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The term Perfect Master may refer to:
the 5th of 33 degrees in Scottish Rite Freemasonry (French: Maître Parfait)
a title of Jesus in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
a translation of Satguru in Hindu movements and Sant Mat
a term used in the Divine Light Mission (DLM)
a term used by Meher Baba. See Perfect Master (Meher Baba)
George Frayne also known as Commander Cody, was introduced at performances of Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen as "the 29-year old Perfect Master himself, Commander Cody".
Chinese Zhenren (lit. "true/perfect person") is a Daoist term for an enlightened spiritual master | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20Master |
The Island is a novel by Peter Benchley, published in 1979 by Doubleday & Co.
Plot summary
Blair Maynard, a divorced journalist in New York City, decides to write a story about the unexplained disappearance of yachts and other small boats in the Caribbean, hoping to debunk theories about the Bermuda Triangle.
He has week-end custody of his preadolescent son Justin, and decides to mix a vacation with work, taking his son along. They fly from Miami to the Turks and Caicos island chain but, while on a fishing trip, are captured by a band of pirates. The pirates have, amazingly, remained undetected since the establishment of their pirate enclave by Jean-David Nau, the notorious buccaneer L'Olonnais, in 1671. The pirates have a constitution of sorts, called the Covenant, and have a cruel but workable society. They raise any children they capture to ensure the survival of the colony, but kill anyone over the age of thirteen years. In short order, Justin is brain-washed and groomed to lead the pirate band, much to Maynard's horror. Maynard tries repeatedly to escape, and finally attracts the attention of the passing United States Coast Guard cutter New Hope. The pirates attack and capture it, but Maynard is able to use a machine gun aboard to kill most of the pirates and to win Justin's and his own freedom.
Film adaptations
The Island (1980 film), a film directed by Michael Ritchie, was based upon the book; Benchley wrote the screenplay. It starred Michael Caine and David Warner, opened to negative reviews and was considered a box office flop.
References
1979 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels set in the Bermuda Triangle
Novels about pirates
Novels by Peter Benchley
Novels about journalists
Novels set on islands
Doubleday (publisher) books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Island%20%28Benchley%20novel%29 |
Pitchfork was an American post-hardcore band formed in 1986 in San Diego, California and disbanded in 1990. They are most well known as the first "real" band (after high school effort Conservative Itch/Coitus Interruptus) of guitarist John Reis, who would later gain fame as the frontman in Rocket from the Crypt, and as the first collaboration between Reis and singer Rick Froberg (the two would later form Drive Like Jehu and Hot Snakes). As an aspiring visual artist and illustrator, Froberg provided most of the band's artwork while Reis developed his studio skills by acting as producer on their records.
Band history
Pitchfork formed in 1986 in San Diego. The initial lineup consisted of John Reis on guitar and piano, Don Ankrom on bass and Joey Piro on drums. Rick Froberg (who would sometimes use the stage name Rick Farr or Rick Fork) soon joined on vocals. Their musical influences included Mission of Burma, Sonic Youth and others. In 1988 they recorded their first and only vinyl 7", Saturn Outhouse, consisting of three songs and released the following year.
In 1989 Ankrom left the band and was replaced by Nick Frederick. They entered Radio Tokyo studios and recorded their only album, Eucalyptus, which was released the following year on local label Nemesis Records. Froberg provided artwork for the album while Reis acted as producer. The band broke up shortly thereafter.
Following the breakup of Pitchfork Reis and Froberg formed Drive Like Jehu, in which they performed until 1995. Reis simultaneously formed Rocket from the Crypt, which he performed in until 2005. During the 1990s he also released a solo effort under the name Back Off Cupids, and from 2000-2007 performed in the Sultans. From 1999-2005 Reis and Froberg again reunited as the Hot Snakes.
In 2003 Reis re-released Eucalyptus and Saturn Outhouse as a single CD through his record label Swami Records.
After Froberg joined Obits from 2006 to 2015, Reis formed The Night Marchers in 2007. The Hot Snakes now continue after a 2011 reunion.
Band members
Rick Froberg (aka Rick Farr, Rick Fork) – vocals
John Reis – guitar, piano
Don Ankrom – bass (1986–1989)
Nick Frederick – bass (1989–1990)
Joey Piro – drums
Discography
Albums
EPs
External links
Pitchfork band page at Swami Records
Swami Records
American post-hardcore musical groups
Musical groups from San Diego
Swami Records artists
Musical groups established in 1986
Musical groups disestablished in 1990
1986 establishments in California
1990 disestablishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork%20%28band%29 |
The Arts District is a neighborhood on the eastern edge of Downtown Los Angeles, California in the United States. The city community planning boundaries are Alameda Street on the west which blends into Little Tokyo, First Street on the north, the Los Angeles River to the east, and Violet Street on the south. Largely composed of industrial buildings dating from the early 20th century, the area has recently been revitalized, and its street scene slowly developed in the early 21st century. New art galleries have increased recognition of the area amidst the downtown, which is known for its art museums.
Early history
Spanish priest Juan Crespi founded what is now known as the Arts District in 1796 during an expedition to Alta California. During his journey, he discovered a body of water that was surrounded by rich soil. This inspired a passage in his journal that states: "Should a town be needed in this location, this site shall be called Our Lady Queen of the Angels." The small pueblo was declared a new territory for the Spanish and was officially founded on September 4, 1781.
Vignes Street is named for Jean-Louis Vignes, an aging adventurer and vintner who arrived in Los Angeles in 1831 by way of the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) and Bordeaux. He planted grapes on an area span of where Cabernet and Sauvignon Blanc vines imported from the southern France thrived. By 1849, El Aliso, Vignes' vineyard named for the sacred local sycamore tree, was the largest producer of wine in California. The grapes are gone, but the San Antonio Winery just north of the community is a reminder of the area's past.
By the late 19th century, oranges and grapefruits had replaced grapes as the principal agricultural products of the area; as such, the property west of the riverbank was thick with citrus groves. The groves provided a location for filmmaker DW Griffith, who filmed parts of Hollywood's first feature film In Old California there in 1909. A print shop became the area's first commercial arts enterprise, employing artists from around the region designing labels for the boxes of citrus fruits shipped across the country.
The growing Santa Fe Freight Depot and warehouses created to serve the citrus industry's shipping needs determined the area's economic character for most of the next century and were responsible for the architectural flavor of the district's structures that have survived earthquakes, floods, and fires. The freight depot would later, in 2001, became the home for an architecture school and a building in the National Register of Historic Places, after the school relocated there. Please see Art & Art Related Colleges in this article.
The single-room hotels for rail workers to the northwest, and the growth of Little Tokyo to the west and Chinatown to the north, created a mix of working-class and cosmopolitan.
By World War II, the citrus groves had been replaced by factories and the rail freight business was giving way to the trucking industry. The area had taken on an industrial character that was growing seedy around the edges. Over the next twenty years, many of the small independent manufacturers had either been absorbed by larger competitors, grown too big for their quarters–or simply failed—and an increasing number of vacant warehouse and former factory spaces contributed to a dingy, decaying urban environment typical of many aging big American cities of the era.
In the 1950s, many manufacturing companies moved overseas or were overtaken by larger manufacturing companies, resulting in vacant buildings and the lowering of property values. Artists struggling to pay rent in the city started moving to the Arts District in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Before 1979, the Arts District buildings had been zoned for industrial use only. It was not until 1979 that the State of California passed a live/work legislation and in 1981 the city passed the Artist-In-Residence (AIR) bill. This allowed artists to live legally in the areas that could no longer be used for industrial use as long as they obtained a business license. To make living standards more comfortable the building code was lifted. New regulations had been created and the AIR legislation required the lofts to have room to sleep, a fire alarm, and other requirements.
Art scene
1960s
In 1969, Allen Ruppersberg presented Al's Cafe at 1913 West Sixth Street. In the mid-'70s, a handful of artists, including Joel Bass, Dan Citron, Woods Davy, Marc Kreisel, Jon Peterson, Stephen Seemayer, Maura Sheehan, Coleen Sterritt, Sydney Littenberg, Peter Zecher, and others saw opportunity in the empty buildings and began colonizing the area, converting former industrial and commercial spaces into working studios and living quarters, sometimes renting space for as little as a three cents a square foot. This resulted in a surge of artistic activity, culminating in the highly controversial "Downtown L.A. in Santa Barbara" exhibition, organized by Betty Klausner for the Santa Barbara Contemporary Arts Forum, which is now known as the Museum of Contemporary Art Santa Barbara. By the mid-1980s, the following artists were also living downtown: Linda Frye Burman, James Croak, Merion Estes, Joe Fay, George Herms, Mary Jones, Constance Mallinson, Paul McCarthy, Margaret Nielson, Richard Newton, Margit Omar, Lari Pittman, John Schroeder, Judith Simonian, Andy Wilf, and Takako Yamaguchi.
1970s
LA Artcore, founded in 1976 by Lydia Takeshita with the purpose of exhibiting local artists, exists today in locations at the Brewery Art Colony and in Little Tokyo. Lydia Takeshita and LA Artcore are considered the founding forces for the origins of the Arts District. The foundation used to publish the magazine Visions Art Quarterly, which had covered the contemporary art scene at that time.
In 1979, Marc Kreisel opened Al's Bar in the American Hotel on Hewitt just off Traction. This legendary punk rock venue was the training ground for Sonic Youth, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Beck, the Fall, the Residents, introducing generations of Angelenos to dozens of emerging groups. The popular sound band Party Boys played the bars and art events. Also known as the downtown artists' central meeting place, Al's Bar occasionally hosted art exhibitions. Al's Bar, the West Coast's oldest punk club, finally closed in 2001, and the American Hotel received a facelift in 2012 and was renamed the American Apartments. Stephen Seemayer's film The Young Turks (2012) documents the 1979–1981 years.
1970s-1980s
The Atomic Cafe on 1st Street at Alameda was an artist and musician haunt in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions (LACE) created exhibitions at its gallery space, located in the late 70s on Broadway St before moving to Industrial Street in the 1980s. Several commercial art galleries, including Oranges and Sardines, Kirk DeGoyer Gallery, the Downtown Gallery, Vanguard Gallery, Exile, and Galleria by the Water opened in the late seventies, only to close in the early eighties. The Rico Gallery opened in 1988 closed in 1991, Julie Rico Gallery lived on in Santa Monica, CA. Cirrus Editions, the first gallery to open downtown, remains open.
Around 1980, Jon Peterson and Stephen Seemayer opened "DTLA," a club that had exactly one show before it closed, adjacent the Atomic Cafe. High Performance magazine used DTLA as its performance space until its one-year lease was up. In that year, Paul McCarthy performed Monkey Man during the Public Spirit Performance Festival, Part 1. The name DTLA was later adopted by the neighboring coffee house where Beck got his start.
In 1981, the City of Los Angeles passed its "Artist in Residence" or "AIR" ordinance, which allowed residential use of formerly industrial and commercially zoned buildings; artists had long used such spaces as living quarters illegally, and the AIR law sought to bring this practice into legality and regulation. Art galleries, cafes, and performance venues opened as the live/work population grew.
In 1982, the Brewery Art Colony opened in the Arts District in what was a former brewery building. It was described by the Los Angeles Times in 1999 as “world’s largest art complex."
During the '80s, Bedlam, created by artist Jim Fittipaldi, on 6th Street (and later, briefly, in the former premises of Al's bar) was a salon with drawing workshops, art installations, theater, live music, and a speakeasy. Dangerous Curve, on an unsafe curve of 4th Place between Mateo and Molino, put on exhibitions of artists whose work was often difficult to categorize. The Spanish Kitchen, a warehouse space on Third near Traction, was home to series of happenings, events, raves, installations, and blowout parties. It now houses the 3rd Steakhouse and Lounge, an eatery that hosts community events and exhibitions of works by local artists. Cocola (later known as the 410 Boyd St. Bar and Grill), the legendary artists' bar just west of the Arts District, lives on as Escondite.
In 1985, Fritz Frauchiger curated "Off the Street," a "one-time art exhibition" sponsored by the Cultural Affairs Department in the Old City Print Shop, which featured paintings, sculptures, photographs, and installations by 48 Los Angeles artists, most of whom lived downtown.
1990s
In 1994, the nonprofit group Downtown Arts Development Association (DADA) was formed as a spinoff of LARABA by several artist members of the LARABA board of directors in order to provide a platform for the burgeoning downtown art scene; DADA hosted exhibits of more than 400 downtown artists in 1994–1998. After 1994, the heart of the Arts District was Bloom's General Store, presided over by Joel Bloom, a veteran of Chicago's Second City, who became an advocate for the community and who is remembered as The Arts District's once and only unofficial mayor. (Bloom died in 2007, but his memory is honored with a plaque from the city declaring the triangle around Third, Traction, and Rose to be Joel Bloom Square.) Cornerstone Theater, an enterprise that brings community theater to locations all around the country, resided on Traction Avenue for 20 years. Around the corner, on Hewitt at 4th Place, the nonprofit ArtShare offers lessons in art, dance, theater, and music to urban youth and features a small theater once used by Padua Playwrights. Padua stages plays around the city, often in non-traditional environments, and hosts playwriting workshops.
2000s
In 2001, the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc) relocated from Marina Del Rey, California to Downtown Los Angeles, to the former Santa Fe Freight Depot building and has been an anchor for the Arts District.
In February 2020 the website la-artsdistrict.com la-artsdistrict.com was launched to highlight Arts District mural art and artists to the public. It includes a current map of the Arts District and professional photos of the mural artwork found here and in the surrounding downtown LA neighborhoods. The website also highlights local artists with art maps, interviews & photos specific to them.
2020 Arts District mural art.
A+D Museum of architecture and design, which was founded by Stephen Kanner and Bernard Zimmerman in 2001, is located in the Arts District. Natasha Sandmeier was named Executive Director of the museum in 2022.
Landmarks
According to the Los Angeles Conservancy the area's registered landmarks are:
Pickle Works/Citizen Warehouse: 1001 East 1st Street
Challenge Dairy Building: 929 East 2nd Street
Southern California Supply Co.: 810 East 3rd Street
Southern California Institute of Architecture: 960 East 3rd Street
American Hotel: 303 South Hewitt Street
Toy Factory Lofts: 1855 Industrial Street
Biscuit Company Lofts: 1850 Industrial Street
Current status
The city community planning boundaries today are Alameda Street on the west, First Street on the north, the Los Angeles River to the east, and Violet Street on the south. Challenges facing the district today include the loss of affordable live/work lofts, artists, and historically significant buildings. Community leaders are struggling to create balance amidst the economic issues brought about by gentrification and the need to preserve the character of the Arts District as a creative community that has made contributions to the cultural and economic well-being of the city for decades. In 2014, the average annual income for neighborhood residents was $120,000. While the initial decades saw the conversion to residential and commercial uses of low-slung warehouses and industrial spaces, downtown zoning laws could be rewritten to permit the heights of buildings to double, allowing up to 1,500 new residential units to be built in eight-story, edifices.
The Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc) resides in a quarter-mile-long () former Santa Fe Freight Depot built in 1907 that has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Across the street is a 438-unit apartment complex, One Santa Fe, which opened in 2014 and was designed by Michael Maltzan Architecture (MMA).
The century-old Coca-Cola manufacturing plant at 4th and Merrick Streets, around the corner from the oversize Santa Fe railroad dock that houses SCI-Arc, is the latest in adaptive reuse into creative spaces. The three-story brick-clad building was described as the "headquarters for the company's Pacific Coast business and for its export trade in the Hawaiian Islands and Old Mexico" when it was built in 1915. The complex has been renamed Fourth & Traction after Traction Avenue. The Hauser Wirth & Schimmel complex opened in 2016 in buildings that date from the 1890s to the 1940s that occupy an entire city block on East 3rd Street.
The district continues to be a popular location for filming due to its historic vibe. In 2016, the head of the neighborhood's business improvement district stated that "There's not one day where there's not shooting." The popular TV sitcom New Girl takes place largely in an apartment loft located in the Arts District. Filming has become complicated due to the development of the retail sector and residents who will be disturbed by filming at night. Also, many formerly empty lots and streets are now under development where crews used the space to park trucks and trailers.
In 2017 developer Suncal proposed a $2 billion, 1.95 million square-foot mixed-use project which includes two 58-story buildings designed by Herzog and de Meuron. The project, called "6 am," will be located along 6th Street between Mills and Alameda. The live/work space will include 1,700 apartments and condos, shops, offices, hotels, charter schools, and an underground garage. Condos average price will be &1,000 per square foot. New developments have displaced artists since they can no longer afford to be in the Arts District. In 2016 the median price for the property was $714,500, a huge increase from 2013 when open lofts were priced at 370 per square foot.
In 2017, the district received a $15 million award from the Active Transportation Program which will enhance the Arts District with new bike lanes, enhancement of sidewalks, and street lighting. The program will bring two signalized intersections, pedestrian lighting, four pedestrian crosswalks, and one mile of bike lanes. Little Tokyo and Arts District Regional Connector Station have pedestrian and bicycle access with the Sixth Street Viaduct. The bridge, a $588-million span rebuilt in 2022, connects the Arts District to the Eastside and Whittier Boulevard.
Warner Music Group moved into a building in 2019 that formerly housed a Ford Motor Company assembly plant.
Transportation
The Arts District is located near the center of Downtown Los Angeles making it more accessible to alternate forms of transportation. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro) L Line station was located along Alameda Street, though this is currently closed and was replaced by an underground light rail station between Alameda Street & Central Avenue on the A and E lines in 2023 as part of the Regional Connector project. The cross streets are along East First and East Temple Streets. The small neighborhood is also serviced by the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) DASH bus making several stops on Hewitt Street.
Additionally, Metro offers a bike share program in many neighborhoods around the area. The following five stations currently available to pick up or leave a bike are listed below.
740 East 3rd Street
999 East 3rd Street
1245 Factory Place
1301 Willow Street
720 East Temple Street
There are a total of sixteen parking lots scattered around the Arts District. As the area became a social hub for city folk, parking became an issue to local residents. Public and private lots/structures including on-street parking offer a variety of parking options for visitors.
In addition, there is a proposal to extend the terminus of the Los Angeles Metro Rail's B Line and D Line, both heavy rail subway lines, to a station in order to give more efficient public transit to the members of the fast-growing community. It is currently in the environmental review stage, with a report expected to come out in 2022.
Art and Art-related Colleges
The Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc) relocated to the Santa Fe Freight Depot, a building originally constructed in 1907. The school has become an anchor for the arts district.
Otis College of Art and Design was originally in the downtown Los Angeles area in Westlake, across the street from MacArthur Park. For qualified artists, the college was able to offer faculty positions. In 1997, the college moved its main campus to the Westchester area, near the Los Angeles airport.
An art-related school that is presently in the downtown Los Angeles area is presently the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising (FIDM). As of 2023, FIDM is part of Arizona State University (ASU) and is now ASU FIDM. Not far from the Arts District as well is the Los Angeles Fashion District, which was historically a source of jobs for artists working with textile patterns and design.
See also
The Brewery Art Colony
References
External links
Districts of Downtown Los Angeles
Arts districts
Adaptive reuse of industrial structures in Greater Los Angeles
Warehouse districts of the United States
Southern California Institute of Architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts%20District%2C%20Los%20Angeles |
The Silver center cent is an American pattern coin produced by the United States Mint in 1792. As a precursor to the large cent it was one of the first coins of the United States and an early example of a bimetallic coin. Only 12 original examples are known to exist, of which one is located in the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution. Two more specimens (Morris and California) exist but contain fabricated plugs added after minting.
Due to their rarity and historical significance Silver center cents are highly prized by collectors with one graded PCGS MS61 being sold in an online auction in April 2012 for .
Origins
During the early years of the American republic, there was a general consensus that the intrinsic bullion value of the new nation's coinage should be approximately equal to its face value. Some merchants would refuse to accept coins that did not meet this standard. For most denominations, bullion parity was achieved by producing the coins in a gold or silver alloy. However, the Coinage Act of 1792 specified that the cent was to consist of 11 pennyweight (264 grains or 17.1 g) of pure copper. Such a weight, needed to maintain intrinsic value, would have been too heavy for practical everyday use.
U.S. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson suggested an alternative: a coin made of an alloy that was primarily copper, but that included enough silver to give a reasonably-sized coin an intrinsic value of one cent. This billon alloy was considered by the U.S. Mint, but U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton feared that it would be too susceptible to counterfeiting, since its appearance differed little from that of pure copper. In 1792, the Mint's chief coiner, Henry Voigt, hit upon a solution: a copper planchet, slightly smaller than that of a modern quarter, with a small silver "plug" inserted in a center hole during the striking process. The silver plug would have been worth approximately ¢ at contemporary bullion prices, while the copper planchet added an additional ¢ of intrinsic value. Several such coins were produced as test pieces. Ultimately, the additional labor required for these bimetallic coins proved unsuitable for mass production, and the large cent that was produced for circulation starting in 1793 consisted of 208 grains of 100% copper.
Design
The obverse of the silver center cent features a right-hand facing Liberty head with flowing unbound hair. The date appears below the portrait, and the words "LIBERTY PARENT OF SCIENCE & INDUST." are inscribed in a circular pattern around the central devices. The reverse design consists of a wreath with the words "ONE CENT" in the center, and the fraction "1/100" below. Surrounding the wreath, "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" is inscribed.
Specimens
References
Bi-metallic coins
One-cent coins of the United States
Goddess of Liberty on coins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20center%20cent |
Rock the Night is a title used for various releases by the hard rock band Europe:
"Rock the Night" (song) - single released from the album The Final Countdown
Rock the Night: The Very Best of Europe - "Greatest Hits" CD
Rock the Night: Collectors Edition - DVD that includes music videos and live footage
Other uses
Rock the Night (Robert Walker album), the first live album by American blues guitarist Robert Walker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20the%20Night |
The Orto Botanico di Palermo (Palermo Botanical Garden) is both a botanical garden and a research and educational institution of the Department of Botany of the University of Palermo. The garden lies within the city of Palermo, Italy at above sea-level. It covers about on top of red soil that has evolved on a limestone tuff substratum.
Brief history
The earliest beginnings of the gardens go back to 1779, when the Accademia dei Regi Studi created the chair of "Botany and medicinal properties". A modest plot of land was allocated to develop a small botanical garden dedicated to the cultivation of plants with medicinal benefits, for the twin objectives of general learning and improving public health.
Initially a site near Porta Carini utilized a site of the former fortified bastions facing the seaside from the walls of the city. These bastions were demolished in 1774–1778 under the praetorship of Antonino La Grua Talamanca, marchese de Regalmici, and later Prince of Carini, and reassigned for the botanical gardens. This initial garden allotment soon proved too small, and in 1786 it was decided to move to the present site, right next to the Piano di Sant'Erasmo, best remembered for the unfortunate events that occurred there during the Spanish Inquisition. The site had been orchards belonging to the former villa Giulia. Patronizing the development was the praetor Bernardo Filangieri, count of San Marco and the noblemen Giovanni Battista Paterno Asmondo and Ignazio Vanni.
In 1789 construction of the main part of the administrative buildings of the garden commenced in a neoclassical style. It is constructed with a central building, the Gymnasium, and two side buildings, the Tepidariumand the Caldarium, designed by the Frenchman Léon Dufourny, who had also designed a part of the oldest section of garden, right next to the Gymnasium. Its rectangular layout is divided into four quadrangles, within which the species are categorised according to Carl Linnaeus' system of classification. The new garden was opened in 1795; in the ensuing years it was improved, with the Aquarium (1798), a great pool hosting numerous species of aquatic plants, and the serra Maria Carolina (or Maria Carolina glasshouse), completed in 1823. The huge Ficus macrophylla, which is an emblem and a well-known attraction of the modern garden, was imported from Norfolk Island (Australia), in 1845. Today's area, some 10 hectares, was reached in 1892, following successive extensions. In 1913 the Giardino coloniale (Colonial garden) was developed alongside the botanic gardens, but that no longer exists. The gardens have been managed by the Department of Botany since 1985.
Chronological listing of the directors of the gardens
Buildings, features and the collection
Gymnasium, Calidarium and Tepidarium
The central neo-classical building, known as the Gymnasium, is located near the main entrance gate. Originally it was the main office of the Schola Regia Botanice (school of botany), the Herbarium, the library and the director's office.
Two smaller buildings are located either side of the Gymnasium in perfect symmetry. To this day they are called the Calidarium and the Tepidarium because originally they housed plants from warm and temperate zones respectively (caldo meaning "hot" in Italian).
Linneian section
This is the oldest section of the gardens, laid out in a rectangular shape and divided into four quadrangles, the "quatrains" (or quartini). Each quatrain is further divided into flowerbeds, within which the plants were originally organised along the lines of the Linneian system of classification. The design of this section has gradually changed over time to display certain specimens at the expense of others that are now gone. At the centre of this section, is the particularly evocative “cross”, the small plaza that results from the intersection of the central axis (the Viale centrale) with the tree lined avenue of palms (the Viale delle palme).
The Aquarium and other water features
The Aquarium, a large round pool divided into 24 sections, is located at the end of the central avenue. The design consists of three concentric rings which are divided into 8 wedges, each being a home to a variety of acqautic flora.
The "lagoon" is located a few metres further down from the Acquariam and is another ample water feature in which the plants are arranged informally. Other smaller ponds are located in the quatrains of the Linneian section.
The greenhouses
Over time the gardens have benefitted from the development of a series of greenhouses that currently comprise a surface area of some 1,300 mq.
The oldest of these greenhouses is the serra Maria Carolina (serra is Italian for greenhouse), a gift from Queen Maria Carolina of Austria, also known as the Giardino d'Inverno (the winter garden). Originally it was constructed of wood and heated by stoves, over the course of the second half of the 19th century, it was completely rebuilt of cast-iron.
Other greenhouses include:
the greenhouse of succulents, containing plants from hot-arid zones;
the experimental greenhouse, that currently house bananas and papaya ;
the greenhouse of the region, containing plants of the warm-humid zones;
the greenhouse for the preservation of succulents, an annex of the Department of Botany;
the greenhouse of ferns.
Bioecological and geographic zone
In this section plants are arranged according to bioecological and geographic criteria. Here one finds the Giardino a succulente ("Garden of succulents"), consisting of an assortment of plants from the arid zones of Africa; the Palmetum; the Cycadetum; e la collinetta mediterranea (mediterranean hillside) which includes various significant species endemic to the Mediterranean, including some specimens which represent rare and endangered species.
Experimental and research zone
In the experimental zone, situated to the side of the Winter Garden, tropical and subtropical plants are cultivated for the purposes of research. Studies currently in train or recently undertaken include those on cotton, vegetables, sugar cane and sorghum. The zone dedicated to plants of a practical application, which extends over the south west part of the gardens, consists of terrain set apart for plants yielding a variety of oils, resins and fibres.
Engler's zone
Also known as the nuovo settore (the new zone), it comprises the southern section of the gardens within which the plants are arranged in accordance with the classification system of Engler. The species are partitioned into three sections, each dedicated in turn to the gymnosperms, the angiosperms, the dicotyledons and the liliopsida.
The herbarium
The modern Herbarium mediterraneum, accommodated within a few buildings adjacent to the gardens, covers a surface area of some 6,000 m2.
The main part of the collection comprises the Erbario Siculo and the Erbario Generale of the Department of Botany, estimated to be around 50,000 and 200,000 specimens respectively. Of the latter group, around a quarter represent plants native to the mediterranean.
The non Sicilian specimens are mainly from Portugal, Spain, France, Corsica, Sardinia, Greece, Crete, Cyprus, Algeria and Egypt.
It also includes around 2,000 specimens of algae, 1,600 of lichen, 4,700 of bryophyte and a thousand odd of fungus.
Gene bank
The gene bank, having been started in 1993, is part of a broader project to protect the genetic material of the region's flora.
The main objective of the bank is the conservation ex situ, both short and long term, of all seeds endemic to the region, rare or endangered. Once they have been collected, the seeds are immediately treated and conserved in ampoules, all managed by the institution and available for exchange with others. The seeds are periodically tested for their propensity to germinate.
The bank forms part of the RIBES network (Rete Italiana delle Banche per la conservazione Ex-Situ del germoplasma).
Summary of the species present
(See also the full list of species of plants growing in the gardens further below).
The gardens are currently home to at least 12,000 different species.
Having been developed during the great age of exploration, between the second half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century the gardens became an important point of reference for the bigger botanical gardens of Northern Europe. Because of Palermo's favourable climate, they transferred a good number of unknown, poorly classified and exotic tropical species there. In this context, the relationship between the Berlin Botanic Garden, under the stewardship of Adolf Engler, and those of the originating areas of the new world proved to be extremely important.
As an illustrative example of the role of the Palermo Botanic Garden, consider the introduction into the Mediterranean of the mandarin (Citrus deliciosa) and the loquat (Eriobotrya japonica).
The early Linneian plantings consisted of 1,580 different species, of which 658 still exist. Of these specimens, the most notable is the mighty Ginkgo biloba.
In the Aquarium many species of Nymphaea are to be found, including Nymphaea alba, Nymphaea tuberosa hybrids of Nymphaea × marliacea, the multicoloured Nuphar lutea and Nelumbum nucifera. Moreover, in the areas further in that are not submerged but humid nevertheless, one finds Alocasia, Colocasia, Zantedeschia, while in a nearby pond, the so-called laghetto, Egyptian papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) and other cyperaceae such as Scirpus lacustris and Cyperus alternifolius are absolutely thriving.
Various species of bamboo grow nearby and directly behind here, atop a small artificial hill, there is a healthy specimen of the drago tree (Dracaena draco). Not too far away one can see the tallest plant of the gardens, a magnificent Araucaria columnaris, and the largest overall in terms of volume, a gigantic specimen of Ficus macrophylla, with its typical aerial roots, imported from Norfolk Island (a territory of Australia in the Pacific Ocean), in 1845. It is also a native of the east coast of Australia and is known as the Moreton Bay Fig.
The giardino a succulente (the garden of succulents) of the bioecological zone is home to numerous species of the genus Aloe and various other plants of arid regions, including Cereus, Crassula, Euphorbia and Opuntia. Alongside the collection of succulents, there is a huge specimen of Ficus rubiginosa, recreating an environment reminiscent of a tropical jungle.
In the area containing Cycadetum there are certain species of Cycadales that have a notable history. Of these we have Cycas revoluta, donated by Queen Maria Carolina in 1793, was the first such specimen to find a permanent home in Europe. In the following stage of the gardens' development Zamiaceae Ceratozamia mexicana and Dioon edule, were both introduced from Mexico, as was Cycas circinalis, an elegant species from the Indian sub-continent. In 1997 the collection was further improved by the acquisition of a variety of worthy specimens, including Dioon spinulosum, Encephalartos altensteinii, Encephalartos longifolius, Encephalartos villosus, Macrozamia moorei and Zamia furfuracea.
In the area dedicated to palms one can find Chamaerops humilis, the only palm native to Sicily, and numerous exotic palms, in which the gardens are particularly blessed. Amongst both potted and fully cultivated specimens, one can count a good 34 genera and around 80 species. The genus Washingtonia is represented by W. filifera, that flowered in Palermo for the first time ever, and by W. robusta. In the genus Phoenix, apart from the common date (Phoenix dactylifera) there are also P. rupicola, P. reclinata, P. canariensis, P. roebelenii and P. teophrastii. There are also many other genera: Chamaedorea, Brahea, Sabal, Erythea, Livistona, Howea and Trachycarpus.
The Giardino d'Inverno (Winter Garden) is home to a number of species native to the warmer climes of Africa, Central America, South America, Asia and Australia. Amongst those that are worth a brief mention, we have the coffee plant (Coffea arabica), papaya (Carica papaya), numerous species of Bougainvillea, cinnamon (Cinnamomum ceylanicum), (Parmentiera cereifera) and mimosa (Mimosa spegazzinii). In the serra della Regione (glasshouse of the regions), there are potted specimens of (Ravenala madagascariensis) (the traveller's palm) and various species of Anthurium, Codiaeum, Pandanus and other plants from tropical and equatorial climes. Two smaller glasshouses are located alongside this one, housing orchids and carnivorous plants respectively. Also notable is the collection of succulents contained in the similarly titled glasshouse, amongst which we find specimens of Echinocactus grusonii of considerable dimensions.
In the Settore Sperimentale e delle Piante Utili (Experimental zone and zone of practical plantings) plants which produce foodstuffs are exhibited, such as sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and (Sorghum saccharatum), both used for the production of sugar; avocado (Persea americana), various cultivars of banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana), pecan nut, not to mention an extensive collection of vegetable plants with over 100 cultivars of great historical interest and hugely important in terms of the conservation of a local gene pool. Lastly we have the medicinal plantings, including Artemisia absinthium, Datura stramonium, ginseng (Withania somnifera), la camphour (Cinnamomum camphora) and the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
Odd spot
For a few years now the gardens have been home to a colony of parrots of the species Psittacula krameri, having escaped from the aviaries of the nearby Villa Giulia and are perfectly at home in the subtropical habitat of the gardens.
Useful information
The gardens are open to visitors during the working week from 9.00am to 5.00pm (from April to October to 6.00pm).
Weekend hours are from 8.30am to 1.30pm.
E-mail: info@ortobotanico.palermo.it
See also
Palermo
Botanical garden
List of botanical gardens in Italy
References
Lima A.I.. L'Orto Botanico di Palermo. S.F.Flaccovio Editore, Palermo 1978
Raimondo F.M., Di Martino A., Mazzola P. L' orto botanico di Palermo. La flora dei tropici nel cuore del mediterraneo. Arbor Editore, 1993
Raimondo F.M., Scialabba A. - The role and function of germplasm in the context of the Palermo Botanical Garden. Giorn. Bot. Ital.,1994; 128(1): 414.
External links
Home page of the Department of Botany, University of Palermo (in Italian)
Article on the gardens in PROMETHEUS, a periodical focusing on cultural matters (in Italian)
Official site of the gardens (in Italian and English)
Palermo
Neoclassical architecture in Palermo
Gardens in Palermo
Buildings and structures in Palermo
Gene banks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto%20botanico%20di%20Palermo |
Urban Carmichael (January 11, 1952 - February 13, 2006) was a storyteller, comic, songwriter and entertainer from Prince Edward Island, Canada. Known and loved across Canada and the US for his rural based humour and his dedication to the continuance of the oratorical traditions of Prince Edward Island and his Irish heritage. Carmichael was also a gifted writer, creating copy for radio and television. He is widely believed to have been the greatest storyteller in Island history. His trademark phrases are so numerous and familiar to Islanders that they are commonly referred to as "Urbanisms".
Carmichael was the son of John and Mary (Murphy) Carmichael and one of 10 children. He began performing as a child and continued to do so for more than 35 years. He gave countless Maritime performers their first opportunities for live performance, was a beloved mentor to many, and he shared the stage with most of the greatest performers in Atlantic Canada and beyond. For five years he performed with fiddler Connor O'Callaghan in the Celtic Review that bore his name at Orwell Corner Historic Village on PEI. Carmichael's final performance was on the stage of the Confederation Centre of the Arts in Charlottetown, for the CBC Radio production Madly Off in All Directions with host Lorne Elliott, just weeks before his death.
Carmichael died at the age of 54 after a five-year battle with esophageal cancer. He was surrounded by those who loved him and he is buried at his childhood parish in Vernon River, Prince Edward Island.
Discography
I Couldn't Make it to Your Party...So I Sent My Tape! (1992)
Scatter My Ashes (1994)
Wanted Live! (1996)
Come From the Heart (2000)
The Island According to Urban Carmichael (2005)
Publications
Roadkill (2005)
References
1952 births
2006 deaths
Canadian humorists
Deaths from cancer in Prince Edward Island
Deaths from esophageal cancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20Carmichael |
Albrecht Ludwig Berblinger (24 June 1770 – 28 January 1829), also known as the Tailor of Ulm, is famous for having constructed a working heavier-than-air flying machine, presumably a hang glider.
Early life
Berblinger was the seventh child of a poor family. When he was 13, his father died, and he was sent to an orphanage. There he was forced to become a tailor, although he wanted to become a watchmaker. He became a master craftsman at 21, but he still was interested in mechanics. In his spare time in 1808, he invented an artificial limb with a moveable joint for a soldier who had lost a leg.
Flight attempts
One of Berblinger's inventions was considered to be an early hang glider. He worked on it for years, improving it by watching the flight of owls. He was derided by many, and he was threatened with exclusion from the guild. He was ordered to pay a large fine for working outside of the guild, and the project cost him a considerable sum of money. King Frederick I of Württemberg became interested in his work and sponsored him with 20 Louis.
He tried to demonstrate the glider on the evening of 30 May 1811 in the presence of the king, his three sons, and the crown prince of Bavaria. The king and a large number of citizens waited for the flight, but Berblinger canceled it, claiming that a wing was damaged. The next day he made a second attempt from a higher location – the Adlerbastei (Eagles Bastion). The King had left by this time, but his brother Duke Heinrich and the princes stayed to watch. Berblinger waited so long for a good wind that a policeman finally gave him a push, and Berblinger fell into the Donau (Danube). Other accounts of this incident omit the policeman and contend that the cold Donau (Danube) and the temperature differential over it prevented the glider from lifting. He survived and was rescued by fishermen, but his reputation was ruined as a result, and his work suffered. He was 58 years old when he died in a hospital.
The story of the tailor who tried to fly subsequently resulted in some fleer and allusions in publications of the 19th century. Wilhelm Busch drew a man falling into a stream in his picture story "Max and Moritz", a reference to Berblinger's failed flight.
It was not until the end of the century that Otto Lilienthal proved the feasibility of heavier-than-air flight.
Reception
A reconstruction of Berblinger's flying device (in the form of a pair of wings) can be seen in the Ulm Rathaus (City Hall) suspended above the stairwell near the Standesamt (Registrary) where civil weddings are held. There is also another reconstruction of the glider at the ground level of building B in the Fachhochschule (University of Applied Science) Ulm.
In 1986 it was proven that Berblinger's glider was capable of sustained flight, but it was almost impossible to cross the Danube, even with most modern gliders.
Bertolt Brecht wrote a ballad about Berblinger in 1934.
A commemorative medal was issued in 1928 depicting the event.
The German Academy of Aviation Medicine (now the European School of Aviation Medicine) named an annual award for young scientists in his honor.
See also
The Tailor from Ulm, a 1979 German film relating the story of Berblinger's early flights.
External links
Adlerbastei (Eagles Bastion) - Where Berblinger launched from.
Notes
berblinger.ulm.de
1770 births
1829 deaths
Aviation pioneers
Aviation inventors
German aviators
Engineers from Ulm
German tailors
19th-century German inventors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht%20Berblinger |
Senegal competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Results by event
Athletics
Men's 100 metres
Charles-Louis Seck
Heat — 10.57 (→ did not advance)
Men's 200 metres
Ibrahima Tamba
Men's 800 metres
Babacar Niang
Men's 400 m Hurdles
Amadou Dia Ba
Heat — 49.47 (→ did not advance)
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Charles-Louis Seck, Amadou M'Baye, Seynou Loum, and Oumar Loum
Men's Long Jump
Badara Mbengue
Qualification — DNS (→ did not advance)
Women's 100 metres
N'Dèye Dia
Women's 400 metres
Aïssatou Tandian
Judo
Men's Half-Lightweight
Pierre Sène
Men's Lightweight
Malick Seck
Men's Half-Middleweight
Amadou Guèye
Men's Middleweight
Aly Attyé
Men's Half-Heavyweight
Moussa Sall
Men's Heavyweight
Khalif Diouf
Swimming
Men's 50 m Freestyle
Mouhamed Diop
Heat — 24.69 (→ did not advance, 49th place)
Bruno N'Diaye
Heat — 25.35 (→ did not advance, 57th place)
Men's 100 m Freestyle
Mouhamed Diop
Heat — 55.82 (→ did not advance, 64th place)
Bruno N'Diaye
Heat — 56.39 (→ did not advance, 68th place)
Men's 200 m Individual Medley
Mouhamed Diop
Heat — 2:23.92 (→ did not advance, 50th place)
Wrestling
Men's Greco-Roman Heavyweight
Alioune Diouf
Men's Greco-Roman Super-Heavyweight
Bounama Touré
Men's Freestyle Heavyweight
Alioune Diouf
Men's Freestyle Super-Heavyweight
Mor Wade
References
Senegalese Olympic Committee
Official Olympic Reports
sports-reference
Nations at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1992
Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal%20at%20the%201992%20Summer%20Olympics |
Ludger Pistor (born 16 March 1959) is a German actor.
Career
Born in Recklinghausen, Pistor has played many roles in numerous German-language films and TV productions. He has also appeared in English-language films including the Academy Award-winning Schindler's List and the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale as the Swiss banker Mendel.
Filmography
References
External links
Official Homepage
1959 births
Living people
People from Herten
German male film actors
German male television actors
20th-century German male actors
21st-century German male actors
People from Recklinghausen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludger%20Pistor |
Senegal competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Amadou Dia Ba won the nation's first ever Olympic medal.
Medalists
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Athletics
Men
Track and road events
Women
Track and road events
Judo
Swimming
Men
Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Freestyle
References
Senegalese Olympic Committee
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Nations at the 1988 Summer Olympics
1988
Oly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal%20at%20the%201988%20Summer%20Olympics |
The Plymouth Howler is a roadster concept car designed and built by Plymouth. It was first presented at the 1999 SEMA Show. It has been described as a redesigned Prowler with increased cargo space compared to previous Prowler models and has 4.7L V8 engine. The engine is mated to a five speed manual transmission, instead of the Prowler's four speed automatic. This freed up some room in the undercarriage to enlarge the gas tank for the thirstier V8. The Howler also has a removable hardtop instead of the traditional ragtop of the Prowler. The top is manually removed, and can be stored in a compartment behind the seats.
References
Howler
Retro-style automobiles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth%20Howler |
Ochre River is a local urban district in the Rural Municipality of Lakeshore, Manitoba, Canada, approximately halfway between the City of Dauphin and Ste. Rose du Lac.
It was founded by Sir Douglas Thompson (May 12, 1854 – March 23, 1938) in 1893 as a farming community; many of the buildings have survived since.
Located within the community is Ochre River railway station, which is served by Via Rail. The community also has a post office, hotel, school, community centre, and a municipality office.
The community holds a yearly festival called "Country Daze".
References
Local urban districts in Manitoba
Unincorporated communities in Parkland Region, Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre%20River%2C%20Manitoba |
The Mandel is a long river in the Belgian province of West Flanders, left tributary of the Leie (Lys). Its source is located in Passendale. It flows through Roeselare and Ingelmunster, and flows into the Leie near Waregem.
Rivers of Belgium
Rivers of West Flanders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandel%20%28river%29 |
Senegal competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. Out of 24 contestants, no medals were won by Senegal on this occasion.
Results by event
Athletics
Men's 100 metres
Charles-Louis Seck
Men's 400 metres
Boubacar Diallo
Heat — 46.73 (→ did not advance)
Men's 800 metres
Moussa Fall
Babacar Niang
Men's 400m Hurdles
Amadou Dia Bâ
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Mamadou Sène
Hamidou Diawara
Ibrahima Fall
Charles-Louis Seck
Saliou Seck
Men's 4 × 400 m Relay
Boubacar Diallo
Babacar Niang
Moussa Fall
Amadou Dia Bâ
Men's 3,000 Metres Steeplechase
Mamadou Boye
Men's Triple Jump
Mamadou Diallo
Women's High Jump
Constance Senghor
Qualification — 1.70m (→ did not advance, 27th place)
Judo
Men's Extra-Lightweight
Djibril Sall
Men's Lightweight
Ibrahima Diallo
Men's Half-Middleweight
Ousseynou Guèye
Men's Half-Heavyweight
Abdul Daffé
Men's Heavyweight
Khalif Diouf
Men's Open Class
Lansana Coly
Sailing
Mixed's Windsurfer
Babacar Wade
Shooting
Men's Rapid-Fire Pistol (25 metres)
Mamadou Sow
Men's Free Pistol (50 metres)
Amadou Ciré Baal
Wrestling
Men's Freestyle Flyweight
Talla Diaw
Men's Freestyle Light-Heavyweight
Amadou Katy Diop
Men's Freestyle Heavyweight
Ambroise Sarr
Men's Freestyle Super-Heavyweight
Mamadou Sakho
References
Official Olympic Reports
Senegalese Olympic Committee
Nations at the 1984 Summer Olympics
1984
Oly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal%20at%20the%201984%20Summer%20Olympics |
In 1790, Pope Pius VI entirely revised the ecclesiastical map of France to fit the new administrative map: dioceses were now to coincide with departments (the new administrative units), and consequently all Ancien Régime dioceses disappeared. Many former bishoprics remained heads of the new dioceses, but many cities lost their bishop. But the papacy did not accept those changes, and for more than a decade, the new French ecclesiastical hierarchy was technically in schism with Rome.
In 1801, following the Concordate First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte signed with Pope Pius VI, a compromise was found, but it was not before the late 1810s that a stable ecclesiastical organisation was reached, in which one diocese was more or less coterminous with one department. A few exceptions were retained, especially in departments where there was a particularly numerous population.
In December 2002, Pope John Paul II completely redrew the map of French ecclesiastical provinces: for this, see the post-2002 List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of France.
The following is a list of French ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses from 1825 to 2002. Except where stated, one diocese coincided with one department.
Province of Aix
Archdiocese of Aix = Bouches-du-Rhône, minus the arrondissement of Marseille
Diocese of Ajaccio = Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud
Diocese of Digne = Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Diocese of Fréjus = Var
Diocese of Gap = Hautes-Alpes
Diocese of Nice = Alpes-Maritimes
Province of Albi
Archdiocese of Albi = Tarn
Diocese of Cahors = Lot
Diocese of Mende = Lozère
Diocese of Perpignan = Pyrénées-Orientales
Diocese of Rodez = Aveyron
Province of Auch
Archdiocese of Auch = Gers
Diocese of Aire-et-Dax = Landes
Diocese of Bayonne = Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Diocese of Tarbes, renamed as Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes in 1912 = Hautes-Pyrénées
Province of Avignon
Archdiocese of Avignon = Vaucluse
Diocese of Montpellier = Hérault
Diocese of Nîmes = Gard
Diocese of Valence = Drôme
Diocese of Viviers = Ardèche
Province of Besançon
Archdiocese of Besançon = originally Doubs
Diocese of Belfort-Montbéliard, detached from Besançon in 1979 = Territoire de Belfort and arrondissement of Montbéliard in the département of the Doubs
Diocese of Nancy = originally Meurthe; after 1871, Meurthe-et-Moselle
Diocese of Saint-Claude = Jura
Diocese of Saint-Dié = Vosges
Diocese of Verdun = Meuse
Province of Bordeaux
Archdiocese of Bordeaux = Gironde
Diocese of Agen = Lot-et-Garonne
Diocese of Angoulême = Charente
Diocese of La Rochelle = Charente-Maritime
Diocese of Luçon = Vendée
Diocese of Périgueux = Dordogne
Diocese of Poitiers = Vienne and Deux-Sèvres
Province of Bourges
Archdiocese of Bourges = Cher and Indre
Diocese of Blois = Loir-et-Cher
Diocese of Chartres = Eure-et-Loir
Diocese of Clermont = Puy-de-Dôme
Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay = Haute-Loire
Diocese of Limoges = Haute-Vienne and Creuse
Diocese of Orléans = Loiret
Diocese of Saint-Flour = Cantal
Diocese of Tulle = Corrèze
Province of Cambrai
Archdiocese of Cambrai = originally Nord
Diocese of Lille, detached from Cambrai in 1913 = arrondissements of Lille and Dunkerque
Diocese of Arras = Pas-de-Calais
Province of Chambéry
Archdiocese of Chambéry, Maurienne, and Tarentaise = Savoie
Diocese of Annecy = Haute-Savoie
Province of Lyon
Archdiocese of Lyon = originally Rhône and Loire
Diocese of Saint-Étienne, detached from Lyon in 1970 = Loire, minus the arrondissement of Roanne
Diocese of Autun = Saône-et-Loire
Diocese of Belley, renamed as Belley-Ars in 1888 = Ain
Diocese of Dijon = Côte-d'Or
Diocese of Grenoble = Isère
Diocese of Langres = Haute-Marne
Province of Paris
Archdiocese of Paris = Originally, département of the Seine, now only the City-département of Paris
Diocese of Créteil, detached from Paris in 1966 = Val-de-Marne
Diocese of Nanterre, detached from Paris in 1966 = Hauts-de-Seine
Diocese of Saint-Denis-en-France, detached from Paris in 1966 = Seine-Saint-Denis
Diocese of Versailles = Yvelines
Diocese of Évry–Corbeil-Essonnes, detached from Versailles in 1965 = Essonne
Diocese of Pontoise, detached from Versailles in 1966 = Val-d'Oise
Diocese of Meaux = Seine-et-Marne
Province of Reims
Archdiocese of Reims = département of the Ardennes and arrondissement of Reims in the département of the Marne
Diocese of Amiens = Somme
Diocese of Beauvais = Oise
Diocese of Châlons-en-Champagne = Marne, minus the arrondissement of Reims
Diocese of Soissons = Aisne
Province of Rennes
(detached from Tours in 1859)
Archdiocese of Rennes = Ille-et-Vilaine
Diocese of Quimper = Finistère
Diocese of Saint-Brieuc = Côtes-d'Armor
Diocese of Vannes = Morbihan
Province of Rouen
Archdiocese of Rouen = originally the whole of Seine-Maritime
Diocese of Le Havre, detached from Rouen in 1974 = arrondissement of Le Havre in Seine-Maritime
Diocese of Bayeux and Lisieux = Calvados
Diocese of Coutances and Avranches = Manche
Diocese of Évreux = Eure
Diocese of Sées = Orne
Province of Sens
Archdiocese of Sens and Auxerre = Yonne
Diocese of Moulins = Allier
Diocese of Nevers = Nièvre
Diocese of Troyes = Aube
Province of Toulouse
Archdiocese of Toulouse = Haute-Garonne
Diocese of Montauban = Tarn-et-Garonne
Diocese of Pamiers = Ariège
Diocese of Carcassonne = Aude
Province of Tours
Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tours = Indre-et-Loire
Diocese of Angers = Maine-et-Loire
Diocese of Le Mans = originally Sarthe and Mayenne
Diocese of Laval, detached from Le Mans in 1855 = Mayenne
Diocese of Nantes = Loire-Atlantique
Under the direct authority of the Holy See
Diocese of Marseille = arrondissement of Marseille in the Bouches-du-Rhône département
Diocese of Metz = Moselle
Diocese of Strasbourg = Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin
Overseas ecclesiastical provinces
Antilles-Guyane
(province created in 1867)
Archdiocese of Fort-de-France and Saint-Pierre, created in 1850 = Martinique
Diocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre, created in 1850 = Guadeloupe
Diocese of Cayenne, created in 1956 = French Guiana
Under the direct authority of the Holy See
Saint-Denis-de-la-Réunion, created in 1850 = Réunion
Papeete
(province created in 1966)
Archdiocese of Papeete, created in 1966 = French Polynesia, minus the Marquesas Islands
Diocese of Taiohae o Tefenuaenata, created in 1966 = Marquesas Islands
Nouméa
(province created in 1966)
Archdiocese of Nouméa, created in 1966 = New Caledonia
Diocese of Wallis-et-Futuna, created in 1966 = Wallis-et-Futuna
History of Catholicism in France
French dioceses in the 19th and 20th century
Dioceses in the 19th and 20th century
Catholic dioceses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Catholic%20dioceses%20in%20France%20in%20the%2019th%20and%2020th%20centuries |
Simon Schoch (born 7 October 1978) is a Swiss snowboarder. At the 2003 World Championships, Schoch won Silver in Parallel Giant Slalom and Bronze in Parallel Slalom. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, he faced his brother Philipp Schoch – the reigning Olympic champion – in the Parallel Giant Slalom Final. He gave away a 0.88 second deficit in the first run and was unable to make it up in the second leg, ending up with a silver medal.
References
Website of Philipp and Simon Schoch
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders for Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
1978 births
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
21st-century Swiss people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Schoch |
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with P – R. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles.
P
Paradigm shift: The term first used by Thomas Kuhn in his famous 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions to describe the process and result of a change in basic assumptions within the ruling theory of science. Don Tapscott was the first to use the term to describe information technology and business in his book of the same title. It has since become widely applied to many other realms of human experience as well.
Peace education: The process of acquiring the knowledge and developing the attitudes, skills, and behaviour to live in harmony with oneself and with others.
Peace education is based on a philosophy that teaches nonviolence, love, compassion, trust, fairness, cooperation, respect, and a reverence for the human family and all life on our planet. It is a social practice with shared values to which anyone can make a significant contribution.
Pedagogy: The art or science of teaching. The word comes from the ancient Greek paidagogos, the slave who took little boys to and from school as part of paideia. The word "paidia" (παιδιά) refers to children, which is why some like to make the distinction between pedagogy (teaching children) and andragogy (teaching adults). The Latin word for pedagogy, education, is much more widely used, and often the two are used interchangeably.
Personal development: (also known as self-development or personal growth) Comprises the development of the self. The term may also refer to: traditional concepts of education or training; counselling and coaching for personal transformation; New Age movement and spiritual beliefs & concepts - including "inner pathways" to solve social and psychological issues; or professional development business trainers (some treat the whole person instead of business only).
Philosophy of education: The study of the purpose, nature and ideal content of education. Other questions include the nature of the knowing mind and the human subject, problems of authority, the relationship between education and society, etc. At least since Rousseau's time, the philosophy of education has been linked to theories of developmental psychology and human development.
Phonicetic: Of or relating to the enhancement of meaning through the use of phonemes. The added layers of meaning due to the intentional use of sounds within an existing phonetic structure. Educational/technical jargon.
Physical education: (PE, also called physical training - PT or gym) A course in the curriculum which utilizes the learning medium of large-muscle activities in a play or movement exploration setting. It is almost always mandatory for students in elementary schools, and often for students in middle schools and high schools.
Physics education: A relatively new, yet active, area of research within the science of physics. The main focus of research is on learning and teaching of physics in both the highschool and college level.
Polymath: (also known as a polyhistor) A person who excels in multiple fields, particularly in both arts and sciences. The most common other term for this phenomenon is Renaissance man, but also in use are Homo universalis and Uomo Universale, which in Latin and Italian, respectively, translate as "Universal Person" or "Universal Man". Note that in Latin homo may be male or female; the Latin word for a male human being vir. Informally used in contemporary discussion, a polymath is someone known to be skillful or excel in a broad range of intellectual fields.
Postgraduate education: (or Quaternary education) The fourth-stage educational level, and follows the completion of an undergraduate degree at a college or university. Graduate school is an example of quaternary education; some consider masters-level degrees as part of tertiary education; some consider postdoctoral positions to be quaternary education while others consider them to be jobs.
Post-secondary education: Any form of education that is taken after first attending a secondary school, such as a high school. The purpose of a post-secondary education can be to receive vocational education and training or to prepare for professions or scientific/academic careers through higher education.
Predictive power: (of a scientific theory) Refers to its ability to generate testable predictions. Theories with strong predictive power are highly valued, because the predictions can often encourage the falsification of the theory. The concept of predictive power differs from explanatory or descriptive power (where phenomena that are already known are retrospectively explained by a given theory) in that it allows a prospective test of theoretical understanding.
Preschool education: See Nursery school.
Primary education: (or elementary education) Consists of the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education (though in many jurisdictions it is permissible for parents to provide it). Primary education generally begins when children are four to seven years of age. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about twelve years of age (adolescence); some educational systems have separate middle schools for that period.
Problem finding: Problem discovery. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem shaping and problem solving. Problem finding requires intellectual vision and insight into what is missing. This involves the application of creativity.
Problem shaping: Revising a question so that the solution process can begin or continue. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem solving. Problem shaping (or problem framing) often involves the application of critical thinking.
Problem solving: Forms part of thinking. It occurs if an organism or an artificial intelligence system does not know how to proceed from a given state to a desired goal state. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem shaping.
Problem-based learning: (PBL) A didactic concept of "active learning" in tertiary education, but is currently being adapted for use in K–12 education. The defining characteristics of PBL are: learning is driven by messy, open-ended problems; students work in small collaborative groups; and "teachers" are not required, the process uses "facilitators" of learning.
Accordingly, students are encouraged to take responsibility for their group and organise and direct the learning process with support from a tutor or instructor. Advocates of PBL claim it can be used to enhance content knowledge and foster the development of communication, problem-solving, and self-directed learning skill.
Procedural knowledge: (or know-how) The knowledge of how to perform some task. Know-how is different from other kinds of knowledge such as propositional knowledge in that it can be directly applied to a task. Procedural knowledge about solving problems differs from propositional knowledge about problem solving. For example, in some legal systems, this knowledge or know-how has been considered the intellectual property of a company, and can be transferred when that company is purchased.
Professional certification: (trade certification, or professional designation often called simply certification or qualification) A designation earned by a person to certify that he is qualified to perform a job. Certification indicates that the individual has a specific knowledge, skills, or abilities in the view of the certifying body. Professional certifications are awarded by professional bodies and corporations. The difference between licensure and certification is licensure is required by law, whereas certification is generally voluntary. Sometimes the word certification is used for licensure.
Programmed instruction: A field first studied extensively by the behaviorist B. F. Skinner. It consists of teaching through small lessons, where each lesson must be mastered in order to go on to the next. Students work through the programmed material by themselves at their own speed. After each step, they are presented with a question to test their comprehension, then are immediately shown the correct answer or given additional information.
Propositional knowledge: (or declarative knowledge) Knowledge that some proposition is either true or false. This distinguishes propositional knowledge from know-how or procedural knowledge, which is the knowledge of how to perform some task. This article discusses propositional knowledge from a variety of perspectives, including philosophy, science, and history.
What is the difference between knowledge and beliefs? A belief is an internal thought or memory which exists in one's mind. Most people accept that for a belief to be knowledge it must be, at least, true and justified. The Gettier problem in philosophy is the question of whether there are any other requirements before a belief can be accepted as knowledge.
Public education: Schooling provided for the general public by the government, whether national or local, and paid for by taxes, which leads to it often being called state education. Schools provided under such a system are called public schools in many countries, but in England the term "public school" refers to an elite of privately funded private schools which had their origins in medieval schools funded by charity to provide education for the poor.
Public education often involves the following: public funding; compulsory student attendance; state certification of teachers and curricula; and testing and national standards.
Public school: The term has different (and in some cases contradictory) meanings due to regional differences.
Pygmalion effect: (or Rosenthal effect) refers to situations in which students perform better than other students simply because they are expected to do so.
Q
Quiz: A form of game or puzzle in which the players (as individuals or in teams), attempt to answer questions correctly. A quiz usually is a form of student assessment, but often has fewer questions of lesser difficulty and requires less time for completion than a test.
R
Reading (process): The process of retrieving and comprehending some form of stored information or ideas. These ideas are usually some sort of representation of language, as symbols to be examined by sight, or by touch (for example Braille). Other types of reading may not be language-based, such as music notation or pictograms. By analogy, in computer science, reading is acquiring of data from some sort of computer storage.
Reading disability: A condition in which a sufferer displays difficulty reading resulting primarily from neurological factors.
Reading education in the USA: There are basically two different common methods of teaching reading. One usually refers to whole language approach ("look say"), the other usually refers to phonetics approach. The tension between these two approaches is often referred to as "the great debate".
Reason: A term used in philosophy and other human sciences to refer to the higher cognitive faculties of the human mind. It describes a type of thought or aspect of thought, especially abstract thought, and the ability to think abstractly, which is felt to be especially human. The concept of reason is connected to language, as reflected in the meanings of the Greek word "logos", later to be translated by Latin "ratio" and then French "raison", from which the English word. Reason is thus a very important word in western intellectual history and shares much of its heritage with the now separate words logic and rationality.
Reasoning: Defined very differently depending on the context of the understanding of reason as a form of knowledge. The Logical definition is the act of using reason, to derive a conclusion from certain premises, using a given methodology; and the two most commonly used explicit methods to reach a conclusion are deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. However, within idealist philosophical contexts, reasoning is the mental process which informs our imagination, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings with whatever intelligibility these appear to contain; and thus links our experience with universal meaning. The specifics of the methods of reasoning are of interest to such disciplines as philosophy, logic, psychology, and artificial intelligence.
Recitation: A discussion carried by a Teaching assistant to supplement a lecture given by a senior faculty at an academic institution. During the recitation, TAs will review the lecture, expand on the concepts, and carry a discussion with the students.
Reference: Something that refers or points to something else, or acts as a connection or a link between two things. The objects it links may be concrete, such as books or locations, or abstract, such as data, thoughts, or memories. The object which is named by a reference, or to which the reference points, is the referent.
Reinforcement: In operant conditioning, reinforcement is any change in an organism's surroundings that: occurs regularly when the organism behaves in a given way (that is, is contingent on a specific response); and is associated with an increase in the probability that the response will be made or in another measure of its strength.
Religious education: Teaches the doctrines of a religion. Its usual purpose is to teach children the basics of a religion. A less common purpose is to teach new adherents of a religion.
Since people within a given country often hold varying religious and non-religious beliefs, government-sponsored religious education can be a source of conflict. Countries vary widely in whether religious education is allowed in government-run schools (often called "public schools"). Those that allow it also vary in the type of education provided.
Research: Often described as an active, diligent, and systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising facts. This intellectual investigation produces a greater understanding of events, behaviors, or theories, and makes practical applications through laws and theories. The term research is also used to describe a collection of information about a particular subject, and is usually associated with science and the scientific method.
Rhodes Scholarships: Created by Cecil Rhodes and have been awarded to applicants annually since 1902 by the Oxford-based Rhodes Trust on the basis of academic qualities, as well as those of character. They provide the successful candidate with two years of study at the University of Oxford in England, possibly extended for a third year.
When Rhodes died in 1902, his will stipulated that the greater part of his fortune was to go toward the establishment of a scholarship fund to reward applicants who exhibited worthy qualities of intellect, character, and physical ability.
Rote learning: A learning technique which avoids grasping the inner complexities and inferences of the subject that is being learned and instead focuses on memorizing the material so that it can be recalled by the learner exactly the way it was read or heard.
Rubric (academic): In education, a rubric is a set of criteria and standards linked to learning objectives that is used to assess a student's performance, such as on a paper, project, or essay.
See also
References
5
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20education%20terms%20%28P%E2%80%93R%29 |
The Sound of the Jam is a compilation album and the fifth greatest hits album by the group The Jam, released to mark their twenty-fifth anniversary. It contains a remixed version of 'That's Entertainment', featuring only the guitars and vocals of the demo version; and without the bass, drums and percussion.
There is also a 2-disc version which includes a DVD of 11 videos of The Jam playing. The second disc is some of their other hits and songs that did not appear on any of their studio albums or were unreleased.
Track listing
All tracks written by Paul Weller unless noted.
Disc one
Disc two
Charts
Personnel
Paul Weller – vocals, lead guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Rick Buckler – drums, percussion
Bruce Foxton – vocals, bass guitar, rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Steve Brookes – lead guitar (1972–1976)
Additional personnel
Tracie Young – backing vocals on "Beat Surrender"
Peter Wilson – piano, drums, keyboards, Hammond organ
Steve Nichol – trumpet, Hammond organ
Luke Tunney – trumpet
Martin Drover – trumpet
Keith Thomas – saxophone, soprano sax
Afrodiziak – background vocals
Russell Henderson – steel drums
References
External links
2002 compilation albums
The Jam albums
Polydor Records compilation albums
Universal Music Group compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sound%20of%20the%20Jam |
The is a spaceguard facility adjacent to the (BAO), an astronomical observatory located at Bisei-chō, Ibara, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The facility was constructed during 1999–2000, where it since conducts the Bisei Asteroid Tracking Telescope for Rapid Survey or , an astronomical survey that solely tracks asteroids and space debris. BATTeRS has discovered numerous minor planets and the periodic, Halley-type comet and near-Earth object C/2001 W2 (BATTERS).
Space debris, along with defunct spaceships, satellites as well as other small objects can present a hazard to operating spacecraft. Built by the Japan Space Forum (JSF) with contributions by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, all expenses of the center are covered by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The telescopes which keep track of any space debris are staffed and operated by members of the Japan Spaceguard Association.
The 1-meter Cassegrain telescope has a field of view of three degrees and there are plans to use a mosaic of ten CCD detectors each one of which will have dimensions of 2096 x 4096 pixels. A 0.5-meter telescope with a field of view of 2 x 2 degrees began operations in February 2000. Once the 1-meter NEO search telescope begins operations, the 0.5-meter telescope will be used to provide follow-up astrometric observations.
The main-belt asteroid 17286 Bisei, discovered by BATTeRS in July 2000, was named after the town where the Bisei Spaceguard Center and the Bisei Astronomical Observatory are located.
List of discovered minor planets
BATTeRS has discovered more than 400 minor planets during its course. As an anomaly, the survey is also credited with the discovery of at Kiso Observatory in 1996, or 4 years before the Bisei Spaceguard Center was constructed. Members of the program include Atsuo Asami, David J. Asher and Syuichi Nakano. Takeshi Urata was also a former member of BATTerS.
See also
Japan Spaceguard Association
References
External links
Official website
BATTeRS (プロジェクト)
Japan Spaceguard Association
Astronomical surveys
Asteroid surveys
Minor-planet discovering observatories
JAXA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisei%20Spaceguard%20Center |
Senegal competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Senegal and Ivory Coast were the only two African nations taking part in the games. The other African countries chose to boycott the games to protest IOC's decision to allow New Zealand to compete despite the tour of its rugby team in IOC-banned South Africa.
Results by events
Athletics
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Christian Dorosario, Momar Ndao, Barka Sy, and Adama Fall
Heat — 40.40
Semi Final — 40.37 (→ did not advance)
Men's Long Jump
Ibrahima Ba
Qualification — 6.96m (→ did not advance)
Men's Discus Throw
Ibrahima Gueye
Qualification — 52.82m (→ did not advance)
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1976 Summer Olympics
1976 Summer Olympics
Oly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal%20at%20the%201976%20Summer%20Olympics |
Senegal competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.
Results by event
Athletics
Men's 800 metres
Daniel Andrade
Heat — 1:53.9 (→ did not advance, 52nd place)
Men's 1500 metres
Daniel Andrade
Heat — 3:59.2 (→ did not advance)
Men's 5000 metres
Siatka Badji
Heat — DNS (→ did not advance)
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Malang Mane, Christian do Rosario, Momar N'Dao, and Barka Sy
Heat — 40.95s (→ did not advance)
Basketball
Men's Team Competition
Preliminary Round (Group B)
Lost to Soviet Union (52-94)
Lost to Italy (56-92)
Lost to Poland (59-95)
Lost to Puerto Rico (57-92)
Lost to Philippines (62-68)
Lost to Yugoslavia (57-73)
Lost to West Germany (62-72)
Classification Matches
13th/16th place: Lost to Japan (67-76)
15th/16th place: Walk-over to Egypt (2-0) → 15th place
Wrestling
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics
1972 Summer Olympics
Oly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics |
Sadr al-Din Sadr (; 1882 – 26 November 1953) was the father of Moussa as-Sadr (disappeared in Libya in 1978) and Rabab al-Sadr, and the grandson of the Grand Ayatollah Sadr-eddine bin Saleh after whom the Sadr family of well-known scholars of Twelver Shi'a Islam has been named.
He is the second son of Sayyed Grand Ayatollah Ismail as-Sadr (d.1920). He was born in what is today Iraq to Lebanese parents and led a progressive religious group there. He then migrated to Khorasan where he married the daughter of Grand Ayatollah Hussein al-Qummi (:wikidata:Q20557209). Then he left to the Shia center of learning (hawzayi'ilmī) in Qom, Iran, where he became a renowned Grand Ayatollah. He died on 26 November 1953 in Iran.
See also
Ismail al-Sadr
Haydar al-Sadr
Sayyid Muhammad Ali Hosseini Shahrestani
Musa al-Sadr
Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr
Muhammad Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr
List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam
List of Ayatollahs
References
Arabic biography of Imam Moussa as-Sadr
1882 births
1953 deaths
Ayatollahs
Iraqi Shia clerics
Iraqi ayatollahs
Iraqi Shia Muslims
Lebanese emigrants to Iran
Al-Moussawi family
Pupils of Muhammad Kadhim Khorasani
Burials at Fatima Masumeh Shrine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadr%20al-Din%20al-Sadr |
Abraham ben Elijah of Vilna or Abraham ben HaGaon was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Lithuania. There is some debate as to when he was born. Some place his birth as early as 1749, but more recent scholarship suggests he was actually born in 1766. He was born in Vilna and died there on December 14, 1808. He was the son of Elijah, the Vilna Gaon, the most famous Talmudist of modern times. He was educated under the supervision of his father, who was famous both for his opposition to both the Hasidic movement, and the dry scholasticism which dominated the rabbinic leadership of Poland at that time. According to the custom of the time, he married at the age of twelve, but continued his studies in the Talmudic colleges in other cities, and after a few years returned home, where he completed his studies under his father. Like his father, he never officiated as rabbi, but was a highly respected member of the Jewish community of Vilna, in which he held various offices.
Works
It was due to his father's influence that he developed a literary activity of a far more scientific character than was usually found at that age or in that country. Especially interested in the history of the old homiletical literature, he edited the Midrash Agadat Bereshit with a number of other mostly pseudepigraphic works of similar character (Vilna, 1802), adding valuable notes. In the preface of this edition he makes the first known attempt to give a complete history of the midrashic literature. A plagiarist, Jacob ben Naphtali Herz of Brody, reprinted this edition with the preface (Zolkiev, 1804), but was careful to omit the name of Elijah Gaon wherever the son had mentioned him. He omitted, also, on the title-page the mention of Abraham of Vilna's edition, referring only to the one which had been printed in Venice in 1618.
This introduction was only part of his greater work, Rav Po'alim (Of Many Works, published by Simon Chones, Warsaw, 1894). This book is an alphabetical index of all midrashim known to the author. It seems that Abraham of Vilna believed literally in the statement that the eighty concubines of King Solomon (Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah 6:8) meant eighty midrashim. This is at least testified to by Samuel Luria in a letter to Simon Chones (Rab Po'alim, p. 9). The book, however, contains over one hundred and twenty midrashic works. While Abraham of Vilna shows greater interest in literature and literary questions than is found among his contemporaries, he accepts traditional attributions of authorship. He ascribes the Zohar to Shimon bar Yochai, in spite of the many arguments against its authenticity produced by various writers since the time of Abraham Zacuto. He accepts that the book was not written down until generations after Bar Yochai's death. He also believed in the traditional attribution of the Pirke D' Rabi Eliezer.
Secular knowledge
Abraham's interest in secular knowledge, quite rare in his environment, is also manifest in the writing of a Hebrew geography, Gebulot Ereẓ, published anonymously (Berlin, 1801). The book is, in fact, a translation of parts of George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon's Histoire Naturelle. He edited Menahem Mendel's index to the Zohar, Tamim Yaḥdaw, to which he added an introduction and notes (Vilna, 1808). Of his numerous manuscripts which contained glosses to the Talmud, Midrash, Shulkan 'Aruk, and explanatory notes to his father's works, a commentary on the introduction to the Tikkune Zohar (Vilna, 1867), a commentary on Psalms I-C באר אברהם (Warsaw, 1887), Sa'arat Eliyahu, exegetical notes and biographical data about his father (Jerusalem, 1889), and Targum Abraham, notes on Targum Onkelos (Jerusalem, 1896), have been published.
The last-mentioned were edited by his great-grandson Elijah, who calls himself Landau.
Bibliography
Fuenn, Ḳiryah Neemanah, pp. 207 et seq., Vilna, 1860;
idem, Keneset Yisrael, p. 21, Warsaw, 1880;
Simon Chones's introduction to Rab Po'alim, Warsaw, 1894.
I Idelson-Shein, "Their Eyes Shall Behold Strange Things": Abraham Ben Elijah of Vilna Encounters the Spirit of Mr. Buffon," AJS Review, Vol. 36, Issue 2 (2012), pp. 295-322.
References
18th-century Lithuanian rabbis
18th-century births
1808 deaths
Rabbis from Vilnius | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20ben%20Elijah%20of%20Vilna |
Senegal competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico.
Basketball
Senegal qualified for the first time in basketball at the 1968 Olympics by winning the 1968 FIBA Africa Championship in Morocco over the Moroccan hosts. However, once at the tournament, Senegal lost all 7 of its matches to the Americans, Puerto Ricans, Italians, Panamanians, Yugoslavs, Filipinos and Spaniards on their way to last place in the tournament.
References
Official Olympic Reports
Senegal at the 1968 Summer Olympics at sportsofworld.com
Nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics
1968 Summer Olympics
Oly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal%20at%20the%201968%20Summer%20Olympics |
The Solomonar or Șolomonar (German phonetization: Scholomonar) is a wizard believed in Romanian folklore to ride a dragon (zmeu or a balaur) and control the weather, causing rain, thunder, or hailstorm.
They are recruited from common folk and taught their magic at the Solomonărie or Şolomanţă (German phonetization: Scholomance).
General description
The Solomonars are said to be tall, red-haired, wearing long white robes of peasants, sometimes woolen, or clad in ragged attire made from patches, a small version of a Semantron, which serves to summon the Vântoase (alternatively the winds are contained in a little wooden jar). When not helping the Devil, they are most often seen around begging for alms, and the collected coins are then thrown into rivers, as offerings to the water spirits. The contents of their magic bag are instruments such as an iron axe used as lightning rod (also as a wand to summon them or his mount), birchbark reins or a golden bridle, and a book of wisdom which contained all their knowledge, and is the source of their power. A branch that has killed a snake is included in some lists. Once they are in the guise of beggars (often crippled or blindfolded beggars), they blend in with the populace so they cannot be distinguished as wizards. However, they apparently have the knowledge and memory of which peasant's farm deserves his retribution when he acts as a dragon-rider sending down his hailstorm.
Schooling
The Solomonari, by some accounts, are recruited from the people. They are taught their magic and the speech of animals at the school (Scholomance), and become capable of riding the dragons. Tradition says they became the Devil's students, either being instructed by him, or becoming a servant to his commands.
An additional belief was that the students were taught at the Devil's school which was situated underground, and that the students avoided the rays of the sun for the 7-year duration of their study. They were in fact a type of Strigoi or Vampire, according to S. F. Marian, who collected the folklore from the field.
Dragon-riders and weather
The solomonari were regarded as dragon-riders who control the weather, causing thunder, or rain, or hail to fall.
One way in which this belief was articulated was that a particular pupil out of the graduating class of ten would be selected by the Devil to become the designated Weather-maker () who rode the "Ismeju" dragon (German phoneticization of zmeu dragon). Or he became the "Devil's aide-de-camp" who rode the zmeu to make thunderbolts. Or thirdly, the Solomonariu would fly up into the skies, and whenever his dragon glanced at the clouds, rainfall would come. But God intervened to keep the dragon from growing too weary, lest it plummeted and devour a great part of the earth.
A rather different presentation is that Solomonari who normally lived as beggars among the populace would occasionally engage himself for a fee to become the dragon-rider and hail-bringer. He selected which fields to damage, knowing which peasants behaved unkindly to them. A peasant may hire a "counter-Solomonari" (; pl. Contra-Solomonarĭ) to cast spells to divert the dragon-riding Solmomonari.
In this version, the type of dragon they rode were the balauri (sing. balaur). This dragon can be brought out of a bottomlessly deep lake by using "golden reins" or bridle ("; ), and the wizard and dragon would create storms or bring down hail.
19th century sources
"Scholomance" and "Scholomonariu" appeared in print in the Austrian journal Österreichische Revue in 1865, written by Wilhelm Schmidt (1817–1901) The piece is discussed as a belief present in the Central Romanian Fogarasch (Făgăraș) district and beyond, with additional lore from Hermannstadt.
Emily Gerard later wrote on the topic of "Scholomance", although she only referred to its attendees as "scholars", and did not specifically employ the term Solomanari or the equivalent.
Romanian ethnobotanist Simion Florea Marian described the Solmonari in his article on "Daco-Romanian Mythology" in the (1879. Marian collected this folklore orally from the people in Siebenbürgen (Transylvania) and the adjoining Bukovina-Moldavia region.
Nomenclature
Solomonar is the singular form, and the variant Șolomonar also listed. The German phonetization Scholomonar which is closer to the latter form was given by Gaster.
The modern-day dictionary plural form in Romanian is Solomonari, and "solomonars" in the plural has been used in English translation.
An old dictionary form in the plural Șolomonariu occurs in a lexicon published in 1825, where the term is glossed as , , and . Andrei Oișteanu remarked that this form is rather dated.
Scholomonáriu is defined as Zauberer or "sorcerers" in an even earlier source, a glossary appended to a book dating from 1781.
Etymologies
The default explanation is that the word is connected to King Solomon via the addition of the occupational suffix "-ar", although this may be folk etymology. A folkloric account attests to the association with the biblical king. In an account given by Friedrich von Müller the "Kaiser Salomo" has the ability to control the weather, and the inheritors of his art are called "Scholomonar".
Gaster, more complicatedly, suggested a hybrid of the word for the magic school Scholomantze (Romanian orthography: Şolomanţă) from association with Salamanca, and Solomonie (from Solomon). An alternate derivation from the German Schulmänner ("scholars"), in reference to the popular belief that solomonars attended a school, is credited to J. Vulcan.
Zeus hypothesis
King Solomon as weather-maker may derive from the Greek myth of Zeus the king of gods controlling the weather, a theory proposed by A. Oișteanu This notion that Solomon's adherents were wizards may have been popularized by the influence of the adventure tale Solomon and Morcolf.
Red Jews hypothesis
As the Solomonari have been described as red-haired giants (, pl.), a connection to them and the legendary Red Jews (evreilor roşii) has been suggested by . This hypothesis builds on Lazăr Șăineanu's theory that giant/Jews in Romanian folklore derived from the historical Khazars, and Arthur Koestler bringing the notion of the "Red Jews" into that formulation (Koestler's The Thirteenth Tribe, the ultimate source being A. N. Poliak's book on the Khazars in Hebrew).
Dacian ascetics hypothesis
Similarity with the Geto-Dacian ascetics called the ktistai described by Strabo was noted by Traian Herseni (d. 1980) who hypothesized that they were the original Solomonari. Herseni posited that the ktisai were more properly called "skistai" meaning "those who abstain from worldly pleasures", and that the cryptic byname that Strabo gave them Kapnobatai (which literally means "smoke-treaders") really meant "travelers in the clouds".
The theory has found its strong proponent in Eugen Agrigoroaiei, who pronounced that the origins of the Solomonari had been established, and the Dacian cloud travelers must have been authentic Solomonari. Andrei Oișteanu cautions that while "enticing", the "hypothesis remains as only as plausibility". He points out that a tradition kept alive from Caesar's time to the 19th century presents a credibility issue, since there is a complete vacuum in the records about any of it for the 1900-year interim. is another skeptic who referred to the idea as "speculation by Herseni".
Parallels and synonyms
Parallels with the legend of the Serbo-Croatian garabancijaš dijak () "necromantic scholar" had been sought in Moses Gaster's paper, which is one a major source for the Solomanari folkloristics. The Croatian version was described by Vatroslav Jagić and the Hungarian version by .
A number of synonyms can be found in Romanian, including "zgrimințeș", and it is considered synonymous or closely connected to the widespread Balkan legend known in Serbo-Croatian (for example) as grabancijaš dijak ("the necromancy student").
Additional details
Some sources like to refer to the dragons that the Solomonari ride as "storm dragons". The riders may travel together with Moroi.
Fearing their wrath, people usually ask a Master Stonemason for advice. This Master Stonemason is a former Solomonar himself, who dropped the craft in favor of being again amongst people; his knowledge is highly prized because he knows the secrets of Solomonars.
The Solomonars were not supernatural creatures, but rather humans who learned special abilities. It is said that the children who become solomonar are born bearing a particular type of membrane on their head or on the whole of their body. Later, as the legend says, these children were to be selected into apprenticeship by experienced Solomonars, taken into forests or in caves which would usually be marked with encoded inscriptions. These children would learn the art and craft of wizardry, which they would use to fight against the dark forces of nature and of the human spirit. They are often said to be very secretive and if they lied or broke the caste rules, they were severely and cruelly punished. Some accounts state that Solomonars have a special book in which all their knowledge and power is gathered. This is the book they use during their apprenticeship and only one out of seven apprentices becomes a solomonar.
The Solomonars lived like ascetics, away from the civilized world, and sometimes they are said to actually live on "the other realm" although they are known to return to civilization and beg for alms although they do not need anything and wherever they are not received well, they would call a hailstorm as a means of punishment.
In early times, the solomonars were considered benevolent, but as Christianity began to supplement early beliefs, the "solomonars" started to be perceived as evil and the popular beliefs even invented an "anti-solomonar" hero type. Fortunately, like we saw, the belief in "solomonars" has not died out; it had diminished over time but it is still kept in remote locations of Romania. The "Solomonars" are often rather seen as cunning and intelligent people. However, generally speaking, people did and do not treat them as evil wizards.
Anecdotes
Friedrich von Müller (1857) reported a story from Schäßburg (Sighișoara in Transylvania) in which a Romanian mistook a robed student for a solomonar.
Explanatory notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
Romanian mythology
Magic (supernatural) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonari |
Senegal competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1964 Summer Olympics
1964 Summer Olympics
Oly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal%20at%20the%201964%20Summer%20Olympics |
Tech Data Corporation (commonly referred to as Tech Data) was an American multinational distribution company specializing in IT products and services headquartered in Clearwater, Florida. It merged with competitor Synnex to form TD Synnex. Synnex is to be the primary owner (55% share). Tech Data provided a broad range of product lines, logistics capabilities and value-added services that enable technology manufacturers and resellers, such as Google, Apple, Cisco, Dell, Fortinet, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., IBM, Lenovo, LG, Microsoft, Sony, Trend Micro, Viewsonic, TP-Link and VMware, to deploy IT solutions.
Tech Data is now one of the world's largest distributors of IT products and services, generating $37.7 billion in net sales for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017. The company ranked No. 83 on the 2018 Fortune 500 and one of Fortune's "World's Most Admired Companies."
History
Founded in Clearwater, FL by Edward C. Raymund in November 1974, Tech Data Corporation marketed data processing supplies for mini and mainframe computers. In 1983, Tech Data began to transition from a reseller to full-line national distributor of personal computer products, a transition led by Steven A. Raymund, Edward's son.
Steve A. Raymund succeeded Edward C. Raymund as Chief Executive Officer in 1986, the same year Tech Data announced its initial public stock offering on NASDAQ (ticker symbol: TECD).
Over the past 20 years, Tech Data expanded its business into Canada, Mexico and Europe by acquiring 18 companies. Some companies acquired included Canada-based ParityPlus, Paris-based Softmart International, Munich-based Computer 2000 AG, Globelle Canada, UK-based Azlan Group PLC, Actebis AG Switzerland, Nordics-based IT distributor Scribona, Netherlands-based Triade Holding B.V., Specialist Distribution Group (SDG), and Signature Technology Group (STG).
In 2013, Tech Data lost out on nearly 27 million euros in profit following an accounting error by their former financial comptroller.
On August 25, 2015, Talkin' Cloud ranked Tech Data one of the world's top cloud service providers for the second consecutive year, naming Tech Data No. 24 on the annual list.
In the second quarter of 2015, Tech Data posted record earnings, increasing net income by 22.4% and sales by 8%. Tech Data's data-center business is attributed with the record earnings.
In September 2016, Tech Data announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire the Technology Solutions operating group from Avnet, Inc. in a stock and cash transaction valued at approximately US$2.6 billion. Under the terms of the agreement, Avnet received at closing approximately US$2.4 billion in cash and 2.785 million shares of Tech Data common stock, representing an approximate 7 percent ownership position in Tech Data. The acquisition was closed in February 2017.
ExitCertified is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tech Data Corporation with head offices in Canada (Ottawa) and the USA (Sacramento).
In November 2019, Tech Data announced that Apollo Global Management would acquire the company for approximately $6 billion. The deal was closed on June 30, 2020.
On March 22, 2021, it was announced that Synnex would acquire 55% of Tech Data for a sum of $7.2 billion including debt.
Merger with Synnex
On September 1, 2021, Tech Data completed a merger with Synnex. This merger created a new company with $59.8 billion in revenue, TD Synnex. Through the combination of both companies, TD Synnex becomes the largest IT distributor, surpassing Ingram Micro. TD Synnex is led by former Tech Data CEO, Rich Hume.
See also
Competitor Ingram Micro
Competitor Arrow Electronics
Competitor AVNET INC
References
External links
Tech Data Website
ExitCertified Website
Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
Software companies based in Florida
Information technology companies of the United States
Distribution companies of the United States
Companies based in Clearwater, Florida
American companies established in 1974
Software companies established in 1974
Computer companies established in 1974
Business services companies established in 1974
1974 establishments in Florida
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
1980s initial public offerings
2020 mergers and acquisitions
2021 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct software companies of the United States
Apollo Global Management companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech%20Data |
James Beryl Maas (born 1938) is an American social psychologist and retired professor. He is best known for his work in the field of sleep research, specifically the relationship between sleep and performance. He is best known for coining the term "power nap". He holds a B.A. from Williams College and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Cornell University. Maas has also produced numerous film specials on sleep research for PBS, BBC, and others.
For 48 years Maas taught psychology as a professor at Cornell University. In January 1995 a Cornell University ethics committee recommended sanctions against Maas for sexual harassment. After the College's Senior Sexual Harassment Counselor determined that the complaints against plaintiff had merit, hearings were held before the College's Professional Ethics Committee. On June 23, 1995 the Cornell University Administration published a press release that found Maas had neither sought "an intimate sexual relationship with any of his students nor...engaged in the physically abusive behaviors often associated with the term 'sexual harassment.'"
Maas continued as a distinguished professor until his retirement on December 31, 2011. He currently serves on the advisory board of American Sleep Association.
References
External links
Maas's faculty page at Cornell (now in archive.org)
Dr. Maas's Website
1938 births
Living people
American social psychologists
Cornell University alumni
Cornell University faculty
Williams College alumni
Scientists from Detroit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Maas |
The Center for Nanotechnology is one of the first centers for nanotechnology. It is located in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It offers many possibilities for research, education, start-ups and companies in nanotechnology. Hence it works together with the University of Münster (WWU), the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and many more research institutions.
External links
CeNTech Homepage
Nanotechnology institutions
Münster
Research institutes in Germany
University of Münster | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeNTech |
In combinatorial mathematics, a q-exponential is a q-analog of the exponential function,
namely the eigenfunction of a q-derivative. There are many q-derivatives, for example, the classical q-derivative, the Askey-Wilson operator, etc. Therefore, unlike the classical exponentials, q-exponentials are not unique. For example, is the q-exponential corresponding to the classical q-derivative while are eigenfunctions of the Askey-Wilson operators.
Definition
The q-exponential is defined as
where is the q-factorial and
is the q-Pochhammer symbol. That this is the q-analog of the exponential follows from the property
where the derivative on the left is the q-derivative. The above is easily verified by considering the q-derivative of the monomial
Here, is the q-bracket.
For other definitions of the q-exponential function, see , , and .
Properties
For real , the function is an entire function of . For , is regular in the disk .
Note the inverse, .
Addition Formula
The analogue of does not hold for real numbers and . However, if these are operators satisfying the commutation relation , then holds true.
Relations
For , a function that is closely related is It is a special case of the basic hypergeometric series,
Clearly,
Relation with Dilogarithm
has the following infinite product representation:
On the other hand, holds.
When ,
By taking the limit ,
where is the dilogarithm.
In physics
The Q-exponential function is also known as the quantum dilogarithm.
References
Q-analogs
Exponentials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-exponential |
Elections were held in Washington state in 2006 for seats in the United States House of Representatives. Of the nine congressional districts, six were won by Democrats and three by Republicans, with the Democrats taking 64% of the vote.
Overview
District 1
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Jay Inslee easily dispatched Republican challenger Larry Ishmael to win a sixth term.
Endorsements
District 2
Democratic incumbent Congressman Rick Larsen defeated his Republican opponent, U.S. Navy veteran Doug Roulstone by a solid margin.
Endorsements
District 3
In a slight improvement over his 2004 performance, incumbent Democratic Congressman Brian Baird easily won a fifth term over Republican challenger Michael Messmore.
Endorsements
District 4
In his bid for a seventh term, Republican incumbent Congressman Doc Hastings beat back a spirited challenge from Democratic nominee Richard Wright. Though Hastings eventually beat Wright by a fairly solid margin, it was not the kind of landslide that Hastings usually experienced in this strongly conservative district based in Central Washington.
District 5
Like neighboring Congressman Hastings, incumbent Republican Congresswoman Cathy McMorris Rodgers faced a surprisingly strong challenge from Democratic nominee Peter J. Goldmark in her conservative, Eastern Washington district. Though Rodgers ultimately edged Goldmark out by a comfortable margin, the race got close enough for CQ Politics to change its rating on the race to Republican Favored from Safe Republican.
District 6
Long-serving Democratic incumbent Norm Dicks, a high-ranking member on the Appropriations Committee did not face a credible challenge to his bid for a sixteenth term from conservative activist Doug Cloud in this liberal, Kitsap Peninsula-based district.
Endorsements
District 7
In his bid for a ninth term, incumbent Democratic Congressman Jim McDermott easily beat out Republican nominee Steve Beren and independent Linnea S. Noreen in this very liberal, Seattle-based district.
Endorsements
District 8
In 2004, then-King County Sheriff Dave Reichert won his first campaign for the United States House of Representatives by a five-point margin. 2006 proved to be just as tough of a year for Reichert. Facing former Microsoft executive Darcy Burner for the first time, Reichert faced a grueling battle for re-election. Polls taken in October showed the two candidates to be about even and the two major newspapers in the area--the Seattle Post-Intelligencer and the Seattle Times--split their endorsements: The Post-Intelligencer endorsed Burner while the Times supported Reichert. Ultimately, though, a few weeks after election day, it became evident that Reichert had beaten out Burner and had won a second term.
Endorsements
District 9
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Adam Smith easily beat out Republican candidate Steven Cofchin for a sixth term in this Western Washington district based in the Puget Sound.
Endorsements
References
2006 Washington (state) elections
Washington
2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives%20elections%20in%20Washington |
Windows Mobility Center is a component of Microsoft Windows, introduced in Windows Vista, that centralizes information and settings most relevant to mobile computing.
History
A mobility center that displayed device settings pertinent to mobile devices was first shown during the Windows Hardware Engineering Conference of 2004. It was based on the Activity Center user interface design that originated with Microsoft's abandoned Windows "Neptune" project, and was slated for inclusion in Windows Vista, then known by its codename Longhorn.
Overview
The Windows Mobility Center user interface consists of square tiles that each contain information and settings related to a component, such as audio settings, battery life and power schemes, display brightness, and wireless network strength and status. The tiles that appear within the interface depend on the hardware of the system and device drivers.
Windows Mobility Center is located in the Windows Control Panel and also be launched by pressing the keys in Windows Vista and 7. By default, WMC is inaccessible on desktop computers, but this limitation can be bypassed if one modifies the Windows Registry.
Windows Mobility Center is extensible; original equipment manufacturers can customize the interface with additional tiles and company branding. Though not supported by Microsoft, it is possible for individual developers to create tiles for the interface as well.
See also
Features new to Windows Vista
References
Mobile computers
Mobility Center
Windows Vista | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Mobility%20Center |
Marine canvas refers to a varied array of fabrics used in the fabrication and production of awnings, covers, tarps, sunshades, signs and banners for the advertising, boating, trucking, tenting, structural and medical industries. The term "marine canvas" is also used more narrowly to refer specially to boat cover products.
When referring to materials "marine canvas" is a catch–all phrase that covers hundreds of materials, for instance: acrylics, PVC coated polyester, silicone treated substrates and many coated meshes suitable for outdoor use. Most ¨marine canvas¨ materials offer good UV resistance, and, to some extent, water resistance or waterproofness. Two of the most popular fabrics used today are solution dyed acrylic canvas such as Sunbrella and PVC coated woven polyester such as Stamoid. Such synthetic fabrics can last for many years before deteriorating due to UV radiation. Marine canvas is typically used to protect materials susceptible to UV damage like varnished wood, non-UV resistant plastics, and outdoor stored sails. Other boat specific uses include hatch covers for interior sun protection and winch covers for protection from deterioration and fouling due to seawater, rain, and dirt exposure.
Products often referred to as "marine canvas" and made from "marine canvas" include biminis, dodgers, and similar enclosures that protect some part or section of a boat from the weather and/or to create a more comfortable environment for the boat user(s). These types of products can also include additional features such as transparent windows, lights, or storage. In some instances, these covers are also created purely, or in part, for aesthetic purposes.
The design of these covers requires the fabricator to create a custom pattern for the frame or object being covered. This can be done via careful measurement, but more commonly the finial material or a disposable templating material (typically paper or plastic sheet) is laid directly over the frame or object and then marked. Marks for cuts, seams, fasteners and chafe protection are applied to the pattern, which is then either used directly or transferred to the finial material from the templating material.
The thread used to stitch modern marine type canvas is typically made from Polyester or PTFE with sizes ranging from #69, #92, #138. Polyester thread is widely available and relatively low cost compared to PTFE, but PTFE thread has become increasingly popular due to its far greater resistance to ultraviolet radiation a chemical decomposition in a marine environment. This increased durability also adds lifespan as thus cost effectiveness to the finial product helping to offset the initially higher cost. Nylon and natural fiber thread is rarely used as neither have UV resistance comparable to Polyester or PTFE.
See also
Sail
References
Sailboat components
Maritime culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20canvas |
Early decision is a college admission plan in which students apply earlier in the year than usual and receive their results early as well. (It is completely different from “early admission,” which is when a high school student applies to college in 11th grade and starts college without graduating from high school.) This benefits students by reducing the number of applications to be completed at one time, and by providing results early. It benefits colleges as they generally know what their accepted student pool will look like before the regular admission process begins. Most colleges that participate in early admission request applications by October 15 or November 1 and return results by December 15.
On September 12, 2006, Harvard University ended its early decision program, a move that had profound effects on college admissions nationwide. Harvard Dean of Admissions William R. Fitzsimmons explained the move was intended to decrease the privileging of wealthy applicants by the early decision process. In 2007, the University of Florida, the University of Virginia, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Princeton University joined Harvard when they announced that they were discontinuing their early decision program in an effort to help foster economic diversity in their student bodies. In 2011, Harvard University, Princeton University and several others reinstated their early decision programs.
Common early decision plans include:
Early action — a program that is not binding
Early decision — a program that is binding
All colleges define “early admission” programs differently, which is considering applications from exceptionally qualified high school students who wish to enter college after the junior year. Students interested in early admission typically have outstanding high school records and have exhausted the educational opportunities available to them at their high schools.
See also
College admissions
Rolling admission
References
University and college admissions in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20admission |
PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc. was a provider of health insurance based in Cypress, California. It was acquired by UnitedHealth Group in December 2005.
History
The predecessor of the company was founded in 1978 by Samuel J. Tibbitts as a subsidiary of the Lutheran Hospital Society of Southern California.
PacifiCare was incorporated in 1983.
In 1985, PacifiCare of Oregon was created.
In 1993, Alan Hoops replaced Terry Hartshorn as president and CEO. The company also acquired Freedom Plan, California Dental Health Plan, and Advantage Health Plans.
In 1996, it acquired FHP.
In December 2005, the company was acquired by UnitedHealth Group. At that time, the company had 705,000 Medicare enrollees.
It continued to market health plans under the PacifiCare and SecureHorizons names until 2011, when it changed to the UnitedHealthcare name.
Sponsorship and philanthropy
The company sponsored Newman/Haas Racing for the 2003 CART season, the 2004 Champ Car season, and the 2005 Champ Car season and donated to support The Painted Turtle.
References
American companies disestablished in 2005
2005 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct health care companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PacifiCare%20Health%20Systems |
The Zee Cine Award Best Actor in a Negative Role is chosen by a jury organized by Zee Entertainment Enterprises, and the winner is announced at the ceremony. It awards the actor or actress in the role of an antagonist.
Kajol was the first woman to win this award.
Multiple wins
Awards
The winners are listed below:-
See also
Zee Cine Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
Zee Cine Award Best Actor in a Negative Role | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee%20Cine%20Award%20for%20Best%20Performance%20in%20a%20Negative%20Role |
Inglewood Forest is a large tract of mainly arable and dairy farm land with a few small woodland areas between Carlisle and Penrith in the English non-metropolitan county of Cumbria or ancient county of Cumberland.
Etymology
Inglewood is first attested in the forms Englewod’ (c. 1150), Engelwode (c. 1158) and Englewud (1227). The name means "Wood of the English or Angles". This seems to reflect a situation where, at the time of the name's formation, Cumbria was still predominantly a Celtic-speaking region, and sometimes part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, and English settlement or land-ownership was still unusual enough to be a distinctive feature in a place-name. Noting that the other place-names of this kind are in places that were border areas between English-speaking and Britonnic-speaking cultures, Jayne Carroll and John Baker suggest that "this is perhaps not a case of a 'minority population' name, but one used with a particular political significance to mark a borderland area".
History
Soon after the Norman Conquest of England this area became a royal forest. The word forest in this sense did not necessarily mean a wooded area but one that was set aside for hunting, though several areas of Inglewood were heavily wooded. The animals that were hunted in this area were mainly deer and wild boars.
The forest boundaries changed many times and included at one time most of the Cumberland wards of Leath and Cumberland but the core or heart of the forest was the parishes of Hesket-in-the-Forest, Skelton and Hutton-in-the-Forest. Higham places the "core of
the forest between the Chalk Beck and the River Petteril, in particular the townships
and civil parishes of Dalston, Sebergham, Hesket, Mungrisdale, Catterlen, Hutton, Skelton, and Castle Sowerby".
The forest ultimately belonged to the English Crown and was governed by the strict forest law exercised by wardens. In the reign of Henry VIII the forest laws were repealed and Inglewood ceased to be a royal forest although it is still to this day marked on maps as such".
The borough and city of Carlisle (the area within the city walls) was outside the forest though Penrith was within it and was the main administrative centre and market town for the southern part of the region.
Border reivers were active in the area and it contains a number of fortified buildings referred to as Peel towers.
Literature
The Forest is the setting of many of the adventures in the late medieval Northern Gawain Group of Middle English chivalric romances. Around the same time, Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Chronicle (written c. 1420) claims the forest as the original setting of the Robin Hood legend:
Lytil Jhon and Robyne Hude
Wayth-men ware commendyd gude
In Yngil-wode and Barnysdale
Thai oysyd all this tyme thare trawale.
According to legend, Inglewood Forest is also home to the outlaws Adam Bell, William of Cloudsley and Clym of the Clough. Their story is told in Child Ballad 116.
Honour of Penrith
The manors of Penrith, Great Salkeld, Langwathby, Carlatton (not Carleton as it sometimes said to be), Castle Sowerby and Scotby were collectively known as the Honour of Penrith. Glassonby and Gamblesby were sometimes included in the Honour. The manors were given to the Scottish crown in exchange for Scotland giving up its claim to all of Cumberland. In 1272 King Alexander III complained that a William de Leyburne, the local seneschal, has unlawfully appropriated the manors' rents. Later Edward I took them for himself. Later they passed to the Neville family but came back to being Crown property during the Wars of the Roses and remained so until the joint reign of William III and Mary II. The honour was also known as "The Queen's Hames" due to the fact the manors were often given to a Queen consort on her marriage or at the death of the previous consort. The last Queen consort to be Lady of the Manor or Honour was Queen Catherine of Braganza, consort of Charles II.
William III gave the lands belonging to the manor to his friend William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland whose descendants later sold them to their relatives the Cavendish family.
See also
Baron Inglewood
Clim of the Clough
Whinfell Forest
References
Sources
External links
Cumbria County History Trust: Hesket in the Forest (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
Forests and woodlands of Cumbria
English royal forests
History of Cumbria
Locations associated with Arthurian legend
Robin Hood
Catherine of Braganza | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglewood%20Forest |
The Chequamegon Point Lighthouse is a lighthouse located on Long Island, one of the Apostle Islands, in Lake Superior in Ashland County, Wisconsin, near the city of Bayfield.
The Chequamegon Point light was maintained by the keeper of the La Pointe Light (about a mile away) and its original lens came from there. A boardwalk connected them, so light keepers could ride bicycles between the lights. It is currently owned by the National Park Service and part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore.
The lighthouse was moved back on to the shoreline after it was replaced by a modern D9 cylindrical tower (a "sewer pipe" with light and fog signal) constructed in 1986.
In 1868 the original was established on Long Island's western end, marking the entrance to Chequamegon Bay and with it the towns of Washburn and Ashland.
In 1896, it was replaced by a square, white steel room sitting on steel legs. The room is topped by an octagonal lantern with a red roof. The concept echoes that of Lake Huron's Alpena Light. There are also skeletal towers of various other designs in the western Great Lakes.
In 1986, the Coast Guard moved the light back from the shore, where it was threatened by erosion.
Access is by walking from the dock at the La Pointe station along the beach.
References
Further reading
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Merkel, James, Long Island Light, The Overlooked Light of the Apostles (March, 2000) pp. 19-21. Lighthouse Digest.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
External links
Lighthouse friends article
NPS Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin
- Current D9 light is listed
Wobser, David, Chequamegon Point Light, from an article that originally appeared in Great Laker Magazine at boatnerd.com.
Lighthouses completed in 1896
Lighthouses in Ashland County, Wisconsin
Apostle Islands National Lakeshore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequamegon%20Point%20Light |
Netherton Tunnel Branch Canal, in the West Midlands county, England, is part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations, (BCN). It was constructed at a 453–foot elevation, the Wednesbury or Birmingham level; it has no locks. The total length of the branch canal is and the canal tunnel is long.
Netherton Tunnel was the last canal tunnel to be built in Britain during the Canal Age. The first sod was turned by the Lord Ward on 31 December 1855 and the canal opened on 20 August 1858, providing a waterway connection between the Black Country towns of Netherton and Tipton. It was built to relieve the bottleneck of the adjacent Dudley Tunnel which is very narrow, has alternating blocks of one-way working, and had waiting times of eight hours or more, and sometimes several days.
The Netherton tunnel was built with a width of to allow two-way working of narrowboats; and is brick lined throughout. It has towpaths running through it, one on each side, which enabled horse-drawn narrowboats to be pulled through it. Chainage (distance) markers are still visible on the Eastern wall. The tunnel was fitted, from the start, with gas lighting over the towpaths, though this was later converted to electricity and it is now unlit.
The air vents that run along the line of the tunnel and provide ventilation, and a shaft of light into the canal, are known by the locals as "pepper pots", because of their shape. They are brick-lined and the openings are covered by an iron frame or grill. The wide bore and good ventilation mean that boats using the tunnel today are allowed to use the power of their internal combustion engines, which is prohibited in the narrower Dudley Tunnel.
The tunnel cost £302,000 as opposed to the £238,000 estimate prior to construction. The main reason for the project being overbudget was the extra works necessitated by the condition of the ground through which the tunnel passes.
Repairs
In 1983, the British Waterways Board had of the brick invert replaced with concrete as a result of the invert rising sufficiently to impede navigation.
In 2011, significant cracks were found in part of the tunnel lining. Traffic through the tunnel was limited, as a result. Repair work began early in 2013.
Route
The canal runs south-west from the BCN New Main Line at Dudley Port Junction and under the Old Main Line at Tividale Aqueduct. The northern mouth of the tunnel is near Dudley Road West, close to Tipton's border with Oldbury. An air-vent stands in the middle of Aston Road; another stands between two houses in Regent Road, both in the Tividale Hall estate near Dudley. The southern mouth of the tunnel is in Warrens Hall Park on the border of Dudley and Rowley Regis - the Bumble Hole and Cobb's Engine House are nearby. The Bumble Hole is a landscaped man made lake on the site of a former clay pit. The Dudley No. 2 Canal and the Boshboil Canal Arm are joined at Windmill End Junction. The Boshboil Arm was once part of a loop of the original Dudley Canal which went around Bumble Hole. This loop ceased to be part of the main line when a more direct line was cut. The loop became severed into two arms as a result of subsidence. The northern arm is the Boshboil Arm the southern is the Bumble Hole Branch.
Features
Gallery
See also
List of canal tunnels in the United Kingdom
References
Further reading
External links
Shead, Jim Netherton Tunnel Branch Canal
Shead, Jim Netherton Tunnel Branch Canal History
Buildings and structures in the West Midlands (county)
Canal tunnels in England
Lists of coordinates
Canals in the West Midlands (county)
Birmingham Canal Navigations
Tunnels completed in 1858
Canals opened in 1858
Tunnels in the West Midlands (county) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherton%20Tunnel%20Branch%20Canal |
Eddie Chapman (3 August 1923 – October 2002) was an English football player and chairman, closely associated with West Ham United.
At schoolboy level, he won honours with Ilford and London, and also had a trial for England Schools. In 1937, his last season as a schoolboy, he scored 102 goals for his school team Loxford, and 128 in total, including a game that saw him score 12 goals, three games where he scored 9 goals, and 8 in another.
He first joined West Ham on 3 August 1937 as an office junior, earning 25 shillings a week plus 2/6d expenses. He trained with the team two or three afternoons a week, and went on to join Romford on loan to gain more experience. In an interview with Colin Benson, Chapman recalls one of his first experiences in the West Ham first team, in a war-time game against London rivals Arsenal. "I played outside right against Arsenal and it was truly a marvellous thing to be on the same field as the likes of George Swindin, Eddie Hapgood, the Compton brothers and the rest. I was 16 and scored in a convincing 6–0 win. What a day that was for me".
Chapman appeared in the second round second leg of the Football League War Cup in 1940, a 3–0 win over Leicester, and earned a 30/- (£1.50) match fee for the game. He was also in the squad for the final against Blackburn Rovers, but did not play.
He won a winners medal with the junior side in the London Junior Combination at the age of 19.
He was given a professional contract in September 1942 but, due to the war and his involvement with the Royal Engineers, he was not available to play for West Ham on a full-time basis until January 1947, although he competed in the Kent League for Gillingham while he was stationed at Chatham. While at Gillingham, he scored 9 goals in one week against Chelsea, and then 7 the next against the RAF. He made a total of 26 war-time appearances for West Ham, scoring 8 goals. He also played for the Royal Engineers All-England XI.
After the war, his opportunities in the West Ham first team were limited by the presence of players such as Eric Parsons, Terry Woodgate, Kenny Bainbridge and Harry Hooper, and were not helped by a persistent back injury. He scored his first league goal during his debut, a home game against Coventry City during the 1948–49 season. He made 1 FA Cup appearance against Luton on 8 January 1949. He played his last of 7 senior league games for West Ham the same season, having scored 3 goals for the club.
After leaving the playing staff, Chapman continued his involvement with the club's administrative affairs, and became West Ham's club secretary in 1956, following Frank Cearns' retirement. He was promoted to Chief Executive in 1980. In 1974 he was a recipient of the Football League Secretaries and Managers Association Long Service Award, and also the Canon League Loyalty Award in August 1984. He retired in the summer of 1986 after 49 years of service for the east London club. He returned to Gillingham in an advisory capacity less than a month after retiring, and made a dozen trips to the Priestfield Stadium to help advance the club's administrative systems and matchday organisation. His testimonial match between West Ham and Terry Venables' International IX took place on 9 August 1987. He died in 2002.
References
The Eddie Chapman testimonial: official souvenir magazine
1923 births
2002 deaths
Footballers from East Ham
English men's footballers
English football chairmen and investors
Men's association football forwards
West Ham United F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. club secretaries
Gillingham F.C. wartime guest players
West Ham United F.C. non-playing staff
20th-century English businesspeople
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Engineers soldiers
Kent Football League (1894–1959) players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Chapman%20%28footballer%29 |
The Zee Cine Award Best Actor in a Comic Role is chosen by a jury organized by Zee Entertainment Enterprises, and the winner is announced at the ceremony.
Multiple wins
Winners
See also
Zee Cine Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
Zee Cine Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee%20Cine%20Award%20for%20Best%20Actor%20in%20a%20Comic%20Role |
The Red Paintings were a collaborative art rock band originally formed in Geelong, Australia. The group was founded by Trash McSweeney, who provided lead vocals, guitar, sequencing and sampling. He was joined by various collaborators.
The band was known for their themed performances incorporating elements of theatre and art, often self-described as "orchestral sci-fi art rock". Band members often dressed in elaborate costumes and employed stage props, theatrical elements, and visual projections during their shows. The band often invited members of the audience to paint during live performances.
History
Formation and early releases
McSweeney formed the project in Geelong, and described how he got the idea for the band, "I experienced a seizure at a friend's house... I saw things that really affected me, actual visuals in my head." McSweeney also claimed to have synaesthesia.
The group was briefly based in Melbourne before relocating to Brisbane. McSweeney was later joined by Leigh Doolan on drums, Jasmine Ebeling on bass guitar ,and Ellen Stancombe on violin, tin whistle, and vocals. This lineup released the EP Cinema Love on Asphalt Records.
The Red Paintings signed with the Brisbane-based label Modern Music, with distribution by Sony BMG, in early 2005. The title track from the Walls EP entered Triple J's Net 50 chart at no. 3 and charted for fifteen weeks. That year, they toured China and Hong Kong. Their next EP was Destroy the Robots, released in May 2006. It achieved some commercial success in Australia but with mixed reviews from music critics. The EP reached no. 86 on the ARIA singles chart.
In September 2006 the group supported an Australian tour by American band Dresden Dolls. Jade Pham of Rave Magazine described one of their shows: "art-rock weirdos the Red Paintings seem comparatively normal in this line-up; dressed in warped Geisha style while two painters either side of stage use people as canvas, and frontman [McSweeney] shoots the crowd with toy laser guns." The Red Paintings then supported Dresden Dolls again on an American tour. The tour was documented in the DVD Seizure & Synethesia, released in 2007. Also in 2007, the Red Paintings released the EP Feed the Wolf .
After several EPs, the Red Paintings announced plans for a full-length album and requested fan donations, raising A$40,000. The band moved to Los Angeles in 2012, and toured as the opening act on two tours by Mindless Self Indulgence. In 2013 they supported a tour by ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead The full-length album The Revolution Is Never Coming was released in 2013. The album received mixed reviews, with Gert Bruins of Background Magazine calling it "... much too ambitious. Some moments are difficult to stomach. It's only when they pull on the breaks sometimes, that the band's musicality becomes clear."
The Red Paintings relocated to the United Kingdom in 2014 and served as the support act on a tour by Gary Numan. In 2017 they released the single, "Deleted Romantic".
Members
Trash McSweeney – lead vocals, guitar, sequencing, sampling
Josh Engelking – percussion
Wayne Jennings – cello
Ellen Stancombe – violin
Amanda Holmes – bass guitar
Andy Davis – drums
David Sue Yek – cello
Leigh Doolan – drums
Discography
Albums
The Virgin Mary Australian Tour Acoustic/Strings Album (2005)
Seizure & Synesthesia (video album, 2007)
The Revolution Is Never Coming (2013)
EPs
Walls (2005)
Destroy the Robots (2006)
Feed the Wolf (2007)
References
External links
"The Red Paintings take on the Fuse Festival (Nov 03)..." at Australian Music Online, 13 November 2003, archived here on 19 April 2006, accessed on 31 May 2022.
"Interviews :: Making an impression with the Red Paintings.. (May '05)" at Australian Music Online, 23 May 2005, archived here on 27 November 2007, accessed on 14 March 2022. Founding lead singer and songwriter, now known as Trash McSweeney, is interviewed.
Interview with Trash McSweeney at Rave Magazine archived here
Musical groups from Brisbane
Victoria (state) musical groups
Australian rock music groups
The Red Paintings albums
Musical groups from Geelong
Australian experimental rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Red%20Paintings |
For classical dynamics at relativistic speeds, see relativistic mechanics.
Relativistic dynamics refers to a combination of relativistic and quantum concepts to describe the relationships between the motion and properties of a relativistic system and the forces acting on the system. What distinguishes relativistic dynamics from other physical theories is the use of an invariant scalar evolution parameter to monitor the historical evolution of space-time events. In a scale-invariant theory, the strength of particle interactions does not depend on the energy of the particles involved.
Twentieth century experiments showed that the physical description of microscopic and submicroscopic objects moving at or near the speed of light raised questions about such fundamental concepts as space, time, mass, and energy. The theoretical description of the physical phenomena required the integration of concepts from relativity and quantum theory.
Vladimir Fock was the first to propose an evolution parameter theory for describing relativistic quantum phenomena, but the evolution parameter theory introduced by Ernst Stueckelberg is more closely aligned with recent work. Evolution parameter theories were used by Feynman, Schwinger and others to formulate quantum field theory in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Silvan S. Schweber wrote a nice historical exposition of Feynman’s investigation of such a theory. A resurgence of interest in evolution parameter theories began in the 1970s with the work of Horwitz and Piron, and Fanchi and Collins.
Invariant Evolution Parameter Concept
Some researchers view the evolution parameter as a mathematical artifact while others view the parameter as a physically measurable quantity. To understand the role of an evolution parameter and the fundamental difference between the standard theory and evolution parameter theories, it is necessary to review the concept of time.
Time t played the role of a monotonically increasing evolution parameter in classical Newtonian mechanics, as in the force law F = dP/dt for a non-relativistic, classical object with momentum P. To Newton, time was an “arrow” that parameterized the direction of evolution of a system.
Albert Einstein rejected the Newtonian concept and identified t as the fourth coordinate of a space-time four-vector. Einstein's view of time requires a physical equivalence between coordinate time and coordinate space. In this view, time should be a reversible coordinate in the same manner as space. Particles moving backward in time are often used to display antiparticles in Feynman-diagrams, but they are not thought of as really moving backward in time usually it is done to simplify notation. However a lot of people think they are really moving backward in time and take it as evidence for time reversibility.
The development of non-relativistic quantum mechanics in the early twentieth century preserved the Newtonian concept of time in the Schrödinger equation. The ability of non-relativistic quantum mechanics and special relativity to successfully describe observations motivated efforts to extend quantum concepts to the relativistic domain. Physicists had to decide what role time should play in relativistic quantum theory. The role of time was a key difference between Einsteinian and Newtonian views of classical theory. Two hypotheses that were consistent with special relativity were possible:
Hypothesis I
Assume t = Einsteinian time and reject Newtonian time.
Hypothesis II
Introduce two temporal variables:
A coordinate time in the sense of Einstein
An invariant evolution parameter in the sense of Newton
Hypothesis I led to a relativistic probability conservation equation that is essentially a re-statement of the non-relativistic continuity equation. Time in the relativistic probability conservation equation is Einstein’s time and is a consequence of implicitly adopting Hypothesis I. By adopting Hypothesis I, the standard paradigm has at its foundation a temporal paradox: motion relative to a single temporal variable must be reversible even though the second law of thermodynamics establishes an “arrow of time” for evolving systems, including relativistic systems. Thus, even though Einstein’s time is reversible in the standard theory, the evolution of a system is not time reversal invariant. From the perspective of Hypothesis I, time must be both an irreversible arrow tied to entropy and a reversible coordinate in the Einsteinian sense. The development of relativistic dynamics is motivated in part by the concern that Hypothesis I was too restrictive.
The problems associated with the standard formulation of relativistic quantum mechanics provide a clue to the validity of Hypothesis I. These problems included negative probabilities, hole theory, the Klein paradox, non-covariant expectation values, and so forth. Most of these problems were never solved; they were avoided when quantum field theory (QFT) was adopted as the standard paradigm. The QFT perspective, particularly its formulation by Schwinger, is a subset of the more general Relativistic Dynamics.
Relativistic Dynamics is based on Hypothesis II and employs two temporal variables: a coordinate time, and an evolution parameter. The evolution parameter, or parameterized time, may be viewed as a physically measurable quantity, and a procedure has been presented for designing evolution parameter clocks. By recognizing the existence of a distinct parameterized time and a distinct coordinate time, the conflict between a universal direction of time and a time that may proceed as readily from future to past as from past to future is resolved. The distinction between parameterized time and coordinate time removes ambiguities in the properties associated with the two temporal concepts in Relativistic Dynamics.
See also
Ernst Stueckelberg
References
External links
Relativistic dynamics of stars near a supermassive black hole (2014)
International Association for Relativistic Dynamics (IARD)
Quantum mechanics
Theory of relativity
Theories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20dynamics |
The CDC 6000 series is a discontinued family of mainframe computers manufactured by Control Data Corporation in the 1960s. It consisted of the CDC 6200, CDC 6300, CDC 6400, CDC 6500, CDC 6600 and CDC 6700 computers, which were all extremely rapid and efficient for their time. Each is a large, solid-state, general-purpose, digital computer that performs scientific and business data processing as well as multiprogramming, multiprocessing, Remote Job Entry, time-sharing, and data management tasks under the control of the operating system called SCOPE (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution). By 1970 there also was a time-sharing oriented operating system named KRONOS. They were part of the first generation of supercomputers. The 6600 was the flagship of Control Data's 6000 series.
Overview
The CDC 6000 series computers are composed of four main functional devices:
the central memory
one or two high-speed central processors
ten peripheral processors (Peripheral Processing Unit, or PPU) and
a display console.
The 6000 series has a distributed architecture.
The family's members differ primarily by the number and kind of central processor(s):
The CDC 6600 is a single CPU with 10 functional units that can operate in parallel, each working on an instruction at the same time.
The CDC 6400 is a single CPU with an identical instruction set, but with a single unified arithmetic function unit that can only do one instruction at a time.
The CDC 6500 is a dual-CPU system with two 6400 central processors
The CDC 6700 is also a dual-CPU system, with a 6600 and a 6400 central processor.
Certain features and nomenclature had also been used in the earlier CDC 3000 series:
Arithmetic was ones complement.
The name COMPASS was used by CDC for the assembly languages on both families.
The name SCOPE was used for its operating system implementations on the 3000 and 6000 series.
The only currently (as of 2018) running CDC 6000 series machine, a 6500, has been restored by Living Computers: Museum + Labs It was built in 1967 and used by Purdue University until 1989 when it was decommissioned and then given to the Chippewa Falls Museum of Industry and Technology before being purchased by Paul Allen for LCM+L.
History
The first member of the CDC 6000 series was the supercomputer CDC 6600, designed by Seymour Cray and James E. Thornton in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. It was introduced in September 1964 and performs up to three million instructions per second, three times faster than the IBM Stretch, the speed champion for the previous couple of years. It remained the fastest machine for five years until the CDC 7600 was launched. The machine was Freon refrigerant cooled.
Control Data manufactured about 100 machines of this type, selling for $6 to $10 million each.
The next system to be introduced was the CDC 6400, delivered in April 1966. The 6400 central processor is a slower, less expensive implementation with serial processing, rather than the 6600's parallel functional units. All other aspects of the 6400 are identical to the 6600. Then followed a machine with dual 6400-style central processors, the CDC 6500, designed principally by James E. Thornton, in October 1967. And finally, the CDC 6700, with both a 6600-style CPU and a 6400-style CPU, was released in October 1969.
Subsequent special edition options were custom-developed for the series, including:
Attaching a second system configured without a Central Processor (numbered 6416 and identified as "Augmented I/O Buffer and Control) to the first; the combined total effectively was 20 peripheral and control processors with 24 channels, and the purpose was to support additional peripherals and "significantly increase the multiprogramming and batch job processing of the 6000 series." (A 30-PPU, 36 channel 6600 machine was operated by Control Data's Software Research Lab during 1971–1973 as the Minneapolis Cybernet host, but this version was never sold commercially.)
Control Data also marketed a CDC 6400 with a smaller number of peripheral processors:
CDC 6415–7 with seven peripheral processors
CDC 6415–8 with eight peripheral processors
CDC 6415–9 with nine peripheral processors
Hardware
Central memory (CM)
In all the CDC 6000 series computers, the central processor communicates with around seven simultaneously active programs (jobs), which reside in central memory. Instructions from these programs are read into the central processor registers and are executed by the central processor at scheduled intervals. The results are then returned to central memory.
Information is stored in central memory in the form of words. The length of each word is 60 binary digits (bits). The highly efficient address and data control mechanisms involved permit a word to be moved into or out of central memory in as little as 100 nanoseconds.
Extended Core Storage (ECS)
An extended core storage unit (ECS) provides additional memory storage and enhances the powerful computing capabilities of the CDC 6000 series computers. The unit contains interleaved core banks, each one ECS word (488 bits) wide and an 488 bit buffer for each bank.
While nominally slower than CM, ECS included a buffer (cache) that in some applications gave ECS better performance than CM. However, with a more common reference pattern the CM was still faster.
Central processor
The central processor is the high-speed arithmetic unit that functions as the workhorse of the computer. It performs the addition, subtraction, and logical operations and all of the multiplication, division, incrementing, indexing, and branching instructions for user programs. Note that in the CDC 6000 architecture, the central processing unit performs no input/output (I/O) operations. Input/Output is totally asynchronous, and performed by peripheral processors.
A 6000 series CPU contains 24 operating registers, designated X0–X7, A0–A7, and B0–B7. The eight X registers are each 60 bits long, and used for most data manipulation—both integer and floating point. The eight B registers are 18 bits long, and generally used for indexing and address storage. Register B0 is hard-wired to always return 0. By software convention, register B1 is generally set to 1. (This often allows the use of 15-bit instructions instead of 30-bit instructions.) The eight 18-bit A registers are 'coupled' to their corresponding X registers: setting an address into any of registers A1 through A5 causes a memory load of the contents of that address into the corresponding X registers. Likewise, setting an address into registers A6 and A7 causes a memory store into that location in memory from X6 or X7. Registers A0 and X0 are not coupled in this way, so can be used as scratch registers. However A0 and X0 are used when addressing CDCs Extended Core Storage (ECS).
Instructions are either 15 or 30 bits long, so there can be up to four instructions per 60-bit word. A 60-bit word can contain any combination of 15-bit and 30-bit instructions that fit within the word, but a 30-bit instruction can not wrap to the next word. The op codes are six bits long. The remainder of the instruction is either three three-bit register fields (two operands and one result), or two registers with an 18-bit immediate constant. All instructions are 'register to register'. For example, the following COMPASS (assembly language) code loads two values from memory, performs a 60-bit integer add, then stores the result:
SA1 X SET REGISTER A1 TO ADDRESS OF X; LOADS X1 FROM THAT ADDRESS
SA2 Y SET REGISTER A2 TO ADDRESS OF Y; LOADS X2 FROM THAT ADDRESS
IX6 X1+X2 LONG INTEGER ADD REGISTERS X1 AND X2, RESULT INTO X6
SA6 A1 SET REGISTER A6 TO (A1); STORES X6 TO X; THUS, X += Y
The central processor used in the CDC 6400 series contains a unified arithmetic element which performs one machine instruction at a time. Depending on instruction type, an instruction can take anywhere from five clock cycles for 18-bit integer arithmetic to as many as 68 clock cycles (60-bit population count). The CDC 6500 is identical to the 6400, but includes two identical 6400 CPUs. Thus the CDC 6500 can nearly double the computational throughput of the machine, although the I/O throughput is still limited by the speed of external I/O devices served by the same 10 PPs/12 Channels. Many CDC customers worked on compute-bound problems.
The CDC 6600 computer, like the CDC 6400, has just one central processor. However, its central processor offers much greater efficiency. The processor is divided into 10 individual functional units, each of which was designed for a specific type of operation. All 10 functional units can operate simultaneously, each working on their own operation. The function units provided are: branch, Boolean, shift, long integer add, floating-point add, floating-point divide, two floating-point multipliers, and two increment (18-bit integer add) units. Functional unit latencies are between three clock cycles for increment add and 29 clock cycles for floating-point divide.
The 6600 processor can issue a new instruction every clock cycle, assuming that various processor (functional unit, register) resources were available. These resources are tracked by a scoreboard mechanism. Also contributing to keeping the issue rate high is an instruction stack, which caches the contents of eight instruction words (32 short instructions or 16 long instructions, or a combination). Small loops can reside entirely within the stack, eliminating memory latency from instruction fetches.
Both the 6400 and 6600 CPUs have a cycle time of 100 ns (10MHz). Due to the serial nature of the 6400 CPU, its exact speed is heavily dependent on instruction mix, but generally around 1 MIPS. Floating-point additions are fairly fast at 11 clock cycles, however floating-point multiplication is very slow at 57 clock cycles. Thus its floating point speed will depend heavily on the mix of operations and can be under 200 kFLOPS. The 6600 is faster. With good compiler instruction scheduling, the machine can approach its theoretical peak of 10 MIPS. Floating-point additions take four clock cycles, and floating-point multiplications take 10 clocks (but there are two multiply functional units, so two operations can be processing at the same time.) The 6600 can therefore have a peak floating point speed of 2-3 MFLOPS.
The CDC 6700 computer combines features of the other three computers. Like the CDC 6500, it has two central processors. One is a CDC 6400/CDC 6500 central processor with the unified arithmetic section; the other is the more efficient CDC 6600 central processor. The combination makes the CDC 6700 the fastest and the most powerful of the CDC 6000 series.
Peripheral processors
The central processor shares access to central memory with up to ten peripheral processors (PPs). Each peripheral processor is an individual computer with its own 1 μs memory of 4K 12-bit words. (They are somewhat similar to CDC 160A minicomputers, sharing the 12-bit word length and portions of the instruction set.)
While the PPs were designed as an interface to the 12 I/O channels, portions of the Chippewa Operating System (COS), and systems derived from it, e.g., SCOPE, MACE, KRONOS, NOS, and NOS/BE, run on the PPs. Only the PPs have access to the channels and can perform input/output: the transfer of information between central memory and peripheral devices such as disks and magnetic tape units. They relieve the central processor of all input/output tasks, so that it can perform calculations while the peripheral processors are engaged in input/output and operating system functions. This feature promotes rapid overall processing of user programs. Much of the operating system ran on the PPs, thus leaving the full power of the Central Processor available for user programs.
Each peripheral processor can add, subtract, and perform logical operations. Special instructions perform data transfer between processor memory and, via the channels, peripheral devices at up to 1 μs per word. The peripheral processors are collectively implemented as a barrel processor. Each executes routines independently of the others. They are a loose predecessor of bus mastering or direct memory access.
Instructions use a 6-bit op code, thus leaving 6 bits for an operand. It is also possible to combine the next word's 12 bits, to form an 18-bit address (the size needed to access the full 131,072 words of Central Memory).
Data channels
For input or output, each peripheral processor accesses a peripheral device over a communication link called a data channel. One peripheral device can be connected to each data channel; however, a channel can be modified with hardware to service more than one device.
The data channels have no access to either central or peripheral
memory, and rely on programs running in a peripheral processor to access memory or to chain operations.
Each peripheral processor can communicate with any peripheral device if another peripheral processor is not using the data channel connected to that device. In other words, only one peripheral processor at a time can use a particular data channel to communicate to a peripheral device. However, a peripheral processor may write data to a channel that a different peripheral processor is reading.
Display console
In addition to communication between peripheral devices and peripheral processors, communication takes place between the computer operator and the operating system. This is made possible by the computer console, which had two CRT screens.
This display console was a significant departure from conventional computer consoles of the time, which contained hundreds of blinking lights and switches for every state bit in the machine. (See front panel for an example.) By comparison, the 6000 series console is an elegant design: simple, fast and reliable.
The console screens are calligraphic, not raster based. Analog circuitry steers the electron beams to draw the individual characters on the screen. One of the peripheral processors runs a dedicated program called "DSD" (Dynamic System Display), which drives the console. Coding in DSD needs to be fast as it needs to continually redraw the screen quickly enough to avoid visible flicker.
DSD displays information about the system and the jobs in process. The console also includes a keyboard through which the operator can enter requests to modify stored programs and display information about jobs in or awaiting execution.
A full-screen editor, called O26 (after the IBM model 026 key punch, with the first character made alphabetic due to operating system restrictions), can be run on the operator console. This text editor appeared in 1967—which made it one of the first full-screen editors. (Unfortunately, it took CDC another 15 years to offer FSE, a full-screen editor for normal time-sharing users on CDCs Network Operating System.)
There are also a variety of games that were written using the operator console. These included BAT (a baseball game), KAL (a kaleidoscope), DOG (Snoopy flying his doghouse across the screens), ADC (Andy Capp strutting across the screens), EYE (changes the screens into giant eyeballs, then winks them), PAC (a Pac-Man-like game), a lunar lander simulator, and more.
Minimum configuration
The minimum hardware requirements of a CDC 6000 series computer system consists of the computer, including 32,768 words of central memory storage, any combination of disks, disk packs, or drums to provide 24 million characters of mass storage, a punched card reader, punched card punch, printer with controllers, and two 7-track magnetic tape units.
Larger systems could be obtained by including optional equipment such as additional central memory, extended core storage (ECS), additional disk or drum units, card readers, punches, printers, and tape units. Graphic plotters and microfilm recorders were also available.
Peripherals
CDC 405 Card Reader - Unit reads 80-column cards at 1200 cards a minute and 51-column cards at 1600 cards per minute. Each tray holds 4000 cards to reduce the rate of required loading.
CDC 6602/6612 Console Display
CDC 6603 Disk System
CDC 626 Magnetic Tape Transports
CDC 6671 Communications Multiplexer - supported up to 16 synchronous data connections up to 4800 bit/s each for Remote Job Entry
CDC 6676 Communications Multiplexer - supported up to 64 asynchronous data connections up to 300 bit/s each for timesharing access.
CDC 6682/6683 Satellite Coupler
CDC 6681 Data Channel Converter
Versions
The CDC 6600 was the flagship. The CDC 6400 was a slower, lower-performance CPU that cost significantly less.
The CDC 6500 was a dual CPU 6400, with two CPUs but only one set of I/O PPs, designed for computation-bound problems. The CDC 6700 was also a dual CPU machine, which had one 6600 CPU and one 6400 CPU. The CDC 6415 was an even cheaper and slower machine; it had a 6400 CPU but was available with only seven, eight, or nine PPUs instead of the normal ten. The CDC 6416 was an upgrade that could be added to a 6000 series machine; it added an extra PPU bank, giving a total of 20 PPUs and 24 channels, designed for significantly improved I/O performance.
The 6600
The CDC 6600 was the flagship mainframe supercomputer of the 6000 series of computer systems manufactured by Control Data Corporation.
Generally considered to be the first successful supercomputer, it outperformed its fastest predecessor, the IBM 7030 Stretch, by a factor of three. With performance of up to three megaFLOPS, the CDC 6600, of which about 100 were sold, was the world's fastest computer from 1964 to 1969, when it relinquished that status to its successor, the CDC 7600.
The CDC 6600 anticipated the RISC design philosophy and, unusually, employed a ones'-complement representation of integers. Its successors would continue the architectural tradition for more than 30 years until the late 1980s, and were the last chips designed with ones'-complement integers.
The CDC 6600 was also the first widespread computer to include a load–store architecture, with the writing to its address registers triggering memory load or store of data from its data registers.
The first CDC 6600s were delivered in 1965 to the Livermore and Los Alamos National Labs (managed by the University of California). Serial #4 went to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences Courant Institute at NYU in Greenwich Village, New York CIty. The first delivery outside the US went to CERN laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland, where it was used to analyse the two to three million photographs of bubble-chamber tracks that CERN experiments were producing every year. In 1966 another CDC 6600 was delivered to the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, part of the University of California at Berkeley, where it was used for the analysis of nuclear events photographed inside the Alvarez bubble chamber. The University of Texas at Austin had one delivered for its Computer Science and Mathematics Departments, and installed underground on its main campus, tucked into a hillside with one side exposed, for cooling efficiency.
A CDC 6600 is on display at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.
The 6400
The CDC 6400, a member of the CDC 6000 series, was a mainframe computer made by Control Data Corporation in the 1960s. The central processing unit was architecturally compatible with the CDC 6600. In contrast to the 6600, which had 10 parallel functional units which could work on multiple instructions at the same time, the 6400 had a unified arithmetic unit, which could only work on a single instruction at a time. This resulted in a slower, lower-performance CPU, but one that cost significantly less. Memory, peripheral processor-based input/output (I/O), and peripherals were otherwise identical to the 6600.
In 1966, the Computing Center () of the RWTH Aachen University acquired a CDC 6400, the first Control Data supercomputer in Germany and the second one in Europe after the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It served the entire university also by 64 remote-line teletypes (TTY) until it was replaced by a CDC Cyber 175 computer in 1976.
Dual CPU systems
The 6500
The CDC 6500, which features a dual CPU 6400, is the third supercomputer in the 6000 series manufactured by the Control Data Corporation and designed by supercomputer pioneer Seymour Cray. The first 6500 was announced in 1964 and was delivered in 1967.
It includes twelve different independent computers. Ten are peripheral and control processors, each of which have a separate memory and can run programs separately from each other and the two 6400 central processors. Instead of being air-cooled, it has a liquid refrigeration system and each of the three bays of the computer has its own cooling unit.
CDC 6500 systems were installed at:
Michigan State University - bought in 1968, meant to replace its CDC 3600, and it was the only academic mainframe on campus.
CERN - upgraded from a 6400 to a 6500 in April 1969.
the technical lab at the Patrick Air Force Base in 1978.
the Laboratory of Computing Techniques and Automation in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (USSR) - originally bought CDC 6200 in 1972, later upgraded to 6500, retired in 1995
University of Colorado Boulder
The 6700
Composed of a 6600 and a 6400, the CDC 6700 was the most powerful of the 6000 series.
See also
CDC Cyber - contained the successors to the 6000 series computers
Notes
References
CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600 Computer Systems Reference Manual, Publication No. 60100000 D, 1967
CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600/6700 Computer Systems, SCOPE 3.3 User's Guide, Publication No. 60252700 A, 1970
CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600/6700 Computer Systems, SCOPE Reference Manual, Publication No. 60305200, 1971
Computer history on CDC 6600
Gordon Bell on CDC computers
External links
Neil R. Lincoln with 18 Control Data Corporation (CDC) engineers on computer architecture and design, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Engineers include Robert Moe, Wayne Specker, Dennis Grinna, Tom Rowan, Maurice Hutson, Curt Alexander, Don Pagelkopf, Maris Bergmanis, Dolan Toth, Chuck Hawley, Larry Krueger, Mike Pavlov, Dave Resnick, Howard Krohn, Bill Bhend, Kent Steiner, Raymon Kort, and Neil R. Lincoln. Discussion topics include CDC 1604, CDC 6600, CDC 7600, and Seymour Cray.
CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600 COMPUTER SYSTEMS Reference Manual
2016 GeekWire article Resurrected! Paul Allen's tech team brings 50-year-old supercomputer back from the dead
2013 GeekWire article on the restoration of a CDC 6500 at the LCM.
Request a login to the working CDC 6500 at Living Computers: Museum + Labs, one of the computers online at Paul Allen's collection of timesharing and interactive computers.
6000 series
Supercomputers
60-bit computers
12-bit computers
Control Data Corporation mainframe computers
Transistorized computers
Control Data Corporation
Computer-related introductions in 1964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC%206000%20series |
Anne Margaret Glover, (born 6 February 1954) is CEO and co-founder of Amadeus Capital Partners, a venture capital firm that invests in European high-technology companies. Prior to founding Amadeus in 1997, she was with Apax Partners & Company Ventures, where she was a member of the investment team. She has been a business angel, investing in UK-based information technology start-ups. Glover worked for Virtuality Group plc, where she was COO of the virtual reality peripherals company.
Glover was a manager and consultant with Bain & Company in Boston for five years. Earlier in her career, she worked for Cummins Engine.
She was chair of the British Venture Capital Association (BVCA), which represents approximately 165 UK-based private equity and venture capital firms. She is on the Technology Strategy Board of the UK's Department of Trade and Industry.
Glover earned a master's degree in management from Yale School of Management and a master's degree in metallurgy and materials science from Clare College, Cambridge.
Glover was appointed a Commander of the Order of British Empire (CBE) in the 2006 Birthday Honours, "for services to business" and was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2008.
She was elected Chair of the European Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (now Invest Europe) in June 2014.
Anne Glover along with Dervilla Mitchell, Professor Sarah Harper, Professor Fiona Murray and Professor Philip Bond was appointed to the Council for Science and Technology in March 2014.
In June 2018, Glover has been appointed as a Non-Executive Director in the Court of Directors of the Bank of England. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2021.
References
External links
Anne Glover bio at Amadeus Capital
Yale School of Management alumni
British money managers
British venture capitalists
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
1954 births
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Bain & Company employees
American chief executives of financial services companies
American women chief executives
British women company founders
American chief operating officers
American women investors
Financial company founders
20th-century British businesspeople
21st-century British businesspeople
British women in business
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Glover%20%28venture%20capitalist%29 |
The Wind in the Willows (released as Mr. Toad's Wild Ride in the United States) is a 1996 British adventure comedy film based on Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows, adapted and directed by Terry Jones, and produced by Jake Eberts and John Goldstone. The film stars Terry Jones, Steve Coogan, Eric Idle and Nicol Williamson. While positively regarded, it was a box office bomb and had distribution problems in the United States.
Plot
Mole's underground home is caved in when the meadow above is crushed by a steam shovel driven by Weasels. The Water Rat takes Mole to see Mr. Toad, who encourages them to join them in his new horse-drawn caravan. After a motor car frightens the horse and the caravan tips over, Toad becomes infatuated with motoring. He is a terrible driver and funds his cars with loans from the Weasels; their vindictive Chief blackmails him to sell Toad Hall.
After an encounter with Weasels in the Wild Wood, Toad, Rat, and Mole end up in Mr. Badger's underground house. Badger attempts to quell Toad's obsession with cars, but Toad refuses to listen and is ultimately arrested for stealing and crashing a motor-car outside a pub. During Toad's trial, the Chief Weasel poses as a rabbit and manipulates the Jury into giving a guilty verdict. After Toad insults the Court and tries to escape, the Judge gives him a hundred-year sentence in a castle dungeon.
Back at Toad Hall, Rat and Mole are evicted by the Weasels, who have taken Toad Hall for themselves. They tunnel under the castle to free Toad, who is assisted by the jailer's daughter and her sardonic tea lady aunt. Toad, Rat, and Mole board Engine No. 592, thanks to the engine driver's help of letting them ride on the footplate. The police, who have stowed away on the carriages behind the engine, demand that the train be stopped by waving furiously at Ratty, Moley, and the driver on the engine, much to Toad's fearing terror. As the engine goes to see what the police want and tries to stop the train, Toad confesses the truth and begs the driver to help him evade his captors about arresting him for stealing motorcars. Feeling sympathetic of what Toad says is true, the driver agrees to help as the police shoot the paint on his engine. Angered, he tosses coal from his engine's tender at the police, but fails to dodge a mail catcher, which catches him and ends up holding him from his train. Toad takes control of the train by pulling the accelerator to speed the engine up, and as Mole accidentally uncouples the coaches, he and Rat are left far behind with the coaches as the police hit a tunnel and hold on for dear life, Toad eventually derails the engine, and having survived the accident from the wreckage of the engine, sets off again, but is abducted by the Weasels.
The full extent of the Weasel's plans are now revealed: they have built a dog-food factory over the remains of Mole's abode and are planning to blow up Toad Hall and build a slaughterhouse in its place, with which they will turn all of the peaceful Riverbankers into dog food. They have also damaged the area near to Badger's home, which provokes him into wanting revenge against them. Badger and Rat attempt to infiltrate Toad Hall disguised as weasels, but are discovered. Along with Toad, they are placed over the factory's mincing machine. The Chief, Clarence and Geoffrey return to Toad Hall to prepare the victory celebration, leaving St. John in charge of the machine. Mole, who has broken into the factory, disables the machine allowing Toad, Badger and Rat to escape.
In a premature sense of victory, Clarence and Geoffrey attempt to murder their Chief using a birthday cake. Clarence and Geoffrey begin to fight each other for leadership, with the other Weasels drunkenly taking sides. This distraction allows the protagonists to stage a raid on the house, leaving all of the Weasels incapacitated in the ensuing fight. It turns out that the Chief has survived the coup against his life. Toad attempts to stop him from reaching the factory, which contains the detonator to blow up Toad Hall, to no avail. Unbeknownst to both of them, the explosives are actually in the factory (Rat had switched the labels on the explosive's containers earlier, leading the Weasels to believe the explosives were actually bone supplies for the factory), and as such the Chief blows himself up along with the factory, leaving Toad Hall intact and Toad's friends alive.
Afterwards, Toad makes a public speech swearing off motor cars and promising to be more mature and less selfish in the future. Mole's home has been repaired. However, Toad is seen secretly talking to an airplane salesman, which shows that he has only moved on to a new craze. Toad flies over the crowd in his new plane, causing mass hysteria and a disappointed Badger swears never to help Toad again. During the end credits, Toad flies across the country and eventually over the sea.
Cast
Terry Jones as Mr. Toad
Steve Coogan as Mole
Eric Idle as Rat
Nicol Williamson as Mr. Badger
Antony Sher as The Chief Weasel
Michael Palin as The Sun
Keith-Lee Castle as Clarence Weasel
Robert Bathurst as St John Weasel
Nigel Planer as The Car Salesman
John Boswall as the Elderly Gentleman
Stephen Fry as The Judge
Roger Ashton-Griffiths as The Prosecution Counsel
John Cleese as Mr. Toad's Lawyer
Julia Sawalha as The Jailer's Daughter
Victoria Wood as The Tea Lady
Don Henderson as The Sentry
Richard Ridings as The Guard
Bernard Hill as The Engine Driver
Nick Gillard as a stunt double
Richard James as Geoffrey Weasel and Mole's Clock
Songs featured in the film
"Messing About On The River" (Tony Hatch) – sung at the beginning by Rat, as he and Mole set out for a picnic on the river
"Secret of Survival" – sung by the Weasels, explaining that they're only out for themselves
"Mr. Toad" – sung by Toad, with lyrics taken directly from the novel, split into three sections (one covering his escape from Toad Hall, one during his trial and one after the train crash with SE&CR C Class 0-6-0 tender engine No. 592)
"Friends Is What We Is" – sung by Toad, Badger, Mole and Rat, as they drive the Weasels out of Toad Hall and during the party at the end
"Miracle of Friends" – the song played during the end credits
Production
The Wind in the Willows was produced by Allied Filmmakers. Most of the then-living members of the Monty Python comedy troupe heavily participated in the film: Jones and Idle play major roles as Mr. Toad and Rat, but Cleese and Palin have minor roles, as Toad's inept defence lawyer and a sardonic talking Sun, respectively, who occasionally chastises Toad for his reckless behaviour, and briefly speaks to Ratty and Mole. Terry Gilliam was asked to voice "The River", but filming conflicts with 12 Monkeys kept him from doing so. Perhaps, as a result, "The River" only has one instance of dialogue - he is shown with a mouth and sings a couple of lines of the first song.
Filming
Principal photography was done primarily during sunset, and the colours were then readjusted.
Railway scenes were done on the Bluebell Railway, disguised as a part of the South Eastern & Chatham Railway (the Bluebell is home to a number of SE&CR locomotives, and as part of the old London, Brighton & South Coast Railway, the neighbouring railway to the SE&CR the disguise was not difficult to complete effectively). This is the first Willows adaptation to use the SE&CR - the railway in most versions is portrayed as the Great Western Railway (although the book's text is unspecific).
The outside of Toad Hall: Kentwell Hall in Suffolk.
External scenes of the Gaol: Dover Castle in Kent.
The Old School, now the post office in Chiddingstone, is the Welcome Inn where Toad dines before stealing and crashing a motorcar.
Distribution
When the film first appeared in the U.S. under its original title, it was pushed aside due to distributors' problems giving it a mere late 1997 limited release and very little promotion was published. Takings in the UK had been low due to largely only afternoon screenings. Subsequently, New York publications wondered why such a wonderful children's film was dumped by distributors. The Times published a very positive review by Lawrence Van Gelder.
In 1998, however, Disney released the film on VHS and later on DVD in 2004, but they changed the title to Mr. Toad's Wild Ride, to tie into their theme park ride at Disneyland (the Disney World version of which closed that year).
At the time of the US release, Jones, who was working on a documentary in New York, was told by telephone that the film was being shown in a cinema in Times Square. Jones rushed down to the square only to discover that the cinema was "one of those seedy little porno theatres."
Reception
Box office
The film opened on 17 screens in Scotland and the Midlands on 11 October 1996 and grossed £6,121 in its opening weekend. It expanded to 230 screens on 18 October and grossed £375,795 for the week, placing seventh at the UK box office. It went on to gross £1.3 million in the U.K. and $72,844 in the U.S.
Critical response
The film holds a 75% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 8 reviews and holds three stars out of five on the film critic website AllMovie.com. Film critic Mike Hertenstein wrote a positive critical review of the film.
The films won the Best of the Fest award at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival in 1998 and the WisKid Award at the Wisconsin International Children's Film Festival in 2000.
References
External links
1996 films
1996 children's films
1990s adventure comedy films
1990s children's comedy films
British children's comedy films
1990s English-language films
Films based on The Wind in the Willows
Films directed by Terry Jones
Films shot in England
Pathé films
Films with screenplays by Terry Jones
1996 comedy films
1990s British films
Films about weasels
British independent films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wind%20in%20the%20Willows%20%281996%20film%29 |
The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie is a 2008 American computer-animated family adventure comedy film directed by Mike Nawrocki, written by Phil Vischer, produced by Big Idea and distributed by Universal Pictures. It is the second of the two theatrical films to feature characters from the VeggieTales video series following Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie in 2002, and is the only VeggieTales media that deviates from its usual messages about Christianity and biblical morals.
The film was released in theaters on January 11, 2008, and received mixed reviews from critics, who criticized the script but praised the animation. The film was also a box office bomb, grossing only $13 million worldwide on a $15 million budget.
Plot
In the past, the pirate Robert the Terrible attacks and boards one of the Kingdom of Monterria's ships, capturing Prince Alexander. Eluding the pirates, Princess Eloise and her servant Willory (played by Archibald Asparagus) send a device that the king made, called a "Helpseeker," to find heroes to save Alexander.
In modern times, three misfits: the "yes man" George (Pa Grape), the lazy Sedgewick (Mr. Lunt), and the timid Elliot (Larry the Cucumber) are employees at a dinner theater. Although they want to be seen as heroes by their loved ones, as lowly cabin boys they believe their dream is unattainable. After wrecking the show one night, they are fired and thrown into an alley. The Helpseeker locates them and, after Elliot activates the device, transports the trio to Monterria.
Meeting the Princess and Willory, the group sets off to Jolly Joe's Tavern where they learn that Pirate Robert, the brother of the king before being banished, has kidnapped Alexander in the hopes of exacting revenge on the king. Setting sail in search of the whereabouts of Robert's hideout, the pirate's men capture Eloise and Willory. As George and Elliot continue on their quest, a cowardly Sedgewick decides to stay behind in a cave filled with "cheese curls". After the two leave, Sedgewick discovers the curls are instead living worm-like creatures which chase him out of the cave, forcing him to overcome his fear and laziness.
Meanwhile, George and Elliot arrive on an island populated by a rock giant family, who help them make it to Robert's fortress. Sedgewick meets up with them, having swum the ocean being chased by the living worm-like creatures. Arriving at a hidden bay outside of the fortress, the trio are attacked by a giant serpent. However, Elliot realizes the guardian is actually a mechanical device and is able to shut the machine down from inside and save the two. Once inside, George, Sedgewick, and Elliot rescue the prince and princess but are confronted by Robert who demands to know when the king is coming back. With no other choice, George, Sedgewick, and Elliot admit that they are "only cabin boys," and not heroes. But, suddenly, finding his self-respect, George uses a chandelier to knock the pirate down and the group escapes through the fortress's cistern with Robert in hot pursuit. Back in the bay, Robert's ship opens fire on the group's small boat. The king arrives, sinks Robert's ship, and rescues the group.
After receiving medals from the king and being declared heroes, the Helpseeker returns Elliot, George, and Sedgewick to the restaurant. Unbeknownst to them, Robert has stowed away on their trip back to get revenge on them for defeating him and attacks the dinner theater set and mistakes Sir Frederick (Jimmy Gourd), one of the stage performers, for George. In a final showdown, the trio defeat Robert and send him back to his own time. The audience cheer wildly as the gang earn the respect they had desired. Offered a second chance to be in the show, the three refuse and leave to pursue adventure elsewhere one more time as the Helpseeker blinks once again. The film ends with the entire cast singing "Rock Monster", a parody of The B-52's' hit "Rock Lobster". Once they are done singing, Bob the Tomato finally makes his appearance, as the director. Later, Robert is arrested by the King for his crimes as he is shown dancing to the music during the credits along with his imprisoned henchmen.
Voice cast
Phil Vischer as George (Pa Grape), Sedgewick (Mr. Lunt), Willory (Archibald Asparagus), Mr. Hibbing (Mr. Nezzer), Sir Frederick (Jimmy Gourd), Pirate Spy (Scallion #1), Pirate Phillipe Pea Phillipe Pea and Bob the Tomato
Mike Nawrocki as Elliot (Larry the Cucumber), Pirate Jean-Claude Pea Jean-Claude Pea, Theater Foe, Pirate Spy Sidekick, Pirate with Dummy, Rock Monster Father
Laura Gerow as Princess Eloise
Yuri Lowenthal as Prince Alexander
Cam Clarke as Robert the Terrible and The King
Tim Hodge as Jolly Joe (Charlie Pincher) and the Ship Officer
Megan Murphy as (Madame Blueberry)
Alan Lee as a Blind Man and One-Eyed Louie
Cydney Trent as Bernadette (Petunia Rhubarb)
Keri Pisapia as Ellen
Sondra Morton Chaffin as Caroline
Drake Lyle as George Jr.
Ally Nawrocki as Lucy
Jim Poole as Scooter
Patrick Kramer as Colin
Joe Spadaford as Jacob Lewis
Production
Phil Vischer completed the script for this film in 2002, noting that he wrote it before Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) was released. Because of the bankruptcy and buyout of assets of Big Idea Productions, the film wasn't able to start production until late 2005.
The animation was done by Big Idea, Inc., and animation production was done by Starz Animation as Universal Pictures' first computer-animated film.
Reception
According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 43% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 4.92/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "This Veggietale should please the youngest crowds, but the silly script will tire the more discerning viewer." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". The film earned $12.7 million for Universal Studios out of an estimated $15 million budget.
Home media
The film was released on DVD on October 14, 2008.
Music
Several original songs are performed in the film by the characters. When the credits are paused, "The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything" (sung by Relient K) and "Rock Monster" (sung by the cast) can be heard.
References
External links
2008 films
2000s American animated films
2000s children's animated films
2008 animated films
2008 computer-animated films
Animated films based on animated series
American children's animated adventure films
American children's animated comedy films
American children's animated fantasy films
American children's animated musical films
American fantasy adventure films
Big Idea Entertainment films
Animated films based on songs
Animated films set in the 17th century
Films set in the Golden Age of Piracy
Universal Pictures films
Universal Pictures animated films
VeggieTales films
American computer-animated films
2000s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pirates%20Who%20Don%27t%20Do%20Anything%3A%20A%20VeggieTales%20Movie |
United States v. Libby was the federal trial of I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby, a former high-ranking official in the George W. Bush administration, for interfering with special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald's criminal investigation of the Plame affair.
Libby served as Assistant to the President under George W. Bush and Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States and Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs under Dick Cheney from 2001 to 2005. Libby resigned from his government positions hours after his indictment on October 28, 2005.
Libby was indicted by a federal grand jury on five felony counts of making false statements to federal investigators, perjury for lying to a federal grand jury, and obstruction of justice for impeding the course of a federal grand jury investigation concerned with the possibly illegal leaking by government officials of the classified identity of a covert agent of the CIA, Valerie Plame Wilson, the wife of former Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV. Pursuant to the grand jury leak investigation, Libby was convicted on March 6, 2007, on four counts of perjury, obstruction of justice, and making false statements. He was acquitted of one count of making false statements.
Libby was sentenced to 30 months in prison and fined $250,000. The sentence was commuted in June 2007 by President Bush, voiding the prison term. The convictions no longer stand on the record because Libby was pardoned by President Trump on April 13, 2018.
On April 3, 2007, the District of Columbia Bar suspended his license to practice law in Washington, D.C., and recommended his disbarment pending his appeal of his conviction. On March 20, 2008, after he dropped his appeal, he was disbarred by the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, in Washington, D.C., at least until 2012. He delayed reinstatement until June 2016, when he successfully petitioned the court for reinstatement. He was readmitted to the D.C. bar on November 3, 2016.
In the District of Columbia Court of Appeals Disciplinary Counsel's Report reinstating Libby's law license, the Counsel noted that Libby had continued to assert his innocence. As a result, the Counsel had to "undertake a more complex evaluation of a Petition for reinstatement" than when a petitioner admits guilt. But the Counsel found that "Libby has presented credible evidence in support of his version of events and it appears that one key prosecution witness , Judith Miller, has changed her recollection of the events in question." The reference to Judith Miller, a former New York Times reporter, involved her memoir, The Story, A Reporter's Journey. In the book, Miller said she read Plame's memoir and discovered that Plame's cover was at the State Department, a fact Miller said the prosecution had withheld from her. In rereading what she called her "elliptical" notes (meaning hard to decipher), she realized they were about Plame's cover, not her job at the CIA. She concluded that her testimony that Libby had told her Plame worked at the CIA was wrong. "Had I helped convict an innocent man?" she asked. Miller went on to note that John Rizzo, a former CIA general counsel, had said in his memoir that there was no evidence that the outing of Plame had caused any damage to CIA operations or agents, including Plame. That statement rebuts the prosecution's closing argument that as a result of the disclosure of Plame's identity, a CIA operative could be "arrested, tortured, or killed."
Events leading up to the trial
The Plame affair
The Plame affair ensued after the identity of Valerie Plame was leaked to journalists, which took place after her husband Joseph Wilson criticized the Bush administration's rationale for the Iraq War on July 6, 2003 by publicly stating that he had found no evidence for the claim that Saddam Hussein's regime had attempted to buy yellowcake uranium in Niger (a claim that first emerged due to the Niger uranium forgeries) in a New York Times op-ed entitled "What I Didn't Find in Africa".
Wilson had been sent on a fact-finding mission to Niger but had found no evidence for the claim that Iraq had been attempting to buy yellowcake uranium in Africa, as part of an active weapons of mass destruction program. Nonetheless, this claim was repeated by president Bush during the Iraq disarmament crisis that preceded the Iraq War. President Bush's controversial "16 words" in his 2003 State of the Union Address alluded to the Niger claim: "The British government has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa." Bush's claim was apparently based on the forged uranium documents. On March 7, 2003, 11 days before the United States-led coalition invasion of Iraq, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) released its report determining that documents indirectly cited by President Bush as suggesting that Iraq had tried to buy 500 tons of uranium from Niger were actually "obvious" forgeries.
On July 14, 2003, a newspaper column commenting on Wilson's claims written by Robert Novak, entitled "Mission to Niger", disclosed Plame's name and status as an "operative" who worked in a CIA division on the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Wilson, her husband, stated in various interviews and subsequent writings (as listed in his 2004 memoir The Politics of Truth) that his wife's identity was covert and that members of the administration knowingly revealed it as retribution for his op-ed entitled "What I Didn't Find in Africa", published in The New York Times on July 6, 2003. Some argue that his wife's employment at the CIA was no longer classified: Victoria Toensing, who helped craft the Intelligence Identities Protection Act, claims in her Washington Post opinion piece "The Plame Game: Was This a Crime?" that since Valerie Plame had not held a foreign post for over five years, she no longer qualified for covert status.
On September 26, 2003, at the request of the CIA, the Department of Justice and the FBI began a criminal investigation into the possible unauthorized disclosure of classified information regarding Valerie Wilson's CIA affiliation to various reporters in the spring of 2003. During this ongoing federal inquiry "into the alleged unauthorized disclosure of a CIA employee's identity," a possible violation of criminal statutes, including the Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, and Title 18, United States Code, Section 793, Libby testified to FBI agents and to the grand jury.
Libby was charged with lying to FBI agents and to the grand jury about two conversations with reporters, Tim Russert of NBC News and Matthew Cooper of Time magazine. According to the Indictment, the obstruction of justice count alleges that while testifying under oath before the grand jury on March 5 and March 24, 2004, Libby knowingly and corruptly endeavored to influence, obstruct and impede the grand jury's investigation by misleading and deceiving the grand jury as to when, and the manner and means by which, he acquired, and subsequently disclosed to the media, information concerning the employment of Valerie Wilson by the CIA.
CIA grand jury investigation
On December 30, 2003, Patrick J. Fitzgerald was named Special Counsel by Deputy Attorney General James B. Comey and charged with conducting the investigation into the Plame affair. Fitzgerald was granted the full plenary power of the Attorney General in the Libby case, as clarified by Comey in letters of February 6, 2004, and August 12, 2005.
On October 28, 2005, after twenty-two months of the investigation, a federal grand jury indicted Libby in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. On November 3, 2005, Libby appeared at his arraignment before Judge Reggie B. Walton and pleaded not guilty.
The text of the filed indictment includes: one count of obstruction of justice (Title 18, United States Code, section 1503) for impeding the grand jury's investigation; two counts of perjury (18 USC §1623) for lying under oath before the grand jury on March 5 and March 24, 2005; and two counts of making false statements (18 USC §1001(a)(2)) and in connection with for making "materially false and intentionally misleading statements" to FBI agents who interviewed him on October 14 and November 26, 2004.
David Corn speculated that Libby was using Graymail as a defense tactic, based on the large amount of classified material that was requested by his defense and the addition of the graymail expert John D. Cline to his defense team.
On February 3, 2006, Walton set a trial date of January 8, 2007.
On February 3, 2006, the defense subpoenaed The New York Times, its former reporter Judith Miller, who had been jailed for 85 days after refusing to tell the grand jury about conversations she had with Libby, Time magazine and its reporter Matthew Cooper, and Tim Russert of NBC News for documents related to the Plame affair. According to Pete Yost of the Associated Press, the subpoenaed reporters and organizations would have until April 7 to turn over the material or challenge the subpoenas:
On February 9, 2006, Murray Waas reported in The National Journal that Libby had testified to the grand jury that he had been authorized by his superiors to disclose classified information regarding intelligence estimates of Iraq's weapons programs. Waas identified Vice President Cheney as one such superior on the basis of unpublished statements of lawyers with knowledge of the situation and documents that Waas says were filed with the court.
On February 23, 2006, Libby's attorneys filed a motion to dismiss the indictment against him. According to Toni Locy, reporting for the Associated Press, "The defense attorneys ... said Fitzgerald's appointment violated federal law because his investigation was not supervised by the attorney general." Libby's attorneys argued that only the U.S. Congress can approve such an arrangement," and that the appointment of Fitzgerald as Special Counsel by then-United States Deputy Attorney General James B. Comey, himself acting as Attorney General in Ashcroft's place, violated the Appointments Clause (United States Constitution, Article II § 2).
On April 5, 2006, court filings distributed widely in the press and news media the next day, revealed that Libby had testified during the grand jury investigation about information that Vice President Cheney and President Bush had authorized disclosing; reportedly, the original intent of the filing was to restrict Libby's access to further classified information in defense discovery.
A court filing by Libby's defense team argued that Valerie Plame was not foremost on the minds of administration officials as they sought to rebut charges made by her husband, Joseph Wilson, that the White House manipulated intelligence to make a case for invasion. The filing indicates that Libby's lawyers don't intend to say he was told to reveal Plame's identity.
On May 24, 2006, Fitzgerald filed a response to a motion by Libby's lawyers, offering summaries of Libby's grand jury testimony and excerpts from Libby's testimony of March 5, 2004 and March 24, 2004.
On September 22, 2006, according to Matt Apuzzo for the Associated Press, Libby's attorney's reported that "Libby Plans to Testify in CIA Leak Trial", United States v. Libby, in his own defense.
Overview of the trial and the presidential commutation
The trial in the case of the United States of America v. I. Lewis Libby began on January 16, 2007.
On March 6, Libby was convicted of four out of the five counts against him. He was found guilty of two counts of perjury in testimony before a federal grand jury, one count of obstruction of justice in a federal grand jury investigation, and one of two counts of making false statements to federal investigators. He was acquitted on the second count of making false statements (indictment count three).
The jury rendered its verdict at noon on March 6, 2007. It convicted Libby on four of the five counts against him—two counts of perjury, one count of obstructing justice in a grand jury investigation, and one of the two counts of making false statements to federal investigators—and acquitted him on one count of making false statements.
Initially, Libby's lawyers announced that they would be seeking a new trial but that, if they were not to get one, they would appeal Libby's conviction. Later they decided not to seek a new trial, but they still plan to appeal Libby's conviction. On June 5, 2007, Judge Reggie Walton sentenced Libby to 30 months in federal prison, a fine of $250,000, and two years of supervised release, including 400 hours of community service. Libby appealed Judge Reggie Walton's subsequent order that he report to prison pending the appeal of his conviction. Two weeks later he lost that appeal.
President Bush commuted Libby's sentence on July 2, 2007, eliminating the prison term while not changing the other parts and their conditions. Judge Walton queried aspects of that presidential commutation.
Sentencing of Libby
Given current federal sentencing guidelines, which are not mandatory, if he had been convicted on all five counts, Libby's sentence could have ranged from no imprisonment to imprisonment of up to 25 years and a fine of $US1,000,000. Given those non-binding guidelines, according to lawyer, author, New Yorker staff writer, and CNN senior legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin on Anderson Cooper 360°, the sentence based on Libby's conviction on four counts could have been between "one and a half to three years."
The United States Government was seeking a 30 to 37-month sentence according to the sentencing guidelines memorandum filed in court by prosecutor Fitzgerald. On June 5, 2007, Libby was sentenced to thirty months in prison and fined $250,000. According to Apuzzo and Yost, the judge also "placed him on two years probation [supervised release] after his prison sentence expires. There is no parole in the federal system, but Libby would be eligible for [supervised] release after two years."
Libby ordered to jail pending appeal
According to CNN News, "After the June 5 sentencing, [Judge] Walton said he was inclined to jail Libby after the defense laid out its proposed appeal, but the judge told attorneys he was open to changing his mind"; however, on June 14, 2007, Judge Walton "ordered" Libby "to report to prison while his attorneys appeal his perjury and obstruction." Although "Libby's attorneys asked that the order be stayed ... U.S. District Court Judge Reggie Walton denied the request and told Vice President Dick Cheney's former chief of staff that he has 10 days to appeal the ruling"; in denying Libby's request, which had questioned Special Counsel Patrick Fitzgerald's "authority to charge Libby," as quoted by CNN, Judge Walton said: "'Everyone is accountable, and if you work in the White House, and if it's perceived that somehow (you're) linked at the hip, the American public would have serious questions about the fairness of any investigation of a high-level official conducted by the attorney general,'" supporting Fitzgerald's authority in the case. The judge was also responding to an Amicus curiae brief that he had permitted to be filed, which had not apparently convinced him to change his mind, as he subsequently denied Libby bail during his appeal. Prior to Judge Walton's order, Josh Gerstein stated, in The New York Sun, "Bail remains a critical question for Libby. Judge Walton has indicated he is not inclined to grant it. Many political observers believe that if Libby gets bail and his appeals fail, he stands a better chance of receiving a presidential pardon because President Bush's term will be nearing its end. Technically, the scholars took no position on the question of bail, but if Judge Walton agreed with them [i.e., their arguments], bail would be highly likely." Though "Judge Walton granted the scholars permission to file their brief," Gerstein reports, "his order doing so contained a caustic footnote questioning the motivation of the legal academics and suggesting he might not give a great deal of weight to their opinion[:]
It is an impressive show of public service when twelve prominent and distinguished current and former law professors are able to amass their collective wisdom in the course of only several days to provide their legal expertise to the court on behalf of a criminal defendant," the judge wrote. "The Court trusts that this is a reflection of these eminent academics' willingness in the future to step to the plate and provide like assistance in cases involving any of the numerous litigants, both in this Court and throughout the courts of this nation, who lack the financial means to fully and properly articulate the merits of their legal positions even in instances where failure to do so could result in monetary penalties, incarceration, or worse. The Court will certainly not hesitate to call for such assistance from these luminaries, as necessary in the interests of justice and equity, whenever similar questions arise in the cases that come before it."
Noting that "Libby is the first sitting White House official to be indicted in 130 years," CNN News also reported that "At the beginning of Thursday's [June 5, 2007] hearing, Walton told the court that he had received 'harassing' and 'hateful' messages[:] 'In the interest of full disclosure, I have received a number of harassing, angry and mean-spirited phone calls and messages. Some wishing bad things on me and my family,' the judge said. 'Those types of things will have no impact. ... I initially threw them away, but then there were more, some that were more hateful,' Walton said. 'They are being kept.'"
Jeffrey Toobin, CNN's senior legal analyst, "called the ruling 'a very dramatic and, to me, surprising decision,'" since, he pointed out, "'Many white collar defendants get bail pending appeal,' ... citing Martha Stewart and some insider traders as examples" and concluding: "'Judge Walton has had it with Scooter Libby,' who, Toobin said, also got a stiff sentence for his crimes in the first place. 'This is going to put President Bush in a very difficult position regarding the question of a pardon.'"
New York Times reporter Neil Lewis estimated subsequently that Libby's prison sentence could begin within "two months," explaining that
Judge Walton's decision means that the defense lawyers will probably ask a federal appeals court to block the sentence, a long-shot move. It also sharpens interest in a question being asked by Mr. Libby's supporters and critics alike: Will President Bush pardon Mr. Libby? ... So far, the president has expressed sympathy for Mr. Libby and his family but has not tipped his hand on the pardon issue. ... If the president does not pardon him, and if an appeals court refuses to second-guess Judge Walton's decision, Mr. Libby will probably be ordered to report to prison in six to eight weeks' time. Federal prison authorities will decide where. "Unless the Court of Appeals overturns my ruling, he will have to report," Judge Walton said.
On June 20, 2007, Libby appealed Walton's ruling in federal appeals court. The next day, Judge Walton filed a 30-page expanded ruling, in which he explained his decision to deny Libby bail in more detail.
On July 2, 2007, according to Cary O'Reilly (Bloomberg News) and other news media, "the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ... [unanimously] denied his request for release. The decision will increase pressure on President George W. Bush to decide soon whether to pardon Libby, 56, as the former White House official's supporters have urged."
Presidential pardon and clemency issues
Soon after the verdict, calls for Libby to be pardoned by President George W. Bush began to appear in some newspapers; some of them are posted online by the Libby Legal Defense Trust. U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid issued a press release about the verdict, urging President Bush to pledge not to pardon Libby, and other Democratic politicians followed his lead.
Surveying "the pardon battle" and citing both pro and con publications, The Washington Post online columnist Dan Froomkin concludes that many U.S. newspapers opposed a presidential pardon for Libby. In an op-ed published in The Washington Post, former federal prosecutor William Otis argues that the sentence is too stringent and that, instead of pardoning Libby, President Bush should commute his sentence.
After the sentencing, President Bush stated on camera: "[I] will not intervene until Libby's legal team has exhausted all of its avenues of appeal ... It wouldn't be appropriate for me to discuss the case until after the legal remedies have run its course."
Presidential commutation of Libby's prison sentence
After denial of Libby's bond by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, President Bush commuted the prison term portion of Libby's sentence on July 2, 2007, leaving in place the felony conviction, the $250,000 fine, and the terms of probation (supervised release).
The President's commutation statement states (in part):
Mr. Libby was sentenced to thirty months of prison, two years of probation, and a $250,000 fine. In making the sentencing decision, the district court rejected the advice of the probation office, which recommended a lesser sentence and the consideration of factors that could have led to a sentence of home confinement or probation. I respect the jury's verdict. But I have concluded that the prison sentence given to Mr. Libby is excessive. Therefore, I am commuting the portion of Mr. Libby's sentence that required him to spend thirty months in prison. My decision to commute his prison sentence leaves in place a harsh punishment for Mr. Libby.
When Keith Olbermann interviewed former Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson, the husband of Valerie Plame, on the MSNBC television program Countdown with Keith Olbermann on the night of July 2, 2007, Joe Wilson expressed his and others' outrage:
There is nothing this administration does that shocks me anymore—it is corrupt from top to bottom. ... American citizens were outraged that the president of the United States would short circuit the rule of law and the system of justice. ... We know in America the difference between right and wrong, even if this administration doesn't.
Wilson repeated his complaint that the President's action and others' actions leading to Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence could seriously damage United States national security by harming its intelligence capability—"for the CIA, its covert officers, and for the agents that are recruited by officers, those who would put their lives at risk in order to obtain the intelligence we need will think long and hard about it when they see that the administration with impunity will betray its covert officers, will engage in treason."
On the following evening, in his "Special Comment," Olbermann called for both President Bush and Vice-President Cheney to resign.
Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald objected to President Bush's characterizing Libby's sentence as "excessive," stating:
We fully recognize that the Constitution provides that commutation decisions are a matter of presidential prerogative and we do not comment on the exercise of that prerogative. We comment only on the statement in which the President termed the sentence imposed by the judge as "excessive." The sentence in this case was imposed pursuant to the laws governing sentencings which occur every day throughout this country. In this case, an experienced federal judge considered extensive argument from the parties and then imposed a sentence consistent with the applicable laws. It is fundamental to the rule of law that all citizens stand before the bar of justice as equals. That principle guided the judge during both the trial and the sentencing.
The day after the commuting of Libby's sentence, James Rowley (Bloomberg News) reported that President Bush has not ruled out pardoning Libby in the future and that Bush's press spokesman, Tony Snow, denied any political motivation in the commutation. Quoting Snow, Rowley added: "'The president is getting pounded on the right because he didn't do a full pardon.' If Bush were 'doing the weather-vane thing' he 'would have done something differently.'"
Nevertheless, that evening CNN reported that, pursuant to widespread criticism by Democratic leaders and other Democratic politicians, Representative John Conyers, Jr. announced that there would be a formal Congressional investigation of Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence and other presidential reprieves. "The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials", held by the U.S. House Judiciary Committee and chaired by Congressman Conyers, occurred on July 11, 2007.
Responses to verdict
Comment on the verdict by prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald
Speaking to the media outside the courtroom after the verdict, prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald said that "The jury worked very long and hard and deliberated at length ... [and] was obviously convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had lied and obstructed justice in a serious manner. ... 'I do not expect to file any further charges,' Fitzgerald said. 'We're all going back to our day jobs.'" As "the trial confirmed [that the leak] came first from then-Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage", and since Fitzgerald did not charge Armitage and expects to charge no one else, Libby's conviction "closed ... the nearly four-year investigation into how the name of Wilson's wife, Valerie Plame, and her classified job at the CIA were leaked to reporters in 2003 just days after Wilson publicly accused the administration of doctoring prewar intelligence."
During his October 28, 2005 press conference about the grand jury's indictment of Libby, Fitzgerald had already explained that Libby's obstruction of justice through perjury and false statements had "prevented him [Fitzgerald]—and the grand jury—from determining whether the alleged leak violated federal law," due to Libby's obscuring the facts of his own discussions about the then-still-classified covert CIA identity of Valerie Plame (what he had said to whom, when, where, and why).
During his media appearance outside the courtroom after the verdict in the Libby case, Fitzgerald fielded questions from the press about others involved in the Plame affair and in the CIA leak grand jury investigation, such as Richard Armitage and Vice President Dick Cheney, whom he had said "[t]here is a cloud over," caused by Libby's obstruction of justice, as already addressed in his conduct of the case and in his closing arguments in court.
Comment on the verdict by Libby's defense team
After the verdict, initially, Libby's lawyers announced that he would seek a new trial, and that, if that attempt were to fail, they would appeal Libby's conviction. "'We have every confidence Mr. Libby ultimately will be vindicated,' defense attorney Ted Wells told reporters. He said that Libby was 'totally innocent and that he did not do anything wrong.' Libby did not speak to reporters." His lawyers took no questions.
Although later Libby's defense team decided against seeking a new trial, his supporters continued to speak of appealing the verdict prior to sentencing.
Comment on the verdict by juror Denis Collins
As reported in CNN Newsroom, and subsequently on Larry King Live on CNN and by various other television networks, including MSNBC (on Scarborough Country), one juror—"Denis Collins, a Washington resident and self-described registered Democrat," who is a former reporter for The Washington Post and author of a book on espionage––"said he and fellow jurors found that passing judgment on Libby was 'unpleasant.' But in the final analysis, he said jurors found Libby's story just too hard to believe ... 'We're not saying we didn't think Mr. Libby was guilty of the things we found him guilty of, but it seemed like ... he was the fall guy' ... Collins said the jury believed Libby was 'tasked by the vice president to go and talk to reporters.'" Collins offers a day-by-day account of his experience as Juror #9 at the Libby trial in an "Exclusive" at The Huffington Post.
Responses to commutation
President Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence became the subject of a hearing on "The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials" held by the U.S. House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Representative John Conyers, Jr., on July 11, 2007.
Speculation about possible witnesses prior to the start of the trial
In May 2006, the Associated Press had reported that Patrick Fitzgerald was considering calling Vice President Cheney as a witness for the prosecution. In December 2006, at a pretrial hearing, defense lawyer Ted Wells reportedly said: "'We're calling the vice president.'" If that had occurred, it would have marked the first time that a sitting Vice President was called to testify in a criminal trial. Dick Cheney was represented by Emmet Flood.
On December 19, 2006, news organizations reported that Vice President Dick Cheney would be called to testify as a witness for the defense and that "former New York Times reporter Judith Miller and NBC News Washington bureau chief Tim Russert were expected to be prosecution witnesses" during Libby's trial, to begin in January 2007.
Ultimately, Vice President Cheney was not called as a witness in the trial.
In a January 2007 interview with Wolf Blitzer, Cheney commented on the ongoing trial and seemed to expect to testify: "Now, Wolf, you knew when we set up the interview you can ask all the questions you want, I'm going to be a witness in that trial within a matter of weeks, I'm not going to discuss it. I haven't discussed with anybody in the press yet, I'm not going to discuss it with you today."
Press coverage of the trial
Blogs have played a prominent role in the press coverage of this trial. Scott Shane, in his article "For Liberal Bloggers, Libby Trial Is Fun and Fodder," published in The New York Times on February 15, 2007, quotes Robert Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, who observes that United States of America v. I. Lewis Libby is "the first federal case for which independent bloggers have been given official credentials along with reporters from the traditional news media."
On January 3, 2007, the first team of bloggers to announce that they had been granted press credentials was Firedoglake, a progressive blog founded by Jane Hamsher. Less than a week later, on January 9, the Media Bloggers Association announced that several of its affiliated bloggers had been granted press credentials too.
Among those representing the traditional press and mainstream media reporter David Shuster began live blogging the trial for MSNBC on Hardblogger, an online feature linked at Hardball with Chris Matthews, as well as reporting on camera in segments of various MSNBC News programs. A transcript of Schuster's broadcast report on the first day of the trial, during which Schuster says that the prosecution summarized evidence to support its allegations that Vice President Dick Cheney was involved in Libby's actions relating to the Plame affair, is posted on several of these news blogs.
Some controversy arose among various bloggers about who is primarily responsible for acquiring Libby trial press credentials, with numerous mainstream-media accounts, including The Washington Post, giving Cox and his Media Bloggers Association credit:
Bloggers from Firedoglake disputed some of these statements. Scott Shane's article in The New York Times contains the following "appended correction":
[The] front-page article on Thursday about bloggers covering the perjury trial of I. Lewis Libby Jr. referred imprecisely to the role of Robert A. Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, in securing credentials. Mr. Cox negotiated access for his association, which was the first blogger group to be granted credentials to cover the trial. He did not negotiate on behalf of firedoglake.com and other blogs that received their credentials later.
Shane concludes: "With no audio or video feed permitted, the Firedoglake 'live blog' has offered the fullest, fastest public report available. Many mainstream journalists use it to check on the trial."
On February 7, 2007, during the examination of journalist Tim Russert, as covered on MSNBC, video clips of Libby's Grand Jury testimony were played; Russert's current testimony contradicts key parts of Libby's previous testimony, in that on the stand Russert denied that he told (or even could have told) Libby about Mrs. Wilson's working for the CIA, as Libby has claimed.
On February 13, as the defense was beginning to present its case, however, defense lawyers told the court that neither Cheney nor Libby would be taking the stand. In addition to their blogging, Jane Hamsher, Marcy Wheeler and Jeralyn Merritt also appeared on camera via PoliticsTV.com at the end of most days to sum up that day's legal proceedings directly observed in the courtroom, providing links to these video programs in their online accounts. For example, they appeared on camera to present their views of February 14, the day the defense rested, and did a similar roundup at the end of the trial, covering the closing arguments for the prosecution and the defense.
Beginning on February 26, the media reported that one of the twelve jurors had been "dismissed" because she "was exposed to information about the trial ... but the judge allowed the jury to continue deliberations with 11 members."
YearlyKos, a political convention for American liberal political activists, organized by readers and writers of Daily Kos, an influential American political blog, which took place in Chicago from August 2 through August 5, 2007, hosted a panel discussion, on August 2, by Christy Hardin Smith of Firedoglake, Jeralyn Merritt (TalkLeft), and Marcy Wheeler (The Next Hurrah) on their experiences of "live-blogging" the Libby trial, moderated by Merritt; the panel also included Sheldon L. Snook, Chief of Staff to the Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, who was "the court official in charge of news media at the Libby trial."
See also
Plame affair criminal investigation
Plame affair timeline
Plame v. Cheney
References
Additional references
Leonnig, Carol, and Amy Goldstein. "Libby Given 2½-Year Prison Term: Former White House Aide 'Got Off Course,' Judge Says". The Washington Post, June 5, 2007 Accessed July 17, 2007.
Parry, Robert. "Shame on the Washington Post, Again". The Baltimore Chronicle & Sentinel February 19, 2007. Accessed March 13, 2007.
"Scooter Libby Video Thread". Featured video clips of "Collins Opening Remarks". Press interview with juror Denis Collins uploaded to YouTube by "ctblogger" at Connecticut Blog. Aired originally on MSNBC March 6, 2007, 12:55 p.m., ET. Accessed March 6, 2007.
Toensing, Victoria. "Trial in Error: If You're Going to Charge Scooter, Then What About These Guys?" The Washington Post February 18, 2007. Accessed March 13, 2007.
External links
Background on the Plame Investigation at The Washington Post. Accessed July 20, 2007.
CNN Special Reports: CIA Leak Investigation compiled by CNN Newsroom; incl. interactive timeline in Case History. Updated periodically. Accessed July 20, 20, 2007.
"Documents From The Trial of I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby" compiled by the Associated Press.
"Legal Affairs: Lewis Libby's Complete Grand Jury Testimony". Full audio clip and transcript provided by National Public Radio on npr.org, February 7, 2007. Accessed July 20, 2007.
"The Lewis Libby Case". Archive of articles concerning I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby broadcast on National Public Radio. Updated periodically. Accessed July 20, 2007.
Libby Legal Defense Trust: In the news. Site of news, statements, and legal filings which is paid for by supporters of Scooter Libby.
"Scooter Libby" Index at Salon.com.
Times Topics: I. Lewis Libby Jr. (Index of news articles pertaining to Libby published in The New York Times; incorporates: "The Counts", a summary of the Libby trial verdict; "Diary of the Leak Trial", a graphical timeline; and multimedia links. Access to some archived articles requires TimesSelect subscription.) Accessed July 20, 2007.
"United States of America, v. I. Lewis Libby, Defendant": "Order". Criminal No. 05-394 (RBW). United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Filed January 10, 2007. Accessed February 10, 2007.
United States Department of Justice: Office of Special Counsel Trial Exhibits in United States of America v. I. Lewis Libby. March 6, 2007. Accessed April 26, 2007. (Public release of linked transcripts, exhibits, and orders.)
United States v. I. Lewis Libby. Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post. Accessed July 20, 2007.
Iraq War
George W. Bush administration controversies
United States District Court for the District of Columbia cases
Plame affair
21st-century American trials
Obstruction of justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20v.%20Libby |
Premcor (formerly NYSE symbol PCO) was a Fortune 500 oil refinery group based in Greenwich, Connecticut. It operated five refineries, which are located in Port Arthur, Texas; Memphis, Tennessee; Lima, Ohio; Hartford, Illinois; and Delaware City, Delaware with a combined crude oil volume processing capacity of approximately (July, 2007).
Premcor was acquired by Valero in 2005. Valero would later sell the Lima facility to Husky Energy in July 2007 and close the Delaware City refinery in November 2009.
External links
Valero website
Companies based in Greenwich, Connecticut
Private equity portfolio companies
Companies disestablished in 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premcor |
Moșul (the old man or the eternal man), is a mysterious benevolent character, symbol of wisdom and prosperity in Romanian mythology. Some historians associate him with the ancient Dacian god Zamolxis, or with the Roman god Saturn.
Romanian mythology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C8%99ul%20%28mythology%29 |
"Grass" is the first single from Animal Collective's 2005 album, Feels. Pitchfork Media listed the song at #31 on its list of Top 50 Singles of 2005, claiming it is "as infectious as anything on the pop charts this year, and lots more fun to scream along with". The song was subsequently placed at #73 in the same publication's list of "Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s". Stylus also placed it in its Top 50 Singles of 2005 (this time at #44), praising the band's ability to "play tug of war between typical pop dynamics and the skewed perspective of experimental music". The title track was included in the 2008 book The Pitchfork 500.
The single was released in the United Kingdom on both CD and 7" vinyl. On March 21, 2006, it was released in the U.S. and Canada (July 3, 2006 worldwide) with a bonus DVD; the DVD contains music videos for "Grass", "Who Could Win a Rabbit" and "Fickle Cycle", as well as a video and sound collage, "Lake Damage", made by Brian DeGraw of Gang Gang Dance.
Track listing
References
2005 singles
Animal Collective songs
2005 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass%20%28Animal%20Collective%20song%29 |
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with S. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles.
S
Sail training: From its modern interpretations to its antecedents when maritime nations would send young naval officer candidates to sea (e.g., see Outward Bound), sail training provides an unconventional and effective way of building many useful skills on and off the water. Through the unique environment of the sea, contemporary sail trainees learn that what they are doing is important and that their efforts are essential to the operation and safety of the ship.
School: A place designated for learning. The range of institutions covered by the term varies from country to country.
School bus:, A bus used to transport children and adolescents to and from school. The first school bus was horse-drawn, introduced in 1827 by George Shillibeer for a Quaker school at Abney Park in Stoke Newington, London, and was designed to carry twenty-five children. Since then, school buses of many types have become widespread, and motorised, and are used in all parts of the world.
School counselor: A practitioner who meets the needs of students in three basic educational domains: academic development, career development, and personal/social development. This is accomplished through the implementation of a comprehensive school counseling program that promotes and enhances student achievement through a guidance curriculum, individual planning strategies, responsive services and comprehensive school counseling program support/advocacy.
School discipline: A form of discipline found in schools. The term refers to students complying with a code of behaviour often known as the school rules. Among other things these rules may set out the expected standards of clothing, timekeeping, social behaviour and work ethic. The term may also be applied to the punishment that is the consequence of transgression of the code of behaviour. For this reason the usage of school discipline sometimes means punishment for breaking school rules rather than behaving within the school rules.
School psychologist: A practitioner who applies his psychological training to assess and help school children.
Science education: The field concerned with sharing science content and process with individuals not traditionally considered part of the scientific community. The target individuals may be children, college students, or adults within the general public. The field of science education comprises science content, some sociology, and some teaching pedagogy.
Science fair: Generally a competition where contestants create a project related to science or some scientific phenomenon. Science fairs usually are involved with children and schooling; however, the term can be used to describe science fairs independent of the age of the contestants involved. They are often also combined with competition in mathematics or history.
Secondary education: is a period of education which, in most contemporary educational systems of the world, follows directly after primary education, and which may be followed by tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g., university). In Australia and other countries secondary schools is the official term for institutions offering this period of education. In other parts of the English-speaking world, secondary school is often used synonymously with secondary education.
Self-concept: (or self-identity) The mental and conceptual awareness and persistent regard that sentient beings hold with regard their own being. Components of a being's self-concept include physical, psychological, and social attributes; and can be influenced by its attitudes, habits, beliefs and ideas. These components and attributes can each be condensed to the general concepts of self-image and the self-esteem.
Self-efficacy: The belief that one has the capabilities to execute the courses of actions required to manage prospective situations. Unlike efficacy, which is the power to produce an effect (in essence, competence), self-efficacy is the belief (however accurate) that one has the power to produce that effect.
It is important here to understand the distinction between self-esteem and self efficacy. Self-esteem relates to a person’s sense of self-worth, whereas self efficacy relates to a person’s perception of their ability to reach a goal. For example, say a person is a terrible rock climber. They would likely have a poor efficacy in regard to rock climbing, but this wouldn’t need to affect their self-esteem; most people don’t invest much of their self-esteem in this activity.
Self-esteem: (or self-worth) Includes a person's subjective appraisal of himself or herself as intrinsically positive or negative to some degree.
Service learning: A method of teaching, learning and reflecting that combines academic classroom curriculum with meaningful youth service throughout the community. As a teaching methodology, it falls under the category of experiential education. More specifically, it integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience, teach civic responsibility, encourage lifelong civic engagement, and strengthen communities.
Sex education: Education about sexual reproduction in human beings, sexual intercourse and other aspects of human sexual behavior.
Situated learning: Education that takes place in a setting functionally identical to that where the learning will be applied.
Skill: An ability, usually learned, to perform actions.
Social constructionism: A sociological theory of knowledge developed by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann with their 1966 book, The Social Construction of Reality. The focus of social constructionism is to uncover the ways in which individuals and groups participate in the creation of their perceived reality. As an approach, it involves looking at the ways social phenomena are created, institutionalized, and made into tradition by humans. Socially constructed reality is seen as an ongoing, dynamic process; reality is re-produced by people acting on their interpretations and their knowledge of it.
Sociology of knowledge: The study of the social origins of ideas, and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies. (Compare history of ideas.)
Sociology of scientific knowledge: (SSK) Closely related to the sociology of science, considers social influences on science. Practitioners (sociologists, philosophers of science, historians of science, anthropologists and computer scientists) have engaged in controversy concerning the role that social factors play in scientific development relative to rational, empirical and other factors.
Socratic method: (or method of elenchos or Socratic debate) A dialectic method of inquiry, largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts and first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. For this, Socrates is customarily regarded as the father and fountainhead for ethics or moral philosophy.
It is a form of philosophical enquiry. It involves two or more speakers, usually with one as the master (or wise one) and the others as students or fools. The method is credited to Socrates, who began to engage in such discussion with his fellow Athenians after a visit to the Oracle of Delphi.
Special education:, describes an educational alternative that focuses on the teaching of students with academic, behavioral, health, or physical needs that cannot sufficiently be met using traditional educational programs or techniques.
Sphere of knowledge: A unified body or collection of knowledge regarding a specific subject, interest or otherwise area of expertise possessed by an individual.
STEM fields: The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields are collectively considered core technological underpinnings of an advanced society. In many forums (including political/governmental and academic) the strength of the STEM workforce is viewed as an indicator of a nation's ability to sustain itself. Maintaining healthy levels of its citizenry well versed in the STEM fields is a key portion of the public education agenda of the United States of America at all levels, and substantial lobbying is underway in Washington, DC to raise awareness of STEM education issues.
Stipend: A form of payment or salary, such as for an internship or apprenticeship. Stipends are usually lower than what would be expected as a permanent salary for similar work. This is because the stipend is complemented by other benefits such as instruction, work experience, food, accommodation, and personal satisfaction. Universities usually refer to monies paid to graduate research assistants as a stipend, rather than as wages, to reflect complementary benefits.
Student: Etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb "stŭdērĕ", which means "to direct one's zeal at"; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. Also known as a disciple in the sense of a religious area of study, and/or in the sense of a "discipline" of learning. In widest use, student is used to mean a school or class attendee. In many countries, the word student is however reserved for higher education or university students; persons attending classes in primary or secondary schools being called pupils.
Student activism: A form of youth-led community organizing that is specifically oriented towards engaging students as activists in order to create change in the educational system.
Student-centered learning: An approach to education focusing on the needs of the students, rather than those of others involved in the educational process, such as teachers and administrators. This approach has many implications for the design of curriculum, course content, and interactivity of courses.
Student voice: the distinct perspectives and actions of young people throughout schools focused on education itself.
Student loans: Loans offered to students to assist in payment of the costs of professional education. These loans usually carry lower interests than other loans, and are usually issued by the government.
Student organization: A voluntary association of students at institutions of secondary and higher education for a specific legal purpose. Such organizations are often sponsored through and receive funding from a student government.
Syllabus: (plural syllabi or syllabuses) A document with an outline and summary of topics to be covered in a course. It is often either set out by an exam board, or prepared by the professor who teaches the course, and is usually given to each student during the first class session.
Synthesis: (from the ancient Greek σύν (with) and θεσις (placing), is commonly understood to be an integration of two or more pre-existing elements which results in a new creation.
See also
6
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20education%20terms%20%28S%29 |
John Fetterman (February 25, 1920 – June 21, 1975) was an American journalist, a reporter for The Courier-Journal of Louisville, Kentucky. He won the Pulitzer Prize for local, general, or spot-news reporting for his 1968 story "Pfc. Gibson Comes Home", about the death of a soldier in Vietnam and the return of his body. It focused on (James T. Gibson) the young man's family in Knott County, Kentucky and the wider community. Fetterman also contributed to a Courier-Journal series on strip mining that won a Pulitzer Prize in 1967.
Early life and education
Born in Danville, Kentucky, Fetterman served in the U.S. Navy before enrolling at Murray State University under the G.I. Bill. After his graduation in 1949, he served on the staffs of the Murray Ledger and Times and the Nashville Tennessean. After graduate school at the University of Kentucky, Fetterman joined the staff of the Louisville, Kentucky, newspaper.
Journalism career
He was the author of the 1967 book Stinking Creek, about life around the creek of the same name in Knox County, Kentucky.
Fetterman's freelance writing also appeared in The Saturday Evening Post, National Geographic, Time, and Life.
Fetterman died from a heart attack in Louisville on June 21, 1975. His daughter Mindy, also a journalist, is known for her work as a reporter, columnist and financial editor of USA Today, and in 2008 wrote a follow-up story to Stinking Creek about the present conditions of the area.
References
External links
The Pulitzer Prizes
Chip Scanlan at Poynter Online
1920 births
1975 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Courier Journal people
Journalists from Kentucky
Murray State University alumni
Pulitzer Prize winners for journalism
University of Kentucky alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Writers from Danville, Kentucky
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fetterman%20%28reporter%29 |
Gerlando "Lando" Buzzanca (24 August 1935 – 18 December 2022) was an Italian stage, film, and television actor whose career spanned 65 years.
Life and career
Early years
Born in Palermo the son of a cinema projectionist, at 16 years old Buzzanca left the high school and moved to Rome to pursue his dream of becoming an actor. In order to survive, he took many jobs including waiter, furniture mover, and a brief appearance as a slave in the film Ben-Hur. He made his official debut in Pietro Germi's Divorce Italian Style, and soon specialized in the role of the average immigrant from southern Italy.
1970s–1980s: Huge success in the commedia sexy all'italiana
After two successful "James Tont" films in which he played a parody of James Bond, starting from the late 1960s, Buzzanca got a large success in a series of satirical commedia sexy all'italiana films which satirized major institutions such as politics, religion, trade unions and financial world. Lando Buzzanca with Laura Antonelli in Il merlo maschio (1971) directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile, which was a huge success and made him a major star in the genre of commedia sexy all'italiana.
In the following years he thus finds himself acting alongside famous actresses of the moment, such as Claudia Cardinale, Catherine Spaak, Barbara Bouchet, Gloria Guida, Senta Berger and Joan Collins.
1990s–2000s: The theater, the last great film and the well received TV series.
With the decline of the genre, he slowed his film activities, focusing into theatre and television, in which he enjoyed a resurgence of popularity in the 2000s thanks to a series of well-received TV-series.
In 2007 he starred in the feature film I Viceré by Roberto Faenza, for which he was nominated for the David di Donatello for best leading actor and won the Globo d'oro for best actor.
2010s: Success of the TV series
From 2012 to 2014 Buzzanca played the lead actor in the successful TV series il restauratore, in 28 episodes.
Buzzanca concluded the series despite the depression caused by the death of his wife, the suicide attempt and the onset of an mild cerebral ischemia.
Later years
In 2013, following the death of his wife Lucia and a heavy depression, Buzzanca attempted suicide by cutting his veins.
In 2014 he suffered from a mild cerebral ischemia which caused him aphasia, but by the following year he had fully recovered from his depressive period and started a relationship with a younger woman, Antonella.
In 2016 he participated as dancer in the television program Ballando con le Stelle and started a romance with a younger actress and journalist Francesca Della Valle.
2020s: physical decline
On 21 April 2021, he fell at home and suffered a head injury; he was rescued by the maid, who found him the day after the accident still unconscious on the ground and called an ambulance. He was admitted to the Santo Spirito hospital in Rome.
On 15 August 2021, Buzzanca, after the treatment received at the hospital, seemed to have fully recovered, as confirmed also by his son Massimiliano.
On 27 December 2021, Buzzanca was hospitalized at the health facility in Rome, due to the worsening of his health conditions.
In his later years Buzzanca suffered from senile dementia.
Death
On 18 December 2022, Buzzanca died at the Agostino Gemelli University Policlinic in Rome, where he was recovered a few days prior because of a fall, at the age of 87.
On 21 December 2022, the funeral ceremony took place in the Church of the Artists in Rome, in which his partner Francesca Della Valle unexpectedly did not take part.
Awards
David di Donatello
|-
| 2008
| I Vicerè
| Best Actor
|
|}
Globo d'oro, Italy
|-
| 2008
| I Vicerè
| Best Actor
|
|}
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1935 births
2022 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in Italy
Male actors from Palermo
Italian male film actors
Italian male television actors
20th-century Italian male actors
21st-century Italian male actors
Italian male comedians
Comedians from Palermo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lando%20Buzzanca |
Barrett Watten (born October 3, 1948) is an American poet, editor, and educator often associated with the Language poets. He is a professor of English at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan where he has taught modernism and cultural studies. Other areas of research include postmodern culture and American literature; poetics; literary and cultural theory; visual studies; the avant-garde; and digital literature.
Watten is married to the poet Carla Harryman; their son, Asa, was born in 1984.
Early life and education
Watten was born in Long Beach, California in 1948. After graduating from high school in Oakland, California, he studied at MIT and the University of California, Berkeley. He majored in biochemistry, graduating with an AB in 1969. But he had also met poets such as Robert Grenier and Ron Silliman and studied with Josephine Miles in the English department. He enrolled in the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa. In 1971 he and Grenier began the poetry journal This. which he edited with Grenier for the first three years and then alone until 1982. He graduated with a master's in fine arts degree in 1972.
Career
After graduation Watten returned to the San Francisco Bay area. He continued to publish This on his own and became involved in the early stages of language poetry which was developing there. In 1976 he and friends founded a reading series at the Grand Piano coffeehouse in San Francisco which ran through 1979. From 2006 to 2010 the group published The Grand Piano, a "collective autobiography" of that period. Watten continued to edit This until 1982. Then he and Lyn Hejinian founded and edited Poetics Journal from 1982 to 1993.
In 1986 Watten returned to graduate school at Berkeley and received his PhD in English in 1995. He joined the English department at Wayne State University in 1994. In 1995 he was the subject of a special issue of the poetry magazine Aerial. The American Comparative Literature Association awarded him the 2004 René Wellek Prize for his book The Constructivist Moment: From Material Text to Cultural Poetics.
As outlined in a report in The Chronicle of Higher Education, over the years Watten's behavior, allegedly short-tempered and hostile, had made many students and faculty uncomfortable. In the spring semester of 2019 several graduate students filed new complaints. Unhappy with the response, they set up a blog to collect accounts of his behavior toward students and faculty. In May the Wayne State administration hired an independent investigator. In November the university informed Watten that he was banned from teaching and his office would be moved to another building. Watten's faculty union, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), filed a grievance citing lack of required due process and requesting that the restrictions be withdrawn.
Major work
Watten edited This, one of the central little magazines of the Language movement, and co-edited Poetics Journal, one of its theoretical venues. In 1986, he returned to UC Berkeley, earning his PhD in English in 1996. His published work includes Bad History (1998) and Frame (1971–1990) which appeared in 1997. Frame brings together six previously published works of poetry from two decades: Opera—Works ; Decay ; 1–10 ; Plasma/Paralleles/"X" ; Complete Thought and Conduit – along with two previously uncollected texts – City Fields and Frame. Two of his books – Progress (1985) and Under Erasure (1991) – were republished with a new preface, as Progress | Under Erasure (2004).
Watten is co-author, with Michael Davidson, Lyn Hejinian, and Ron Silliman, of Leningrad: American Writers in the Soviet Union (1991). He has published three volumes of literary and cultural criticism, Total Syntax (1985);The Constructivist Moment: From Material Text to Cultural Poetics (2003); and Questions of Poetics: Language Writing and Consequences (2016). Watten earned his PhD at the University of California at Berkeley in 1995. His dissertation was entitled: Horizon Shift: Progress and Negativity in American Modernism. In 2007, Martin Richet translated into French Plasma / Parallèles / «X», a volume that joins three long poems which originally appeared in a chapbook by Tuumba Press in 1979.
Watten is also co-author, with Tom Mandel, Lyn Hejinian, Ron Silliman, Kit Robinson, Carla Harryman, Rae Armantrout, Ted Pearson, Steve Benson, and Bob Perelman of The Grand Piano: An Experiment in Collective Autobiography. (Detroit, MI: Mode A/This Press, 2006–2010). This work, which consists of ten volumes, is described as an "experiment in collective autobiography by ten writers identified with Language poetry in San Francisco. The project takes its name from a coffeehouse at 1607 Haight Street, where from 1976 to 1979 the authors curated a reading and performance series. The project began in 1998; it was constructed via online collaboration, using Web-based software and an email listserv.
Bibliography
Total Syntax (1985)
Frame, 1971-1990 (1997) - a compilation of:
Opera—Works
Decay
1–10
Plasma/Paralleles/"X"
Complete Thought and Conduit
City Fields
Frame
Bad History (1998)
The Constructivist Moment: From Material Text to Cultural Poetics (2003)
Progress | Under Erasure (2004) - a compilation of:
Progress (1985)
Under Erasure (1991)
Watten, Barrett et al. The Grand Piano: An Experiment in Collective Autobiography. (Detroit, MI: Mode A/This Press, 2006–2010). 10 vols.
Questions of Poetics: Language Writing and Consequences (2016)
Critical studies and reviews of Watten's work
Leningrad
References
Further reading
External links
Faculty webpage
Barrett Watten.net
The Grand Piano
American male poets
Language poets
Writers from Long Beach, California
1948 births
Living people
American literary critics
Wayne State University faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
American magazine founders
American male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett%20Watten |
The Republican Congress () was an Irish republican and Marxist-Leninist political organisation founded in 1934, when pro-communist republicans left the Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army. The Congress was led by such anti-Treaty veterans as Peadar O'Donnell, Frank Ryan and George Gilmore. In their later phase they were involved with the Communist International and International Brigades paramilitary; the Connolly Column.
The group claimed: "We believe that a republic of a united Ireland will never be achieved except through a struggle which uproots capitalism on its way." They were not a political party as such, but rather an extraparliamentary organisation dedicated to creating a "workers' republic," which leaned towards the Communist Party of Ireland. They split mostly over whether they should be a party in their own right.
History
Background
A group of republicans had founded a party, Saor Éire, in 1931, but it was banned later in the year. Despite this, many figures on the left wing of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) felt that the creation of a new party remained a priority, as they feared that supporters would otherwise turn to Fianna Fáil and the Communist Party of Ireland. The IRA organised a convention of its members in March 1934, which voted against creating a new party by a majority of one. The supporters of a new party, including Ryan, Michael Price, Gilmore, O'Donnell and Mick Fitzgerald, then walked out, and proceeded to create a new organisation.
Establishment
On 8 April 1934, the founding conference of the Republican Congress party was held in Athlone, and a head office was established on Pearse Street in Dublin. The IRA published a statement which described the new party as "an attack by Republicans [which] can only assist the campaign of the Capitalist and Imperialist elements", and stating that they expected the party would soon drop abstentionism towards the Dáil. The former IRA members in the party leadership were expelled from the paramilitary organisation, but some less prominent figures, including Sheila Humphreys, Eithnie Coyle, Charles Reynolds, Seamus de Burca and George Leonard withdrew once they saw the IRA statement. However, other IRA members were won over and joined the Congress, including Liam Kelly, Joseph Doyle, Nora Connolly O'Brien and Roddy Connolly.
During this time, those involved in the Republican Congress developed the concept of a "triple alliance" that would need to unite to advance the workers' cause in Ireland: A socialist Party, a paramilitary force and one big union. The socialist party would, of course, be the Republic Congress itself whilst the "One Big Union" (a concept taken from Industrial Workers of the World) would be ITGWU. As for the paramilitary force, the Republican Congress set about reviving James Connolly's Irish Citizen Army which had been largely inactive since 1919. Frank Ryan and Michael Price were amongst Congress members set to the task and they quickly made headway, with an estimated 300 members brought under the ICA banner in 1934.
Two councillors were elected as Republican Congress candidates in Westmeath and Dundalk in 1934. At the Republican rally at Bodenstown in 1934, clashes occurred between Republican Congress supporters and IRA members. Congress supporters among the crowd of about 17,000 were estimated at between 600 and 2,000. The IRA leadership did not authorise banners other than its own and ordered the Congress banners to be seized. The clash was given a sectarian element by the attack on 36 Congress members from the predominantly Loyalist parts of West Belfast – they formed the Shankill Road branch – who carried a banner reading, "Unite Protestant, Catholic and Dissenter to break the connection with Capitalism".
Infighting and Demise
Following moderate success in agitating on behalf of the workers the Congress split at its first annual conference held in Rathmines Town Hall on September 8–9, 1934. The split occurred mainly due to organisational disunity between two factions. One side, which included the likes of Peadar O'Donnell, Frank Ryan and George Gilmore believed that a popular front of left-wing republicans could challenge the dominance of the mainstream political parties and form a "republic". The opposing faction, which included Roddy Connolly and Michael Price, believed that a political party should be formed in order to fight for a "workers' republic". Those calling for a Popular Front won a vote on the matter and in response, those calling for a "Workers' Republic", including Price, withdrew their support and left the Congress.
The group went into decline thereafter. An attempt to form a 100-member military-style organisation to infiltrate the political, social and trade union movements came to nothing, and in 1936 the party ran out of money. It briefly replaced its weekly newspaper, Republican Congress, with a new publication, the Irish People, but this made no difference, and the party office closed down. Despite this, the remaining leaders worked with the Community Party of Ireland to hold a series of public meetings, led by Willie Gallacher from the Communist Party of Great Britain, but following crowd trouble, these were abandoned, and the group undertook no public activities after November 1936.
The Congress had its last hurrah on the battlefields of the Spanish Civil War when a group of Irishmen fought for the Second Spanish Republic as part of the Communist International Brigades.
Members
See also
Irish Socialist Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
References
Bibliography
Brian Hanley, The IRA 1926-1936
Sean Cronin, Frank Ryan: The Search for the Republic
Donal O'Drisceoil, Peadar O'Donnell
Paddy Bryne - "Memoirs of the Republic Congress"
Eugene Downing, a CPI member was interviewed and describes the Bodenstown episode of 1934
Communist organisations in Ireland
Defunct organisations based in the Republic of Ireland
Irish republican organisations
Organizations disestablished in 1936
Organizations established in 1934
1934 establishments in Ireland
1936 disestablishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican%20Congress |
Plankstetten Abbey (Kloster Plankstetten) is a monastery of the Benedictines located between Berching and Beilngries in Bavaria, Germany. It is a member of the Bavarian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation.
First foundation
The monastery was founded in 1129 as a private monastery of the bishops of Eichstätt by Count Ernst of Hirschberg and his brother Gebhard of Hirschberg, Bishop of Eichstätt. The Romanesque crypt remains from the time of the foundation.
After the decline in monastic standards in the 15th century, the abbey was reformed by Abbot Ulrich IV Dürner (1461–94), who also founded the brewery. The abbey was badly damaged during the German Peasants' War (1525) and again in the Thirty Years' War (1618–48).
Major buildings works in the Baroque style were undertaken from the end of the 17th century. Under Abbot Romanus Dettinger (1694–1703), he created the entrance gateway with the abbot's lodging above it, the Prelates' Hall and the Banqueting Hall, as well as the corner tower on the way to the inner courtyard. The next abbot, Dominikus II Heuber (1704–11), continued the building works with the move of the sacristy and the construction of the new brewery (now the library).
Later in the century, Abbot Dominikus IV Fleischmann (1757–92) undertook the refurbishment of the abbey church. The crossing chapels are due to him; their stucco work was carried out by Johann Jakob Berg, stucco master to the court of Eichstätt. Dominikus IV was also responsible for the guesthouse opposite the main gateway.
In 1806, in the course of the secularisation of Bavaria, the monastery was dissolved and the buildings and estates auctioned off.
Second foundation
As early as 1856, there were plans to re-found the abbey, but these came to nothing, as the government authorities refused to give the necessary consents.
Finally, in 1904, thanks to the financial support of the Barons Cramer-Klett, Plankstetten was re-settled as a priory of Scheyern Abbey and was raised again to the status of abbey in 1917.
A school of agriculture was opened in Bavaria in 1907. It was closed by the National Socialists in 1934.
In 1958, a "Realschule" with a boarding house was opened in Bavaria. The school closed in 1988. This caused the abbey to re-examine their role and possible options, and the community now runs a training centre, a monastery shop, a farm, a nursery for plants, a butchery and a bakery, which have been organic since 1994. The boarding facilities are now used as a guesthouse.
The first Young People's Vespers took place in Plankstetten on 17 October 1980 and have since become a regular event on the third Friday in every month. They are based on the youth vespers of the Benedictine abbey at Kremsmünster in Austria and on the prayers of Taizé.
The abbey also has parish responsibilities for Plankstetten and a neighbouring village.
External links
Plankstetten Abbey website
Klöster in Bayern
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
1120s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1129 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1120s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankstetten%20Abbey |
Douglas "Doug" Stuart Sheehan (born April 27, 1949) is an American actor who played Ben Gibson throughout four seasons of the prime-time drama Knots Landing from 1983 to 1987. His character was the second husband of Valene Ewing (Joan Van Ark).
His first major role was as Joe Kelly on the daytime soap opera General Hospital from 1979 to 1982.
He also played one of the leads in Day by Day as well as Mel Horowitz on Clueless from 1997 to 1999 replacing Michael Lerner. He also appeared on Sabrina the Teenage Witch as Sabrina's father.
Filmography
Film
Television
External links
References
1949 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male television actors
American male soap opera actors
Male actors from Santa Monica, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Sheehan |
Peter Eustace (born 31 July 1944) is an English former football player and manager. As a player, he made 340 appearances in the Football League representing Sheffield Wednesday, West Ham United, Rotherham United and Peterborough United. As a manager, he took charge of Sheffield Wednesday and Leyton Orient.
Career
Eustace was born in Stocksbridge, West Riding of Yorkshire, and began his career as a trainee with Sheffield Wednesday. He made his debut in the 1962–63 season, and played more than 200 games in all competitions, before being sold to West Ham United for a club record £90,000 fee. He played in midfield, earlier in his career at wing half, later at inside forward, who both made and scored goals. He also played for Rotherham United, Sheffield Wednesday again, and Peterborough United.
He moved into management in November 1988 at Sheffield Wednesday, being promoted from assistant manager after Howard Wilkinson moved to Leeds United. Eustace was sacked after just three months and replaced by Ron Atkinson. He returned to football at Leyton Orient, working under Frank Clark, who moved from manager to managing director in 1991. Clark moved to Nottingham Forest in 1993, and Eustace was sacked a year later when the club failed to reach the play-offs.
Eustace returned to Sheffield Wednesday as a scout during Chris Turner's brief managerial tenure, but was made redundant as part of an overhaul of the coaching staff in 2006. His claim for unfair dismissal was rejected by an industrial tribunal.
He was for a time landlord of The Cheshire Cheese Inn pub in Hope, Derbyshire.
References
External links
Stats and photo at Sporting Heroes
Sheffield Wednesday managerial profile at the Sheffield Wednesday Archive
1944 births
Living people
Footballers from Sheffield
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Worksop Town F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers
Leyton Orient F.C. managers
People from Stocksbridge
Association football scouts
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Eustace |
John Joseph Sheridan (born 1 October 1964) is a former football player and manager who was last head coach of National League club Oldham Athletic.
A midfielder, he began his playing career with Manchester City and then moved to Leeds United, where he scored 47 league goals in 230 appearances. He played for Nottingham Forest briefly, under the management of Brian Clough, and then joined Sheffield Wednesday, for whom he scored the winning goal in the 1991 Football League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium. Near the end of his time with the club, he played for Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers on loan before joining the latter permanently. Sheridan made 199 league appearances for Wednesday and scored 25 goals. He won the First Division title with Bolton in 1997. Sheridan then played for Doncaster Rovers after leaving Bolton and then joined Oldham Athletic, where he spent the last six years of his playing career, scoring 14 league goals in 144 appearances.
Born in England, he played international football for the Republic of Ireland, for which he won 34 caps and scored five goals over a seven-year period. Having been included in the squad for UEFA Euro 1988, Sheridan went on to play one game at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and four in the 1994 tournament.
He became Oldham's manager in 2006, having served as caretaker twice during his time as a player at the club. He left in 2009, having spent more than ten years at Oldham as a player, coach and manager. Later that year he joined Chesterfield, with whom he won League Two in 2009–10 and the following season's Football League Trophy. Sheridan's next role was as Plymouth Argyle manager from 2013 to 2015, and he then had a succession of short-lived managerial positions, including spells at Newport County, Oldham (three more times), Notts County, Fleetwood Town, Carlisle United, Chesterfield (again), Waterford, Wigan Athletic and Swindon Town.
Playing career
Club career
Born in Stretford, Lancashire, in 1964, Sheridan joined Manchester City in 1981, but never played for the first team, before moving to Leeds United in July 1982. He made his debut for Leeds in the Football League Second Division on 20 November 1982 in a goalless home draw with Middlesbrough. He appeared 27 times in the league that season, scoring twice. He was rarely out of the side at Elland Road, and was a hugely popular player with the fans. His best season with the club was the 1986–87 season, when Leeds reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup and finished fourth in the Second Division—their highest finish since relegation from the First Division in 1982. He scored 15 goals in the league, but Leeds were beaten in the FA Cup semi-finals by eventual winners Coventry City and lost the Second Division promotion/First Division relegation playoff final to Charlton Athletic, and therefore stayed in the Second Division.
However, he remained loyal to the club until 3 August 1989, when after seven years in the Leeds first team (during which he played 230 league games and scored 47 goals) he fell out with manager Howard Wilkinson (who succeeded Billy Bremner the previous autumn) and joined First Division club Nottingham Forest for £650,000.
He made only one appearance for Forest (in a League Cup tie against Huddersfield) before joining Sheffield Wednesday on 3 November 1989. It was with Sheffield Wednesday that Sheridan played arguably the best football of his career, scoring 33 goals in 243 appearances. Sheridan scored a "rocket" goal in Wednesday's 1–0 win over Manchester United in the 1991 Football League Cup Final. He also helped Sheffield Wednesday win promotion that season, while they were managed by Ron Atkinson. Atkinson then departed to Aston Villa in June 1991 and veteran player Trevor Francis took over as manager. Sheridan remained a key part of the team under Francis, helping them finish third in the league in 1992, reach both domestic cup finals in 1993 (where they were beaten 2–1 by Arsenal in both finals) and also reached the League Cup semi-finals in the 1993–94 season.
However, Francis was sacked at the end of the 1994–95 season and new manager David Pleat picked Sheridan less often than Atkinson and Francis had. He played just 17 times in the 1995–96 campaign, and made his final two appearances for Sheffield Wednesday early in the 1996–97 season.
Sheridan himself says that he supported Manchester City despite growing up in Stretford, on the doorstep of Manchester United.
He was loaned to Birmingham City for a four-match spell in the autumn of 1996 (where he once again played under Trevor Francis) before finally exiting Hillsborough on 13 November 1996 in a £180,000 move to Division One leaders Bolton Wanderers.
He played 20 times for the Trotters in the 1996–97 season and scored twice as they were promoted to the FA Premier League as Division One champions with 100 goals and 98 points. He played 12 times in the 1997–98 season, as his side were relegated on the last day of the season.
He then made a surprise move to Doncaster Rovers, the crisis-ridden club who had just been relegated from the Football League to the Football Conference. He made eight appearances in the 1998–99 before making a Football League comeback with Division Two side Oldham Athletic, where he would remain for the rest of his playing career. Over six seasons in Division Two, he played 114 games and scored 14 league goals as Latics managed to avoid falling into Division Three but never quite made it to Division One, the closest they came being a playoff semi-final defeat in the 2002–03 season. Sheridan finally retired at the end of the 2003–04 season, a few months short of his 40th birthday.
International career
Sheridan played for the Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team that qualified for the 1982 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship. In the finals he scored against Austria.
In the 1983 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship he scored the winner against Belgium.
Sheridan also won 34 caps for the Republic of Ireland, scoring five times. He also scored the 100th Irish international goal at Lansdowne Road in 1994 against Bolivia.
Sheridan was part of the squad that travelled to UEFA Euro 1988 but didn't feature in any of Ireland's three games. Sheridan was also part of Ireland's squads for the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the 1994 FIFA World Cup. He played just one game as a substitute in 1990 but started in all 4 matches in 1994 including a 1–0 win over Italy in the opening game in which Sheridan hit the bar. Ireland won thanks to a goal from Ray Houghton.
In qualifying Sheridan scored one goal against Spain, but as a result of goal difference this was actually an important goal despite Ireland losing 3–1. Had Ireland lost 3–0 they wouldn't have qualified.
Managerial career
Oldham Athletic
Following the departure of Iain Dowie to Crystal Palace in late 2003, Sheridan took over the coaching of the Oldham first team, along with fellow-veteran David Eyres, before they were both replaced by Brian Talbot. On 1 June 2006, Talbot's successor, Ronnie Moore, was himself sacked and Sheridan stepped in to fill in the manager's position on a permanent basis.
On 7 December 2006, Sheridan was named Football League One Manager of the Month. He guided Oldham to sixth place in League One in 2006–07, and their promotion challenge was ended in the play-off semi-finals by eventual winners Blackpool.
They finished eighth the following season, but had made a far more convincing bid for promotion during the 2008–09 season. On 9 March 2009, reports surfaced of a fight involving players and Sheridan at a racetrack, which Sheridan described as being "overblown". Sheridan remained with the club for the next game, a 6–2 defeat at Milton Keynes Dons. The following day, Sheridan agreed to leave the club after a discussion with Oldham managing director Simon Corney. He was immediately replaced with former Oldham manager Joe Royle. Sheridan later admitted that a series of poor results had led to his departure from Oldham.
Chesterfield
On 9 June 2009, Sheridan was named as manager of Chesterfield in League Two. Signing a three-year contract with the club, he brought assistant Tommy Wright and goalkeeper Mark Crossley along with him.
Sheridan's second season with the club saw him bringing in his own players, and on 22 April 2011 a draw between Torquay United and Wycombe Wanderers meant Chesterfield were promoted without even kicking a ball in League Two. On 7 May 2011, Chesterfield were confirmed as champions of League Two after a 3–1 victory over play-off contenders Gillingham in their last match of the season. Sheridan's side won the Football League Trophy the following season but the club's league campaign ended in relegation back to League Two.
On 28 August 2012, it was announced that Sheridan had been relieved of his duties after the team gained two points from the opening three league games of the 2012–13 season. After five weeks on gardening leave, a club statement on 3 October announced that Sheridan had resigned with effect from 18 September 2012.
Plymouth Argyle
Sheridan was appointed manager of Plymouth Argyle on 6 January 2013. "There have been one or two other jobs while I've been out of work that I didn't go for. But as soon as Plymouth came up, a lot of people told me how good it is," said Sheridan, who signed a contract until the end of the 2012–13 season. "I have been in Yorkshire for the majority of my career and it's a change for me. It's a big upheaval for me to come to Plymouth, but I'm really excited." He was named Football League Two Manager of the Month for March after Argyle won four and drew one of their six matches. By the end of the season, the club had won eight and drawn four of Sheridan's 19 games in charge and avoided relegation from the Football League. Sheridan signed a new three-year contract with the club in May. "Obviously, now the hard work starts. I keep saying it – I'm ready to get this club pushed up the league and that's what I am going to try to do," he said.
Sheridan improved the fortunes of Plymouth Argyle in 2013–14, leading the club to a 10th-placed finish in League Two, the first time the club has finished higher than 21st in league competition since 2007–08. However, the season ended on a negative note, as following a 2–1 victory over Sheridan's former club Chesterfield which put the Pilgrims into the play off positions, the team then self capitulated and only won one of the final nine games. This led to Sheridan deciding against renewing the contracts of seven professionals, including former player of the year Maxime Blanchard and Plymouth-born midfielder Luke Young, with promotion the target for 2014–15.
Sheridan's Plymouth finished in seventh place in 2014–15, securing a place in the League Two playoffs following a 2–0 win at Shrewsbury Town on the final day of the regular season. However they were defeated by fourth placed Wycombe Wanderers over the two-legged semi final, with the Pilgrims succumbing to a 5–3 defeat on aggregate.
On 28 May 2015, Plymouth announced that Sheridan had left the club by mutual consent after expressing a desire to return to the north of England for family reasons.
Newport County
On 2 October 2015, Sheridan was confirmed as the new manager of Newport County replacing Terry Butcher who had been sacked the previous day. Sheridan took over the role with Newport bottom of League Two, having gained five points from the first ten matches of the 2015–16 season. Sheridan managed to secure only one point from his first three games, but then took the side on a ten-game unbeaten run and led the side to an FA Cup 3rd round appearance against EFL Championship club Blackburn Rovers in January 2016. He would finish the season with a record of five wins, seven draws, and five defeats, producing 20 of a possible 51 points.
He left the club in January 2016 to join Oldham for a fourth spell. His departure nearly led to a complaint by Newport County, who were unhappy at images which emerged on social media of Sheridan allegedly meeting with Oldham staff prior to Newport being approached. Club director Gavin Foxall wished Sheridan "all the best" but noted that "the manner of his departure has not been right". Oldham officially maintained that they had contacted Newport prior to the meeting.
Return to Oldham Athletic
On 13 January 2016, Sheridan was confirmed to be returning to Oldham Athletic for a second spell as full-time manager having resigned from his position as Newport County manager after just four months. He managed to save Oldham from relegation to League Two.
Notts County
On 27 May 2016, Sheridan was appointed as manager of Notts County on a three-year contract.
On 2 January 2017, equalling a club record of nine successive defeats, Sheridan was sacked for gross misconduct as manager shortly after losing 4–0 to Cambridge United. Sheridan left the club with them just one point above the relegation zone with just 22 points from 24 games.
Third spell at Oldham Athletic
On 12 January 2017, Sheridan became manager of Oldham Athletic for a third time, he replaced Steve Robinson at the League One club. On 25 September 2017 he left Oldham by mutual consent.
Fleetwood Town
On 22 February 2018, Sheridan was appointed manager of League One club Fleetwood Town until the end of the 2017–18 season, replacing Uwe Rosler. He joined with the club 20th in the league having lost their last eight games in all competitions, but successfully guided them to safety finishing in 14th place.
Carlisle United
In June 2018, Sheridan was appointed manager of Carlisle United replacing Keith Curle. He resigned on 4 January 2019.
Second spell at Chesterfield
On 9 January 2019, Sheridan was reappointed as manager of National League club Chesterfield, returning to the club he left in August 2012. He joined with Chesterfield 22nd in the fifth tier having won just one of their last twenty-five league games. On 2 January 2020, following a 3–0 defeat at Solihull Moors that left Chesterfield in 22nd place with only 17 games of the season left, Sheridan's contract was terminated.
Waterford
In July 2020 Sheridan was named manager of League of Ireland Premier Division club Waterford. He left the role after just eight games in charge of the team to return to England.
Wigan Athletic
Sheridan was appointed manager of League One club Wigan Athletic by the administrators on 11 September 2020. He only lasted fifteen games in charge before making another move.
Swindon Town
On 11 November 2020, Sheridan was approached by Swindon Town to become their next manager following the departure of Richie Wellens. On 13 November 2020, he signed a contract with the Wiltshire club until the end of the season, but left on 17 April 2021.
Fourth spell at Oldham Athletic
On 22 January 2022, Sheridan returned to Oldham Athletic as head coach with the club bottom of the Football League. He could not halt the slide towards the National League. Oldham were relegated from the English Football League following a 2-1 home defeat by Salford City on 23 April 2022, a match interrupted by an on-pitch protest by fans against the club's owners. Sheridan said he would stay at Oldham with the aim of an immediate return to the English Football League in the next season. On 15 September 2022 it was announced that he would step aside after their match on 17 September.
Career statistics
Playing statistics
Managerial statistics
Honours
As a player
Sheffield Wednesday
Football League Cup: 1990–91
Bolton Wanderers
Football League First Division: 1996–97
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 1987–88 Second Division, 1988–89 Second Division, 1990–91 Second Division
As a manager
Chesterfield
Football League Two: 2010–11
Football League Trophy: 2011–12
Individual
League One Manager of the Month: November 2006
League Two Manager of the Month: October 2009, February 2010, March 2013
See also
List of Republic of Ireland international footballers born outside the Republic of Ireland
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
People from Stretford
Sportspeople from Trafford (district)
English men's footballers
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Republic of Ireland men's international footballers
Republic of Ireland men's B international footballers
Republic of Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Republic of Ireland men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Manchester City F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
English football managers
Republic of Ireland association football managers
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. managers
Chesterfield F.C. managers
Plymouth Argyle F.C. managers
Newport County A.F.C. managers
Notts County F.C. managers
Fleetwood Town F.C. managers
Waterford F.C. managers
Wigan Athletic F.C. managers
Swindon Town F.C. managers
UEFA Euro 1988 players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
Premier League players
English Football League players
English Football League managers
British people of Irish descent
Footballers from Greater Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sheridan%20%28footballer%29 |
Heinrich Schwarze (14 June 1906 – 20 March 1947) was an SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and concentration camp officer who served as commandant of Auschwitz III-Monowitz in Nazi-occupied Poland and Natzweiler-Struthof in Alsace-Lorraine.
Early life
Schwarze was born in Munich on 14 June 1906 and originally worked as a book printer. He joined both the Nazi Party and the Schutzstaffel (SS) in November 1931. Following the outbreak of World War II, Schwarze served with the Waffen-SS on the Western Front until October 1940, when he was transferred to the SS-Concentration Camps Inspectorate. He was stationed at both the Mauthausen and Sachsenhausen concentration camps during 1940-1941.
Auschwitz concentration camp
In September 1941 Schwarze was transferred to Poland and posted to the administrative office of the Auschwitz concentration camp. His initial duties included working as adjutant to the camp's commandant, Rudolf Höß. Schwarze also served as director of the camp's Work Assignment Department (Abt. IIIa) and held the position of Lagerführer (camp leader) for Auschwitz's central administration area.
In November 1943, Höß was appointed assistant director of Office Group D for the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office in Berlin. Following his departure, the Auschwitz camp system was reorganized by the high command of the SS and divided into three semi-autonomous administrative units: Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau and the Auschwitz III-Monowitz labour camp. Under this new arrangement Schwarze was given command of Auschwitz III-Monowitz in December 1943.
Central to the role Schwarze played as commandant was the provision of slave-labourers to the nearby Buna Werke, a synthetic rubber factory owned by the German chemical company IG Farben. Other German corporations, such as Siemens and Krupp, also received slave labour from Monowitz. The brutal working conditions which prevailed at Monowitz during the period Schwarze served as commandant resulted in a large number of deaths among the inmate population, with estimates ranging between 10,000 and 35,000 prisoners who were believed to have died in the labour camp itself or in the gas chambers located at neighbouring Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Following the evacuation of Auschwitz complex on 18 January 1945, Schwarze was initially slated to take over command of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp and the associated V-weapons production facility of Mittelwerk, but was passed over for this post in favour of Richard Baer. Instead, Schwarze was appointed commandant of the concentration camp of Natzweiler-Struthof, serving there until the end of the war.
War crimes trial
After the German defeat, Schwarze was tried and convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity by French occupation authorities in Rastatt; in connection with atrocities committed during his brief tenure as commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof. He was sentenced to death and subsequently shot by a firing squad near Baden-Baden on 20 March 1947.
References
1906 births
1947 deaths
Executed German mass murderers
Executed Nazi concentration camp commandants
Executed people from Bavaria
Holocaust perpetrators in Austria
Holocaust perpetrators in France
Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
Auschwitz concentration camp personnel
Mauthausen concentration camp personnel
Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp personnel
Sachsenhausen concentration camp personnel
Military personnel from Munich
Nazis executed by France by firing squad
People executed by the French Fourth Republic
People executed for crimes against humanity
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
SS-Hauptsturmführer
Waffen-SS personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Schwarz |
In economics, a beggar-thy-neighbour policy is an economic policy through which one country attempts to remedy its economic problems by means that tend to worsen the economic problems of other countries.
Adam Smith made reference to the term in claiming that mercantilist economic doctrine taught nations "that their interest lies in beggaring all their neighbours". The term was originally devised to characterise policies of trying to cure domestic depression and unemployment by shifting effective demand away from imports onto domestically produced goods, either through tariffs and quotas on imports, or by competitive devaluation. The policy can be associated with mercantilism and neomercantilism and the resultant barriers to pan-national single markets. According to economist Joan Robinson beggar-thy-neighbour policies were widely adopted by major economies during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Alan Deardorff has analysed beggar-thy-neighbour policies as an instance of the prisoner's dilemma known from game theory: each country individually has an incentive to follow such a policy, thereby making everyone (including themselves) worse off.
Reconciling the dilemma of beggar-thy-neighbor policies involves realizing that trade is not a zero-sum game, but rather the comparative advantage of each economy offers real gains from trade for all.
An early 20th-century appearance of the term is seen in the title of a work on economics from the early period of the Great Depression:
Gower, E. A., Beggar My Neighbour!: The Reply to the Rate Economy Ramp, Manchester: Assurance Agents' Press, 1932.
The phrase is in widespread use, as seen in such publications as The Economist and BBC News.
Extended application
"Beggar thy neighbour" strategies of this kind are not limited to countries: overgrazing provides another example, where the pursuit by individuals or groups of their own interests leads to problems. This dynamic was dubbed the "tragedy of the commons" in an 1833 essay by British economist William Forster Lloyd, though it appears as early as the works of Plato and Aristotle.
These trade policies can lead to trade wars between countries. These trade wars follow the prisoner's dilemma game theory analysis developed through Nash equilibrium in which two countries are poised against each other to produce in the market. Production requires export subsidies for the domestic firm to capture the market, effectively deterring the competing entity. Imagine two companies: Boeing and Airbus, one American, one European firm. They can either choose to produce or to not produce. The matrix follows that if both produce both will lose market share (−5,−5) as they compete in the industry. If they both do not produce (0,0) nobody benefits. If one produces whilst the other does not (100,0) the producing company will capture the industry and have 100% share (0,100). Game theory states that the first mover, or the initial firm in the industry, will always win. The competing firm will have no incentive to enter the market once the competitor has the advantage and thus will be deterred. However, with a strategic trade policy of an export subsidy, the matrix changes as the protecting government covers some of the costs. The matrix now changes from (−5,−5) to (−5,20) in favour of the domestic firm with the subsidy. This will see the protected firm "win" in the game and capture more of the market share as the subsidies burden the costs, which would otherwise deter the company. The game does not finish here, as the other company, being usurped on the second move, will then itself become protected through export subsidies, leading to a trade war between countries. Ergo, beggar-thy-neighbour is evident in trade wars as it increases the domestic welfare at the expense of the competing country.
Other uses
The term has also been used as the title of a number of literary works:
Gerard, Emily and Gerard, Dorothea, Beggar My Neighbour: A Novel, W. Blackwood and Sons (Edinburgh), 1882.
Drew, Sarah, Beggar My Neighbour, J. M. Ousley & Son (London), 1922.
Fielden, Lionel, Beggar My Neighbour, Secker and Warburg (London), 1943.
Ridley, Arnold, Beggar My Neighbour: A Comedy in Three Acts, Evans Bros. (London), 1953.
Macelwee, Patience, Beggar My Neighbour, Hodder and Stoughton (London), 1956.
See also
References
Commercial policy
Preclassical economics
International trade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggar%20thy%20neighbour |
The 460th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion (460th PFAB) was an airborne field artillery battalion of the United States Army that saw active service during World War II. Active from 1943–1946, the battalion trained with the 17th Airborne Division; served with the 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team in the Italian Campaign, Operation Dragoon, and the Battle of the Bulge; and ended the war assigned to the 13th Airborne Division before inactivation.
History
The 460th PFAB was formed at Camp Toccoa, Georgia, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James B. Anderson and utilizing cadre from the 377th PFAB. After training at Camp Toccoa and Camp Mackall, North Carolina, the battalion conducted jump training at Fort Benning, Georgia, completing its fifth training jump on 18 September 1943. Further training at Camp Mackall culminated in training maneuvers in Tennessee in January–February 1944, where the battalion participated in the "annihilation" of the 26th "Yankee" Division during a 64-mile forced march with its supported infantry.
Returning to Camp Mackall, the battalion was relieved from the 17th Airborne Division and attached to the 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment to form the 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team (PRCT). In early May 1944, Lieutenant Colonel Anderson and his staff were relieved, replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Raymond L. Cato and officers selected from the 466th PFAB. During this short period before deployment, Lieutenant Colonel Cato ordered Battery D, originally organized as an anti-tank and anti-aircraft unit with 37mm guns and .50 caliber machine guns, converted to a fourth 75mm pack howitzer battery. After final preparations at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia, the battalion departed Hampton Roads, Virginia on 17 May 1944, aboard the USS "Cristobal".
Arriving in Naples, Italy, on 31 May 1944, the 460th staged at "The Crater" outside the city for two weeks, waiting the arrival of the unit's equipment. After moving north aboard an LST to Civitavecchia, the 460th entered combat, supporting the 36th Infantry Division's attacks toward Follonica for 12 days. Throughout July 1944, the battalion staged at Frascati, near Rome. While preparing for the invasion of southern France, the Paratroopers were also able to relax with passes to Rome, the establishment of an NCO club, and other amusements. Some non-jumpers were also qualified at the Airborne Training Center south of Rome.
On 12 August 1944, the battalion (less Battery C, which staged with the 1st Battalion, 517th Parachute Infantry near Canino and assaulted with 1/517 in Serial 9) staged at the Montalto Air Field for two days, before departing for France in the Serial 8. On 15 August 1944, the 460th conducted its first combat parachute assault, landing in southern France. A third of the battalion (15 plane loads) landed near the intended drop zone. Lieutenant Colonel Cato led the assembly of this group, which had four howitzers in operation by 0630 hours, and an additional two by 0800 hours. Captain Louis Vogel of Battery C assembled most of his battery and two guns near Trans-en-Provence, northwest of the drop zone and dragged the howitzers by hand back toward the assembly area. A third group, about 40–60 men from Batteries A, B and D, jumped early and landed near Frejus, France, nearly 20 miles from the intended drop zone. Consolidating under Major Edward Frank, the battalion executive officer, "Task Force Frank" neutralized an 88mm position and routed an enemy battalion on their way to the assembly area. "Task Force Frank" finally arrived at the battalion's assembly area, with four howitzers. On the evening of 15 August 1944, the battalion received the gliders of the 602nd Glider FA Battalion, doubling the artillery support to the infantry. Over the next 90 days, the 460th accompanied the 517th as it pursued the Germans north and east into the Alps, continuously providing direct support to the infantry and firing 9,130 rounds. After relief in the line, the battalion was assigned to XVIII Airborne Corps and moved from La Colle, near Nice, to Soissons in northern France by train, arriving on 9–10 December 1944.
Notable members
Raymond L. Cato, 460th PFAB Commander, 15 April 1944 - January 1946
Joe David Brown, journalist and author of Paper Moon and Kings Go Forth, served in Battery D.
460th PFAB Killed in Action
Private Marion L. Adams, Battery C
Private First Class Robert W. Brown, Battery A
Private Moffet C. Cook, Battery C
Private First Class Richard R. Daley, Battery B
Private Richard E. Donnelly, Battery B
Private First Class Philip M. Kennamer, Battery C
Private First Class Billie E. Lewis, Battery C
2nd Lieutenant Harry F. Moore, Battery C
Private Melvin R. Palmer, Battery D
2nd Lieutenant Duane L. Smith, Battery B
Private Charles H. Tatro, Battery C
Captain Robert P. Woodhull, HQ Battery
460th PFAB Silver Stars
Corporal James Bain
Private First Class Richard E. Donnely
Technician Fourth Class Robert Lyon
1st Lieutenant Thomas W. Mehler
2nd Lieutenant Duane L. Smith
Captain Sylvester G. Willer
Lineage and honors
Lineage
Constituted 14 April 1943 in the Army of the United States as the 460th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion and activated at Camp Toccoa, Georgia
Assigned ## August 1943 to the 17th Airborne Division
Relieved 6 May 1944 from the 17th Airborne Division
Assigned ## February 1944 to the 13th Airborne Division
Inactivated
incomplete & unofficial; extracted from the 13th Airborne Division yearbook
Campaign participation credit
World War II: Rome-Arno; Southern France (with arrowhead); Rhineland; Ardennes-Alsace; Central Europe
Decorations
French Croix de Guerre
Belgian Croix de Guerre
See also
13th Airborne Division
517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team
517th Parachute Infantry Regiment
External links
460th PFAB History, from the 517th PRCT Home Page
517th Unit History
"A Cut Above" 517th PRCT Documentary
Memorial Page for Captain Robert P. Woodhull
460th PFAB Plaque at Fort Sill, OK
References
460
F 460
F 460
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/460th%20Parachute%20Field%20Artillery%20Battalion%20%28United%20States%29 |
John Pleshette is an American actor and screenwriter, best known for his role as Richard Avery on the television drama Knots Landing, and for portraying Lee Harvey Oswald in the TV movie The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald. Pleshette also wrote several scripts for Knots Landing in the 1980s.
Career
In a television acting career spanning decades, Pleshette has appeared in such shows as The Rockford Files; Highway to Heaven; Kojak; Magnum P.I.; Simon & Simon; Murder, She Wrote; MacGyver; Beauty and the Beast; L.A. Law; The Larry Sanders Show; Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman; ER; NYPD Blue; The Sopranos; Law & Order: LA; and Curb Your Enthusiasm.
Pleshette played Lee Harvey Oswald in the television film The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1977), and appeared in the TV miniseries Seventh Avenue the same year. In 1979, he was cast in the role of Richard Avery on Knots Landing. Series creator David Jacobs was acquainted with Pleshette's work, and Pleshette was married to literary agent Lynn Pleshette, Jacobs' ex-wife. Pleshette appeared on Knots Landing for four seasons (1979–83), and returned briefly in 1987. During the 1980s, he wrote several scripts for the series.
Pleshette also appeared in the Blake Edwards comedy S.O.B. (1981), and Micki & Maude (1984). He appeared in the episode 'The Judas Bug" of the ABC crime drama The Feather and Father Gang in 1977, and in MacGyver in the Season Two episode "D.O.A.: MacGyver".
Personal life
He is a cousin of the late actress Suzanne Pleshette. He graduated from Brown University in 1964.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Brown University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Pleshette |
The Primera División (; ), or Liga Venezolana (; ) is the top-flight professional football league of Venezuela. It was created in 1921 and turned professional in 1957. It is organized by the Federación Venezolana de Fútbol.
Format
Starting in the 2020 season, the 20 teams play in a home-and-away round-robin tournament, with the top eight teams advancing to the semi-final stage.
In the semi-final stage, the eight teams are divided in two groups of four teams each, facing the other teams in their group twice. The two group winners will advance to the Serie Final to decide the league champions.
International qualification
The champions and runners-up qualify to the group phase of the Copa Libertadores.
The team with the most points in the entire season qualifies to the preliminary round of the Copa Libertadores as Venezuela 3.
The second and third team with the most points in the entire season qualifies to the Copa Sudamericana as Venezuela 1 and Venezuela 2.
If a team won both tournaments that team qualify to the Copa Libertadores as Venezuela 1, then the first and second team with the most points in the entire season qualify to the Copa Libertadores as Venezuela 2 and Venezuela 3 and the fourth and fifth team with the most points in the entire season qualify to the Copa Sudamericana as Venezuela 1 and Venezuela 2.
If the winner of the Copa Venezuela does not qualify to the Copa Libertadores through the aforementioned manners or through the point total in the entire season, they take the Venezuela 2 spot in the Copa Sudamericana.
Relegation
The two lowest placed teams in the entire season are automatically relegated to the Segunda División.
2023 teams
List of champions
List of champions since the first championship held in 1920. The Primera División turned professional on 21 February 1957.
Amateur era (1921–1956)
Professional era (1957–present)
Titles by club
Clubs in bold compete in Primera División as of the current season. Clubs in italic no longer exist.
See also
Venezuelan football league system
References
External links
News in Spanish about the First Division of the Venezuelan Football/Soccer
News and pictures
League statistics at RSSSF
FuriaVinotinto – Unofficial Forum
1
Top level football leagues of South America
Sports leagues established in 1921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan%20Primera%20Divisi%C3%B3n |
London is a 2005 American romantic drama film written and directed by Hunter Richards. It stars Chris Evans, Jason Statham, Jessica Biel, Joy Bryant, Kelli Garner, and Isla Fisher.
Plot
Syd (Chris Evans) receives a phone call from a friend informing him that his ex-girlfriend London (Jessica Biel) is having a going-away party before she moves to California with her new boyfriend in a few days. Syd, who has been deeply depressed since London dumped him, flies into a rage upon hearing the news, and wrecks his apartment. He decides to go to the party uninvited, bringing along Bateman (Jason Statham), a banker who delivers cocaine to Syd as a favor to their mutual dealer.
After arriving at the party at the condominium belonging to the parents of club girl Rebecca (Isla Fisher), Bateman and Syd install themselves in the bathroom, where they snort line after line of cocaine, guzzle tequila and discuss love, sex, God, women and pain. Over the course of the night and a massive pile of blow, Bateman tells Syd to get on with his life.
The private party-within-a-party is soon joined by Maya (Kelli Garner) and Mallory (Joy Bryant), who feign sympathy for Syd to grab some free cocaine. When Syd learns that London has arrived, Bateman challenges him to go out and talk to her.
After a heated confrontation in the middle of the party, Syd and London decide to leave to talk somewhere more private. As they are leaving, a fight ensues in which Syd and Bateman fight the other male guests, barely making it out of the party. London and Syd make up in Syd's car, and later they have sex in London's apartment. In the last scene, at the airport, Syd tells London he loves her. Although this impresses London, she still leaves him.
Cast
Jessica Biel as London
Chris Evans as Syd
Jason Statham as Bateman
Joy Bryant as Mallory
Kelli Garner as Maya
Isla Fisher as Rebecca
Dane Cook as George
Louis C.K. as Therapist
Casey LaBow as Dominatrix
Kat Dennings as Lilly
Lina Esco as Kelly
Paula Patton as Alex
Antonio Muñoz as Killer in a Dream
Music
American electronica group The Crystal Method performed the score for the film.
The song "Roboslut" appears in the North American PlayStation 2 release of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova, but is retitled "Robogirl" due to censorship.
Track listing
All songs written and performed by The Crystal Method except where noted.
"London"
"Restless" by Evil Nine featuring Toastie Taylor
"Smoked" (Vocals by Troy Bonnes)
"Fire to Me" (vs. Hyper)
"Roboslut"
"Defective"
"Vice"
"Crime" by Troy Bonnes
"C'mon Children" by The Out Crowd
"Onesixteen"
"Sucker Punch" by Connie Price and the Keystones
"Glass Breaker" (Vocals by Charlotte Martin)
"I Luv U"
"Nothing Like You and I" by The Perishers
Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 14% approval rating, based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7 out of 10. The website's consensus reads, "Hampered by pretension and undermined by unlikable characters, London proves that the novelty of seeing actors play against type isn't enough to rescue a deeply flawed film." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 24 out of 100, based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one out of four stars, writing, "Chris Evans and Jason Statham have verbal facility and energy, which enables them to propel this dreck from one end of 92 minutes to the other, and the women in the movie are all perfectly adequate at playing bimbo cokeheads. I have seen all of these actors on better days in better movies, and I may have a novena said for them."
Laura Kern of The New York Times called it "a misfired attempt at provocation and the exploration of philosophical thought, London is little more than an immature display of male bonding on speed."
References
External links
2005 films
2005 independent films
2005 romantic drama films
American independent films
American romantic drama films
Destination Films films
Films about cocaine
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
2005 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20%282005%20American%20film%29 |
Trociuk v British Columbia (AG), 2003 SCC 34 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on section 15(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms where a father successfully challenged a provision in the British Columbia Vital Statistics Act which gave a mother complete control over the identity of the father on a child's birth certificate on the basis it violated his equality rights.
Background
Darrell Trociuk and Reni Ernst were an estranged unmarried couple who became parents to triplets in January 1996. When filling out the birth registration, Ernst had indicated the father was "unacknowledged by the mother" and that they were not together at the time. Consequently, she put "Ernst" as their surnames. However, Trociuk claimed they had agreed on registering the children's surnames as "Ernst-Trociuk" and tried to get the records changed to include his particulars.
Section 3(1)(b) and 4(1)(a) of the Vital Statistics Act prevented a father from amending registrations. Trociuk applied for a declaration to have the provision struck out as unconstitutional for violating his section 15 right to equality.
The Director of Vital Statistics denied the changing of the children's surnames to include their biological father's name. Trociuk took his case to the British Columbia Supreme Court, where it was heard by Justice Collver on May 17, 1999. Collver rejected Trociuk’s petition to change his children’s last names. However, he did not address the issue of whether section 3(1)(b) and 3(6)(b) violated the father’s right to equality; he decided that if it did, it would be justifiable under section 1 of the Charter. Trociuk was unhappy with Collver’s ruling and appealed his case to the British Columbia Court of Appeal. His case was heard by a panel of three judges. Two out of the three judges, Justice Southin and Newbury ruled that the judgement of the British Columbia Supreme Court would be upheld on May 23, 2001. Justice Prowse, the other judge, disagreed with her colleagues ruling concerning the Charter issue. She believed that the Vital Statistics Act violated section 15(1) of the Charter and could not be justified in a fair and democratic society (reasonable limitations clause). Trociuk then again appealed his case to the Supreme Court of Canada. It was heard December 4, 2002. On June 6, 2003, the S.C.C. released its decision to reverse the decision of the British Columbia Court of Appeal and deemed that section 3(1)(b) and section 3(6)(b) of the Vital Statistics Act were unconstitutional and were not justifiable in a free and democratic society (reasonable limitations clause) and should be altered.
Crown's Arguments
The Crown argued that this legislation put him in a disadvantaged position that it did not impose upon the mother. He claimed that this could perceived in a manner that communicated the message that a father’s relationship with their children is less worthy of respect than a mother’s relationship with her children, which is demeaning to his dignity.
The Crown also argued that the association of fathers who were unacknowledged by the mother without a substantial reason with those who were excluded with reason (e.g. rape), and fathers who were incapable or unknown to the mother, is similar to stereotyping and is demeaning of the fathers’ dignity.
Defense's Argument
The defense argued that the infringements upon the father’s right to equality, if any, did not have a significant impact on the interest of the father and were therefore non-important. However, the judge determined that involvement in deciding the child’s name is an important part of a parent’s life and would have a significant impact on the interest of the parent.
The defense also argued that the father’s claim to section 15(1) of the Charter is weakened because he isn’t one of the historically disadvantaged groups. However, the judge found this illogical. She noted that despite that the Law test states that historical disadvantage “probably the most compelling factor favouring a conclusion that differential treatment imposed by legislation is truly discriminatory” (para. 63), it doesn’t state that lack of historical disadvantage is a compelling factor against finding discrimination. Thus, this argument was misguided and irrelevant.
Opinion of the court
Deschamps J, writing for a Supreme Court, allowed the appeal in favour of Trociuk. It was found that section 3 of the Act violated section 15(1) of the Charter by allowing differential treatment based on sex. The provision had the effect of excluding the father's particulars from birth registration, excluding him from choosing his child's surname, and precluding any recourse. These effects were found to be arbitrary and created significant impact on the perception of the father's dignity, and consequently violated section 15(1).
On the section 1 analysis, Deschamps J held the violation could not be saved because the law did not impair Trociuk's rights as little as reasonably possible.
Importance
This case set the precedent for all cases concerning section 15 of the Charter (equality rights).
See also
Gender equality
List of gender equality lawsuits
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)
External links
Court of Appeal decision
Court of Appeal amicus curaie request
B.C. Supreme Court decision
Section Fifteen Charter case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
2003 in Canadian case law
Gender discrimination lawsuits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trociuk%20v%20British%20Columbia%20%28AG%29 |
The first family of the United States is the family of the president of the United States, who is both head of state and head of government of the United States. Members of the first family consist of the president, the first lady of the United States, and any of their children. However, other close relatives of the president and first spouse, such as parents, grandchildren, stepchildren, and in-laws, may be classified as members of the first family if they reside in the Executive Residence of the White House Complex.
In the United States, the term "first family" in casual reference to the president's immediate family, is most often used by the media and in particular, the White House press corps. Individually, each member of the first family is designated a Secret Service codename by the United States Secret Service. Used by special agents, these code names uniquely identify members of the first family for their ongoing protection as well as for the sake of brevity, clarity and tradition.
List
See also
Adams family
Bush family
Harrison family
Roosevelt family
United States presidential pets
References
**
Political families of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20family%20of%20the%20United%20States |
The Devils Island Lighthouse is a lighthouse located on Devils Island, one of the Apostle Islands, in Lake Superior in Ashland County, Wisconsin, near the city of Bayfield. Among the Apostle Islands lighthousesa testament to its remotenessit was the last built, and the last automated and unmanned.
History
Currently owned by the National Park Service and part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, it is a contributing property to the Apostle Islands Lighthouses and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.. It is also listed in the Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey, WI-324. Several other structures in the vicinity are also listed in HABS.
The "Devils Island Light Station Cultural Landscape" was included as one of five lighthouses (with state-level significance) in the National Register of Historic Places nomination on March 8, 1977. It occupies approximately on the north lakeshore of the Devils Island. Within are several structures. A previous skeletal, wooden structure was constructed in 1891 has since been demolished. Historical brick Queen Anne style keepers quarters (1896) are collocated with the current lighthouse. Also on the premises were two oil houses, a tramway, a brownstone tramway engine building, a dock, wooden boathouse (1 mile distant) and a radio beacon/tower. An inclined Tramway (1893) and Engine Building (1901) provided transport of equipment, gear and supplies.
The original third order Fresnel lens manufactured by Henry-Lepaute was removed by the U.S. Coast Guard in 1989, but a new third order Fresnel lens was replaced by the N.P.S. in 1992.
The site originally had a steam whistle in a fog signal building. That was removed in 1925, and "a much improved air-operated diaphone fog signal" was accomplished. In 1928, a diesel-powered electrical generator was installed, and the light intensity increased to 300,000 candela for the white flash and 180,000 candela for the red.
In 1928, U.S. President Calvin Coolidge and the first lady visited the island and lighthouse during an 88-day vacation to Wisconsin.
Getting there
Most of the Apostle Islands Lighthouses may be reached on the Apostle Islands Cruise Service water taxi or by private boat during the summer. During the Annual Apostle Island Lighthouse Celebration ferry tour service is available for all the lighthouses. In the tourist season, volunteer park rangers are on many of the islands to greet visitors.
See also
Wisconsin lighthouses
References
Notes
Citations
Further reading
Devils Island Light Station. (January 1999) Lighthouse Digest, pp. 14–15.
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes (1998) Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc.) .
External links
Aerial photos of Devils Island Light, Marina.com.
Anderson, Kraig. Lighthouse friends Devil's Island Light article.
Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey Survey number HABS WI-324
Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey Survey number HABS WI-324-A
National Park Service, Maritime History Project, Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin, Devils Island Light.
NPS - Devils Island Light Station
Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Devil's Island Light.
Lighthouses completed in 1891
Houses completed in 1896
Lighthouses completed in 1901
Lighthouses in Ashland County, Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Ashland County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devils%20Island%20Light |
There are several names of the Aromanians used throughout the Balkans, both autonyms (like armân) and exonyms (like Vlach).
Aromanian
The names armân/arumân, just as român/rumân (Romanian), derive directly from Latin Romanus ("Roman") through regular sound changes (see Name of Romania). Adding "a" in front of certain words that begin with a consonant is a regular feature of the Aromanian language.
In Greece variants include arumâni and armâni. An older form of "rumân", was still found in the 19th century, in folk songs in Greece. In Albania, the most common form is rămăńi, with occasional forms rumăńi and romăńi.
The form, aromân, used especially by the Aromanians of Romania, is a modern creation, a blend of român (used by the Daco-Romanians) and arumân (used by the Aromanians in Greece). The form "Aromanian", created by analogy with the word "Romanian", was first used by Gustav Weigand in 1894/1895 to replace terms such as "Macedonian Vlachs" or "Macedo-Romanians".
Vlach
Vlachs was a term used in the Medieval Balkans, as an exonym of Germanic origin for all the Romanic people of the region, but nowadays, it is commonly used only for the Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians, the Romanians being named Vlachs only in historical context and in Serbia.
Greeks also use the name "Koutsovlach" ("lame Vlach"; , plural: , ). Greek scholar Asterios I. Koukoudes considers the term to be derogatory and offensive for the Aromanians. Archbishop of Athens Spyridon Vlachos pointed out to politician Alexandros Svolos that "anyone who refers to the Koutsovlachs is a lame writer himself".
Macedo-Romanian
Macedo-Romanian (macedo-român, derived from "Macedonia" and "Romanian") is a form created by the modern linguists and ethnologists in analogy with the other Balkan Romance languages: Daco-Romanian (or proper Romanian) in Dacia, Istro-Romanian in Istria and Megleno-Romanian in Meglena. Although quite often used, it is a rather improper form, as the Aromanians can be found all across the Balkans, not only in Macedonia.
Macedonian
One of the traditional names of Aromanians in the geographical region of Macedonia was Macedonians. It is widespread in Romania.
Tsintsar
Another name used to refer to the Aromanians (mainly in the Slavic countries such as Serbia and Bulgaria is tsintsar (цинцар) and in Hungary cincár) derived from the way the Aromanians pronounce and as and . However, there is also a theory that says that the term is derived from the way the Aromanians say the word 'five': tsintsi, this being according to some from the fifth Roman legion which settled in Balkans at the end of their service. The Albanian variant of this name is "xinxarë" .
Other names
çoban – "shepherd", a term used by some of the Turks, as well as the Albanians, although Albanians also use "vllah" (derived from "Vlach") and rëmër
rëmër, "Roman", an Albanian word derived from "Romanus".
References
Bibliography
Capidan, Theodor (1932) Aromânii. Dialectul aromân, Academia Română.
Trifon, Nicolas (2005) "The Aromanians, a people on the move".
Aromanians
Aromanians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names%20of%20the%20Aromanians |
The Citroën C-Triomphe is a mid-size sedan produced for the Chinese market by Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën, a joint venture between the French PSA Group (Peugeot-Citroën) and the Chinese manufacturer Dongfeng.
Overview
This new model range was designed to supplement other Chinese models in the range such as the Fukang and the Elysée, rather than being any direct replacement.
In April 2007, Citroën announced that the four-door C4 would be built in Argentina. The Argentinian and Brazilian versions are sold as the C4 Pallas in some South American and European markets.
The car is essentially a notchback sedan version of the European C4 model, since the Chinese market prefers traditional three-box sedans over hatchbacks. It did not keep the designation, however, because in Chinese the number "4" is unlucky. The sedan is much larger than the hatchback: its length is over the hatchback's and its wheelbase measures against of the hatchback. This caused the C-Triomphe sedan to be classified in large family car class. The C-Triomphe has a number of unique features, such as an integrated air freshener which allows the driver to choose the smell of the interior.
External links
Citroën China
Dong Feng-Peugeot-Citroën Automobile
Citroën C-Triomphe at Citroenet
C-Triomphe images
C-Triomphe
Cars of China
Cars introduced in 2006
it:Citroën C4#Le altre C4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn%20C-Triomphe |
Gaoping (高平市) is a county-level city in Shanxi, China.
Gaoping may also refer to:
Gaoping District (), a district of Nanchong, Sichuan
Towns and townships
China
Gaoping, Guizhou, a town in Zunyi, Guizhou
Gaoping, Liuyang (高坪镇), a township in Liuyang, Hunan
Gaoping, Longhui (高平镇), a town in Longhui County, Hunan
Gaoping, Yongshun (高坪乡), a township in Yongshun County, Hunan
Vietnam
Cao Bang () in historical Jiaozhi, today in Vietnam
Other uses
Gaoping River (), a major river in southern Taiwan
Gaoping railway station (), in Jianshi County, Hubei
Nanchong Gaoping Airport (), an airport in Nanchong, Sichuan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaoping%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Buckmore Park Kart Circuit is an MSA approved outdoor kart racing circuit located just off junction 3 of the M2 in Chatham, Kent, England. Until his death on 10 March 2017, it was owned by John Surtees, the only person to have won world Grand Prix championships in both Formula One car racing and Grand Prix motorcycle racing.
Situated in a woodland setting between the M2 and M20 motorways directly above High Speed 1, its proximity to London makes it Britain's busiest circuit. With seven different fleets of kart the circuit offers karting experiences for all ages and experience levels.
Buckmore Park is a circuit where many current and past Formula One drivers learned their trade, including Johnny Herbert and Formula 1 champions Jenson Button and Lewis Hamilton, who was originally discovered by Ron Dennis in the 1996 Champions of the Future Event held at Buckmore Park.
Although Buckmore Park is primarily a race circuit, it also has on-site conference and catering facilities.
Buckmore Kart Racing School
The Buckmore Kart School has been preparing drivers for success in Motorsport since 1972 and has trained more than 20 European and British kart champions. There are both introductory and more in-depth training options for ages 8+. As well as a Bambino School & club for ages 6–7.
Types of Hire Event
Buckmore Park is well known for its Hire Kart Club which regularly hosts events for its members. One type of event is 'Sprint' style racing, where competitors compete in a series of heats and finals. Starting positions for heats place each driver at the front, middle and rear of the grid for one race, whereas finals are decided by points acquired from finishing positions in heats.
Sprint events at Buckmore include the Grand Prix League, National Sprint, International Sprint and the two Junior Kart Club classes.
Some individual competitors prefer 'Endurance' races, where grid positions are decided by a short qualifying session, leading to the fastest driver starting on pole. Races are then usually an hour long and include the Solo 30 enduro, Solo 45enduro, Man Of Steel and the Iron Man.
Team races are also popular, and work in the same way as Endurance races but include fuel stops and driver changes.
Popular team events include the 3 hour (3 hours using RT8 390cc karts for 2-4 drivers) and the 6 hour team endurance.
Star Pupil
At the end of each hire season, Buckmore hosts an annual 'Star Pupil' day, for the top drivers in all of its hire kart categories. The drivers participate in a mix of endurance and sprint events.
Two guest judges will decide the winner based not only on track performance but also on their punctuality to race briefings, courtesy and general behaviour off of the track.
Carl Tebbutt won the event in 2006 with Simon Rudd winning the following year. Jack Harding won in 2008, Terry Waller in 2009 and most recently in the 2010 star pupil, Matt Jones was judged the winner. Terry Waller was again the winner in 2011. Simon Rudd returned as the winner in the 2012 competition. In 2013, the event was won by Paul Janes. The 2014 event was sponsored by MINI Challenge and was won by Piers Prior, who also won the event in 2015.
Buckmore have now added Rookie of the Year and both Junior and Bambino Star Pupil events.
History
The circuit saw its inception in the early 1960s when local businessman Cecil Whitehead, a keen supporter of the Scouts, saw the opportunity to allow them to participate in the fast growing pastime of kart racing by developing a track at the woodland site that the local scouts were leasing at the top of Bluebell Hill, Buckmore Park Scout Centre. Whitehead consulted with the designer of the Rye House Kart Circuit, Doug Jest, the local Rochester Motor Club and Camberley Kart Club to design the 400m circuit. Whitehead then approached the Royal School of Military Engineering in nearby Chatham and persuaded them to build the circuit as an engineering training exercise. The circuit subsequently opened in 1963 at no cost to the scouts.
During the 1970s the track was used by the scouts, visitors to the park and the Rochester Motor Club but had fallen into disrepair by the 1980s due to the scouts not having enough money to maintain it. Whitehead was about to close the circuit due to safety concerns when, in 1985, new owners were found and redevelopment of the track began with their priority being to gain an MSA competition circuit licence in order to make the circuit commercially viable. After extensive restoration and resurfacing, the circuit began staging events again, with the first RACMSA event taking place in 1989. The circuit staged its first national championship in 1992 and in 1994 the track was extended to 900m. The track length was extended again in 1999 to bring it up to full international length and around the same time the unmade access road was replaced with a tarmac road. In 2003 a new £1.25m clubhouse was opened by Stirling Moss, Bernie Ecclestone and circuit part-owner John Surtees.
Surtees, already the landowner of the circuit, bought out other interests and took full commercial control of the circuit for an undisclosed sum in April 2015.
Lap records
Hire-Kart = https://www.buckmore.co.uk/lap-records
Owner Driver = http://www.buckmoreparkkartclub.co.uk/results-reports/lap-records/
See also
Kart racing
Kart circuits
References
External links
Buckmore Park Karting
Tourist attractions in Kent
Kart circuits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckmore%20Park%20Kart%20Circuit |
Edward Chapman may refer to:
Edward Chapman (British Army officer) (1840–1926)
Edward Chapman (actor) (1901–1977), British comic actor, best remembered for his work with Norman Wisdom
Edward Chapman (politician) (1839–1906), British academic and Conservative politician
Edward Chapman (publisher) (1804–1880), British publisher and co-founder of Chapman & Hall
Edward Thomas Chapman (1920–2002), Welsh World War II Corporal
Ed Chapman (artist) (born 1971), British artist, best known for mosaic portraits
Ed Chapman (baseball) (1905–2000), American major league player
Eddie Chapman (1914–1997), British double agent code name Zig-Zag during World War II
Eddie Chapman (footballer) (1923–2002), West Ham United player and club secretary
Edward Chapman, rector and founder of Bishop's College School (1836)
See also
Ted Chapman (1934–2005), Australian politician
Edwards and Chapman Building, a heritage-listed building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Chapman |
Live in Europe is a live album from soul singer Otis Redding. It was Redding's first live album as well as the only live album released during his lifetime, issued exactly five months before his death on December 10, 1967. The album was recorded during the Stax/Volt tour of Europe and Redding is backed by Booker T. & the MG's. Recorded at the Olympia Theatre, Paris; March 21, 1967.
The album is currently available on compact disc, digitally remastered by Bill Inglot and Dan Hersch as part of the Atlantic & Atco Remasters Series done on Rhino Records. Alternately, seven of its ten tracks appear as bonus tracks to the 2008 reissue of Otis Blue or the 2016 reissue of The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul, also on Rhino.
Critical reception and legacy
In a 1969 piece called "A Short and Happy History of Rock", published by Stereo Review, Robert Christgau selected Live in Europe as a representative Redding LP in his basic rock "library" of 25 albums. He went on to write of Redding and the album in the context of rock history:
However, Christgau's later appraisals of the album have ranged from it "captur[ing] a sensitive soul man at his toughest and most outgoing" to it being "among [Redding's] worst" due to "too many concessions to an English audience that wanted fast rock and roll songs".
In 2003, Live in Europe was ranked number 474 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
Track listing
Charts
Album
Singles
References
External links
Otis Redding - Stax Records
Otis Redding albums
1967 live albums
Atco Records live albums
Stax Records live albums
Albums produced by Jim Stewart (record producer)
Albums produced by Tom Dowd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20in%20Europe%20%28Otis%20Redding%20album%29 |
The Korg i3 is a keyboard instrument introduced by Korg in 1993. Known as an "Interactive Music Workstation", the i3 broke new ground for Korg, and defined a new type of instrument - the professional auto-accompaniment workstation. Contrary to popular belief, it was not Korg's first foray into the realm of auto-accompaniment - it had a minor hit in 1985 with the SAS-20, a home keyboard with built-in speakers.
Previously, the auto-accompaniment concept was not taken seriously by professional users, who saw it more the preserve of home hobbyists, and the market had been dominated by low-cost machines made by the likes of Casio and Yamaha. Roland's E-Series line had made inroads into improving the reputation of auto-accompaniment, but there was still some way to go.
Retailing for $2500, the i3 used a 32-voice tone generation system derived from the X3, using the company's familiar AI2 synthesis system. All 340 tones were user-editable (max. 64 user voices could be saved in backed RAM + 2 user drum sets) and sampled at 32 kHz. The auto-accompaniment section consisted of 48 in-built styles, each consisting of 4 variations, 2 fill-ins, and 2 intros/endings. There were a further 4 "blank" spaces for user styles to be loaded into non-volatile RAM via a 3.5" DD floppy disk and 4 from a memory card. There were also two sequencers; a conventional 16-track General MIDI compatible system for the editing and playback of SMF data, whilst there was also a "Backing Sequencer" - effectively a simple recorder for recording of performances using the auto-accompaniment system, but had the ability to add a further 10 tracks over this. The most obvious sign to the user that the i3 was a departure from the usual auto-accompaniment keyboard format was the lack of built in speakers.
Early reviews of the i3 were favourable, and the company released a 76-note version (the i2) shortly afterward, whilst a version equipped with speakers, the i4S debuted in 1994. A further cut down version (the i5S) followed in 1996.
The auto-accompaniment workstation concept was quickly imitated by other manufacturers, most notably Roland's G-800, launched in 1995. Korg replaced the i3 in 1998 with the i30, and its speakered siblings the iS40 and iS50.
References
I
Music workstations
Polyphonic synthesizers
Digital synthesizers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg%20i3 |
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with T – Z. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles.
T
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: An educational taxonomy that classifies educational objectives into three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.
Teacher: In education, one who teaches students or pupils, often a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill, including learning and thinking skills. There are many different ways to teach and help students learn. This is often referred to as the teacher's pedagogy. When deciding what teaching method to use, a teacher will need to consider students' background knowledge, environment, and their learning goals as well as standardized curriculum as determined by their school district.
Technology education: The study of the human ability to create and use tools to shape the natural environment to meet their needs. The goal of technology education is to spread technological literacy which is accomplished by bringing laboratory activities to students. The term "technology education" is frequently shortened to "tech ed".
Technology Integration: A term used by educators to describe effective uses of technology by teachers and students in K-12 and university classrooms. Teachers use technology to support instruction in language arts, social studies, science, math, or other content areas. When teachers integrate technology into their classroom practice, learners are empowered to be actively engaged in their learning.
Tertiary education: (also referred to as third-stage or third level education) The educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium. Tertiary education is commonly higher education which prepares students for a quaternary education.
Colleges and universities are examples of institutions that provide tertiary education. The term Tertiary education can also be used to refer to vocational education and training.
Textbook: A manual of instruction or a standard book in any branch of study. They are classified by both the target audience and the subject. Textbooks are usually published by specialty printers to serve every request for an understanding of every subject that can be taught. It is a big business that requires mass volume sales to make the publications profitable. Although most textbooks are only published in printed format with hard covers, some can now be viewed online.
Theory of cognitive development: A developmental psychology theory developed by Jean Piaget to explain cognitive development. The theory is central to child psychology and is based on schemata—schemes of how one perceives the world—in "critical periods," times when children are particularly susceptible to certain information.
Theory of multiple intelligences: A psychological and educational theory formulated by Howard Gardner espousing that eight kinds of "intelligence" exist in humans, each relating to a different sphere of human life and activity.
The Times Higher Education Supplement:, (also known as The Times Higher or The THES) A newspaper based in London that reports specifically on issues related to higher education. It is owned by TSL Education, which was, until October 2005, a division of News International. The paper is edited by John O'Leary, author of The Times Good University Guide. The THES is probably best known for publishing The Times Higher World University Rankings (see college and university rankings), which first appeared in November 2004, with new rankings published annually.
Training: Refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge and relates to specific useful skills. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at technical colleges or polytechnics. Today it is often referred to as professional development.
Truth: When someone sincerely agrees with an assertion, he or she is claiming that it is the truth. Philosophy seeks answers for certain questions about truth and the word truth.
Tuition: A fee charged for educational instruction especially at a formal institution of learning. Tuition is charged by educational institutions to assist with funding of staff and faculty salaries, course offerings, lab equipment, computer systems, libraries, and facility upkeeping. Fees are also used to fund facilities that provide a comfortable learning experience for its students, such as student lounges.
U
Understanding: A psychological process related to an abstract or physical object, such as, person, situation and message whereby one is able to think about it and use concepts to deal adequately with that object.
UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known as UNESCO, is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. Its purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter.
Universal preschool: The notion that access to preschool should be available to families similar to Kindergarten. Child advocates have different definitions of the definition of who is included and how it is to be funded. There has been a move to change the name to Preschool for All. Like Kindergarten, the concept is to have a voluntary program, unlike education, that is mandated by law in the United States with exceptions to allow for homeschooling and alternative education.
University: An institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education.
Unobservables: Entities whose existence, nature, properties, qualities or relations are not observable. In the philosophy of science typical examples of "unobservables" are atomic particles, the force of gravity, causation and beliefs or desires. However, philosophers also characterize all objects—trees, tables, other minds, microbiological things and so on to which humans ascribe as the thing causing their perception—as unobservable.
V
Virtual learning environment: (VLE) A software system designed to facilitate teachers in the management of educational courses for their students, especially by helping teachers and learners with course administration. The system can often track the learners' progress, which can be monitored by both teachers and learners. While often thought of as primarily tools for distance education, they are most often used to supplement the face-to-face classroom.
Visual learning: A proven teaching method in which graphic organizers, such as webs, concept maps idea maps, and slide shows are used to help students of all ages think and learn more effectively.
Vocational education: (or Vocational Education and Training (VET)) Prepares learners for careers or professions that are traditionally non-academic and directly related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation, hence the term, in which the learner participates. It is sometimes referred to as technical education, as the learner directly specialises in a particular narrow technique of using technology.
W
Waldorf education Waldorf education (also known as Steiner education) is a humanistic approach to pedagogy based on the educational philosophy of the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner, the founder of anthroposophy. Learning is interdisciplinary, integrating practical, artistic, and conceptual elements. The approach emphasizes the role of the imagination in learning, developing thinking that includes a creative as well as an analytic component.
Whole language: A term used by reading teachers to describe an instructional philosophy which focuses on reading as an activity best taught in a broader context of meaning. Rather than focusing on reading as a mechanical skill, it is taught as an ongoing part of every student's existing language and life experience. Building on language skills each student already possesses, reading and writing are seen as a part of a broader "whole language" spectrum.
Wisdom: The ability to make correct judgments and decisions. It is an intangible quality gained through experience some think. Yet others think it is a quality that even a child, otherwise immature, may possess independent of experience or complete knowledge. Whether or not something is wise is determined in a pragmatic sense by its popularity, how long it has been around, and its ability to predict against future events. Wisdom is also accepted from cultural, philosophical and religious sources. Some think of wisdom as foreseeing consequences and acting to maximize beneficial results.
Writing: May refer to two activities: the inscribing of characters on a medium, with the intention of forming words and other constructs that represent language or record information, and the creation of material to be conveyed through written language. (There are some exceptions; for example, the use of a typewriter to record language is generally called typing, rather than writing.) Writing refers to both activities equally, and both activities may often occur simultaneously.
Workshop: A brief intensive course, a seminar or a series of meetings emphasizing interaction and exchange of information among a usually small number of participants..
X
Xylophone: a musical instrument that is used in elementary music classes. It is simple to use and the teacher can add or remove "accidental" notes (sharped and flatted pitches) so that the instrument can play in different keys.
Y
Youth: Time between childhood and adulthood.
Z
Zero tolerance policy: A policy that states that prohibited behaviors and actions will not be tolerated—no exceptions. Zero tolerance policies have different prohibitions, which may include inter alia, contraband such as weapons, illegal drugs, or actions such as bullying, harassment, or violence.
Zero product Property: A way to make math easier.
See also
References
7
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20education%20terms%20%28T%E2%80%93Z%29 |
Piano: The Melody of a Young Girl's Heart (ピアノ Piano, stylized as PIANO) is an anime television series which aired from November 11, 2002 to January 13, 2003, and ran for 10 episodes. Three volumes were released on DVD by Right Stuf under their Nozomi Entertainment label in the North America as well as a complete collection in one collectors edition package, with their English dub being produced by NYAV Post. Centering on Miu Nomura (野村 美雨 Nomura Miu), the story follows her as she struggles to rediscover the joy in music and playing piano she once knew as a child. Character designs were done by Kōsuke Fujishima who came up with the concept and idea for the show.
Plot summary
Miu Nomura always played the piano and found it to be one of the greatest joys in her life. Even when she was a little girl the music she played on her piano made her heart soar, a feeling she desired to share with anyone who would listen, as she eagerly shared her talent on with the piano to those around her. As time passed, she became an introverted teenager far too shy to express her feelings and even unable to do it through her music anymore. It has gotten so bad that her playing has suffered greatly and her piano teacher has grown impatient with Miu's continual failure to live up to the expectations he knows she is capable of reaching if she could just try a little harder.
Miu's crush on an upperclassman named Takahashi doesn't help and only adds to her emotional state. Even her best friend, Yuuki, who notices Miu's crush cannot help because she too has a crush, on a third year track star named Takizawa. What is remarkable though, is this crush of Miu's might in fact be helping her playing, and might make it possible for her to once again find the joy in music she knew as a child, the joy that allowed her to play such beautiful, emotional music that captured the hearts of all those that listened.
It is Miu's teacher's hope that a little pressure on her to compose her own piece and play it at the spring recital, will do just that, but problems with Takahashi, and problems in her own life seem to continue to hinder Miu's growth, despite the spark she has once again shown in her musical playing since developing her crush on Takahashi.
Characters
Miu Nomura -
Shirakawa -
Kazuya Takahashi -
Seiji Nomura -
Hitomi Nomura -
Akiko Nomura -
Yuuki Matsubara -
Nagasawa -
Takizawa -
Ms. Yuunagi -
Anime
The anime uses two pieces of theme song. "...to you" by Ayako Kawasumi, played by Ayako Kawasumi on the piano, is the opening theme, while "Kokoro no Oto" by Yoko Ueno is the ending theme.
Episode listing
Reception
Mania.com's Mark Thomas feels that the anime's music is "in complete harmony with theme of the series". Writing for The Los Angeles Times, Charles Solomon ranked the series the ninth best anime on his "Top 10".
References
External links
Official RightStuf International Piano: The Melody of A Young Girl's Heart website
Kids Station's Official Piano Website
Marine Entertainment's Official Piano Homepage
2002 anime television series debuts
Drama anime and manga
Romance anime and manga
School life in anime and manga
OLM, Inc.
2003 Japanese television series endings
Anime with original screenplays
Works about pianos and pianists
Kōsuke Fujishima | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%3A%20The%20Melody%20of%20a%20Young%20Girl%27s%20Heart |
Gaoping () is a county-level city in the southeast of Shanxi Province, China, under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jincheng. It has a history stretching back to the Warring States period (403–221 BCE). Part of the city was formerly known as Changping where a noted battle took place in 260 BCE between forces from the rival States of Qin and Zhao.
Gaoping is also famed as the birthplace of Lord Yan, a legendary figure who was an early leader (or series of leaders) among the ancient Han Chinese.
Gaoping (along with several other locations in China) was traditionally identified as Yan's hometown. Not until the late 20th and early 21st century was Gaoping widely accepted as Yan's birthplace by the global scholarly community.
The hilly area around Gaoping is known as the Sheep's Head Mountains (), and it is this area that preserves the most concrete evidences of Yan's habitation there. A local temple to a female river spirit has been identified as portraying Yan's daughter Nüwa () - not to be confused with the goddess Nüwa () - since the Ming dynasty. Ancient sources, such as the Guo Yu, record that Yan and his posterity flourished in the area around a river called the "Giang [Jiang] Water". The river is believed by scholars to be the Giang River of old is now called the Jiang River () or the Jiang Water (), and is located in Tunliu County, whence it flows east into the Zhang River.
Climate
References
Yan Di Wen Hua 炎帝文化, edited by Wang Shuxin 王树新 and Meng Shikai 孟世凯. Zhonghua Bookstore (Beijing): 2005.
Cities in Shanxi
County-level divisions of Shanxi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaoping |
Orange Sector is a German EBM band from Hannover, Germany formed in 1992.
History
Martin Bodewell and Lars Felker met in 1992 at an underground club named "Index" in Hannover, Germany. The pair discovered that they had similar tastes in music and decided to work together in their musical efforts. Influenced by fellow German acts DAF and Extrabreit, as well as EBM stalwarts Nitzer Ebb, the pair produced a demo tape as Orange Sector — entitled The War Comes Home — and sent it to the German electronic music label Zoth Ommog. Zoth Ommog label head, Andreas Tomalla (aka Talla 2XLC), liked the demo and offered a record deal to Bodewell and Felker.
Over the next two years, the band released two albums on Zoth Ommog: Faith in 1993 and Flashback in 1994. Both were produced by André Schmechta (aka Sevren Ni-Arb) of X Marks the Pedwalk in his T.G.I.F. Studio, which was a production nexus for many EBM bands in the early 1990s.
By 1997, Felker left the band to attend to personal and professional affairs, leaving Bodewell to continue the project alone. Orange Sector released several more albums as a solo venture of Bodewell's: Love It! which was released by Synthetic Symfony, and Scars of Love and Masquerade which were released on Zoth Ommog. The style of these albums differed from the initial, EBM heavy output during Felker's involvement and turned away some fans of the earlier work. By the end of the nineties, Bodewell ceased activities as Orange Sector.
In 2004, Torben Schmidt of Lights of Euphoria and founder of Infacted Recordings contacted Felker with interest in releasing a compendium of early Orange Sector work. This led to the compilation release Here We Are [Back Again] and a regenerated Orange Sector under the Infacted label. Here We Are peaked at #10 on the German Alternative Charts (DAC) and ranked #64 on the DAC Top Singles for 2005.
Under the Infacted banner the band released a stream of new studio albums: Bassprodukt (2006), Profound (2007), and Mindfuck (2009). Clubprodukt, an EP of extracts From Bassprodukt, peaked at #10 on the DAC. In 2010, the band dual-released Krieg & Frieden on both Infacted and on Metropolis Records in the United States, their first release on that label. Twenty years after their debut album Orange Sector released the maxi-EP, "Der Maschinist", as a lead-in to their tenth studio album Vorwärts Nach Weit.
2015 saw the release of Night Terrors and its accompanying EPs, Glasmensch and Monoton. These were followed by renewed touring activity in 2016. Glasmensch and Monoton were the first two parts of an EP "trilogy", the last of which was 2016's Farben.
In 2018 the band brought on René Nowotny as a third member. Nowotny, also of the band Ad:Key, had previously provided live support for Bodewell after Felker's initial departure. With Nowotny on board, the trio released their twelfth studio album, Alarm, in 2019. Alarm was regarded as the band's most "political" release to date, treating on subjects including racism and hateful politics sung in both German and English.
2021 saw the release of the album Alles Wird Geld. The album track "The Work Is Done" was subsequently released as an EP in 2022 and included a remix by the American band, Kreign.
Discography
Albums
The War Comes Home (1992, self-released)
Faith (1993, Zoth Ommog)
Flashback (1994, Zoth Ommog)
Love It! (1997, Synthetic Symfony, Animalized)
Scars of Love (1998, Zoth Ommog)
Masquerade (1998, Zoth Ommog)
Here We Are (Back Again) (2005, Infacted)
Bassprodukt (2006, Infacted)
Profound (2007, Infacted)
Mindfuck (2009, Infacted, Machineries of Joy)
Krieg & Frieden (2010, Infacted, Metropolis)
Vorwärts Nach Weit (2013, Infacted)
Night.Terrors (2015, Infacted)
Alarm (2019, Infacted)
Alles Wird Gold (2021, Infacted)
The Work Is Done (2022, Infacted)
Singles and EPs
Kids in America (1994, Zoth Ommog)
Für Immer Kalt Wie Stahl (2006, Infacted)
Undertage (2008, Infacted)
Der Maschinist (2012, Infacted)
Gelle Zeit (2013, Infacted)
Monoton (2015, Infacted)
Glasmensch (2015, Infacted)
Farben (2016, Infacted)
Stahlwerk (2016, Infacted)
Die Fahne (2018, Infacted)
Zerstörer (2020, Infacted)
References
External links
[ Allmusic.com Orange Sector]
Official Orange Sector web page
Electronic body music groups
Metropolis Records artists
Zoth Ommog Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20Sector |
Helmingham Hall is a moated manor house in Helmingham, Suffolk, England. It was begun by John Tollemache in 1480 and has been owned by the Tollemache family ever since. The house is built around a courtyard in typical late medieval/Tudor style. The house is listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England, and its park and formal gardens are also Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
History
The present Helmingham Hall may have been initially constructed in 1510 on the site of an earlier house called Creke Hall. The exterior was altered between 1745 and 1760, again in 1800 by John Nash, and in 1840. The original half-timbered walls have been concealed by brick and tiles. The house is surrounded by a moat 60 feet wide, over which it is reached only by two working drawbridges, which have been pulled up every night since 1510. These were originally operated with a windlass but in recent years this has been replaced by an electric motor.
In addition to the house and gardens, several other buildings and structures on the estate are listed Grade II. The garden wall to the south west of the hall, two urns and a male and female statue, a sundial and an obelisk, the tea rooms, bridge, game larder, and revetment are all listed Grade II.
The gate lodge to the north east of the hall and the left and right front lodges are also listed Grade II, as is the entrance gateway and piers between the front lodges.
The Church of St Mary on the edge of the park has connections with the Tollemache family dating back to the Middle Ages. The church is filled with memorials to several generations of the family, including a large tomb with a verse describing four generations of Tollemaches.
Gardens
Though the house is not open to the public, Helmingham is best known for its fine gardens which are open to the public from May to September. There are semi-formal mixed gardens with extensive herbaceous borders, a rose garden, a knot garden, a parterre, a walled garden, an allée and an orchard. Beyond the gardens there is a deer park with herds of red and fallow deer.
Lady (Alexandra) Tollemache is a garden designer who works under the name Xa Tollemache. She supervises the gardens at Helmingham and has also worked on the Millennium Garden at Castle Hill in Devon, Dunbeath Castle in Scotland, and the Cloister Garden at Wilton House.
Contents
The Tollemaches of Helmingham own one of the only two English Orpharion viols. Their instrument is dated 1580 and bears the label of John Rose, a 16th-century English viol-maker. Of the four John Rose viols which survive, this is the only one in private hands. It is believed to have been made for Queen Elizabeth I who presented it to them during one of her visits to Suffolk.
The "Tollemache lute manuscript" was acquired from the Helmingham Hall collections and sold by Sotheby's in 1965 to Robert Spencer. It was written by Henry Sampson. Robert Spencer, the present owner of the manuscript, maintains "Tollemache" in its common reference, despite the change of owner.
Catherine Tollemache lived at the hall from 1581 to 1612, many household papers from her time survive, with her collection of contemporary and medieval recipes.
In media
The hall has been used for filming including; BBC One's Antiques Roadshow; the Merchant Ivory film, The Golden Bowl and the 2019 BBC documentary Danny Dyer's Right Royal Family.
See also
List of country houses in the United Kingdom
References
External links
Country houses in Suffolk
Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk
Grade I listed houses
Grade I listed parks and gardens in Suffolk
John Nash buildings
Mid Suffolk District
Tudor architecture
Houses with moats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmingham%20Hall |
Malhotra is a surname of the Dhai Ghar sub-group of Khatris from Punjab. Mehrotra is the modified version of Malhotra.
Notable people bearing the surname, who may or may not be associated with the clan, include:
Administrators
Ajai Malhotra, Indian career diplomat who served as Ambassador of India to the Russian Federation.
Anna Rajam Malhotra, first female IAS officer of India
G. C. Malhotra, former Secretary General of 12th Lok Sabha and 13th Lok Sabha
Jagmohan Malhotra, former Governor of Jammu and Kashmir
Maharaja Chandu Lal Malhotra, prime minister of Hyderabad and former military general in Khalsa Army.
Neena Malhotra, IFS officer and Indian Ambassador to Republic of San Marino
R. N. Malhotra, Indian banker who served as the 17th governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
Saloni Malhotra, CEO of DesiCrew
Army officers
Anoop Malhotra, Lieutenant General in Indian Army
Om Prakash Malhotra, Former Chief of Indian Army
Ravish Malhotra, an Indian air force pilot and astronaut
Artists
DJ Rekha (Rekha Malhotra), London based DJ and musician
Jay Malhotra, guitarist in the rock band 'Rumour Cubes'
Jhataleka Malhotra,2nd position in Femina Miss India 2014
Karan Malhotra, director of Bollywood movie Agneepath
Manish Malhotra, Indian celebrity fashion designer
Namit Malhotra, Indian origin founder of VFX company 'DNEG' that has won Oscars for Interstellar, Ex Machina, Blade Runner 2049, First Man and Tenet.
Punit Malhotra, director of the film "I Hate Luv Storys"
Shaleen Malhotra, Indian VJ and actor
Athletes
Anastasia Malhotra, Indo-Japanese tennis player. She was ranked 449 in the world.
Anmol Malhotra, Indian cricketer
Ashok Malhotra, Indian cricketer
Ishan Malhotra, Indian cricketer
Jaskaran Malhotra, Indo-American cricketer who hit six sixes in one over.
Manny Malhotra, Indo-Canadian hockey player
Nipun Malhotra, Indian cricketer
O. P. Malhotra, Indian hockey player who was part of the Indian team that won gold at the 1956 Olympics.
Reema Malhotra, Indian cricketer
Manisha Malhotra, Indian tennis player. She was ranked 149 in the world..
Vikram Malhotra, Indian professional squash player. He was ranked number 58 in the world.
Authors
Aanchal Malhotra, Indian author
Rajiv Malhotra, Indian-American author and Hindutva Activist
Bollywood actors
Harshaali Malhotra, Indian child actress famous for playing "Munni" in Bajrangi Bhaijan
Himmanshoo A. Malhotra, Indian actor and winner of Nach Baliye 2015
Pavan Malhotra, Indian actor
Sanya Malhotra, Indian actress
Sharad Malhotra, Indian actor
Sidharth Malhotra, Indian Bollywood Actor
Businessmen
Dikesh Malhotra, Indo-Nepali Businessman and influencer
Dina Nath Malhotra, Indian publisher and founder of Hind Pocket Books.
Businesswomen
Roshni Nadar Malhotra, Indian billionaire businesswoman
Doctors
Anil Kumari Malhotra, Indian homoeopathic physician and the principal of Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital of Delhi University
Aseem Malhotra, British-Indian cardiologist
Jaideep Malhotra, India-based gynecologist, infertility specialist and an ace sonologist.
Raman Malhotra, British ophthalmologist and oculoplastic surgeon
Journalists
Inder Malhotra, Indian journalist with experience in editing for The Statesman and The Guardian
Vineet Malhotra, Indian Television anchor and journalist working with NewsX as a prime time debate show host.
Judiciary
Anu Malhotra, judge in Delhi High Court
Indu Malhotra Senior Counsel and former judge of Supreme Court of India
Om Prakash Malhotra, Senior Advocate in the Supreme Court of India
P. P. Malhotra, Senior Advocate in the Supreme Court of India
Politicians
Avtar Singh Malhotra, Punjabi politician belonging to the Communist Party of India
Inder Jit Malhotra, member of the Lok Sabha representing the constituency of Jammu.
Seema Malhotra, British Labour and Co-operative Party politician serving as the Member of Parliament for Feltham and Heston
Smriti Malhotra Irani, Indian BJP politician
Tara Singh Malhotra, Indian politician and activist.
Usha Malhotra, Indian Congress politician
Vijay Kumar Malhotra, Indian BJP politician and sport administrator
Scientists and academics
Ashok Malhotra, Indian professor
Deepak Malhotra, economist
Neil Malhotra, economist
Renu Malhotra, Indo-American planetary scientist, known for discovering minor planets
Sangeeta Malhotra, Indian astrophysicist who studies galaxies. She works for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Fictional characters
Giant-Man (Raz Malhotra), Marvel superhero
References
Surnames of Indian origin
Punjabi-language surnames
Khatri surnames
Surnames of Hindu origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malhotra |
Danny Price is a former college baseball coach and former player. He was the head coach of the Florida International University (FIU) baseball team, a position that he held from 1980 until May 2007. During that span, he recorded a thousand coaching victories, reaching that milestone on March 10, 2005. He was then head coach at Miami Dade College from 2011 until his retirement in 2019, after which he planned to engage in charitable work.
Price, the son of a sharecropper born in North Carolina, attended FIU and played on its baseball team as a student in 1973–74. He made the first hit for FIU, which had opened its doors a year before. He graduated in 1974, and returned as a hitting instructor in 1976.
Former FIU baseball players coached by Price include Major League Baseball star Mike Lowell, and over one hundred other students signed to play professional baseball with major and minor league teams.
At FIU, he was named TAAC Coach of the Year three times.
In 2011, Price was named the head coach at Miami Dade College.
Head coaching record
References
External links
Miami Dade Sharks bio
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
FIU Panthers baseball players
FIU Panthers baseball coaches
Miami Dade Sharks baseball coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Price%20%28baseball%20coach%29 |
Jay Denny (born January 6, 1986) is an American soccer player.
A midfielder, Denny began his career with Stoke City but never appeared for the first team. He made 14 appearances in the Football League for Shrewsbury Town. He then moved into non-League football and played for Nuneaton Borough, Brackley Town, Halesowen Town, Leamington, Halesowen Town, Hednesford Town and Worcester City before joining Solihull Moors in 2012.
In international football, Denny played for the United States at under-17 and under-20 level.
Playing career
Stoke City
Denny was born in Santa Monica, California, of English parents, and has lived in England since 1994. He began his career as a trainee with Stoke City after being spotted playing for Cannock Schools district football team at thirteen years of age. He was awarded an academy scholarship at sixteen and a professional contract at eighteen, scored in the match that secured the reserve league championship in the 2003–04 season, and won the club's Young Player of the Year award. Denny was first selected for Stoke's first team for the visit of West Bromwich Albion in May 2004, but remained an unused substitute. He signed a new contract at the end of that season, and appeared on Stoke's bench on eight occasions, but without getting any time on the pitch, and was allowed to leave the club at the end of the 2004–05 season.
Shrewsbury Town
In the 2005 close season, Denny joined League Two side Shrewsbury Town on a free transfer with a sell-on clause.
Denny started for Shrewsbury on the opening day of the 2005–06 season, in a 1–0 defeat at home to Rochdale. He made seventeen appearances for Shrewsbury in all competitions.
Denny scored two goals for Shrewsbury Town in the 3–2 League Cup victory against Brighton & Hove Albion, an 89th-minute equaliser and the winner in extra time, sending Shrewsbury into the second round of the competition. His contract with the club was terminated by mutual consent in April 2006.
Nuneaton Borough
Denny then joined Conference North club Nuneaton Borough and made his debut in a Birmingham Senior Cup match against Racing Club Warwick in October 2006. Denny spent one season with Nuneaton, for whom he started twenty games and made a further seven appearances, and scored three goals, one winning goal of the season with a strike against Stalybridge Celtic. Denny was offered a contract in the United States with the Richmond Kickers but he eventually decided against the move after making a trip to Virginia. He was released by the club in May 2007 and joined Brackley Town, again joining up with former manager, Roger Ashby.
Halesowen Town
Although Denny signed for Brackley Town in the 2007 close season, he left that club after a few weeks to sign for Southern League Premier Division side Halesowen Town, then managed by Martin O'Connor. He made 43 appearances for the Yeltz, more than any other player in the 2007–08 season, and scored five goals in all competitions. One was a late equaliser at Kings Lynn, the eventual champions, and another away at Team Bath in a 3–0 league victory. Denny played alongside Darren Caskey in midfield.
Halesowen lost in the promotion play-off final to Team Bath; the winning goal was scored in the final minute of playing time. After Halesowen's semi-final, four days before the final, was abandoned, the League insisted that the final could not be delayed so the match should be replayed two days later. Thus Halesowen had to play the final just 48 hours after winning their semi-final, and their opponents had an additional 48 hours rest and preparation time. The Yeltz suffered major financial problems the following year and just missed out on the playoffs. Denny played 93 games in two seasons at Halesowen, scoring 15 goals.
Denny left Halesowen in the summer of 2009 to join up with Shamrock Rovers on trial, before eventually joining Leamington for a short spell, however, Halesowen Town's off the field problems were now seemingly resolved and manager Matty Clarke persuaded Denny to return to The Grove as club captain. He spent the season at The Grove narrowly missing out on the play-offs before signing for Southern League Premier rivals Hednesford Town.
Hednesford Town
Manager Bernard McNally signed Denny for Hednesford Town in July 2010 on a 12-month contract, one of a number of new recruits for the 2010–11 campaign. The club won the Southern League Cup, beating Hemel Hempstead Town over two legs, 5–1 on aggregate. The team followed up the cup success by qualifying for the playoffs after finishing the league season in second position behind champions Truro City. This gave the Pitmen home advantage in the semi-final against Leamington, a game they won 3–1 to progress to the playoff final against third-place finishers Salisbury City. However, after a 1–1 draw in the 90 minutes Hednesford regained the lead, but Salisbury equalised late in extra time and won the tie on penalties. Denny finished the season with two goals from 54 appearances in all competitions, one from 42 in the league. Hednesford transferred to the Northern Premier League for the 2011–12 season. Denny renewed his contract for the new season, and captained the side to another playoff campaign, but was sent off in the semi-final as Bradford Park Avenue won 5–0.
Worcester City
After training with the club during pre-season, Denny joined Worcester City on non-contract terms before the 2012–13 season. In September, having started only one game for Worcester, Denny moved to fellow Conference North team Solihull Moors, for whom he made his debut in an FA Cup second qualifying round match against Westfields.
Newtown
In June 2017, Denny joined Welsh Premier League side Newtown.
International career
Denny made various appearances for the United States U-17s and U-20s national teams. He captained the U-20 squad on two occasions in a tournament in Ireland (Wales and Northern Ireland). Denny was forced to miss the U-20 squad's final training camp before selection for the CONCACAF final qualifying tournament for the 2005 under-20 World Cup because of professional commitments to Stoke City; this coincided with a change of national coaches prior to the competition and he was not selected for the tournament squad.
Career statistics
References
External links
Halesowen Town profile
1986 births
Living people
Soccer players from Santa Monica, California
Men's association football midfielders
American men's soccer players
Stoke City F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Brackley Town F.C. players
Halesowen Town F.C. players
Leamington F.C. players
Hednesford Town F.C. players
Worcester City F.C. players
Solihull Moors F.C. players
AFC Telford United players
Newtown A.F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Southern Football League players
Northern Premier League players
American expatriate men's soccer players
Cymru Premier players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Denny |
Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society () is a seminal book by French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist Bruno Latour first published in 1987. It is written in a textbook style, proposes an approach to the empirical study of science and technology, and is considered a canonical application of actor-network theory. It also entertains ontological conceptions and theoretical discussions making it a research monograph and not a methodological handbook per se.
In the introduction, Latour develops the methodological dictum that science and technology must be studied "in action", or "in the making". Because scientific discoveries turn esoteric and difficult to understand, it has to be studied where discoveries are made in practice. For example, Latour turns back time in the case of the discovery of the "double helix". Going back in time, deconstructing statements, machines and articles, it is possible to arrive at a point where scientific discovery could have chosen to take many other directions (contingency). Also the concept of "black box" is introduced. A black box is a metaphor borrowed from cybernetics denoting a piece of machinery that "runs by itself". That is, when a series of instructions are too complicated to be repeated all the time, a black box is drawn around it, allowing it to function only by giving it "input" and "output" data. For example, a CPU inside a computer is a black box. Its inner complexity doesn't have to be known; one only needs to use it in his/her daily activities.
Henning Schmidgen describes Science in Action as an anthropology of science, a manual where the main purpose is “a trip through the unfamiliar territory of “technoscience””. Similarly Science in Action has been described as "A guide that explains how to account for processes of making knowledge, facts, or truths. A guide designed to be used on site, while observing the negotiations and struggles that precede ready-made science".
Criticism
Latour's work, including Science in Action, has received heavy criticism from some scholars. Olga Amsterdamska's highly critical book review concluded with the following sentence: "Somehow, the ideal of a social science whose only goal is to tell inconsistent, false, and incoherent stories about nothing in particular does not strike me as very appealing or sufficiently ambitious."
See also
Laboratory Life (with Steve Woolgar)
Politics of Nature
We Have Never Been Modern
References
1987 non-fiction books
Science books
Sociology of scientific knowledge
Harvard University Press books
Works by Bruno Latour
Science and technology studies works | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20in%20Action%20%28book%29 |
Track and field athletics has been a part of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines since the league's inception in 1938.
List of Champions (since 1938)
^FEU was crowned as the official champion for the UAAP Season 81 Women's Track and Field during the closing ceremonies of the UAAP Season 81 last May 21, 2019
Number of championships per university
* Withdrew from the UAAP.
Streaks
Ateneo owns the longest Juniors Championship streak with 19. (coached first by Benjamin Silva-Netto followed by Edward Sediego)
FEU owns the longest Women's Championship streak with 11.
FEU and UE share the longest Men's Championship streak with 8.
See also
NCAA Philippines Track and Field Championship
References
STO TOMAS, UE, ATENEO JRS TOP UAAP ATHLETICS; TIGERS HURT EVEN MORE
Athletics
National athletics competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1938
Athletics in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP%20athletics%20championships |
The Outer Island lighthouse is a lighthouse located on the northern tip of Outer Island, one of the Apostle Islands, in Lake Superior in Ashland County, Wisconsin, near the city of Bayfield.
The light was designed by United States Lighthouse Board Eleventh District Chief Engineer Orlando Poe and constructed under the supervision of his successor, Godfrey Weitzel.
Currently owned by the National Park Service and part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, part of reference number 77000145. It is listed in the Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey, WI-318. The lighthouse is attached to a two-story, red brick keeper's quarters.
Access
Most of the Apostle Islands light stations may be reached on the Apostle Islands Cruise Service water taxi or by private boat during the summer. During the Annual Apostle Island Lighthouse Celebration ferry tour service is available for all the lighthouses. In the tourist season, volunteer park rangers are on many of the islands to greet visitors.
Erosion control
In 2004–2005, the National Park Service undertook a significant erosion control project at Outer Island, to stabilize the bluff which had proved susceptible to erosion since the station's earliest days. The project followed a similar effort completed the previous year at the Raspberry Island Lighthouse, and consisted of a three-part strategy: armoring the cliff base with a massive stone wall; improving drainage on the upper grounds to prevent runoff from undercutting the clay bank; and stabilizing the bluff face with "bio-engineering," i.e. planting carefully selected vegetation to anchor the slope. The rock wall at the bottom and drainage system at the top were completed, but a shortage of funds required scaling back the bio-engineering plans, and only the most critical sections of the bluff face were treated.
Notable incidents
On September 2, 1905, Outer Island Keeper John Irvine performed a heroic rescue, when the 337-foot, three-masted schooner-barge Pretoria lost the line to its towing steamer Venezuela during a fierce storm. The Pretoria attempted to anchor about off the island, but when the ship began to break up, the ten-man crew attempted to flee in a lifeboat. Sixty-one-year-old keeper Irvine was alone on the island, his assistants having gone to town, but when the lifeboat flipped in the surf, he waded into the waves and rescued five of the ten men. On that same night, the steamer Sevona also sank in the Apostle Islands, striking a reef near the Sand Island Lighthouse, with the loss of seven men. This double tragedy preceded the better-known Mataafa Storm by several weeks.
See also
Apostle Islands Lighthouses
References
Further reading
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Olson, Elna. " Lighthouse Memories: My Life on Outer Island." The Keeper's Log (Spring 1993), pp. 20–22.
Taylor, Paul (October 2009) Orlando M. Poe: Civil War General and Great Lakes Engineer (Kent State University Press) ; .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
External links
Aerial photos of Outer Island Light, Marina.com.
Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey Survey number HABS WI-318
Lighthouse friends, Outer Island, WI article.
Merket, Jim, Outer Island: Place of Remoteness and Beauty, Lighthouse Digest, Oct. 1999.
National Park Service Maritime History Project, Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin, Outer Island Light.
Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Outer Island Light.
Wobser, David, Outer Island Light , Boatnerd
Lighthouses completed in 1874
Houses completed in 1874
Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Lighthouses in Ashland County, Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Ashland County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20Island%20Light |
Howard Gilman (February 15, 1924 – January 3, 1998) was descendant of Isaac Gilman, who had founded the Gilman Paper Company in 1884.
Biography
Gilman was born and raised on Manhattan's Upper East Side. He attended Horace Mann School in the Bronx, New York, and received his bachelor's degree in 1944 from Dartmouth College, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He served in the Navy during World War II.
Gilman died in 1998 of a heart attack at age 73, at his White Oak Plantation near Jacksonville, Florida. He had $1.1 billion in assets, and $550 million of debt. As he was childless, he donated his assets to the Howard Gilman Foundation. The Brooklyn Academy of Music has the Howard Gilman Opera House. The Howard Gilman Gallery houses his extensive collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Howard Gilman Theatre is located at Lincoln Center.
References
1924 births
1998 deaths
Dartmouth College alumni
Businesspeople from New York City
20th-century American businesspeople
People from the Upper East Side
Horace Mann School alumni
Philanthropists from New York (state)
United States Navy personnel of World War II
20th-century American philanthropists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Gilman |
Henry Victor (2 October 1892 – 15 March 1945) was an English-born character actor who had his highest profile in the film silent era, he appeared in numerous film roles in his native Britain, before emigrating to the United States in 1939 where he continued his career, working in Hollywood films
Biography
Victor was born in London, England, but was raised in Germany, he made his film debut as Prince Andreas in The King's Romance (1914). He appeared in literary interpreted pieces such as The Picture of Dorian Gray (1916) and the Graham Cutts-directed The White Shadow (1923). Victor is probably best remembered for his portrayal of the circus strongman Hercules in Tod Browning's film Freaks (1932). The role was originally considered for Victor McLaglen, with whom Browning had worked previously. Victor emigrated to America in 1939.
Never a leading man in sound films mainly due to his difficult to interpret accent, he established later in his career, and with the advent of talkies, many character roles, in which he mostly portrayed villains or Nazis in both American and British films with his trademark German accent such as the Ernst Lubitsch film, To Be or Not to Be (1942).
Death
Victor died in 1945, aged 52, from a brain tumor. He is buried in Chatsworth, California, at the Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery.
Filmography
The King's Romance (1914) - Prince Andreas
She (1916) - Leo Vincey
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1916) - Dorian Gray
Ora Pro Nobis (1917) - Lord Osborne
The Secret Woman (1918) - Jesse Redvers
The Heart of a Rose (1919) - Dick Darrell
The Call of the Sea (1919)
A Lass o' the Looms (1919) - Jack Brown
¡Cuidado con los ladrones! (1919)
Calvary (1920) - David Penryn
As God Made Her (1920) - Seward Pendyne
John Heriot's Wife (1920) - John Heriot
Beyond the Dreams of Avarice (1920) - Dr. Lucien Calvert
Sheer Bluff (1921) - Maurice Hardacre
The Old Wives' Tale (1921) - Gerald
Bentley's Conscience (1922) - Fletcer
A Romance of Old Baghdad (1922) - Horne Jerningham
Diana of the Crossways (1922) - Hon. Percy Dacier
A Bill of Divorcement (1922) - Grey Meredith
The Crimson Circle (1922)
The Prodigal Son (1923) - Oscar Stephenson
The Scandal (1923) - Artenezzo
The Royal Oak (1923) - Charles I / Charles II
The Colleen Bawn (1924) - Hardress Cregan
Henry, King of Navarre (1924) - Duc de Guise
Slaves of Destiny (1924) - Ralph Warriner
The White Shadow (1924) - Louis Chadwick
His Grace Gives Notice (1924) - George Berwick
The Love Story of Aliette Brunton (1924) - Ronald Cavendish
The Sins Ye Do (1924) - Ronald Hillier
A Romance of Mayfair (1925) - Jack Dinneford
The White Monkey (1925) - Wilfrid Desert
Braveheart (1925) - Sam Harris
Mulhall's Greatest Catch (1926) - Otto Nelson
Crossed Signals (1926) - Jack McDermott
The Beloved Rogue (1927) - Thibault d'Aussigny
The Fourth Commandment (1927) - Gordon Graham
Topsy and Eva (1927) - St. Claire
The Luck of the Navy (1927) - Lt. Clive Stanton
The Guns of Loos (1928) - John Grimlaw
Tommy Atkins (1928) - Victor
L'Argent (1928) - Jacques Hamelin
After the Verdict (1929) - Mr. Sabine - der fremde Mann
Down Channel (1929) - Smiler
Diane (1929) - Oberst Guy de Lasalle
The Hate Ship (1929) - Count Boris Ivanoff
Song of Soho (1930) - Henry
Are You There? (1930) - International crook
One Heavenly Night (1931) - Almady, the Officer
Seas Beneath (1931) - Baron Ernst von Steuben (U-boat commander)
Suicide Fleet (1931) - Captain Von Schlettow
Freaks (1932) - Hercules
World and the Flesh (1932) - Revolutionary (uncredited)
The Mummy (1932) - The Saxon Warrior (scenes deleted)
Luxury Liner (1933) - Baron von Luden
The Scotland Yard Mystery (1934) - Floyd
Tiger Bay (1934) - Olaf
I Spy (1934) - KPO
The Way of Youth (1934) - M. Sylvestre
Murder at Monte Carlo (1935) - Major
Handle with Care (1935) - Count Paul
Can You Hear Me, Mother? (1935) - Father
The Secret Voice (1936) - Brandt
Fame (1936) - Actor
Conquest of the Air (1936) - Otto Lilienthal
The Great Barrier (1937) - Bulldog Kelly
Our Fighting Navy (1937) - Lt. d'Enriquo
Holiday's End (1937) - Major Zwanenberg
Fine Feathers (1937) - Gibbons
Hotel Imperial (1939) - Sultanov (uncredited)
Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939) - Wildebrandt
Nurse Edith Cavell (1939) - Jaubec (uncredited)
Thunder Afloat (1939) - German U-boat Officer
Espionage Agent (1939) - Foreign Official (uncredited)
We're in the Army Now (1939) - Col. Schlager
Nick Carter, Master Detective (1939) - J. Lester Hammil
Zanzibar (1940) - Mate Simpson
Enemy Agent (1940) - Karl (uncredited)
The Mortal Storm (1940) - Gestapo Official Confiscating Book on Train (uncredited)
Mystery Sea Raider (1940) - Cmdr. Bulow
Spring Parade (1940) - Dutch Officer (uncredited)
Seven Sinners (1940) - Dutch Police Officer (uncredited)
Escape (1940) - Gestapo Officer with Hooked Nose (uncredited)
Charter Pilot (1940) - Faber
The Mad Doctor (1941) - Furber (uncredited)
King of the Zombies (1941) - Dr. Miklos Sangre
Underground (1941) - Gestapo Agent (uncredited)
Dangerously They Live (1941) - U-boat Captain Horst (uncredited)
Blue, White and Perfect (1942) - Rudolf Hagerman
All Through the Night (1942) - Meeting Receptionist (uncredited)
To Be or Not to Be (1942) - Captain Schultz
The Wife Takes a Flyer (1942) - Col. Bosch (uncredited)
Desperate Journey (1942) - Heinrich Schwarzmueller
Once Upon a Honeymoon (1942) - German Storm Trooper (uncredited)
Underground Agent (1942) - Johann Schrode
Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1942) - Professor Frederic Hoffner (uncredited)
They Got Me Covered (1943) - Staeger (uncredited)
Don Winslow of the Coast Guard (1943) - Heilrich
Mission to Moscow (1943) - Herr Schufeldt - Hamburg Official (uncredited)
Nazty Nuisance (1943) - Kapitan von Popoff
Above Suspicion (1943) - German Officer (uncredited)
The Cross of Lorraine (1943) - Minor Role (uncredited)
Betrayal from the East (1945) - Brunzman (uncredited)
A Royal Scandal (1945) - Russian General (uncredited) (final film role)
References
External links
1892 births
1945 deaths
English people of German descent
English male film actors
English male silent film actors
Burials at Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Male actors from London
20th-century English male actors
British expatriate male actors in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Victor |
A split jump is a sequence of body movements in which a split is performed after jumping, while the performer is still in the air. Split jumps are commonly found in dance, figure skating, and gymnastics, and may also be used as a form of exercise.
In figure skating
Split jumps are a category of figure skating jumps in which the skater achieves a split position in the air. Unlike most figure skating jumps, split jumps are positional jumps, rather than rotational jumps; the point of them is to achieve a position in the air, not to rotate a specific number of times.
Most split jumps are derived from the half flip, a half-rotation jump with a flip entry. Split jumps can also be done with half Lutz or falling leaf (a loop jump with a half-revolution in the air) entries. More rarely, full-rotation flip and Lutz jumps can be done with a split. These jumps are known as the split flip and split Lutz.
As an alternative to the standard front split, some skaters perform a Russian split, with legs in a straddle split. The only difference between this and a split jump is the position in the air. The legs extend straight out, with the toes pointed. Skaters often touch their toes as part of a Russian split.
Another variation is the stag jump, in which the forward leg is bent in front while the back leg kicks out as in the regular split jump. Both the Russian split and stag jump can be done from the same jump entries as the regular split jumps. Bending both legs in a stag jump is sometimes called a double stag jump.
Split jumps are considered fairly basic jumps in figure skating, but they can be very dramatic when performed well. The challenge is for the skater to achieve a full horizontal split or straddle position at the apex of the jump, which requires both body flexibility and a strong spring into the air.
See also
Split leap
References
Figure skating elements
Jumping sports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20jumps |
The Dentist 2 is a 1998 American psychological slasher film directed by Brian Yuzna and starring Corbin Bernsen, Jillian McWhirter, Jeff Doucette, and Susanne Wright. It is a sequel to The Dentist (1996).
Plot
Dr. Alan Feinstone is in the maximum security mental hospital he was sentenced to at the end of the first film. While talking to the psychiatrist, he remembers the murders he committed in his own mind, while convincing the doctor that it was another man who did those things. His remorseful story distracts her from seeing him pull a sharpened tool that he stitched into his own leg, and he uses her as a hostage to escape. Alan's wife Brooke is alive with new dental implants, despite her missing tongue and inability to speak. She hires an investigator to find out where Alan has escaped to, believing that he had been putting away money before he went crazy. Brooke has in her possession some postcards that Alan had left behind, and she believes he is in one of those places.
Alan winds up in the small town of Paradise, Missouri, pretending that he had grown upset at life in the big city. He uses a previously established false identity of Dr. Lawrence Caine, and has a bank account where he had been sending the money he skimmed off from his practice to hide from the IRS. The bank officer Mr. Wilkes introduces Alan to his niece Jamie, hoping that she can rent out her small cottage for "Larry" to live in so she could collect money from it.
Jamie, who physically resembles Brooke, becomes a target of Alan's affections. When he has problems with a cap on one of his teeth, Alan visits the inept town dentist, Dr. Burns, whom he takes an instant disliking to. Alan threatens Dr. Burns with a golf club, causing him to accidentally fall down the stairs to his death. Mr. Wilkes convinces Alan that he should take over as the new dentist for Paradise; Alan soon resumes his murderous ways with a passing tourist (Clint Howard) who accidentally recognizes him from Los Angeles.
As the private detective tracks Alan down to Paradise, Alan learns that Jamie has an admirer named Robbie, who also is the drywall contractor hired to finish his new office. Alan's jealousy causes him to ruin a romantic dinner when it is interrupted by a call from Robbie on her answering machine, despite Jamie's insistence that she only thinks of Robbie as a friend. Meanwhile, Beverley, a teller at the bank, has doubts about "Larry" and finds out his real identity while researching on the computer.
Beverley sets up an appointment to tell him she knows the truth, but when she asks too many questions, he realizes that she knows something. He goes behind her and sedates her with nitrous oxide. She finds herself duct taped to the dental chair and cries and begs him to let her go. He puts a mouth clamp in her mouth to keep it open and drills her bottom-right molar tooth to the raw nerve as a "lie detector" to find out who else she has told. If she lied, he would take a sharp plaque scraping hook and painfully force it into the nerve of the tooth he drilled, wiggling the tooth hard at the same time. He repeatedly jams the hook into the exposed nerve causing Beverly tremendous pain.
Robbie comes to install some more drywall and rings the office doorbell, leaving Alan no choice but to pause his torture session and answer the door. Robbie asks to come in and after Beverley screams Robbie goes rushing to check on her. Just as Robbie is about to rescue her, Feinstone attacks him from outside the doorway. In the ensuing fight, Alan kills Robbie with a hammer, turns back to Beverley and re-tapes her to the dental chair.
He takes a pair of dental pliers and plays a game of "truth or tooth". He asks her what she told Jeremy about Washington, but he doesn't believe her then pulls out her left front tooth, then he asks her what she did tell Jamie. He then attempts to pull her left incisor tooth out, but instead he breaks it by accident which angers Feinstone even more. Alan then painfully drills one of her bottom front teeth down to the nerve and continues to drill so hard that the dental clamp holding her mouth slips out from the pressure he's applying. Then, out of a final act of desperation and what seems to be her only defense, she bites down hard on the drill causing it to lock up and jam inside her teeth. Infuriated, the mad dentist tells her he has a much better idea, and that he will cut the drill out of her mouth. She then screams, and the scene comes to a close.
Later that night Alan begins to have his obsessive-compulsive visions of germs and decay again after seeing his blood-stained uniform. Suddenly Brooke appears and begins to seduce him into one of his chairs; just before she can cut his tongue off with a pair of scissors, Jamie knocks her out with an overhead lamp. However, as Jamie is calling the police about Brooke, she spots the bloody hatchet, and opens a closet door to find Robbie's and Beverley's maimed corpses.
Alan turns on Jamie and a fight ensues, with him chasing her to an upstairs bathroom and finally overpowering her. He takes her to an unfinished room in the office, which in his mind is spotless, germ-free and pure white, with opera music playing, and picks up an electric drill (which in his mind is a dental drill) and tries to drill her teeth. Jamie escapes and hides, until Brooke has revived and she and Jamie trap Alan in a hallway. Brooke lunges to stab him with a pair of scissors, but Jamie inadvertently hits her over the head with a 2x4, killing her.
Alan finds Jamie hiding behind some drywall, and after banter between the two, Jamie fires a nail gun repeatedly and hits him with numerous nails. Stunned, Alan walks downstairs into the midst of a surprise welcome party being given to him by the people of Paradise. Alan calmly exits out the front door, leaving the townpeople shocked and Jamie to recover from what just happened. Alan drives off into the night with numerous nails embedded in his head and shoulders. He begins to pull them out, using one as a toothpick for his cap which was lost in his fights with Jamie and Brooke, and maniacally laughs repeatedly.
Cast
Release
The Dentist 2 was released directly to television, premiering on HBO on December 11, 1998.
Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes reports that 0% of five surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 3.70/10. Allmovie's review of the film was negative, writing "this perfunctory sequel repeats those earlier grotesqueries [from The Dentist] pretty much shot for shot".
Accolades
Brian Yuzna was nominated for Best Film at the 1998 Sitges Film Festival.
Notes
References
External links
1998 crime thriller films
1998 films
1998 horror films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
1990s horror thriller films
1990s serial killer films
1990s slasher films
American crime thriller films
American horror thriller films
American sequel films
American serial killer films
American slasher films
American splatter films
Crime horror films
Films about dentistry
Films about medical malpractice
Films directed by Brian Yuzna
Films scored by Alan Howarth (composer)
Trimark Pictures films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dentist%202 |
Pretexting is a type of social engineering attack that involves a situation, or pretext, created by an attacker in order to lure a victim into a vulnerable situation and to trick them into giving private information, specifically information that the victim would typically not give outside the context of the pretext. In its history, pretexting has been described as the first stage of social engineering, and has been used by the FBI to aid in investigations. A specific example of pretexting is reverse social engineering, in which the attacker tricks the victim into contacting the attacker first.
A reason for pretexting's prevalence among social engineering attacks is its reliance on manipulating the human mind in order to gain access to the information the attacker wants, versus having to hack a technological system. When looking for victims, attackers can watch out for a variety of characteristics, such as ability to trust, low perception of threat, response to authority, and susceptibility to react with fear or excitement in different situations. Throughout history, pretexting attacks have increased in complexity, having evolved from manipulating operators over the phone in the 1900s to the Hewlett Packard scandal in the 2000s, which involved the use of social security numbers, phones, and banks. Current education frameworks on social engineering are used in organizations, although researchers in academia have suggested possible improvements to those frameworks.
Background
Social engineering
Social engineering is a psychological manipulation tactic that leads to the unwilling or unknowing response of the target/victim. It is one of the top information security threats in the modern world, affecting organizations, business management, and industries. Social engineering attacks are considered difficult to prevent due to its root in psychological manipulation. These attacks can also reach a broader scale. In other security attacks, a company that holds customer data might be breached. With social engineering attacks, both the company (specifically workers within the company) and the customer directly are susceptible to being targeted.
An example would be in the banking industry, where not only bank employees can be attacked, but the customers as well. Social engineering culprits directly target customers and/or employees to work around trying to hack a purely technological system and exploit human vulnerabilities.
Though its definition in relation to cybersecurity has been skewed across different literature, a common theme is that social engineering (in cybersecurity) exploits human vulnerabilities in order to breach entities such as computers and information technology.
Social engineering has little literature and research done on it currently. However, a main part of the methodology when researching social engineering is to set up a made-up pretext. When assessing which social engineering attacks are the most dangerous or harmful, (ie. phishing, vishing, water-holing), the type of pretext is a largely insignificant factor, seeing as some attacks can have multiple pretexts. Thus, pretexting itself is widely used, not just as its own attack, but as a component of others.
Pretexting in the timeline of social engineering
In cybersecurity, pretexting can be considered one of the earliest stages of evolution for social engineering. For example, while the social engineering attack known as phishing relies on modern items such as credit cards and mainly occurs in the electronic space, pretexting was and can be implemented without technology.
Pretexting was one of the first examples of social engineering. Coined by the FBI in 1974, the concept of pretexting was often used to help in their investigations. In this phase, pretexting consisted of an attacker calling the victim simply asking for information. Pretexting attacks usually consist of persuasion tactics. After this beginning phase of social engineering's evolution (1974-1983), pretexting changed from not only persuasion tactics, but deception tactics as well. As technology developed, pretexting methods developed alongside it. Soon, hackers had access to a wider audience of victims due to the invention of social media.
Reverse social engineering
Reverse social engineering is a more specific example of pretexting. It is a non-electronic form of social engineering where the attacker creates a pretext where the user is manipulated into contacting the attacker first, versus the other way around.
Typically, reverse engineering attacks involve the attacker advertising their services as a type of technical aid, establishing credibility. Then, the victim is tricked into contacting the attacker after seeing advertisements, without the attacker directly contacting the victim in the first place. Once an attacker successfully accomplishes a reverse social engineering attack, then a wide range of social engineering attacks can be established due to the falsified trust between the attacker and the victim (for example, the attacker can give the victim a harmful link and say that it is a solution to the victim's problem. Due to the connection between the attacker and the victim, the victim will be inclined to believe the attacker and click on the harmful link).
Social aspect
Pretexting was and continues to be seen as a useful tactic in social engineering attacks. According to researchers, this is because they don't rely on technology (such as hacking into computer systems or breaching technology). Pretexting can occur online, but it is more reliant on the user and the aspects of their personality the attacker can utilize to their advantage. Attacks that are more reliant on the user are harder to track and control, as each person responds to social engineering and pretexting attacks differently. Directly attacking a computer, however, can take less effort to solve, since computers relatively work in similar ways. There are certain characteristics of users that attackers pinpoint and target. In academia, some common characteristics are:
Prized
If the victim is "prized", it means that he/she has some type of information that the social engineer desires.
Ability to trust
Trustworthiness goes along with likability, as typically the more someone is liked, the more they are trusted. Similarly, when trust is established between the social engineer (the attacker) and the victim, credibility is also established. Thus, it is easier for the victim to divulge personal information to the attacker if the victim is more easily able to trust.
Susceptibility to react
How easily a person reacts to events and to what degree can be used in a social engineer's favor. Particularly, emotions like excitement and fear are often used to persuade people to divulge information. For example, a pretext could be established wherein the social engineer teases an exciting prize for the victim if they agree to give the social engineer their banking information. The feeling of excitement can be used to lure the victim into the pretext and persuade them to give the attacker the information being sought after.
Low perception of threat
Despite understanding that threats exist when doing anything online, most people will perform actions that are against this, such as clicking on random links or accepting unknown friend requests. This is due to a person perceiving the action as having a low threat or negative consequence. This lack of fear/threat, despite an awareness of its presence, is another reason why social engineering attacks, especially pretexting, are prevalent.
Response to authority
If the victim is submissive and compliant, then an attacker is more likely to be successful in the attack if a pretext is set where the victim thinks the attacker is posed as some type of authoritative figure.
Examples
Early pretexting (1970–80s)
The October 1984 article Switching centres and Operators detailed a common pretexting attack at the time. Attackers would often contact operators who specifically operated for deaf people using Teletypewriters. The logic was that these operators were often more patient than regular operators, so it was easier to manipulate and persuade them for the information the attacker desired.
Recent examples
A notable is the Hewlett Packard scandal. The company Hewlett Packard wanted to know who was leaking out information to journalists. In order to do so, they provided private investigators with employees' personal information (such as social security numbers), and the private investigators in turn called phone companies impersonating those employees in hopes of obtaining call records. When the scandal was discovered, the CEO resigned.
In general, socialbots are machine-operated fake social media profiles employed by social engineering attackers. On social media sites like Facebook, socialbots can be used to send mass friend requests in order to find as many potential victims as possible. Using reverse social engineering techniques, attackers can use socialbots to gain massive amounts of private information on many social media users.
Current education frameworks
Current education frameworks on the topic of social engineering fall in between two categories: awareness and training. Awareness is when the information about social engineering is presented to the intended party to inform them about the topic. Training is specifically teaching necessary skills that people will learn and use in case they are in a social engineering attack or can encounter one. Awareness and training can be combined into one intensive process when constructing education frameworks.
While research has been done on the successfulness and necessity of training programs in the context of cybersecurity education, up to 70% of information can be lost when it comes to social engineering training. A research study on social engineering education in banks across the Asian Pacific, it was found that most frameworks only touched upon either awareness or training. Also, the only type of social engineering attack that was taught was phishing. By looking at and comparing the security policies on these banks' websites, the policies contain generalized language such as "malware" and "scams", while also missing the details behind the different types of social engineering attacks and examples of each one of those types.
This generalization does not benefit the users being educated by these frameworks, as there is considerable depth missing when the user is only educated on broad terms like the examples above. As well, purely technical methods of combatting against social engineering and pretexting attacks, such as firewalls and antiviruses, are ineffective. This is because social engineering attacks typically involve exploiting the social characteristic of human nature, thus purely combatting technology is ineffective.
See also
Social engineering
Pretext
Phishing
Hewlett-Packard spying scandal
FBI
References
Social engineering (computer security)
Cybercrime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretexting |
DIRAVI is the name given by Citroën to its proprietary power steering system, first seen in 1970.
DIRAVI is an acronym for "Direction à rappel asservi" literally meaning "steering with controlled return" more accurately described in English as "power steering with power assisted return". In the UK, it was marketed as VariPower and in the U.S. as SpeedFeel.
This was the first commercially available variable assist power steering arrangement, allowing the motorist power assist when parking, but recognizing that less steering assistance was needed at high speed. This feature is now spreading to mainstream vehicles, using electrical motors rather than hydraulic actuation.
Citroën engineer Paul Magès invented the system as part of its effort to engineer a practical high horsepower, front wheel drive car - a new type of vehicle at the time.
This DIRAVI system is an addition to the integrated Citroën hydropneumatic suspension and braking system. These all drew power from an engine driven pump and hydraulic accumulator.
This unique Citroën power operated self centring steering system is fitted to Citroën SM, Citroën CX (most), Citroën XM (early Left Hand drive V6), Maserati Quattroporte II and Maserati Khamsin.
How It Works
The steering wheel is connected to the hydraulic control unit, which contains a slide valve, the control gears and linkage, and the centring piston and cam. The steering rack pinion is connected to the hydraulic control unit through an adjuster, to allow setting of the centre point of the steering. This then drives one of the control gears, the other being driven by the steering wheel. The control linkage consists of two gears coupled with rods through ball-joints. When the gears are turned relative to each other, the rods move the slide valve, allowing fluid in or out of the rack. This moves the rack, which in turn moves its pinion, turning the control gears back to their centre position. Compare this with a conventional power steering system, which relies on the flexing of a strong spring to control the valve.
The steering rack is almost conventional. As with a normal power-assisted steering setup, there is a rack-and-pinion, and a stepped hydraulic ram with a dividing plate (the piston) in the middle. On one side of the plate, the piston area is half the area of the other, giving twice the area for the fluid to work on. Thus, with full system pressure on the small area side of the ram, and half system pressure on the large area side, the ram remains perfectly balanced and centered. This is because the lower pressure is working on a larger surface area. The smaller side of the piston is at constant hydraulic pressure, the other side only varies in pressure. NOTE: The author seems to be describing the DS power steering piston and rod, on which the piston is in the middle of the rod. The SM's steering cylinder has the piston on the end of the rod, which rod's cross-sectional area is half the area of the other side of the piston. Full hydraulic pressure is admitted to the rod side at all times while the pressure on the other side of the piston (its "head") is regulated.
The steering actually had the same "assist" at all speeds — the steering was hydraulically locked against steering movement of the wheels from the road ("feedback") up to the capacity of the unit. The reduction in 'assist' was achieved by a piston/roller pushing on a heart shaped cam geared to the steering shaft (hence the one turn to full lock), which was fed with system pressure so that as its pressure rose with increasing road speed, the steering assistance seemingly reduced and the steering centering effort rose. However, full steering wheel turning was available at all speeds, though considerable force was necessary to turn the steering wheel at high road speed. Enough pressure was admitted to the centering unit to return the wheels to the straight ahead position when the car was not moving. The centering pressure was regulated by a flyweight centrifugal governor driven by the pinion (secondary) shaft of the manual gearbox and by a proportioning valve connected to the fluid pressure in the automatic gearbox, which pressure was proportional to the speed of the output shaft. The pressure increased all the way to , and a subsidiary function of this feed was to turn off the air conditioning fans above .
When there is no pressure available to operate the ram, the steering wheel will mechanically move the rack directly but with significant play through a split shaft. One side from the steering wheel drives a pin which mates with a slot on the output shaft connected to the rack. The free play in this emergency mechanical system is necessary for the normal play free pressure operated Diravi system to operate its feedback control loop. In practice this heavy & inaccurate manual steering character of Diravi is only required when the hydraulic system has failed, whence emergency system prioritisation firstly sacrifices the steering system. Added NOTE: The mechanical unpowered steering effort is very heavy. Driving the car without power to the steering should be used only to guide the car to a safe place to stop. Attempting to turn the steering wheel without power when the car is not moving may break the steering wheel.
Because the DIRAVI system is much more sensitive than conventional systems, something must be done to prevent the driver over-controlling at high speeds. This is the job of the heart shaped centring cam inside the unit. A pressure loaded piston with a roller on the end runs against the edge of this cam. This pressure comes from a centrifugal governor proportioning valve driven from the gearbox (on manual gearboxes - on automatic gearboxes the gearbox's internal governor pressure controls the centring pressure). At low speeds, the centring piston pressure is 290 psig, to provide a light degree of self centring when parking etc. Proportionally the self centring pressure rises to a maximum of about 800 psig. at 80 km/h, at which self centring forces become a maximum, stiffening the steering but not excessively so.
Features
Fully hydraulic (no direct mechanical connection between the steering wheel shaft and the steering pinion during normal operation).
Specifically it is Hydrostatic, and the angle of the steering/road wheels is hydrostatically Locked solid by the angle chosen at the steering wheel - just like the hydrostatic ram of a bull-dozer: no road disturbance/force can disturb it
Power operated unlike conventional power assisted steering systems.
Rapid self centering to straight ahead position - whenever the engine is running the steering wheel will return to center, even when parked
Artificial feel inbuilt - centering force varies in proportion to vehicle speed and/or steering wheel deflection.
Power for the system from a regulated high pressure hydraulic pump which also operates the brakes and suspension system.
The steering is operated by a rack and pinion system which normally only works as a feedback loop.
The rack takes the form of a double acting hydraulic ram, but is capable of taking over full steering function in the event of a hydraulic failure. During normal operation the rack and pinion merely provides a position indication to the steering control valve through the pinion shaft. The rack and pinion do the actual steering only in the absence of system hydraulic pressure.
A hydraulic power safety prioritisation valve sets hydraulic fluid availability to each circuit in the Citroën system.
In a hydraulic system failure, order of loss is first steering, then suspension, then brakes
Advantages
No steering kickback - blowouts, potholes, ruts, etc. cannot affect the steering wheel or the direction of the steered wheels which can only be moved by steering wheel input, since apparent feedback is entirely artificial and bears no relation to the actual forces on the front wheels from the vehicle's inertia and the roadway
Requires minimal physical exertion - In the SM the steering wheel can be turned lock-to-lock with one finger when the car is standing
Very fast (minor steering inputs equal large front wheel movements) – 2.0 turns lock to lock in SM configuration, 2.5 in the CX
Can be set up permitting vehicle to travel in a straight line without driver input on a constant camber road in still conditions
la Diravi transforms the experience of steering the long, front heavy vehicle into child's play, permitting even a small person to steer a big SM precisely, able to respond instantly to sudden surprises
Disadvantages
No feedback to the driver - apparent feedback is entirely artificial and bears no relation to the actual forces on the front wheels from the vehicle's inertia and the roadway
* feedback/kickback are destabilising forces (potholes, ruts, blow-outs, etc) which are transmitted through
the steering linkages to the driver and the degree of feedback/kickback is a matter of geometry of the steering
* perfectly neutral steering geometry does not transmit any feedback/kickback to the driver,
whether the steering be non-assisted, power assisted, or fully powered/hydrostatic (Diravi)
* DS/ID/GS/SM all have neutral steering geometry: steering axis is perfectly in line with the vertical axis of the wheel
* when the steering turns, the wheel/tyre pivots exactly on its vertical axis: also known as zero scrub-radius
* while this pivotting exactly on the vertical axis might seem obvious, it is difficult to achieve in practise,
and it has rarely appeared in cars
* thanks to perfectly neutral steering geometry, SM/DS/ID/GS can all steer/brake normally after a front tyre blowout
* the steering of DS/ID/GS have no inherent feel
(when once vehicle is moving that is, non-assisted ID & GS obviously very stiff at stand-still)
the stiffness/heaviness at stand-still is not a question of feedback/kickback
* Diravi adds a self-centering force (artificial feel) to a steering system which is otherwise devoid of feel, anyway
* Diravi does also hydrostatically "lock" the road wheels to the angle chosen at the steering wheel
forces upon the road wheels can not influence the steering (whether the geometry be neutral or otherwise)
* Diravi is a solution, based on DS steering, which makes parking manoeuvres effortless, yet ensures precision
in all situations, enabling sharp driver reaction at 200+ KpH in a big front-heavy/front-drive car
* a steering of neutral geometry, devoid of feel, will give no indication to driver as road-holding limit is approached
Diravi, with its artificial feel, is at no advantage nor disadvantage at road-holding limit, upon such a steering system
* the design of the Diravi self-centring force/artificial feel is not so much to make the steering "soft" at low speed
and "hard" at high speed, but to make the steering feel somewhat constant over a wide range of speed/conditions
* it should be noted also that the Cx does not have quite neutral geometry:
* the super-market trolley castor of 12° was introduced in order to keep car more horizontal during braking.
* such castor would be very felt/noticeable in any non-assisted steering, and somewhat felt in an assisted steering
* thanks to its hydrostatic locking action, Diravi removes all/any feel caused by the castor;
* the Cx steering geometry is not so neutral however when a tyre blows out
* yet Diravi masks this as well - the steering rack is hydrostatically locked to the angle chosen at the steering wheel
* the only steering feel in Diravi is created by Diravi itself: a self-centring force which varies with vehicle speed
Driver must survey visual cues to determine approach of roadholding limit
Requires familiarization - novices find DIRAVI too fast and sensitive
Cannot allow both hands to leave steering wheel when navigating curves - because of rapid self centering
The absence of a firm mechanical linkage between the road wheels and the steering wheel means that any hydraulic-system malfunction could engender a serious loss of vehicle-control accuracy
* The redundant mechanical link between SM steering wheel and steering rack is effectively a "loose" (but sure!)
mechanical connection for safety, and upon hydraulic failure it remains quite safely possible
to steer the vehicle (though quite heavy) to a stop.
However, all common systems of hydraulic power assisted steering exhibit looseness at the wheel when hydraulic failure
- Diravi is just slightly moreso.
It is difficult to achieve neutral steering geometry when brakes are mounted "outboard" (inside the roadwheel)
* DS/ID/GS have inboard brakes, mounted on the gearbox
* SM has inboard brakes, exactly like DS, but has Diravi as well
* Cx has Diravi and outboard brakes, but the steering geometry is not neutral
References
Automotive steering technologies
Vehicle safety technologies
Citroën | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIRAVI |
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial waste or commercial waste.
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development provides a definition:
"Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in a cement kiln, replacing a portion of conventional fossil fuels, like coal, if they meet strict specifications. Sometimes they can only be used after pre-processing to provide ‘tailor-made’ fuels for the cement process".
RDF consists largely of combustible components of such waste, as non recyclable plastics (not including PVC), paper cardboard, labels, and other corrugated materials. These fractions are separated by different processing steps, such as screening, air classification, ballistic separation, separation of ferrous and non ferrous materials, glass, stones and other foreign materials and shredding into a uniform grain size, or also pelletized in order to produce a homogeneous material which can be used as substitute for fossil fuels in e.g. cement plants, lime plants, coal fired power plants or as reduction agent in steel furnaces. If documented according to CEN/TC 343 it can be labeled as solid recovered fuels (SRF).
Others describe the properties, such as:
Secondary fuels
Substitute fuels
“AF“ as an abbreviation for alternative fuels
Ultimately most of the designations are only general paraphrases for alternative fuels which are either waste-derived or biomass-derived.
There is no universal exact classification or specification which is used for such materials. Even legislative authorities have not yet established any exact guidelines on the type and composition of alternative fuels. The first approaches towards classification or specification are to be found in Germany (Bundesgütegemeinschaft für Sekundärbrennstoffe) as well as at European level (European Recovered Fuel Organisation). These approaches which are initiated primarily by the producers of alternative fuels, follow a correct approach: Only through an exactly defined standardisation in the composition of such materials can both production and utilisation be uniform worldwide.
First approaches towards alternative fuel classification:
Solid recovered fuels are part of RDF in the fact that it is produced to reach a standard such as CEN/343 ANAS. A comprehensive review is now available on SRF / RDF production, quality standards and thermal recovery, including statistics on European SRF quality.
History
In the 1950s tyres were used for the first time as refuse derived fuel in the cement industry. Continuous use of various waste-derived alternative fuels then followed in the mid-1980s with “Brennstoff aus Müll“ (BRAM) – fuel from waste – in the Westphalian cement industry in Germany.
At that time the thought of cost reduction through replacement of fossil fuels was the priority as considerable competition pressure weighed down on the industry. Since the eighties the German Cement Works Association (Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e.V. (VDZ, Düsseldorf)) has been documenting the use of alternative fuels in the federal German cement industry. In 1987 less than 5% of fossil fuels were replaced by refuse derived fuels, in 2015 its use increased to almost 62%.
Refuse-derived fuels are used in a wide range of specialized waste to energy facilities, which are using processed refuse-derived fuels with lower calorific values of 8-14MJ/kg in grain sizes of up to 500 mm to produce electricity and thermal energy (heat/steam) for district heating systems or industrial uses.
Processing
Materials such as glass and metals are removed during the treatment processing since they are non-combustible. The metal is removed using a magnet and the glass using mechanical screening. After that, an air knife is used to separate the light materials from the heavy ones. The light materials have higher calorific value and they create the final RDF. The heavy materials will usually continue to a landfill. The residual material can be sold in its processed form (depending on the process treatment) as a plain mixture or it may be compressed into pellet fuel, bricks or logs and used for other purposes either stand-alone or in a recursive recycling process. RDF or SRF is the combustible sub-fraction of municipal solid waste and other similar solid waste, produced using a mix of mechanical and/or biological treatment methods such as biodrying. in mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants. During the production of RDF / SRF in MBT plants there are solid loses of otherwise combustible material, which generates a debate whether the production and use of RDF / SRF is resource efficient or not over traditional one-step combustion of residual MSW in incineration (Energy from waste) plants.
The production of RDF may involve the following steps:
Bag splitting/Shredding
Size screening
Magnetic separation
Air classifier (density separation)
Coarse shredding
Refining separation by infrared separation
End markets
RDF can be used in a variety of ways to produce electricity or as a replacement of fossil fuels. It can be used alongside traditional sources of fuel in coal power plants. In Europe RDF can be used in the cement kiln industry, where strict air pollution control standards of the Waste Incineration Directive apply. The main limiting factor for RDF / SRF use in cement kilns is its total chlorine (Cl) content, with mean Cl content in average commercially manufactured SRF being at 0.76 w/w on a dry basis (± 0.14% w/wd, 95% confidence). RDF can also be fed into plasma arc gasification modules & pyrolysis plants. Where the RDF is capable of being combusted cleanly or in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol, RDF can provide a funding source where unused carbon credits are sold on the open market via a carbon exchange. However, the use of municipal waste contracts and the bankability of these solutions is still a relatively new concept, thus RDF's financial advantage may be debatable. The European market for the production of RDF have been grown fast due to the European landfill directive and the imposition of landfill taxes. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) exports from the UK to Europe and beyond are expected to have reached 3.3 million tonnes in 2015, representing a near-500,000 tonnes increase on the previous year.
Measurement of RDF and SRF properties: biogenic content
The biomass fraction of RDF and SRF has a monetary value under multiple greenhouse gas protocols, such as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and the Renewable Obligation Certificate program in the United Kingdom. Biomass is considered to be carbon-neutral since the liberated from the combustion of biomass is recycled in plants. The combusted biomass fraction of RDF/SRF is used by stationary combustion operators to reduce their overall reported emissions.
Several methods have been developed by the European CEN 343 working group to determine the biomass fraction of RDF/SRF. The initial two methods developed (CEN/TS 15440) were the manual sorting method and the selective dissolution method; a comparative assessment of these two methods is available. An alternative, but more expensive method was developed using the principles of radiocarbon dating. A technical review (CEN/TR 15591:2007) outlining the carbon-14 method was published in 2007, and a technical standard of the carbon dating method (CEN/TS 15747:2008) was published in 2008. In the United States, there is already an equivalent carbon-14 method under the standard method ASTM D6866.
Although carbon-14 dating can determine the biomass fraction of RDF/SRF, it cannot determine directly the biomass calorific value. Determining the calorific value is important for green certificate programs such as the Renewable Obligation Certificate program. These programs award certificates based on the energy produced from biomass. Several research papers, including the one commissioned by the Renewable Energy Association in the UK, have been published that demonstrate how the carbon-14 result can be used to calculate the biomass calorific value.
Quality assurance of RDF and SRF properties: representative laboratory sub-sampling
There are major challenges related to the quality assurance and especially the accurate determination of the RDF / SRF thermal recovery (combustion) properties, due to their inherently variable (heterogeneous) composition. Recent advances enable optimal sub-sampling schemes to arrive from the SRF / SRF sample of say 1 kg to the g or mg to be tested in the analytical devices such as the bomb calorimetry or TGA. With such solutions representative sub-sampling can be secured, but less so for the chlorine content. The new evidence suggests that the theory of sampling (ToS) may be overestimating the processing effort needed, to obtain a representative sub-sample.
Regional use
Campania
In 2009, in response to the Naples waste management issue in Campania, Italy, the Acerra incineration facility was completed at a cost of over €350 million. The incinerator burns 600,000 tons of waste per year. The energy produced from the facility is enough to power 200,000 households per year.
Iowa
The first full-scale waste-to-energy facility in the US was the Arnold O. Chantland Resource Recovery Plant, built in 1975 located in Ames, Iowa. This plant also produces RDF that is sent to a local power plant for supplemental fuel.
Manchester
The city of Manchester, in the north west of England, is in the process of awarding a contract for the use of RDF which will be produced by proposed mechanical biological treatment facilities as part of a huge PFI contract. The Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority has recently announced there is significant market interest in initial bids for the use of RDF which is projected to be produced in tonnages up to 900,000 tonnes per annum.
Bollnäs
During spring 2008 Bollnäs Ovanåkers Renhållnings AB (BORAB) in Sweden, started their new waste-to-energy plant. Municipal solid waste as well as industrial waste is turned into refuse-derived fuel. The 70,000-80,000 tonnes RDF that is produced per annum is used to power the nearby BFB-plant, which provides the citizens of Bollnäs with electricity and district heating.
Israel
In late March 2017, Israel launched its own RDF plant at the Hiriya Recycling Park; which daily will intake about 1,500 tonnes of household waste, which will amount to around half a million tonnes of waste each year, with an estimated production of 500 tonnes of RDF daily. The plant is part of Israel's "diligent effort to improve and advance waste management in Israel."
United Arab Emirates
In October 2018, the UAE's Ministry of Climate Change and Environment signed a concession agreement with Emirates RDF (BESIX, Tech Group Eco Single Owner, Griffin Refineries) to develop and operate a RDF facility in the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain. The facility will receive 1,000 tons per day of household waste and convert the waste of 550,000 residents from the emirates of Ajman and Umm Al Quwain into RDF. RDF will be used in cement factories to partially replace the traditional use of gas or coal.
See also
Biodrying
Cement kiln
Heavy metals
Isle of Wight gasification facility
Mechanical biological treatment
Mechanical heat treatment
Open burning of waste
Waste-to-energy
References
Incineration
Mechanical biological treatment
Waste treatment technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuse-derived%20fuel |
Mallus ( Mallos; ethnonym: Μαλλώτης) was an ancient city of Cilicia Campestris (later Cilicia Prima) lying near the mouth of the Pyramus (now the Ceyhan Nehri) river, in Anatolia. In ancient times, the city was situated at the mouth of the Pyramus (which has changed course since), on a hill opposite Magarsa (or Magarsus) which served as its port. The district was called from it, Mallotis. The location of the site is currently inland a few km from the Mediterranean coast on an elevation in the Karataş Peninsula, Adana Province, Turkey, a few km from the city of Karataş.
History
Greek legend credited the establishment of Mallus to two Argive brothers named Amphilochus and Mopsus. Amphilochus is variously described as the king and seer who was the son of Amphiaraus and the brother of Alcmaeon; Alcmaeon's son; or, in Strabo, either of these figures understood as a demigod son of Apollo. Both Amphiaraus's son and Alcmaeon's son were in the generations said to have witnessed the Trojan War. Amphilochus and Mopsus were said to have left that conflict and founded Mallus and some other oracles and towns before either returning to Argos or killing one another. Visitors to the oracle, which continued as late as Plutarch, slept overnight in the temple and their dreams were considered to be the gods' answer to their questions.
Alexander the Great erected a bridge over the Pyramus and visited Mallus during his conquest of the region, and at Mallus he performed sacrifices to Amphilochus. Alexander also exempted the town from paying taxes, because it was a colony of the Argives, and he himself claimed to have sprung from Argos, being one of the descendants of Heracles.
Triremes from Mallus joined Alexander's navy and participated at the Siege of Tyre.
It allied itself with Tarsus against Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who according to the Bible, had presented both cities to his concubine Antiochis. Mallus was a town of considerable importance, though it does not appear to have possessed any particular attractions. In the second century B.C., it was the hometown of the notable philosopher and grammarian Crates of Mallus, credited with having built the first known globe; however, he left the city at a young age and his scholarly career mainly took place elsewhere.
Its port-town was Magarsa, though in later times it seems to have had a port of its own, called Portus Palorum. Numerous coins from Mallus have been preserved, and those of the third century bear the inscription Mallus Colonia or Colonia Metropolis Mallus. The city is mentioned by numerous ancient authors, and in the Middle Ages by Arabian, Armenian, and Italian writers. The city declined in importance and disappeared with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The ancient site of Antiochia ad Pyramum lies a few km away on the coast.
Mallus figures in the various revisions of the Antiochene Notitiae Episcopatuum as suffragan of Tarsus. Six bishops are recorded. Bematius, present at the Council of Antioch (377); Valentine, present at the First Council of Ephesus (431) and the Council of Tarsus (434); Chrysippus at the Council of Chalcedon (451). The see is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. No titular bishop of the see has been appointed since the death of its last bishop in 1990.
Notable persons
Dionysiades () of Mallos was a Greek tragic poet.
Proclus Mallotes was a stoic philosopher.
Crates of Mallus was a stoic philosopher.
Philistides (), a scholar.
Lysanias () of Mallos, a historian.
Bishopric
A bishopric is mentioned in the Antiochene "Notititae Episcopatuum"
as suffragan of the patriarchate of Antioch and was suffragan of the archdiocese of Tarsus. Six bishops are known:
Bematius, present at the Council of Antioch (377);
Valentine, at the Council of Ephesus (431) and Synod of Tarsus (434);
Chrysippus at the Council of Chalcedon (451).
Attalo (fl 459)
Cosma (fl 553)
Today it survives only as a Titular See of Roman Catholic Church.
Location
The precise location of Mallus has been the subject of some study. Quintus Curtius states that Alexander entered the town after throwing a bridge across the Pyramus, implying that Pyramus must have been situated near the mouth of the river Pyramus, on the eatern bank, opposite to Megarsus (modern Karataş). According to Scylax (p. 40) it was necessary to sail up the river a short distance in order to reach Mallus; and Pomponius Mela (i.13) also states that the town is situated close upon the river; whence Ptolemy (v.8.4) must be mistaken in placing it more than two miles away from the river.
Mallus is commonly believed to be in the town of Kızıltahta, Adana Province. The nearby town of Terkosan is mentioned being its necropolis. The city's location at Kızıltahta has been extrapolated by reference to the ancient sources. Stadiasmus indicates that Mallus was 150 stades away from Megarsus (Megarsus is identified to be modern Karataş). One stadia equals 600 feet and 150 stades is 27.4 km. When this distance is measured from Karataş within a 1:100,000 scale map of Turkey, the city's location is in the periphery of Kızıltahta.
Notes
References
.
Attribution
(endnotes: Smith 1857, "Mallus"; and others)
Further reading
External links
Perseus Project's translation of Strabo
Catholic Encyclopedia "Mallus" at New Advent
Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer
Geography of Adana Province
Çukurova
Greek colonies in Anatolia
Coloniae (Roman)
Catholic titular sees in Asia
Former populated places in Cilicia
History of Adana Province
Populated places in ancient Cilicia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallus%20%28Cilicia%29 |
The Citroën Fukang or Dongfeng Fukang is a series of compact vehicles available in a variety of body styles. It was the first in a range of cars produced for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile group, a joint venture between the French PSA Peugeot Citroën and Chinese manufacturer Dongfeng Motor Corporation.
Overview
The first Fukang appeared in 1992 as a semi-knock down production, rebadged Citroën ZX hatchback. The car was called the Fukang DC7140 in China, the name translating as ‘Prosperity and Health’ in Chinese. Later on, the DC7160 with a fuel-injected 1.6 liter engine was added to the lineup. 17,000 of the SKD ZXs were built until late 1996, when Dongfeng's own two plants in Wuhan province became up to speed and local production commenced. Local capacity was 150,000 per annum.
Two years later, the first of a number of special Chinese market Citroën models was launched when the Citroën Fukang 988 arrived. Presented in September 1998, this was a saloon version of the Fukang DC7160 and originally featured the larger 1.6 litre, fuel-injected engine. The saloon Fukang was developed by specialist engineering firm Heuliez, who also developed a long wheelbase limousine version called the Fukang 988 VIP.
The saloon versions continued until 2003, when they were replaced by an updated version of the theme, the Citroën Elysée. However, the hatchback Fukang continued to be part of the Chinese Citroën range until 2009.
On February 26, 2009, the new facelifted Citroën C-Elysée hatchback finally replaced the Fukang. These models had also been joined in 2006 by the Citroën Xsara, Picasso, and the C-Triomphe. The Fukang was also available in the form of a 4-door pickup truck and a 2-door panel van.
Awards
In 2005, the Fukang was voted 'China's Best Value car' by Sina Automobile News, China Youth Today and Beijing Modern Business News.
Reuse of the Fukang name
The Fukang name was later reused by Shenlong Motors, a joint venture company jointly funded by Dongfeng Motor and PSA Group in 1992. The joint venture launched products sold under the Dongfeng Fukang brand including the Fukang ES500, Fukang ES600 and Fukang e-Elysée (electric Citroën C-Elysée).
References
External links
Dong Feng-Peugeot-Citroën Automobile
Dong Feng Fukang at Citroenet
Fukang
Dongfeng vehicles
Cars of China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn%20Fukang |
Big Green may refer to:
The nickname for Dartmouth College
Athletic teams are known as the Dartmouth Big Green
The Big Green, a 1995 Disney film
Big Green (Dragon Ball), a nickname for Piccolo
Big Green (non-profit company), a US-based business
Big Green Island, part of the Big Green Group of islands northeast of Tasmania, Australia
Jul Big Green (born 1990), American musician and producer
Lake Big Green, Green Lake County, Wisconsin
Hokkaido Big Green, a nickname for Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Big Green, a numbers game run by the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin
An nickname for Charlie Green (c. 1895-1935), American jazz trombonist
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Green |
Phantom of the Megaplex is a 2000 American comedy mystery film and Disney Channel original movie, produced by the Disney Channel. With a title and concept very loosely based on Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera, the film concerns strange happenings at a monstrous megaplex on the night of the premiere of a major movie, Midnight Mayhem.
The central character, played by Taylor Handley, is Pete Riley, the 17-year-old assistant manager of the theater. He has to cope with malfunctioning equipment, disappearing staff, and a broken popcorn machine, among other headaches. He investigates to see if the troubles are coincidence or the result of sabotage by a mysterious "phantom". The senior manager of the theater is played by Rich Hutchman, and Ricky Mabe, Julia Chantrey, Joanne Boland, J.J. Stocker, and Lisa Ng appear as other employees of the theater. Caitlin Wachs and Jacob Smith play the central character's younger siblings, and Heather and Jennifer Bertram appear as his love interest and her friend.
Plot
17-year-old Pete Riley works as the assistant manager at the local 26-screen grand megaplex, a job that he loves and spends the majority of his time at. Rumor has it that the megaplex is haunted by a "phantom", someone who was trapped inside the old movie theater that was demolished to build the current megaplex. Pete, senior manager Shawn MacGibbon, the other employees, and an elderly member of the family who once owned the original theater known as "Movie Mason" (played by Mickey Rooney) who loves movies and thinks he works at the megaplex, are working to prepare the theater for the star-studded premiere of the new Hollywood blockbuster Midnight Mayhem. Wolfgang Nedermayer, the owner of the megaplex, is to be among the guests. To Pete's disappointment, he is forced to bring along his younger siblings, 11-year-old Karen and 10-year-old Brian, to the theater while their widowed mother goes out on a date with her boyfriend George.
Pete dumps his siblings in a movie (which Karen ditches to see a horror movie with her friends) so he can focus on setting up for the premiere, but problems begin to pop up all through the megaplex. The other movies begin to suffer mishaps, which Karen and Brian realize are all related to the titles of the films being shown (for example, a theater showing a movie called Cyclone Summer has a giant fan moved in front of the screen, which blows everyone out of their seats). Pete, Karen, and Brian work together and discover that the rumored phantom is behind these acts of sabotage. Through online spoilers, Brian and Karen are able to learn the movie's plot, and Pete is able to stop the phantom from sabotaging the premiere. The phantom is revealed to be Shawn, who Nedermayer immediately fires; however, Shawn explodes with anger as he did all this so Nedermayer would finally notice him (and get his name right, since he never did). Shawn is then offered partnership by the director of Midnight Mayhem to make a movie based on his exploits—Phantom of the Megaplex: The Shawn McGibbon Story.
Nedermayer offers Pete the job of senior manager at the megaplex, something Pete has always wanted. Though Pete tells Nedermayer that he'd be honored, he turns down the job. Inspired by Karen and Brian from their help exposing Shawn as the phantom, Pete realizes the importance of his childhood and doesn't want to waste it anymore, asking for the rest of the night off; Nedermayer complies, giving Pete money to treat his girlfriend Caitlin Kerrigan to a nice breakfast after the film. George proposes to Julie, as per suggested by Brian who said a 4–star ending was needed to wrap things up. As everyone enters the movie theater, Movie Mason explains to Brian that he never once believed in the Phantom of the Megaplex; however, "the Werewolf of the Megaplex is another story." Both enter the theater as an employee, known for her horrifying tales, "Scary Terri" closes the doors as a wolf howl sounds.
Cast
Taylor Handley as Pete Riley, 17-year-old assistant manager of the theater.
Caitlin Wachs as Karen Riley, Pete's 11-year-old sister.
Jacob Smith as Brian Riley, Pete's perceptive 10-year-old brother.
Corinne Bohrer as Julie Riley, Pete's widowed mother.
John Novak as George, Julie's boyfriend.
Mickey Rooney as Mason / Movie Mason, elderly movie fan. His family opened the old theater before the megaplex was built. When the theater closed down and the megaplex opened, Mason thought that he worked there, though technically he doesn't. He comes to the theater every day and is welcomed and well liked by all the staff, except Shawn.
Rich Hutchman as Shawn MacGibbon, the theater's senior manager who is constantly worried about his job.
Colin Fox as Wolfgang Nedermayer, the owner of the megaplex who never gets Shawn's name right.
Ellen-Ray Hennessy as Tory Hicks.
Carlo Rota as Tyler Jesseman, the director of Midnight Mayhem.
Eric Hempsall as Lamonica, the new general manager.
Ricky Mabe as Ricky Leary / Ricky Rules, a theater worker who has the correct procedure for anything and does everything by the book.
Julia Chantrey as Terri Tortora / Scary Terri, a theater worker who loves telling scary stories.
Joanne Boland as Hilary Horan / Hillary Honey, a theater worker who described as a grandma in a teenage body due to her caring personality.
J.J. Stocker as Mark Jeffries / Question Mark, a theater worker who is a bit slow-witted, always asking questions.
Lisa Ng as Lacy Ling / Racy Lacy, a theater worker who known for being quick in movement and personality.
Joe Pingue as Merle, the theater's head projectionist. Even on a simple question, he has a habit of saying too complicated of an answer in return.
Heather Bertram as Caitlin Kerigan, a girl Pete has a crush on.
Jennifer Bertram as Lisa, Caitlin's friend.
Jeff Berg as Donny Hollie, Pete's rival.
Daniel DeSanto (credited as Daniel De Santo) as Zeke, theater worker.
Nicole Hardy as April Popko, Karen's friend with whom she sees a scary movie despite Julie not letting her.
Sarah Gadon as Sarah, April's friend.
External links
2000 television films
2000 films
2000s comedy mystery films
American children's films
American comedy mystery films
Disney Channel Original Movie films
Films based on The Phantom of the Opera
Films directed by Blair Treu
Films set in a movie theatre
Films shot in Toronto
Films shot in Utah
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
American mystery television films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom%20of%20the%20Megaplex |
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