played with a piece of chalk instead of paper, where the hares leave marks on walls, stones, fence posts or similar surfaces.
History
A game called "Hunt the Fox" or "Hunt the Hare" was played in English schools since at least the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Shakespeare appears to make reference to it in Hamlet, when he eludes the guards at Elsinore he cries "Hide, fox, and all after". Around 1800 the game was organised at Shrewsbury School into an outdoor game called "the Hunt" or "the Hounds", to prepare the young gentlemen for their future pastime of fox hunting. The two runners making the trail with paper were called "foxes", those chasing them were called "hounds".
Hare coursing rather than fox hunting was used as an analogy when the game spread to Bath School, so the trail-makers were called "hares". This term was made popular by the paper chase scene in Tom Brown's School Days and is still used in modern hashing and in club names like Thames Hare and Hounds, but Shrewsbury continues to use fox hunting terms as evidenced in The Way of All Flesh by Samuel Butler- "in this case the hare was a couple of boys who were called foxes".
The Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt is the oldest cross-country club in the world, with written records going back to 1831 and evidence that it was established by 1819. The club officers are the Huntsman, Senior and Junior Whips whilst the runners are Hounds, who start most races paired into "couples"; the winner of a race is said to "kill". The main inter-house cross-country races are still called the Junior and Senior Paperchase, although no paper is dropped and urban development means the historical course can no longer be followed.
In 1938, British immigrants founded the Hash House Harriers in Kuala Lumpur based on this game.
Literary and cinema references
Thomas Hughes' 1857 novel Tom Brown's School Days depicts a meet by the Big-Side Hare and Hounds. Students busily tear up old newspapers copybooks and magazines into small pieces to fill four large bags with the paper ‘scent’. Forty or fifty boys gather and two good runners are chosen as hares who carry the bags and start across the fields laying the trail. When a member of the pack finds the paper scent they call "Forward!" (hashers now call “ON! ON!”). In the story, members of the pack work together finding scent and strain to keep up with the hare.
In chapter 39 of his semi-autobiographical novel The Way of All Flesh of 1903, Samuel Butler describes a school based on his alma mater of Shrewsbury. The main protagonist's favourite recreation is running with "the Hounds" so "a run of six or seven miles across country was no more than he was used to".
In the book The Railway Children, written by Edith Nesbit in 1906, the children observe a game of paper chase. The book was made into a television series four times and into a movie twice, the most recent of which was in 2000.
In the novel Daddy Long Legs, written in 1912 by Jean Webster, the girls play a game of paper chase where the hares cheat: they leave a paper trail indicating they entered a locked barn through a high window, while in actuality they went around the building.
In by H.P. Lovecraft's novella At the Mountains of Madness, first published in 1936, the narrator references the game when using paper to blaze a trail through an unexplored city: "Fortunately we had a supply of extra paper to tear up, place in a spare specimen bag, and use on the ancient principle of hare and hounds for marking our course in any interior mazes we might be able to penetrate."
In the 1946 Orson Welles movie, The Stranger, Rankin's students are in the midst of a paper chase through the woods as Rankin kills his former colleague. Rankin misdirects the "hounds" to keep them from finding the body by moving the shreds of paper.
In the 1954 memoir by Vyvyan Holland, Son of Oscar Wilde, he describes playing paper chase at Neuenheim College in Heidelberg, Germany in 1896. "[W]hen the river was frozen and the snow lay thick upon the ground, so that it was impossible either to row or to play football, paper chases were organised by the master in charge of games. No form of exercise is quite so utterly pointless and boring as a paper chase, and we used to try to slink off and get lost and find our way home by ourselves; though this, if discovered, was apt to lead to a painful interview with the games master."
In the 1975 Disney movie, One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing, the nannies notice a trail of paper scraps on the ground while trying to hide a dinosaur skeleton in a wood. They remark that it must be a paper chase at which point a group of schoolboys crash through the wood following the trail.
A 1986 episode of the animated television series The Wind in the Willows is called "Paperchase", and the focus is of that game.
References
Outdoor locating games
Children's games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper%20chase%20%28game%29 |
Borovnica, which translates as Blueberry from Serbo-Croatian, may refer to:
Borovnica, Prozor, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Borovnica, Zavidovići, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Borovnica, Slovenia
Municipality of Borovnica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovnica |
The following is a list of the restricted-range endemic bird species found in the Western Palearctic region:
Most of these range-restricted species are endemic to Macaronesian or Mediterranean islands, while three are endemic to the Caucasus region.
In addition the following species are endemic to the region:
(be) = Breeding endemic
Lists of endemic birds by region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20endemic%20birds%20of%20the%20Western%20Palearctic |
A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes. Computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are made up of telecommunication network technologies based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies.
The nodes of a computer network can include personal computers, servers, networking hardware, or other specialized or general-purpose hosts. They are identified by network addresses and may have hostnames. Hostnames serve as memorable labels for the nodes and are rarely changed after initial assignment. Network addresses serve for locating and identifying the nodes by communication protocols such as the Internet Protocol.
Computer networks may be classified by many criteria, including the transmission medium used to carry signals, bandwidth, communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network size, the topology, traffic control mechanisms, and organizational intent.
Computer networks support many applications and services, such as access to the World Wide Web, digital video and audio, shared use of application and storage servers, printers and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications.
History
Computer networking may be considered a branch of computer science, computer engineering, and telecommunications, since it relies on the theoretical and practical application of the related disciplines. Computer networking was influenced by a wide array of technology developments and historical milestones.
In the late 1950s, a network of computers was built for the U.S. military Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) radar system using the Bell 101 modem. It was the first commercial modem for computers, released by AT&T Corporation in 1958. The modem allowed digital data to be transmitted over regular unconditioned telephone lines at a speed of 110 bits per second (bit/s).
In 1959, Christopher Strachey filed a patent application for time-sharing and John McCarthy initiated the first project to implement time-sharing of user programs at MIT. Stratchey passed the concept on to J. C. R. Licklider at the inaugural UNESCO Information Processing Conference in Paris that year. McCarthy was instrumental in the creation of three of the earliest time-sharing systems (the Compatible Time-Sharing System in 1961, the BBN Time-Sharing System in 1962, and the Dartmouth Time Sharing System in 1963).
In 1959, Anatoly Kitov proposed to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organisation of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centres. Kitov's proposal was rejected, as later was the 1962 OGAS economy management network project.
In 1960, the commercial airline reservation system semi-automatic business research environment (SABRE) went online with two connected mainframes.
In 1963, J. C. R. Licklider sent a memorandum to office colleagues discussing the concept of the "Intergalactic Computer Network", a computer network intended to allow general communications among computer users.
Throughout the 1960s, Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently developed the concept of packet switching to transfer information between computers over a network. Davies pioneered the implementation of the concept. The NPL network, a local area network at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) used a line speed of 768 kbit/s and later high-speed T1 links (1.544 Mbit/s line rate).
In 1965, Western Electric introduced the first widely used telephone switch that implemented computer control in the switching fabric.
In 1969, the first four nodes of the ARPANET were connected using 50 kbit/s circuits between the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. In the early 1970s, Leonard Kleinrock carried out mathematical work to model the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the development of the ARPANET. His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.
In 1972, commercial services were first deployed on public data networks in Europe, which began using X.25 in the late 1970s and spread across the globe. The underlying infrastructure was used for expanding TCP/IP networks in the 1980s.
In 1973, the French CYCLADES network, directed by Louis Pouzin was the first to make the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather than this being a centralized service of the network itself.
In 1973, Peter Kirstein put internetworking into practice at University College London (UCL), connecting the ARPANET to British academic networks, the first international heterogeneous computer network.
In 1973, Robert Metcalfe wrote a formal memo at Xerox PARC describing Ethernet, a networking system that was based on the Aloha network, developed in the 1960s by Norman Abramson and colleagues at the University of Hawaii. In July 1976, Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs published their paper "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" and collaborated on several patents received in 1977 and 1978.
In 1974, Vint Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine published the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) specification, , coining the term Internet as a shorthand for internetworking.
In 1976, John Murphy of Datapoint Corporation created ARCNET, a token-passing network first used to share storage devices.
In 1977, the first long-distance fiber network was deployed by GTE in Long Beach, California.
In 1977, Xerox Network Systems (XNS) was developed by Robert Metcalfe and Yogen Dalal at Xerox.
In 1979, Robert Metcalfe pursued making Ethernet an open standard.
In 1980, Ethernet was upgraded from the original 2.94 Mbit/s protocol to the 10 Mbit/s protocol, which was developed by Ron Crane, Bob Garner, Roy Ogus, and Yogen Dalal.
In 1995, the transmission speed capacity for Ethernet increased from 10 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s. By 1998, Ethernet supported transmission speeds of 1 Gbit/s. Subsequently, higher speeds of up to 400 Gbit/s were added (). The scaling of Ethernet has been a contributing factor to its continued use.
Use
Computer networks extend interpersonal communications by electronic means with various technologies, such as email, instant messaging, online chat, voice and video telephone calls, and video conferencing. A network allows sharing of network and computing resources. Users may access and use resources provided by devices on the network, such as printing a document on a shared network printer or use of a shared storage device. A network allows sharing of files, data, and other types of information giving authorized users the ability to access information stored on other computers on the network. Distributed computing uses computing resources across a network to accomplish tasks.
Network packet
Most modern computer networks use protocols based on packet-mode transmission. A network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network.
Packets consist of two types of data: control information and user data (payload). The control information provides data the network needs to deliver the user data, for example, source and destination network addresses, error detection codes, and sequencing information. Typically, control information is found in packet headers and trailers, with payload data in between.
With packets, the bandwidth of the transmission medium can be better shared among users than if the network were circuit switched. When one user is not sending packets, the link can be filled with packets from other users, and so the cost can be shared, with relatively little interference, provided the link is not overused. Often the route a packet needs to take through a network is not immediately available. In that case, the packet is queued and waits until a link is free.
The physical link technologies of packet networks typically limit the size of packets to a certain maximum transmission unit (MTU). A longer message may be fragmented before it is transferred and once the packets arrive, they are reassembled to construct the original message.
Network topology
The physical or geographic locations of network nodes and links generally have relatively little effect on a network, but the topology of interconnections of a network can significantly affect its throughput and reliability. With many technologies, such as bus or star networks, a single failure can cause the network to fail entirely. In general, the more interconnections there are, the more robust the network is; but the more expensive it is to install. Therefore, most network diagrams are arranged by their network topology which is the map of logical interconnections of network hosts.
Common topologies are:
Bus network: all nodes are connected to a common medium along this medium. This was the layout used in the original Ethernet, called 10BASE5 and 10BASE2. This is still a common topology on the data link layer, although modern physical layer variants use point-to-point links instead, forming a star or a tree.
Star network: all nodes are connected to a special central node. This is the typical layout found in a small switched Ethernet LAN, where each client connects to a central network switch, and logically in a wireless LAN, where each wireless client associates with the central wireless access point.
Ring network: each node is connected to its left and right neighbor node, such that all nodes are connected and that each node can reach each other node by traversing nodes left- or rightwards. Token ring networks, and the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), made use of such a topology.
Mesh network: each node is connected to an arbitrary number of neighbors in such a way that there is at least one traversal from any node to any other.
Fully connected network: each node is connected to every other node in the network.
Tree network: nodes are arranged hierarchically. This is the natural topology for a larger Ethernet network with multiple switches and without redundant meshing.
The physical layout of the nodes in a network may not necessarily reflect the network topology. As an example, with FDDI, the network topology is a ring, but the physical topology is often a star, because all neighboring connections can be routed via a central physical location. Physical layout is not completely irrelevant, however, as common ducting and equipment locations can represent single points of failure due to issues like fires, power failures and flooding.
Overlay network
An overlay network is a virtual network that is built on top of another network. Nodes in the overlay network are connected by virtual or logical links. Each link corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network. The topology of the overlay network may (and often does) differ from that of the underlying one. For example, many peer-to-peer networks are overlay networks. They are organized as nodes of a virtual system of links that run on top of the Internet.
Overlay networks have been around since the invention of networking when computer systems were connected over telephone lines using modems before any data network existed.
The most striking example of an overlay network is the Internet itself. The Internet itself was initially built as an overlay on the telephone network. Even today, each Internet node can communicate with virtually any other through an underlying mesh of sub-networks of wildly different topologies and technologies. Address resolution and routing are the means that allow mapping of a fully connected IP overlay network to its underlying network.
Another example of an overlay network is a distributed hash table, which maps keys to nodes in the network. In this case, the underlying network is an IP network, and the overlay network is a table (actually a map) indexed by keys.
Overlay networks have also been proposed as a way to improve Internet routing, such as through quality of service guarantees achieve higher-quality streaming media. Previous proposals such as IntServ, DiffServ, and IP multicast have not seen wide acceptance largely because they require modification of all routers in the network. On the other hand, an overlay network can be incrementally deployed on end-hosts running the overlay protocol software, without cooperation from Internet service providers. The overlay network has no control over how packets are routed in the underlying network between two overlay nodes, but it can control, for example, the sequence of overlay nodes that a message traverses before it reaches its destination.
For example, Akamai Technologies manages an overlay network that provides reliable, efficient content delivery (a kind of multicast). Academic research includes end system multicast, resilient routing and quality of service studies, among others.
Network links
The transmission media (often referred to in the literature as the physical medium) used to link devices to form a computer network include electrical cable, optical fiber, and free space. In the OSI model, the software to handle the media is defined at layers 1 and 2 — the physical layer and the data link layer.
A widely adopted family that uses copper and fiber media in local area network (LAN) technology are collectively known as Ethernet. The media and protocol standards that enable communication between networked devices over Ethernet are defined by IEEE 802.3. Wireless LAN standards use radio waves, others use infrared signals as a transmission medium. Power line communication uses a building's power cabling to transmit data.
Wired
The following classes of wired technologies are used in computer networking.
Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other work-sites for local area networks. Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than 500 million bits per second.
ITU-T G.hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable, phone lines and power lines) to create a high-speed local area network.
Twisted pair cabling is used for wired Ethernet and other standards. It typically consists of 4 pairs of copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. The transmission speed ranges from 2 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s. Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP). Each form comes in several category ratings, designed for use in various scenarios.
An optical fiber is a glass fiber. It carries pulses of light that represent data via lasers and optical amplifiers. Some advantages of optical fibers over metal wires are very low transmission loss and immunity to electrical interference. Using dense wave division multiplexing, optical fibers can simultaneously carry multiple streams of data on different wavelengths of light, which greatly increases the rate that data can be sent to up to trillions of bits per second. Optic fibers can be used for long runs of cable carrying very high data rates, and are used for undersea communications cables to interconnect continents. There are two basic types of fiber optics, single-mode optical fiber (SMF) and multi-mode optical fiber (MMF). Single-mode fiber has the advantage of being able to sustain a coherent signal for dozens or even a hundred kilometers. Multimode fiber is cheaper to terminate but is limited to a few hundred or even only a few dozens of meters, depending on the data rate and cable grade.
Wireless
Network connections can be established wirelessly using radio or other electromagnetic means of communication.
Terrestrial microwave – Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately apart.
Communications satellites – Satellites also communicate via microwave. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in geosynchronous orbit above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.
Cellular networks use several radio communications technologies. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area is served by a low-power transceiver.
Radio and spread spectrum technologies – Wireless LANs use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. IEEE 802.11 defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology known as Wi-Fi.
Free-space optical communication uses visible or invisible light for communications. In most cases, line-of-sight propagation is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.
Extending the Internet to interplanetary dimensions via radio waves and optical means, the Interplanetary Internet.
IP over Avian Carriers was a humorous April fool's Request for Comments, issued as . It was implemented in real life in 2001.
The last two cases have a large round-trip delay time, which gives slow two-way communication but does not prevent sending large amounts of information (they can have high throughput).
Network nodes
Apart from any physical transmission media, networks are built from additional basic system building blocks, such as network interface controllers, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, modems, and firewalls. Any particular piece of equipment will frequently contain multiple building blocks and so may perform multiple functions.
Network interfaces
A network interface controller (NIC) is computer hardware that connects the computer to the network media and has the ability to process low-level network information. For example, the NIC may have a connector for accepting a cable, or an aerial for wireless transmission and reception, and the associated circuitry.
In Ethernet networks, each NIC has a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address—usually stored in the controller's permanent memory. To avoid address conflicts between network devices, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) maintains and administers MAC address uniqueness. The size of an Ethernet MAC address is six octets. The three most significant octets are reserved to identify NIC manufacturers. These manufacturers, using only their assigned prefixes, uniquely assign the three least-significant octets of every Ethernet interface they produce.
Repeaters and hubs
A repeater is an electronic device that receives a network signal, cleans it of unnecessary noise and regenerates it. The signal is retransmitted at a higher power level, or to the other side of obstruction so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most twisted-pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. With fiber optics, repeaters can be tens or even hundreds of kilometers apart.
Repeaters work on the physical layer of the OSI model but still require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause a propagation delay that affects network performance and may affect proper function. As a result, many network architectures limit the number of repeaters used in a network, e.g., the Ethernet 5-4-3 rule.
An Ethernet repeater with multiple ports is known as an Ethernet hub. In addition to reconditioning and distributing network signals, a repeater hub assists with collision detection and fault isolation for the network. Hubs and repeaters in LANs have been largely obsoleted by modern network switches.
Bridges and switches
Network bridges and network switches are distinct from a hub in that they only forward frames to the ports involved in the communication whereas a hub forwards to all ports. Bridges only have two ports but a switch can be thought of as a multi-port bridge. Switches normally have numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and for cascading additional switches.
Bridges and switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model and bridge traffic between two or more network segments to form a single local network. Both are devices that forward frames of data between ports based on the destination MAC address in each frame.
They learn the association of physical ports to MAC addresses by examining the source addresses of received frames and only forward the frame when necessary. If an unknown destination MAC is targeted, the device broadcasts the request to all ports except the source, and discovers the location from the reply.
Bridges and switches divide the network's collision domain but maintain a single broadcast domain. Network segmentation through bridging and switching helps break down a large, congested network into an aggregation of smaller, more efficient networks.
Routers
A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by processing the addressing or routing information included in the packet. The routing information is often processed in conjunction with the routing table. A router uses its routing table to determine where to forward packets and does not require broadcasting packets which is inefficient for very big networks.
Modems
Modems (modulator-demodulator) are used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for digital network traffic, or for wireless. To do this one or more carrier signals are modulated by the digital signal to produce an analog signal that can be tailored to give the required properties for transmission. Early modems modulated audio signals sent over a standard voice telephone line. Modems are still commonly used for telephone lines, using a digital subscriber line technology and cable television systems using DOCSIS technology.
Firewalls
A firewall is a network device or software for controlling network security and access rules. Firewalls are inserted in connections between secure internal networks and potentially insecure external networks such as the Internet. Firewalls are typically configured to reject access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from recognized ones. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant increase in cyber attacks.
Communication protocols
A communication protocol is a set of rules for exchanging information over a network. Communication protocols have various characteristics. They may be connection-oriented or connectionless, they may use circuit mode or packet switching, and they may use hierarchical addressing or flat addressing.
In a protocol stack, often constructed per the OSI model, communications functions are divided up into protocol layers, where each layer leverages the services of the layer below it until the lowest layer controls the hardware that sends information across the media. The use of protocol layering is ubiquitous across the field of computer networking. An important example of a protocol stack is HTTP (the World Wide Web protocol) running over TCP over IP (the Internet protocols) over IEEE 802.11 (the Wi-Fi protocol). This stack is used between the wireless router and the home user's personal computer when the user is surfing the web.
There are many communication protocols, a few of which are described below.
Common protocols
Internet protocol suite
The Internet protocol suite, also called TCP/IP, is the foundation of all modern networking. It offers connection-less and connection-oriented services over an inherently unreliable network traversed by datagram transmission using Internet protocol (IP). At its core, the protocol suite defines the addressing, identification, and routing specifications for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) and for IPv6, the next generation of the protocol with a much enlarged addressing capability. The Internet protocol suite is the defining set of protocols for the Internet.
IEEE 802
IEEE 802 is a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area networks and metropolitan area networks. The complete IEEE 802 protocol suite provides a diverse set of networking capabilities. The protocols have a flat addressing scheme. They operate mostly at layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model.
For example, MAC bridging (IEEE 802.1D) deals with the routing of Ethernet packets using a Spanning Tree Protocol. IEEE 802.1Q describes VLANs, and IEEE 802.1X defines a port-based Network Access Control protocol, which forms the basis for the authentication mechanisms used in VLANs (but it is also found in WLANs) – it is what the home user sees when the user has to enter a "wireless access key".
Ethernet
Ethernet is a family of technologies used in wired LANs. It is described by a set of standards together called IEEE 802.3 published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Wireless LAN
Wireless LAN based on the IEEE 802.11 standards, also widely known as WLAN or WiFi, is probably the most well-known member of the IEEE 802 protocol family for home users today. IEEE 802.11 shares many properties with wired Ethernet.
SONET/SDH
Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers. They were originally designed to transport circuit mode communications from a variety of different sources, primarily to support circuit-switched digital telephony. However, due to its protocol neutrality and transport-oriented features, SONET/SDH also was the obvious choice for transporting Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) frames.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a switching technique for telecommunication networks. It uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing and encodes data into small, fixed-sized cells. This differs from other protocols such as the Internet protocol suite or Ethernet that use variable-sized packets or frames. ATM has similarities with both circuit and packet switched networking. This makes it a good choice for a network that must handle both traditional high-throughput data traffic, and real-time, low-latency content such as voice and video. ATM uses a connection-oriented model in which a virtual circuit must be established between two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins.
ATM still plays a role in the last mile, which is the connection between an Internet service provider and the home user.
Cellular standards
There are a number of different digital cellular standards, including: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), cdmaOne, CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA), and Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN).
Routing
Routing is the process of selecting network paths to carry network traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including circuit switching networks and packet switched networks.
In packet-switched networks, routing protocols direct packet forwarding through intermediate nodes. Intermediate nodes are typically network hardware devices such as routers, bridges, gateways, firewalls, or switches. General-purpose computers can also forward packets and perform routing, though because they lack specialized hardware, may offer limited performance. The routing process directs forwarding on the basis of routing tables, which maintain a record of the routes to various network destinations. Most routing algorithms use only one network path at a time. Multipath routing techniques enable the use of multiple alternative paths.
Routing can be contrasted with bridging in its assumption that network addresses are structured and that similar addresses imply proximity within the network. Structured addresses allow a single routing table entry to represent the route to a group of devices. In large networks, the structured addressing used by routers outperforms unstructured addressing used by bridging. Structured IP addresses are used on the Internet. Unstructured MAC addresses are used for bridging on Ethernet and similar local area networks.
Geographic scale
Networks may be characterized by many properties or features, such as physical capacity, organizational purpose, user authorization, access rights, and others. Another distinct classification method is that of the physical extent or geographic scale.
Nanoscale network
A nanoscale network has key components implemented at the nanoscale, including message carriers, and leverages physical principles that differ from macroscale communication mechanisms. Nanoscale communication extends communication to very small sensors and actuators such as those found in biological systems and also tends to operate in environments that would be too harsh for other communication techniques.
Personal area network
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computers and different information technological devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and video game consoles. A PAN may include wired and wireless devices. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters. A wired PAN is usually constructed with USB and FireWire connections while technologies such as Bluetooth and infrared communication typically form a wireless PAN.
Local area network
A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as a home, school, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. Wired LANs are most commonly based on Ethernet technology. Other networking technologies such as ITU-T G.hn also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing wiring, such as coaxial cables, telephone lines, and power lines.
A LAN can be connected to a wide area network (WAN) using a router. The defining characteristics of a LAN, in contrast to a WAN, include higher data transfer rates, limited geographic range, and lack of reliance on leased lines to provide connectivity. Current Ethernet or other IEEE 802.3 LAN technologies operate at data transfer rates up to and in excess of 100 Gbit/s, standardized by IEEE in 2010.
Home area network
A home area network (HAN) is a residential LAN used for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, such as printers and mobile computing devices. An important function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service through a cable Internet access or digital subscriber line (DSL) provider.
Storage area network
A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated network that provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage. SANs are primarily used to make storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical jukeboxes, accessible to servers so that the storage appears as locally attached devices to the operating system. A SAN typically has its own network of storage devices that are generally not accessible through the local area network by other devices. The cost and complexity of SANs dropped in the early 2000s to levels allowing wider adoption across both enterprise and small to medium-sized business environments.
Campus area network
A campus area network (CAN) is made up of an interconnection of LANs within a limited geographical area. The networking equipment (switches, routers) and transmission media (optical fiber, Cat5 cabling, etc.) are almost entirely owned by the campus tenant or owner (an enterprise, university, government, etc.).
For example, a university campus network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings to connect academic colleges or departments, the library, and student residence halls.
Backbone network
A backbone network is part of a computer network infrastructure that provides a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or subnetworks. A backbone can tie together diverse networks within the same building, across different buildings, or over a wide area. When designing a network backbone, network performance and network congestion are critical factors to take into account. Normally, the backbone network's capacity is greater than that of the individual networks connected to it.
For example, a large company might implement a backbone network to connect departments that are located around the world. The equipment that ties together the departmental networks constitutes the network backbone. Another example of a backbone network is the Internet backbone, which is a massive, global system of fiber-optic cable and optical networking that carry the bulk of data between wide area networks (WANs), metro, regional, national and transoceanic networks.
Metropolitan area network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic region of the size of a metropolitan area.
Wide area network
A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances. A WAN uses a communications channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and airwaves. A WAN often makes use of transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.
Enterprise private network
An enterprise private network is a network that a single organization builds to interconnect its office locations (e.g., production sites, head offices, remote offices, shops) so they can share computer resources.
Virtual private network
A virtual private network (VPN) is an overlay network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocols of the virtual network are said to be tunneled through the larger network. One common application is secure communications through the public Internet, but a VPN need not have explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption. VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong security features.
VPN may have best-effort performance or may have a defined service level agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider.
Global area network
A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile users across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs.
Organizational scope
Networks are typically managed by the organizations that own them. Private enterprise networks may use a combination of intranets and extranets. They may also provide network access to the Internet, which has no single owner and permits virtually unlimited global connectivity.
Intranet
An intranet is a set of networks that are under the control of a single administrative entity. An intranet typically uses the Internet Protocol and IP-based tools such as web browsers and file transfer applications. The administrative entity limits the use of the intranet to its authorized users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal LAN of an organization. A large intranet typically has at least one web server to provide users with organizational information.
Extranet
An extranet is a network that is under the administrative control of a single organization but supports a limited connection to a specific external network. For example, an organization may provide access to some aspects of its intranet to share data with its business partners or customers. These other entities are not necessarily trusted from a security standpoint. The network connection to an extranet is often, but not always, implemented via WAN technology.
Internet
An internetwork is the connection of multiple different types of computer networks to form a single computer network using higher-layer network protocols and connecting them together using routers.
The Internet is the largest example of internetwork. It is a global system of interconnected governmental, academic, corporate, public, and private computer networks. It is based on the networking technologies of the Internet protocol suite. It is the successor of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense. The Internet utilizes copper communications and an optical networking backbone to enable the World Wide Web (WWW), the Internet of things, video transfer, and a broad range of information services.
Participants on the Internet use a diverse array of methods of several hundred documented, and often standardized, protocols compatible with the Internet protocol suite and the IP addressing system administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and address registries. Service providers and large enterprises exchange information about the reachability of their address spaces through the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), forming a redundant worldwide mesh of transmission paths.
Darknet
A darknet is an overlay network, typically running on the Internet, that is only accessible through specialized software. It is an anonymizing network where connections are made only between trusted peers — sometimes called friends (F2F) — using non-standard protocols and ports.
Darknets are distinct from other distributed peer-to-peer networks as sharing is anonymous (that is, IP addresses are not publicly shared), and therefore users can communicate with little fear of governmental or corporate interference.
Network service
Network services are applications hosted by servers on a computer network, to provide some functionality for members or users of the network, or to help the network itself to operate.
The World Wide Web, E-mail, printing and network file sharing are examples of well-known network services. Network services such as Domain Name System (DNS) give names for IP and MAC addresses (people remember names like nm.lan better than numbers like ), and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to ensure that the equipment on the network has a valid IP address.
Services are usually based on a service protocol that defines the format and sequencing of messages between clients and servers of that network service.
Network performance
Bandwidth
Bandwidth in bit/s may refer to consumed bandwidth, corresponding to achieved throughput or goodput, i.e., the average rate of successful data transfer through a communication path. The throughput is affected by processes such as bandwidth shaping, bandwidth management, bandwidth throttling, bandwidth cap and bandwidth allocation (using, for example, bandwidth allocation protocol and dynamic bandwidth allocation).
Network delay
Network delay is a design and performance characteristic of a telecommunications network. It specifies the latency for a bit of data to travel across the network from one communication endpoint to another. Delay may differ slightly, depending on the location of the specific pair of communicating endpoints. Engineers usually report both the maximum and average delay, and they divide the delay into several components, the sum of which is the total delay:
Processing delay time it takes a router to process the packet header
Queuing delay time the packet spends in routing queues
Transmission delay time it takes to push the packet's bits onto the link
Propagation delay time for a signal to propagate through the media
A certain minimum level of delay is experienced by signals due to the time it takes to transmit a packet serially through a link. This delay is extended by more variable levels of delay due to network congestion. IP network delays can range from less than a microsecond to several hundred milliseconds.
Quality of service
Depending on the installation requirements, network performance is usually measured by the quality of service of a telecommunications product. The parameters that affect this typically can include throughput, jitter, bit error rate and latency.
The following list gives examples of network performance measures for a circuit-switched network and one type of packet-switched network, viz. ATM:
Circuit-switched networks: In circuit switched networks, network performance is synonymous with the grade of service. The number of rejected calls is a measure of how well the network is performing under heavy traffic loads. Other types of performance measures can include the level of noise and echo.
ATM: In an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network, performance can be measured by line rate, quality of service (QoS), data throughput, connect time, stability, technology, modulation technique, and modem enhancements.
There are many ways to measure the performance of a network, as each network is different in nature and design. Performance can also be modeled instead of measured. For example, state transition diagrams are often used to model queuing performance in a circuit-switched network. The network planner uses these diagrams to analyze how the network performs in each state, ensuring that the network is optimally designed.
Network congestion
Network congestion occurs when a link or node is subjected to a greater data load than it is rated for, resulting in a deterioration of its quality of service. When networks are congested and queues become too full, packets have to be discarded, and so networks rely on re-transmission. Typical effects of congestion include queueing delay, packet loss or the blocking of new connections. A consequence of these latter two is that incremental increases in offered load lead either to only a small increase in the network throughput or to a reduction in network throughput.
Network protocols that use aggressive retransmissions to compensate for packet loss tend to keep systems in a state of network congestion—even after the initial load is reduced to a level that would not normally induce network congestion. Thus, networks using these protocols can exhibit two stable states under the same level of load. The stable state with low throughput is known as congestive collapse.
Modern networks use congestion control, congestion avoidance and traffic control techniques to try to avoid congestion collapse (i.e. endpoints typically slow down or sometimes even stop transmission entirely when the network is congested). These techniques include: exponential backoff in protocols such as 802.11's CSMA/CA and the original Ethernet, window reduction in TCP, and fair queueing in devices such as routers. Another method to avoid the negative effects of network congestion is implementing priority schemes so that some packets are transmitted with higher priority than others. Priority schemes do not solve network congestion by themselves, but they help to alleviate the effects of congestion for some services. An example of this is 802.1p. A third method to avoid network congestion is the explicit allocation of network resources to specific flows. One example of this is the use of Contention-Free Transmission Opportunities (CFTXOPs) in the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) Local area networking over existing home wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables).
For the Internet, addresses the subject of congestion control in detail.
Network resilience
Network resilience is "the ability to provide and maintain an acceptable level of service in the face of faults and challenges to normal operation."
Security
Computer networks are also used by security hackers to deploy computer viruses or computer worms on devices connected to the network, or to prevent these devices from accessing the network via a denial-of-service attack.
Network security
Network Security consists of provisions and policies adopted by the network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of the computer network and its network-accessible resources. Network security is the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Users are assigned an ID and password that allows them access to information and programs within their authority. Network security is used on a variety of computer networks, both public and private, to secure daily transactions and communications among businesses, government agencies, and individuals.
Network surveillance
Network surveillance is the monitoring of data being transferred over computer networks such as the Internet. The monitoring is often done surreptitiously and may be done by or at the behest of governments, by corporations, criminal organizations, or individuals. It may or may not be legal and may or may not require authorization from a court or other independent agency.
Computer and network surveillance programs are widespread today, and almost all Internet traffic is or could potentially be monitored for clues to illegal activity.
Surveillance is very useful to governments and law enforcement to maintain social control, recognize and monitor threats, and prevent/investigate criminal activity. With the advent of programs such as the Total Information Awareness program, technologies such as high-speed surveillance computers and biometrics software, and laws such as the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act, governments now possess an unprecedented ability to monitor the activities of citizens.
However, many civil rights and privacy groups—such as Reporters Without Borders, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and the American Civil Liberties Union—have expressed concern that increasing surveillance of citizens may lead to a mass surveillance society, with limited political and personal freedoms. Fears such as this have led to numerous lawsuits such as Hepting v. AT&T. The hacktivist group Anonymous has hacked into government websites in protest of what it considers "draconian surveillance".
End to end encryption
End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a digital communications paradigm of uninterrupted protection of data traveling between two communicating parties. It involves the originating party encrypting data so only the intended recipient can decrypt it, with no dependency on third parties. End-to-end encryption prevents intermediaries, such as Internet service providers or application service providers, from discovering or tampering with communications. End-to-end encryption generally protects both confidentiality and integrity.
Examples of end-to-end encryption include HTTPS for web traffic, PGP for email, OTR for instant messaging, ZRTP for telephony, and TETRA for radio.
Typical server-based communications systems do not include end-to-end encryption. These systems can only guarantee the protection of communications between clients and servers, not between the communicating parties themselves. Examples of non-E2EE systems are Google Talk, Yahoo Messenger, Facebook, and Dropbox. Some such systems, for example, LavaBit and SecretInk, have even described themselves as offering "end-to-end" encryption when they do not. Some systems that normally offer end-to-end encryption have turned out to contain a back door that subverts negotiation of the encryption key between the communicating parties, for example Skype or Hushmail.
The end-to-end encryption paradigm does not directly address risks at the endpoints of the communication themselves, such as the technical exploitation of clients, poor quality random number generators, or key escrow. E2EE also does not address traffic analysis, which relates to things such as the identities of the endpoints and the times and quantities of messages that are sent.
SSL/TLS
The introduction and rapid growth of e-commerce on the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s made it obvious that some form of authentication and encryption was needed. Netscape took the first shot at a new standard. At the time, the dominant web browser was Netscape Navigator. Netscape created a standard called secure socket layer (SSL). SSL requires a server with a certificate. When a client requests access to an SSL-secured server, the server sends a copy of the certificate to the client. The SSL client checks this certificate (all web browsers come with an exhaustive list of CA root certificates preloaded), and if the certificate checks out, the server is authenticated and the client negotiates a symmetric-key cipher for use in the session. The session is now in a very secure encrypted tunnel between the SSL server and the SSL client.
Views of networks
Users and network administrators typically have different views of their networks. Users can share printers and some servers from a workgroup, which usually means they are in the same geographic location and are on the same LAN, whereas a Network Administrator is responsible to keep that network up and running. A community of interest has less of a connection of being in a local area and should be thought of as a set of arbitrarily located users who share a set of servers, and possibly also communicate via peer-to-peer technologies.
Network administrators can see networks from both physical and logical perspectives. The physical perspective involves geographic locations, physical cabling, and the network elements (e.g., routers, bridges and application layer gateways) that interconnect via the transmission media. Logical networks, called, in the TCP/IP architecture, subnets, map onto one or more transmission media. For example, a common practice in a campus of buildings is to make a set of LAN cables in each building appear to be a common subnet, using VLAN technology.
Both users and administrators are aware, to varying extents, of the trust and scope characteristics of a network. Again using TCP/IP architectural terminology, an intranet is a community of interest under private administration usually by an enterprise, and is only accessible by authorized users (e.g. employees). Intranets do not have to be connected to the Internet, but generally have a limited connection. An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows secure communications to users outside of the intranet (e.g. business partners, customers).
Unofficially, the Internet is the set of users, enterprises, and content providers that are interconnected by Internet Service Providers (ISP). From an engineering viewpoint, the Internet is the set of subnets, and aggregates of subnets, that share the registered IP address space and exchange information about the reachability of those IP addresses using the Border Gateway Protocol. Typically, the human-readable names of servers are translated to IP addresses, transparently to users, via the directory function of the Domain Name System (DNS).
Over the Internet, there can be business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C) and consumer-to-consumer (C2C) communications. When money or sensitive information is exchanged, the communications are apt to be protected by some form of communications security mechanism. Intranets and extranets can be securely superimposed onto the Internet, without any access by general Internet users and administrators, using secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) technology.
Journals and newsletters
Open Computer Science (open access journal)
See also
References
Further reading
Shelly, Gary, et al. "Discovering Computers" 2003 Edition.
Wendell Odom, Rus Healy, Denise Donohue. (2010) CCIE Routing and Switching. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press
Kurose James F and Keith W. Ross: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, Pearson Education 2005.
William Stallings, Computer Networking with Internet Protocols and Technology, Pearson Education 2004.
Important publications in computer networks
Network Communication Architecture and Protocols: OSI Network Architecture 7 Layers Model
Dimitri Bertsekas, and Robert Gallager, "Data Networks," Prentice Hall, 1992.
External links
IEEE Ethernet manufacturer information
A computer networking acronym guide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network |
Gary Wilson (born October 23, 1953) is an American experimental musician and performance artist best known for his 1977 album You Think You Really Know Me, after, he released 3 more recordings: “Midnight Hour/When I Spoke Of Love” and “Forgotten Lovers EP” (1979) “Invasion Of Privacy” (1980), and “This Is Why I Wear My Wedding Gown” (1983). Shortly after, he promptly retired from recording and kept performing until 1983. He slowly gained a strong cult following during the 1980s and 1990s, and in the early 2000s became active again. As of 2023, he has released fifteen full-length albums.
Biography
Early life
Born on the north side of Endicott, New York, Wilson was one of four siblings, the others being Larry, David and Patti. The children kept several ducks as pets. His father worked for IBM during the day, and by night played stand-up bass in a lounge band whose act played the same hotel approximately four nights a week for 25 years. Wilson was a self-taught musician and musical prodigy, being proficient in guitar, bass, drums, piano and cello by the time he entered grade school. He has credited his earliest influences to be Fabian, Bobby Rydell and most of all Dion. His mother would curl the front of his hair for him every morning so that he could look like his teen heart-throb idols.
At age 10, Wilson joined his school band, playing stand-up bass. The following year, he wrote his first song. At 12, Wilson started acquiring tape machines and began recording songs in his parents' basement. Around this time, he became fascinated by The Beatles and rock and roll (he attended The Beatles' famous 1965 Shea Stadium concert). About a year later, he began playing keyboards; most instances he played a Farfisa Organ, in a band called Lord Fuzz. They cut a single when he was only in eighth grade. The group even earned a spot on a bill opening for The 1910 Fruitgum Company. When the band's lead singer left, Wilson took over vocals and songwriting, but quickly proved to be too strange for the other members.
In 1969, Wilson discovered the music of aleatoric composer John Cage. When sought out, Cage surprisingly invited the 14-year-old musician into his home to discuss and critique music for several days. Wilson was also given advice by the composer, such as if your music/performance "doesn't irritate people, you aren't doing your job." This experience is deemed by many to be a significant event in Wilson's life, and his songs became increasingly experimental after this point. Wilson has also cited avant-garde composer David Tudor as a major influence during this time. Upon graduation from high school in 1970, he moved to New York City for several weeks, but quickly returned to his parents' home in Endicott, New York. Around this time, Wilson "fell right into" playing lounge music on the side, just as his father had.
You Think You Really Know Me
Wilson went to Albert Grossman's Bearsville Studios in Woodstock, New York in 1976, a well-known recording studio that has played host to sessions by Bob Dylan, R.E.M., Patti Smith, The Rolling Stones and many other notable acts. There, Wilson recorded versions of "6.4 = Make Out", "Chromium Bitch", "Groovy Girls", and "I Want To Lose Control". He eventually decided that he would prefer to record at his familiar home studio and finished recording You Think You Really Know Me, his first album, in his parents' basement. On this recording, Wilson sometimes played solo and was other times accompanied by a backing band, The Blind Dates. He pressed, distributed, funded and released the album himself. Wilson pressed 300 copies in 1977 and a further 300 copies in 1979 (he now claims that he only has two original copies left in his personal possession from these pressings). In 1991, Cry Baby Records re-released the album, pressing about 1000 copies.
His 1970s concert performances were cited as bizarre and outrageous, a "show that included cellophane, duct tape, bed sheets, fake blood, flour, and milk." So outlandish were the shows that often they would have their electricity cut in attempts to get them to leave the stage. After receiving a small amount of radio play, Wilson decided to try and pursue landing a record deal and moved west to California in 1978. There he recorded three singles, In the Midnight Hour/When I Spoke of Love (1978), Forgotten Lovers E.P. (1979) and Invasion of Privacy (1980). Although he did have some supporters (receiving fanmail during the period from the band The Residents), viable commercial success did not find Wilson.
Rediscovery and documentary
After a 1981 American tour, he retired from the experimental music scene and dropped off the public radar. Wilson then lapsed into obscurity until around 1996, when Beck was heard citing him as an influence in concerts, at award ceremonies, and on his album, Odelay. Beck also namechecked the musician in his hit single "Where It's At": "Passin' the dutchie from coast to coast/like my man Gary Wilson rocks the most." Around the same time, he was cited by the people behind Sub Pop Records as a major influence on their company.
In the early 2000s, Motel Records began a search to find the reclusive musician, but were unsuccessful (even after hiring a private detective). He was eventually found through contacting ex-band members. He was nearly 50 years old, working part-time at The Jolar Cinema adult theater, playing keyboard in a weekly jazz act called Donnie Finnell & Company East at the Rancho Bernardino Lounge and living with his girlfriend (an experimental artist who had studied at UCSD in the 1980s) in San Diego. He gave Motel Records his permission to repress You Think You Really Know Me, and also offered to play a handful of shows to promote the rerelease.
On May 16, 2002 Wilson returned to the stage after a 20-year absence, playing two shows at Joe's Pub in downtown Manhattan. A documentary about Wilson's career and his return to the public stage was filmed by Michael Wolk, titled You Think You Really Know Me: The Gary Wilson Story. The film recorded the musician's long and emotional train ride (due to his fear of flying from a past tour. His fear originates from his face being distorted after a flight for a show/interview.) from the west coast back to his native New York for his first concert in decades. The film was screened at several theaters in 2005, and was released on home video by Plexifilm in June 2008. Wilson said attending the film's premier at the Lincoln Center in New York was "one of the highlights of my life."
Motel Records soon after put out Forgotten Lovers, a collection of singles, B-sides, rare and unreleased songs dating back to 1974. In 2004, Wilson released Mary Had Brown Hair on Stones Throw Records, his first album of original material in almost 30 years. In 2005 he played instruments and co-produced "Rain of Earth" as one of the 'Stones Throw Singers' on a tribute album to Bruce Haack titled Dimension Mix. In 2006, his website stated that a greatest hits album was in the works, supposedly to feature tracks from You Think You Really Know Me and Forgotten Lovers; however, no further plans for the album have been revealed and it may have been scrapped. Wilson continues to occasionally perform live, touring Europe twice with the Austin Blind Dates, and usually playing in California, where he resides.
According to Wilson's MySpace account, the musician resided in San Diego, California. As of mid 2008, his lounge act band was still together, playing their regular Friday and Saturday night slot at Bistro 221 in Escondido, as well as playing for-hire at special events and country clubs, covering songs by Nat King Cole, Lou Rawls, Wayne Newton, Johnny Mathis, etc. He also stated that he had recently come back in to email contact with the infamous "Linda" featured in many of his songs. Although they were able to resolve some old issues, the woman is now married and Wilson said of the situation, "I don't think it's cool to get between people."
2000s–2020s
In May 2008, Wilson's website announced that a new album, Lisa Wants To Talk To You, was in the works. The record was set to be released on Human Ear Music on August 15, 2008 but the release was delayed for unknown reasons until September 15. Western Vinyl released Gary Wilson's new album Electric Endicott in the fall of 2010. The album is available on CD, vinyl, and MP3. To promote his new album, Wilson performed on the October 27, 2010 episode of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon with members of the Roots acting as his backing band. In July 2011 Stones Throw Records released a direct-to-vinyl live recording from a performance earlier that year.
Wilson was slated in November 2011 to release a new digital album, "Feel the Beat," on Tip Records, a music-business incubator created by rock critic Robert Duncan as an exploratory arm of Duncan/Channon A limited number of copies are to be released on CD and vinyl as well. In 2012, Wilson was featured on the song "Sweden" from rapper/producer Pyramid Vritra's album "Pyramid", and in 2013 he was featured on the song "Sandy Kissed Gary Wilson Last Night" from production duo They Hate Change's album "Today."
In May 2013, Wilson made his first appearance outside the US for a European tour with The Blind Dates of TX playing the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, UK, Belgium, and the Villette Sonique Festival in Paris. Wilson and the TX Blind Dates returned abroad for a second European tour in 2014 where they played Czech Republic, Germany, France, Belgium, and headlined Sunday night at the OFF Fest in Katowice, Poland. The touring band consisted of Patrick Healy (percussion, vocals), Jason “Chef” Pittman (drums), Sam Vandelinder (guitar, organ, synthesizer), Paul Millar (bass guitar, synthesizer), and T.W. Bond (keyboards).
In 2014, Electric Six recorded a cover of "Gary's in the Park" as part of a pledge package for their Absolute Treasure Kickstarter campaign. The cover was subsequently released online.
In January 2014, Wilson and long-time contemporary (also one-time art mail exchange colleague back in the 1970s) R. Stevie Moore finally received the chance to share the same stage for two nights in Brooklyn, NY. On January 24, 2014, both were invited as guest artists at Issue Project Room where R Stevie performed a solo set and Gary debuted a rarely performed piece titled "Gary Saw Linda Kissing John Cage". The performance piece paid much respect to Wilson's avant garde and cable access roots involving light arrangements of prerecorded Musique Concrete/electronic noise style samples, Wilson improvising on a baby grand piano, and the improvisational accompaniment of the TX Blind Dates Electronic Choir (Paul Millar, Chef Pittman, Sam Vandelinder, Patrick Healy, and T.W. Bond).
In 2015, Wilson made a surprise guest appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live! during a performance by Earl Sweatshirt and BadBadNotGood. Early that year, Earl sampled Wilson's song "You Were Too Good to Be True" on his song "Grief" from the album I Don't Like Shit, I Don't Go Outside.
In 2019, Gary and R. Stevie Moore visited each other and created an album together called "Fake News Trending". Other artists appear in the album too. They also released a single called Hey Gary (Have You Seen My Girl) with the album.
Wilson featured on the Frost Children single "Mayfly" in 2022.
Discography
Albums
Another Galaxy (1974)
You Think You Really Know Me (1977, reissued 1991 and 2002)
Forgotten Lovers (2003, reissued 2011 on vinyl)
Mary Had Brown Hair (2004)
Lisa Wants To Talk To You (2008)
Electric Endicott (2010)
Feel the Beat (2011)
Alone With Gary Wilson (2015)
It's Friday Night with Gary Wilson (2016)
It's Christmas Time with Gary Wilson (2016)
Let's Go to Outer Space (2017)
The King of Endicott (2019)
Fake News Trending (2019) (with R. Stevie Moore)
Tormented (2020)
The Marshmallow Man (2023)
Singles
Dream(s)/Soul Travel (1973)
Another Galaxy/Softly the Water Flows (1973–1974)
In the Midnight Hour/When I Spoke of Love (1978)
Forgotten Lovers E.P. (1979)
Invasion of Privacy (double 7") (1980)
This Is Why I Wear My Wedding Gown E.P. (1983)
Newark Valley (2004)
6.4 = Make Out (demo version) (2004)
My Eyes Are Closed/My Dream Is Yours (Flexi, 7", Single Sided, Blue, Ltd Numbered) (2011)
Sea Cruise (7" Ltd) (Rita Records) (2014)
Hey Gary (Have You Seen My Girl) (2019) (with R. Stevie Moore)
References
External links
Gary Wilson's Myspace
"Peeling Back The Gauze: Gary Wilson Uncovered" interview/article in MungBeing
Stones Throw Records
Western Vinyl
Gary Wilson interview and feature at Blurt Online
Gary Wilson interview with Drastic Plastic Dress
April 2008 Interview with L.A. Record
- Gary Wilson interview, bio, archive photos, and cartoons in the San Diego Reader
American experimental musicians
American multi-instrumentalists
1953 births
Living people
Outsider musicians
Stones Throw Records artists
People from Endicott, New York
Western Vinyl artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Wilson%20%28musician%29 |
Ella Fitzgerald's Christmas is a 1967 studio album by Ella Fitzgerald. It was her second and last Christmas album. Unlike Ella Wishes You a Swinging Christmas, her previous Christmas album which was entirely secular, this album consists only of religious Christmas songs. It was her second album for Capitol Records. It charted at #27 on Billboards Holiday Albums chart.
Track listing
For the 1967 LP on Capitol Records; Capitol ST ST 2805; re-issued in 2000 on CD, Capitol 7243 5 27674 2 7
Side One:
"O Holy Night" (Adolphe Adam, John Sullivan Dwight) – 1:47
"It Came Upon a Midnight Clear" (Edmund Hamilton Sears, Richard Storrs Willis) – 3:21
"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" (Felix Mendelssohn, Charles Wesley) – 1:49
"Away in a Manger" (Traditional) – 2:12
"Joy to the World" (Lowell Mason, Isaac Watts) – 1:40
"The First Noel" (William B. Sandys) – 1:50
"Silent Night" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) – 2:52
Side Two:
"O Come All Ye Faithful" (Frederick Oakeley, John Francis Wade) – 2:45
"Sleep, My Little Jesus" – 2:17
"Angels We Have Heard on High" (Traditional) – 1:45
"O Little Town of Bethlehem" (Phillip Brooks, Lewis H. Redner) – 2:10
"We Three Kings" (John Henry Hopkins Jr.) – 2:07
"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" (Traditional) – 1:27
Personnel
Performance
Ella Fitzgerald – vocal
Ralph Carmichael – arranger, conductor
References
Ella Fitzgerald albums
1967 Christmas albums
Albums arranged by Ralph Carmichael
Albums conducted by Ralph Carmichael
Albums produced by Dave Dexter Jr.
Capitol Records Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Covers albums
Jazz Christmas albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Fitzgerald%27s%20Christmas |
The Vía de La Plata (Silver Way) or Ruta de la Plata (Silver Route) is an ancient commercial and pilgrimage path that crosses the west of Spain from north to south, connecting Mérida to Astorga. An extended form begins further south in Seville and reaches north to the Bay of Biscay at Gijón. The path is used by the modern A-66 and AP-66 freeways, as well as by the older N-630 national road.
Name
The term Vía de la Plata is commonly thought to derive from the modern Spanish word for silver, plata. The name actually derives from the Arabic word al-balat, which means cobbled paving and described the road as engineered by the Romans.
The Silver Route, despite its name, was never a road for the circulation of silver trade. Such denomination is due, as in other occasions, to a popular evolution due to a phonetic confusion. In the Andalusian period, this route was called al-Balat (the paved road), a word very frequent in other areas of Spain and the origin of place names such as Albalat and Albalate. It is possible that this pronunciation led people to transfer the sound to that of the precious metal, and that is why it began to be called the Via de la Plata on an indeterminate date, but before 1504 and 1507, when it was first documented with Christopher Columbus and Antonio de Nebrija, respectively. In the first it appears simply as the Plata and in the second in this form:Est praeterea eiusdem Lusitanie via nobilissima: Argentea vulgo dicitur. Quod Licinius pontifex primum stravit, deinde Traianus Caesar refecit, et deinceps Aelius Pertinax aliiqui imperatores restituerunt, id quod ex lapidibus intelligitur: quibus millia passuum distinguuntur. The path is from Emerita Augusta to Castra Caecilia Salmanticam usque, ubi primum in extima pontis parte incipit evanescere, neque ulterius ullum viae illius vestigium cernit. Another hypothesis about the name is that it could have come from a late via Delapidata, even though it poses some problems, such as the absence on this road of real silices or stones, i.e., cobblestones, which were not usual on non-urban roads. To solve this difficulty, a new hypothesis explains the meaning of the last via delapidata as "a road marked with milestones" (from the classical and medieval Latin lapis, "milestone").
Pre-Roman era
The historical origin of this communication route is uncertain. During the protohistoric period, coinciding with the presence of the Tartessos culture in the south of the peninsula, there are reports of the existence of commercial contacts with the Hispanic west thanks to various archaeological discoveries, along a route known by some scholars as the "Via del Estaño", since it is assumed that a large part of this metal would circulate in the peninsula.
In the following centuries it continued to be frequented, without its specific name being known, becoming, until the arrival of Rome, one of the main routes of communication of the Hispanic towns next to the so-called Via Heraclea, which ran through the whole of the Levant, from Cadiz to cross the Pyrenees.
Modern times
The suitability of the route's layout is demonstrated even today. It is used by modern A-66 and AP-66 freeways as well as by older N-630 national road. Some stretches, however, pass through urban areas like Seville, where the Vía de la Plata runs along the Guadalquivir. The Vía de la Plata has become increasingly popular as an alternative to the French Way for pilgrims walking, cycling, or riding to Santiago de Compostela. Large sections are more or less the same as they were two thousand years ago.
See also
Camino de Santiago
References
External links
Walking La Via de la Plata - a short video
Vía de la Plata route website
Guide to walking the Vía de la Plata
La Vía de la Plata
Camino de Santiago routes
Plata, Via de la
Hiking trails in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20Plata |
Stephen I (1133–1190), Count of Sancerre (1151–1190), inherited Sancerre on his father's death. His elder brothers Henry Ι and Theobald V received Champagne and Blois. His holdings were the smallest among the brothers (although William, the youngest, received no land and entered the church instead).
Biography
Born in 1133, Stephen was the third son of Count Theobald II of Champagne and Matilda of Carinthia.
Travel to Jerusalem
In 1169, a delegation led by Archbishop Frederick de la Roche arrived in France to seek a husband for Sibylla, the daughter of King Amalric I of Jerusalem. Stephen accepted the offer and traveled east with Duke Hugh III of Burgundy in 1170. He brought with him the monies raised by King Louis VII's tax of 1166, which had been levied for four or five years.
Since it was anticipated that Stephen might someday be king in right of his wife—Amalric's only son, Baldwin, was suspected of having leprosy—the High Court of Jerusalem invited Stephen to decide the case of the division of the estate of the sonless Henry the Buffalo among his three daughters. Stephen divided it up equally, but ordered the younger two to do homage to the eldest. After several months in the Holy Land, Stephen refused to marry Sibylla and returned home.
Return to France
Stephen built a six-towered castle on the local hill and strengthened the fortifications of the town of Sancerre itself. In 1153, he married the daughter of Godfrey of Donzy, named Alice. By 1155, Stephen granted the Customs of Lorris to the merchants of the town and probably seven others. He was the de facto leader of a group of powerful baronial rebels against King Philip II between 1181 and 1185. In 1184, Stephen and a band of Brabançon mercenaries were defeated by the Philip and his Confrères de la Paix, an organisation of warriors formed in 1182 in Le Puy dedicated to curbing feudal warfare. Stephen abolished serfdom in his domains by 1190.
Crusade
Stephen and his brother, Theobald, joined the Third Crusade in 1190. He died 21 October 1190 at the Siege of Acre, and Theobald died there a few months later in January 1191.
Issue
Stephen and Alice had:
William I, who succeeded him as Count of Sancerre.
Jean
Stephen, lord of Saint-Brisson
References
Sources
House of Blois
1133 births
1190 deaths
Christians of the Third Crusade
Counts of Sancerre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20I%2C%20Count%20of%20Sancerre |
Parsippany Hills High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school in the township of Parsippany-Troy Hills, in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grade as one of the two secondary schools of the Parsippany-Troy Hills School District. Built in 1969, the school serves students who live in the western half of Parsippany. Its companion school in the district is Parsippany High School.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,028 students and 106.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.7:1. There were 77 students (7.5% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 23 (2.2% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
History
Construction of a new high school was approved in a 1967 referendum. The name Parsippany Hills was chosen in February 1969 from a list of 28 alternatives that had been submitted, ending a plan that had named the schools as East and West.
Constructed at a cost of $4.75 million (equivalent to $ million in ) and designed to accommodate an enrollment of 1,800, the school opened in September 1969 with 1,200 students in ninth through eleventh grades, primarily those living south of U.S. Route 46. In the 2008–09 school year, Parsippany Hills High School saw the opening of the New N-Wing, an addition off the back of the school.
Awards, recognition and rankings
The school was the 58th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 23rd in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 50th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 87th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was also ranked 87th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. PHHS was ranked #7 out of 98 schools in the 2010 "FG" District Factor Group (socioeconomic measure). Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 151st out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (a decrease of 30 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (83.6%) and language arts literacy (93.4%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
Academics
Parsippany Hills High School offers the basic math, science, English, and history courses, but also has a wide range of elective courses ranging from human development to choir to marketing. Parsippany Hills also offers its students a wide range of Advanced Placement (AP) courses.
96.8% of Parsippany Hills teachers hold a master's degree or doctorate in the field that they teach in. Parsippany Hills also has a student-to-faculty ratio of 10.6 students per every faculty member.
Parsippany Hills students can connect to the Internet, with most school computers having Internet connections. Most wall-mounted televisions in the school are equipped with cable television.
In order to graduate from Parsippany Hills High School, a student must take at least 24 credits of courses, where one credit equals a one period full-year class. A student must take four years of English, three years of mathematics, three years of science, three years of social sciences, one year of a career development course, one year of a foreign language, and one year of a visual and performing arts elective. In addition, all students must pass the New Jersey High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA) in their junior or senior year.
Parsippany Hills High School uses a four marking-period year, which are known as quarters. Two quarters make up one semester. The school does not use any form of block days in order to schedule classes. Rather, the classes are scheduled into an 8-period day, where periods last for about forty minutes each with four minutes in between classes.
Arts
Parsippany Hills offers a wide range of artistic classes, from drawing to ceramics, offering 10 different courses in visual arts. The visual arts program offerings include AP Studio Art, Digital Photography, Animation, and Advanced Ceramics.
Parsippany Hills has a large drama club, known unofficially as the Parsippany Hills Players. Past productions have included The Odd Couple: Female Version, West Side Story, Guys and Dolls, South Pacific, Picnic, Zombie Prom, The Importance of Being Earnest, Bye Bye Birdie, Aida, Seussical, Legally Blonde , The Drowsy Chaperone, and 42nd Street. In the spring 2007 production of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, the Parsippany Hills Players saw a record audience. In 2020, the drama club had to cancel their production of Newsies due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. In 2021, the Parsippany Hills Players performed Oklahoma! on an outdoor stage in the parking lot due to the pandemic. In 2022, the drama club was once again able to perform indoors in their production of Mary Poppins. The Parsippany Hills Players’ most recent production was Our Town, and in 2023 they will be performing The Music Man.
The marching band, in circuit from June to November, has taken a total of six Northern USSBA States Championship titles ('94, '97,'04, '06, '07, '08) and three state championship titles ('02, '04, '08). In both 2004 and 2008, PHHSMB captured two championship titles. At the All-state championships in 2006, they tied with long-standing rivals Verona High School, but won more captions than any other band. At the state championship competition in 2007, PHHSMB placed second (out of 17). A week later, the band finished first with a score of 94.85 and took first place in every caption except for color guard. In 2008, PHHSMB finally went an undefeated season for the first time in over 20 years, winning both titles of State Champions and Northern States Champions. In 2016, PHHSMB won the Tournament of Bands Region 10 NY Metropolitan Area regional championship, with their show, Valhalla.
Athletics
The Parsippany Hills High School Vikings participate in the Northwest Jersey Athletic Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in Morris, Sussex and Warren counties, and was established by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA) following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey. Prior to the NJSIAA's 2010 realignment, the school had competed as part of the Iron Hills Conference, which included public and private high schools in Essex, Morris and Union counties. With 788 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the Patriot White division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation's biggest football-only high school sports league. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group III North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 680 to 884 students.
Sports offered at Parsippany Hills include tennis, football, soccer, cross country running, field hockey, volleyball and cheerleading in the fall; swimming, basketball, ice hockey, wrestling, track and cheerleading in the winter; and baseball, softball, tennis and golf in the spring.
The school participates as the host school / lead agency in a joint ice hockey team with Parsippany High School. The co-op program operates under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.
Parsippany Hills High School's primary rivals are Parsippany High School and in football, Wayne Hills High School. Rivalries have also been seen between the Vikings and Morris Hills High School and Morris Knolls High School during crucial football, basketball, and baseball games. Hanover Park High School is Parsippany Hills' rival in wrestling.
The boys cross country running team won the Group IV state championship in 1972 (as co-champion) and won the Group III title in 1974.
The softball team won the Group III state title in 1981 and 1982, defeating Cherokee High School both years in the final game of the playoff tournament. The 1981 team finished the season with a 27–0 record after winning the Group III title with a 4–2 win against Cherokee in the playoff finals. The 1982 team won the program's second consecutive Group III championship with a 3-1 one-hitter at Mercer County Park against Cherokee to finish the season 22–1. NJ.com / The Star-Ledger ranked Parsippany Hills as their number-one softball team in the state in both 1981 and 1982.
The boys swimming team won the Division B state championship in 1983.
The ice hockey team won the Haas Cup in 2002.
The 2007 boys' soccer team won the North II, Group III state sectional championship. In the semi-finals the team defeated heavy favorite Millburn High School by a score of 4–0 in Millburn to advance to the championship round. Then the team defeated West Morris Mendham High School with a 2–1 overtime win over to win the championship.
In 2007, the competition cheerleading squad captured the American National Championship in a competition in Baltimore, Maryland.
The football team won the North II Group III state championship in 2014 and 2019. After four losses in the championship game of a sectional round, the 2014 team defeated Cranford High School by a score of 20–13 in the tournament final to win the school's first sectional title. The team won the 2019 North II Group III title with a 28–21 win against West Essex High School in the playoff final.
The girls' soccer team won the Group II state sectional championship in 2016 (defeating Haddonfield Memorial High School in the finals) and 2019 (vs. Wall High School). The team beat Haddonfield by a score of 1–0 in the 2016 championship game, earning the program's first state title. The 2019 team finished the season with a 16-6-4 record after winning the Group II title with a 1–0 win against Wall High School on a goal scored late in the second overtime period of the championship game played at Kean University.
Parsippany Hills does not support random drug testing of participants in extracurricular activities.
Extracurricular activities
Parsippany Hills offers many after-school activities, from Academic Decathlon, Junior State of America, FCCLA, DECA, Key Club, Habitat for Humanity to FBLA, along with a steering committee for each grade, which functions as a smaller student council for that grade along with two faculty advisors. Other clubs include the Peerleaders' Activities Council, Animal Lovers Club, Garden Club, Math Team, ERASE Club and the Yearbook Club (Aegis). Parsippany Hills also has National Honor Society, National Art Honor Society, Tri-M Music Honor Society, and International Thespian Society chapters.
Administration
The school's principal is Matt Thompson. His core administration team includes three assistant principals.
Notable graduates
Beng Climaco (born 1966), Filipino politician who has served as the mayor of Zamboanga City in Mindanao, Philippines.
R. J. Cobbs (born 1982), former defensive back for the New York Giants.
Darron Collins (born 1970), human ecologist and academic administrator specializing in ethnobotany, who became president of the College of the Atlantic in 2011.
Dillon Danis, professional mixed martial artist who competes in the Welterweight division of Bellator MMA.
Michael Dogbe (born 1996), defensive end who played for the Arizona Cardinals.
Johnnie Morant (born 1981), former wide receiver for the Oakland Raiders.
Joe Orsulak (born 1962), a Major League Baseball player from 1983 to 1997.
Chris Singleton (born 1967), linebacker who played in the NFL for the New England Patriots and the Miami Dolphins.
References
External links
Parsippany Hills High School home page
Parsippany-Troy Hills School District home page
School Data for the Parsippany-Troy Hills School District, National Center for Education Statistics
1969 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1969
Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey
Public high schools in Morris County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsippany%20Hills%20High%20School |
James Milnes Gaskell (19 October 1810 – 5 February 1873) was a British Conservative politician.
James Milnes-Gaskell was the only child of Benjamin Gaskell (1781–1856) of Thornes House, Wakefield, West Yorkshire and Clifton Hall, Lancashire. He was born on 19 October 1810 and was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. His political interest may have been influenced by meeting lifelong friend William Ewart Gladstone as a school contemporary, and receiving visits during term from George Canning. An uncle, Daniel Gaskell, also entered Parliament as first M.P. for Wakefield in 1832, at same general election as James.
It was at Gaskell's then home in Tilney Street, London, in 1834, that Gladstone met his future wife, Catherine Glynne.
He was M.P. for Wenlock in Shropshire from 1832 until retiring in 1868. He served as a Lord of the Treasury from 1841 to 11 March 1846 under Sir Robert Peel's administration.
In 1832 he married Mary Wynn, daughter of the Rt Hon. Charles Williams-Wynn, (also a Member of Parliament) and they had two sons and two daughters. One son, Charles Milnes Gaskell, also became a Member of Parliament, as a Liberal.
It was from his wife's cousin, Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, that Gaskell bought in 1857 the site of Wenlock Priory, whose ruins he restored and whose Prior's Lodge he made into a family home.
He died at 28 Norfolk Street, Park Lane, London on 5 February 1873, aged sixty-two, and was buried in the parish churchyard at Much Wenlock.
References
1810 births
1873 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
Presidents of the Oxford Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Milnes%20Gaskell |
The Story of Qiu Ju (, "Qiu Ju goes to court") is a 1992 Chinese comedy-drama film. The film was directed by Zhang Yimou and, as in many of his films, stars Gong Li in the title role. The screenplay is an adaption of Chen Yuanbin's (陈源斌) novella The Wan Family's Lawsuit (万家诉讼).
The film tells the story of a peasant woman, Qiu Ju, who lives in a rural area of China. When her husband is kicked in the groin by the village head, Qiu Ju, despite her pregnancy, travels to a nearby town, and later a big city to deal with its bureaucrats and find justice.
The film was selected as the Chinese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 65th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. The film was a hit at film festivals and won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival in 1992.
Plot
Qiu Ju is a peasant who lives in a small farming enclave with her husband Qinglai. She is in the final trimester of her pregnancy. One day while her husband is conversing to Wang Shantang, the head of the community, a miscommunication ensues. The leader feels insulted and beats Qinglai, kicking him so severely in the groin that he must see a doctor and be absent from work.
Qiu Ju goes to the local police office and complains. The policeman makes the village chief pay 200 yuan to Qinglai. When Qiu Ju goes to the headman, he insultingly throws the 200 yuan notes onto the ground and refuses to apologize. Qiu Ju then goes to the provincial capital accompanied by her husbands' younger sister, Meizi. By luck the two women find lodging at a cheap hotel. The two women meet the district police chief and he promises them that their case will be reviewed.
The new verdict from the district police is that this time the village headman must pay 250 yuan. He still refuses to apologize and so Qiu Ju goes back to the big city and finds a lawyer who takes the case and files suit under a new law.
The case is judged by the court as having been correctly resolved by the district, and so the fine remains at 250 yuan. Qiu Ju is unhappy but all she can do is make yet another appeal to an even higher level of police investigation. As part of the suit, officials come to the village and Qiu Ju's husband is X-rayed at the local hospital.
It's now the middle of winter, and Qiu Ju goes into labor. When sought for help, the headman, together with a group of local men, carries Qiu Ju to the hospital, where she gives birth safely to a healthy baby boy.
A month later the whole village is invited to the "one-month party" for the baby. Qiu Ju and her husband invite the village chief too for his help in saving Qiu Ju's life. However, he doesn't come, and the new parents are worried that he has not accepted their attempt at burying the hatchet. This is proven to not be the case, as the local policeman shows up to tell Qiu Ju that the X-rays has revealed that her husband suffered a broken rib. As a result, the village chief has been arrested, and been sent to jail on a fifteen-day-term.
Qiu Ju tries to stop the police from taking the headman away but never even sees them, and the movie ends with Qiu Ju looking anguished.
Production
The film was set in present-day China (1992) in northwest Shaanxi province (an area which the director would return to in his film The Road Home). Many of the street scenes in the cities were filmed with a hidden camera so the images are a sort of documentary of China during the time of Deng Xiaoping. As film critic Roger Ebert said "along the way we absorb more information about the lives of ordinary people in everyday China than in any other film I've seen."
Home media
The Story of Qiu Ju has been released several times on DVD. In the United States, the first release on Region 1 DVD was by Columbia TriStar Home Video on July 20, 2000.
More recently, the film was re-released by Sony Pictures Classics as part of their Zhang Yimou collection (which also included new versions of Ju Dou and Raise the Red Lantern) on March 28, 2006. Both versions include subtitles in English.
An older, VHS cassette version of the film was also released in the United States by Columbia TriStar Home Video on January 17, 1995.
Reception
Critical response
The Story of Qui Ju has an approval rating of 87% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 23 reviews, and an average rating of 8.1/10.
Awards and nominations
Venice Film Festival, 1992
Golden Lion
OCIC Award - Honorable Mention
Volpi Cup — Best Actress, Gong Li
Vancouver International Film Festival, 1992
Most Popular Film
Changchun Film Festival, 1992
Golden Deer
Golden Rooster Awards, 1993
Best Actress — Gong Li
Best Film
Hundred Flowers Awards, 1993
Best Film
French Syndicate of Cinema Critics, 1993
Critics Award — Best Foreign Film, Zhang Yimou
Independent Spirit Awards, 1994
Best Foreign Film — Zhang Yimou
National Society of Film Critics Awards, 1994
Best Foreign Language Film
Time Out 100 best Chinese Mainland movies – #44
Included in The New York Times's list of The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made in 2004
See also
List of submissions to the 65th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Chinese submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
1992 films
Films based on Chinese novels
Golden Rooster Best Film recipients
Golden Lion winners
1990s Mandarin-language films
1992 comedy-drama films
Films directed by Zhang Yimou
Films with screenplays by Liu Heng
Chinese comedy-drama films
Sony Pictures Classics films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Story%20of%20Qiu%20Ju |
Operation Pantomime (Spanish: Operación Pantomima), according to a documentary elaborated by the Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry, was an operation undertaken by the government of the United States with the intention of assassinating Colombian presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in 1948 as a way to curb communist and leftwing influence in the region.
The documentary included taped excerpts of the interrogation of a man identified as John Mepples Espirito, who is presented as a former CIA agent captured in Cuba during the 1960s.
During his interrogation, Espirito claims that the US had tried and failed at either bribing or blackmailing Gaitán. Espirito says that he then traveled to Colombia as part of a team of US agents, who eventually contacted and used Colombian Juan Roa Sierra to assassinate Gaitán on April 9, 1948.
References
Conspiracy theories
History of South America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Pantomime |
Boița (; ; ) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, at the foothills of the Cindrel Mountains, south of the county capital Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographic area, on the main road between Sibiu and the southern part of Romania, the National road 7/European route 81, at the entrance of the Olt River defile. The commune is composed of four villages: Boița, Lazaret, Lotrioara (Latorvár) and Paltin. These were part of Tălmaciu town until 2004, when they were split off.
In 1910 the village had 1,657 inhabitants.
See also
Caput Stenarum (castra)
References
Communes in Sibiu County
Localities in Transylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi%C8%9Ba |
Sadu (; ) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, at the foothills of the Cindrel Mountains, 27 km south of the county capital Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographic area. It is composed of a single village, Sadu.
In 1910 the village had 2,143 inhabitants.
Natives
The most notable people born in Sadu are:
Inocențiu Micu-Klein, Romanian Greek-Catholic Bishop
Samuil Micu, theologist, historian, philosopher, member of Transylvanian School
References
Communes in Sibiu County
Localities in Transylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadu |
Nancy Weaver Teichert is an American journalist. A graduate of the Indiana University, in 2014 she was a former The Sacramento Bee reporter.
Weaver was part of a reporting team that won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for the Jackson Clarion-Ledger in Jackson, Mississippi. The newspaper received the award for a series of articles supporting legislation to reform the public education system in Mississippi.
For The Bee, she was a member of the reporting team whose series "A Madness Called Meth" won the 2001 Nancy Dickerson White Award for reporting on drug issues. Teichert has also been recipient of the Roy Howard Public Service Award and the World Hunger Award. In 2004 Weaver was awarded the local and regional media award by the American Society on Aging for her body of work, in-depth aging knowledge and sensitivity to ageism Teichert has also served on the staff of the Denver Post.
Teichert, Nancy Weaver. The Wreck of the Washoe:The Worst Maritime Disaster on the Sacramento River Sacramento Pioneer Association, 2014
References
American reporters and correspondents
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Weaver%20Teichert |
Ris Paul Ric is a solo project of Christopher Paul Richards, formerly of Washington, D.C.-area dance-punk group Q and Not U. In 2005 Richards released his debut album, Purple Blaze, which combined elements of folk, funk, and ambient electronica, and toured in support of the album.
The name "Ris Paul Ric" is based on Richards' full name, "Christopher Paul Richards".
Ris Paul Ric's Purple Blaze was released on November 1, 2005, by Brooklyn-based label Academy Fight Song. A vinyl LP version of Purple Blaze was co-released by Academy Fight Song and Mightier Than Sword Records in May 2007.
External links
Ris Paul Ric on MySpace
Academy Fight Song on MySpace
Mightier Than Sword Records on MySpace
Punk rock groups from Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris%20Paul%20Ric |
Râu Sadului () is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, at the foothills of the Cindrel Mountains, south of the county capital Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographical area. It is composed of a single village, Râu Sadului. At the 2011 census, 100% of inhabitants were ethnic Romanians.
References
Communes in Sibiu County
Localities in Transylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2u%20Sadului |
Reginald Molehusband was a fictional character who starred in a public information film commissioned by the Central Office of Information and shown on British TV during the 1960s. The role of Molehusband was played by Ian Gardiner. No copy of the film is known to still exist.
Molehusband was depicted as the country's worst driver when it came to parallel-parking his Austin 1100 car. The film concluded with Reginald finally able to park the car successfully and so demonstrate the technique for the benefit of viewers.
The script reads:
"This is the story of Reginald Molehusband, married, two children, whose reverse parking was a public danger. People came from miles just to see it. Bets were laid on his performance. What he managed to miss at the back, he was sure to make up for at the front. Bus drivers and taxis changed their routes to avoid him. Until the day that Reginald Molehusband did it right. Not too close, far enough forward... come on Reggie... and reverse in slowly... come on.... and watching traffic... and park perfectly! Well done Reginald Molehusband, the safest parker in town."
The name of Reginald Molehusband entered common parlance in the United Kingdom to refer to any inexpert or timid driver, and "Well done, Reginald" became a humorous catchphrase uttered in mock congratulation to someone successfully completing a modest task.
Because the original film was lost, a new version was made by the BBC in 2006, again starring Gardiner, who played Reginald in the original film. A new voiceover was recorded, despite a recording of the original narration existing.
External links
What happened to Reginald Molehusband?
"I was Reginald Molehusband"
"Molehusband rides again (features remake)
Public service announcement characters
Male characters in advertising
Public information films
Lost British films
1960s lost films
British educational films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald%20Molehusband |
Poplaca (; ) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, at the foothills of the Cindrel Mountains, 12 km south-west of the county capital Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographic area. It is composed of a single village, Poplaca.
References
Communes in Sibiu County
Localities in Transylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplaca |
Gura Râului (; ) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, at the foothills of the Cindrel Mountains, west of the county capital Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographic area. It is composed of a single village, Gura Râului.
References
Communes in Sibiu County
Localities in Transylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gura%20R%C3%A2ului |
Orlat (; ) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, west of the county capital, Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographic area. It is composed of a single village, Orlat.
The commune lies in the foothills of the Cindrel Mountains, on the banks of the river Cibin and its affluents, the rivers Săliște and Orlat.
Orlat is one of the oldest villages in the Mărginimea Sibiului. The
(established by an Imperial decree signed by Maria Theresa of Austria on April 15, 1762) was located here. The regiment's mission was to guard the southern sector of the Transylvanian Military Frontier.
The A1 Motorway passes just north of the commune. The Orlat train station serves the CFR Line 200, which runs from Brașov to the Hungarian border at Curtici.
References
Communes in Sibiu County
Localities in Transylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlat |
Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (sometimes abbreviated OE or O.e.) is an obligate, neogregarine protozoan parasite that infects monarch (Danaus plexippus) and queen (Danaus gilippus) butterflies. There are no other known hosts. The species was first discovered in Florida, around the late 1960s. Since then, it has been found in every monarch population examined to date, including monarchs sampled in North America, Hawaii, Australia, Cuba, and Central and South America.
Dormant spores occur on the cuticles of butterflies, in between the butterfly's scales. They are small, brown or black objects about 1/100th the width of a butterfly scale.
The only currently known way of treating the Ophryocystis parasite is by soaking the host's eggs in a light bleach solution, which kills the spores that are present on the eggs' surface.
Life cycle
Ophryocystis elektroscirrha is usually transmitted from females to their offspring when the females scatter spores on their egg chorions and surfaces of milkweed leaves, the host plant of monarchs and queens, during oviposition (egg laying). Male butterflies can also have O.e. disease and will scatter the dormant spores onto Milkweed leaves as they fly around. They can also scatter spores onto a female butterfly during mating. The female that has spores scattered onto her during mating does not have the disease but can now scatter those dormant spores onto the eggs she lays or onto Milkweed leaves. Milkweeds contains toxins that partially protect monarch larvae. The spores are ingested by the larvae. After they enter a host's gut, the spores open and emerging sporozoites penetrate a larva's gut wall and migrate to its hypoderm (the layer of cells that secrete the larva's cuticle), where they undergo two phases of vegetative reproduction. After the caterpillar pupates, O. elektroscirrha starts reproducing sexually. Three days before adults emerge, developing parasite spores can be seen through their pupal integuments. The adult butterflies emerge covered with spores, mostly on their abdomens. Parasites do not continue to replicate on adult butterflies and spores must be eaten by larvae before they can cause new infections.
Effects
O. elektroscirrha is geographically widespread and may have a long history of occurrence with monarch butterflies. Infection by O. elektroscirrha causes monarchs to have lower survival rates. O. elektroscirrha has negative effects on survival and fitness. This is more severe when larvae ingest a larger number of spores, and are infected at earlier instars. Statistically significant infection rates result in abnormal adult eclosion. High infection can result in smaller wingspans and lower weights. Mating success decreases with higher parasite loads and, though females that mate and lay eggs have a shorter lifespan, they have no decrease in egg-laying. Spores are passed from female to caterpillar. Parasite levels vary between geographical populations ranging from 70% to 3%. This is not the case in laboratory rearing, where after a few generations, all individuals can be infected.
Infection with this parasite results in culling. Migrating monarchs that are infected are less likely to complete the migration. Populations which migrate have lower parasite loads than those which are non-migratory.
Infection rates
The prevalence (proportion of butterflies infected) with O. elektroscirrha is highly variable and it varies inversely with host migration distances. Non-migratory populations can have an infection rate of up to 70%. 30% of the western migratory population are also infected. Less than 8% of monarchs from the eastern migratory population are heavily infected.
References
External links
Monarch parasites
study of the effects on butterfly population
Conoidasida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophryocystis%20elektroscirrha |
Theodore Dwight may refer to:
Theodore Dwight (elder) (1764–1846), Federalist member of U.S. Congress
Theodore Dwight (author) (1796–1866), author, son of Theodore Dwight
Theodore William Dwight (1822–1892), U.S. jurist
Theodore Frelinghuysen Dwight, American librarian, archivist, and diplomat
See also
Theodore Dwight Weld, abolitionist
Theodore Dwight Woolsey, president of Yale College | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Dwight |
Rebenque is the shared name in South American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese for a type of whip used by gauchos in South America.
The word derives from the French raban, Dutch ra-band, from ra 'yard-beam' + band.
Originally it was the rope that ties the sail to the yard, but soon came to mean a whip made of leather or tarred hemp, used to punish sailors (compare rope's end).
Especially in Argentina, it is the traditional riding, fighting, and punishing whip of the gaucho (the Argentine, Uruguayan and Southern Brazilian cowboy). It consists of a rawhide wrapped wooden handle about long with a thong made of a wide rawhide strap a little longer than the handle. The handle is topped by a knob, and have a wrist strap. It can be embellished with gold and silver.
Types
The basic rebenque is composed of a rawhide covered wooden handle long, and differently from other riding whips, a rawhide strap about wide and a little longer than the handle. The strap can be double, sewn at the edges, and could have the point unsown, for making a slapper. It has a wrist strap at the top of the handle.
The wide strap made the rebenque an instrument less severe on the horse than the European riding crop.
As the gaucho was never far from the horse, the rebenque was always on him. When not in use, he made a knot with the strap and held the rebenque lazily by the wrist strap with the middle fingers of his hand, or hung it from the handle of his facón knife (as he used the large knife almost horizontally at his back, held by the belt or waistband, the handle protruded from his right side). The rebenque was used also for fighting, as a weapon by itself, when the fight did not merit a knife, or with the strap rolled on his left hand and the handle hanging, as a secondary weapon to the knife in his right hand.
Of course, it was also used for domestic punishments, and for quasi-judicial chastisement (corporal punishments were outlawed in Argentina, at least in the books, from 1813 on, but the country was very large, sparsely populated and not totally under government control, not unlike the American West). A couple of lashes with the rebenque on the bare legs were widely used as a punishment for children, even in the urban areas.
As an equestrian culture, not only the poor gauchos used the rebenque, and there were (and still are) elaborate versions, with silver knobs and ferrules for the ranch owners (estancieros) and prominent citizens, the cost of the
Besides the common rebenque described above, there were several other types.
Rebenque de argolla (Spanish) (Argentina) is a short handled rebenque with a large ring ("argolla" in Spanish) for holding it. The strap is very wide and a little longer than the handle plus the ring.
Talero is a cheap rebenque, perhaps the original, with the wooden handle uncovered
Guacha (in Brazil mango) with a short and very thick handle of lightwood, and a very wide strap is used for breaking in horses. Being less severe and noisier than the regular rebenque, it can be generously used on the animal, scaring it without actual damage.
Work rebenque had a handle simply covered with the leather of a cow tail.
The arreador (literally "for herding"), also arriador, in Brazil also enchiqueirador or relhador, is originally the whip used to drive cattle. As a symbol of authority for prominent persons, a costly and elaborate baton version was used, as various staffs in other cultures. To its handle, about two feet long, when made as a symbol, of fine wood with silver or golden ferrules, topped by a carved silver or gold head in the form of an animal head, or other figure, as on walking canes, a round braided leather thong of about two to three feet was attached. The handle ended in a ferrule (also silver or gold) with a ring, to which the thong—was attached which had also a ring at its point, to which it was attached a short leather fall, with a total length between a yard and .
Cola de tatú (in Brazil, rabo-de-tatú), literally it means “armadillo tail” (the old Gauchos hunted this animal to eat and use the carapace to protect his knees when horseback, and tail as a dangerous tip of the whip, today armadillo is protect by law) is a short whip with the handle covered in a special braiding called “caracol” (snail), becoming a thin braided thong, finished by a short fall.
Chasquero (from the Quechua chasqui 'messenger') has a hollowed handle to hide letters, or a blade, like some gentlemen's walking canes.
Lagarto (literally "lizard"), for driving the horse teams in a coach, was just a long tapering braided leather whip, with handle nor fall, but could hurt very severely.
Polca (Córdoba province, Argentina) has a longer and thinner handle than the talero, sometimes made with a piece of iron, covered with a rawhide cow leather or braided thin rawhide strips
Rebenque de Argolla 'Ring Rebenque' has a large metal ring (in Spanish “argolla”) instead of the wrist strap. The strap used to be wider than in the common rebenque.
Sources and references
External links
Whips
Culture in Rio Grande do Sul
Argentine culture
History of South America
Gaucho culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebenque |
A calavera (Spanish – for "skull"), in the context of Day of the Dead, is a representation of a human skull or skeleton. The term is often applied to edible or decorative skulls made (usually with molds) from either sugar (called Alfeñiques) or clay, used in the Mexican celebration of the Day of the Dead () and the Roman Catholic holiday All Souls' Day. Calavera can also refer to any artistic representations of skulls or skeletons, such as those in the prints of José Guadalupe Posada, or to gifts or treats in relation to the Day of the Dead. Some widely known calaveras are created with cane sugar, decorated with items such as colored foil, icing, beads, and sometimes objects such as feathers. They range in multiple colors.
Traditional methods for producing sugar skulls with molds have been in use for a long time, though the first known mention of the sale of skeletal figures dates to the 1740s. The sugar skulls were originally created as gifts, to be eaten by children. They are sometimes now used as offerings to be placed on altars known as ofrendas ("offerings") for Día de Muertos. It has been argued that the tradition has roots in indigenous celebrations, by groups including the Aztec, Mayan, and Toltec commemorations. However, what we now call Day of the Dead is more Catholic than indigenous because the Spanish tried to eradicate indigenous religions Moreover, as Stanley Brandes has argued, these skulls and skeletons have seven characteristics. They are: (1) ephemeral; (2) seasonal; (3) humorous; (4) secular; (5) commercial; (6) made for living people; (7) meant to be played with; (8) small and transportable; (9) made and consumed by an urban population. They are "lighthearted emblems of death." Thus they are not derived from sacred Mesoamerican traditions.
Sugar skulls were not traditionally used on loved ones' ofrendas, though they are now. In Mexico, children who have died, are celebrated on 1 November. Adults are thought to return on 2 November. It is believed that the departed return home to enjoy the offerings on the altar. Some believe that they consume the essence of the food offerings, others believe they merely sense or savor them without consuming them.
In pre-Columbian times, the images of skulls and skeletons were depicted in stone carvings (and sometimes in the form of real skulls) because bones were thought to be important repositories of life energies and power. The Spanish also utilized skulls as memento mori symbols.
During the 19th and 20th centuries, caricaturists, most eminently Manual Manilla and José Guadalupe Posada made influential calaveras, which were accompanied by satirical, rhymed commentaries. The most famous one was Posada's Catrina, who wears a big feathered hat. She was elaborated by Diego Rivera into a full figure with a long dress, and this figure has been reworked by many other artists. Catrina is the most famous figure associated with the Day of the Dead.
During Day of the Dead, skulls and skeletons are created from many materials such as wood, sugar paste, nuts, chocolate, etc. When sugar skulls are purchased or given as gifts, the name of the deceased is often written with icing across the forehead of the skull on colored foil.
Production
Traditional production methods with molds have been used for a long time. The process involves using molds to cast the calaveras. Production can be a lengthy process: a craftsman who creates elaborate calaveras might spend four to six months producing and decorating the skulls for a season. The most elaborately made sugar skulls are considered folk art, and are not meant to be consumed.
The production process is more focused on the aesthetic appeal of the skull than on the taste or food safety of the product. Furthermore, many calaveras feature inedible decorations, such as beads, feathers, and foil. Some skulls are decorated with sombreros, although these designs are not as popular as they were in the 1970s.
The calaveras are traditionally sold at outdoor market stalls beginning days or a couple of weeks before the Day of the Dead. The most famous place to purchase sugar skulls and related confections (chocolate, marzipan, candied vegetables, etc.) is the Alfeñique fair in Toluca, which is near Mexico City.
Some calaveras are produced to be edible. Most are cast as one piece from cane sugar, which can either be left unflavored or else flavored with vanilla. Some calaveras are also made from chocolate. The calaveras are typically colored with vegetable dyes. As with the more decorative calaveras, these will sometimes have names written on the foreheads, as well. Calaveras may be eaten, or kept for a few days and then thrown away.
Clay skulls
Clay toy variations of calaveras also resemble the shape of human skulls. These toys are often painted a metallic silver color, but they may also be found in colors such as white, black, and red. Beaded eyes of many colors may also be added for decoration.
Literary calaveras
Poetry written for the Day of the Dead are known as literary calaveras, and are intended to humorously criticize the living while reminding them of their mortality. The important precedent for this development is the first illustrated paper that was published in Mexico. Called El Calavera, it began publishing in 1847, illustrated with a skull-faced figure, but the paper was quickly suppressed. An "offering" to President Benito Juarez illustrated with skull and bones was published in 1871. Today literary calaveras are given to family members and friends; published and illustrated versions satirize celebrities and famous organizations in the press.
Literary calaveras flourished in the late 19th century, accompanied by drawings that satirized important politicians. Living personalities are depicted as skeletons, exhibiting recognizable traits, making them easily identifiable. Additionally, drawings of fictional dead personalities often contained text elements providing details of the deaths of various individuals.
Face painting
The act of painting a human face to resemble a skull, sometimes known as facepainting, "sugar skull" make-up, or Catrina make-up, is not a traditional practice during Day of the Dead (except for Catrina impersonators). However, it has become popular in recent years, particularly in urban centers.
See also
Calaca
Papel picado
La Calavera Catrina
Santa Muerte
Grim Fandango
References
External links
Information about Jose Guadalupe Posada, Posada Art Foundation
Information about calaveras de azúcar, Decalaveras Foundation
Information about calaveras literarias, Calaveras Foundation
Spanish words and phrases
Mexican culture
Day of the Dead food | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calavera |
Emerging from ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) in 1988, Gran Fury was an AIDS activist artist collective from New York City consisting of 11 members including: Richard Elovich, Avram Finkelstein, Amy Heard, Tom Kalin, John Lindell, Loring McAlpin, Marlene McCarty, Donald Moffett, Michael Nesline, Mark Simpson and Robert Vazquez-Pacheco.
The participation of "visual artists in ACT UP and other collectives was essential to the effectiveness of the campaigns of protest, education and awareness about AIDS." The collective mutually disbanded in 1995, a year prior to Mark Simpson's death on November 10, 1996, from AIDS. Gran Fury organized as an autonomous collective, describing themselves as a "...band of individuals united in anger and dedicated to exploiting the power of art to end the AIDS crisis." The contribution of recycling historical images of homoerotic pleasure contributed to the pictorial landscape of the AIDS activist movement. Recycling the title of the Plymouth sedan used by New York Police Department, Richard Meyer writes, "[i]nscribed within the group's name...both a subjective experience (rage) and a tool of State power (police squad cars)," referencing "both an internal sensation and an external force". Action, not art, was the aim of the collective. Producing posters and agitprop in alliance with ACT UP to accompany the larger group's demonstration, Gran Fury served, in the words of Adam Rolston and Douglas Crimp, as ACT UP's "unofficial propaganda ministry and guerrilla graphic designers." All of Gran Fury's work is in the public domain.
Methods
Gran Fury's appropriation of "...commercial language for political ends became the hallmark of the artists involved." By re-purposing, reframing and re-circulating images to underscore their political agenda, Gran Fury was able to reach a plurality of identities and communities. AIDS does not discriminate, so there was an urgency to circulate information about this disease to the masses. Gran Fury member Loring McAplin observed the collectives mass-market ambition to "...fight for attention as hard as Coca-Cola fights for attention." Before social media, the collective's appropriation of mass-media language and use of various materials including: fliers, posters, stickers, T-shirts, billboards, photographs and postcards, simultaneously produced provocative, informative, stylish, political and satirical public projects. By placing "...political information into environments where people are less accustomed to finding it..." articulates member Avram Finkelstein, catches the viewer off guard, revealing a new vocabulary and a new perspective on the AIDS health crisis. In Heywood's "The Crime of Being Posi+ive", a person can be charged under the HIV Assault Act regardless of whether or not he or she infected or intended to infect another with HIV. In 1989, nine states had AIDS/HIV criminal laws, but by 2013, 32 states had these types of laws in place. Some legislatures believe that these laws are outdated since there were so many misconceived notions in the 1980s and "there was a general belief that this was potentially an epidemic that was going to spread into the general population, that was sort of a guaranteed death sentence, that was extremely transmissible." An example of a work that provokes curiosity is their public intervention project where they swapped copies of The New York Times in coin-operated dispensers with their own The New York Crimes which resembled "...The New York Times but was full of information relating to the AIDS crisis."
Selected works
"Let the Record Show"
In July 1987, William Olander (1950–1989), an ACTUP member and curator of the New Museum in New York City, invited ACTUP to make an installation in "...the window by the museum entrance on Broadway". A neon SILENCE=DEATH symbol crowned the display, with a pink triangle below. The pink triangle was appropriated from the Nazi marker for gay men imprisoned at death camps furthering the analogy between the AIDS crisis and the Holocaust. The neon piece became part of the New Museum's permanent collection, and the SILENCE = DEATH graphic was widely disseminated through T-shirts, wheatpastes, and other printed ephemera. The graphic was a reaction to a 1985 editorial in The New York Times written by William F. Buckley as well as the silence by the Reagan government. Entitled Let the Record Show the work featured cardboard silhouettes of six public figures—televangelist Jerry Falwell, columnist William F. Buckley Jr., US Senator Jesse Helms, Cory Servaas of the Presidential AIDS Commission, an anonymous surgeon, and President Ronald Reagan—posited as AIDS criminals and set against a mural-sized photograph of the Nuremberg trials. Concrete slabs positioned under each figure offered evidence of their crimes, from misrepresentations of AIDS to ignoring the issue altogether as in the case of Reagan's notorious public silence, in the form of personal quotes. One reacted, for example, to a 1986 New York Times editorial by notorious arch-conservative William Buckley, who proposed that all persons with AIDS "...should be tattooed in the upper forearm, to protect common-needle users, and on the buttocks, to protect the victimization of other homosexuals."
"Kissing Doesn't Kill"
The first high-stakes opportunity for Gran Fury came as part of a public-art project called "Art Against AIDS/On the Road" in 1989. As part of the project, Gran Fury presented a poster showing three couples, of which two featured Gran Fury members Mark Simpson and Robert Vazquez-Pacheco. The couples were of varying races, sexual orientation, and genders, kissing below the line, "Kissing Doesn't Kill: Greed and Indifference Do." Within a year, the poster was found on buses and subway platforms in San Francisco, Chicago, New York and Washington, DC. With the presentation of this piece, Gran Fury began to distance itself from ACT UP's general membership, eventually organizing themselves as a closed group.
Venice Biennale
In 1990, the group became notorious for its contribution to the Venice Biennale, a.k.a. the "Pope Piece": "The artwork paired two billboard-sized panels: one coupled the image of the Pope John Paul II with a text about the church's anti-safe-sex rhetoric; the other a two-foot-high erect penis with texts about women and condom use." Typical of media indifference to the underlying issue, a May 28 New York Times report on the piece wrote "In fact, much of the talk about the Aperto among the hundreds of artists, curators, dealers and critics who have converged on this city during the last week has focused on two entries from the United States that have stirred interest more for their apparent capacity to shock than for anything else. Mr. Koons' entry is the first. The other, and for political reasons more important, is a set of posters by Gran Fury, a collective dedicated to issues involving AIDS.
One poster features a photograph of the Pope flanked by a text condemning the Roman Catholic Church's policy toward sex and contraception. A week prior, Giovanni Carandente, the event's director of visual arts, said they considered excluding the poster. They told the Aperto's selection committee that they considered it to be blasphemous. Aggravating the problem was its proximity to a Gran Fury poster featuring a photograph of an erect penis (an image that would have caused more of a storm in the United States than a poster of the Pope).
By Thursday, Mr. Carandente apparently reconsidered, and the posters were hanging at the Aperto. But on Saturday, the Vatican was reportedly deliberating about whether to ask the Italian Government to have the posters removed."
Practicing art/activism
Gran Fury purposefully intervened into public and advertising spaces to disrupt the flow of normal thoughts with their own agenda. Notably, most of their work was directly exhibited to the public outside of traditional art spaces through fliers, posters, and billboards. They often recycled their own images and texts to circulate their message beyond its initial viewers.
The collective aimed to push various individuals such as Ronald Reagan, then New York Mayor Ed Koch, and John Cardinal O'Connor to address the AIDS pandemic in a more practical, open way, as well as to inform the public on the importance of safer sex and clean needles. When asked about their approach of their work, Gran Fury said: "We want the art world to recognize that collective direct action will bring an end to the AIDS crisis. ... Whenever we can, we steer the art world projects into public spaces so that we can address audiences other than museum-going audiences or the readership of art magazines." By the mid-1990s, Gran Fury found it hard to make simple works surrounding the AIDS pandemic, and started using more text - a necessity that made it hard for the group to relay messages as effectively as before. Gran Fury's final piece was entitled "Good Luck... Miss You, Gran Fury", and was produced in 1995, a year before the death of member Mark Simpson. In the piece, presented at the New Museum, Gran Fury stated that the original agitprop art strategies they were using were ‘unable to communicate the complexities of AIDS issues'.
Participants
The 11 main members of Gran Fury:
Legacy
From January to March 2012, the 80 WSE gallery at NYU presented the exhibition, Gran Fury: Read My Lips. The exhibition consisted of 15 pieces, most of which were re-created by Gran Fury from archival documentation. The show was accompanied by an 88-page catalogue, which was the first publication devoted to the group's production.
Works in Gran Fury: Read My Lips. included, "Kissing Doesn't Kill", "Welcome to America", and "Women Don't Get Aids", reproduced in large-scale mural formats. There were also projections of "Kissing Doesn't Kills" video public service announcements, and several give-aways including "Men use Condoms" stickers in an edition of 3000 and postcards from the "Read My Lips" series.
In April 2022, Bold Type Books published a history of Gran Fury by Jack Lowery entitled, It Was Vulgar & It Was Beautiful: How AIDS Activists Used Art to Fight a Pandemic.
References
External links
Gran Fury--colllected works (high resolution downloads)
"Let the Record Show..." (New Museum)
Collective retrospective essay
"Gran Fury talks to Douglas Crimp" (Artforum)
"When Political Art Mattered" (New York Times)
Gran Fury collection finding aid, New York Public Library.
Gran Fury visual materials at New York Public Library Digital Collections
1990 AIDS PSA by Gran Fury (Media Burn Archive)
Health and disability rights organizations in the United States
HIV/AIDS activism
Defunct LGBT organizations based in New York City
LGBT art in the United States
1988 in LGBT history
1988 establishments in New York City
Organizations established in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran%20Fury |
San Antonio de Areco is a partido (county) in the north of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
The partido has an area of , and a population of 21,333 (). It is from Buenos Aires city, and from La Plata, and its cabecera or capital is the city of San Antonio de Areco.
Districts (localidades)
San Antonio de Areco (capital, or cabecera)
Villa Lía
Vagues
Duggan
References
External links
Partidos of Buenos Aires Province
States and territories established in 1730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Antonio%20de%20Areco%20Partido |
Norma Zimmer (July 13, 1923 – May 10, 2011) was an American vocalist, best remembered for her 22-year tenure as Lawrence Welk's "Champagne Lady" on The Lawrence Welk Show.
Early years
Born Norma Larsen on a dairy farm in Shoshone County, Idaho, she grew up in Seattle, Washington after her father moved the family west when she was 2 years old. Her father was a violin teacher, and Zimmer had hoped to play that instrument until he told her that her hands were too small. She was offered a scholarship to Seattle University but chose to continue vocal studies.
Zimmer was singing in a church choir when a guest artist suggested she travel to Los Angeles, California and audition for a musical group. When she turned 18, she did just that, singing with a succession of top vocal groups, including the Norman Luboff Choir and the Ken Darby Singers, among others.
Norma married builder and property developer Randy Zimmer in 1944, and settled in Los Angeles. They were married for 64 years until Randy's death in 2008. The couple had two sons, Mark and Ron.
Radio
Zimmer's radio network debut as a soloist came February 28, 1947, on Sparkle Time. At that time, she performed weekly on the program as a member of The Singers vocal group. She later became the soloist on Standard School.
Television
She appeared on most of the popular television variety shows during the 1950s. She landed a small singing part in the Bing Crosby movie Mr. Music (1950), and provided the singing voice for the White Rose in the Disney film Alice in Wonderland (1951). She worked as a studio singer and performed on Welk's 1956 Thanksgiving album.
Lawrence Welk Show
In 1959, the previous Champagne Lady Alice Lon left the show because of monetary and scheduling disagreements. Because of protests, Welk tried (and failed) to get Lon back. After a year of the show's trying out several different singers, Zimmer officially joined The Lawrence Welk Show as his Champagne Lady on New Year's Eve, 1960. Zimmer stayed on the show and traveled with Welk and the band on personal appearances for three years.
As her two sons were growing up, Norma decided to leave show business to raise her children. Welk told her it was all right for her to quit the road tours, but he asked her to stay on the television show until he could find another singer. Each week, a new girl came on as a possible replacement, but Welk kept asking Zimmer to come back the following week. That went on for twenty years. As the show's Champagne Lady, Zimmer sang one solo and often a duet (usually with Jimmy Roberts); she frequently danced with Welk at the end of the show.
Recordings
Zimmer sang as lead soprano with the Norman Luboff Choir, Voices of Walter Schumann, Pete King Chorale, and the Ken Darby Singers. She also sang with a quartet, The Girlfriends, along with Betty Allan and others. They sang backup for Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Perry Como, and others. Their group sang backup for the famous Bing Crosby version of Irving Berlin's "White Christmas".
Zimmer also recorded solo albums for Word Records.
Christian music
In 1972, Zimmer "traveled about 80,000 miles singing God's praises at religious concerts." She sang with the Billy Graham Crusade and on the Hour of Power and was a soloist at a White House service during the Nixon Administration. In addition, Zimmer recorded a number of albums devoted to traditional Christian music.
Other activities
Zimmer painted as a hobby. She created more than 100 paintings, primarily portraits. In business matters, she and her husband owned the ski lodge at Kratka Ridge and had a mobile home park with more than 100 spaces.
Death
In 2011, Zimmer died at her home in Brea, California, at the age of 87.
Bibliography
References
External links
1923 births
2011 deaths
American performers of Christian music
American women singers
American sopranos
Actresses from Idaho
Actresses from Seattle
Singers from Idaho
Musicians from Seattle
People from Brea, California
People from Shoshone County, Idaho
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of Finnish descent
Lawrence Welk
Word Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma%20Zimmer |
Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne, NDS, (1 May 1814, Strasbourg, Alsace, France – 6 May 1884, Ein Karem, Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire) was a French Jew who converted to Christianity and became a Jesuit priest and missionary. He later was a co-founder of the Congregation of Our Lady of Sion, a religious congregation dedicated to the conversion of Jews to the Christian faith.
Biography
He was born 1 May 1814 in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, the eleventh of the thirteen children born to Auguste Ratisbonne and his wife, Adélaïde Cerfbeer, members of the famed family of Jewish bankers. His father was the president of the Provincial Council of Alsace. His mother died when he was 4 years old, but his natural charm drew his wider family to take charge of his upbringing. The family was assimilated into the secular society of France, but had a strong sense of social justice, with which value he was raised.
An older brother, Théodore, converted to Christianity in 1827 and went on to become a Catholic priest in 1830.
Religious conversion
After studying law in Paris, Alphonse joined the family bank and announced his engagement to his 16-year-old niece. In January 1842, with the postponement of the marriage due to the bride's age, he traveled to Rome for a pleasure trip. On 20 January, he entered the Church of Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, where he experienced a vision of the Virgin Mary. Due to this experience, he was led to be baptised in the Catholic Church. At his baptism, he added Marie (Mary) to his name to reflect the role he felt she had played in his life.
Alphonse returned to Paris to proclaim his new-found faith to his fiancée, and invited her to share it with him. His niece, however, tearfully rejected this. In June of that same year he entered the Society of Jesus and was ordained as a priest in 1848.
Missionary work
After his own conversion, Théodore Ratisbonne had been drawn to work for the conversion of his fellow Jews to the Christian faith. This proposed ministry, also the inspiration of Alphonse, was blessed by Pope Gregory XVI in the course of a visit by Théodore Ratisbonne to Rome in 1842. Théodore then took up the suggestion made to him by Alphonse to establish a school for Jewish children in a Christian setting. At this time, two Jewish sisters came to him for spiritual advice, and eventually also converted to Christianity. They became the nucleus for the Congregation of Our Lady of Sion, founded in 1847.
In 1850, Alphonse became engaged in mission work among convicts in the prisons of Brest, but two years later he felt called to join his brother in this mission to their own people, writing that he "recognized that the will of God in my Conversion and in my vocation to the priesthood obviously destined me to work for the salvation of Israel. With the authorization of the Jesuit Superior General, Jan Philipp Roothaan, and the blessing of Pope Pius IX, Alphonse left the Society of Jesus to join his brother. The two brothers, with several other priests drawn to their mission, formed the male branch of the Congregation in 1852. Alphonse moved to Palestine in 1855 to open a convent for the Sisters of the congregation. He would spend the rest of his life there.
In 1858, Ratisbonne established the Convent of Ecce Homo in the Old City of Jerusalem for the Sisters of Sion. In 1860, he built the Convent of St. John on a hilltop in Ein Karem, then a village on the outskirts of Jerusalem. In 1874, he founded the Ratisbonne Monastery for the priests of the congregation. It is now a Salesian study center in Jerusalem's Rehavia neighborhood. Ratisbonne died in Ein Karem on 6 May 1884 and is buried in the cemetery of the convent.
Published work
Monument à la gloire de Marie (1847)
Bibliography
MONDESERT, Claude: Théodore et Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne, (3 vol.), Paris, 1903-1904.
MONDESERT, Claude: Les religieuses de Notre-Dame de Sion, Paris, 1923.
EGAN, M.J.: Our Lady's Jew: Father Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne, Dublin, 1953.
GUITTON, Jean: La conversion de Ratisbonne, Paris, 1964.
LAURENTIN, René:Alphonse Ratisbonne, vie authentique, Paris, 1984.
See also
Norman Russell. The Conversion of Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne. A New Translation from the 2nd Edition of 1842. With Notes, Introduction and Appendices. London: Grosvenor House Publishing 2013
References
External links
Religious of Our Lady of Sion
The conversion of Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne
New Catholic Dictionary
1814 births
1884 deaths
19th-century French Jews
Alsatian Jews
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
19th-century French Jesuits
Clergy from Strasbourg
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Marian visionaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Alphonse%20Ratisbonne |
Otto Günsche (24 September 1917 – 2 October 2003) was a mid-ranking officer in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a member of the SS Division Leibstandarte before he became Adolf Hitler's personal adjutant. Günsche was taken prisoner by soldiers of the Red Army in Berlin on 2 May 1945. After being held in various prisons and labour camps in the Soviet Union, he was released from Bautzen Penitentiary on 2 May 1956.
Life and career
Otto Günsche was born in Jena in Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. After leaving secondary school at 16 he volunteered for the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler and joined the Nazi Party on 1 July 1934. He first met Adolf Hitler in 1936. He was Hitler's SS adjutant from 1940 to 1941. From 1 January 1941 to 30 April 1942, he attended the SS officer's academy. He then had front-line combat service as a Panzer Grenadier company commander with the LSSAH. On 12 January 1943, Günsche became a personal adjutant for Hitler. From August 1943 to 5 February 1944, Günsche served on the Eastern Front and in France. In March 1944 he was again appointed a personal adjutant for Hitler. As a personal SS adjutant (Persönlicher Adjutant) to Hitler, Günsche was also a member of the Führerbegleitkommando which provided security protection for Hitler. During the war, one or two were always present with Hitler during the military situation conferences. He was present at the 20 July 1944 attempt to kill Hitler at the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg. The bomb explosion burst Günsche's eardrums and caused him to receive a number of contusions.
With the end of Nazi Germany imminent, Günsche was tasked by Hitler on 30 April 1945 with ensuring the cremation of his body after his death. That afternoon, he stood guard outside the room in the Führerbunker where Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide. After waiting a short time, Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge, opened the study door with Martin Bormann at his side. The two men entered the study with Günsche right behind them. Günsche then left the study and announced that Hitler was dead to a group in the briefing room, which included Joseph Goebbels, General Hans Krebs, and General Wilhelm Burgdorf. Günsche had the table and chairs in the study moved out of the way and blankets were laid out on the floor. Hitler and Braun's lifeless bodies were then wrapped in blankets. In accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions, his and Braun's bodies were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery to be burned. Having ensured that the corpses were burnt using petrol supplied by Hitler's chauffeur Erich Kempka, Günsche later left the Führerbunker after midnight on 1 May. On 2 May 1945, Günsche was taken prisoner by Soviet Red Army troops that were encircling the city and flown to Moscow for sharp interrogation by the NKVD.
Post-war and death
He was imprisoned in Moscow and Bautzen in East Germany and released on 2 May 1956. During imprisonment, Günsche and Linge were primary sources for Operation Myth, the biography of Hitler which was prepared for Joseph Stalin. The dossier was edited by officers of the Soviet NKVD (later superseded by the MVD, separate from the agency of the KGB, formed in 1954). The report was received by Stalin on 30 December 1949. The report was published in book form in 2005 under the title: The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides.
Günsche died of heart failure at his home in Lohmar, North Rhine-Westphalia in 2003. He had three children. Günsche's body was cremated.
See also
Downfall (2004 film), in which he was portrayed by actor Götz Otto
Awards and decorations
Wound Badge in Silver
Infantry Assault Badge
Iron Cross 2nd Class
Iron Cross 1st Class
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
1917 births
2003 deaths
Military personnel from Jena
People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
SS-Sturmbannführer
Adjutants of Adolf Hitler
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
Prisoners and detainees of East Germany
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 1st class
People wounded in the 20 July plot
Waffen-SS personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20G%C3%BCnsche |
Tilișca (; ) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, in the Cindrel Mountains, west of the county capital Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographic area. It is composed of two villages, Rod (Rod; Ród) and Tilișca.
Natives
Aaron Florian (1805–1887), historian, journalist, and revolutionary
References
Communes in Sibiu County
Localities in Transylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tili%C8%99ca |
Louis' Lunch is a fast food hamburger restaurant in New Haven, Connecticut which claims to be the first fast food restaurant to serve hamburgers and the oldest continuously operated hamburger restaurant in the United States. It was opened as a small lunch wagon in 1895 and was one of the first places in the U.S. to serve steak sandwiches. According to Louis' Lunch, the hamburger was created in 1900 in response to a customer's hurried request for a lunch to go. In 1917, Louis moved the business into a square-shaped brick building that had once been a tannery.
In 1975, the restaurant was moved four blocks down to 263 Crown Street. Hamburgers cooked in the restaurant are made on the original cast iron vertical gas broilers from 1898, and the toast is made in a 1929 Savory Appliance Radiant Gas Toaster. The building is a New Haven landmark.
History
Louis Lassen was born as Ludvig Lassen on July 30, 1865 in Ballum parish, part of a region in the Kingdom of Denmark. He and his Ohio-born wife Sophia Kurtz (1862–1941) were married in Manhattan on May 25, 1889. The couple had one daughter and four sons between 1891 and 1903. Lassen died on March 20, 1935 in New Haven. He and his wife are buried at Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven.
Lassen was a "blacksmith by trade and preacher by vocation" and immigrated to New Haven from Denmark in 1881. He became a food peddler, selling butter and eggs from a wooden cart. He purchased a home at 45 Elliot Street and stored his cart in a shed in the backyard. In 1895, he began adding lunch items to his cart.
A local businessman dashed into the small New Haven lunch wagon one day in 1900 and asked for a lunch to go. According to the Lassen family, the customer exclaimed "Louie! I'm in a rush, slap a meatpuck between two planks and step on it!". Lassen placed his own blend of ground steak trimmings between two slices of toast and sent the gentleman on his way, so the story goes, with America's alleged first hamburger being served.
In 1917, Lassen moved into a square brick building that had once been a tannery. Louis' Lunch was forced to move to make way for development in 1975, so it moved two blocks down to 263 Crown Street in New Haven. In the 1950s, Ken Lassen added cheese spread to the hamburger. The fourth generation of Lassens owns and operates Louis' Lunch today.
Operations
The Louis' Lunch menu consists of "The Burger," potato salad, potato chips, and homemade pie. Louis' Lunch makes their hamburger sandwiches from ground steak made from a blend of five cuts of beef. The hamburgers are then flame broiled vertically. The hamburgers are prepared with cheese, tomato or onion, then served on two square pieces of toasted white bread.
Louis' Lunch flame broils the hamburgers in the original cast iron vertical gas broilers manufactured by the Bridge and Beach, Co., St. Louis, Missouri, in 1898. The stoves use hinged steel wire gridirons to hold the hamburgers in place while they cook simultaneously on both sides. The gridirons were made by Luigi Pieragostini and patented in 1938. A sharp cheese spread is used, as opposed to sliced cheese. The restaurant uses a 1929 Savory Radiant Gas Toaster.
The restaurant is traditionally closed during the month of August (for vacation). In 2014, Louis' Lunch was closed from August 3 to September 1.
Hamburger claims
Many others claim to be the creator of the hamburger, including Charlie Nagreen, brothers Frank and Charles Menches, Oscar Weber Bilby, and Fletcher Davis. White Castle traces the origin of the hamburger to Hamburg, Germany, with its invention by Otto Kuase. However, it gained national recognition at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair when the New-York Tribune namelessly attributed the hamburger as "the innovation of a food vendor on the pike."
In 2000, the Library of Congress recognized Louis' Lunch as the creator of the hamburger after being backed by United States Representative Rosa L. DeLauro. The Library of Congress stated that Louis Lassen sold the first hamburger and steak sandwich in the U.S. in 1900. New York magazine states, "The dish actually had no name until some rowdy sailors from Hamburg named the meat on a bun after themselves years later," noting also that this claim is subject to dispute.
Detractors of the Louis' Lunch claim include Josh Ozersky, a food editor for New York magazine. In Ozersky's book, The Hamburger: A History, Ozersky denies the claim based on the definition of a hamburger and told the New Haven Register, "If you say it can be on toast, you're essentially redefining the hamburger out of existence. The hamburger as the world knows it means a sandwich of ground beef on a bun." However, Motz's Hamburger America notes that the hamburger bun did not exist in 1900 nor did so for another 20 years. Ozersky's book also notes earlier claimants and recognizes Walter Anderson for creating the modern hamburger.
In 2006, a "mock trial" was held by the Hamburger Festival in Akron, Ohio. Louis' Lunch was noted to have taken the event seriously, in contrast to other representatives of other hamburger creator claimants. Renny Loisel, public relations director of the Greater New Haven Convention and Visitors Bureau, submitted an affidavit and letter from the New Haven Preservation Trust and noted that the Library of Congress recognizes Louis' Lunch for creating the first hamburger, but the evidence was denied. According to an internet poll, Louis' Lunch placed third and Loisel noted that despite the evidence it was more about theatrics than truth.
An article from ABC News sums up the problems of identifying the origins of the hamburger by stating, "One problem is that there is little written history. Another issue is that the spread of the burger happened largely at the World's Fair, from tiny vendors that came and went in an instant. And it is entirely possible that more than one person came up with the idea at the same time in different parts of the country."
Reception
The restaurant has been the subject of shows on "the Travel Channel, the Food Network, the History Channel and even Oprah." On Travel Channel's Chowdown Countdown, Louis' Lunch was rated #1. Episode 10 of Burger Land, A Burger is Born, highlights the claim and history of Louis' Lunch. According to Raichlen's book, BBQ USA, patrons of Louis' Lunch include United States presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, Charles Lindbergh, and Artie Shaw. Food & Wine's website named Louis' Lunch as one of the "Best Burgers in the U.S." Roadfood notes that it is an "essential stop on America's burger trail."
Critics of the restaurant hinge on its dislike of condiments, particularly ketchup; customers who ask for it are ejected from the premises. In episode 10 of Burger Land, the "no ketchup" sign is visible hanging in the restaurant and an informative caption pops up to read "Yale students who try to sneak in ketchup are asked to leave." According to "American Food Roots," signage and an exchange of stories confirms the policy. Tom Gilbert wrote, "Louis’ Lunch is a very friendly place as long as you get with the program, which always has been about serving quality beef and making sure that nothing ruins or upstages it. As Jeff [Lassen] will tell you, that means no puffy, sweet bun, no well-done meat and no ketchup..." Both Connecticut Museum Quest and American Food Roots note the strong presence for the restaurant's way and Museum goes so far as to note it the #2 of "the 5 Least Welcome Places for Ketchup." Even Esquire affirms, "You can get your hamburger sandwich topped with onions, tomato, and a squirt of Cheez-Wiz. Just don't ask for anything else." On the wall a sign reads "this is not Burger King you can't "have it your way." You get it my way or you can't have it."
See also
List of the oldest restaurants in the United States
History of the hamburger
History of the hamburger in the United States
List of hamburger restaurants
References
External links
Hamburgers (food)
Restaurants in Connecticut
Hamburger restaurants in the United States
Tourist attractions in New Haven, Connecticut
Restaurants established in 1895
Buildings and structures in New Haven, Connecticut
Economy of New Haven, Connecticut
1895 establishments in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%27%20Lunch |
Rico Levi Gear (born 26 February 1978) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. He was a specialist right wing but also covered midfield positions.
He is the older brother of New Zealand winger Hosea Gear
Club career
Gear was educated at Gisborne Boys' High. As a young man Gear also played for the Tolaga Bay rugby union club just outside Gisborne. In 1990 Gear played for the Gisborne East Coast under 13 rugby league team. He also studied anthropology at Massey University with an emphasis on Māoridom and Māori language for two years.
Gear made his provincial debut in 1997, playing for Poverty Bay against King Country. He has since played for provincial sides; Auckland, Bay of Plenty, North Harbour and Nelson Bays.
He made his Super 12 debut for the Auckland Blues in 1999 against the Queensland Reds. He also had a stint with the Highlanders, however his career really ignited when he went to the Crusaders at the end of the 2004 season.
Gear played every game in the 2005 season, for the Crusaders, and he scored 15 times for the 2005 champions. He was also named Rebel Sport Super 12 player of the Year and the Tom French Memorial Māori Player of the Year.
He was first choice right wing for the Crusaders in the 2006 Super 14 season. Gear has a younger brother Hosea Gear who played wing for the Chiefs.
In June 2007 Gear was signed by Guinness Premiership side Worcester Warriors. Gear was regarded as one of the most dangerous and clinical wingers in world rugby and carved up defenses in the Guinness Premiership during the 2008/09 campaign.
He became one of the biggest signings in the club's long history after agreeing a three-year deal that kept him at Sixways until 2010.
Gear started his Warriors career with four tries in a match on his full debut – equalling the competition record – as Warriors punished Gran Parma and he continued to rack up the tries.
He scored one of the most memorable individual tries ever seen at Sixways Stadium with his solo stunner against Bucuresti and also scored a breathtaking one-handed effort against Harlequins at The Stoop.
Despite being hit by a number of injuries towards the end of the campaign, Gear still finished the season with a staggering record of
12 tries in only 19 appearances for the club and vowing he would show his real form in the 2008/09 term. After Worcester Warriors got relegated after the 2009–2010 season, he signed with Japanese Top League team Kintetsu Liners in April 2010.
International career
Gear made his international debut on 10 July 2004 in a match against the Pacific Islanders, where he also scored a try. He went on to play in numerous matches against the British & Irish Lions in their 2005 tour of New Zealand. He scored his first All Blacks hat-trick against Wales at the Millennium Stadium in 2005. He also played in the 2006 Tri Nations.
He won a Commonwealth Games gold medal when he was part of the New Zealand Sevens side and also has World Cup Sevens medals.
In spite of appearances in the All Blacks in the 2007 season, Gear was omitted from the Rugby World Cup squad, announced on 22 July 2007. Doug Howlett was selected in his place.
In all he scored 11 tries in 19 tests for the All Blacks including a hat trick against Wales at Cardiff and two against Scotland on the same tour.
Post rugby career
When he was recruited for season 2 of Match Fit as the youngest and fittest recruit, but has battled asthma all his life. He had lived in Gold Coast, Australia as a schoolboy coach, and married with Australian wife, Rebecca Miles, who was a professional basketball player, and 2 children, Isaiah and Ava. The family still reside on the Gold Coast in 2023. On episode 3, Rico, as the only other fluent Maori speaker, was forced into lead the Classic All Blacks to reply in traditional Powhiri as Glenn Osbourne and Piri Weepu, along with non-speakerDaniel Braid, failed to return in time as pig and deer hunters.
References
External links
Worcester Warriors Profile at Warriors.co.uk
Guinness Premiership Profile at GuinnessPremiership.com
1978 births
Living people
Bay of Plenty rugby union players
Hanazono Kintetsu Liners players
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand
People educated at Gisborne Boys' High School
New Zealand international rugby union players
Māori All Blacks players
New Zealand rugby union players
North Harbour rugby union players
Rugby union players from Gisborne, New Zealand
Rugby union wings
Tasman rugby union players
Worcester Warriors players
Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti people
New Zealand expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in Japan
Expatriate rugby union players in England
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in England
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Nelson Bays rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby sevens players
New Zealand male rugby sevens players
Blues (Super Rugby) players
Crusaders (rugby union) players
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games medallists in rugby sevens
Rugby sevens players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rico%20Gear |
Sollers, formerly known as OAO Severstal-Auto, is a Russian company holding controlling blocks of shares of OAO Ulyanovsk Automobile Works (UAZ), Zavolzhye Motor Works (ZMZ) and OAO ZMA. The enterprises of Severstal-Auto are well-known automobile brands and occupy stable positions in their market segments.
History
Since 2005, SeverstalAvto has been the owner of the ZMA () car factory in Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia. The factory was previously owned in part by KamAZ and was one of the production bases for the Lada Oka minicar. SeverstalAvto is listed in RTS Index.
Production of the Oka was due to be phased out in 2006 after 17 years and replaced by a number of Fiat models such as the Albea and Doblò.
February 11, 2010 an agreement was signed to establish on the basis of the plant "Sollers-Naberezhnye Chelny" joint venture to develop and produce cars between "Sollers" and the Italian company Fiat. It was planned that in the event of the maximum load plant will produce up to 500 thousand cars of different classes in the year. It was expected that the implementation of this project the Government of Russia can provide a loan of 2.1 billion euros. A year later, the parties decided to abandon this project and instead "Sollers" agreed to form a joint venture to produce cars with a Ford - Ford Sollers. It is expected that by the American company in the joint venture will be made to the Russian trading arm of Ford Motor Rus and Vsevolozhsk plant, from the "Sollers" - production capacity. Distribution of shares in the joint venture will be 50 to 50. It is assumed that the company will produce cars under the brand Ford.
In 2012, the joint venture started production car Ford Transit, in 2013 Ford Explorer.
March 1, 2011 was announced in Beijing s joint venture "Sollers-Bussan" between "Sollers" and the Japanese group Mitsui & Co. car manufacturing Toyota. Proportion of the parties in the new plant to be distributed at a ratio of 50% to 50%. The spring of 2012 at new sites will begin production of SUVs Toyota Land Cruiser Prado.
April 27, 2012 "Sollers" and Mazda Motor Corporation signed an agreement to establish a 50:50 joint venture called Mazda-Sollers Manufacturing Rus(MSMR) in Vladivostok. The venture begun operations in the second half of 2012. The plant produces crossover Mazda CX-5, sedan Mazda6, as well as under other brands of cars. The production capacity of 50 thousand vehicles per year, and will be further increased to 70 thousand . annual. In October 2016, Mazda signed an agreement with the Russian government to build engine production in Vladivostok.
In September 2018, MSMR started producing engines at its newly built engine plant. The Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe attended at the opening ceremony of the plant.
According to OICA statistics, Sollers produced 57,171 vehicles in 2015.
In 2021, Sollers started to assemble a luxury car for civilian and presidential use at the Ford Sollers plant. Called the Aurus Senat, the 4.4 litre V8 limousine was developed by the Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute (NAMI) in Moscow, and comes in two versions, the S600 and L700 (with this latter model intended for state officials).
On 1 March 2022, Ford Motor Company announced that it was suspending its joint venture with Sollers, in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Mazda Motor Corporation sold a stake in a joint venture in Vladivostok to Sollers PJSC Auto for 1 euro. The agreement was signed on October 24, 2022.
Structure
UAZ
Ford Sollers joint venture
Sollers-Bussan (Vladivostok) joint venture with Mitsui & Co. producing Toyota vehicles
Mazda Sollers (Vladivostok) joint venture
Strategic partnership with SsangYong
Zavolzhsky Motor Plant
Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny (formerly Zavod Malolitrazhnykh Avtomobiley)
Sollers-Isuzu joint venture, terminated in 2015
Fiat-Sollers joint venture, terminated in 2012
Current Production
Aurus Senat
Isuzu C/E series
Isuzu N-Series
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado
UAZ-469
UAZ Patriot
Former Production
Ford Explorer (2012–2019)
Ford Transit (2012–2022)
Mazda 6 (2012–2022)
Mazda CX-5 (2012–2022)
Mazda CX-9 (2016–2022)
SsangYong Korando (2010–2015)
SsangYong Kyron (2005–2014)
SsangYong Rexton (2009–2015)
References
External links
Official website
Official financial reports
Companies listed on the Moscow Exchange
Companies based in Moscow
Contract vehicle manufacturers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollers%20JSC |
Poiana Sibiului (; ) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Poiana Sibiului. The name means "the glade of Sibiu".
Position
The village is situated in the Cindrel Mountains at an altitude of about 900 meters, 35 km west of the county capital Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographic area.
History
The first written account dates from 1537. Compared with the neighbouring villages, Poiana is a later settlement of Romanian population that moved higher in the mountains presumably dislocated by Saxon settlements. The occupation shifted from agriculture to sheep-herding, which remains even today the main occupation.
References
Communes in Sibiu County
Localities in Transylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiana%20Sibiului |
Some Girls is a 1978 album by the Rolling Stones
Some Girls may also refer to:
Music
Performers
Some Girls (band), an American indie rock band formed in 2001
Some Girls (California band), a 2002–2007 hardcore punk band
Songs
"Some Girls" (Belouis Some song), 1988
"Some Girls" (Jameson Rodgers song), 2020
"Some Girls" (Racey song), 1979
"Some Girls" (Rachel Stevens song), 2004
"Some Girls" (Rolling Stones song), 1978
"Some Girls" (Ultimate Kaos song), 1994
"Some Girls (Dance with Women)", by JC Chasez, 2003
"Some Girls", by Bananarama from Wow!, 1987
"Some Girls", by Madonna from MDNA, 2012
Other music
Some Girls: Live in Texas '78, a live concert film and album by the Rolling Stones
Other uses
Some Girls (film), a 1988 American coming-of-age film
Some Girl(s), a 2006 play by Neil LaBute
Some Girl(s) (film), a 2013 adaptation of the play
Some Girls (TV series), a 2012–2014 British sitcom
Some Girls: My Life in a Harem, a 2010 book by Jillian Lauren
See also
Some Girl, a 1998 American film | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some%20Girls%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Jina (; ) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, in the Cindrel Mountains, 40 km west of the county capital Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographic area. It is composed of a single village, Jina.
References
Communes in Sibiu County
Localities in Transylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jina%2C%20Sibiu |
Henry Bingham Baring (4 March 1804 – 25 April 1869) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was the son of Henry Baring and Maria Matilda Bingham, daughter of American-born statesman William Bingham. Bingham was a half-brother of Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer and a member of the distinguished Baring family.
He entered the House of Commons in 1831 as Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Callington in Cornwall. When Callington was disenfranchised the following year, he was returned for the Marlborough constituency in Wiltshire, and held his seat until 1868.
See also
Baron Ashburton
References
thePeerage.com
External links
1804 births
1869 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Presidents of the Oxford Union
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall
Henry
British people of American descent
British people of German descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Bingham%20Baring |
David Jewett Baker (September 7, 1792August 6, 1869) was an American politician in the U.S. state of Illinois. He briefly served as a U.S. Senator in 1830.
Early life
Baker was born in East Haddam, Connecticut, the son of Joanna (Minor) and Bayze Baker, and moved with his parents to Ontario County, New York as a child. He attended the common schools and in 1816 he graduated from Hamilton College in Clinton, New York. He studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1819. The first place he practiced law was Kaskaskia, Illinois.
Political career
He served in various political positions in Illinois, and was probate judge of Randolph County from August 1827 to December 6, 1830 when he resigned to become a Senator. Baker was appointed as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John McLean and served from November 12, 1830 to December 11, 1830, when a successor was elected and qualified. He thus is one of only a few people who have served in Congress for less than a month.
Baker was not a candidate for election in 1830 to fill the vacancy, and was appointed United States Attorney for the district of Illinois in 1833 and served until 1841. He resumed the practice of law, and died in Alton, and was interred in City Cemetery.
References
External links
1792 births
1869 deaths
People from East Haddam, Connecticut
Illinois Democrats
Illinois lawyers
Illinois state court judges
People from Kaskaskia, Illinois
Politicians from Alton, Illinois
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Democratic Party United States senators from Illinois
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20J.%20Baker |
Andreas "Andi" Widhölzl (born 14 October 1976) is an Austrian former ski jumper. During his career, he won world championships and Olympic titles.
Career
Widhölzl began his World Cup ski-jumping career in 1993. Between 1997 and 2000, he won two Olympic bronzes and two world championship medals, along with sixteen victories in World Cup events. During this time came his victory in the 1999/2000 Four Hills Tournament. During this season, he came second in the ski-jumping World Cup. In the next five years, he won only one World Cup event, however, in 2005 he twice won the world championship with the Austrian National Team and a year later he was part of the Austrian Team that won the Team Olympic Gold Medal at the Winter Olympics. In March 2008, following health problems, he ended his fifteen-year-long World Cup ski-jumping career.
Widhölzl was interested in ski-jumping from an early age, his interest coming from watching the sport on television. At around this time he joined the Tyrolese Ski Federation and learnt to ski. When he was seven years old, a school friend convinced him to join the Fieberbrunner Weitenjäger. After a few years, Widhölzl earned his first success in the district and regional championships for his age group.
World Cup
Standings
Wins
Invalid ski jumping world record
Not recognized! Crash at world record distance.
References
FIS Newsflash 177 on Widhölzl's retirement announcement. 30 April 2008.
Austrian male ski jumpers
Olympic ski jumpers for Austria
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
Ski jumpers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in ski jumping
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
1976 births
Living people
People from Kitzbühel District
Skiers from Tyrol (state)
20th-century Austrian people
21st-century Austrian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Widh%C3%B6lzl |
Jason Edward Gamble (born September 12, 1975) is a former Arena Football League offensive lineman/defensive lineman for the Grand Rapids Rampage (2003–2005) and the Georgia Force (2006).
Early years
Gamble attended Derby High School in Derby, Kansas, and was a letterwinner in football and wrestling.
College career
Gamble attended Hutchinson Community College in Hutchinson, Kansas for two years. As a sophomore, he was a Junior College All-American and the Jayhawk Conference Offensive Lineman of the Year.
Gamble attended Clemson University and was a two-year starter at center on the football team. As a senior, he won All-ACC honorable mention honors. After his senior year, he was selected to participate in the Senior Bowl and the East-West Shrine Game.
External links
Orlando Rage bio
Stats from arenafan.com
1975 births
Living people
American football offensive linemen
American football defensive linemen
Clemson Tigers football players
Georgia Force players
Grand Rapids Rampage players
Hutchinson Blue Dragons football players
Orlando Rage players
People from Derby, Kansas
Players of American football from Columbus, Ohio
Scottish Claymores players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Gamble |
Urban Legends: Bloody Mary (also known as Urban Legends 3: Bloody Mary or simply Urban Legend 3) is a 2005 American direct-to-video supernatural slasher film directed by Mary Lambert, and starring Kate Mara, Robert Vito, Tina Lifford, Ed Marinaro and Lillith Fields.
It is the third and final installment in the Urban Legend film series, although it is almost entirely unrelated to both of the films that came before it, using supernatural elements instead of a whodunit formula. The film follows a three high school students who inadvertently summons the ghost of a dead high-school girl, who starts coming after her old classmates children one-by-one.
Plot
In 1969, at the Worthington High Homecoming Dance, a group of high school footballers try to drug and kidnap their dates. Their plan works with most of the girls, but one of them, Mary Banner, tries to escape. The football captain chases her into a storage room and punches her, causing her fall and hit her head on a desk. Unable to revive her or hear her heartbeat, the footballer panics and locks her body in a trunk.
35 years later, in 2004, high school girl Samantha "Sam" Owens jokingly conjures up Bloody Mary with her friends during a sleepover. Over the following days, a number of strange events occur, with Sam experiencing hallucinations of a dead girl bleeding from her head. Several of Sam's classmates also die under bizarre circumstances; football player Roger is burned alive in a sunbed, Sam's friend Heather has spiders burst from her cheek and gets her face mutilated by broken mirror shards, and football player Tom is electrocuted while urinating on an old electrical fence.
In her homework, Sam finds notes that had been sent to Heather about Mary Banner's disappearance and the 1969 homecoming kidnappings. She looks through school paper archives, where she learns that Mary was never found and is presumed dead, and that another victim of the kidnappings, Grace Taylor, still lives in town. Sam and her brother David visit Grace, who claims that Mary's "life force" is exacting revenge on the children of the five people involved in the kidnappings, but that she cannot (or will not) reveal the names of the perpetrators.
The siblings go to warn the school's football captain and Heather's boyfriend Buck, whom has been blaming Sam and David for the recent deaths. Buck reveals that his father, Coach Jacoby, the football coach, was one of the kidnappers in 1969, but that he did not hurt Mary. Later, Buck is attacked and murdered by a demonic visage of Mary whilst at a motel.
David is directed to the school archives by Grace and discovers the identity of the fifth person involved in the kidnappings. He rushes home, but finds Sam gone and is suffocated by a hooded figure. Meanwhile, Sam has another vision of Mary, revealing that she was still alive when she was locked in the trunk, but suffocated to death soon after waking up. The visions also reveal to Sam the whereabouts of the trunk. Sam visits Grace, who reluctantly agrees to drive Sam to the school. There, Sam finds the storage room and the trunk with Mary's body. She is nearly attacked by the hooded figure, but manages to escape while carrying Mary's remains outside to the van.
Finding Grace unconscious, Sam drives the van to the cemetery, where she begins to dig a grave for Mary under her headstone. Her stepfather Bill, whom Sam had phoned, also appears and helps her dig, before he suddenly hits Sam with the shovel. Bill reveals to Sam that he was the one that locked Mary in the trunk, and that he also killed David. He attempts to kill her to stop her from telling law enforcement, before Mary's ghost appears and kills him. After the emergency services arrive, Sam and Grace are treated by personnel as they sit consoling one another.
Cast
Production
Production of the movie began on November 20, 2004.
Principal filming ended on December 16, 2004. The movie was shot in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Release
Home media
The film was released direct-to-video on July 19, 2005.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 40% with an average rating of 4.4 based on 5 reviews.
Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed gave the film a mixed review, writing, "'Bloody Mary' is not the worst movie on video store shelves as many people have claimed, but it's just not effective enough to ever be anything more than a simple horror movie about urban legends." Geoffrey D. Roberts of ReelTalk.com called the film "a flat, one-note ripoff" and criticized its lack of scares.
See also
Bloody Mary folklore in popular culture
References
External links
2005 films
2005 horror films
2000s slasher films
2000s supernatural horror films
American slasher films
American sequel films
American supernatural horror films
Direct-to-video horror films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Films about pranks
Films about proms
Films based on urban legends
Films directed by Mary Lambert
Films scored by Jeff Rona
Films set in 1969
Films set in 2004
Films shot in Salt Lake City
Films with screenplays by Michael Dougherty
Films with screenplays by Dan Harris (screenwriter)
Sony Pictures direct-to-video films
Supernatural slasher films
2005 direct-to-video films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
Urban Legend (film series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20Legends%3A%20Bloody%20Mary |
The Central Office of Information (COI) was the UK government's marketing and communications agency. Its Chief Executive reported to the Minister for the Cabinet Office. It was a non-ministerial department, and became an executive agency and a trading fund, recovering its costs from the other departments, executive agencies and publicly funded bodies which used its services.
It was established in 1946 as the successor to the wartime Ministry of Information, when individual government departments resumed responsibility for information policy. It worked with Whitehall departments and public bodies to produce information campaigns on issues that affected the lives of British citizens, from health and education to benefits, rights and welfare.
COI celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2006 with several events including a film season at the National Film Theatre and a poll to find Britain's favourite public information film on the BBC website.
From 2010, governmental spending on marketing fell considerably. This was because of the Coalition Government's policy to support only essential campaigns. As a result, the government announced that COI would be closed and its remaining functions transferred to the Cabinet Office.
The Central Office of Information closed on 30 December 2011.
References
External links
(Archived)
1946 establishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct executive agencies of the United Kingdom government
Defunct departments of the Government of the United Kingdom
Cabinet Office (United Kingdom)
Public service announcement organizations
Propaganda in the United Kingdom
2012 disestablishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Office%20of%20Information |
Lawrence "Bullfrog" Hooper (July 22, 1917 in Independence, Missouri – June 10, 1983 in Los Angeles, California) was an American musician and vocalist. He was best known to television audiences as part of The Lawrence Welk Show as a featured singer and pianist in Welk's orchestra.
Born in Independence, Missouri and raised in Lebanon, Missouri, he joined the Welk band in 1948 when they were doing evening performances at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City.
His popularity was largely due to his basso profundo voice, renditions of "This Old House" and "Asleep In The Deep," and his sense of humor. He also achieved success with songs like "Oh Happy Day" (Hooper's 1953 recording of the song with the Welk orchestra was a top-5 hit for the orchestra), "Ding Dong Daddy" and "Minnie the Mermaid", a duet sung with Jo Ann Castle.
Plagued with health problems for years, he left the show on sick leave in 1969 due to a heart condition, occasionally filling in with the orchestra when one of the other keyboardists got sick and making guest appearances during that time frame. He returned full-time for the first show of the 1973-74 season (the "Tribute to Disney" episode, singing "Oh Happy Day"). It drew a huge emotional standing ovation from the audience and cast although Larry was visibly lip-syncing and was always uncomfortable and short of breath during the performance. Larry had fewer solo and singing roles and was primarily in the band during the last couple of years of his appearances when his health began to fail again. He left the show for the final time in 1980 and three years later, he died of kidney failure.
In recent years, Hooper received new interest because of a video tape-loop played before Howie Mandel's stand-up shows of his singing "Oh Happy Day" for 20 minutes.
References
External links
Lawrence Welk Show
1917 births
1983 deaths
People from Independence, Missouri
American basses
Deaths from kidney failure
20th-century American singers
Lawrence Welk
20th-century American male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Hooper |
FoodRoutes Network (FRN), headquartered in Arnot, Pennsylvania in the United States, is a national non-profit organization that provides support to a variety of other localized groups that encourage sustainable agriculture and community-based food systems.
Its goal is to re-introduce Americans to their food: the seeds from which it grows, the farmers who produce it, and the routes it takes from the farm to their tables. They are the national coordinator for the 'Buy Fresh Buy Local' chapter network, with over 50 chapters as of 2007.
Its most visible efforts have been a series of marketing campaigns designed to make consumers aware of the benefits of buying and eating local food. FRN also maintains a website where consumers nationwide can find farms in their areas that sell direct to the public as well as restaurants that buy and serve locally grown food.
External links
FoodRoutes Network
Non-profit organizations based in Pennsylvania
Agricultural organizations based in the United States
Rural community development | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FoodRoutes%20Network |
Universal love may refer to:
Universal Love, a 1975 album by MFSB
Universal Love – Wedding Songs Reimagined, a 2018 album of same-sex wedding songs by various artists
Universalove, a 2008 Austrian romantic tragedy film
See also
Agape, a Greco-Christian term referring to love, "the highest form of love, charity" and "the love of God for man and of man for God"
Charity (virtue), a virtue in Christianity
Mohism, an ancient Chinese philosophy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20love |
Samuel McRoberts (April 12, 1799March 27, 1843) was a United States senator from Illinois. Born near Maeystown, he was educated by private tutors and graduated from the law department of Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky. He was admitted to the bar in 1821 and commenced practice in Monroe County, and was clerk of the circuit court of Monroe County from 1819 to 1821. He was State circuit judge from 1824 to 1827 and a member of the Illinois State Senate from 1828 to 1830.
McRoberts was appointed United States Attorney by President Andrew Jackson in 1830 and served until 1832, when he resigned he was then appointed by President Martin Van Buren to be receiver of the land office at Danville in 1832. He was appointed Solicitor of the General Land Office at Washington in 1839 and served in that capacity until his resignation in 1841, and was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1841, until his death; while in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills (Twenty-seventh Congress). He died in Cincinnati, Ohio and was interred in the Moore Cemetery, Waterloo.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
References
1799 births
1843 deaths
Illinois state court judges
United States Attorneys for the District of Illinois
Democratic Party United States senators from Illinois
Democratic Party Illinois state senators
Transylvania University alumni
Illinois lawyers
People from Monroe County, Illinois
19th-century American legislators
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20McRoberts |
El Santuario de Chimayó is a Roman Catholic church in Chimayo, New Mexico, United States. (Santuario is Spanish for "sanctuary".) This shrine, a National Historic Landmark, is famous for the story of its founding and as a contemporary pilgrimage site. It receives almost 300,000 visitors per year and has been called "no doubt the most important Catholic pilgrimage center in the United States."
Description
The Santuario is on Juan Medina Drive in Chimayo. It is entered through a walled courtyard. Built of adobe with a bell tower on each side, the church is long and wide with walls more than 3 feet (about 1 m) thick. Pointed caps on the towers and a metal pitched roof (blocking the clerestory) were added after 1917, probably in the 1920s. The "elegant" doors were carved by the 19th-century carpenter Pedro Domínguez. An unusual feature is two side-by-side rooms at the entrance forming a vestibule or narthex, once used for storage. The nave contains a crucifix representing Christ of Esquipulas, tall. Other notable folk-art decorations include five reredoses and a small sculpture of St. James the Great. A small room called el pocito (the little well) contains a round pit, the source of "holy dirt" (tierra bendita) that is believed to have healing powers. An adjacent prayer room displays many ex-votos as well as photographs, discarded crutches, and other testimonials of those purportedly healed.
History
In the early 19th century, 19 families lived in what was then called El Potrero de Chimayó (potrero means pasture). The land where the Santuario now stands belonged to Don Bernardo Abeyta, one of the first members of (the Penitentes) in the area. Also, he was probably devoted to the Christ of Esquipulas, a pilgrimage site in Guatemala where the clay is ascribed healing power. A nephew of Don Bernardo was christened Juan de Esquipulas in 1805.
Bernardo Abeyta built a small chapel to the Christ of Esquipulas on the present site around 1810. On November 15, 1813, he wrote to Father Sebastián Álvarez, the parish priest of Santa Cruz de la Cañada, asking him to write to the Episcopal See of Durango for permission to build a bigger church in which the people of El Potrero could worship Jesus as he appeared at Esquipulas and could hear Mass. The next day, Fr. Álvarez wrote the letter, mentioning that cures were reported and many pilgrims were arriving. On February 8, 1814, Francisco Fernández Valentín, Vicar General of the Diocese of Durango, wrote back with permission. By 1816 the chapel was replaced by the present church.
Abeyta's daughter, Carmen Abeyta de Chaves, inherited the property and kept it despite an attempt to force her to give it to the Church; a major source of her income was donations from pilgrims. Her daughter, María de los Ángeles Chaves, inherited it in turn and was the owner as of 1915. In 1929, when the owners were in financial trouble, members of the newly formed Spanish Colonial Arts Society bought the property and donated it to the Archdiocese of Santa Fe.
El Santuario de Chimayó was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.
Current observances
Each year some 300,000 people from all over the world make pilgrimages to the Santuario de Chimayó during Holy Week, especially on Holy Thursday and Good Friday, some seeking blessings and some in fulfillment of a vow. Walking is traditional; some pilgrims walk from as far away as Albuquerque, about 90 miles (150 km). While the pilgrimage began in the 19th century, it was revived by survivors of the Bataan Death March after World War II.
Many visitors to the church take a small amount of the "holy dirt", often in hopes of a miraculous cure for themselves or someone who could not make the trip. Formerly, at least, they often ate the dirt. (Likewise pilgrims to the original shrine of Esquipulas eat the supposedly curative clay found there.) Now seekers of cures more commonly rub themselves with the dirt or simply keep it. The Church replaces the dirt in the pocito from the nearby hillsides, sometimes more than once a day, for a total of about 25 or 30 tons a year.
The Church takes no position on whether miracles have occurred at the Santuario.
The feast of Our Lord of Esquipulas is celebrated on January 15 or on the Sunday nearest that date. The feast of St. James the Great (Santiago) is celebrated on the fourth weekend of July.
Legends
Some say that before the Spaniards arrived, a hot spring that then flowed near the site was sacred to the Tewa Indians for its healing powers.
One version of the legend says that during Holy Week, Abeyta (or a friar) saw a light shining from the hillside and dug the crucifix up with his bare hands. He turned it over to Fr. Álvarez, who took it to the Santa Cruz church, but the crucifix mysteriously returned to the spot where Abeyta found it. After the third time this happened, Álvarez and Abeyta decided to build a chapel on the spot to house the crucifix.
Another version says Abeyta was watching his sheep and contemplating his blessings, though he was sick, when a vision of his patron saint, San Esquipula [sic], beckoned to him. He went to the place where the saint had appeared and knelt; he was cured immediately. Other people also were cured there, and Abeyta built the chapel in thanks.
Yet another version says that the crucifix had belonged to a priest from Esquipulas who accompanied the first Spanish settlers in Chimayo. He was killed by Indians and buried in Chimayo. A flood of the Santa Cruz River (a small tributary of the Rio Grande) in the spring of 1810 uncovered the body and the crucifix. People who remembered the priest dedicated the shrine to the Christ of Esquipulas.
Skeptical reception
In 2013 skeptical investigator Joe Nickell wrote that "claims made for holy dirt at Chimayo are unwarranted. Despite borrowed and contrived legends that the site is miraculous, the soil is actually an ordinary variety trucked in from elsewhere and merely blessed."
Researcher Benjamin Radford reported finding little evidence to corroborate claims of miraculous cures in his 2014 book Mysterious New Mexico.
Gallery
Pilgrimage, Good Friday, March 21, 2008
See also
Top eight Catholic pilgrimage destinations in the US
Cristos Negros of Central America and Mexico
National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Fe County, New Mexico
List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
References
Further reading
Hendrickson, Brett. The Healing Power of the Santuario de Chimayó: America's Miraculous Church. NYU Press, 2017
External links
El Santuario de Chimayo on American Catholic History
Photographs of the church and sights of Chimayó
Photograph of the crucifix
Page on the pocito with photographs
Churches in Santa Fe County, New Mexico
Catholic pilgrimage sites
Roman Catholic chapels in the United States
History of Santa Fe County, New Mexico
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1816
National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Roman Catholic churches in New Mexico
Chimayo Santuario
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Mexico
Northern Rio Grande National Heritage Area
New Spain
Colonial New Mexico
Spanish Colonial architecture in New Mexico
1816 establishments in New Spain
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Fe County, New Mexico
Adobe churches in New Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Santuario%20de%20Chimayo |
Enfield High School was a high school at Enfield, South Australia. It opened in 1953 and closed in 2010, its functions being absorbed into Roma Mitchell Secondary College.
History
When Enfield High School opened in 1953 in its present site, but on the eastern boundary, it was the first high school in the northern suburbs. Until then the only options were Adelaide High and Nailsworth Technical School. Even though the school was at Enfield, it was called Enfield High School because it was in the Port Adelaide Enfield Council area.
Students travelled from as far away as Virginia and Salisbury. These students came by train to Kilburn and then on to the school by bus or on foot. It has been said that some intrepid students came all the way on horseback and tied their horses up to the water troughs on the western side, where the main building once stood.
Originally the school consisted of two brick buildings, toilets and shelter areas, and two 'temporary' portable wooden buildings. One of these contained the staff room, headmaster's office, sickroom, library, science laboratory and a canteen in the second unused science laboratory. The other building on the lower level contained four classrooms: each was painted in a different colour. The two wooden buildings, with new cladding, and one of the brick toilets which remained until the schools demolition.
On the first day, 10 February, there were 95 students – 49 boys and 46 girls – and a staff of six. There were only three classes: 1A had only boys and 1B had only girls. Unusually for those times 1C was a mixed class. Boys and girls came together for subjects like Latin or French. The headmaster, Mr Pyne, had one senior master, Mr Frick, one senior mistress, Mrs Peart, and four other teachers.
The school expected enough students to stay at school to make one Year 10 class in 1955: all the rest would have left for work. But in fact 48 students sat for the Intermediate Examination. Of these, 44 were original students.
Fire
In the early hours of Friday morning (approx 3.20am) on 24 March 2017, the majority of the former Enfield High site was destroyed by Fire. Smoke erupted from the top level of the vacated school that was due to be demolished the following week to make way for a new housing development. Fire fighting efforts were hampered by corrugated metal sheeting secured to the structure resulting in a fire visible from the Adelaide metropolitan area and requiring approximately 60 Fire Fighters in attendance. The remaining structures were demolished later that year and the former site is now occupied by residential development.
Notable former students
Robyn Archer – entertainer
Craig Bradley – footballer
John Quiggin – economist
Stuart Dew – AFL footballer (Port Adelaide 1997–2006 & Hawthorn 2008–2009) AFL Coach 2017+
Dale Agius – First Nations Commissioner, South Australia 2022
References
External links
EHS History
High schools in South Australia
Public schools in South Australia
Educational institutions established in 1953
1953 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield%20High%20School%20%28South%20Australia%29 |
Below is a list of newspapers published in Liechtenstein.
Liechtensteiner Vaterland
Liechtensteiner Volksblatt
Liechtenstein
Newspapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Liechtenstein |
Below is a list of newspapers published in Lithuania. In 2006 there were 334 newspapers published.
National newspapers
This is the list of national daily newspapers:
Lietuvos rytas
Lietuvos žinios
Lithuania Tribune
Respublika
Vakaro žinios
Verslo žinios
Regional newspapers
Alytus
Alytaus Naujienos
Kaunas
15 minučių Kaunas
Kauno diena
Laikinoji Sostinė
Klaipėda
15 minučių Klaipėda (free)
Klaipėda
Vakarų ekspresas
Panevėžys
Panevėžio balsas
Panevėžio rytas
Panevėžio kraštas
Sekundė
Šiauliai
Šiaulių kraštas
Šiaulių naujienos
Vilnius
15 minučių Vilnius (free)
Kurier Wileński (in Polish)
Sostinė
Vilniaus diena
Other
Tėviškės žinios
Voruta
References
External links
Lithuanian newspapers online
Advice website
Newspapers
Lithuania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Lithuania |
Oliver Kamm (born 1963) is a British journalist and writer who was a leader writer and columnist for The Times.
Early life and career
Kamm is the son of translator Anthea Bell and publisher Antony Kamm. Kamm is the grandson of Adrian Bell and nephew of Martin Bell. Although his mother was not Jewish, he lost family members on his father's side in The Holocaust. He studied at New College, Oxford He began his career at the Bank of England and worked in the securities industry and investment banking.
Career
Kamm joined the Times staff in 2008. He has also contributed to The Jewish Chronicle, Prospect magazine, and The Guardian.
Views
Kamm was a consistent supporter of former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the foreign policies of his government. According to John Lloyd in 2005, Kamm viewed Blair's policies "as the expression of true social-democratic values". At its launch in 2005, Kamm subscribed to the founding principles of the Henry Jackson Society and was an initial signatory.
In 2006 Oliver Kamm wrote a blog post titled "The Islamphobia Scam" in which he said "if any reader wishes to nominate me [for an "Islamophobia" award] and I am successful, you can be sure I'll turn up to collect the award and express my reasons for pride in it. He states that he is a friend and admirer of Israel, "whose pluralist ethos will be fulfilled when there is an eventual two-state solution with a sovereign Palestine". Kamm was an opponent of Jeremy Corbyn's leadership of the Labour Party. He told Liam Hoare, writing for The Forward magazine in September 2015, that "the left has incorporated the attitudes of the nativist far-right. Corbyn's alliances with reactionary, misogynistic, theocratic, and anti-Semitic movements bear out what we’ve said".
Commentator Peter Wilby stated that, although Kamm and Stephen Pollard of the Jewish Chronicle claim "to be left-wing", they hold "no discernible left-wing views". When interviewed by politics academic Norman Geras in 2003, Kamm said that he wrote to "express a militant liberalism that I feel ought to be part of public debate but which isn't often articulated, or at least not where I can find it, in the communications media that I read or listen to" and that he felt that "the crucial distinction in politics is not between Left and Right, as I had once tribally thought, but between the defenders and the enemies of an open society."
Kamm has been accused of expressing anti-Catholic views for his remarks towards Catholic Labour MP Rebecca Long-Bailey.
In 2007, he criticized Wikipedia, saying that its articles usually are dominated by the loudest and most persistent editorial voices or by an interest group with an ideological "axe to grind".
In September 2021, Kamm called for Labour leader Keir Starmer to shut down Young Labour. The reasons cited by Kamm included an accusation that Young Labour members using the historic Palestinian slogan From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free, in support of Palestinian liberation, means support of a "second Holocaust against the Jewish people".
Personal life
Kamm has described his marriage as "caring but unsuitable", and after it ended he was a single parent for their two young children. He had a subsequent three-year relationship.
Books
Kamm has written three books. In Anti-Totalitarianism, he argued that military intervention against totalitarian regimes to support democratic values in other countries, can be expression of left wing values; he supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq under this rubric and seemed to focus his argument against foreign policies stances based narrowly on the national interest that are typical of the traditional right. In a review, Nicholas Marsh wrote that Kamm "fails to provide a definition of the totalitarianism he opposes. ... [H]e also fails to provide any sense of how one should weigh the benefits of democratization against the inevitable costs of warfare". On his book on usage, Accidence Will Happen, he argued against linguistic prescription and in favour of linguistic description.
In August 2018, The Bookseller reported on Kamm's book In Mending the Mind: The Art and Science of Treating Clinical Depression, in which he "draws on his own experience of the illness as a jumping off point to investigate depression" and "makes a case for embracing both art and science to better understand and treat the condition."
Bibliography
Kamm, Oliver (2021). Mending the Mind: The Art and Science of Overcoming Clinical Depression. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. .
References
1963 births
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Alumni of New College, Oxford
British male bloggers
British male journalists
The Times people
Labour Party (UK) people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%20Kamm |
The Smart Roadster (W452) was a two-door, two-seater sports car (S-segment in Europe) first introduced in 2002 by Smart GmbH. Sales of the Roadster and Roadster Coupé were mostly successful, and the production ended in November 2005 after 43,000 Roadsters were made. The last one built now resides in the Mercedes-Benz Museum.
It is defined by a consortium between Switzerland (Swatch), Germany (Mercedes-Benz) and France, whose vehicle remains "Made in France" because it is built entirely at its Hambach factory in Moselle.
History
The two-seat, 2.5 m (98 in)-long Smart City-Coupe (later named Smart Fortwo) was launched at the 1998 Paris Motor Show. This was the beginning of a new car brand and one of the more radical vehicle concepts to hit the European market since the bubble cars of the 1950s. It was also the beginning of a difficult period for Smart cars. The City Coupe had stability problems that were only discovered prior to the launch. This forced a package of alterations to be made that were both expensive and compromised the car's handling, ride, and gear shift. Public concerns over the car's stability, combined with Smart's elitist marketing and the sheer radicality of the car's design, proved damaging to initial sales. Production projections were slashed from 200,000 per year to 80,000 which was almost disastrous for a new brand with just one product.
Within the company, the evangelical buzz surrounding the launch of the radical City-Coupe quickly evaporated. With new management, new marketing initiatives, and continuing revisions to the car's engineering to answer public concerns, future vehicle plans, including the development of a four-seat model, had not been far advanced.
Design and development
Under design director Jens Manske in autumn 1998, Smart's 14-person design and engineering team began to sketch possible future Smart cars. They soon realised that the powertrain of the City-Coupe was ideal for a small sports car, with a compact turbo engine driving the rear wheels via a 6-speed automated manual gearbox.
Following Smart's ‘reduce to the max’ philosophy and general innovative approach, a concept for a super compact, practical, and pure sports car was generated. Two quarter-scale exterior and two quarter-scale interior models were made in February 1999 with Volker Leutz's exterior and Christoph Machinek's interior proposals selected for development into full-size development models. The design of the car had progressed considerably by the time Michael Mauer officially arrived from Mercedes-Benz's Japan design centre to take over Menske's position in May 1999. Mauer worked closely with the design team to quickly develop the roadster, with the intention now of producing a show car for the upcoming 1999 IAA Motor Show in Frankfurt.
By June the full-size models of the roadster were handed over to Stola in Italy for production of the show car model, which was produced in about three months for the car's debut at the Frankfurt show. The Roadster concept was well received at Frankfurt and helped to convince management that the car should be developed for production. At the same time, a decision was made to develop Mauer's idea for a coupe version as a concept car for the Paris motor show a year later. As the development of the coupe concept began, so the roadster show car was developed over the following year with both exterior and interior designs completed by November 2000. However, colour and trim design continued until a year later.
By early 2000, the Smart City-Coupe had finally started to gain sales momentum, with its Cabrio version making a significant addition to total Smart sales. In March Mauer left Smart for Saab, succeeded by Hartmut Sinkwitz in May. As the third design director of Smart during the Roadster's development, Sinkwitz had to bring the concept to production in a very short time. This task may have been made somewhat easier by the Roadster having been designed from the start to use existing powertrain and other City-Coupe components. Given some of the advanced design features, it is a credit to the design team that so much of the concept car made it to production.
Concept car
The ‘Roadster Coupe’ as shown at the 2000 Paris Motor Show was already on its way to production form. It shared the design of the Roadster from the doors forward but had a glass Targa roof and rear structure resembling a small shooting-brake in the same way as the BMW Z3 coupe and the Saab 9X concept car developed under Mauer at Saab a few years later.
Production versions of both the Roadster and Roadster Coupe debuted together at the 2002 Paris Motor Show and were available to buy within a few months. Both cars were unique in the market, being significantly smaller than the Toyota MR2, MG TF, Fiat Barchetta and Mazda MX-5, but offering similar performance and practicality to the base versions of these cars while being significantly more fuel-efficient, albeit at a similar price point.
Production
The Smart Roadster and Roadster Coupé were introduced in 2002, based on a stretched platform of the Fortwo with a full-length of 3427 mm. The two variants are meant to be reminiscent of the British roadster of yore, such as the Triumph Spitfire or the MG B. Both the Roadster and Roadster Coupé are available with a removable Targa roof or an electrical softtop. The Roadster is powered by 45 or 60 kW (61 or 82 PS) versions of the turbocharged 698cc 3-cylinder Suprex engine in the rear, which is engineered by Mercedes-Benz. The Roadster Coupé has only the more powerful engine. A steering wheel with Formula 1-style paddle-shifters, to control the single-clutch automated manual transmission, is optional. Weighing as little as , the Roadster is intended to provide the emotion of driving a sports car at an affordable cost.
Both the Roadster and Roadster Coupé are available in Brabus-tuned versions with power increased to . The Brabus versions have a different twin sports exhaust, lower suspension, polished six-spoke aluminum alloy Monoblock VI 17" wheels (205/40 ZR17 at the front and 225/35 ZR17 at the rear), front spoiler, side skirts and radiator grille. Exclusive Brabus (Xclusive) interior includes a leather-trimmed dashboard, alloy-effect accent parts, instrument graphics, leather/aluminium gearshift with Brabus labelled starter button, aluminium handbrake handle (which fouls the central armrest), aluminium pedals and Brabus labeled floor mats. The Monoblock wheels are known to be very soft and as a result, are very easy to buckle. The lacquer on these wheels is also very poor, and corrosion can occur very early in the life of the wheel.
Despite a projected break-even of only 8,000 to 10,000 units per year, first-year sales almost doubled this estimate. British motoring television show and magazine Top Gear praised the Roadster, awarding it Fun Car Of The Year for 2005.
43,091 Roadsters were built and put on the shop fronts, with chassis numbers ranging from 00,001 to around 43,400.
Brabus V6 Bi-Turbo prototypes
In 2003, German tuning house Brabus created a prototype version of the Roadster Coupé with two merged 3-cylinder engines to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Solituderennen. This V6 bi-turbo powerplant had a maximum power of for a weight of only , giving it the same power-to-weight ratio as a Porsche 911 Carrera 4S. Smart claimed the car could accelerate to in under five seconds.
Since the twin-turbo V6 engine occupies almost twice as much space as their 3-cylinder engines, the fuel tank had to be relocated to the nose of the car, where a luggage compartment used to be. It comes in the form of a Formula 1-type foam-rubber fuel bladder. The bigger engine also forced a change from separate coil springs and dampers to concentric units to support the de Dion rear suspension.
Ten cars were built and presented at the Castle Solitude. They are not available for sale and are not even allowed to be driven on public roads in Germany. Some of Mercedes' race drivers, like Markus Winkelhock, drove guests around the event's race track.
Special editions
In March 2006 Smart unveiled the final variant of the Roadster at the Geneva Motor Show: a limited collector's edition.
It was based on the top model Brabus Xclusive with and came with a satin brown-metallic paint job. The interior had brown leather and higher quality materials were used extensively. It had the new Run line aluminium wheels and Brabus exhaust, front spoiler, and side fenders. Of 50 planned cars, only 30 were made.
A limited-edition Roadster Coupe Racing edition (RCR) was released in 2005 in the UK. Only 50 in the world were made and featured all the Brabus trimmings plus special black Alcantara and leather seats with red diamond pattern stitching. The seats were not heated as they are in the main Brabus model. The black Alcantara and red stitching are also featured on the dash and door panels. Interior door handles and clock surrounds were finished in red to match the exterior paintwork. Each comes with a numbered plaque on the glovebox - stating the build number - RCR UK #/50. These cars were finished in Ferrari Red with matching light surrounds and bumper sections, the Tridion safety cell being all silver. They were made to look like the V6 bi-turbo and came with a free optional SB2 power upgrade kit for the engine, which raised the standard to . The reason they were not fitted with the engine is that the cars came off the production line in 2004 as normal engine roadsters before being given the Brabus makeover. The SB2 upgrade was optional to allow customers the option for lower insurance and road tax/ emissions. So some RCRs did not have the SB2 upgrade carried out when new. There were 50 right-hand drive cars (RCR 90) built especially for the UK with the SB2 kit and . Additionally, BRABUS built 7 left-handed cars (RCR 90) for the rest of Europe and only 12 cars of the RCR 101 were altogether built left-handed by BRABUS with the real BRABUS 101 HP engine. One prototype and 11 numbered cars.
Bluewave: It seems customers could not wait for the Brabus model to come along, so Smart released this version in the UK. Effectively, it has all the parts of the later released Brabus model but without the Brabus engine and without the Brabus suspension. Smart later upset those who purchased the Bluewave by releasing the Brabus for the same price with those extra items. Some Bluewave owners were given the choice of having their car purchased back or a free SB2 upgrade.
An additional, UK and Sweden-only 'Finale Edition' was unveiled in April 2006. This model came in a variety of colour combinations, including an exclusive speed silver and black Tridion with 17-inch Runline alloys and 'flow silver' interior components. It also featured a leather door and cockpit trim and central armrest.
Project Kimber
In 2006, David James initiated Project Kimber, an attempt to restart production of the Smart Roadster in the United Kingdom. Initially, intended to be rebadged as an MG model, after an unsuccessful bid for the MG marque, the revised Roadster was later referred to as the AC Ace. However, as of 2013, the project appears to be dormant.
Knight and Day
In the 2010 movie Knight and Day, the Smart Roadster appears in the final chase scene. These vehicles were retrofitted with an engine from a Suzuki GSX-R motorcycle to improve power and throttle response, which was accomplished with a kit made by a British company. Three of the cars were bike-powered, and three more had conventionally tuned 698cc 3 cylinder engines featuring ECU remap, cold air intake/filter, performance exhaust, stiffer engine mounts, improved brakes, and lowered suspension by a Smart specialist in Hampshire, England.
Gallery
References
External links
smart (official UK community site)
Smart (official site)
TheRoadster.net (smart Roadster owners enthusiast website)
Roadster
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2003
Microcars
Roadsters
Brabus vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20Roadster |
Selena Fox (born 20 October 1949 in Arlington, Virginia) is a Wiccan priestess, interfaith minister, environmentalist, pagan elder, author, and lecturer in the fields of pagan studies, ecopsychology, and comparative religion.
Fox is a trained counselor and psychotherapist, with a B.S. cum laude in psychology from the College of William & Mary in 1971 and a M.S. in counseling from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1995, where her thesis was entitled When Goddess is God: Pagans, Recovery, and Alcoholics Anonymous (1995). She has been a member of the American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, Association for Transpersonal Psychology, and American Academy of Religion.
Fox began leading public pagan rituals in 1971 and has done public education about paganism since 1973, in talks and public media interviews. She has also been mentioned in print publications, including a profile in People Magazine in 1979.
Fox has been active in environmental preservation endeavors since helping to organize the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970 and speaks about ecospirituality.
Circle Sanctuary
Fox is the founder of the "Circle Craft" tradition of the Wiccan religion.
Along with others, she founded and is the Executive Director of Circle Sanctuary, which is one of America's oldest Pagan centers and Wiccan churches. Circle Sanctuary is headquartered on its 200-acre (0.81 km2) Circle Sanctuary Nature Preserve, founded in 1983. Circle Sanctuary's quarterly journal, Circle Magazine (formerly, Circle Network News) was first published in 1978 as a newsletter, then as a newspaper in 1980, and in magazine format in 1997. Fox also is the founder of the Pagan Spirit Gathering, one of the oldest Nature Spirituality festivals in the United States.
Fox also founded Circle Cemetery in 1995, which is a 20-acre green cemetery for cremains and full-body interment.
Religious freedom advocacy
Fox has advocated for Wiccan religious freedom for religious adherents in the military, including spearheading (along with Americans United for Separation of Church and State) the inclusion of the pentacle symbol on the US Department of Veterans Affairs list of emblems of belief that can be included on government-issued markers, headstones, and plaques honoring deceased veterans.
She has also advocated for equal treatment of religion in the public square, including the inclusion of a pentacle in a holiday display at the Green Bay, Wisconsin City Hall and in displays at the Wisconsin state Capitol for the annual Interfaith Awareness Week, as well as addressing derogatory comments made by Delaware GOP Senate candidate Christine O'Donnell during her candidacy.
Bibliography
Contributor
Periodicals
Circle Guide to Pagan Resources. Editor, directory, 1979–present, Circle Publications.
Circle Magazine (formerly Circle Network News). Founding Editor, Advisor, 1978–present, Circle Publications.
Books and articles
Celebrating the Seasons. On-line guide with rituals, chants, articles - www.circlesanctuary.org/index.php/education/celebrating-the-seasons.html
Circle Magick Songs (1979) with Jim Alan. Circle Publications.
Goddess Communion: Rituals and Meditations (1988). Circle Publications.
Planetary Healing Rituals: Meditations, Rituals & Prayers for a Healthier World (1991). Circle Sanctuary.
Recordings
Circle Craft Podcasts - recordings of weekly classes, meditations, & rituals on internet radio at circlepodcasts.org
Sacred Cave Ritual - Selena Fox and Pagan Spirit Gathering Community, ritual with chanting & guided meditation, 1995
Magical Journeys - Selena Fox, guided meditation, 1981
Songs of Pagan Folk - Jim Alan, Selena Fox and Friends, songs and chants, 1980
Circle Magick Music - Jim Alan and Selena Fox, songs and chants, 1976
Notes
General references
Vale, V. and John Sulak (2001). Modern Pagans. San Francisco: Re/Search Publications. . p. 201 - One page interview with Fox about Circle Sanctuary
External links
Circle Sanctuary website
Selena Fox's website
1949 births
Living people
People from Wisconsin
Wiccan priestesses
American occult writers
American Wiccans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena%20Fox |
The number of national daily newspapers in Luxembourg was five both in 1950 and in 1965. Until 2001 there were six dailies and it became eight when two more dailies were launched. This is a list of newspapers published in Luxembourg.
List of newspapers
Defunct newspapers
Der Kampf
Journal de la ville et du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
La Clef du cabinet des princes de l'Europe
Luxemburger Volksblatt (1880–87)
Luxemburger Volksblatt (1901–02)
Luxemburger Volksblatt (1933–41)
Luxemburger Wochenblatt
Obermosel-Zeitung
De Peck-Villchen
Der Proletarier (1919)
La Voix du Luxembourg
D'Ro'd Wullmaus
References
Luxembourg
Newspapers in Luxembourg
de:Liste von Zeitungen#Luxemburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Luxembourg |
Below is a list of newspapers and magazines published in North Macedonia:
Daily newspapers
Weekly magazines
Fokus (1995–present) politics, populism, sensationalism
Kapital (1999–present) financial
Makedonsko Sonce (1994–present)
Monthly magazines
Avto Plus (1993-present) automotive, motorcycling, motosport
Ekonomija i Biznis (1998-present) financial
Leona
Libi (2017–present)
Mini Libi (2017–present)
Porta 3 (2004-present) construction, architecture, ecology
Portret
Premin (2001–present)
Ubavina i Zdravje
Quarterly
Koreni (2002–present)
Tavor (2013–present)
Regional newspapers
Bitolski Vesnik, (1964-present) (region of Bitola)
Shtipski Glas, (region of Shtip)
Skopsko Eho, (2016-present) (region of Skopje) (weekly free newspaper)
Zenit, (2008–present) (region of Prilep)
Minority language newspapers
Fakti - in Albanian
Koha - in Albanian
Lobi - weekly in Albanian
Nacional - weekly in Albanian
Former
Daily
Den (2012-2012)
Dnevnik (1996-2017)
Fokus (2011-2013)
Kapital (????-2012)
Makedonija Denes (1998-2007)
Makedonski Sport (1998-2018)
Republika (1991-1991)
Shpic (2006-2011)
Sport Press (2009-????)
Utrinski Vesnik (1999-2017)
Vest (2000-2017)
Vreme (2003-2011)
Weekly
Aktuel (2001-2007)
Aktuelnosti (2002-2012) (region of Kočani)
Delo (1993-2005)
Denes (1997-2007)
Ekran (1970-2008)
Emiter (1995-2017)
Ezerski glas (1973-1989) (region of Ohrid)
Forum (1997-2011)
Gragjanski (2012-2013)
Globus (2007-2009)
Kotelec (1979-2004)
Kumanovski Vesnik (2001-2004)
Kumanovski Bulevar (2002-2003) (2004) (region of Kumanovo)
Mlad Borec (1944-1996)
Nacional (2002-2003)
Naroden Glas (region of Prilep)
Nash Vesnik, (1961-2004) (region of Kumanovo)
Nedelno Vreme
Osten (1945-2004)
Polog (region of Tetovo)
Ploshtad, (2013-????) (region of Kumanovo)
Puls (1991-2004)
Republika (2012-2017)
Sega
Skok (1991-2006)
Studentski Zbor
Start (1999-2004)
Vardarski Glas (region of Veles)
Zum (2000-2004)
Twice a month
Nash Svet (1960-1993)
Monthly
Zhena (1990-2005)
Quarterly
Beseda'' (1972-1989) (region of Kumanovo)
See also
List of newspapers
PressOnline - online news service published in Macedonian, Albanian, and English
References
Further reading
Macedonia
List
LIst
Newspapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20North%20Macedonia |
Theodore Dwight (1796–1866), was an American author.
Life
Theodore Dwight was born on March 3, 1796, in Hartford, Connecticut. His father was Theodore Dwight (1764–1846) of the New England Dwight family. His mother was Abigail Alsop (1765–1846), the sister of Richard Alsop (1761–1815). He graduated from Yale College in 1814.
He compiled the travelogues of his uncle, Timothy Dwight IV, previously president of Yale, which he brought to publication in 1821. In 1825, he published the second tourist guidebook in the United States, The Northern Traveller, which he updated with regular editions until 1841. A commentator on American society, he wrote a number of works on child rearing and school reform and, in the 1850s and 1860s, passionately advocated for the cause of Garibaldi and the unification of Italy.
He married Eleanor Boyd on April 24, 1827. Their children were:
Maria Bayard Dwight (February 17, 1828 - February 11, 1852)
Ellen Boyd Dwight (born September 16, 1830), married Captain Charles C. H. Kennedy, who served in the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War
Theodore Dwight III (March 4, 1833 - December 18, 1852)
Mary Alsop Dwight (born March 17, 1836)
Anna Maria Dwight (born November 18, 1837), ran a girls' school with sister Mary
Augusta Moore Dwight (born November 18, 1840), married Sherwood Bissel Ferris
Rebecca Jaffray Dwight (born March 1, 1842), married Fenton Rockwell and had one child Benjamin Fenton Rockwell on December 17, 1868
He died on October 16, 1866, in Brooklyn, New York, from injuries in a train accident while traveling to Newark, New Jersey.
After accompanying his daughter and two grandchildren, he had jumped off the train as it left the station.
Publications
A Journal of a Tour in Italy in the Year 1821 with a Description of Gibraltar (1821)
The Northern Traveller (1825; sixth edition, 1841)
First Lessons in Modern Greek (1833)
The Roman Republic of 1849 (1851)
History of Connecticut (1841)
The Kansas War: or, the Exploits of Chivalry in the Nineteenth Century (1859)
Dwight's American Penny Magazine, and Family Newspaper, later Dwight's American Magazine, and Family Newspaper, weekly, from February 8, 1845, to at least vol. 3, no. 52, December 25, 1847.
References
External links
Yale Obituary record
Frank Luther Scott, [https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica05mott A History of American Magazines 1740-1850]'', 1966, page 364, footnote 81.
1796 births
1866 deaths
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Yale University alumni
19th-century American writers
Historians from Connecticut
Railway accident deaths in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Dwight%20%28author%29 |
Sallyann J. Murphey is an author.
Producer
At the age of 23 she became a producer for the BBC World Service, producing the current affairs program 24 Hours and the magazine program, Outlook. A year later, she moved over to BBC Radio 4 and was appointed a producer to their flagship news and current events program, The World At One. During her five-year tenure there, she rose to the position of program editor, specializing in the inner workings of Great Britain’s Labour Party and in the coverage of the United States. In 1982, she joined BBC1 Television as a news and current affairs producer, working on the daily evening news program, Nationwide, and then on the team who developed Britain’s first-ever morning show, Breakfast Time.
In 1984, Murphey was invited by ITV to establish their American news operation for Good Morning Britain, the then-sister program to Good Morning America. She moved to New York City in 1985, where she met her husband, photographer Greg Murphey, a year later. The couple moved to Chicago, Illinois at the end of her contract. Murphey continued to work as a British journalist, writing investigative features for the London Observer, the Daily Mail and IPC Magazines. She also served as contributing editor on The Chicago Times Magazine and was published in The Utne Reader.
Writer
In 1991, she moved to Brown County, Indiana, where she wrote her first book, Bean Blossom Dreams - A City Family’s Search for a Simple Country Life, which was published by William Morrow in 1994. The book received national acclaim and, a year later, she was selected to write the first work of original fiction ever commissioned by Hallmark and Better Homes and Gardens, who published her short story, "Emma’s Christmas Wish," in 1996. Indiana University Press will be publishing an updated edition of Bean Blossom Dreams in Spring 2008.
Two years later, Putnam Berkley published The Zen of Food - a Philosophy of Nourishment, a collection of essays which uses our attitudes to food as a metaphor for our attitudes to life. Murphey’s work, The Metcalfe Family Album - Six Generations of Traditions and Memories, was published by Chronicle Books in 1999. Nominally a work of fiction in which six generations of women from the same family keep a record of their lives, it is tightly tied to American & Indiana history from 1835 to 1996.
Ms Murphey has appeared on Oprah, Good Morning America, and National Public Radio.
External links
www.sallyannmurphey.com
English journalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallyann%20J.%20Murphey |
This is a list of newspapers published in Malta.
Defunct newspapers
References
Malta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Malta |
Below is a list of newspapers published in Moldova.
Adevărul (Romanian)
Apropo Magazin (Romanian)
Asta Da! (Romanian)
Business Info (Romanian)
Capitala (Romanian)
Contrafort (Romanian)
Cuvântul (Romanian)
Cuvântul Liber (Romanian)
Democraţia (Romanian)
Dnestrovskaya Pravda (Russian)
Eco (Romanian)
ECOnomist (Romanian)
Est Curier (Romanian)
Expresul de Ungheni (Romanian)
Flux (Romanian)
Gazeta de Vest (Romanian)
Glia Drochiană (Romanian)
Jurnal de Chişinău (Romanian)
Kommersant PLUS (Russian)
Limba Română (Romanian)
Literatura şi Arta (Romanian)
Luminătorul (Romanian)
Makler (Russian)
Misionarul (Romanian)
Moldova Azi (Romanian)
Moldova Suverană (Romanian)
Molodezh Moldovy (Russian and Romanian)
Observatorul de Nord (Romanian)
Ora Locală (Romanian)
Otdyhai s Futbolom (Russian)
Plai Sângerean (Romanian)
Relax with Football (Russian)
Săptămîna (Romanian)
Sport Plus (Romanian)
Sud-Est (Romanian magazine)
Sud Expres (Romanian)
Timpul (Romanian)
Trudovoi Tiraspol (Russian)
Unghiul (Romanian)
Viaţa Basarabiei (Romanian)
Ziarul de Gardă (Romanian)
Fizica găurilor, teleportare si levitare (Russian)
Defunct
Ardealul (Romanian)
Basarabia (Romanian)
Basarabia Reînnoită (Romanian)
Cuvânt moldovenesc (Romanian)
Cuvânt moldovenesc (Romanian magazine)
Deşteptarea (Romanian)
Făclia Ţării (Romanian)
Gazeta Românească (Romanian)
Glasul (Romanian)
Glasul Basarabiei (Romanian)
România Nouă (Romanian)
Russian Proriv! (Transnistrian newspaper) (Russian, 2007-2012)
Şcoala Moldovenească (Romanian)
Sfatul Țării (Romanian, 1917–20)
Sfatul Țării (Romanian)
Ţara (Romanian)
Viaţa Basarabiei, 1907 (Romanian)
References
External links
List of online newspapers from Moldova
List of Moldovan media
News aggregator of Moldovan media
Moldova
Newspapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Moldova |
Lake Tahoe Community College (LTCC) is a public community college in South Lake Tahoe, California. It was established in 1975. At an altitude of , it is at the highest elevation of any college in the state.
History
Lake Tahoe Unified School District voters approved the formation of a community College District, with 66% of the vote on March 5, 1974. In September 1975, the college admitted the first 1,407 students. The college opened without a campus; students attended classes at a closed-down local motel facility located on Lake Tahoe Boulevard. The college offered 119 classes, most with ten students or fewer, and the class catalog totaled a few typewritten pages.
The college now serves approximately 2,900 students every quarter.
Facilities
The campus contains a 192-seat black box theater; science, computer, and art labs; a gymnasium; a demonstration garden; and a library and art gallery, which opened in September 2006. A student center that includes a cafe and teaching kitchens for the culinary arts program opened in 2002.
Academics
LTCC offers associate degrees and associate in arts and science transfer degrees for matriculation to four-year institutions. The college also offers career and technical certificates. The college calendar is based on the quarter system, with each quarter 12 weeks long. Following the three quarters of the academic year (Fall, Winter, Spring), there is a six-week summer session.
Equivalent and transferable courses successfully completed at LTCC are given full credit by the University of California and California State University systems. LTCC also offers various financial aid opportunities such as the Board of Governors (BOG) Fee Waiver.
Student life
Extra-curricular campus activities at LTCC include athletics, student government, and student clubs.
Athletics
The college mascot is a coyote, changed in 2014 from the Kokanee salmon. The new mascot was approved in 2014 in preparation for the new college soccer programs.
LTCC has a men's and women's intercollegiate athletics soccer program. Both programs started in Fall 2014. In 2015, LTCC men's soccer went to the California Community Colleges final four.
Student government
The students of Lake Tahoe Community College have established a student body association named Associated Students of LTCC. The association is required by law to "encourage students to participate in the governance of the college".
The governing body of the association is known as the Student Senate of LTCC. The Student Senate serves as the students' voices as well as promoting student life on campus through advocacy projects. A goal of the Student Senate is to "motivate students to participate in policy making that affects their education".
Associated Students of LTCC is a voting member of a statewide community college student organization named Student Senate for California Community Colleges. The statewide Student Senate is authorized by law "to advocate before the Legislature and other state and local governmental entities".
Student clubs
Academic clubs for students include Alpha Gamma Sigma (Honor Society), Art Club, Geology Club, Math Club, Engineering Club and Science Club.
Social clubs include ALLY CLub, Circle K - Kiwanis Service Club, Filipino Club, Future Business Leaders of Tahoe, H.O.P.E (Hispanos Orgullosos Preperándose Para La Excelenia), and International Club.
Sports clubs include Badminton Club, Soccer, Table Tennis, and Volleyball Club.
Accreditation
The college is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges.
References
External links
Official website
California Community Colleges
Universities and colleges in El Dorado County, California
Lake Tahoe
Universities and colleges established in 1975
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
1975 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Tahoe%20Community%20College |
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials is an action-adventure video game with heavy emphasis on stealth. It is part of the Splinter Cell series and was released for the PlayStation Portable handheld system. It was developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft on March 21, 2006. It is the fourth entry in the series and runs on the Unreal Engine 2.
Development
Ubisoft Montreal had been in development of Splinter Cell: Essentials from at least 2005, with Ubisoft Montreal officially announcing the game on January 12, 2006. Once announced, Ubisoft Montreal provided additional details regarding the gameplay, story and more as it was scheduled for spring of 2006. Following the announcement, previews of the game were shown to journalists as more info regarding specific missions and returning features from the classic Splinter Cell series were included in the game. It was revealed that Ubisoft Montreal utilized the Unreal Engine 2 for Essentials, but toned down to run properly on the PlayStation Portable.
Plot
In January 2009, Sam Fisher, a former NSA agent-turned-fugitive, sneaks into a Washington, D.C. cemetery where his daughter, Sarah, who has been recently killed in a car accident, is buried. Fisher is arrested at this grave site, taken into custody and interrogated at the NSA's headquarters in Fort Meade, Maryland. During this time, Fisher recalls past events, that are then played as missions.
In the end, Fisher admits that he had killed his Third Echelon handler, Colonel Irving Lambert. In the final mission, Fisher steals the evidence and escapes from the NSA headquarters where he was being held.
Reception
Critical reaction to Splinter Cell: Essentials was mixed. GameRankings gave it a score of 58.22%, while Metacritic gave it 58 out of 100.
Juan Castro of IGN gave the game a score of 6.3 out of 10, saying: "It feels rushed, even slightly broken during certain parts. Beyond this, the game plays as though it doesn't belong on the PSP. It yearns for a second analog stick and an extra pair of buttons, for instance. Not only that, it suffers quite a bit in the performance department—you'll rarely see the game running smoothly. Making matters worse is that Essentials doesn't look all that spectacular. This from a series that always pushes the boundaries of current technology."
Greg Mueller of GameSpot gave Essentials a score of 5.8 out of 10, saying: "Splinter Cell: Essentials sounds like a fine idea. Take some missions from previous games, mix them up a little, add some entirely new missions, and fit it all onto the PSP. Unfortunately, due to some bad controls, oppressively dark levels, and a worthless multiplayer mode, the result is a game that is more frustrating than it is rewarding."
References
External links
Official Splinter Cell website
2006 video games
Action-adventure games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Essentials
Stealth video games
Tom Clancy games
Ubisoft games
Unreal Engine games
Video games about the United States Navy SEALs
Video games developed in Canada
Video games set in 1992
Video games set in 2004
Video games set in 2009
Video games set in Azerbaijan
Video games set in Colombia
Video games set in France
Video games set in Indiana
Video games set in Indonesia
Video games set in Kansas
Video games set in Maryland
Video games set in New Orleans
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in Serbia
Video games set in Washington, D.C.
Video games set in Belgrade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Clancy%27s%20Splinter%20Cell%3A%20Essentials |
Commemorative coins were released in the USSR between 1965 and 1991. Most of them were made of copper-nickel alloy, but there were also silver coins, gold coins, palladium coins and platinum coins. All of the coins were minted either by the Moscow Mint (Московский монетный двор, ММД) or by the Leningrad Mint (Ленинградский монетный двор, ЛМД). Certain parts of the mintage of almost each coin were minted using the proof coinage technology.
Coins made of copper-nickel alloy
Silver coins
Gold coins
Platinum coins
Palladium coins
References and sources
Books
Websites
Money of Russia - photos of Soviet commemorative gold, platinum and palladium coins
USSR Silver Coins – with photos and descriptions
The Mint – detailed descriptions and photos of 1965–1996 Soviet and Russian commemorative copper-nickel coins
Coins
Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20commemorative%20coins%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union |
The Copper River Highway extends from Cordova along the old railbed of the Copper River and Northwestern Railway. Construction began in 1945, and was originally intended to link Cordova with the state highway system at Chitina. The Million Dollar Bridge, which had carried trains until the CR&NW shut down, was converted for highway use. It is one of two discontinuous segments of Alaska Route 10.
The road extended only slightly beyond the bridge when the Good Friday earthquake of 1964 halted construction and severely damaged the Million Dollar Bridge, collapsing the north span. Temporary repairs were made, and the bridge continued to be used. Permanent repairs were not completed until 2005.
The first of the highway is paved; the rest is gravel. A primitive four-wheel-drive road continues for beyond the end of the highway to the Allen River.
The highway past mile 36 has been de facto abandoned since 2011 due to erosion of the approach to Bridge 339.
Route description
The Copper River Highway begins at the Alaska Marine Highway ferry terminal in Cordova. From there, the highway proceeds through central Cordova, intersecting several small roads and passing residential and commercial buildings. The road exits Cordova, and passes the large Eyak Lake, proceeding to the Merle K. (Mudhole) Smith Airport. The highway then turns to a gravel road and proceeds east and then northeast through both Eyak Corporation land and the Chugach National Forest; however, after passing over several sloughs, the highway now stops after approximately 35 miles due to Bridge 339 having been washed out in 2011
Major junctions
References
Cordova, Alaska
State highways in Alaska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20River%20Highway |
Barry Manilow is the debut album by Barry Manilow, released initially in 1973 by Bell Records.
The original release was unsuccessful, with only around 35,000 copies sold by 1975. After the success of Manilow's second album Barry Manilow II, the album was re-released as Barry Manilow I in 1975 by Arista that had taken over Bell Records. Four songs of the original album were reworked for this version, including "Could It Be Magic" which served as the single for the re-release. The re-released album was certified gold by the RIAA in 1976 for over half a million copies sold.
Record World called the single "Sweet Water Jones" an "Elton John-ish number...about splitting the city for country."
Track listing
All tracks composed by Barry Manilow; except where indicated.
Original 1973 release
Issued on Bell Records as Barry Manilow
This version was remastered and reissued for the first time in 2023 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its original release.
Side 1
"Sing It"
"Sweetwater Jones"
"Cloudburst" (Jimmy Harris, Jon Hendricks, Leroy Kirkland)
"One of These Days"
"Oh My Lady" (Manilow, Adrienne Anderson)
"I Am Your Child" (Manilow, Marty Panzer)
Side 2
"Could It Be Magic" (inspired by Prelude in C Minor, Frédéric Chopin; Manilow, Adrienne Anderson)
"Seven More Years" (Manilow, Marty Panzer)
"Flashy Lady" (Marty Panzer, Ron Dante)
"Friends" (Buzzy Linhart, Mark Klingman)
"Sweet Life"
1975 reissue
Issued on Arista Records as Barry Manilow I
"Sweet Life", "Could It Be Magic", "One of These Days" and "Oh My Lady" were re-recorded at Mediasound Studios, NYC, April 1975 for the re-release on Arista Records.
This version was also remastered and re-issued by Arista Records again in 1989 on CD and Cassette tape.
Album peaked at #64 on Canada’s RPM Album Chart.
Side 1
"Sing It" - 1:16
"Sweetwater Jones" - 2:31
"Cloudburst" - 2:25
"One of these Days" - 2:50
"Oh My Lady" - 3:28
"I Am Your Child" - 2:14
Side 2
"Could It Be Magic" - 6:50
"Seven More Years" - 3:35
"Flashy Lady" - 3:53
"Friends" - 3:05
"Sweet Life" - 3:47
2006 remaster
CD remastered reissue by Arista (Bell Label on Disc) Records as 1973's Barry Manilow with bonus tracks and original cover art.
"Sing It"
"Sweetwater Jones"
"Cloudburst"
"One of these Days"
"Oh My Lady"
"I Am Your Child"
"Could It Be Magic"
"Seven More Years"
"Flashy Lady"
"Friends"
"Sweet Life"
Bonus tracks
<li>"Caroline" (Manilow, Anderson)
<li>"Rosalie Rosie" (Manilow, Anderson)
<li>"Star Children"
<li>"Let's Take Some Time to Say Goodbye" (Arthur Schroeck)
Personnel
Barry Manilow - vocals, piano, arrangements, conductor
Dick Frank - electric guitar
Stuart Scharf - acoustic guitar
Stu Woods - bass
Steve Gadd - drums
Norman Pride - congas, tambourine
with:
Russell George - bass on "Sweetwater Jones", "I am Your Child" and "Sweet Life"
Bob Babbitt - bass on "Flashy Lady"
Bob Mann, Ron Dante - guitar on "Flashy Lady"
Andrew Smith - drums on "Flashy Lady"
Jimmy Maelen - percussion on "Flashy Lady"
Joseph "Grandpa Joe" Manilow - vocals on "Sing It"
Gail Kantor, Melissa Manchester, Merle Miller, Ron Dante, Adrienne Anderson, Jane Scheckter, Jane Stuart, Kathe Green, Laurel Massé, Pamela Pentony, Robert Danz, Sheilah Rae - backing vocals
Technical
Elliot Scheiner - recording, mixing
Jerome Gasper - recording on "Sweetwater Jones", "I am Your Child" and "Sweet Life"
Artie Friedman - remixing on "Sweetwater Jones"
Beverly Weinstein - art direction
Ken Duncan - cover photography
Chart positions
Billboard Albums
1975: Barry Manilow I - Billboard 200 No. 28
Billboard Singles
1975: "Could It Be Magic" - Adult Contemporary No. 4
1975: "Could It Be Magic" - Billboard Hot 100 No. 6
Certifications
References
Barry Manilow albums
1973 debut albums
Bell Records albums
Arista Records albums
Albums produced by Ron Dante | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Manilow%20%281973%20album%29 |
Decapolis was a group of ten cities on the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire in Syria and Judea.
Decapolis or Dekapolis () refers to a group or confederation of ten cities. It may also refer to:
History
Isaurian Decapolis in Cilicia
Decapolis of Katakekaumene, in Lydia
Décapole, alliance of ten towns of the Holy Roman Empire in Alsace, 1354-1679
Modern
Decapolis, Virginia, a community in Madison County
See also
Dodecapolis (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapolis%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Pelobates fuscus is a species of toad in the family Pelobatidae, native to an area extending from Central Europe to Western Asia. It is commonly known as the common spadefoot, garlic toad, the common spadefoot toad and the European common spadefoot.
The common spadefoot grows to a length of approximately for males and for females. The skin colouration varies depending upon habitat, gender and region, but is usually light-grey to beige-brown on the dorsal surface. The skin is mottled by darker marks that differ between individuals. The belly is white, sometimes with grey mottling. Albino specimens have been observed.
Two subspecies are traditionally recognised: Pelobates fuscus fuscus (from central Europe) and Pelobates fuscus insubricus (from Northern Italy). In reality there is no physical or behavioural character allowing to distinguish these supposed subspecies. A recent study showed that there is no haplotype segregation for the populations of Northern Italy, that, therefore, are not to be ascribed to a different subspecies. Haplotypes from some Northern Italian valleys are very characteristic and support a different conception in terms of conservation: not for a different taxonomic position but, instead, for a peculiar differentiation. Populations from eastern Europe appear sufficiently different that they may warrant a separate species status (Pelobates vespertinus).
When alarmed, it emits a very loud call (alarm call) and it can exude a noxious secretion which smells like garlic, hence its common name.
Locations
Pelobates fuscus are seen in the Posavina region. The first findings of tadpoles and the reproductive site of the common spadefoot toad in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Croatia, this species is found along the Mura, Drava and Sava rivers.
References
Amphibians of Europe
Amphibians of Asia
Pelobates
Amphibians described in 1768
Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti
Habitats Directive Species | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelobates%20fuscus |
John McCracken Robinson (April 10, 1794 – April 25, 1843) was a United States senator from Illinois.
Born near Georgetown, Kentucky, he attended the common schools and graduated from Transylvania University at Lexington. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar and began practice in Carmi, Illinois in 1818. He was a judge of the Illinois Supreme Court, and served as a general in the State militia. He was elected in 1830 as a Jacksonian (later a Democrat) to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John McLean. He was reelected in 1835 and served from December 11, 1830, until his retirement on March 3, 1841, and was not a candidate for reelection. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills (Twenty-second Congress) and a member of the Committees on Militia (Twenty-second through Twenty-fourth Congresses) and Post Office and Post Roads (Twenty-fourth through Twenty-sixth Congresses).
Robinson was elected an associate justice of the Illinois Supreme Court in 1843 and served until his death two months later in Ottawa, Illinois. His interment was in the Old Graveyard, Carmi, Illinois.
References
1794 births
1843 deaths
People from Scott County, Kentucky
Jacksonian United States senators from Illinois
Democratic Party United States senators from Illinois
Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
Illinois lawyers
People from Carmi, Illinois
Transylvania University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20M.%20Robinson%20%28Illinois%20politician%29 |
The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles is a series of three novels by Robert Anton Wilson written after his highly successful The Illuminatus! Trilogy and his 1981 Masks of the Illuminati. His co-author from the first trilogy, Robert Shea, was not involved in this series, providing only a praising blurb.
It is composed of three books: The Earth Will Shake (1982) , The Widow's Son (1985) , and Nature's God (1991) . A fourth book, The World Turned Upside Down, was promised at the end of Nature's God but was never written; Wilson also had stated he intended the Chronicles to be a pentalogy. His death in 2007 left the series as a trilogy, incomplete. There is an audiobook of the first novel read by Scott Crisp.
Plot summary
The novels concern the adventures of Sigismundo Celine, an ancestor of the Hagbard Celine character from the Illuminatus! Trilogy, as he blunders through Europe and America during the Enlightenment, constantly fighting to escape becoming a part of history.
In the first book, Sigismundo is an adolescent in Naples, Italy, where his uncle introduces him to the teaching of the Freemasons. In the second book Sigismundo has been banished from Naples because of a lovers' duel. He lives in Paris and is taken captive twice. The first time he is imprisoned in the Bastille, from which he escapes using Masonic techniques of concentration to help distract himself from the pain involved in climbing down from his tower. The second time Sigismundo is imprisoned by a more mysterious group of captors, who seek to convince him that he is a descendant of Jesus Christ. In the third book, Sigismundo finds himself in further exile, in the wilderness of North America.
Kenneth Lamar Noid incident
In 1989, Kenneth Lamar Noid, a mentally ill man, held two employees at a Domino's Pizza restaurant in Chamblee, Georgia hostage, and requested a copy of the series' second novel, The Widow's Son. In an interview between Wilson and James Wallis of ESTWeb, Wallis mentioned "someone held up a fast-food restaurant demanding $100,000, a helicopter and a copy of The Widow's Son." Wilson showed familiarity with the case.
Notes and references
External links
Internet Book List series information
The Earth Will Shake excerpt @ Robert A. Wilson's website
The Widow's Son excerpt @ Robert A. Wilson's website
Discordianism
Science fiction book series
1982 American novels
1985 American novels
1991 American novels
Novels by Robert Anton Wilson
Novels about the Illuminati | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Historical%20Illuminatus%20Chronicles |
The Luhrs Building is a historic ten-story building located at 11 West Jefferson in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona. It was listed on the Phoenix Historic Property Register in 1990. It was built by local businessman George H. N. Luhrs, an original Phoenix City Council member from 1881–85, at a cost of $553,000 USD, and opened on May 17, 1924. At the time, it was the tallest building in Phoenix and was said to be the largest building between El Paso and Los Angeles.
In 2009, the building was renovated with the help of a $500,000 historic preservation grant.
Architecture
The L-shaped Luhrs Building was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by the El Paso architectural firm of Trost & Trost. The building is faced with brown brick, with elaborate marble ornamentation on the uppermost two floors, and a heavy cornice at the top. Jay J. Garfield, a well known local builder was the contractor for the building.
The building's ground floor was leased by the US Treasury Dept. from 1924–1935. The 7th–10th floors were the original location of the Arizona Club, including dining rooms, lounges, a library, and bedrooms for club members. When the Arizona Club moved out of the Luhrs Building in 1971, the upper floors were also converted to office floor space. The 6th floor was originally occupied by Standard Oil.
See also
Luhrs Tower – built in 1929, adjacent to the Luhrs Building.
List of historic properties in Phoenix
Phoenix Historic Property Register
References
Skyscraper office buildings in Phoenix, Arizona
Buildings and structures completed in 1924
Trost & Trost buildings
Beaux-Arts architecture in Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhrs%20Building |
My Documents is the commonly recognized name of a special folder in Microsoft Windows (even though starting with Windows Vista, it is called Documents only, and the actual name of the folder might be different when the language of the installed copy of Windows is not English.) This folder is supposed to be a personal area where users store their personal non-shared documents. However, many software developers have ignored this convention and as a result, this folder has become a dumping ground for the application data such as files containing settings and saved games. Users cannot delete, move or organize these files without causing unwanted behavior in their software.
Until Windows XP, it contained other subfolders such as "My Pictures", "My Music" and "My Videos". Starting with Windows Vista, these subfolders were moved out of My Documents and were made its siblings.
Overview
Microsoft first introduced the "My Documents" folder in Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2, as a standard location for storing user-created files. The folder, located under the root directory of the boot volume. A shortcut to it is displayed directly on the user's desktop.
The Windows NT family of operating systems set up the "My Documents" folder in the user's profile folder. In Windows XP and earlier, the path is \Documents and Settings\[user name]\My Documents\ (alias %USERPROFILE%\My Documents\) on boot volume. A user can later change the physical location of "My Documents". However, "My Documents" in Windows Explorer (and file dialog boxes) doesn't appear as an absolute path. In addition to translation, the display name of the folder might change depending on owner of the folder. For example, if a user who has logged on to Windows XP and later with user account A look at the personal folders of user account B via Windows Explorer, instead of "My Documents", he sees "B's Documents". This customization is achieved using desktop.ini file.
Windows Vista makes a lot of changes to this folder. Dropping "My" in its name, it is stored in \Users\[user name]\Documents regardless of the Windows language. Windows Explorer, however, shows a different display name for it, depending on the chosen language. For instance, an English copy of Windows shows "My Documents", a French copy shows "Mes documents" and a German copy shows "Eigene Dokumente" (changed from "Eigene Dateien" in Windows XP). Additionally, "My Pictures", "My Music" and "My Videos" are not longer stored in it; they are now called "Pictures", "Music" and "Video" and are now its siblings.
Perversion of purpose
This folder is supposed to be a personal area where users store their personal non-shared documents. Users are supposed to be sole authority of what is stored in this folder. Creating, renaming, moving, or deleting the contents of this folder is not supposed to impact the proper execution of installed software. However, many software developers have ignored this convention and as a result, this folder has become a dumping ground for the application data such as files containing settings and saved games. For example:
Remote Desktop Connection creates a hidden Default.rdp file.
Windows PowerShell creates a WindowsPowerShell subfolder.
Microsoft Office creates a Custom Office Templates subfolder.
Fiddler creates a Fiddler2 subfolder.
Calibre creates a Calibre library subfolder.
AutoCAD 2016 creates two subfolders: AutoCAD Sheet Sets and Inventor Server SDK ACAD 2016.
Users cannot delete, move or organize these files without causing unwanted behavior in their software. Their option is to either live with this chaos, or simply store their files elsewhere.
Other "My" folders
Windows 98 introduced two additional folders with a "My" prefix: "My Music" and "My Pictures". They are not present in Windows Server 2003 by default, unless enabled using the Start menu customization. Installing Windows Media Player 10 or 11 on Windows XP adds a "My Videos" folder which Windows Media Player uses to store video files that are shown in its media library. In Windows Vista, "My" prefix is removed and these three folders are expelled out of what is now called "Documents". In addition, other user folders are added: "Contacts", "Downloads", "Favorites", "Links", "Saved Games" and "Searches". Windows 10 adds "OneDrive".
Group Policy
On Windows machines which operate as part of a Windows Server domain, administrators can configure the location of "My Documents" (and other Special Folders) through Group Policy. Corporate desktop deployments commonly redirect "My Documents" to a folder on a file server.
See also
My Briefcase
Home directory
Windows Shell namespace
References
Further reading
Redirect My Documents to the home directory based on security group membership
Windows components
File system directories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Documents |
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