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This is an introductory page to timelines of artists, albums, and events in progressive rock and its subgenres. While this page shows the formation of significant bands in the genre, the detailed timeline is presented in separate articles for each decade.
Timeline by decade
Click on the header for each decade to see the detailed timeline.
1960s
Newly formed bands
Phoenix (1962)
Sfinx (1962)
Omega (1962)
Los Jaivas (1963)
The Moody Blues (1964)
Strawbs (1964)
Pink Floyd (1965)
Barclay James Harvest (1966)
Soft Machine (1966)
Aphrodite's Child (1967)
Genesis (1967)
Gong (1967)
Jethro Tull (1967)
Mike Oldfield (1967)
The Nice (1967)
Van der Graaf Generator (1967)
Can (1968)
Caravan (1968)
Deep Purple (1968)
Egg (1968)
King Crimson (1968)
Krokodil (1968)
Rush (1968)
Yes (1968)
Ange (1969)
Argent (1969)
Atomic Rooster (1969)
Curved Air (1969)
Banco del Mutuo Soccorso (1969)
Beggar's Opera (1969)
Magma (1969)
Renaissance(1969)
Supertramp (1969)
Uriah Heep (1969)
Congreso (1969)
Nektar (1969)
Quintessence (1969)
Hawkwind (1969)
Warm Dust (1969)
1970s
Newly formed bands
Dixie Dregs (1970)
Electric Light Orchestra (1970)
Emerson, Lake and Palmer (1970)
Gentle Giant (1970)
Queen (1970)
Styx (1970)
Alphataurus (1971)
Camel (1971)
Captain Beyond (1971)
Kansas (1971)
Celeste (1972)
Premiata Forneria Marconi (1972)
Kaipa (1973)
Bijelo Dugme (1974)
Machiavel (1974)
Ambrosia (band) (1975)
England (1975)
The Alan Parsons Project (1976)
Peter Gabriel (1976)
Cardiacs (1977)
Crack (1977)
Saga (1977)
U.K. (1977)
Pendragon (1978)
King's X (1979)
Marillion (1979)
1980s
Newly formed bands
IQ (1980)
Asia (1981)
Queensrÿche (1982)
Fates Warning (1983)
Ozric Tentacles (1983)
Pain of Salvation (1984)
Fulano (1984)
Dream Theater (1985)
Galahad (1985)
Shadow Gallery (1985)
The Bleeding Heart Band (1986)
Dreamscape (1986)
Cynic (1987)
Meshuggah (1987)
No-Man (1987)
Porcupine Tree (1987)
Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (1988)
Psychotic Waltz (1988)
Echolyn (1989)
Enchant (1989)
1990s
Newly formed bands
Anathema (1990)
Big Big Train (1990)
Opeth (1990)
Tool (1990)
Ulysses (1990)
Anekdoten (1991)
Änglagård (1991)
Glass Hammer (1992)
Spock's Beard (1992)
Ayreon (1993)
The Flower Kings (1993)
Guapo (1994)
Muse (1994)
Symphony X (1994)
Arena (1995)
Coheed and Cambria (1995)
Mew (1995)
Sylvan (1995)
Devin Townsend (1996)
Evergrey (1996)
Gazpacho (1996)
maudlin of the Well (1996)
Liquid Tension Experiment (1997)
Karnivool (1997)
RPWL (1997)
Oceansize (1998)
MullMuzzler (1999)
Neal Morse (1999)
The Pineapple Thief (1999)
Sleepytime Gorilla Museum (1999)
Transatlantic (1999)
Wobbler (1999)
2000s
Newly formed bands
Between the Buried and Me (2000)
Mastodon (2000)
Seventh Wonder (2000)
MediaBanda (2000)
Beardfish (2001)
Leprous (2001)
The Mars Volta (2001)
Riverside (2001)
Karmakanic (2002)
Phideaux (2002)
The Tangent (2002)
Born of Osiris (2003)
Kayo Dot (2003)
Moon Safari (2003)
Pure Reason Revolution (2003)
Architects (2004)
Frost* (2004)
Soen (2004)
The Dear Hunter (2005)
Periphery (2005)
Jolly (2006)
Animals as Leaders (2007)
Haken (2007)
Flying Colors (2008)
Steven Wilson (2008)
Bent Knee (2009)
Django Django (2009)
Thank You Scientist (2009)
2010s
Newly formed bands
Iamthemorning (2010)
King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard (2010)
Polyphia (2010)
Seven Impale (2010)
The Aristocrats (2011)
Caligula's Horse (2011)
Kyros (2012)
Astronoid (2012)
The Neal Morse Band (2013)
Southern Empire (2015)
Novena (2016)
This Winter Machine (2016)
The Sea Within (2017)
Sons of Apollo (2017)
Black Midi (2017)
See also
Timeline of progressive rock: 1960s - 1970s - 1980s - 1990s - 2000s - 2010s - 2020s
Progressive rock
Canterbury Scene
Symphonic rock
Avant-rock
Rock in Opposition
Neo-prog
Progressive metal
Jazz fusion
Djent
Further reading
Snider, Charles. The Strawberry Bricks Guide To Progressive Rock. Chicago, Ill.: Lulu Publishing (2008) 364 pages, (paperback). A veritable record guide to progressive rock, with band histories, musical synopses and critical commentary, all presented in the historical context of a timeline. The book covers only 1967–1979.
Lucky, Jerry. The Progressive Rock Files Burlington, Ontario: Collector's Guide Publishing, Inc (1998), 304 pages, (paperback). Gives an overview of progressive rock's history as well as histories of the major and underground bands in the genre.
Macan, Edward. Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1997), 290 pages, (hardcover), (paperback). Analyzes progressive rock using classical musicology and also sociology.
Timeline
Progressive rock
Timeline of progressive rock
20th century in music
21st century in music
Music history by genre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20progressive%20rock |
Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX or Explorer 91 or SMEX-10) is a NASA satellite in Earth orbit that uses energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) to image the interaction region between the Solar System and interstellar space. The mission is part of NASA's Small Explorer program and was launched with a Pegasus-XL launch vehicle on 19 October 2008.
The mission is led by Dr. David J. McComas (IBEX principal investigator), formerly of the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and now with Princeton University. The Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center built the IBEX-Hi and IBEX-Lo sensors respectively. The Orbital Sciences Corporation manufactured the satellite bus and was the location for spacecraft environmental testing. The nominal mission baseline duration was two years after commissioning, and the prime ended in early 2011. The spacecraft and sensors are still healthy and the mission is continuing in its extended mission.
IBEX is in a Sun-oriented spin-stabilized orbit around the Earth. In June 2011, IBEX was shifted to a new, more efficient, much more stable orbit. It does not come as close to the Moon in the new orbit, and expends less fuel to maintain its position.
The spacecraft is equipped with two large aperture imagers which detect ENAs with energies from 10 eV to 2 keV (IBEX-Lo) and 300 eV to 6 keV (IBEX-Hi). The mission was originally planned for a 24 month operations period. The mission has since been extended, with the spacecraft still in operation as of March 2023.
Spacecraft
The spacecraft is built on an octagonal base, roughly high and across. The dry mass is of which the instrument payload comprises . The fully fueled mass is , and the entire flight system launch mass, including the ATK Star 27 solid rocket motor, is . The spacecraft itself has a hydrazine attitude control system. Power is produced by a solar array with a 116 watts capability, nominal power use is 66 W (16 W for the payload). Communications are via two hemispherical antennas with a nominal downlink data rate of 320 kbps and an uplink rate of 2 kbps.
Science goal
The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission science goal is to discover the nature of the interactions between the solar wind and the interstellar medium at the edge of the Solar System. IBEX has achieved this goal by generating full sky maps of the intensity (integrated over the line-of-sight) of ENAs in a range of energies every six months. Most of these ENAs are generated in the heliosheath, which is the region of interaction.
Mission
Launch
The IBEX satellite was mated to its Pegasus XL launch vehicle at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, and the combined vehicle was then suspended below the Lockheed L-1011 Stargazer mother airplane and flown to Kwajalein Atoll in the central Pacific Ocean. Stargazer arrived at Kwajalein Atoll on 12 October 2008.
The IBEX satellite was carried into space on 19 October 2008, by the Pegasus XL launch vehicle. The launch vehicle was released from Stargazer, which took off from Kwajalein Atoll, at 17:47:23 UTC. By launching from this site close to the equator, the Pegasus launch vehicle lifted as much as more mass to orbit than it would have with a launch from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Mission profile
The IBEX satellite initially launched into a highly-elliptical transfer orbit with a low perigee and used a solid fuel rocket motor as its final boost stage at apogee in order to raise its perigee greatly and to achieve its desired high-altitude elliptical orbit.
IBEX is in a highly-eccentric elliptical terrestrial orbit, which ranges from a perigee of about to an apogee of about . Its original orbit was about — that is, about 80% of the distance to the Moon — which has changed primarily due to an intentional adjustment to prolong the spacecraft's useful life.
This very high orbit allows the IBEX satellite to move out of the Earth's magnetosphere when making scientific observations. This extreme altitude is critical due to the amount of charged-particle interference that would occur while taking measurements within the magnetosphere. When within the magnetosphere of the Earth (), the satellite also performs other functions, including telemetry downlinks.
Orbit adjusted
In June 2011, IBEX shifted to a new orbit that raised its perigee to more than . The new orbit has a period of one third of a lunar month, which, with the correct phasing, avoids taking the spacecraft too close to the Moon, whose gravity can negatively affect IBEX's orbit. The now spacecraft uses less fuel to maintain a stable orbit, increasing its useful lifespan to more than 40 years.
Instruments
The heliospheric boundary of the Solar System is being imaged by measuring the location and magnitude of charge-exchange collisions occurring in all directions. The satellite's payload consists of two energetic neutral atom (ENA) imagers, IBEX-Hi and IBEX-Lo. Each consists of a collimator that limits their fields of view (FoV) a conversion surface to convert neutral hydrogen and oxygen into ions, an electrostatic analyzer (ESA) to suppress ultraviolet light and to select ions of a specific energy range, and a detector to count particles and identify the type of each ion. Both of these sensors are a single-pixel camera with a field of view of roughly 7° x 7°. The IBEX-Hi instrument is recording particle counts in a higher energy band (300 eV to 6 keV) than the IBEX-Lo energy band (10 eV to 2 keV). The scientific payload also includes a Combined Electronics Unit (CEU) that controls the voltages on the collimator and the ESA, and it reads and records data from the particle detectors of each sensor.
Communication
Compared to other space observatories, IBEX has a low data transfer rate due to the limited requirements of the mission.
Data collection
IBEX is collecting energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissions that are traveling through the Solar System to Earth that cannot be measured by conventional telescopes. These ENAs are created on the boundary of our Solar System by the interactions between solar wind particles and interstellar medium particles.
On the average IBEX-Hi detects about 500 particles per day, and IBEX-Lo, less than 100. By 2012, over 100 scientific papers related to IBEX were published, described by the principal investigator as "an incredible scientific harvest".
Data availability
As the IBEX data is validated, the IBEX data is made available in a series of data releases on the SwRI IBEX Public Data website. In addition, the data is periodically sent to the NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), which is the official archive site for IBEX data. SPDF data can be searched at the Heliophysics Data Portal.
Science results
Initial data revealed a previously unpredicted "very narrow ribbon that is two to three times brighter than anything else in the sky". Initial interpretations suggest that "the interstellar environment has far more influence on structuring the heliosphere than anyone previously believed". It is unknown what is creating the energetic neutral atoms (ENA) ribbon. The Sun is currently traveling through the Local Interstellar Cloud, and the heliosphere's size and shape are key factors in determining its shielding power from cosmic rays. Should IBEX detect changes in the shape of the ribbon, that could show how the heliosphere is interacting with the Local Fluff. It has also observed ENAs from the Earth's magnetosphere.
In October 2010, significant changes were detected in the ribbon after six months, based on the second set of IBEX observations.
It went on to detect neutral atoms from outside the Solar System, which were found to differ in composition from the Sun. Surprisingly, IBEX discovered that the heliosphere has no bow shock, and it measured its speed relative to the local interstellar medium (LISM) as , improving on the previous measurement of by Ulysses. Those speeds equate to 25% less pressure on the Sun's heliosphere than previously thought.
In July 2013, IBEX results revealed a 4-lobed tail on the Solar System's heliosphere.
See also
Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP), a follow-on mission to IBEX
David J. McComas, Principal Investigator of IBEX (Princeton University)
References
External links
IBEX Public Data from IBEX Science Team
Heliophysics Data Portal by NASA's Heliophysics Division
IBEX Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Satellites orbiting Earth
Astronomical surveys
Explorers Program
Spacecraft launched in 2008
Articles containing video clips
Spacecraft launched by Pegasus rockets
Geospace monitoring satellites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar%20Boundary%20Explorer |
The Chittagong armoury raid, also known as the Chittagong uprising, was an attempt on 18 April 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong armoury of Bengal Province in British India (now in Bangladesh) by armed Indian independence fighters led by Surya Sen.
The raiders
The raiders were members of revolutionary Indian Republican Army, who favoured armed uprisings as a means to achieve India's independence from British colonial rule. They were inspired by the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland and led by Surya Sen. However, they were ideologically influenced more by the Communists in Soviet Union. Many of these raiders later became Communists. The group included Ganesh Ghosh, Lokenath Bal, Ambika Chakrobarty, Harigopal Bal (Tegra), Ananta Singh, Anand Prasad Gupta, Tripura Sen, Bilash Dey, Bidhubhusan Bhattacharya, Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutta, Himangshu Sen, Binod Bihari Chowdhury, [Nani Gopal Deb], Subodh Roy, Monoranjan Bhattacharya.
The plan
Sen devised a plan to capture the two main armouries in Chittagong, destroy the telegraph and telephone office, and take as hostages members of the European Club, the majority of whom also to be raided, while rail and communication lines were to be cut in order to sever Chittagong from Calcutta. Imperial banks at Chittagong were to be looted to gather money for further uprisings, and various jailed revolutionaries would be freed.
The raid
The plan was put into action at 22:00 on 18 April 1930. The police armoury was captured by a group of revolutionaries led by Ganesh Ghosh, while another group of ten men led by Lokenath Bal took the Auxiliary Forces armoury. Some 65 people took part in the raid, undertaken in the name of Indian Republican Army, Chittagong Branch. They failed to locate ammunition but did succeed in cutting telephone and telegraph wires and disrupting train movements.
About 16 of the group captured the European club's headquarters (in Pahartali, now the Railway Office next to Shahjahan Field) but there were few club members present because of it being Good Friday. Upon learning of the situation, the Europeans were able to get the alarm out to troops, which the revolutionaries had not expected. After the raids, the revolutionaries gathered outside the police armoury, where Sen took a military salute, hoisted a national flag, and proclaimed a Provisional Revolutionary Government. The revolutionaries left Chittagong town before dawn and marched towards the Chittagong hill ranges, looking for a safe place to hide.
A few of the members including Ganesh Ghosh, Ananta Singh and the teenagers Ananda Gupta and Jeebon Ghoshal were elsewhere, and almost captured at Feni railway station but managed to escape. Later they stayed in hiding in a house in Chandannagar.
Aftermath
After a few days, the police traced some of the revolutionaries. They were surrounded by several thousand troops while they took shelter in Jalalabad hills near Chittagong Cantonment on the afternoon of 22 April 1930.
Over 80 troops and 12 revolutionaries were killed in the ensuing gunfight in the Battle of Jalalabad Hills. Sen dispersed his men to neighbouring villages in small groups and thus some escaped. A few fled to Calcutta while some were arrested. An intense crackdown on the resistance ensued. Ananta Singh gave himself up in Calcutta coming away from his hiding place in Chandannagar, to be close to the young teenagers captured and under trial in Chittagong. A few months later, Police Commissioner Charles Tegart surrounded their hideout and in the ensuing exchange of fire, Jiban Ghoshal was killed.
Some of the revolutionaries managed to reorganise. On 24 September 1932, Debi Prasad Gupta, Monoranjan Sen, Rajat Sen, Swadesh Roy, Phanindra Nandi and Subodh Chaudhary led by Pritilata Waddedar, attacked the Pahartali European Club, killing one woman and injuring several police officials. However, the plan was not entirely successful. The revolutionaries fled after the attack, but Pritilata, who got wounded, consumed cyanide to evade arrest and killed herself. The police searched the rest of the absconders. In Kalarpole encounter Deba Gupta, Monoranjan Sen, Rajat Sen and Swadeshranjan Ray were killed while the other two, Subodh and Phani, were wounded and arrested. During 1930–1932, 22 officials and 220 others were killed by revolutionaries in separate incidents. Debi Prasad Gupta's brother was sentenced to transportation for life.
The armoury raid trial
The mass trial of those arrested during and after the raids concluded in January 1932 and the judgement was delivered on 1 March 1932. Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to deportation for life, two received three-year prison sentences and the remaining 32 individuals were acquitted. The twelve deported to Andaman included Ganesh Ghosh, Lokenath Bal, sixteen-year-old Ananda Gupta, and Ananta Singh.
Capture and death of Surya Sen
The Chittagong revolutionary group suffered a fatal blow when Masterda Surya Sen was arrested on 16 February 1933 from Gairala village after a tip-off from an insider of the group. For the reward money, jealousy, or both, Netra Sen told the British Government that Surya Sen was at his house. But before Netra Sen was able to get his ₹10,000 reward, he was assassinated by the revolutionaries.
Surya Sen was hanged by the British administration on 12 January 1934.
Film adaptations
A Bengali movie Chattagram Astragar Lunthan was made on the Chittagong armoury raid in 1949. It was directed by Nirmal Chowdhury.
A Hindi movie, Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey was made on the Chittagong armoury raid in 2010. It was directed by Ashutosh Gowarikar starring Abhishek Bachchan and supported by Deepika Padukone. It was based on the book Do and Die: The Chittagong Uprising 1930-34 by Manini Chatterjee.
Another film, Chittagong was made in 2010 and released in October 2012. It was directed by Dr. Bedabrata Pain, a former scientist in NASA who resigned from NASA to make this film. Manoj Bajpai was the lead actor and played the role of Surya Sen.
References
Sources
Further reading
Chatterjee, Manini (2000). Do and Die: The Chittagong Uprising 1930-34, New Delhi: Penguin, .
Bhattacharya, Manoshi (2012). Chittagong: Summer of 1930, New Delhi: HarperCollins, .
Roy, Subodh (2015). Chittagong Armoury Raid: A Memoir, New Delhi: LeftWord Books, .
Mukherjee, Piyul and Nivedita Patnaik (2016). The Last of the Rebels, Ananda and his Masterda. A teenager's Eyewitness Account of the Chittagong Uprising, Kolkata, Bushfire Publishers and Surya Sen Bhavan,
Easter Rising
Political uprisings in India
Anushilan Samiti
1930 in India
History of Chittagong
Military raids
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
Conflicts in 1930
April 1930 events
1930 crimes in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong%20armoury%20raid |
Quarry Hill is an area of central Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is bounded by the Leeds Inner Ring Road in the east and north and the Leeds – York / Hull railway in the south. The area falls within the City and Hunslet ward of Leeds City Council.
History
Quarry Hill was originally an inner-city area of Leeds.
Three churches have historically been located on Quarry Hill. The Old Boggart House was the first purpose-built Methodist chapel in Leeds. It was demolished following the opening of the adjacent St Peter's Chapel in 1834. The site is marked by a blue plaque on the steps leading to the Leeds Playhouse.
Quarry Hill Ebenezer Primitive Methodist chapel, originally called "Chapel Street Chapel", was opened in 1822, new frontage was added in 1846 and the chapel was enlarged in 1874. It closed in 1933. St Mary's Church, a Commissioners' Church, architect Thomas Taylor, was located on St Mary's Street. Located on the top of the hill, looking over New York Road towards the city centre, and known both as "St. Mary's Mabgate" and "St. Mary's Quarry Hill", the site is now a Diocesan Office. The Sunday school remains, as does the burial ground, a green area sloping down to Mabgate. A past resident of the Quarry Hill area was Mary Fitzpatrick, a robber and suspected murderer.
Between 1938 and 1978 Quarry Hill was the location of what was at the time the largest social housing complex in the United Kingdom. The building was designed in 1934 by R. A. H. Livett (1898–1959), the Director of Housing and later City Architect for Leeds. Its design was strongly influenced by modernist developments in Europe, specifically the Karl-Marx-Hof in Vienna, Austria, and La Cité de la Muette in Paris, France. The development was noted for its sheer size and modernist design. It had then radical and modern features such as solid fuel ranges, electric lighting, a state-of-the-art refuse disposal system (Garchey) and communal facilities including a swimming pool. Due to social problems and poor maintenance, the Quarry Hill Flats were demolished in 1978.
Current
Since the 1980s, Quarry Hill has been a focus for regeneration within Leeds, and today is home to the West Yorkshire Playhouse, now known as Leeds Playhouse, which opened in 1990; Yorkshire Dance, established in 1982; Quarry House (a Department of Health and Department for Work and Pensions building with a social/leisure complex, which opened in 1993); the BBC Yorkshire building; the Leeds Conservatoire (formerly Leeds College of Music); and the Northern Ballet building which opened in 2010. Centenary Square and the Playhouse Square are located at Quarry Hill. The regeneration has seen Quarry Hill become disassociated with East Leeds, and become part of central Leeds.
Quarry House was constructed on the site of the former Quarry Hill Flats.
Leeds City College built a creative arts and health, care and public services campus, designed by Ellis Williams Architects, on the north-west of the site; this opened in September 2019. Part of the college building is used by Leeds Conservatoire.
In the media
The flats were shown in the opening sequence of the popular 1970s sitcom Queenie's Castle (1970–72) which starred Diana Dors.
The Peter May novel Runaway has scenes set in the housing project in 1965 and in its later transformation 2015.
Quarry Hill also features in Charles Stross's 2016 novel The Nightmare Stacks.
The complete Quarry Hill development in architects' model form can be seen in the 1935 film Housing Problems, a key work of the Documentary Film Movement which is also featured as an extra on BBC DVD release of the influential 1966 TV play Cathy Come Home.
Quarry Hill is the area where the nurses work in The Steeple Street Trilogy by Donna Douglas. "Agnes finds herself facing unexpected challenges as she is assigned to Quarry Hill, one of the city's most notorious slums"
Further reading
References
Places in Leeds
Leeds Blue Plaques
Methodism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry%20Hill%2C%20Leeds |
Cy Feuer (January 15, 1911 – May 17, 2006) was an American theatre producer, director, composer, musician, and half of the celebrated producing duo Feuer and Martin. He won three competitive Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, and a Lifetime Achievement Tony Award. He was also nominated for Academy Awards as the producer of Storm Over Bengal and Cabaret.
Career
Born Seymour Arnold Feuerman in Brooklyn, New York, he became a professional trumpeter at the age of fifteen, working at clubs on weekends to help support his family while attending New Utrecht High School. It was there he first met Abe Burrows, who in later years he would hire to write the book for Guys and Dolls.
Having no interest in mathematics, science, or sports, he dropped out of school and found work as a trumpeter on a political campaign truck. He later studied at the Juilliard School before joining the orchestras at the Roxy Theater and later Radio City Music Hall.
In 1938, he toured the country with Leon Belasco and His Society Orchestra, eventually ending up in Burbank, California. Following a ten-week stint there, the orchestra departed for Minneapolis, but he opted to remain in California.
Feuer found employment at Republic Pictures, serving as musical director, arranger, and/or composer of more than 125 mostly B-movies, many of them serials and westerns, for the next decade, save for a three-year interruption to serve in the military during World War II.
During his Hollywood sojourn, he enjoyed a tumultuous one-year affair with actress Susan Hayward (also from Brooklyn), worked with Jule Styne, Frank Loesser, and Victor Young, among others, received five Academy Award nominations for his film scores, and married a divorcée, Posy Greenberg, a mother of a three-year-old son. The couple later had a son of their own named Jed.
In 1947, having decided he had no real talent for film scoring, Feuer returned to New York City, where he teamed up with Ernest H. Martin, who had been the head of comedy programming at CBS Radio. After an aborted attempt to stage a production based on George Gershwin's An American in Paris, they produced Where's Charley?, the 1949 Frank Loesser adaption of Charley's Aunt. Although it was panned by six of the seven major New York critics, positive word-of-mouth about the show, particularly Ray Bolger's star turn in it, kept it running for three years.
Over the next several decades, Feuer & Martin mounted some of the most notable titles in the Broadway musical canon, including Guys and Dolls and How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, both of which won the Tony Award for Best Musical. As of 2007, How to Succeed... is one of only seven musicals to have won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Feuer and Martin owned the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre from 1960 to 1965.
Feuer was also a stage director. Among his Broadway directing credits were Little Me and the ill-fated I Remember Mama.
As a film producer, Feuer's most successful venture was his 1972 adaptation of Kander & Ebb's 1966 musical Cabaret. The movie was nominated for 10 Academy Awards and went to win eight Academy Awards, but Feurer lost Best Picture to The Godfather, giving Cabaret the distinction of the most Oscar-honored film to lose the top prize. As the movie's producer, Feuer won a Golden Globe for Best Musical or Comedy. With Martin, he was responsible for the 1985 screen adaptation of A Chorus Line, which proved to be one of their biggest flops.
Feuer's memoir, I Got The Show Right Here: The Amazing, True Story of How an Obscure Brooklyn Horn Player Became the Last Great Broadway Showman, written with Ken Gross, was published by Simon & Schuster in 2003.
Death
Feuer served as president, and later chairman, of the League of American Theatres and Producers (now called The Broadway League) from 1989 to 2003. He died on May 17, 2006, of bladder cancer in New York City, aged 95.
Additional Broadway credits
Can-Can (1953)
The Boy Friend (1954)
Silk Stockings (1955)
Whoop-Up (1958)
Hamlet (1964)
Skyscraper (1965)
Walking Happy (1966)
The Act (1977)
I Remember Mama (1979)
Awards and nominations
Selected filmography
Storm Over Bengal (1938) - nominated for an Academy Award
Woman Doctor (1939)
Sis Hopkins (1941) (with Susan Hayward, Bob Crosby and the Bobcats band; songs by Frank Loesser and Jule Styne )
Sons of the Pioneers (1942)
Man from Cheyenne (1942)
Cabaret (1972) - nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture
Piaf (1974)
References
Sources
External links
TonyAwards.com Interview with Cy Feuer
1911 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
American theatre directors
American male composers
American trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Broadway theatre directors
Broadway theatre producers
Musicians from Brooklyn
American theatre managers and producers
American autobiographers
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
New Utrecht High School alumni
Military personnel from New York City
Special Tony Award recipients
Tony Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy%20Feuer |
The Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council election of March 17, 1902 was the second election to the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia. No change was made in the administration of the elections compared with the first elections three years previously, so the Legislative Council continued to comprise ten voting members: the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia ex officio, five members nominated by the British South Africa Company, and four members elected by registered voters from two electoral districts. The Resident Commissioner of Southern Rhodesia, Sir Marshal James Clarke, also sat on the Legislative Council ex officio but without the right to vote.
Results
Note: Raleigh Grey was absent through the whole of the first session of the Legislative Council.
Additional elections
A new Order in Council promulgated in 1903 expanded the Legislative Council to fourteen members, seven to be directly elected, seven nominated by the British South Africa Company, and the Administrator to retain his seat ex officio so as to have a casting vote. Polling day was fixed for May 22, 1903.
New electoral districts were drawn up for the expanded election. The Northern District, returning two members, and the Eastern District, returning one, were carved out of Mashonaland, with the remaining parts merging with part of Matabeleland to form the Midland District (returning one member) and the Western District (returning three). In order to provide continuity, the sitting members for Mashonaland were automatically made the members for the Northern District (as it contained Salisbury), and the sitting members for Matabeleland were made members for the Western District (as it contained Bulawayo). However, before the election, Percival Ross Frames resigned his seat on the council (March 24, 1903) and so two members were elected for the Western District.
Results
Nominated members
The initial five members nominated by the British South Africa Company were:
John Gilbert Kotzé, Attorney-General
Sir Thomas Charles Scanlen KCMG, Additional Law Officer
Joseph Millerd Orpen, Surveyor-General
Townshend Griffin, Commissioner of Mines and Public Works
Herbert Hayton Castens, Chief Secretary
During the absence of Townshend Griffin from November 7, 1902, Clarkson Henry Tredgold (Solicitor-General) stood in for him. When the membership was expanded in 1903, the nominated members were:
Sir Thomas Charles Scanlen KCMG, Additional Law Officer
Francis James Newton CMG, Treasurer
Herbert Hayton Castens, Chief Secretary
Clarkson Henry Tredgold, Attorney-General
James Hutchison Kennedy, Master of the High Court
Edward Ross Townsend, Secretary for Agriculture
Ernest William Sanders Montagu, Secretary for Mines
References
Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia 1898-1962 ed. by F.M.G. Willson (Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1963)
Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964 by F.M.G. Willson and G.C. Passmore, assisted by Margaret T. Mitchell (Source Book No. 3, Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1966)
Official Year Book of the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, No. 1 - 1924, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia
Legislative Council election
Elections in Southern Rhodesia
Non-partisan elections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902%20Southern%20Rhodesian%20Legislative%20Council%20election |
Taraji Penda Henson ( ; born September 11, 1970) is an American actress. She studied acting at Howard University and began her Hollywood career in guest roles on several television shows before making her breakthrough in Baby Boy (2001). She played a prostitute in Hustle & Flow (2005) and a single mother of a disabled child in David Fincher's The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008), for which she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 2010, she appeared in the action comedy Date Night and the drama The Karate Kid, and in 2016, she starred as mathematician Katherine Johnson in the critically acclaimed drama Hidden Figures.
Henson has also had an extensive career in television. She starred in the Lifetime television film Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story (2011), which earned her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. From 2011 to 2013, she co-starred as Detective Jocelyn Carter in the CBS drama Person of Interest. From 2015 to 2020, she starred as Cookie Lyon in the Fox drama series Empire, for which she became the first African-American woman to win the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series. She also won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards in 2015 and 2016.
In 2016, Time named Henson one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Later that year, she released a New York Times best selling autobiography titled Around the Way Girl.
Early life and education
Taraji Penda Henson was born September 11, 1970, in Southeast Washington, D.C., the daughter of Bernice (née Gordon), a corporate manager at Woodward & Lothrop, and Boris Lawrence Henson, a janitor and metal fabricator. She has often spoken of the influence of her maternal grandmother, Patsy Ballard, who accompanied her at the Academy Awards the year she was nominated. Her first and middle names are of Swahili origin: Taraji ("hope") and Penda ("love"). According to a mitochondrial DNA analysis, her matrilineal lineage can be traced to the Masa people of Cameroon. She has said that North Pole explorer Matthew Henson was "the brother of [her] great-great-grandfather."
Henson graduated from Oxon Hill High School in Oxon Hill, Maryland, in 1988. She attended North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, where she intended to study electrical engineering, before transferring to Howard University to study drama. To pay for college, she worked mornings as a secretary at The Pentagon and evenings as a singing-dancing waitress on a dinner-cruise ship, the Spirit of Washington.
Film career
Early career (2001–2014)
Henson received her SAG membership card in the early 1990s for doing three roles as a background performer. Her first prominent role was in the 2001 comedy-drama film Baby Boy, where she portrayed Yvette, alongside singer Tyrese Gibson.
In 2005, Henson was in the independent film Hustle & Flow as Shug, the love interest of Terrence Howard, who portrayed the male lead DJay. She made her singing debut in the film, which was nominated for two Academy awards and won one. In 2008, she appeared with Brad Pitt in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, where she played Queenie, Benjamin's mother, and for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. In an interview with Lauren Viera of The Chicago Tribune, she noted that "Queenie is the embodiment of unconditional love."
Henson acted in two Tyler Perry films, The Family That Preys in 2008 and I Can Do Bad All By Myself in 2009. In 2010, she appeared in the remake of The Karate Kid with Jaden Smith and Jackie Chan. Though reviews were lackluster, the film was a commercial success.
In 2011, Henson starred as Tiffany Rubin in the Lifetime Movie Network film Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story. It was based on true events in the life of a New York woman whose son, Kobe, was abducted by his biological father to South Korea.
Her portrayal of Rubin received positive reviews and earned her several award nominations, including a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.
In 2012, Henson was in the large ensemble cast film Think Like a Man, based on Steve Harvey's 2009 book Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man. She reprised the role in the film's sequel, Think Like a Man Too, released in June 2014.
Hidden Figures and beyond (2015–present)
In 2016, Henson starred in the biographical drama film Hidden Figures, a major box-office success nominated for numerous awards, including three Oscars (Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actress for Octavia Spencer) and two Golden Globes (Best Supporting Actress for Spencer and Best Original Score). It won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.
In January 2018, she starred in Sony Screen Gems's thriller-drama film Proud Mary, as a hit woman whose life is turned around when she meets a young boy who awakens the maternal instinct she never knew she had. In March, she starred in the film Tyler Perry's Acrimony as a faithful wife who, after tiring of standing by her husband, is enraged when she believes herself betrayed. In November, she voiced the character Yesss in Disney's Ralph Breaks the Internet, a sequel to the studio's Wreck-It Ralph.
In February 2019, Henson starred in What Men Want (based on the 2000 Mel Gibson romantic comedy What Women Want) as a female sports agent, looked down upon by male colleagues, who gains the power to hear men's thoughts. In April 2019, she starred in the historical drama The Best of Enemies, portraying civil rights activist Ann Atwater.
Henson is also slated to star in and produce The Emmett Till Story, a film about Emmett Till, a 14-year-old black Chicago teen who was abducted, tortured, murdered, and dumped in a river by two white men in rural Mississippi in 1955. Henson will play Till's mother, Mamie.
Television career
Henson has guest-starred on several television shows, including The WB's Smart Guy, the Fox series House in 2005, and CBS's CSI: Crime Scene Investigation in 2006. She also appeared in an episode of Sister, Sister.
Additionally, Henson has been a cast member on several television shows, including Lifetime's The Division and ABC's Boston Legal for one season. Her recurring characters include Angela Scott on ABC's Eli Stone. In 2011, she was cast in the CBS crime-suspense series Person of Interest. In the November 20, 2013 episode, "The Crossing", after co-starring for two and a half years, Henson's character, 'Joss' Carter was killed as part of the series' new storyline. In February 2014, several months after her last Person of Interest episode, Henson was hired by Fox to star in Empire, a musical drama set in the hip hop recording industry, where she plays Cookie Lyon opposite former Hustle & Flow costar Terrence Howard. Fox ordered the pilot in May 2014, and the series debuted on January 7, 2015, with positive critical reviews and wide commercial success. The role brought Henson widespread recognition and critical acclaim. In July 2015, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, and submitted the show's pilot for Emmy voting. In January 2016, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for Empire, becoming only the third African-American actress to take home the award after Gail Fisher (1972) and Regina Taylor (1992). At the 46th NAACP Image Awards, she was named the 2015 Entertainer of the Year for her roles in Empire and No Good Deed.
In 2015, Henson teamed up with Howard to produce and host a variety holiday special for Fox, Taraji and Terrence's White Hot Holidays. The special was produced again in 2016 and 2017, without Howard.
In July 2020, it was reported that a spin-off Empire series focusing on Henson's character, Cookie Lyon, was in development, with Henson producing and starring, as part of Henson's two-year first-look deal with 20th Century Fox Television through her production company, TPH Entertainment. The deal includes developing projects for the network across multiple platforms. Henson said she hopes to tackle a number of sensitive topics while cultivating young, fresh voices. FOX has since decided to not move forward with the spin-off, currently putting the series on hold.
In December 2020, Henson began hosting the talk show Peace of Mind with Taraji on Facebook Watch. On December 2, 2021, Henson played the role of Miss Hannigan in Annie Live! on NBC.
Other work
Henson made her singing debut in the film Hustle & Flow, where she provided the vocals for the Three 6 Mafia track "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp". The song won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2006, giving Three 6 Mafia the distinction of becoming the first African-American hip hop act to win in that category. Henson and the group performed the song at the live Oscar ceremony on March 5, 2006. She also sang "In My Daughter's Eyes" on the 2006 charity album Unexpected Dreams – Songs From the Stars.
Henson has made several appearances in music videos and television. In 2005, she starred in the rapper Common's music video "Testify" as the wife of a soon-to-be-convicted murderer, and appeared in Tyrese Gibson's music video "Stay" as his love interest. On March 16, 2015, she was a guest co-host on Live! with Kelly and Michael, filling in for Kelly Ripa.
Henson collaborated with MAC Cosmetics to create the Taraji P. Henson makeup collection in late August 2016. The #MACTaraji collection debuted the following month. In November 2016, she again collaborated with MAC as the spokesperson for their Viva Glam Campaign, along with Jussie Smollett, to benefit the MAC HIV/AIDS fund. Their collection debuted in February 2017.
Henson has appeared in a few stage roles, including a production of August Wilson's Joe Turner's Come and Gone and the Pasadena Playhouse's Above the Fold.
She also started The Boris Lawrence Henson Foundation. Named after her father, it deals with cultural mental illness.
On April 1, 2022, Henson was appointed by President Joe Biden to the President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities.
Personal life
In 1994, Henson gave birth to her son Marcell. His father, Henson's high-school sweetheart William LaMarr Johnson, was murdered in 2003. In 2014, Henson said that her son had been racially profiled by police and that his car had been illegally searched during a traffic stop in Glendale, California. A video obtained by the Los Angeles Times showed Marcell had driven through a lighted crosswalk while a pedestrian was crossing, given verbal consent to search his vehicle, and admitted to smoking marijuana two hours before driving. Hashish oil and marijuana were found inside the car. Forty minutes after the video was made public, Henson said in an Instagram message, "I would like to publicly apologize to the officer and the Glendale Police Department. A mother's job is not easy, and neither is a police officer's."
A supporter of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), Henson appeared nude in an ad for the I'd Rather Be Naked Than Wear Fur campaign in January 2011. She joined PETA again for their 2013 campaign, "Be an Angel for Animals", where Henson posed with her family dog Uncle Willie. "Chained dogs suffer day in and day out," the ad stated. "They are cold, hungry, thirsty, vulnerable, and lonely. Keep them inside, where it's safe and warm."
Henson posed nude for the May issue of Allure magazine in 2012. In February 2015, Henson was featured in an ad for the NOH8 Campaign supporting the LGBT community. In late 2017, she switched to a vegan diet.
On May 13, 2018, Henson was engaged to former NFL player Kelvin Hayden. She disclosed the end of their engagement during the October 19, 2020, episode of The Breakfast Club.
Henson is a Christian and considers acting to be a spiritual experience.
Awards and nominations
Henson has received many accolades for her work in film and television. In 2015, Henson won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series (for Empire), and became the first black actress in the history of the awards show to do so. She also won a Golden Globe in the same category for the series. Additionally, Henson has received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress (for The Curious Case of Benjamin Button), multiple Screen Actors Guild Awards (winning Outstanding Motion Picture Cast in 2017 for Hidden Figures) and three Primetime Emmy Awards (for Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story and Empire).
Filmography
Film
Television
Documentary
Music Videos
References
External links
Taraji P. Henson at TV.com
1970 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Washington, D.C.
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Howard University alumni
Living people
North Carolina A&T State University alumni
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Oxon Hill, Maryland
American LGBT rights activists
African-American Christians
Shorty Award winners
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
American people of Cameroonian descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraji%20P.%20Henson |
The 1996 Ontario Liberal Party leadership convention, held between November 29 and December 1, 1996 at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, elected Dalton McGuinty as the new leader of the Ontario Liberal Party, replacing Lyn McLeod, who announced her resignation following the 1995 Ontario provincial election.
The contest featured seven official candidates: MPPs Anna-Marie Castrilli, Joseph Cordiano, Dwight Duncan, John Gerretsen, Gerrard Kennedy, and Dalton McGuinty, and businessman Greg Kells. McGuinty lost the subsequent 1999 provincial election but won in 2003 and served as Premier for almost ten years until 2013.
Background
Lyn McLeod, a cabinet minister in the government of Premier David Peterson, was elected leader of the party in 1992 following the defeat of the Peterson government in 1990. She defeated frontrunner Murray Elston by nine votes on the fifth ballot, becoming the first woman to lead a major party in Ontario.
The party under McLeod had been leading in the polls for most of the period from 1992 to 1995, and were generally favoured to benefit from the swing in support away from the NDP. However, the party hurt its credibility through a series of high-profile policy reversals in the period leading up to the election, the most notable being her stance on rights for same-sex couples. Following her disappointing showing in the 1995 provincial election, McLeod announced in September 1995 she would step down as soon as a replacement is selected.
Early Campaign
Former cabinet ministers Sean Conway, Murray Elston and Gerry Phillips were initially the leading contenders for the leadership. At a preliminary planning meeting hosted by the party in January 1996, prospective candidates sent representatives, including the four of the six MPPs eventually entered the race (excluding Duncan who was supporting Conway at the time, and Kennedy who was not an MPP at the time); MPPs Conway, Phillips, Dominic Agostino, Richard Patten; federal environment minister Sergio Marchi, Toronto lawyer John Campion; and Robert McMurtry, brother of former Progressive Conservative Attorney General Roy McMurtry.
Conway publicly declared his intention to run in the summer of 1995, and was widely perceived to have accumulated enough support within the caucus and the wider party to secure victory, but announced in late January 1996 that he would not be a candidate. Phillips announced his bid in late March after Conway's exit, quickly emerging as the frontrunner and garnering support from half of the caucus, but withdraw in April due to a heart ailment.
Duncan became the first caucus member to formally announce a bid in June, followed shortly by Kennedy in mid July. McGuinty, Cordiano, Castrilli and Gerretsen all officially entered the race in late August. Each candidate were required to pay a $50,000 non-refundable deposit.
Candidates
Anna-Marie Castrilli
Anna-Marie Castrilli, 47 a lawyer, was elected MPP for Downsview in 1995. A former chair of the Governing Council of the University of Toronto, she served as the party's colleges and universities critic.
Other prominent supporters: Federal Ministers Jane Stewart (MP for Brant) and Art Eggleton (MP for York Centre)
Joseph Cordiano
Joseph Cordiano, 39, was first elected MPP in 1985 for Downsview, and served as MPP for Lawrence since 1987. He served as a Parliamentary Assistant to several ministers during the Peterson government, and was the only candidate that has served in government. In opposition he was a prominent voice for the party within Toronto. At the start of the campaign, he was seen as the leading right-of-centre challenger to frontrunner Kennedy.
Supporters in Caucus (4): Elinor Caplan (Oriole), John Cleary (Cornwall), Alvin Curling (Scarborough North), Mario Sergio (Yorkview)
Other prominent supporters: Tony Ianno (MP for Trinity—Spadina, cousin of Cordiano and served as campaign chair)
Dwight Duncan
Dwight Duncan, 37, was MPP Windsor—Walkerville since 1995. Duncan was an aide to prominent Windsor political figures like federal minister Herb Gray and provincial minister Bill Wrye, and served on Windsor City Council from 1988 until 1994. He campaigned on a cautious fiscal strategy but with plans for increased investment in health and education. Confidence with his chances, his campaign allowed a CPAC camera crew to shadow him throughout the convention, capturing a number of less-than-flattering moments for Duncan.
Supporters in Caucus (9): Rick Bartolucci (Sudbury), Michael Brown (Algoma-Manitoulin), Mike Colle (Oakwood), Sean Conway (Renfrew North), Bruce Crozier (Essex South), Pat Hoy (Essex-Kent), Frank Miclash (Kenora), Sandra Pupatello (Windsor-Sandwich), David Ramsay (Timiskaming)
Other prominent supporters: Federal Minister Herb Gray (MP for Windsor West); former MPP Tim Murphy
John Gerretsen
John Gerretsen, 54, was a lawyer who was elected MPP for Kingston and the Islands in 1995. He served as a Kingston Alderman/Councillor between 1972 and 1980, and served as Mayor between 1980 and 1988. He was also President of the Association of Municipalities of Ontario from 1986 to 1987.
Greg Kells
Greg Kells was an Ottawa area businessman, and the only candidate who was not in caucus.
Gerrard Kennedy
Gerrard Kennedy, 36, only entered the legislature at the end of May, when he won the by-election to replace former Premier Bob Rae in York South. He has however made a name of himself as the head of the Daily Bread Food Bank. He was seen as the leading left-of-centre candidate, and was identified by the press as the early frontrunner.
Supporters in Caucus (3): Dominic Agostino (Hamilton East), Monte Kwinter (Wilson Heights), Gerry Phillips (Scarborough—Agincourt)
Other prominent supporters: Former Peterson era ministers Robert Nixon, Bob Wong, Chris Ward and Charles Beer; former MPP Dianne Poole; Senator Keith Davey.
Dalton McGuinty
Dalton McGuinty, 41, a lawyer, succeeded his father Dalton McGuinty Sr. as the MPP for Ottawa South in 1990. He was seen as being from the more conservative wing of the party. Critics argued McGuinty was little more than 'Harris-lite'. Supporters countered that election of the Mike Harris government marked a transformation of thinking in Ontario politics and that the Liberals needed a right-leaning leader to compete against Harris rather than someone who would compete against NDP for a diminishing number of left-leaning voters.
Supporters in Caucus (4): Bob Chiarelli (Ottawa West), Bernard Grandmaître (Ottawa East), Gilles Morin (Carleton East), Tony Ruprecht (Parkdale)
Other prominent supporters: Federal Industry Minister John Manley (MP for Ottawa South), Former Waterloo North MPP Herb Epp
Delegate selection
Under the procedure outlined by the party's constitution, all members of the party are eligible to cast a two-part ballot at one of the constituency association delegate selection meetings held across the province. Members vote directly for their choice of leadership candidate (or for "independent") in the top part of the ballot, and for up to 16 local delegates for the leadership convention in the bottom part of the ballot. There are also a number of women's and youth clubs that are entitled to elect delegates. Elected delegates were apportioned to leadership candidates based on their share of votes in the top part of the ballot, and are bounded to vote for their leadership candidates on the first ballot at the leadership convention. The small number of independent delegates elected can vote for whomever they chose at the convention. There were 2,386 elected delegates. There were also 514 ex-officio delegates made up of party insiders who were not committed to voting for any candidate.
Kennedy quickly attained front runner status in the race. Although he was only recently elected in a by-election he gained notoriety as head of the Daily Bread Food Bank. He was known for criticising the NDP's food policy yet coming up with practical methods to combat hunger. While four years earlier many Liberals marginalized Greg Sorbara, an Italian Canadian, as "the ethnic candidate" during the 1992 leadership contest, Cordiano, who served as Sorbara's parliamentary secretary and also an Italian Canadian, did not face the same barrier and was considered the primary challenger to Kennedy.
Kennedy emerged with a clear lead from the October delegate selection meetings. With almost 30% elected delegates, he had a lead of 200 delegates over his closest competitor. Duncan, Cordiano and McGuinty all elicited strong initial delegate support. Gerretsen, Castrilli and Kells were clearly long-shot candidates.
Convention
The leadership convention was scheduled to be held at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens on November 29 and 30, 1996. It was remembered as a hard-fought 15½-hour battle and an organizational disaster. Although voting was supposed to start at 1 p.m. on Saturday, it didn't begin until more than two hours later, and the results of the first ballot were not available until 7:30 p.m. Candidates in last place, or with less than 5 per cent of the vote, were eliminated after each ballot.
Kennedy led after the first ballot with 30%. Cordiano, Duncan and McGuinty battled for running up, with 22%, 18% and 18% respectively. After first ballot, Castilli first announced she was dropping out but then change her mind, contributing to a three-hour delay before the next ballot results were announced.
It was rumoured that McGuinty and Duncan had a deal that whoever was behind would drop out and endorse the other. (Other reports suggested McGuinty also had a similar deal with Cordiano.) McGuinty, who received less vote in the second ballot than the first ballot, was about to withdraw from the race after second ballot, but changed his mind as he unexpectedly received the endorsements of both Castrilli (who was eliminated) and Gerretsen (withdrawn). Gerretsen said he and McGuinty made no deal, but that his own supporters and constituents favored an eastern Ontario candidate. Castrilli supporters suggested she felt a bond with the low-profile McGuinty as a party outsider. Castrilli and Gerretsen hoisted McGuinty into the pivotal third spot and pushed Duncan from the race after the third ballot.
The third ballot result was announced after midnight. Kennedy experienced very little growth, while McGuinty leapfrogged Duncan and tied Cordiano for second place. Duncan was eliminated and endorsed Kennedy. Duncan's decision infuriated many of his supporters, and less than half of his delegates went with him to Kennedy.
The results of the fourth ballot was announced at about 2:30 a.m. Cordiano was eliminated and threw his support to McGuinty. There was high drama as Cordiano crossed the crowded convention floor, where McGuinty came to meet him in the centre of convention hall in full view of all the delegates. Unlike Duncan, Cordiano delivered 80% of his delegate, and was thereby largely responsible for McGuinty's victory over Kennedy for the party's leadership.
The fifth ballot, past 4 AM, came to a final direct match between Kennedy, who had led all four ballots, and McGuinty, who had steadily risen from an initial fourth place and surged to victory by a convincing 1,205 to 1,065 margin.
Ballot results
= Eliminated from next round
= Withdrew nomination
= Winner
Castrilli initially withdrew from the 2nd ballot but subsequently returned, causing a delay in voting
Aftermath
After the contest, McGuinty named Cordiano, who was widely seen as the kingmaker, as deputy leader. Cordiano was however replaced by Gerry Phillips in 1998.
The subsequent 1999 election saw the legislature reduced from 130 to 103 seats, resulting in many MPPs having to compete with each other for re-election. Cordiano and Kennedy initially competed for the nomination in the redistributed riding of York South—Weston, but Kennedy was convinced by the party leadership to run in the new riding of Parkdale—High Park. In a highly divisive and race-driven contest, Castrilli was defeated for the party's nomination in York Centre by Monte Kwinter. McGuinty unsuccessfully tried to convince Castrilli to run in a different riding. Castrilli defected on the day the writ was dropped, became the Progressive Conservative candidate against Kennedy in Parkdale—High Park, and was defeated by Kennedy.
Castrilli's indecision after the first ballot caused the party to institute rules imposing time limit and irrevocable written notice requirement for withdrawal in future conventions. Those rules impacted the second ballot of the 2013 convention, where Harinder Takhar endorsed Sandra Pupatello after the first ballot, but missed the withdrawal deadline and remained on the second ballot.
McGuinty lost the 1999 election, but successful fought back a leadership review later in 1999 with 80% support and remained leader. He won in 2003 and served as Premier for almost ten years until 2013. Cordiano, Duncan, Kennedy and Gerretsen all served as senior cabinet ministers in the government of McGuinty.
Kennedy left the government and unsuccessfully sought the federal party leadership in 2006, but was instrumental sealing the victory for Stephane Dion, another victor who started from fourth place. Kennedy again contested the province party leadership in 2013, coming in third and throwing his support to the eventual winner Kathleen Wynne over frontrunner Sandra Pupatello (who served as Duncan's campaign chair in 1996). In that contest, Gerretsen was the most senior caucus supporter of Wynne, and served as Wynne's Attorney General during the first 16 months of her government.
References
1996 elections in Canada
Liberal Party Leadership election
1996
1996
Ontario Liberal Party leadership election
November 1996 events in Canada
December 1996 events in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Ontario%20Liberal%20Party%20leadership%20election |
The Hellenic Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, HCDCP (Greek: Κέντρο Ελέγχου και Πρόληψης Νοσημάτων, ΚΕΕΛΠΝΟ) was Greece's public health organization until 2019. It was based in Athens, Greece, and was named "HCIDC" (Hellenic Centre for Infectious Diseases Control) up to 2005.
HCDCP was replaced in 2019 and its full successor is the National Public Health Organization.
References
See also
For similar agencies, please see the list of national public health agencies
Medical and health organizations based in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic%20Centre%20for%20Diseases%20Control%20and%20Prevention |
Podopteryx is a damselfly genus. It belongs in the family Argiolestidae.
They are very large damselflies found in Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia.
Species
The genus Podopteryx has two described species:
Podopteryx casuarina Lieftinck, 1949
Podopteryx selysi (Foerster, 1899) – Treehole Flatwing
References
Calopterygoidea
Zygoptera genera
Odonata of Asia
Odonata of Australia
Taxa named by Edmond de Sélys Longchamps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podopteryx |
Sharovipteryx ("Sharov's wing", known until 1981 as Podopteryx, "foot wing") is a genus of early gliding reptiles containing the single species Sharovipteryx mirabilis. It is known from a single fossil and is the only glider with a membrane surrounding the pelvis instead of the pectoral girdle. This lizard-like reptile was found in 1965 in the Madygen Formation, Dzailauchou, on the southwest edge of the Fergana Valley in Kyrgyzstan, in what was then the Asian part of the U.S.S.R. dating to the middle-late Triassic period (about 225 million years ago). The Madygen horizon displays flora that put it in the Upper Triassic. An unusual reptile, Longisquama, was also found there.
S. mirabilis is known from a unique holotype specimen, which was first described by Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov in 1971. Sharov named the species Podopteryx mirabilis, "foot wing", for the wing membranes on the hind limbs. However, that name had previously been used for a genus of damselfly, Podopteryx, so in 1981 Richard Cowen created the new genus name Sharovipteryx for the species.
Description
The skeleton is preserved in dorsal view and largely complete, with the bones still articulated and impressions of some of the integument. But part of the pectoral girdle is missing and part is still encased in stone.
In 1987, Gans et al. published a revised description: they found that the patagium did not extend to the forelimbs. Their experiments with models showed that the reptile could glide with its uropatagium and stabilize its glide by changing the angles of its forelimbs to provide an aeronautic canard or by bending its tail up or down to produce drag.In 2006, Dyke et al. published a study on possible gliding techniques for Sharovipteryx. The authors found that the wing membrane, which stretched between its very long hind legs and tail, would have allowed it to glide as a delta wing aircraft does. If the tiny front limbs also supported a membrane, they could have acted as a very efficient means of controlling pitch stability, very much like an aeronautic canard. Without a forewing, the authors find, controlled gliding would have been very difficult. Together with the canards on the forelimbs, these anterior membranes may have formed excellent control surfaces for gliding. The area around the forelimbs was completely prepared away in the only known fossil, destroying any possible trace of a membrane there.
Classification
Sharovipteryx is generally agreed to belong to a group of early archosaur relatives known as the protorosaurs (or prolacertiformes). A possible close relative of Sharovipteryx, Ozimek volans was recovered as a member of the family Tanystropheidae in the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Pritchard & Sues (2019); Sharovipteryx itself was not included in this analysis, but the authors considered it possible that both Ozimek and Sharovipteryx were nested within Tanystropheidae.
See also
Coelurosauravus
Draco volans
References
External links
First Delta-Wing Fighter Was a Reptile – LiveScience.com
JPG of the fossil from the Russian paleontological museum – Paleo.ru
Photograph of the type specimen, from the twitter account of Nickolay Gnezdilov
Photograph of the type specimen, from the twitter account of Christian Kammerer
Prehistoric archosauromorphs
Prehistoric reptile genera
Carnian genera
Middle Triassic reptiles of Asia
Gliding animals
Fossils of Kyrgyzstan
Madygen Formation
Fossil taxa described in 1971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharovipteryx |
A tropical cyclone forecast model is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast aspects of the future state of tropical cyclones. There are three types of models: statistical, dynamical, or combined statistical-dynamic. Dynamical models utilize powerful supercomputers with sophisticated mathematical modeling software and meteorological data to calculate future weather conditions. Statistical models forecast the evolution of a tropical cyclone in a simpler manner, by extrapolating from historical datasets, and thus can be run quickly on platforms such as personal computers. Statistical-dynamical models use aspects of both types of forecasting. Four primary types of forecasts exist for tropical cyclones: track, intensity, storm surge, and rainfall. Dynamical models were not developed until the 1970s and the 1980s, with earlier efforts focused on the storm surge problem.
Track models did not show forecast skill when compared to statistical models until the 1980s. Statistical-dynamical models were used from the 1970s into the 1990s. Early models use data from previous model runs while late models produce output after the official hurricane forecast has been sent. The use of consensus, ensemble, and superensemble forecasts lowers errors more than any individual forecast model. Both consensus and superensemble forecasts can use the guidance of global and regional models runs to improve the performance more than any of their respective components. Techniques used at the Joint Typhoon Warning Center indicate that superensemble forecasts are a very powerful tool for track forecasting.
Statistical guidance
The first statistical guidance used by the National Hurricane Center was the Hurricane Analog Technique (HURRAN), which was available in 1969. It used the newly developed North Atlantic tropical cyclone database to find storms with similar tracks. It then shifted their tracks through the storm's current path, and used location, direction and speed of motion, and the date to find suitable analogs. The method did well with storms south of the 25th parallel which had not yet turned northward, but poorly with systems near or after recurvature. Since 1972, the Climatology and Persistence (CLIPER) statistical model has been used to help generate tropical cyclone track forecasts. In the era of skillful dynamical forecasts, CLIPER is now being used as the baseline to show model and forecaster skill. The Statistical Hurricane Intensity Forecast (SHIFOR) has been used since 1979 for tropical cyclone intensity forecasting. It uses climatology and persistence to predict future intensity, including the current Julian day, current cyclone intensity, the cyclone's intensity 12 hours ago, the storm's initial latitude and longitude, as well as its zonal (east-west) and meridional (north-south) components of motion.
A series of statistical-dynamical models, which used regression equations based upon CLIPER output and the latest output from primitive equation models run at the National Meteorological Center, then National Centers for Environmental Prediction, were developed between the 1970s and 1990s and were named NHC73, NHC83, NHC90, NHC91, and NHC98. Within the field of tropical cyclone track forecasting, despite the ever-improving dynamical model guidance which occurred with increased computational power, it was not until the decade of the 1980s when numerical weather prediction showed skill, and until the 1990s when it consistently outperformed statistical or simple dynamical models. In 1994, a version of SHIFOR was created for the northwest Pacific Ocean for typhoon forecasting, known as the Statistical Typhoon Intensity Forecast (STIFOR), which used the 1971–1990 data for that region to develop intensity forecasts out to 72 hours into the future.
In regards to intensity forecasting, the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) utilizes relationships between environmental conditions from the Global Forecast System (GFS) such as vertical wind shear and sea surface temperatures, climatology, and persistence (storm behavior) via multiple regression techniques to come up with an intensity forecast for systems in the northern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific oceans. A similar model was developed for the northwest Pacific Ocean and Southern Hemisphere known as the Statistical Intensity Prediction System (STIPS), which accounts for land interactions through the input environmental conditions from the Navy Operational Global Prediction System (NOGAPS) model. The version of SHIPS with an inland decay component is known as Decay SHIPS (DSHIPS). The Logistic Growth Equation Model (LGEM) uses the same input as SHIPS but within a simplified dynamical prediction system. Within tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting, the Rainfall Climatology and Persistence (r-CLIPER) model was developed using microwave rainfall data from polar orbiting satellites over the ocean and first-order rainfall measurements from the land, to come up with a realistic rainfall distribution for tropical cyclones based on the National Hurricane Center's track forecast. It has been operational since 2004. A statistical-parametric wind radii model has been developed for use at the National Hurricane Center and Joint Typhoon Warning Center which uses climatology and persistence to predict wind structure out to five days into the future.
Dynamical guidance
The first dynamical hurricane track forecast model, the Sanders Barotropic Tropical Cyclone Track Prediction Model (SANBAR), was introduced in 1970 and was used by the National Hurricane Center as part of its operational track guidance through 1989. It was based on a simplified set of atmospheric dynamical equations (the equivalent barotropic formulation) using a deep layer-mean wind.
During 1972, the first model to forecast storm surge along the continental shelf of the United States was developed, known as the Special Program to List the Amplitude of Surges from Hurricanes (SPLASH). In 1978, the first full-physics hurricane-tracking model based on atmospheric dynamics – the movable fine-mesh (MFM) model – began operating. The Quasi-Lagrangian Limited Area (QLM) model is a multi-level primitive equation model using a Cartesian grid and the Global Forecast System (GFS) for boundary conditions. In the early 1980s, the assimilation of satellite-derived winds from water vapor, infrared, and visible satellite imagery was found to improve tropical cyclones track forecasting. The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) hurricane model was used for research purposes between 1973 and the mid-1980s. Once it was determined that it could show skill in hurricane prediction, a multi-year transition transformed the research model into an operational model which could be used by the National Weather Service for both track and intensity forecasting in 1995. By 1985, the Sea Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) Model had been developed for use in areas of the Gulf of Mexico and near the United States' East coast, which was more robust than the SPLASH model.
The Beta Advection Model (BAM) has been used operationally since 1987 using steering winds averaged through the 850 hPa to 200 hPa layer and the Beta effect which causes a storm to drift northwest due to differences in the coriolis effect across the tropical cyclone. The larger the cyclone, the larger the impact of the beta effect is likely to be. Starting in 1990, three versions of the BAM were run operationally: the BAM shallow (BAMS) average winds in an 850 hPa to 700 hPa layer, the BAM Medium (BAMM) which uses average winds in an 850 hPa to 400 hPa layer, and the BAM Deep (BAMD) which is the same as the pre-1990 BAM. For a weak hurricane without well-developed central thunderstorm activity, BAMS works well, because weak storms tend to be steered by low-level winds. As the storm grows stronger and associated thunderstorm activity near its center gets deeper, BAMM and BAMD become more accurate, as these types of storms are steered more by the winds in the upper-level. If the forecast from the three versions is similar, then the forecaster can conclude that there is minimal uncertainty, but if the versions vary by a great deal, then the forecaster has less confidence in the track predicted due to the greater uncertainty. Large differences between model predictions can also indicate wind shear in the atmosphere, which could affect the intensity forecast as well.
Tested in 1989 and 1990, The Vic Ooyama Barotropic (VICBAR) model used a cubic-B spline representation of variables for the objective analysis of observations and solutions to the shallow-water prediction equations on nested domains, with the boundary conditions defined as the global forecast model. It was implemented operationally as the Limited Area Sine Transform Barotropic (LBAR) model in 1992, using the GFS for boundary conditions. By 1990, Australia had developed its own storm surge model which was able to be run in a few minutes on a personal computer. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) developed its own Typhoon Model (TYM) in 1994, and in 1998, the agency began using its own dynamic storm surge model.
The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model is a specialized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and is used to forecast the track and intensity of tropical cyclones. The model was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, the University of Rhode Island, and Florida State University. It became operational in 2007. Despite improvements in track forecasting, predictions of the intensity of a tropical cyclone based on numerical weather prediction continue to be a challenge, since statistical methods continue to show higher skill over dynamical guidance. Other than the specialized guidance, global guidance such as the GFS, Unified Model (UKMET), NOGAPS, Japanese Global Spectral Model (GSM), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model, France's Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) and Aire Limit´ee Adaptation Dynamique Initialisation (ALADIN) models, India's National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) model, Korea's Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS) and Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS) models, Hong Kong/China's Operational Regional Spectral Model (ORSM) model, and Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale Model (GEM) model are used for track and intensity purposes.
Timeliness
Some models do not produce output quickly enough to be used for the forecast cycle immediately after the model starts running (including HWRF, GFDL, and FSSE). Most of the above track models (except CLIPER) require data from global weather models, such as the GFS, which produce output about four hours after the synoptic times of 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). For half of their forecasts, the NHC issues forecasts only three hours after that time, so some "early" models – NHC90, BAM, and LBAR – are run using a 12-hour-old forecast for the current time. "Late" models, such as the GFS and GFDL, finish after the advisory has already been issued. These models are interpolated to the current storm position for use in the following forecast cycle – for example, GFDI, the interpolated version of the GFDL model.
Consensus methods
Using a consensus of forecast models reduces forecast error. Trackwise, the GUNA model is a consensus of the interpolated versions of the GFDL, UKMET with quality control applied to the cyclone tracker, United States Navy NOGAPS, and GFS models. The version of the GUNA corrected for model biases is known as the CGUN. The TCON consensus is the GUNA consensus plus the Hurricane WRF model. The version of the TCON corrected for model biases is known as the TCCN. A lagged average of the last two runs of the members within the TCON plus the ECMWF model is known as the TVCN consensus. The version of the TVCN corrected for model biases is the TVCC consensus.
In early 2013, The NAVGEM replaced the NOGAPS as the Navy's primary operational global forecast model. For the 2013 season, and until model verification can occur, it is not being utilized in the development of any consensus forecasts.
For intensity, a combination of the LGEM, interpolated GFDL, interpolated HWRF, and DSHIPS models is known as the ICON consensus. The lagged average of the last two runs of models within the ICON consensus is called the IVCN consensus. Across the northwest Pacific and Southern Hemisphere, a ten-member STIPS consensus is formed from the output of the NOGAPS,
GFS, the Japanese GSM, the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), the UKMET, the Japanese TYM, the GFDL with NOGAPS boundary conditions, the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Model, the Australian Tropical Cyclone Local Area Prediction System, and the Weber Barotropic Model.
Ensemble methods
No model is ever perfectly accurate because it is impossible to learn exactly everything about the atmosphere in a timely enough manner, and atmospheric measurements that are taken are not completely accurate. The use of the ensemble method of forecasting, whether it be a multi-model ensemble, or numerous ensemble members based on the global model, helps define the uncertainty and further limit errors.
The JMA has produced an 11-member ensemble forecast system for typhoons known as the Typhoon Ensemble Prediction System (TEPS) since February 2008, which is run out to 132 hours into the future. It uses a lower resolution version (with larger grid spacing) of its GSM, with ten perturbed members and one non-perturbed member. The system reduces errors by an average of five days into the future when compared to its higher resolution GSM.
The Florida State Super Ensemble (FSSE) is produced from a suite of models which then uses statistical regression equations developed over a training phase to reduce their biases, which produces forecasts better than the member models or their mean solution. It uses 11 global models, including five developed at Florida State University, the Unified Model, the GFS, the NOGAPS, the United States Navy NOGAPS, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre (BMRC) model, and Canadian Recherche en Prévision Numérique (RPN) model. It shows significant skill in track, intensity, and rainfall predictions of tropical cyclones.
The Systematic Approach Forecast Aid (SAFA) was developed by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center to create a selective consensus forecast which removed more erroneous forecasts at a 72‑hour time frame from consideration using the United States Navy NOGAPS model, the GFDL, the Japan Meteorological Agency's global and typhoon models, as well as the UKMET. All the models improved during SAFA's five-year history and removing erroneous forecasts proved difficult to do in operations.
Sunspot theory
A 2010 report correlates low sunspot activity with high hurricane activity. Analyzing historical data, there was a 25% chance of at least one hurricane striking the continental United States during a peak sunspot year; a 64% chance during a low sunspot year. In June 2010, the hurricanes predictors in the US were not using this information.
Hurricane forecast model accuracy
The accuracy of hurricane forecast models can vary significantly from storm to storm. For some storms the factors affecting the hurricane track are relatively straightforward, and the models are not only accurate but they produce similar forecasts, while for other storms the factors affecting the hurricane track are more complex and different models produce very different forecasts.
See also
Tropical cyclone forecasting
Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting
Weather forecasting
References
External links
Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide, Chapter 5
Model Analyses and Forecasts from NCEP
National Hurricane Center Forecast Model Background and Information
Tropical cyclone meteorology
Numerical climate and weather models
fr:Prévision des cyclones tropicaux#Modèles de prévision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20cyclone%20forecast%20model |
The Incredible Hulk: The Pantheon Saga is a 1997 beat 'em up video game developed by Attention to Detail and published by Eidos Interactive for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn. The game is based on the Marvel Comics superhero Hulk, who must traverse through a series of levels and destroy enemies with an assortment of offensive and defensive maneuvers. The game features visuals created on Silicon Graphics workstations and a plot based on the Pantheon storyline from the comics. The narrative revolves around the Hulk joining the titular superhero team and fighting such adversaries as Piecemeal, Trauma, and the U-Foes. The game was negatively received for its gameplay, controls, visuals, and music, and has been ranked among the worst superhero-based video games.
Gameplay
The Incredible Hulk: The Pantheon Saga is a third-person beat 'em up set in three-dimensional areas. The player controls the Hulk, who can walk, run, jump, grab and carry objects, and perform a number of offensive and defensive maneuvers against enemy characters. The game consists of five levels that are divided into three stages, with the exception of the final level. Progress is reserved with passwords, which are given upon the completion of a level; memory cards are not supported. The game's difficulty level can be set to "Easy", "Medium", or "Hard".
The Hulk's health is represented by a meter on the upper-left hand corner of the screen. The meter decreases as the Hulk sustains enemy attacks, and automatically regenerates depending on the difficulty setting. Below the health meter is a gamma meter, which indicates how much power the Hulk has reserved to perform special moves. Different special moves cost more gamma than others, and this cost is also dependent on the difficulty setting. Items can be collected to restore health or gamma, as well as temporarily double the power of the Hulk's attacks. Also collectible are calling cards that can summon a member of the superhero team Pantheon, who will assist the Hulk for a limited time.
Plot
Nuclear physicist Robert Bruce Banner is caught in the blast of an exploding gamma bomb while rescuing Rick Jones. The massive dose of gamma rays alters Banner's genetic structure, causing him to transform into the Hulk, a monstrous being with superhuman strength. The Hulk is taken prisoner by members of the Pantheon – a superhero team that specializes in tactical missions – so that their leader Agamemnon can convince the Hulk that his powers can be used to benefit mankind. As Pantheon members Paris and Ulysses transport the Hulk into their secret base, the Mount, their ship crashes, freeing the Hulk. After the Hulk fights through the Mount and bests Atalanta, Ulysses, Ajax, and Hector, he is assigned by Agamemnon to stop Piecemeal, who has taken hostages in a Scottish castle. The Hulk then rescues Atalanta from Lazarus and Trauma in Antarctica, and thwarts a siege of the Mount by the U-Foes. The Hulk is suddenly transported to the Future Imperfect, where he battles the Maestro – an alternate version of the Hulk – and sends him back in time to the gamma bomb test. The explosion that created the Hulk destroys Maestro.
Development and release
The Incredible Hulk: The Pantheon Saga was developed by British company Attention to Detail and published by Eidos Interactive. The plot is based on the Pantheon storyline by Marvel Comics. Development was directed by Chris Gibbs and Fred Gill. The graphics were created on Silicon Graphics workstations by John Dunn, David West, Vincent Shaw-Morton, and Richard Priest; West created and animated the models for the Hulk, Trauma, and Atalanta, while Dunn created Lazarus, and Shaw-Morton created Hector. Lyndon Sharp and Andrew Wright served as the lead programmers, with Wright creating the game's graphics engine. The music was composed by Des Tong and features Mike Hehir on guitar and vocals by Chris Warne. The voice acting was provided by Ian Wilson and producer Brian Schorr. The game was unveiled at E3 1996, with a release set for the first quarter of 1997. It was released for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn on April 10, 1997. A PC version was advertised, but not released.
Reception
Reception to The Incredible Hulk: The Pantheon Saga was generally negative, obtaining an aggregate score of 44% on GameRankings. Ed Robertson of GameSpot and Stephen Fulljames of Sega Saturn Magazine declared it to be among the worst video games they had recently played; Fulljames further condemned it as "an embarrassment to Eidos, to the developers, to Marvel, and to the Saturn in general". The gameplay was deemed repetitive and tedious, with Robertson saying that the game's straightforwardness resulted in an overly easy difficulty. The controls were considered rough and sluggish, and Victor Lucas of Electric Playground cited the Hulk's tendency to get stuck in corners as a major flaw. Fulljames and Jonathan Sutyak of AllGame complained of difficulty in determining the Hulk's position and lining up attacks, with Fulljames singling out the airborne enemies as "nigh-on impossible to hit". Sutyak regarded the level design as uninspired, repetitive, boring, and padded out by simplistic puzzles involving switches and crates. Fulljames accused the game's license of completely ignoring the Hulk's immense strength and abilities, questioning the necessity of activating doors and lifts when the Hulk should logically circumvent them, and finding the aspect of the Hulk taking significant damage from a profusion of robotic enemies, mines and turrets "preposterous".
Numerous aspects of the visuals were regarded as poor. The environments were criticized for their flat and blocky construction, bland and grainy textures, and short draw distance, which was said to obscure details such as switches. The Hulk's sprite was faulted for its choppy animation and small head, and the enemies were dismissed as dull. Lucas felt that the cutscenes were "nice looking", while Robertson deemed them no better than the in-game graphics. Reactions to the audio were lukewarm, with the music being described as "spacey, pasty synth music and a relentlessly bland three note guitar riff", "a generic brand of hard rock", "an irritating blend of dance music and wanna-be goth-rock", and "appalling 'rawk'". While Lucas considered the plot somewhat interesting, Sutyak and Robertson regarded it as weak and confusing.
Henry Gilbert of GamesRadar+, Ben Browne of Screen Rant, and Mason Segall of Comic Book Resources have ranked The Incredible Hulk: The Pantheon Saga among the worst superhero-based video games; they criticized the repetitive combat, awkward controls, fixed camera, bland environments, under-defined Hulk sprite, poor cutscenes, and dull and confusing story. Carl Jackson of Comic Book Resources ranked the short-lived villain Piecemeal among the strangest characters to appear in a Marvel video game, remarking that he does not hold up in hindsight against the villains Maestro and the U-Foes, who also appear in the game.
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
1997 video games
3D beat 'em ups
Attention to Detail games
Cancelled PC games
Eidos Interactive games
PlayStation (console) games
Sega Saturn games
Single-player video games
Superhero video games
Video games about time travel
Pantheon Saga
Video games set in Antarctica
Video games set in Scotland
Video games set in the future
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Incredible%20Hulk%3A%20The%20Pantheon%20Saga |
James Reston Jr. (March 8, 1941 – July 19, 2023) was an American journalist, documentarian and author of political and historical fiction and non-fiction. He wrote about the Vietnam War, the Jonestown Massacre, civil rights, the impeachment of Richard Nixon, and the September 11 attacks.
Early life
Reston was born in Manhattan, New York City. His father James "Scotty" Reston was an editor of the New York Times. His mother, Sarah Jane "Sally" Fulton, was a journalist, photographer, writer, and publisher who joined her husband on foreign assignments in Europe and Asia during World War II. His maternal grandfather, William J. Fulton, served two terms as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois.
Reston's family moved to Washington, D.C. when he was two years old. He attended the St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. He earned his B.A. in philosophy in 1963 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) while on a Morehead Scholarship. At UNC, he was an All-South soccer player and still retains the single-game scoring record for the university—five goals against North Carolina State University on October 18, 1962. He attended Oxford University during his junior year.
Career
Reston was an assistant to and speechwriter for U.S. Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall from 1964 to 1965. He was a reporter for the Chicago Daily News from 1964 to 1965. From 1965 to 1968, he served in the U.S. Army as an intelligence officer and sergeant. From 1971 to 1981, he was a lecturer in creative writing at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. From 1976 to 1977, he was a fiction reviewer for the Chronicle of Higher Education.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Reston wrote numerous pieces about amnesty for Vietnam deserters, people who had left the United States rather than serving in the war. This led to two books, both collection of essays, When Can I Come Home, in 1972 and The Amnesty of John David Herndon in 1973. Reston said, "Now as a veteran against the war, I gravitated to the issue of amnesty for Vietnam war resisters, no doubt because emotionally I sympathized deeply with their plight and their decision in contrast to my own course."
From 1976 to 1977, Reston was David Frost's Watergate adviser for the historic Nixon interviews. Reston's book about the interviews, The Conviction of Richard Nixon, was the inspiration for Peter Morgan's 2006 play Frost/Nixon, in which the character Jim Reston is the narrator. It was made into a film in 2008, also called Frost/Nixon.
Reston's articles appeared in American Heritage, American Theatre, George, Esquire, National Geographic, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, Omni, Playboy, Rolling Stone, Saturday Review, Time, Vanity Fair, and Washington Post Magazine.
His works of both fiction and non-fiction cover a wide range of historical and political topics. In 1985, Reston was the Newsweek, PBS, and BBC candidate to be the first writer in space on the NASA space shuttle. That program was scrapped after the Challenger accident in January 1986. On May 23, 1994, Time magazine published his cover story on the impact of the Shoemaker Levy 9 comet into Jupiter.
Reston wrote four plays which were all stage adaptations of his books —Sherman the Peacemaker premiered at the Playmakers Repertory Company in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, in 1979, and was an outgrowth of his book, Sherman's March and Vietnam; Jonestown Express, based on his 1981 book Our Father Who Art in Hell, premiered with the Trinity Square Repertory Company in 1982; Galileo's Torch was adapted from his biography of Galileo and Galileo: A Life was staged in seven separate productions between 2014 and 2017; and Luther's Trumpet is an adaptation of his 2016 book, Luther's Fortress, and premiered in September 2018.
In 2005, Reston tried to stop production of Ridley Scott's film Kingdom of Heaven, claiming half of the script was based on the first part of his book Warriors of God. Reston's book was previously optioned by Phoenix Pictures, who had unsuccessfully pitched the concept to Scott as a potential project. Reston said, "They have built this film on the back of my intellectual property. They just read the first hundred pages and saw it has these great characters and a fantastic battle."
In 2016, Reston's 1977 book, The Innocence of Joan Little: A Southern Mystery, was optioned by Paulist Productions to possibly develop as a limited series.
Reston was a Guest Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington D.C., from 1994 to 1995, and a Global Fellow from October 2002 to December 2022. He was also fellow at the American Academy in Rome. In 2011, he was a resident scholar at the Kluge Center at the Library of Congress.
Professional affiliations
Reston was a member of the Authors Guild, the Authors League of America, the Dramatists Guild of America, and PEN.
Personal life
Reston married Denise Brender Leary on June 12, 1971, in Hume, Virginia, at Fiery Run, the Restons' cabin. She received a law degree from Duke University and is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John Milton Leary of the Bronx. They lived in Chevy Chase, Maryland, and had three children: Maeve, Hillary Reston, and Devin. As of 2017, Reston lived at Martha's Vineyard.
Reston's book Fragile Innocence, A Father's Memoir of His Daughter's Courageous Journey (2006) is the story of his daughter Hillary's experience with a debilitative viral brain infection.
James Reston Jr. died from pancreatic cancer in Chevy Chase, Maryland, on July 19, 2023, at age 82.
Awards
In 1983, Reston received the Prix Italia and the Dupont–Columbia Award for radio documentary Father Cares: the Last of Jonestown on NPR. He received the Valley Forge Award for Sherman's March and Vietnam in 1985.
In popular culture
Reston's book The Conviction of Richard Nixon was developed into a play, Frost/Nixon that was, in turn, developed into a film with the same title. Reston is depicted in the 2008 film Frost/Nixon
by Sam Rockwell.
Reston developed a theory that Lee Harvey Oswald's target was Texas Governor John Connally, not President John F. Kennedy.
Publications
Novels
To Defend, to Destroy (1971)
The Knock at Midnight (1975)
The 19th Hijacker: A Novel of 9/11, 2021
Nonfiction books
When Can I Come Home (1972)
The Amnesty of John David Herndon (1973)
Perfectly Clear: Nixon from Whittier to Watergate, Quadrangle (1973)
The Innocence of Joan Little: A Southern Mystery (1977),
Our Father Who Art in Hell: The Life and Death of Jim Jones (1981)
Sherman's March and Vietnam (1985)
The Lone Star: The Life of John Connally (1989)
Collision at Home Plate: The Lives of Pete Rose and Bart Giamatti (1991)
Galileo: A Life (1994)
The Last Apocalypse: Europe in the Year 1000 A.D. (1998)
Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade (2001)
Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors (2005)
Fragile Innocence: A Father's Memoir of His Daughter's Courageous Journey (2006)
The Conviction of Richard Nixon: The Untold Story of the Frost/Nixon Interviews (2007)
Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520–1536 (2009)
The Accidental Victim: JFK, Lee Harvey Oswald, and the Real Target in Dallas (2013)
Luther's Fortress: Martin Luther and His Reformation Under Siege (2015)
A Rift in the Earth: Art, Memory, and the Fight for a Vietnam War Memorial (2017)
The Impeachment Diary: Eyewitness to the Removal of a President (2019).
Plays
Sherman, the Peacemaker: A Play in Two Acts (1979)
Jonestown Express, a play (1984)
Galileo's Torch (2014)
Luther's Trumpet (2018)
Radio
"Father Cares: The Last of Jonestown" (NPR, 1981)
"Bush Administration Misuses the Word 'Caliphate (NPR, 2005)
"Political Stem-Cell Debate Delays Medical Progress" (NPR, 2006)
"Impeachment: The View from 1974" (NPR, 2019)
Television
88 Seconds in Greensboro (PBS Frontline, 1983)
The Real Stuff (PBS Frontline,1987)
The Mission of Discovery (PBS Frontline, 1988)
Betting on the Lottery (PBS Frontline,1990)
Articles
"Vietnamize at Home", The New York Times (April 10, 1971)
"Is Nuremberg Coming Back to Haunt Us?" The Saturday Review (July 18, 1970)
"Universal Amnesty", New Republic (February 5, 1972)
"Needed: A Grand Reconciliation: Not a Determination of Who Was More Moral on the War." Newsday (September 3, 1974)
"Limited Amnesty: Not Easy: The President Gave Himself a Difficult Job" The New York Times (September 8, 1974)
"Real Amnesty Would be Good for America" Newsday (March 31, 1975)
"The Joan Little Case." The New York Times Magazine (April 6, 1975)
"On Carter's Amnesty and Pardon Views" The New York Times (October 2, 1976)
“Southern Justice and the Case of Joan Little” The New York Times (January 6, 1978)
"The Breaking of Richard Nixon" Playboy (April 1978)
"The Jonestown Papers." (Cover story). New Republic. (April 25, 1981)
"Opinion: Meet the Program Past." The New York Times (June 27, 1981)
"Reagan and Monroe." The New York Times (March 14, 1982)
"A Matter of Honor," The New York Times (April 7, 1982)
"Mission to a Mind" OMNI (1984)
"Invitation to a Poisoning," Vanity Fair (February 1985)
"United States Commission on Civil Rights: We Shall Undermine." Rolling Stone (March 13, 1986)
“Collision Course." (Cover Story) Time (May 23, 1994)
"The Persistence of Guilt. American Theatre. (January 1995)
"The Monument Glut. The New York Times Magazine. (September 10, 1995)
"Orion: Where Stars Are Born." National Geographic. (December 1995)
"Opinion: Failing the 1869 Test." The New York Times (January 9, 1999)
"Be Christina or Die." Christian History (1999)
"Frost, Nixon, and Me." Smithsonian.(January 2009)
"A Prophet in His Time." American Theatre (March 2002)
"When Generosity Is Medically Necessary." The New York Times. (August 7, 2002)
“Jesse James and Me.” Smithsonian (October 2007)
"Pointed Questions." Wilson Quarterly. (2012)
"Correcting JFK Mythology on his Death" USA Today (November 13, 2013)
"Induct Pete Rose into Hall of Fame: Column" USA Today (March 27, 2014)
"Opinion: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Three Southern Villains." Newsweek (February 15, 2015)
“Clark and Pritchett: A Comparison of Two Notorious Southern Lawmen.” Southern Cultures (Winter 2016)
"The Novelist’s Event: Fact, Fiction, and a Writer’s Search for a Universal Subject." Georgia Review (2018)
"Opinion: Another Impeachable Offense." The New York Times. (May 6, 2019)
To Heal a Nation': Creating the Vietnam Wall" American Heritage (June 2021)
"Remembering Flight 93: 'Okay. Let's Roll American Heritage. (September/October 2021)
References
External links
Interview at the 2006 National Book Festival, Library of Congress
1941 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American biographers
American male biographers
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer players
Writers from New York City
Soccer players from Washington, D.C.
St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Reston%20Jr. |
is a hentai OVA series. It has only 2 episodes.
Plot
Kenji, a human, and Milfa, an elf, decide to get married despite belonging to different species. Kenji discovers that his penis is too big to enter Milfa, due to the difference of sizes between humans and elves. The series explains the efforts they make to overcome this problem.
First OVA
Kenji and Milfa get married, and are the only ones in the church for the wedding except for the minister, due to a high level of general tension and dislike between humans and elves. Soon, however, Kenji and Milfa find their own problems when Kenji discovers during sexual foreplay that Milfa's vagina is no bigger than a belly-button, thus preventing them from having sex and starting a family together. Kenji, however, hears of the mystical Harpy Ooze, a lubricant that may solve their problems.
Kenji sets off to find the Ooze, reluctantly leaving Milfa alone in the elf-hating human town. Milfa, however, earns the respect of the townspeople after saving two children from a rampaging hydra. Kenji, meanwhile, finds the lair of the Harpies: female, angel-like creatures who are known to abduct and rape young men so as to have children. Kenji is captured by the Harpy Princess, Pisda, who subsequently rapes him. Kenji tries to resist, but is unable to stop himself impregnating her. As a reward, however, Kenji is given a bottle of Harpy Ooze.
Second OVA
Returning home, Kenji and Milfa attempt to have sex again, this time with different positions, but are still unsuccessful. Milfa decides to visit the local gynecologist, without telling Kenji.
While Kenji is away, Milfa goes to the clinic and meets several other women with similar problems. Kenji, meanwhile, returns home and discovers a dead security guard and a stunningly beautiful young woman who turns out to be his grandmother, Mitsuko, a sorceress who steals men's spirits by having sex with them in order to maintain her youthful appearance, and so did it to the security guard. Mitsuko informs Kenji that Milfa has gone to the clinic, and Kenji panics: the owner of the clinic is the infamous, lecherous incubus, Dr. Perio, who is a former friend of Kenji's. Knowing that Perio will try to rape Milfa, Kenji rushes to her rescue with Mitsuko in tow.
Milfa meets Perio, who immediately begins touching her up and undressing the both of them. However, when Milfa suddenly headbutts Perio, it turns out to have been a hallucination he had been planting in both of their minds for sexual pleasure. Kenji suddenly bursts in, ready to kill Perio, but Perio flees from the treatment room until he is ambushed by Mitsuko, who proceeds to rape him and steal his spirit, subsequently killing him.
Kenji and Milfa return home.
Further reading
Mania
THEM Anime
ANN
External links
1995 anime OVAs
Hentai anime and manga
Pink Pineapple | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elven%20Bride |
Birim South District is one of the thirty-three districts in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger and first Birim South District (with Akim Oda as its capital town) in 1988, which was created from the former Birim District Council, until the western part of the district was split off to create a new Birim South District on 29 February 2008; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Birim Central Municipal District, with Akim Oda as its capital town. However, on 15 March 2018, the eastern part of the district was split off to become Achiase District; thus, the remaining part has been retained as Birim South District. The district assembly is located in the southwest part of Eastern Region and has Akim Swedru as its capital town.
Boundaries
The Birim South District is located in the south of Eastern Ghana. It is bordered on the northeast by the Birim Central Municipal District. To the west is the Assin North Municipal District in the Central Region and to the south, the newly created Achiase District and Agona West District, also in the Central Region.
Geography
The district covers an area of 299.5 square kilometres. Within it are a lot of hills, streams and rivers. It has 2 peak rain seasons during May–June and September–October. The relative humidity ranges from 56% during the dry season and 70% during the rainy season. The district lies within a semi-deciduous rainforest region. The Birim River flows through Birim South District.
Demographics
The population is 47.6% male and 51.4% female. 56% of the population live in rural areas.
Administration
The highest political and administrative body in the district is the District Assembly. The District Executive is the political and administrative head. The assembly also has a presiding member who is the chairperson. There are 3 sub-district councils. They are the Akim Swedru Urban Council, Achiasi Town Council and the Aperadi Area Council.
List of settlements
The town of Akim Swedru, is the capital. The other major settlements in the Birim South district are Achiasi and Aperadi. Achiasi is the main commercial centre.
See also
Eastern Region
Akim Swedru
Sources
Districts: Birim South District
Birim South District Official Website
References
Districts of the Eastern Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birim%20South%20District |
The Kirk o' Shotts transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications site at The Hirst which lies just outside the village of Salsburgh which is near the town of Shotts in North Lanarkshire central Scotland. (Kirk o' Shotts means 'Church of Shotts' and takes its name from nearby Kirk o' Shotts Parish Church and Kirk o' Shotts Primary School both located as you enter the nearby village of Salsburgh.)
History
Construction
It was built by BICC.
Transmission
The BBC 405-line television service in Scotland started from Kirk o' Shotts on 14 March 1952 using low power reserve transmitters (Marconi). Full service began on 17 August 1952 using the main high power transmitters (Vision EMI Type 5704, Sound STC Type CTS-12). The station provided a service to a potential 4.1 million viewers and operated on Channel 3 (Vision 56.75 MHz, Sound 53.25 MHz) and transmissions were vertically polarised.
It subsequently became the main national FM transmitting station for the area, although that role is now filled by the nearby site at Black Hill.
Three DAB multiplexes are broadcast from the site: BBC (12B), Digital One (12A) and Switch Scotland (11D).
It has a tall guyed mast, built in 1952. The mast was originally tall.
The station is owned by Arqiva.
Services available
Digital radio
Analogue television
VHF analogue television was transmitted from Kirk o' Shotts from its launch in 1952 until the nationwide shutdown of VHF signals in 1985.
See also
List of masts
List of tallest structures in the United Kingdom
Salsburgh
References
Further reading
Pawley, Edward, BBC Engineering 1922–1972, BBC Publications 1972,
External links
Kirk o' Shotts mast and towers at www.lamont.me.uk
Kirk o' Shotts at The Big Tower at www.thebigtower.com
Transmitter sites in Scotland
Buildings and structures in North Lanarkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%20o%27%20Shotts%20transmitting%20station |
S. Scott Crump (born Steven Scott Crump) is the inventor of fused deposition modeling (FDM) and co-founder of Stratasys, Ltd. Crump invented and patented FDM technology in 1989 with his wife and Stratasys co-founder Lisa Crump. He is currently the chairman of the board of directors of Stratasys, which produces additive manufacturing machines for direct digital manufacturing (a.k.a. rapid manufacturing); these machines are popularly called “3D printers.” He took the manufacturing company public in 1994 (Nasdaq:SSYS). He also runs Fortus, RedEye on Demand, and Dimension Printing – business units of Stratasys.
Crump managed the early work on another innovation used by FDM machines, the ABS plastic filament, which allows engineers to formulate fully functional parts that have up to 75% of the strength of an actual molded part. In addition, Crump is responsible for other innovations, including: Breakaway Support System (BASS), WaterWorks Support System, the coupling to the CAD/CAM industry for CNC tool path software, a baffled oven for high-temperature build environments and a benchtop 3D Printer (Dimension).
Philanthropy
Through Stratasys, Crump has provided financial support to the SME Bright Minds Mentor Program, affording opportunities for high school students to attend the annual Society of Manufacturing Education (SME) RAPID Conference and Exposition. Stratasys has also donated 3D printers to schools participating in the RAPID event.
Awards and accolades
Crump was ranked among the best CEOs in the United States by DeMarche Associates in 2007.
In addition, he has received the following awards and accolades:
Winner of the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award, 2005.
Voted one of the top five most influential individuals in rapid product development and rapid manufacturing by Time-Compression Technologies, European edition, TCT Top 25 Influential People survey, 2007.
Finalist, Minnesota High Tech Association Tekne Awards
Inducted into the TCT Hall of Fame in September 2017.
Patents
, June 9, 1989, "Apparatus and Method for Creating Three-Dimensional Objects" (A system and a method for building three-dimensional objects in a layer-by-layer manner via fused deposition modeling)
, August 23, 1994, "Modeling Apparatus for Three-Dimensional Objects" (An apparatus for building three-dimensional objects via fused deposition modeling)
, April 2, 1996, "Process of Support Removal for Fused Deposition Modeling", S. Scott Crump; Sam Batchelder; William Priedeman, Jr.; and Robert Zinniel. (A process for building three-dimensional objects with break-away support structures)
, February 2, 1999, "Method for Rapid Prototyping of Solid Models", Sam Batchelder; Scott Crump. (A method for building three-dimensional physical objects with reduced levels of curl and distortion)
, October 24, 2006, "Rapid Prototype Injection Molding", S. Scott Crump; William Priedeman, Jr.; and Jeffery Hanson. (A method for making a prototype injection molded part by extruding a thermoplastic material into a plastic mold tool at a low pressure)
, August 14, 2007, "Layered Deposition Bridge Tooling", William Priedeman, Jr.; and S. Scott Crump. (A method for making a prototype plastic injection molded part using a mold tool made by a fused deposition modeling technique)
See also
Additive manufacturing
Desktop manufacturing
Digital fabricator
Direct digital manufacturing
Instant manufacturing
Rapid manufacturing
Rapid prototyping
References
http://www.stratasys.com/corporate/about-us
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060113035436/http://www.redeyerpm.com/
https://web.archive.org/web/20070224011719/http://www.dimensionprinting.com/
20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors
American manufacturing businesspeople
21st-century American engineers
Living people
Fused filament fabrication
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20Scott%20Crump |
BAFTA Awards 2005 may refer to:
59th British Academy Film Awards
British Academy Television Awards 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA%20Awards%202005 |
Bolgatanga Municipal District is one of the fifteen districts in Upper East Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Bolgatanga District; which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1438, until the southeast part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor in August 2004 to create Talensi-Nabdam District; thus the remaining part was elevated to municipal district assembly status on the same year to become Bolgatanga Municipal District, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1797. However, on 15 March 2018, the eastern part of the district was later split off to create Bolgatanga East District, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2321; thus the remaining part has been retained as Bolgatanga Municipal District. The municipality is located in the central part of Upper East Region and has Bolgatanga as its capital town, which also serves as the capital of the Upper East Region.
Climate
The climate is tropical with a rainy season from May to October and a dry season with virtually no rainfall from November to April. Temperatures range between a maximum of 40 degrees in March / April and at least 12 °C in December.
The natural vegetation of the district consists of tree savanna, with baobab, and acacia trees. The low vegetation is burned by fire during the dry season or dried by the sun.
Demographics
The inhabitants of the district belong predominantly to different peoples of Northern Ghana. The town of Bolgatanga, however, has a cosmopolitan character. Here are mixed not only different peoples of the north, but also members of the major ethnic groups including the Grune, Sisala, and Kanjegah peoples, as well as the Hausa and Mossi.
Economy
The majority of the population in the 1990s lived, in spite of the urban structure of the district, from agriculture, 19% commercial, 12% industry, mainly handicrafts, and just 7.4% were employed in public services. There are some jobs in the mining and construction and in the form of some metal-working companies, repair shops, painting companies etc. but these represent a very small minority.
Villages
The capital in the district is Bolgatanga. Some towns and villages in the district include:
Yorogo
Tindonsobulugu
Tindonmolgo
Daporetindongo
Yarigabisi
Zuarungu Dachio
Gambibigo-Azuabisi
Kumbosigo
Sherigu Dorungu-Agobgabis
Pobaga
Atulbabisi
Tanzui
Kumbangre
Bolga-Soe
Bukere
Sokabisi
Yikine
Sumbrungu
Zaare
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Bolgatanga Municipality
References
Districts of Upper East Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgatanga%20Municipal%20District |
Duplex is an electronic music duo based out of Rotterdam. After several 12 inch singles, remixes and EPs released on labels such as Clone Records, Dub Recordings and Groundzero, Duplex issued their debut album Late Night Driving in 2006 on Clone. Their sound combines elements of techno and deep house.
Much of their back catalog was recently made available to purchase online via Warp Records' Bleep.com music store.
Discography
EPs
EP 1 (10") Djak-Up-Bitch (DUB) 1997
EP 2 (12") Djak-Up-Bitch (DUB) 1997
EP 3 (12") Clone 2000
EP 4 (12") Clone 2000
Autosave (12") Ground Zero 2001
EP 5 (12") Clone 2001
Autoload EP (12") Clone 2002
Rebuild (12") Clone 2002
Rebuild Part 2 (12") Clone 2002
Overdue EP (12") Klakson 2003
Fictional Frequency (12") Frantic Flowers 2005
P.O.M. Remixed (12") Clone 2005
Autosug EP (12") Clone 2006
Autosample EP (12") Frantic Flowers 2007
Albums
2005 Late Night Driving
Late Night Driving (2xLP) Clone 2006
Late Night Driving (CD) Clone 2006
Remixes
My Dance (Duplex Reshaper) Tsunami 2001
Mauler (12") PGM 400 (Duplex Mix) Keynote 2002
Punk (CD, Maxi) Punk (Duplex Remix) Zeitgeist 2002
Ultraism EP (12", EP) Musical Intrigue (Dupl... Digital Soul 2002
Love Bubble (12") In For Deep (Duplex Re... Fortek 2004
Oblivion (Duplex Remix) AW-Recordings 2006
Gyal Flex / Left Then Up (12") Left Then Up (Duplex Mix) Seventh Sign Recordings 2007
External links
Official website
Dutch electronic music groups
Remixers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex%20%28band%29 |
Builsa North Municipal District is one of the fifteen districts in Upper East Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Builsa District in 1988, until the southern part of the district was split off to create Builsa South District on 29 February 2008; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Builsa North District, which it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status on 19 December 2018 to become Builsa North Municipal District. The municipality is located in the western part of Upper East Region and has Sandema as its capital town.
Builsa tribe
The majority of the inhabitants are of the Builsa tribe, the original early settlers of the area. It also has a significant population of the Kantosi whom dominantly reside in Sandema.
Education
There are numerous basic schools in Builsa North Municipality, including three Senior High Schools (SHS) of which two are public i.e. the Sandema Senior High School and the Sandema Senior High Technical School. The third privately owned is the Wiaga Senior High School, a community SHS in Wiaga. The Youth Leadership Training Institute is a vocational institution also located in Sandema, the district capital.
Economy
The economic structure of the Builsa North District is dominated by an agrarian subsistence economy. Industry is scarce, and tourism has not yet developed.
Villages
The capital and largest town in the Builsa North District is Sandema. The Builsa North District encompasses the following villages:
Bachonsa
Chuchuliga
Doninga
Fumbisi
Gbedema
Gbedembilisi
Kadema
Kanjarga
Siniensi
Uwasa
Vaari
Wiaga
Wiesi
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Further reading
Schott, Rüdiger (1977). "Sources for a History of the Bulsa in Northern Ghana". Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Bd. 23 (1977), pp. 141–168.
References
Districts of Upper East Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builsa%20North%20Municipal%20District |
Dangme East District is a former district that was located in Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Dangme District Council. However on 28 June 2012, it was split off into two new districts: Ada East District (capital: Ada Foah) and Ada West District (capital: Sege). The district assembly was located in the eastern part of Greater Accra Region and had Ada Foah as its capital town.
Background
It used to cover a surface of 909 km². Major towns in the district were Big Ada and Ada Kasseh. Ada Foah, which was the district capital, is located at the beach and river estuary. Most of the inhabitants (85.9%) belonged to the cultural group of the Dangme. It had a population of 71,671.
History
According to oral history, the people of Ada, who are called Dangmeli, are believed to have migrated from Tagologo near Shai-Osodoku in the Dangme West District. It has been estimated that several hundred years ago they initially settled at a place called Okorwhem in the south-western part of the district. After several years of inhabitancy, part of the people decided to move downwards to Togbloku and settled there. While staying at Togbloku, the founder of the Kudzragbe clan, Torgbe Adela Atsu discovered that Big Ada was a good place to stay and the Dangmeli and Togbloku people inhabited the area.
Ada, according to oral history backed by many historical edifices, was founded by an Adangbe man known as Lomowe jointly with an Ewe man known as Togbe Havi Etse ( who is also the founder of the Kudzragbe clan of Ada). There exist authorities of oral history (concerning this particular facts) in Ada who could be contacted for further verification. The current head of the Kudzrabe clan at Ada, Nene Tsatsu Pediator could be contacted, since he is a direct descendant of Torgbe Havi Etse.In the olden days the people of Ada spoke two languages, i.e., Ewe and Agdangbe. Ewe language was mainly spoken in the evening/night whiles Dangbe was spoken during the day.
Nene Tsatsu Pediator left this earth to join his ancestors sometime in 2020. May his soul rest in perfect peace.
Geography and climate
Location and size
The Dangme East District is part of the Greater Accra Region. It is bordered on the west by the Dangme West District, on the east and north by Keta district, South Tongu and North Tongu (Volta Region) and on the south by the Gulf of Guinea.
Infrastructure
The Dangme East District is conveniently located off the main connecting road between the Ghanaian capital of Accra and the Togolese capital of Lomé. Its proximity to Accra (about 120 km distance) and the good connection with public transport make the district an obvious holiday and short-trip location. The quality of the road is good compared to similar roads around the country.
Away from the main roads, tourists without their own transportation can get around easily with car or motorcycle taxis or boats. Since there are no schedules or regular routes transport is less predictable but in general a lot faster and better adjusted to the passengers needs.
Coming from the Volta Region, passengers can cross the river with the ferry that connects Anyanui and Ada Foah twice on market day every Wednesday.
Electricity and water supply was broadly introduced in the district in the 1990s which accelerated tourism development considerably.
Nature
The district's coconut palm fringed coastline is 45 kilometers long and provides a living to many people that are employed in fishing and fish processing. However, this coastline is constantly being eroded by the strong tidal waves that are washing away or threatening several villages that are located close to the beach. In order to solve this problem, the construction of a sea defense wall is under way since 2010.
The long, sandy beaches are certainly some of the most important tourist attractions. However, there are certain obstacles such as the lack of toilets in the villages close to the beach and the consequence of using the beach as such. Also, garbage – mostly plastic – is piling up at the beach, some of it disposed there, some washed up from the sea by the tide.
Apart from the sandy beaches, another natural attraction in the district is the Volta River and its estuary. The Volta River forms the eastern boundary of the district before it reaches the Gulf of Guinea. The islands in the river and in the estuary are a wildlife paradise: marine turtles, birds, crocodiles and monkeys are some of the animals living there. The mangrove vegetation in the salty parts of the estuary is another attraction and an important ecosystem. It is however endangered by human activity along with rare animals that are often hunted down.
The estuary also offers the best conditions for water sports like sailing, canoeing, fishing, water skiing, wake boarding and jet skiing.
Another important water body and one of the most important salt mining areas in the country is the Songor Lagoon. Additional to visiting it and learning about salt mining it serves as a base for birdwatchers.
Climate
Temperatures are high throughout the year, ranging from 23 to 33°C, but the sea has a cooling effect. Rainfall is generally heavy during the major seasons between March and September. However, during the harmattan season the area is very dry with no rainfall at all. In general, humidity is very high due to the proximity of the sea, the Volta River and other water bodies.
Demographics
Because 82% of the population lives in rural areas the pressure on the land and on the resources is growing. Consequently, many young people are moving away from the district for the lack of job opportunities. The development of the district towards a tourism destination is expected to help reducing youth unemployment and change this migration trend. For this purpose special Youth Employment Programs have been put in place to provide youth with community jobs such as teaching assistants, health workers, environmental aids and agricultural workers.
The majority of the population works in the informal sector. Apart from commercial salt mining companies that employ about 300 people at the Songor lagoon there are no bigger companies employing the local population.
Social security
There is no social security system in place that would help people with no income such as unemployed, children and senior citizens. So far, the traditional system of family support is still working in rural areas but gradually losing its basis as more and more young people move to the cities and turn away from the extended families, having only few children themselves.
Health
To combat the major health issues in the country a National Health Insurance Scheme (Ghana) was introduced in 2003 to ensure that all inhabitants have the possibility to contract a health insurance at a reasonable price for 14 Cedis/year (about 7 Euro) and be covered for general treatment. Only 3 years after the implementation, already 56% of the inhabitants of the district are covered by the health insurance.
Education
Although there is a high number of schools in the district, in the recent years a lack of pre-school facilities could be noted. This has been addressed and plans are in place to solve this problem.
Language
The local language in the Dangme East District is Dangme, also called Adangme. It is a Kwa language and is spoken by people in the Dangme East and Dangme West District. English is also spoken by nearly everyone since it is the official language of the country. Many people also speak Twi, and some Ewe (to communicate with neighboring people of the Volta Region who may speak Ewe).
Culture
The district capital Ada Foah, is located at the beach and river estuary. Ada Foah is also the major town and serves as the economic hub for the district. The Other major towns in the district are Big Ada and Ada Kasseh.
The biggest event in the district is the annual Asafotufiam festival that draws big crowds of mostly domestic tourists to Big Ada and Ada Foah. Funerals also play a big role with their loud and colorful celebrations that take place every weekend. In general, religion and its practice – either Christian or traditional – are present in everyday life and can be witnessed by tourists. Especially the Traditional African shrines, Traditional African priest and celebrations present an interesting insight into typical African and Ghanaian life.
Local handicrafts such as basket weaving, pottery and rum distilling are carried out at various places in the district and sold on the markets. Salt mining was once the main economic activities of the indigenous till part of the Songho was sold to a private company. The art of building specially shaped coffins is a common and unique practice carried out in the district. Depending on the profession of the deceased, the coffin can be of the shape of a fish (fisherman), book (teacher) or sewing machine (tailor), to name but a few. Local food like Makun ke luei - banku and tilapia, Otim - Kenkey, and sometimes Fufu can be purchased at numerous places in the district. As in the whole country the people are well known for their hospitality and openness towards strangers.
Tourism
Asafotufiami Festival
Fetish shrines and priests
Traditional handicraft such as basket weaving, fishing, pottery, rum distillery, special coffins, tailors
Funerals and church ceremonies
Old trading fort at the seaside
Presbyterian church and missionary cemetery
Markets in Kasseh and Ada Foah
Beaches along the coast and the river
Volta River Estuary
Songor lagoon
Sea turtle watching
Monkey and bird watching
Monthly Beach Soccer event
Monthly symposium on the ferry on topics such as education, tradition and health
Annual boat race on the Volta River
Arecho internet service Ada-Foah, opp. Galaxy Oil Feeling Station
External links
Dangme East District Assembly
Ada Tourism Official Website
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of Greater Accra Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangme%20East%20District |
Dangme West District is a former district that was located in Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Dangme District Council. However on 28 June 2012, it was split off into two new districts: Shai-Osudoku District (capital: Dodowa) and Ningo-Prampram District (capital: Prampram). The district assembly was located in the eastern part of Greater Accra Region and had Dodowa as its capital town.
See also
Eleme
External links
GhanaDistricts.com
Towns In This District - GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of Greater Accra Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangme%20West%20District |
The Limes Arabicus was a desert frontier of the Roman Empire, running north from its start in the province of Arabia Petraea. It ran northeast from the Gulf of Aqaba for about at its greatest extent, reaching northern Syria and forming part of the wider Roman limes system. It had several forts and watchtowers.
The reason of this defensive limes was to protect the Roman province of Arabia from attacks of the nomadic tribes of the Arabian desert. The main purpose of the Limes Arabicus is disputed; it may have been used both to defend from Arab raids and to protect the commercial trade routes from robbers.
Next to the Limes Arabicus Emperor Trajan built a major road, the Via Nova Traiana, from Bosra to Aila on the Red Sea, a distance of . Built between 111 and 114 AD, its primary purpose may have been to provide efficient transportation for troop movements and government officials as well as facilitating and protecting trade caravans emerging from the Arabian Peninsula. It was completed under Emperor Hadrian.
Fortification
During the Severan dynasty (AD 193–235), the Romans strengthened their defences on the Arabian frontier. They constructed several castra (forts) at the northwest end of the Wadi Sirhan, and improved the roads. One important fort was Qasr Azraq, another was at Humeima (Latin: Auara), from the late 2nd century AD, on the Via Traiana Nova from Petra to Aila, where up to 500 auxiliary troops could have resided. It was probably abandoned in the fourth century.
Emperor Diocletian partitioned the old province of Arabia by transferring the southern region to the province of Palaestina. Later in the 4th century, Palaestina was made into three provinces, and the southern one was eventually called Palaestina Tertia. Each province was administered by a praeses with civil authority and a dux with military authority.
Diocletian engaged in a major military expansion in the region, building a number of castella, watchtowers, and fortresses along the fringe of the desert just east of the Via Nova. This line of defence extended from south of Damascus to Wadi al-Hasa. The region from Wadi Mujib to Wadi al-Hasa contained four castella and a legionary camp. The frontier south of Wadi al-Hasa, which extended to the Red Sea at Aila (Aqaba), may have been called the Limes Palaestina. In this region, ten castella and a legionary camp have been identified. The term may have referred to a series of fortifications and roads in the northern Negev, running from Rafah on the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea, or to the region under the military control of the dux Palaestinae, the military governor of the Palaestinian provinces.
Personnel
There were castra every with the purpose to create a line of protection and control: in the south there was the legionary fortress at Adrou (Udruh), just east of Petra. It probably housed the Legio VI Ferrata, which was moved from Lajjun (in modern-day Israel) by Diocletian. It is similar to Betthorus (al-Lajjun in modern-day Jordan) in size () and design, and is in the plain of Moab, south of Wadi Mujib . Alistair Killick, who excavated the site, dates it to the early 2nd century, but Parker suggests a date in the late 3rd or early 4th century.
A legionary camp may have also existed at Aila (modern Aqaba), which has been excavated by Parker since 1994. The city was located at the north end of the Gulf of Aqaba where it was a centre of sea traffic. Several land routes also intersected here. Legio X Fretensis, originally stationed in Jerusalem, was transferred here to the terminus of the Via Nova. So far, a stone curtain wall and projecting tower have been identified, but it is uncertain whether they were part of the city wall of Aila or the fortress. The evidence suggests the fort was constructed in the late 4th or early 5th century.
Troops were progressively withdrawn from the Limes Arabicus in the first half of the 6th century and replaced with native Arab foederati, chiefly the Ghassanids. After the Muslim Arab conquest, the Limes Arabicus was largely left to disappear, though some fortifications were used and reinforced in the following centuries.
History
The limes was overrun in 611 during the war with the Sasanians.
See also
Strata Diocletiana
Roman Arabia
Via Traiana Nova
Sassanian defense lines#Wall of the Arabs
Walls-of-the-Ruler
References
Bibliography
Graf, D. The Via Militaris and the Limes Arabicus in "Roman Frontier Studies 1995": Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, ed. W. Groenman-van Waateringe, B. L. van Beek, W. J. H. Willems, and S. L. Wynia. Oxbow Monograph 91. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Gregory, Shelagh, Kennedy, David and Stein, Aurel, Sir Aurel Stein's Limes Report: Part 1 & 2 (British Archaeological Reports (BAR), 1985)
Gregory, S. Was There an Eastern Origin for the Design of Late Roman Fortifications?: Some Problems for Research on Forts of Rome's Eastern Frontier in "The Roman Army in the East", ed. D. L. Kennedy. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series, 18. Ann Arbor, MI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
Isaac, B. The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1990.
Parker, S. The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan Interim Report on the Limes Arabicus Project, 1980–1985. BAR International Series, 340. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford, 1987
Young, Gary K. Rome's Eastern Trade: International commerce and imperial policy, 31 BC – AD 305 Routledge. London, 2001
Welsby, D. Qasr al-Uwainid and Da'ajaniya: Two Roman Military Sites in Jordan Levant 30: 195–8. Oxford, 1990
External links
Forts of the Limes Arabicus, from Virtual Karak Resources Project
Qasr Bsshir (Roman castrum)
Roman frontiers
Roman fortifications in Roman Syria
Roman fortifications in Syria
Roman fortifications in Arabia Petraea
Wadi Sirhan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes%20Arabicus |
The Baltic Ice Lake is a name given by geologists to a freshwater lake that evolved in the Baltic Sea basin as glaciers retreated from that region at the end of the last ice age. The lake existed between 12,600 and 10,300 years Before Present (BP).
The Baltic Ice Lake is one of a number of water stages that eventually resulted in the modern Baltic Sea. After the Baltic Ice Lake came the Yoldia Sea (10,300–9,500 BP), the Ancylus Lake (9,500–8,000 BP), the Mastogloia Sea (8,000–7,500 BP), the Littorina Sea (7,500–4,000 BP) and finally the Baltic Sea (4,000 BP–present day).
Phenomena related to ice lake and sea formation
The term lake is used to mean a body of primarily fresh water. A sea is filled with brackish or salt water. In the history of the Baltic Sea, the distinction is not always clear. Salinity has varied with location, depth and time.
The main factors are the advance or recession of the Scandinavian glacier and the isostatic sinking of the landforms due to the weight of ice or isostatic rebound (springing back) when relieved of it. The glacier provides a massive flow of fresh water. Salt water enters from the North Sea through straits when the sea level is high enough to allow reverse flow over the sill. When the straits are above sea level or close to sea level, fresh water will accumulate and a lake forms. Fresh water will accumulate to levels substantially higher than sea level when the sills are substantially above sea level. The release of fresh water from the glaciers depends on climate; the presence or absence of entrances to the ocean depends on land rise and oceanic water level; the latter of course is also affected by the amount of ice held in glaciers worldwide.
Several methods are used to determine the quality (temperature, salinity, solids content) of ancient sea water. The main one is the type of diatoms found in the sediment. Some species require salt water, while others require fresh. Other invertebrates serve as marker species as well. Also, periods of maximum supply from melt water are marked by low organic carbon in the sediment. Higher carbon content causes greater deposition of iron sulfide, which appears as a black varve.
Formation
The edge of the retreating Weichselian glacier departed from the Lake Gardno end-moraines of Pomerania (in present-day northern Poland) at around 14,000 BP and reached the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in the time window 13,500/13,000 BP. In the next several hundred years, closed fresh-water pools formed in the southern Baltic region from melt water as the ice retreated northward. These were about above the current sea level.
By 12,000 BP the edge of the glacier was at a line across southern Sweden to the northern shore of the Baltic countries. A connected body of water, the Ramsay Sea, stretched from the Danish islands region to the shores of Estonia.
The Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland were still glaciated, as well as nearly all of Sweden north of Scania. In the Allerød warm-period, rising land in the Denmark region created the Baltic Ice Lake. It egressed through a small channel in the Strait of Øresund. The lake was higher than sea level (which itself was lower than the present-day sea level) by some tens of metres. Lake Ladoga formed part of the Baltic Ice Lake.
Emergence of the land then closed the channel through the Strait of Öresund. The lake rose until at about 11,200 BP it broke through a narrow corridor in the region of Mount Billingen in present-day south-west Sweden; Quaternary geologists used to describe the break-through as a massive, single tap of Niagara-like force, but it is now considered more likely that it happened in several steps over a limited period, perhaps a century, and along different local troughs and passages. By 10,800 BP the lake had dropped . At that point the climate reverted into cooling, and during a cold-climate period the glacier advanced again over the central Swedish exit. The lake became blocked again, rose about , and broke through the Strait of Oresund. By this time the Gulf of Finland had been deglaciated.
At the peak of this high-water phase, most of Finland was under water, including present-day Helsinki at a depth of ; only southern Sweden was both free of ice and above the waterline. The Danish Islands were all connected west of the Strait of Oresund. Around 10,500 BP the climate became warmer, the ice retreated to the north of Mount Billingen, and the waters broke through central Sweden again, providing a second egress. Water level dropped to the sea level of that time.
Summary
At about 16,000 BP the retreating ice had reached the southern shores of the present Baltic. Melt water formed extensive lacustrine systems still visible today in north Russia, Poland and Germany. By 14,600 BP the Baltic Ice Lake had come into existence. Beyond it only southern Sweden was habitable, and it was an island. 'Scandinavia' means "the island of Scandza" or "Scandia", which cannot be accounted for by today's map, and is generally assumed to be an inadvertent misrepresentation by ancient geographers. However, the first Scandinavia was an island, and was identical to southern Sweden.
Several carbon-dated sites in Estonia indicate that human habitation of the shores of the Baltic Ice Lake began in the Boreal period, in the time window 11,200-10,200 BP. Charcoal, animal bones, and artefacts from Mesolithic temporary settlements have been found at Pulli and in the Lake Ladoga region. The diet included roe deer, red deer, marten, otter, wolf, bear and ringed seal. An open pine-birch forest covered the region. Pollen from Pinus, Betula, Alnus, Rosaceae, Cyperaceae and Artemisia have been found.
Around 10,300 BP, the ice lake discharged through channels that opened in central Sweden (near Mount Billingen) until it reached the ocean level. The Yoldia Sea phase began (10,300-9,500 BP).
References
External links
Polish Geological Institute, The Baltic Ice Lake
FENNIA 2002 180:1-2 Late Weichselian and Holocene shore displacement history of the Baltic Sea in Finland
Baltic Sea
Former lakes of Europe
Proglacial lakes
11th millennium BC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic%20Ice%20Lake |
East Akim Municipal District is a former district that was located in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as East Akim District, which was created from the former East Akim District Council. Later, the northwest part of the district was split off to create Atiwa District on 17 February 2004; thus the remaining part has been retained as East Akim District. Then it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 29 February 2008 to become East Akim Municipal District. However, on 1 June 2018, it was split off into two new municipal districts: Abuakwa South Municipal District (capital: Kibi) and Abuakwa North Municipal District (capital: Kukurantumi). The municipality was located in the central part of Eastern Region and had Kibi as its capital town.
List of settlements
Sources
Districts: East Akim Municipal District
References
Districts of the Eastern Region (Ghana)
Districts of Ghana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Akim%20Municipal%20District |
The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel is the second studio album by hip hop supergroup Gravediggaz. Released on September 16, 1997, via Gee Street, V2 and BMG Records, the album has a more socially conscious sound and is considerably calmer than its predecessor; it features heavy production input by the RZA and his production team the Wu Elements.
In contrast to the group's debut album, Prince Paul had less involvement in the production of this album. He did produce the outro and the skit preceding "Hidden Emotions." He was still billed as an official member of the group, however, and appeared on the cover and inserts of the album.
Two singles were released from the album, "Dangerous Mindz" and "The Night the Earth Cried," though neither made it to the Billboard charts.
Critical reception
Spin called the album a "fanciful dystopia," writing that "each rap suggests a creative act of desperation."
Rolling Stone (9/18/97, p. 104) – 3 stars (out of 5) – "...an exotic, multilayered soundscape that is often melancholic, but also melodic....the Gravediggaz deliver plenty to sink your pick into."
Entertainment Weekly (10/31/97, p. 108) – "...guest rappers Killah Priest, Omen, and Hell Razor spin oblique horror stories from ghetto hell over bruising beats by RZA and Prince Paul." – Rating: B
Vibe (11/97, p. 149) – "This second offering from Gravediggaz...finds the Wu-Tang boardsman moving away from production and immersing himself fully in the power of words....RZA is a master MC."
Option (11-12/97, p. 100) – "Individually, it seems the Gravediggaz are trying to outdo each other (and every other MC) by writing and rapping denser, more complex rhymes than anybody....they maintain remarkable flow."
Melody Maker (09/13/97, p. 50) – "...machetes injustice, decapitates the real criminals, and burys the lot of 'em in a festering, snake-filled pit."
Rap Pages (11/97, p. 110) – "There's a lifetime supply of meta-force wordplay for the heads, enough braggadocio for the hard-core and plenty of hooks for the pop quadrant."
Track listing
Track listing information is taken from the official liner notes.
Notes
"Fairytalez" features background vocals by Kelis Rogers.
"What's Goin' On" features background vocals by Blue Raspberry.
Samples
"Unexplained" contains a sample of "Wild Flower" by New Birth.
"Fairytalez" contains a sample of "Themes From Montreal Olympics" by The Salsoul Orchestra.
"Never Gonna Come Back" contains a sample of "Love Serenade" by Barry White.
References
1997 albums
Gravediggaz albums
Gee Street Records albums
V2 Records albums
Albums produced by Prince Paul (producer)
Albums produced by True Master
Albums produced by 4th Disciple | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pick%2C%20the%20Sickle%20and%20the%20Shovel |
Autocorrection, also known as text replacement, replace-as-you-type or simply autocorrect, is an automatic data validation function commonly found in word processors and text editing interfaces for smartphones and tablet computers. Its principal purpose is as part of the spell checker to correct common spelling or typing errors, saving time for the user. It is also used to automatically format text or insert special characters by recognizing particular character usage, saving the user from having to use more tedious functions. Autocorrection is used in text messaging or SMS, as well as programs like Microsoft Word.
Use
In word processing, this feature is known as AutoCorrect. In the beginning, autotext definitions for common typos or well-known acronyms were created by other providers; today's office packages usually already contain the function.
System-wide autotext function through additional programs — see below
On the Mac, starting with Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6, this functionality is also provided by the operating system.
One of the very first autocorrect programs was Ways for Windows by Hannes Keller. JavaScript can be used on websites to provide the user with autotext.
Autocorrect is pre-installed on many instant messaging programs and virtual keyboards on cell phones, smartphones and tablet computers to enable faster and error-free typing.
Disadvantages
Some writers and organizations choose to consistently replace some words with others as part of their editorial policy, with occasionally unforeseen results. For example, the American Family Association chose to replace all instances of the word "gay" on its website with the word "homosexual". This caused an article about US Olympic sprinter Tyson Gay to be littered with confusing sentences such as "In Saturday's opening heat, Homosexual pulled way up, way too soon, and nearly was caught by the field, before accelerating again and lunging in for fourth place".
Humour
Misuse of text replacement software is a staple practical joke in many schools and offices. Typically, the prankster will set the victim's word processing software to replace an extremely common word with a humorous absurdity, or an incorrectly spelled version of the original word. The growing use of autocorrection on smartphones has also led to the creation of at least one website, Damn You Auto Correct, where people post and share humorous or embarrassing cases of improper autocorrections. Damn You Auto Correct started in 2010 by Jillian Madison. It is also the name of a book Madison wrote that was published in 2011 by Hyperion Books. The website and the book both compile texts sent on iPhones and Androids that were altered by the phone's autocorrection feature to produce what are often unintentionally funny messages. Within a week of its launch, the website had collected hundreds of submissions and had attracted about one million page views. However, sometime since the pandemic started, the site was taken over and now is a site for a Thai game called "PG Slot". It no longer has any relation to the original site other than the name.
See also
Approximate string matching
Predictive text
LanguageTool
References
External links
How to disable text replacement features (AutoFormat and AutoCorrect) in Microsoft Word 2007
OOo Off the Wall: Domesticating Autocorrect
A brief discussion on the history of code completion
I Invented the iPhone's Autocorrect. Sorry About That, and You're Welcome
Word processors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocorrection |
East Gonja Municipal Assembly is one of the seven districts in Savannah Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as East Gonja District, until the eastern part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 29 February 2008 to create Kpandai District (which is currently now part of Northern Region); thus the remaining part has been retained as East Gonja District. Later, it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018 to become East Gonja Municipal District. However on 19 February 2019, the northern part of the district was later split off to create North East Gonja District; thus remaining part has been retained as East Gonja Municipal District. The municipality is located in the eastern part of Savannah Region and has Salaga as its capital town.
Population
The population of the Municipality stands at 135,450 with 69,721 males and 65,729 females.
See also
References
Districts of the Savannah Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Gonja%20Municipal%20District |
The western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis) is a small neotomine mouse native to most of the western United States. Many authorities consider the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse to be a subspecies, but the two are now usually treated separately.
Distribution
Its range extends from southwest British Columbia and southeast Alberta continuously to west Texas, northeast Arkansas, northwest Indiana, southwest Wisconsin, and the interior of Mexico to Oaxaca.
Description and comparison with similar species
The harvest mouse has brownish fur with buff sides, a white belly, and an indistinct white stripe on the fur along the spine. Adults grow up to in length with a tail length of . Their height (from the ground to the highest point of their back) is between 1.5 and 2.0 centimeters. A mature mouse weighs anywhere from . There is no sexual dimorphism in this species.
Similar species are the plains harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys montanus), which has a more distinct but narrower stripe on its spine, and the fulvous harvest mouse (R. fulvescens), which has a longer tail. Also similar is the salt marsh harvest mouse (R. raviventris), which has an underbelly fur that is more pinkish cinnamon to tawny. Finally, the house mouse (Mus musculus) has incisors without grooves, unlike those of the western harvest mouse. The dental formula of R. megalotis is = 16.
Behavior
The mouse is nocturnal, with particularly intense activity on very dark nights. This mouse is particularly resourceful, making use of the ground runways of other rodents. It is also a very agile climber. Once temperatures reach a certain degree, the western harvest mouse goes into torpor, but scientists have yet to determine if it goes into true hibernation. This mouse builds spherical nests that are about 125mm in diameter. These nests can be found on the ground or under trees, logs, or plants that aid in protection from predators. Nests can also be found above ground or in burrows. There are usually one or more access points at the base of the nest.
Diet
The western harvest mouse is an herbivore with a diet consisting of mainly seeds and grains from various plants. These plants include: fruits, vetch, blue grass, fescue, oats, and brome grass. In preparation for autumn and winter, the western harvest mouse stores its food along runways created throughout fields that it occupies and in underground vaults. Although its primary food source is seeds, springtime dining is augmented with new plant growth. In June, July and August the mouse is known to consume certain insects, especially grasshoppers and caterpillars.
Breeding
Breeding nests are spherical constructions woven from grass or other plant material. A nest is approximately 13 centimeters in diameter and lined with a more downy material of fibrous plants. A nest may have one or more entrances near its base. Most commonly, the nest is built on the ground in a protected area such as within a shrub or beside a fallen tree. However, the mouse will occasionally place the nest above-ground within a shrub.
It breeds from early spring to late autumn, with reduced activity at midsummer. The gestation period is 23 to 24 days. Repeated fertilization often occurs immediately after giving birth. It is not uncommon for a female to have ten to fourteen litters per annum, with a typical litter size of two to six individuals. However, litters of up to nine offspring can occur. Thus an annual production of forty to sixty young per female is normal. Newborn mice weigh approximately 1.0 to 1.5 grams.
Threats
Domestic and feral cats are a threat to the western harvest mouse. On the IUCN Red List it is listed as "Least Concern" (LC). Its many predators include the fox, weasel, coyote, hawk, snake and owl species. Other predators include shrikes, squirrels, raptors, short-tailed shrews, cats, and scorpions.
References
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals, ed. by John O. Whitaker Jr., Chanticleer Press (1997)
Mammals of the United States
Reithrodontomys
Mammals described in 1857
Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20harvest%20mouse |
East Mamprusi Municipal Assembly is one of the six districts in North East Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as East Mamprusi District, which was created from the former Mamprusi District Council, until the eastern part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 19 August 2004 to create Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo District; thus the remaining part has been retained as East Mamprusi District. However on 15 March 2018, it was elevated to municipal district assembly status to become East Mamprusi Municipal District. The municipality is located in the eastern part of North East Region and has Gambaga as its capital town.
Area
It covers a land mass of 1,706.8 km2.
Geographical Structure
To the north, it shares boundaries with Talensi and Nabdam Districts, Bawku West and Garu Districts, all in the Upper East Region and to the east is the Bunkpurugu Nyankpanduri District. It is bordered in the west by the West Mamprusi Municipal and to the south by the Gushiegu Municipal and Karaga District.
Political and Administrative Structure
The District has a Town Councils (Nalerigu), 3 Area Councils (Langbinsi, Sakogu and Gbintri) and 36 Unit Committees. The District Assembly has 36 elected members, 15 Government appointees, one Member of Parliament, and a Municipal Chief Executive (MCE) who is the executive and administrative head of the District. The MCE is assisted by the Municipal Co-ordinating Director and his technical team as the technocrats and advisers of the DCE.
Cultural and Social Structure
The Nayiri is the King (overlord) of Mamprugu traditional area and has council of elders who advise him. The Nayiri is supported by paramount chiefs, Divisional and other sub-chiefs under him. His paramountcies extend beyond the boundaries of the Municipality and are located in other Regions and Districts. Notable among the chiefs are the Wulugu Naaba, Wungu Naaba, Soo Naaba, Kulgu Naaba, Gambaga Naaba.
Mamprusi people are the major ethnic group in the Municipality. However, there are also Bimobas, Konkombas, Talensis, Mossis, Chakosis and Hausas who have settled in the area. Two traditional festivals are celebrated annually, Damba Festival, Bugum (Fire) Festival. The District is a multi-religious one with the dominant religions being Christianity, Islam and Traditional religion.
Tourism
The district has some tourist attraction sites such as:
The Gambaga Escarpment and White Volta River which stretch across the northern boundary of the district
The NaYiri Palace also in Nalerigu
NaJeringa Defense Wall
Mossi chiefs' ancestral grave sites in Gambaga
The pre-historic Gingana rock paintings
Economy
The District has three functional markets at Gbintiri, Nalerigu and Langbinsi which serve as sources of revenue for the District Assembly. The main means of transportation for the people are motor bikes, bicycles as well as commercial vehicles.
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
North East Region, Ghana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Mamprusi%20Municipal%20Assembly |
Ejisu-Juaben Municipal District is a former district that was located in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989 when it was known as Ejisu-Juaben District which was created from the former Ejisu-Juaben-Bosomtwe District Council. It was later elevated to municipal district assembly status in 2007 (effectively 29 February 2008) to become Ejisu-Juaben Municipal District. However on 15 March 2018, it was split off into two new municipal districts: Ejisu Municipal District (capital: Ejisu) and Juaben Municipal District (capital: Juaben). The municipality was located in the central part of Ashanti Region and had Ejisu as its capital town.
References
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejisu-Juaben%20Municipal%20District |
Ejura Sekyedumase Municipal District is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 as Ejura Sekyedumase District, which it was created from parts of the former Sekyere District and Offinso District Councils. Later, it has elevated to municipal district assembly status on 28 June 2012. The municipality is located in the northern part of Ashanti Region and has Ejura as its capital town.
References
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejura%20Sekyedumase%20Municipal%20District |
ʻImiloa Astronomy Center is an astronomy and culture education center located in Hilo, Hawaii. Conceived by founding Director George Jacob in 2001, it features exhibits and shows dealing with Hawaiian culture and history, astronomy (particularly at the Mauna Kea Observatories), and the overlap between the two.
ʻImiloa includes a 120-seat planetarium, which features a fulldome video projection system. Planetarium presentations include ʻImiloa's exclusive signature show, "Maunakea: Between Earth and Sky." The bilingual exhibits (in Hawaiian and English) offer two views of Origins and Voyages, presenting the tools, visions and discoveries of the astronomers and the Polynesian voyagers (see Polynesian navigation), the first group of whom are thought to
have voyaged to Hawaii from the Marquesas Islands. Visitors to ʻImiloa will leave with a new understanding of the early Polynesians, who used the stars to find these isolated islands in the middle of the vast Pacific Ocean. Hawaiians refer to these long-distance canoe explorers as "our first astronomers." Another planetarium show, "Dawn of the Space Age 3D," recounts the early days of space exploration, the so-called space race between the USSR and the United States. This is the only 3D planetarium show in the world.
Additional small theaters show a Kumulipo (Hawaiian origins) story, and an astronomy "birth of the universe" 3D presentation, underwritten by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (Subaru Telescope).
ʻImiloa opened to the public in February, 2006. It is part of the University of Hawaii at Hilo, and is located near the base facilities for several of the Maunakea observatories in University Park for Science and Technology on the UH-H campus, overlooking Hilo Bay. Its unique architectural design includes three large titanium-clad cones, representing the volcanoes Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualālai. The extensive gardens feature native, endemic and "canoe plants" brought by the Polynesians. Exhibit halls, planetarium, gift shop, and Sky Garden café are open to the public Tuesday through Sunday. An evening "Maunakea Skies" star talk is held in the planetarium on the last Saturday of each month.
In the Hawaiian language, ʻImiloa means "exploring new knowledge." It is located at 600 ʻImiloa Place in Hilo, just north of Hawaii Route 2000 (Pūʻāinakō Street).
Sagan Planet Walk
In September 2012 the Sagan Planet Walk, until then located only in Ithaca, New York, was extended with a statue representing Alpha Centauri installed at the Imiloa Astronomy Center. This made the Sagan Planet Walk the world's largest exhibition.
See also
514107 Kaʻepaokaʻawela
541132 Leleākūhonua
ʻOumuamua
Pōniuāʻena
Pōwehi
References
External links
ʻImiloa Astronomy Center
Planetaria in the United States
Hawaii (island)
University of Hawaiʻi
Tourist attractions in Hawaii County, Hawaii
Education in Hawaii County, Hawaii
Museums in Hawaii County, Hawaii
Science museums in Hawaii
Gardens in Hawaii
Hilo, Hawaii
2006 establishments in Hawaii | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBImiloa%20Astronomy%20Center |
Fanteakwa District is a former district that was located in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former East Akim District Council. However on 15 March 2018, it was split off into two new districts: Fanteakwa North District (capital: Begoro) and Fanteakwa South District (capital: Osino). The district assembly was located in the central part of Eastern Region and had Begoro as its capital town.
List of settlements
Sources
District: Fanteakwa District
Fanteakwa Foundation
External links
Map of Fanteakwa District
References
Districts of the Eastern Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanteakwa%20District |
World-Wide Airways was a Canadian airline started in 1947 by Donald McVicar (1915-1997), a former RAF Command pilot. Based at Montreal's Dorval Airport, it played a key role in massive airlift operations for Hollinger Ungava Transport and the Distant Early Warning Line in Northern Canada. It also flew livestock and foodstuffs to embargoed Cuba during the 1960s.
Its licence was revoked in 1965 for political reasons. McVicar's publicized fight with the government led him to be featured on the cover of Time Magazine in 1966.
McVicar left Canada and later returned to Montreal as an aviation consultant. He died in 1997 in Dorval, Quebec.
See also
List of defunct airlines of Canada
References
Defunct airlines of Canada
Airlines established in 1945
Airlines disestablished in 1965
1965 disestablishments in Canada
Canadian companies established in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-Wide%20Airways |
The Happenings are a pop music group that originated in the 1960s. Members of the original group, created in the spring of 1961 and initially called "The Four Graduates" because all had just graduated from high school in Paterson, New Jersey, were Bob Miranda, David Libert, Tom Giuliano, and Ralph DiVito. In 1968 DiVito was replaced by Bernie LaPorta and Lenny Conforti also joined to play drums in the touring band. Both LaPorta and Conforti took a hiatus from the northern New Jersey band, the Emerald Experience, to play and tour with the Happenings. That lineup performed mostly at colleges and universities until 1970, when Libert left the band to manage other groups, including George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic, Living Colour, Brian Auger, Vanilla Fudge, the Runaways (Cherie Currie, Joan Jett, Lita Ford), Mother's Finest, Alice Cooper and Evelyn "Champagne" King.
Overview
The band's original concept and much of its commercial success came as a cover band playing classic songs in a unique style. Said Miranda, the group's concept was to "take a song that's already proven it could be a hit and put our spin on it". That "spin" consisted of a combination of rich harmonies on vocals and upbeat tempos marked by prominent percussion and sometimes elaborate orchestration. The group later composed its own songs.
The group's major hits were "See You In September" (1966), which was originally recorded by the Tempos in 1959, and a cover version of the George Gershwin/Ira Gershwin song, "I Got Rhythm" (1967), updated for the group's sunshine pop musical style. "See You In September" and "I Got Rhythm" were on the Billboard Hot 100 charts for 14 weeks in 1966 and 13 weeks in 1967, respectively, forming musical bookends for the 1966–1967 school year, based on their Hot 100 #3 peak dates. "I Got Rhythm" and Billy Stewart's "Summertime" also formed Gershwin musical bookends for the same school year, based on the very same Hot 100 peak dates. Disc sales for both "See You in September" and "I Got Rhythm" exceeded one million copies, resulting in R.I.A.A. gold record awards by 1969.
The group had nine Billboard Hot 100 Singles hits from 1966 to 1968, including versions of "Go Away Little Girl" (#12) (a #1 hit for Steve Lawrence in 1963 and later for Donny Osmond in 1971) and "My Mammy" (#13) (popularized by Al Jolson in the 1920s). They also both achieved sales in excess of one million copies, garnering the group another couple of gold records. "Hare Krishna," a version of a song from the musical Hair (1969), was the group's last Hot 100 hit.
The band continues to perform with lead singer Miranda as the only remaining original member.
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
The Happenings' official web site
Bob Miranda's official web site
Garfield Cadets website - in 1968 Mike La Neev joined the band as the drummer.
B.T. Puppy Records artists
Jubilee Records artists
American pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1961
Musical groups from New Jersey
1961 establishments in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Happenings |
"Strict Machine" is an electronic dance song written by British electronic music duo Goldfrapp and Nick Batt for Goldfrapp's second studio album, Black Cherry (2003). It was produced by Goldfrapp and describes laboratory rats in neuroscience experiments. Alison Goldfrapp read in a newspaper about experiments in which scientists stimulated rats' brains so that the rats would feel joy when following commands. She was inspired to write "Strict Machine" based on images of the experiment and "more human aspects of machines and sex and control". Actress Gwendoline Christie features on the record sleeve disguised in a rabbit mask.
Wonderful Electric, Goldfrapp's concert tour DVD in support of Black Cherry, was named after lyrics in the song.
Release and reception
The song was released as the album's second single on 21 July 2003. It received a positive reception from music critics and became the band's second single to appear in the top 30 on UK Singles Chart. On 10 May 2004, the song was re-issued and became Goldfrapp's first top-20 single in the UK. In the United States, "Strict Machine" was released to success on the Billboard dance charts, where it reached the top position on the Dance Club chart and number three on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart. The song won the dance award at the 49th Ivor Novello Awards.
Critical reception
"Strict Machine" received positive reviews from music critics. In a review for the NME, Peter Robinson called it "a solid gold, honest-to-goodness hit record which should be Number One immediately." Andy Hermann wrote for PopMatters that the song was "a future S&M club anthem if ever there was one". Dorian Lynskey of Blender magazine also linked "Strict Machine"'s lyrics to sadomasochism, and he compared it to Donna Summer's 1977 disco single "I Feel Love". In his review for The Guardian, Alexis Petridis likened the song's "tubthumping drums" to Gary Glitter, 1980s arena rock, and hardstep, adding that "the end result is not only fantastic, but quiveringly sexy to boot".
In August 2009, American music web site Pitchfork Media listed "Strict Machine" in their Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s at number 379.
Chart performance
The song became Goldfrapp's second top-30 single when it debuted at number twenty-five on the singles chart, and spent a total of six weeks in the top 75. Following the song's re-release in May 2004, it surpassed its previous chart position in the UK by re-charting at number 20, becoming Goldfrapp's first top-20 single.
The song was also successful outside the UK. It reached number twenty-six in Canada and became Goldfrapp's first single release to chart in the country. Although the single sold considerably, "Strict Machine" did not chart on the Canadian BDS Airplay chart, receiving most of its sales from its fans in the dance clubs. In Australia, the song peaked at number fifty-four and would remain as Goldfrapp's only single to chart in the country until the release of "Ooh La La" in 2005.
After the favourable reception of "Twist" and "Black Cherry" on the dance charts, "Strict Machine" was released in the United States. It became their first release to reach the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, where it remained for one week. It also performed well on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart, where it reached number three. The single sold over 170,000 copies worldwide.
Influence
When Rachel Stevens released "Some Girls" in 2004, critics noted the similarity to the sound of Black Cherry, and in particular "Strict Machine", to which "Some Girls" was described as "startlingly similar" by the Manchester Evening News. Goldfrapp had given X an unmixed copy of their song to remix only to reject his efforts; shortly thereafter he wrote the Stevens song.
Music video
The song's music video, a mixture of graphic and live action segments, builds upon the art direction featured on the band's album and single covers. Throughout the video, Alison Goldfrapp is surrounded by black and white animated backgrounds, Siberian Husky-headed dancers, and colourful butterflies. The video uses kaleidoscopic layouts and dense graphic designs.
The music video was directed by Jonas Odell. The settings' architecture is inspired by the work of Archigram. Goldfrapp and her back-up dancers were filmed in London against a bluescreen. The animated sequences were done by Odell's Filmtecknarna studio in Stockholm, Sweden.
Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Strict Machine".
CD single 1
"Strict Machine" (Single Mix) – 3:45
"White Soft Rope" – 4:30
"Hairy Trees" (Live in London)* – 6:48
CD single 2
"Strict Machine" (Ewan Pearson Instrumental Remix) – 5:53
"Strict Machine" (Rowan's Remix) – 6:03
"Train" (Ewan Pearson Dub) – 7:46
DVD single
"Strict Machine" (Ewan's Stripped Machine Remix) – 8:33
"Deep Honey" (Live in London)* – 4:45
"Lovely Head" (Live in London) (Video)** – 4:01
CD single 1 (2004)
"Strict Machine" (Single Mix) – 3:42
"Strict Machine" (Benny Benassi Sfaction Edit) – 3:29
CD single 2 (2004)
"Strict Machine" (Paris Loaded) – 3:39
"Strict Machine" (We Are Glitter) – 6:28
"Strict Machine" (Benny Benassi Sfaction Extended Mix) – 6:50
"Strict Machine" (Benny Benassi Dub) – 6:26
DVD single (2004)
"Strict Machine" (Calderone + Suryanto Mix Edit) (Audio) — 8:09
"Sartorius" (Live)*** – 4:52
"Deer Stop" (Live)** – 4:18
Digital single 1 (2018)
"Strict Machine" (Single Mix) – 3:42
"White Soft Rope" – 4:30
"Hairy Trees" (Live in London)* – 6:48
"Strict Machine" (Ewan Pearson Instrumental Remix) – 5:52
"Strict Machine" (Rowan's Mix) – 6:07
"Train" (Ewan Pearson Dub) – 7:42
"Strict Machine" (Ewan's Stripped Machine Mix) – 8:27
"Deep Honey" (Live in London)* – 4:41
"Strict Machine" (Peter Rauhofer UK Mix) – 5:42
"Strict Machine" (Peter Rauhofer NYC Mix) – 8:31
"Strict Machine" (Ewan Pearson Extended Vocal) – 8:46
Digital single 2 (2018)
"Strict Machine" (Single Mix) – 3:42
"Strict Machine" (Benny Benassi Sfaction Edit) – 3:29
"Strict Machine" (Paris Loaded) – 3:38
"Strict Machine" (We Are Glitter) – 6:29
"Strict Machine" (Benny Benassi Sfaction Extended Mix) – 6:50
"Strict Machine" (Benny Benassi Dub) – 6:25
"Strict Machine" (Calderone and Suryanto Mix) – 12:02
*Recorded at ULU, 6 March 2003.
**Filmed at Shepherd's Bush Empire, 4 December 2001.
***Filmed at La Route du Rock, 11 August 2001.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Covers
U.K. garage trio Band of Skulls performed a folk version of the song for Australia's Triple J radio station.
Suzi Quatro covered the track for her 2011 album, In the Spotlight. The lyrics of Quatro's version of the song contain two extra lines from her number one hit "Can the Can", in order to show the similarity of the two tunes. Jon O'Brien of AllMusic wrote that Quatro's "Strict Machine" is
"a guitar-chugging mash-up of Goldfrapp's electro-pop reinvention in "Strict Machine"; [with] her own 1973 U.K. chart-topper "Can the Can," cleverly referencing the subtle similarities between the two; ...".
On 16 November 2011 the music video for Quatro's "Strict Machine" was released via the SUZI QUATRO OFFICIAL YouTube channel. It was produced by Victory Tischler-Blue, formerly Vicky Blue of The Runaways, and includes the extra two lines from "Can the Can".
See also
List of number-one dance singles of 2004 (U.S.)
References
External links
Goldfrapp's official website
2003 singles
2003 songs
2004 singles
Goldfrapp songs
Mute Records singles
Songs about BDSM
Songs written by Alison Goldfrapp
Songs written by Will Gregory
Suzi Quatro songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict%20Machine |
John D. Harvey (born June 3, 1968) is a horror novelist, screenwriter, and freelance writer. He holds a bachelor's degree in creative writing and in journalism. He lives in Rhode Island.
Bibliography
His articles have appeared in periodicals including Providence Film Notes, Newport This Week, The Traveler Newspaper, The Boston Irish Reporter, and Irish Music Magazine.
Short stories and poems
The Blood Review, April 1990 (poem – "Graceful")
The Leading Edge #22, 1990 (short story – "Robots & Diapers")
Mindmares, Summer 1998 (short story – "The Dull Lord Hornsby")
Novels
The Cleansing (2002)
External links
John D. Harvey Official Website
1968 births
Living people
American horror novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American novelists
Novelists from Boston
20th-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20D.%20Harvey |
HTML email is the use of a subset of HTML to provide formatting and semantic markup capabilities in email that are not available with plain text: Text can be linked without displaying a URL, or breaking long URLs into multiple pieces. Text is wrapped to fit the width of the viewing window, rather than uniformly breaking each line at 78 characters (defined in RFC 5322, which was necessary on older text terminals). It allows in-line inclusion of images, tables, as well as diagrams or mathematical formulae as images, which are otherwise difficult to convey (typically using ASCII art).
Adoption
Most graphical email clients support HTML email, and many default to it. Many of these clients include both a GUI editor for composing HTML emails and a rendering engine for displaying received HTML emails.
Since its conception, a number of people have vocally opposed all HTML email (and even MIME itself), for a variety of reasons. For instance, the ASCII Ribbon Campaign advocated that all email should be sent in ASCII text format. The campaign was unsuccessful and was abandoned in 2013. While still considered inappropriate in many newsgroup postings and mailing lists, its adoption for personal and business mail has only increased over time. Some of those who strongly opposed it when it first came out now see it as mostly harmless.
According to surveys by online marketing companies, adoption of HTML-capable email clients is now nearly universal, with less than 3% reporting that they use text-only clients. The majority of users prefer to receive HTML emails over plain text.
Compatibility
Email software that complies with RFC 2822 is only required to support plain text, not HTML formatting. Sending HTML formatted emails can therefore lead to problems if the recipient's email client does not support it. In the worst case, the recipient will see the HTML code instead of the intended message.
Among those email clients that do support HTML, some do not render it consistently with W3C specifications, and many HTML emails are not compliant either, which may cause rendering or delivery problems.
In particular, the <head> tag, which is used to house CSS style rules for an entire HTML document, is not well supported, sometimes stripped entirely, causing in-line style declarations to be the de facto standard, even though in-line style declarations are inefficient and fail to take good advantage of HTML's ability to separate style from content. Although workarounds have been developed, this has caused no shortage of frustration among newsletter developers, spawning the grassroots Email Standards Project, which grades email clients on their rendering of an acid test, inspired by those of the Web Standards Project, and lobbies developers to improve their products. To persuade Google to improve rendering in Gmail, for instance, they published a video montage of grimacing web developers, resulting in attention from an employee.
Style
Some senders may excessively rely upon large, colorful, or distracting fonts, making messages more difficult to read. For those especially bothered by this formatting, some user agents make it possible for the reader to partially override the formatting (for instance, Mozilla Thunderbird allows specifying a minimum font size); however, these capabilities are not globally available. Further, the difference in optical appearance between the sender and the reader can help to differentiate the author of each section, improving readability.
Multi-part formats
Many email servers are configured to automatically generate a plain text version of a message and send it along with the HTML version, to ensure that it can be read even by text-only email clients, using the Content-Type: multipart/alternative, as specified in RFC 1521. The message itself is of type multipart/alternative, and contains two parts, the first of type text/plain, which is read by text-only clients, and the second with text/html, which is read by HTML-capable clients. The plain text version may be missing important formatting information, however. (For example, a mathematical equation may lose a superscript and take on an entirely new meaning.)
Many mailing lists deliberately block HTML email, either stripping out the HTML part to just leave the plain text part or rejecting the entire message.
The order of the parts is significant. RFC1341 states that: In general, user agents that compose multipart/alternative entities should place the body parts in increasing order of preference, that is, with the preferred format last. For multipart emails with html and plain-text versions, that means listing the plain-text version first and the html version after it, otherwise the client may default to showing the plain-text version even though an html version is available.
Message size
HTML email is larger than plain text. Even if no special formatting is used, there will be the overhead from the tags used in a minimal HTML document, and if formatting is heavily used it may be much higher. Multi-part messages, with duplicate copies of the same content in different formats, increase the size even further. The plain text section of a multi-part message can be retrieved by itself, though, using IMAP's FETCH command.
Although the difference in download time between plain text and mixed message mail (which can be a factor of ten or more) was of concern in the 1990s (when most users were accessing email servers through slow modems), on a modern connection the difference is negligible for most people, especially when compared to images, music files, or other common attachments.
Security vulnerabilities
HTML allows a link to be displayed as arbitrary text, so that rather than displaying the full URL, a link may show only part of it or simply a user-friendly target name. This can be used in phishing attacks, in which users are fooled into believing that a link points to the website of an authoritative source (such as a bank), visiting it, and unintentionally revealing personal details (like bank account numbers) to a scammer.
If an email contains web bugs (inline content from an external server, such as a picture), the server can alert a third party that the email has been opened. This is a potential privacy risk, revealing that an email address is real (so that it can be targeted in the future) and revealing when the message was read.
HTML content requires email programs to use engines to parse, render and display the document. This can lead to more security vulnerabilities, denial of service or low performance on older computers.
During periods of increased network threats, the US Department of Defense converts all incoming HTML email to text email.
The multipart type is intended to show the same content in different ways, but this is sometimes abused; some email spam takes advantage of the format to trick spam filters into believing that the message is legitimate. They do this by including innocuous content in the text part of the message and putting the spam in the HTML part (that which is displayed to the user).
Most email spam is sent in HTML for these reasons, so spam filters sometimes give higher spam scores to HTML messages.
In 2018 EFAIL was unveiled, a severe vulnerability which could disclose the actual content of encrypted HTML emails to an attacker.
See also
Enriched text – an HTML-like system for email using MIME
Email production
References
Email
Internet terminology
HTML | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML%20email |
Villa Gesell Partido is a partido on the Atlantic coast of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina.
The provincial subdivision has a population of about 24,282 inhabitants in an area of , and its capital city is Villa Gesell, which is around from Buenos Aires.
Economy
The economy of Villa Gesell is dominated by the summer tourist season, which sees thousands of holidaymakers make their way to the Atlantic coast of Buenos Aires Province. The main tourist season lasts from December until February, after the end of the main holiday season most of the hotels, bars and restaurants close up, but some of the local establishments and hostels remain open all year round.
History
In 1931 Don Carlos Idaho Gesell purchased of sand dunes, and over the years he planted many thousands of trees and built a home for his family. Between the 1940s and the 1970s the population of Villa Gesell swelled as hippies and free thinkers fleeing the crowded metropolis of Buenos Aires made their way to the picturesque coastal village.
In the early years of Villa Gesell, Don Carlos Gesell introduced the "Plan galopante" (galloping plan) which meant if a householder would purchase a property inside Villa Gesell, and if they built a home within a specified period of time, a percentage of the purchase price would be discounted, in time bringing in thousands of people from around the world, especially Germany and Italy and other European nations, seeking a quiet and peaceful place to live.
Around 1970, Villa Gesell gained its status as a city, and as the settlement of Villa Gesell grew in popularity, commercial interests took over, spoiling Gesell's idea of a tranquil village surrounded by nature.
As the sand dunes were bulldozed to make space for seafront bars and restaurants, the settlement of Mar Azul was established in order to reestablish Gesell's ideal of urban development in tune with nature.
Since 2004, work has been undertaken to remove many of the concrete slab seafront bars and restaurants, in order to return the coastline of Villa Gesell to the state Gesell had intended.
Villa Gesell is host to "Le Touquet", one of the largest motocross races in the world. These races are held at nearby cities from time to time.
It has been said that "there is no better place to raise a family, than Villa Gesell".
Settlements
Mar Azul
Mar de las Pampas
Las Gaviotas
Villa Gesell
External links
Villa Gesell Partido Main Website (Spanish)
Federal Website (Spanish)
Partidos of Buenos Aires Province
1978 establishments in Argentina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa%20Gesell%20Partido |
Nightmare in A-Minor is the third and final studio album by the hip hop supergroup Gravediggaz, recorded by two remaining members (Poetic and Frukwan) and released after Poetic's death.
By this time, RZA and Prince Paul had left the group, and Poetic died after his 2-year fight with Colon cancer. The album was produced by Too Poetic, Frukwan, LG, Diamond J, and True Master (For Wu-Tang Productions) and features guest appearances from Wu-Tang affiliates Killarmy and Sunz of Man, and an intro from fellow member Prince Paul, introducing new Gravediggaz DJ Diamond J as a member of the group. Too Poetic rhymes about his terminal illness on the track "Burn, Baby, Burn." Executive producers were J.Collins & P. Klein. The album was released with three different covers. Six tracks from the album appear on the compilation Six Feet Under under different titles and released without permission by any surviving Gravediggaz members as legal actions are in pursuit. Earlier versions of the album contain the extra songs "Current Events" and "Betta Wake up."
Track listing
"Mike Check Intro: Prince Paul (Skit)" featuring Undertaker – 0:37
"Bloodshed" – 4:48
"False Things Must Perish" featuring Prodigal Sunn – 4:21
"Last Man Standing (Skit)" – 2:17
"Killing Fields" – 3:47
"Burn, Baby, Burn" (produced by True Master) – 4:23
"Wanna Break" – 4:02
"I Understand That" – 2:15
"Six Feet Underground" – 4:13
"2 Day's Mathematics" – 4:34
"Alone in the Graveyard" – 3:56
"East Coast-Vs-West Coast (Skit)" – 0:22
"Barking Up The Wrong Tree" – 4:16
"Guard Ya Shrine" – 2:15
"Nightmare in A-Minor" featuring Kinetic 9 and 4th Disciple of Killarmy (produced by True Master) – 4:31
"End of the World" – 3:22
"Man Only Fears" featuring Shogun Assassin of Killarmy (produced by Big French of Mad Bull Productions) – 3:56
"Universal Shout Outs (Skit)" – 2:47
"Da Crazies (Skit)" – 0:48
"Dont Sleep" – 4:58
"Current Events" – 3:56
References
2002 albums
Gravediggaz albums
Albums produced by True Master | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare%20in%20A-Minor |
Teleny, or, The Reverse of the Medal, is a pornographic novel, first published in London in 1893. The authorship of the work is unknown. There is a consensus that it was an ensemble effort, but it has often been attributed to Oscar Wilde. Set in fin-de-siècle Paris, its concerns are the magnetic attraction and passionate though ultimately tragic affair between a young Frenchman named Camille Des Grieux and the Hungarian pianist René Teleny. The novel is one of the earliest pieces of English-language pornography that focuses explicitly and near-exclusively on homosexuality (following The Sins of the Cities of the Plain, published in 1881). Its lush and literate, though variable, prose style and the relative complexity and depth of character and plot development share as much with the aesthetic fiction of the period as with its typical pornography.
History of publication
Wilde's authorship, while unproven, is claimed by erotic bookseller and pornographer Charles Hirsch, "A few days later one of the young gentlemen I had seen with [Wilde] came to collect the package. He kept it for a while and then brought it back saying in turn: 'Would you kindly give this to one of our friends who will come to fetch it in the same person’s name'". Hirsch recounts three further repetitions of this "identical ceremony" before the package made its way back to Wilde. Hirsch defied the strict instructions not to open the package while it was in his care, and claims that it was written in several different hands, which lends further support to his supposition that it was authored in "round robin" style by a small group of Wilde's intimate associates. Neither Wilde's authorship nor editorship has ever been ascertained.
By 1893, the manuscript had made its way into the hands of Leonard Smithers, who since 1892 had been in business with Harry Sidney Nichols, Smithers serving primarily as an "entrepreneurial" liaison between "authors, publishers, and distributors". Smithers and Nichols were aligned with William Lazenby, Edward Avery, and Charles Carrington, in a small and tightly interwoven group of late Victorian publishers heavily involved in the production and distribution of pornography in London and Paris. Smithers worked extensively in the 1890s with Wilde and his circle, as is indicated by the title of James Nelson's book on Smithers, Publisher to the Decadents. Lisa Sigel claims that unlike most pornographers, who were eager to preserve their anonymity for reasons of respectability and safety, Smithers "embrace[d] public scrutiny" and managed to earn some renown for encouraging and orchestrating the collaboration of Wilde and Beardsley on Salomé. From 1892 to 1894 Smithers and Nichols released, among other projects, a series of pornographic novels under the imprint Erotika Biblion Society. Teleny was published 1893 as part of this series in a limited edition of 200 copies, with significant edits by Smithers, including the omission of an introduction and a change in the setting from London to Paris. Smithers promoted it in an advertisement, sent to a select group of subscribers, as "undoubtedly, the most powerful and most cleverly written erotic Romance which has appeared in the English language during recent years," authored by "a man of great imagination…[who] has conceived a thrilling story." And: "It is a most extraordinary story of passion, and while dealing with scenes which surpass in freedom the wildest license, the culture of its author’s style adds an additional piquancy and spice to the narration". Judged by the traditional literary standards of plot, character, suspense, variation, style, etc. which usually find pornography lacking, Teleny stands apart from its contemporaries as the "most powerful and most cleverly written erotic Romance."
Hirsch published a translation into French in Paris in 1934 shifting the locale back to London.
In 1958 it was published in English by Paris-based Olympia Press. A paperback edition from Icon Books came out in 1966. This was an expurgated version due to the laws regarding obscene publication in effect at the time. In the introduction to that edition, readers are advised that if they wish to see the complete text they can in the British Museum, where a copy is kept in the Private Case. In 1986, it was published in London by Gay Men's Press in the series Gay Modern Classics; Wordsworth Classics published it in 1995 in their series Wordsworth Classic Erotica . The most recent edition, edited by Amanda Mordavsky Caleb, was published by Valancourt Books in 2010.
Plot summary
The story begins with Des Grieux attending a concert with his mother; he experiences strange and suggestive visions during one piano performance – by the beautiful Hungarian Teleny. Des Grieux becomes fascinated by the man and by the sporadically and frequently sexual telepathic connection he feels with Teleny, and this feeling becomes a mixture of curiosity, admiration, and desire, which quickly leads to jealousy. Des Grieux knows that Teleny attracts many men and women before their relationship begins. Eventually they meet and share their experiences of their unexplained bond which quickly leads to a passionate affair. Des Grieux feels very torn about loving and desiring a man and attempts to genuinely sexually interest himself in a household servant, but in so doing indirectly leads to her death. Thus shaken, he vows not to fight his feelings and allows Teleny to introduce him to an underground sexual society of males desiring men. Their love continues through a blackmailing attempt and their emotional struggles, until Teleny declares a need to leave for a time, ostensibly for a concert performance. During this time Des Grieux goes to Teleny's apartments only to find Teleny in bed with Des Grieux's mother, who had offered to pay Teleny's debts in return for sexual favours. The two part badly; Des Grieux nearly commits suicide and remains isolated in the hospital for many days. When he leaves he goes to Teleny only to find that his lover has stabbed himself in remorse, and is bleeding to death. Des Grieux forgives Teleny; they re-declare their love, and Teleny dies.
Adaptations
A comic book adaptation by Jon Macy entitled Teleny and Camille, published by Northwest Press in 2010, won the 2010 Lambda Literary Award for Gay Erotica. In May 2014, Melbourne's Fly-On-The-Wall Theatre presented a stage production of Teleny adapted by playwright Barry Lowe, directed by Robert Chuter.
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
McRae, John (ed.): Teleny Revisited. A Special Issue of THE OSCHOLARS with essays and bibliography.
External links
1890s LGBT novels
1893 British novels
British erotic novels
Pornographic novels
British LGBT novels
Novels with gay themes
Works published anonymously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleny%2C%20or%20The%20Reverse%20of%20the%20Medal |
An international non-governmental organization (INGO) is an organization which is independent of government involvement and extends the concept of a non-governmental organization (NGO) to an international scope.
NGOs are independent of governments and can be seen as two types: advocacy NGOs, which aim to influence governments with a specific goal, and operational NGOs, which provide services. Examples of NGO mandates are environmental preservation, human rights promotions or the advancement of women. NGOs are typically not-for-profit, but receive funding from companies or membership fees. Many large INGOs have components of operational projects and advocacy initiatives working together within individual countries.
The technical term "international organizations" describes intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and includes groups such as the United Nations or the International Labour Organization, which are formed by treaties among sovereign states. In contrast, INGOs are defined as "any internationally operating organization which is not established by inter-governmental agreement".
An INGO may be founded by private philanthropy, such as the Carnegie, Rockefeller, Gates and Ford Foundations, or as an adjunct to existing international organizations, such as the Catholic or Lutheran churches. A surge in INGOs for economic development occurred during World War II, some of which would later become large organizations like SOS Children's Villages, Oxfam, Catholic Relief Services, Care International and Lutheran World Relief. The number of INGOs grew from 6,000 in 1990 to 26,000 in 1999, and a 2013 report estimated about 40,000.
Except for incorporation under national laws, no current formal legal status exists for INGOs, which can lead to complications in international law.
History
International non-governmental organizations emerged alongside humanitarian aid with the realization that no single government could single-handedly solve global crises. Governments began offering greater support to private, international organizations and NGOs in the 1980s as a way of allowing more time and resources to be spent on national projects. Often, a humanitarian aid organization would clash with a government's approach to the unfolding domestic conflict. In such cases, INGOs have sought out autonomy to extend help regardless of political or ethnic affiliation.
In 1910, the Union of International Associations (UIA) were the first to suggest that a "super-national" status be given to international organizations with diplomatic intentions without governmental influence. The International Law Association (ILA) modified this, adding that this "super-national" organizational status may be adopted for associations formed for no profit.
Activities
The main focus of INGOs is to provide relief and developmental aid to developing countries. Health-related projects such as HIV/AIDS awareness, prevention and treatment, clean water, and malaria prevention—and education-related projects such as schools for girls and providing books—help to provide the social services that the country's government does not provide. International non-governmental organizations are some of the first responders to natural disasters, like hurricanes and floods, or crises that need emergency relief. Other organizations, like the International Justice Mission, are working to make judicial systems more effective and legitimate. Still others, such as those promoting micro-finance and education, directly impact citizens and communities by developing skills and human capital while encouraging citizen empowerment and community involvement.
NGOs, in general, account for over 15% of total international development aid, which is linked to economic development. As of 2007, aid (partly contributed to by INGOs) over the past thirty years is estimated to have increased the annual growth rate of the bottom billion by one percent.
Criticisms
Given they are usually supported by donations, a popular concern about INGOs is where the money goes and whether it is spent efficiently. High administrative costs can be an indication of inefficiency, enrichment of employees at the expense of beneficiaries, embezzlement or misdirection of funds to corrupt local officials or dictatorship. Numerous attempts have been made to remedy the accountability of INGOs surrounding where and for what their money is being used. Websites like Charity Navigator and GiveWell attempt to provide transparency as to how much goes to administrative costs, what activities money is spent on, whether more donations would be helpful, and how cost-effective the activities are compared to other charities or potential activities.
Moreover, multiple organizations often exist to solve the same problem. Rather than collaborating to address a given situation, organizations frequently interact as competitors, which creates bottlenecks of treatment and supplies. Conflicts typically require organizations to quickly provide aid to regions with conflict. As such, ensuring immediate and future care quality is paramount. To this point, INGOs must prepare regions for when they leave by providing the tools and guidance necessary to support their citizens. More research must be done on the impacts of INGO support from the perspective of the recipient country or region, as much of currently published research has been completed from the lens of a Westernized donor or INGO.
Another criticism is that many of the people benefiting from INGOs have no way to influence those activities and hold the organizations accountable. (for example by threatening to withhold donations). Some charitable organizations solicit the participation of local communities to avoid problems related to intercultural competence, and avoid unintended consequences due to lack of buy-in or lack of knowledge about local conditions.
In March 2015, the European Journal of International Relations criticized the impact of INGOs on government decision-making, claiming they are slowing integration of developing countries into the global economy.
Notable international NGOs
Multiple interdisciplinary projects
ActionAid
ACTED
ADRA
AIESEC
CAFOD
CARE
CRS
Cuso International
Danish Refugee Council
Islamic Relief
International Olympic Committee
Mercy Corps
Oxfam
Save the Children
SOS Children's Villages
Tzu Chi Foundation
World Vision International
Plan International
Economics
International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA)
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Health
Amref Health Africa
Doctors Without Borders
GAVI
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Children and youth
Compassion International
International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements (FIMCAP)
Plan
Reggio Children Foundation
Save the Children International
SOS Children's Villages
World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS)
World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM)
World Vision International
AIESEC
Education
European Association of History Educators
Junior Achievement
The Library Project
OpenmindProjects- INGO
Human rights
International Rescue Committee
Human Rights Watch
Amnesty International
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative
Friends of Peoples Close to Nature
Humanists International
International Christian Concern
International Commission against the Death Penalty
International Federation for Human Rights
Survival International
Environmental
Greenpeace
International POPs Elimination Network
International Union for Conservation of Nature
World Wide Fund for Nature
Water, sanitation, and hygiene
WaterAid
Water.org
Initiative: Eau
Water for People
Multilateralism
Sister Cities International
World Federation of United Nations Associations
Religion
International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements (FIMCAP)
Lutheran World Relief
Space and technology
COSPAR
RIPE NCC
IMIRAD
See also
European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations
Foundation (non-profit)
International Non-Governmental Organisations Accountability Charter
Nonprofit organization
Think tank
World Polity Theory
References
Further reading
Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy", in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.
Collier, Paul 2007. "Aid to the Rescue?", in The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It, pp. 99–123. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Singer, Peter 2009. "How Can You Tell Which Charities Do It Best?", in The Life You Can Save, pp. 82–125. New York: Random House. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20non-governmental%20organization |
Adrian Gerald Foley, 8th Baron Foley of Kidderminster (9 August 1923 – 12 February 2012), was a British peer, composer and pianist.
Upon the death of his father, Gerald Foley, 7th Baron Foley, in 1927, Adrian Foley succeeded to his title at the age of three. He wrote London I Cannot Leave You (1940) at the age of 17, having spent his childhood in Eastbourne. In 1942, he supported Britain's Soviet ally with the composition of the song, "Wishing You Well, Mr Stalin". He composed music for the films Piccadilly Incident (1946) and Bond Street (1947). He appeared on an episode of the American game show To Tell the Truth in 1957.
Personal life
In 1958, he met a wealthy American heiress, Patricia Meek, née Zoelner, during a stage production of Jane Eyre, produced by Huntington Hartford in New York City. On 23 December 1958, the couple married. They had two children: Alexandra Mary (born 1960) and Thomas Henry (born 1961), before divorcing in 1971. In 1972, he married another wealthy heiress, Ghislaine (née Dresselhuys; former wife of both the 6th Earl of Caledon and the 4th Baron Ashcombe), the only daughter of Dutch-born Long Island resident and former Consul of the Netherlands in London, Cornelius William Dresselhuys and Edith Merandon du Plessis. His second wife died in 2000. On 15 December 2003, he married his third wife, Hannah Steinberg, a member of the Wolfson family.
Death
Lord Foley enjoyed golf and maintained properties near to the golfing areas of the Andalusian region of Spain for several decades. He owned property in Belgravia, London, and lived in retirement near Marbella until his death in Kidderminster in 2012, aged 88.
References
External links
1923 births
2012 deaths
English expatriates in Spain
English film score composers
English male film score composers
English classical pianists
English socialites
People from Kidderminster
Adrian
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century English musicians
8
Foley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Foley%2C%208th%20Baron%20Foley |
Robert Wilkie Burgess (born May 19, 1941) is an American dancer and singer. He was one of the original Mouseketeers. Later, he was a regular on The Lawrence Welk Show.
Early life
Growing up in Southern California, Burgess started performing at age five, which included dancing, singing and playing the accordion. At the age of 13, in 1955, he was selected as one of the original Mouseketeers by Walt Disney to appear on his new ABC television series, The Mickey Mouse Club, giving young Burgess his first taste of celebrity. He also guest starred on The Donna Reed Show as a suitor of Mary Stone (Shelley Fabares). Burgess attended Southern California Military Academy in Long Beach for his elementary and junior high school. By the time Burgess turned 11, he had appeared in at least 75 television programs.
After Disney
When the series ended in 1959, Burgess returned to a normal teenager's life, and graduated from Long Beach Polytechnic High School. He then began attending Long Beach State University where he became a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. While there, he and his childhood friend (and dancing partner) Barbara Boylan entered a Calcutta dance contest held by Lawrence Welk and his orchestra based on the hit song of the same name. They won the contest and first prize was an appearance on The Lawrence Welk Show, which appeared on ABC.
After their initial appearance, Burgess and Boylan continued to guest on Welk's show for the next few weeks, either dancing to Calcutta or to the orchestra's next hit song Yellow Bird. The positive fan response led to Welk hiring the dance couple as permanent members of the show, which was described by the bandleader as having created a job for themselves. Over the course of the show's run, first on ABC and later in syndication; Burgess had three dance partners: Barbara Boylan from 1961 to 1967, who was also a temporary fill-in for a few shows in 1979, Cissy King (1967–78), and Elaine Balden (1979–82). He did song-and-dance numbers with Arthur Duncan and Jack Imel and co-hosted, with Mary Lou Metzger, wraparound segments on The Lawrence Welk Show's PBS reruns in 2010.
Later life
Burgess still dances when he is touring with Elaine Balden, and at his own dance studio, where he instructs young students. He is the cotillion instructor at Miraleste, Palos Verdes and Ridgecrest Intermediate Schools.
Personal life
Burgess married Kristie Floren, the daughter of Welk accordionist Myron Floren, on Valentine's Day (February 14), 1971. The couple live in Hollywood Hills and are parents to four children.
References
1941 births
Living people
American male dancers
Musicians from Long Beach, California
Mouseketeers
Lawrence Welk
Dancers from California
American accordionists
Musicians from Los Angeles
Long Beach Polytechnic High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Burgess |
Beverly Waugh (1789–1858) was an American who was a Methodist pastor, book agent, and Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1836.
Birth and early years
Waugh was born on October 28, 1789, in Fairfax County, Virginia, the son of a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. At the age of fifteen, he was converted to the Christian faith and became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Alexandria, Virginia. It is believed that he was employed as a clerk in a government office or in business for three or four years, given the excellent penmanship and accuracy of his accounts throughout his life. From the time he was eighteen until shortly before his death, he kept a journal which, in the end, amounted to several manuscript volumes.
Ordained ministry
In 1809, aged 20, Waugh entered the itinerant ministry of the Baltimore Annual Conference. After three years he was stationed in the city of Washington. For 18 years he filled a number of the most prominent appointments in the Baltimore Conference.
Waugh was elected by his peers to be a delegate to the General Conferences of 1816 and 1820, representing the Baltimore Conference. For the 1824 General Conference, because he was in favor of an elected Presiding Eldership (which the majority of his conference did not approve), he was not elected a delegate.
In 1828, Waugh was again elected a member of General Conference, and was, at that time, chosen Assistant Editor and Agent of the Book Concern of the Methodist Episcopal Church, resulting in his restationing to New York City. This also necessitated his transfer to the New York Annual Conference, as the rule in force at that time constituted the Assistant Book Agent a member of that body. In his work with the Book Concern, Waugh was closely associated with John Emory, later Bishop.
In 1832, Waugh was made the principal agent, through not a member of the General Conference that year. He was again a member of the 1836 General Conference.
Episcopal ministry
Waugh was elected to the Episcopacy of the Methodist Episcopal Church by the 1836 General Conference. He filled this highest office in the ordained ministry for nearly 22 years. After the death of Bishop Hedding in 1852, he was the Senior Bishop of his denomination.
Waugh traveled almost constantly. He was never absent from one of his conferences. He organized the Rock River, Texas Annual Conference, with only nine members, as well as other Annual Conferences. Long before the time of railroads, his routes ranged from Michigan to Georgia, and Maine to Texas. He shared with his colleagues the responsibility of presiding over five sessions of the General Conference, some of which were the most laborious and difficult known in the history of the Church. It is supposed that the average number of preachers appointed by him per annum was probably 550, or about 12,000 altogether.
Death
Waugh visited Carlisle, Pennsylvania, for several days in January 1858 to assist in a revival of religion. On his return home, he was seized with erysipelas and died on February 9, 1858, in Baltimore. The immediate cause of his death is supposed to have been an affection of the heart. He was buried in the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Baltimore, near the graves of Bishops Francis Asbury, Enoch George and John Emory.
Selected writings
Beverly Waugh's Journal. Manuscripts from 1807, continued with gaps for many years
A Series of Questions for Bible Classes, with J. Emory, 1828.
Wesley's Works, Editor (with John Emory), 1831.
"Nature and Objects of the Methodist Book Concern", a statement in Emory's Life and Works, R. Emory, 1841.
"Funeral discourse on Bishop Roberts" in Sermons on Miscellaneous Subjects, Cincinnati, 1847.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Notes
References
Further reading
Discourse on, delivered by Bishop T.A. Morris, General Conference, published by its order, 1860.
Sketch: Western Cavaliers, A.H. Redford, 1876.
Sketch: Lives of Methodist Bishops, H.B. Ridgaway, Flood and Hamilton, 1882.
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
1789 births
1858 deaths
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
American book editors
Editors of Christian publications
American sermon writers
American diarists
Methodist ministers
Burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Baltimore)
19th-century Methodist bishops
19th-century American bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly%20Waugh |
Bharatendu Harishchandra (9 September 18506 January 1885) was an Indian poet, writer and playwright. He authored several dramas, life sketches and travel accounts, using new media such as reports, publications, letters to editors of publications, translations, and literary works to shape public opinion. 'Bharatendu Harishchandra' is often considered the father of Hindi literature and Hindi theatre. He has been hailed as a Yug Charan for his writings depicting the exploitative nature of the British Raj.
Writing under the pen name "Rasa", Harishchandra picked themes that demonstrated the agonies of the people. For instance, the country's poverty, dependency, inhuman exploitation, the unrest of the middle class and the urgent need for progression of the country. Referred as a fearless journalist, Harishchandra refuted the prevailing orthodoxy of the time and revealed the machination of the mahants, pandas and priests. He was an influential Hindu "traditionalist", using Vaishnava devotionalism to define a coherent Hindu religion.
Biography
Born into the Agrawal caste in Benaras, Harishchandra's father Gopal Chandra was a poet. His ancestors were landlords in Bengal. Even though his parents died when he was young, they seemed to have left an influence on him. Acharya Ramchandra Shukla has described Bharatendu's journey to the Jagannath temple in Puri, Orissa with his family in 1865, at the young age of 15. During this trip he was deeply moved by the Bengal Renaissance and decided to translate the genres of social, historical, and Puranic plays and novels into Hindi. This influence reflected in his Hindi translation of the Bengali drama Vidyasundar, three years later, in 1868.
Harishchandra edited the magazines Kavi Vachan Sudha, Harishchandra Magazine, Harishchandra Patrika and Bal Vodhini.
He wrote under the pseudonym Girdhar Das. He was titled "Bharatendu" ("The moon of India") at a public meeting by scholars of Kashi in 1880 in recognition of his services as a writer, patron, and moderniser. Ram Vilas Sharma refers to the "great literary awakening ushered in under Bharatendu's leadership" as the "second storey of the edifice of renascent Hindi", the first being the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
He was married and had one daughter.
Hindu traditionalism
According to Barbara and Thomas R. Metcalf, Bharatendu Harishchandra was a powerful Hindu "traditionalist" in North India, promoting the continuity of received tradition and self-conscious participation with the modern world. He rejected the authority of those engaged with Western learning and institutions over Hindu religious matters and recommended they be left to traditionally educated Hindu scholars. He used new media, especially publications to shape public opinion. In doing so, he contributed to the development of modern forms of the Hindi language.
He used Vaishnava devotionalism to define a coherent Hindu religion, using the Kashi Dharma Sabha as his institutional base, started in the 1860s by the Maharaja of Benares as a response to more radical Hindu reformist movements. Harishchandra insisted on the value of image worship and interpreted Bhakti as devotion to a single god; this was in response to Orientalist and Christian critiques of Hinduism.
Although Urdu was used as the lingua franca across North India since the 18th Century, Harishchandra espoused the cause of reviving Hindi as part of his cultural and nationalist activities. He "combined pleas for [the] use of Swadeshi articles with demands for replacement of Urdu by Hindi in courts and a ban on cow slaughter". He continued his campaign for a legal ban on cow slaughter on behalf of Maharaja of Benares, taking it to the Delhi Durbar. His petition on the same, according to Sahay ([1905] 1975: 84), had 60,000 signatories and was submitted to Lord Lytton. Even though no action was taken on the ban, he was given the title "Vir Vaishnava".
Major works
Plays
Bharatendu Harishchandra soon became a director, manager, and playwright. He used theatre as a tool to shape public opinion. His major plays are:
Vaidika Himsa Na Bhavati, 1873 (वैदिक हिंसा हिंसा न भवति)
Satya Harishchandra, 1876 (सत्य हरिश्चन्द्र)
Bharat Durdasha, 1875
Niladevi, 1881 (नीलदेवी)
Andher Nagari (अन्धेर नगरी, City of Darkness), 1881: A popular play of modern Hindi drama and a political satire. Translated and performed in many Indian languages by prominent Indian directors like B. V. Karanth, Prasanna, Arvind Gaur and Sanjay Upadhyaya.
Poetry
Bhakta Sarvagya (भक्त सर्वज्ञ)
Prem Malika (प्रेम मालिका), 1872
Prem Madhuri (प्रेम माधुरी), 1875
Prem Tarang (प्रेम तरंग),1877
Prem Prakalpa (प्रेम प्रकल्प), Prem Phulwari (प्रेम फुलवारी) and Prem Sarowar (प्रेम सरोवर), 1883
Holi (होली), (1874)
Madhumukul (मधुमुकुल), 1881
Raga Sangrah (राग संग्रह), 1880
Varsha Vinod (वर्षा विनोद), 1880
Vinay Prem Pachasa (विनय प्रेम पचासा), 1881
Phulon Ka Guchchha (फूलों का गुच्छा), 1882
Chandravali (चन्द्रावली), 1876 and Krishnacharitra (कृष्णचरित्र), 1883
Uttarardha Bhaktamal (उत्तरार्द्ध भक्तमाल), 1876–77
निज भाषा उन्नति अहै, सब उन्नति को मूल ।
बिन निज भाषा-ज्ञान के, मिटत न हिय को सूल ।।
विविध कला शिक्षा अमित, ज्ञान अनेक प्रकार।
सब देसन से लै करहू, भाषा माहि प्रचार ।।
Translation:
Progress is made in one's own language (the mother tongue), as it the foundation of all progress.
Without the knowledge of the mother tongue, there is no cure for the pain of heart.
Many arts and education infinite, knowledge of various kinds. Should be taken from all countries, but be propagated in one's mother tongue.
Translations
Harsha's Ratnavali (रत्नावली)
Vishakhadatta's Mudrarakshasa (मुद्राराक्षस)
Ramprasad Sen's Vidyasundar (विद्यासुन्दर) from Bengali
Karpuramanjari (कर्पूरमञ्जरी) from Prakrit
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice as Durlabh Bandhu (दुर्लभ बन्धु) Invaluable Friend
Essay collection
Bharatendu Granthavali (भारतेन्दु ग्रन्थावली), 1885
Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of India gives the Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards since 1983 to promote original writings in Hindi mass communication.
See also
Bharatendu Natya Academy
Moti Chandra
References
External links
Bharatendu Harishchandra at Kavita Kosh (Hindi)
Plays of Bharatendu Harishchandra at Gadya Kosh
Poetry by Bharatendu
1850 births
1885 deaths
Writers from Varanasi
Hindi dramatists and playwrights
Hindi-language journalists
Hindi-language poets
Hindi theatre
Indian magazine editors
Novelists from British India
Male actors from British India
Indian theatre directors
Journalists from British India
Poets from British India
19th-century Indian journalists
19th-century Indian poets
19th-century Indian novelists
Dramatists and playwrights from British India
19th-century Indian male actors
Indian male poets
19th-century Indian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatendu%20Harishchandra |
Oh! Calcutta! is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band the Lawrence Arms, released in 2006 by Fat Wreck Chords. It is the band's third and last studio album to be released on Fat Wreck Chords. Brendan Kelly has stated that this is his favorite Lawrence Arms album. Punknews named this album the #1 album of 2000-2009.
Composition and lyrics
In comparison with their previous album The Greatest Story Ever Told, Oh! Calcutta! is considerably faster-paced and more aggressive. It also finds Chris McCaughan and Brendan Kelly sharing vocal duties in an almost duet style, while on previous albums the two had split most of the lead vocals between songs.
The album's title demonstrates the band's propensity to juxtapose the twin elements of "legitimate" literature and philosophy and American pop culture, referencing both the 1969 off-Broadway revue of the same name and a comment made by Mother Teresa that conditions in Chicago's south side depressed her more than the poverty of Calcutta. The title of the song "Are You There Margaret? It's Me, God" references the book Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret. by Judy Blume, while the title "Jumping the Shark" references a pop culture term describing an episode of Happy Days. "Requiem Revisited" borrows melodies from the Naked Raygun song, "Soldier's Requiem." The whispered lyrics in the beginning of it are taken from the Nomeansno song "Brother Rat." The title of "Lose Your Illusion 1" is a reference to the Guns N' Roses album Use Your Illusion I. The album contains a "hidden" track after the last song entitled "Warped Summer Extravaganza (Major Excellent)," a reference to the band's experiences on the Warped Tour.
In a style that parallels the band's previous album The Greatest Story Ever Told, the inside back cover of the liner notes bears a pair of quotations designed to illustrate the album's juxtaposition of "legitimate" literature and philosophy with American pop culture:
"As flies to wanton boys, are we to the gods; they kill us for their sport."
-from William Shakespeare's King Lear, Act IV, scene i
"Billy, you are dealing with the oddity of time travel with the greatest of ease."
-Alex Winter in Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure
Release
A music video for "The Devil's Takin' Names" was filmed in January 2006 with director Bob Trondson. On January 21, 2006, the album's artwork and track listing were posted online. In February and March 2006, preceded by three shows with the Loved Ones, the Lawrence Arms supported NOFX on their headlining US tour. Between February 9, 2006 and the album's March 7, 2006 release date, a different song was made available to stream on a daily basis through their Myspace profile. To promote the album, a contest was held were fans could win lyric sheets for one of each of the songs. The iTunes version of the album also included an extra track "The Rabbit and the Rooster". They went on a brief tour with the Blackout Pact and Latterman around the album's release. A music video for "The Devil's Takin' Names" was posted on Alternative Press website on March 13, 2006. In April and May 2006, the Lawrence Arms supported No Use for a Name on their headlining European tour (which included an appearance at the Groezrock festival), then Alkaline Trio on their short West Coast headlining tour, running into June 2006.
The Lawrence Arms supported Lagwagon on their US tour in July and August 2006, before embarking on their own headlining US tour, with support from the Draft and the Blackout Pact. Bullets to Broadway was also due to support, but had to cancelled due to one of the members having a family illness. In October 2006, the band appeared at The Fest, and played a few shows with Chuck Ragan. They closed out the year with an appearance at the CMJ Music Marathon, and supporting Frenzal Rhomb on their tour of Australia in December 2006. Following an appearance at the Shameless Hours festival, the band embarked on a headlining US tour in October and November 2007 with American Steel, the Falcon, and Sundowner, which included a performance at The Fest. Their 2018 compilation album We Are the Champions of the World featured 4 additional songs from the album's recording sessions.
Reception
Punknews.org ranked the album at number three on their list of the year's 20 best releases.
Track listing
All songs written by The Lawrence Arms
“The Devil’s Takin’ Names”–2:00
“Cut It Up”–2:13
“Great Lakes / Great Escapes”–2:49
“Recovering the Opposable Thumb”–3:05
“Beyond the Embarrassing Style”–2:24
“Are You There Margaret? It’s Me, God.”–3:35
“Jumping the Shark”–2:36
“Lose Your Illusion 1”–2:59
“Requiem Revisited”–2:07
“Key to the City”–3:01
“Old Dogs Never Die”–2:12
“Like a Record Player” / ”Warped Summer Extravaganza (Major Excellent)”–4:51
The iTunes download of the album separates the latter into two tracks, and includes the bonus track “The Rabbit and the Rooster”.
Personnel
Chris McCaughan - guitar, vocals
Brendan Kelly - bass, vocals
Neil Hennessy - drums
Ryan Hennessy - country guitar on "Warped Summer Extravaganza (Major Excellent)", additional backing vocals
Rich Gill, Kat, Dan Schafer, and Marcus Kretzmann - backing vocals
Album information
Record label: Fat Wreck Chords
Recorded October - November 2005 analog onto 2-inch tape
All songs by the Lawrence Arms, copyright 2005 Florence Farms ASCAP
Engineered and mixed by Matt Allison
Produced by Matt Allison and the Lawrence Arms
Mastered by Colossal in Chicago, Illinois
Photos by Ben Pier
Art slapped together by Sergie
Layout by David Holtz
References
2006 albums
Fat Wreck Chords albums
The Lawrence Arms albums
Albums produced by Matt Allison (record producer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%21%20Calcutta%21%20%28The%20Lawrence%20Arms%20album%29 |
6 Feet Under is a compilation album by Gravediggaz, consisting of material that originally appeared on Nightmare in A-Minor and Frukwan's solo album Life. This album was released by X-ray/Cleopatra Records.
Track listing
References
Gravediggaz albums
2004 compilation albums
Cleopatra Records compilation albums
Unauthorized albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6%20Feet%20Under%20%28album%29 |
Georgia's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Democrat Sanford D. Bishop, Jr.
Georgia's largest district by land area, it comprises much of the southwestern portion of the state. Much of the district is rural, although the district has a number of small cities and medium-sized towns, such as Albany, Americus, Bainbridge, and Thomasville. It also contains most of Columbus and most of Macon. The district is also the historic and current home of former President Jimmy Carter.
The 2nd district is one of the most consistently Democratic in the country, as Democrats have held it since 1875. However, it has grown far less heavily blue in recent years due to shifting demographics. With a PVI of D+3, it is the least Democratic majority-black district in the United States.
The district's boundaries were redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. In 2021, following the 2020 census, the 156th Georgia General Assembly passed new congressional maps signed by Governor Kemp, and redrew this district from 51% African American to 49% African American, beginning in 2023.
Counties
Recent results in statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Election results
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Georgia's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 2nd district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 2nd district at GovTrack.us
02 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%202nd%20congressional%20district |
Angus MacKay (born 10 September 1964) is a Scottish politician who served as Minister for Finance and Local Government from 2000 to 2001. A member of the Scottish Labour Party, he was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Edinburgh South constituency from 1999 to 2003.
Born in Edinburgh, MacKay graduated from the University of Edinburgh with a MA in Politics and Modern History. Before entering politics, he worked for Shelter Scotland and served as parliamentary researchers to Adam Ingram and Mo Mowlam, and was political adviser to Henry McLeish. In the 1995 Scottish local election, MacKay was elected to the City of Edinburgh council, and was later appointed Convenor of Finance in the council's committee in 1997. He stood down as a councillor following his election to the Scottish Parliament in the 1999 election.
Donald Dewar appointed MacKay Deputy Minister for Justice under Dewar's administration. Deputising for Jim Wallace, MacKay had particular responsibility for land reform and coordination of the Scottish Executive's drugs policy. Calls for his resignation were made after he claimed the sex offenders register in Scotland was a matter reserved for Westminster. In May 2000, he revealed the Scottish Executive's ten year plan to tackle the drug crisis in Scotland, with an aim to younger drug takers as a young as 11. Following the death of Dewar, McLeish was appointed First Minister and he appointed MacKay to cabinet as Minister for Finance and Local Government.
Early life
Education
Angus MacKay was born on 10 September 1964 in Edinburgh. He was educated at St Augustine's High School, before attending the University of Edinburgh where he earned an MA (Hons) in Politics and Modern History.
Early career
MacKay worked for Shelter Scotland from 1987 to 1990. In 1990, he became a parliamentary researcher for Adam Ingram, the MP for East Kilbride, Strathaven and Lesmahagow, and Mo Mowlam, the MP for Redcar. He was then political adviser to Henry McLeish from 1992 to 1995 and then Press Co-ordinator to George Robertson during the 1997 UK General Election.
Political career
Early political years
MacKay was elected to the City of Edinburgh Council in 1995 and was appointed Convener of Finance in 1997. As Finance Convenor, he had responsibilities for shaping and delivering Edinburgh's annual budget and reviewing expenditure, service delivery and service reform. In 1999, he stood down from local government following his election to the Scottish Parliament.
Deputy Minister for Justice; 1999–2000
In the first election to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, MacKay was elected to the Edinburgh South constituency. Scottish Labour secured a coalition agreement with the Scottish Liberal Democrats, putting Donald Dewar in the office of First Minister. Dewar appointed MacKay as the Deputy Minister for Justice in his administration. He was deputising for Minister for Justice Jim Wallace and had particular responsibility for land reform and coordination of the Scottish Executive's drugs policy.
In July 2000, calls for MacKay to resign by opposition parties were made after he wrongly claimed the sex offenders register in Scotland was a matter reserved for Westminster. He later admitted it was a devolved issue for which the Executive was responsible for. Lyndsay McIntosh, the Scottish Conservative's deputy home affairs spokeswoman, called for his resignation, stating: "I think Mr MacKay has to consider his position... If he doesn't know the scope of the job and doesn't know his responsibilities then perhaps someone else should be doing the job". MacKay rejected calls for his resignation and focused on plans to introduce tougher guidelines on the monitoring of sex offenders. He said that from there would be a better system of information-sharing for police, councils and social workers and "the guidance will include advice on how these bodies can carry out risk assessments, not just of offenders on the register, but on other individuals with a previous conviction for a sex offence, or individuals suspected of such activities, who are giving cause for concern".
As Deputy Minister for Justice, MacKay also had responsibility for drug policy. Following a trip from New York, United States, in May 2000, he unveiled the Scottish Executive's ten year plan to tackle the drug crisis in Scotland. Despite the launch of his new anti-drug campaign, the Executive failed to increase spending on tackling drugs. MacKay revealed the campaign would aim to young drug takers as young as eleven. "What we have to remember is that drugs and the drugs dealers are a very organised lot and they go out to recruit new customers at a very young age," he stated. MacKay added that the Executive was working hard to produce legislation allowing the assets of known drug dealers to be seized, but new legislation would have to be in line with the European Convention on Human Rights.
Minister for Finance; 2000–2001
Following the death of Donald Dewar in 2000, MacKay served as campaign manager for Henry McLeish in his bid for the leadership of the Labour Party in Scotland and First Minister. McLeish's campaign was successful, defeating Jack McConnell in the contest. He formed his administration and appointed MacKay as the Minister for Finance and Local Government, replacing McConnell.
When McLeish resigned in 2001, McConnell was elected as his replacement unopposed. In McConnell's first cabinet reshuffle, MacKay was sacked from Cabinet.
Out of government
In the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, MacKay was not re-elected after being defeated by the Liberal Democrat candidate Mike Pringle.
Post-political career
In 2003, MacKay, with Gail Hannah, founded
MacKay Hannah Ltd in Edinburgh "to Influence policy making, Inform policy development, Connect with decision makers and build Networks."
References
External links
|-
|-
1964 births
Living people
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament for Edinburgh constituencies
Labour MSPs
Finance ministers of Scotland
People educated at St Augustine's High School, Edinburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus%20MacKay%20%28Scottish%20politician%29 |
The Arch of Trajan () is an ancient Roman triumphal arch in Benevento, southern Italy. It was erected in honour of the Emperor Trajan across the Via Appia, at the point where it enters the city.
History
The arch was built between 114 and 117.
In Lombard times, it was incorporated into the southern sector of the city walls and became known as Porta Aurea ("Golden Gate"). The church of Sant'Ilario, now housing the Videomuseum of the Arch, was built nearby. The arch was studied by Sebastiano Serlio in Renaissance times and drawn by Giovanni Battista Piranesi in the 18th century.
It was restored several times due to aging and earthquakes: under Pope Urban VIII, then in 1661, 1713 (after the marble architrave crumbled) and 1792. In 1850, on the occasion of Pope Pius IX's visit to Benevento, it was isolated through demolition of the adjoining buildings.
Description
The arch has a single, barrel-vaulted archway, and is 15.60 m high and 8.60 m wide. Each façade has four pilasters at the corners of the two side pillars, supporting an entablature. Above the architraves is an attic which, like them, juts out in its central section above the archway. The arch is built in limestone covered by opus quadratum of Parian marble slabs. It has richly sculpted decorations on the two main façades. The attic features a dedicatory inscription and, at the sides, two bas-relief panels: on the outer sides the left-hand one, only partially preserved, depicted the Homage of the divinities of the province's countryside, and the one on the right the Founding of provincial colonies. On the inner side, on the left, was a depiction of Trajan welcomed by the Capitoline Triad and, on the right, Trajan in the Forum Boarium.
The frieze on the entablature portrays Trajan's triumphal procession after his victory over Dacia. On each of the pylons, between the corner pilasters, are two panels, one above the other, with scenes and allegories of imperial activities (Trajan's formal arrival at Rome, the concession of Roman citizenship to the auxiliaries, Trajan welcomed by the Senate, the Roman People and the Equestrian order, and others). They are separated by narrower decorative panels depicting Victories offering sacrifices of bulls in the center and Amazons at the top.
The pendentives of the archway depict personifications of the Danube and of Mesopotamia on the outer side, and Victory and Military Loyalty on the side facing the city, accompanied by the genii of the Four Seasons. On the arch's keystones are further personifications: Fortune on the outer, and Rome on the city side. The internal façade of the archway has two wide sculpted panels, portraying scenes of Trajan in Benevento: on the left (from inside the city) is the Sacrifice for the opening of the Via Traiana, with the emperor flanked by lictors, while on the right is the institution of the alimenta (a beneficent institution created by Trajan to help children in Roman Italy), symbolized by pieces of bread on the table in the center, with personifications of Italian cities with children. The vault has a coffered ceiling, in the center of which is a personification of the Emperor crowned by Victory.
See also
List of Roman triumphal arches
Sources
Trajan Benevento
Buildings and structures in Benevento
Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
Trajan
Tourist attractions in Campania
Archaeological sites in Campania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%20of%20Trajan%20%28Benevento%29 |
The Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council election of 1905 was the third election to the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia. The Legislative Council had, since 1903, comprised fifteen voting members: the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia ex officio, seven members nominated by the British South Africa Company, and seven members elected by registered voters from four electoral districts. The Resident Commissioner of Southern Rhodesia, Richard Chester-Master, also sat on the Legislative Council ex officio but without the right to vote.
The election was to have taken place on March 6, 1905 but in the event all the places were filled by unopposed nominations on February 6 and so no poll was taken.
Results
Note: Raleigh Grey was absent during the whole of the 1906 session.
Nominated members
The members nominated by the British South Africa Company were:
Sir Thomas Charles Scanlen KCMG, Additional Law Officer (also Acting Administrator from May 24, 1907 during the absence of Sir William Henry Milton)
Francis James Newton CMG, Treasurer
Herbert Hayton Castens, Chief Secretary
Clarkson Henry Tredgold, Attorney-General
James Hutchison Kennedy, Master of the High Court
Edward Ross Townsend, Secretary for Agriculture
Ernest William Sanders Montagu, Secretary for Mines
References
Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia 1898-1962 ed. by F.M.G. Willson (Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1963)
Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964 by F.M.G. Willson and G.C. Passmore, assisted by Margaret T. Mitchell (Source Book No. 3, Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1966)
Official Year Book of the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, No. 1 - 1924, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia
1905 elections in Africa
Legislative Council election
Legislative Council election,1905
Non-partisan elections
1905 elections in the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%20Southern%20Rhodesian%20Legislative%20Council%20election |
Mandelieu-la-Napoule (; ; locally spelled Mandelieu-La Napoule) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. Located on the French Riviera, just to the southwest of Cannes and northeast of Théoule-sur-Mer, it had a population of 21 772 in 2020.
Townscape
It is known for the Château de la Napoule, a fortified castle of the 14th century. In the 20th century, Henry Clews Jr (son of the wealthy New York banker Henry Clews) and his wife Marie Clews, entirely renovated the château which they then inhabited. Henry Clews Jr was a painter and sculptor whose work still fills the castle, which is now run as a non-profit arts foundation by his descendants. The château was once an ancient foundation, then a medieval fortress of the Counts of Villeneuve. Today the Roman Tower (4th century) and the Saracen Tower (11th century) are all that remain of the château that was destroyed during the French Revolution. The château designed by the Clews has cloister, terrace overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, Gothic dining room, and studio. In the basement of a tower at the château the remains of Henry (1876–1937) and Marie (1878–1959) are interred in two tombs that Henry designed and sculpted.
Population
Transportation
Private air transportation for the town (and for nearby Cannes) is provided by Cannes - Mandelieu Airport. The nearest major airport is Nice Cote d'Azur Airport, the second busiest airport in France; it is about 30 minutes drive from the airport to the town. The commune is reached from exit 41 on the autoroute A8. Mandelieu-la-Napoule station is served by regional trains (TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) towards Fréjus, Cannes, Nice and Les Arcs–Draguignan.
Personalities
It is the home of ex MI6 agent Richard Tomlinson.
Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza was born in Mandelieu on 2 February 1941. He is the present head of the Vassouras Branch of the Brazilian Imperial House and de jure Emperor of Brazil (Bertrand I of Brazil). He is also considered a royal prince of the deposed monarchies of France and Portugal. His late brother Luiz of Orléans-Braganza was also born there three years before.
Italian Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy, daughter of the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena of Montenegro, lived in Mandelieu and died there on 7 December 2001.
Italian athlete Eddy Ottoz was born in Mandelieu on 3 June 1944. He competed for Italy in the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan and in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico, where he won the bronze medal in the 110 metre hurdles event.
Gallery
References
External links
Official web site
Official tourism Website: in French, in English
Map of Mandelieu-La Napoule (PDF)
Mandelieu-La Napoule Exhibition-Congress Centre
Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelieu-la-Napoule |
The Arch of Trajan in Ancona is a Roman triumphal arch erected in 115 by the Senate and people of Rome in the reign of Emperor Trajan. It was built in honour of that Emperor after he expanded the port of the city out of his own pocket, improving the docks and the fortifications. It was from here that Trajan departed for the ultimately successful war against the Dacians, an episode which is commemorated in the bas relief of Trajan's column in Rome.
The arch was the work of the Roman, a Greek Syrian architect Apollodorus of Damascus, born in Roman Syria. Made of marble from the quarries of Marmara Island, it stands 18.5 metres high on a high podium approached by a wide flight of steps. The archway, only 3 m wide, is flanked by pairs of fluted Corinthian columns on pedestals. An attic bears inscriptions. The format is that of the Arch of Titus in Rome, but made taller, so that the bronze figures surmounting it, of Trajan on horseback, his wife Plotina and sister Marciana, would be a landmark for ships approaching Rome's greatest Adriatic port.
The inscriptions, which remain legible, were gilt in bronze, but this gilding, along with the friezes and the statues were taken by the Saracens in 848. Behind the arch and part of the shipyards, the high tower of Gamba was erected in 950, only to be demolished for use in the construction of the Citadel of Ancona (1532). In 1859, the flight of steps was constructed; the gates about a year after.
The arch remains in good condition and has recently been restored and made fully operational by the removal of the aforementioned gates and received lighting, which raises its profile and enhances its particular position with respect to the historic heart of the city and Guasco hill, where the Cathedral stands.
See also
List of Roman triumphal arches
References
External links
Website of the municipality
Ancona
Buildings and structures in Ancona
Trajan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%20of%20Trajan%20%28Ancona%29 |
Bruneau is an unincorporated community in Owyhee County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Idaho. The mouth of the Bruneau River is to the northwest and Bruneau Sand Dunes State Park is to the east. As of 2014, Bruneau has a population of 552.
History
Bruneau's population was 105 in 1909, and was estimated at 200 in 1960.
Geography
Bruneau is located at (42.8804516, -115.7973081), at an elevation of above sea level.
Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bruneau has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. Bruneau is the hottest city in the entire state of Idaho, with a yearly average high temperature of . Its winters are short and mild, and summers are hot and dry.
Highways
State Highway 51 northbound crosses the Snake River and continues to Mountain Home in Elmore County; southbound it becomes Nevada Route 225 at the border and continues to Elko. State Highway 78 heads northwest within Owyhee County to Grand View, Murphy, and Marsing. Eastbound SH-78 crosses the Snake River and links through Hammett to Interstate 84.
References
External links
Untraveled Road.com - photos - Bruneau, Idaho - 2008-06-12
Unincorporated communities in Owyhee County, Idaho
Unincorporated communities in Idaho
Boise metropolitan area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneau%2C%20Idaho |
The Beechcraft Queen Air is a twin-engined light aircraft produced by Beechcraft in numerous versions from 1960 to 1978. Based upon the Twin Bonanza, with which it shared key components such as wings, engines, and tail surfaces, it had a larger fuselage, and served as the basis for the highly successful King Air series of turboprop aircraft. Its primary uses have been as a private aircraft, utility, and small commuter airliner. Production ran for 17 years.
Design and development
With the company's popular Twin Bonanza reaching its limits of development, Beechcraft decided to develop a design based on it but with a larger fuselage and new tail. The result was the Beech 65, the first of the Queen Air series, a twin-engined nine-seat low-wing cantilever cabin monoplane with retractable tricycle landing gear. It was initially powered by two Lycoming IGSO-480 six-cylinder, horizontally opposed piston engines.
Early in development the United States Army, which had been a customer of the Twin Bonanza (designated the L-23 Seminole), ordered 68 aircraft under the designation L-23F. The prototype Beech 65 first flew on August 28, 1958, with the production model receiving a Federal Aviation Authority type certificate on February 4, 1959; initial deliveries were made soon after. On February 8, 1960, a Queen Air achieved a new height record of 34,862 feet.
The basic Model 65 was in production until 1967, overlapped by the introduction of other variants, and was followed by improved Model A65 with a swept rather than vertical tail. Variants introduced a longer wing in some models, as well as pressurization in one. The Queen Air series ended in 1978.
Variants
65
This is the initial version of the Queen Air, powered by two Lycoming IGSO-480s. Fitted with short span () wings and a straight unswept tail. It had a gross weight of . Usually referred to as a "straight 65". 316 built from 1959 to 1967.
A65
First produced in 1967, the A65 is very similar to the straight 65. The major change was the addition of a swept tail with a dorsal fin. Available fuel was also increased, with a maximum capacity of when auxiliary tanks are fitted. A dedicated airliner version, the A65-8200 Queen Airliner was available with an increased gross weight of . A total of 96 A65s were built between 1967 and 1970.
70
Introduced in 1968, the 70 is essentially an A65 with the B80 wing. This allows the 70 to have a greater lifting ability than the 65 but a lower fuel burn and operating cost than the 80. It. Its gross weight is . A total of 35 were built between 1969 and 1971.
80
The 80 (also known as the Model 65-80) was the first of the Queen Airs to have the swept tail, although it retained the short wings of the Model 65. First flown on June 22, 1961 and certified on February 20, 1962, it was powered by Lycoming IGSO-540 and had a gross weight of . 148 built from 1962 to 1963.
A80
The A80 (also known as the Model 64-A80) was introduced in 1964 with a new, longer wing, increasing wingspan from to . Other major changes included a redesign of the aircraft nose, an increase in fuel capacity, and a 500-pound increase in takeoff weight to gross. 121 built between 1964 and 1966.
B80
Introduced in 1966, the B80 became the final Queen Air and had by far the longest production run in the series, some 12 years. Available with either 380 hp Lycoming IGSO-540-A1A or Lycoming IGSO-540-A1D engines, its major improvement was the increased gross weight to a . 242 built from 1966 to 1977.
88
The only pressurized Queen Air, the model 88 was introduced in 1965 and shares the engines and long wing of the B80. Sales were slack due to its higher sales price and lower useful load as compared to the B80, and ended in 1969. Only 47 examples were produced, of which two were converted to King Air standard.
Its round cabin windows make the 88 look quite similar to a 90 series King Air. The first two models of the King Air's official designation were BE65-90 and BE65-A90 owing to its Queen Air heritage.
Excalibur
Th Excalibur is an up-engined aftermarket modification to the BE65 performed by supplemental type certificates (STC). It replaced the six-cylinder Lycoming IGSO-480 and Lycoming IGSO-540 with the far more robust eight-cylinder Lycoming IO-720. This eliminated the need for a gearbox or superchargers and their associated maintenance and potential reliability problems, at the expense of being limited to a cruising altitude below fifteen thousand feet. Gross weights increased to for all short-wing aircraft (65, A65, 80), for the 70, and 8800 for the other long-wing aircraft (A80, B80, 88). The US Army National Guard installed this modification on some of their aircraft. The Excalibur can be recognized by the noticeably smaller engine cowlings and lower-set engines. It was originally designed and produced by Ed Swearingen, who was well known for his work on the Twin Bonanza, Queen Air, and later Merlin and Metro Swearingen aircraft. The ownership of the pictured aircraft changed hands many times over the years, and was Bemidji Aviation, an operator of Excalibur Queen Airs as well as other charter and freight aircraft in the upper mid-west of the United States, at the time of the photo in 2011.
Production numbers
Production numbers of Beechcraft Queen Airs by variant, from the Hawker Beechcraft serialization list:
65 and A65 - 339
70 - 37
80, A80, B80 - 509
88 - 45
Total - 930
Military operators
Algerian Air Force - 3 B80s in service as of 1986.
Argentine Army Aviation
Argentine Naval Aviation - 5 B80s as of 1986.
Argentine National Gendarmerie - At least one aircraft confiscated from drug smugglers operated in late 1990s
Eight aircraft received,
One Queen Air operated.
Colombian Air Force
Air Force of the Dominican Republic
Ecuadorian Army
Border Security Force
Israeli Air Force - Seven B80s received.
Haiti Air Corps
Japan Air Self-Defense Force
Central Air Command Support Squadron
Japan Maritime Self Defense Force
- One Model 80
Peruvian Air Force acquired 18 Queen Airs in 1965–1966.
Peruvian Army
Philippine Army
South African Air Force 1975-1992
Royal Thai Air Force
United States Army
Uruguayan Air Force
Venezuelan Air Force - Two Model 65s and seven A80s.
Venezuelan Army
Venezuelan National Guard
Specifications (Queen Air B80)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
"Andean Air Power...The Peruvian Air Force". Air International, May 1988. Vol. 34, No. 5. pp. 224–235, 240.
Harding, Stephen. U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1990. .
Hatch, Paul F. "Air Forces of the World: Venezuelan Army Air Arm (Aviación del Ejercito Venezolana)". Air Pictorial, April 1994, Vol. 46 No. 4. p. 127.
Hatch, Paul F. "World's Air Forces 1986". Flight International, 29 November 1986, Vol. 130, No. 4039. pp. 30–104. .
Pelletier, A. J. Beech Aircraft and their Predecessors. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. .
Rivas, Santiago. "Cracking the Drug cartels". Air International, April 2021. Vol. 100, No. 4, pp. 46–49
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1965–66. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd., 1965.
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1971–72. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd., 1971. .
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1976-77. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1976. .
1950s United States civil utility aircraft
Queen Air
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft%20Queen%20Air |
The Roman circus of Mérida () is a ruined Roman circus in Mérida, Spain. Used for chariot racing, it was modelled on the Circus Maximus in Rome and other circus buildings throughout the Empire. Measuring more than 400 m in length and 30 m of width, it is one of the best preserved examples of Roman circus. It could house up to 30,000 spectators.
History
There is no consensus about the circus' dating, as it was built and used for several years before its official dedication. It seems to have been built sometime around 20 BC and inaugurated some 30 years later. It was located far outside the city walls, but close to the road that connected the city to Toledo and Córdoba.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of Christianity in Spain, the circus saw more use than the other Roman structures of Mérida, since racing was considered less sinful than spectacles performed in the Theatre and the Amphitheatre.
Modern status
Mérida's circus remains very well preserved. As is true with the Circus Maximus, most circuses's structures have been destroyed over time as the area occupied by them was great and often in very flat land near their respective cities. The Mérida circus however has kept numerous structures, including the Porta Pompae ("main entrance"), the Porta Triumphalis ("triumph gate"), the spina (the longitudinal wall), the tribunal iudicium ("tribune of the judges").
A museum dedicated to the circus now sits near the middle edge of the circus grounds and it allows admittance into the fenced area around the circus remains.
See also
Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida
Hippodrome – a Greek arena also used for chariot racing
References
Mérida
Circus of Mérida
Buildings and structures in Mérida, Spain
History of Extremadura
Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century BC
1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
20 BC establishments
Tourist attractions in Extremadura | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20circus%20of%20M%C3%A9rida |
The 1984 American League Championship Series matched the East Division champion Detroit Tigers against the West Division champion Kansas City Royals. The Tigers took the series in a three-game sweep to advance to the 1984 World Series against the San Diego Padres. The series was the 16th ALCS in all and the last to be played as a best-of-five. In 1985, the League Championship Series changed to a best-of-seven format.
Due to a strike by major league umpires, the series was played using local and collegiate umpires, with former AL umpire and league supervisor Bill Deegan working home plate for all three games.
Background
The 1984 American League Championship Series ended in a sweep by the Tigers, although Games 2 and 3 were both close. Game 2 was decided in extra innings, and the Tigers clinched the pennant with a 1-0 victory in Game 3. It wasn't that surprising given the fact the Royals won 20 fewer games during the season and had won the AL West by a mere three games over both the California Angels and Minnesota Twins.
The striking umpires originally scheduled to work the ALCS were Marty Springstead (crew chief), Don Denkinger, Steve Palermo, Ken Kaiser, Greg Kosc and John Shulock (who was not a member of the Major League Umpires Association since he was hired by the AL during the 1979 MLUA strike).
Summary
Detroit Tigers vs. Kansas City Royals
Game summaries
Game 1
Tuesday, October 2, 1984, at Royals Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri
Game 1 was a blowout in Kansas City, as the Tigers struck first when Lou Whitaker singled to lead off the game off of Bud Black, then scored on Alan Trammell's triple. One out later, Lance Parrish's sacrifice fly made it 2–0 Tigers. Leadoff home runs by Larry Herndon in the fourth and Trammell in the fifth made it 4–0 Tigers. In the seventh, Royals' right fielder Pat Sheridan's error on Whitaker's line drive allowed him to reach second, then score on Trammell's single off of Mark Huismann. Tigers' Jack Morris pitched seven innings, allowing only one run in the seventh when Jorge Orta hit a leadoff triple and scored on Darryl Motley's groundout, with Willie Hernández pitching the final two innings. The Tigers added to their lead in the last two innings off of the Royals' bullpen. Barbaro Garbey led off the eighth with a single off of Huismann and scored on Darrell Evans's double, then Marty Castillo's RBI single made it 7–1 Tigers. Lance Parrish's leadoff home run in the ninth off of Mike Jones capped the scoring at 8–1 as the Tigers took a 1–0 series lead.
Game 2
Wednesday, October 3, 1984, at Royals Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri
The Tigers took Game 2 in extra innings by a 5–3 score. In the top of the first, Lou Whitaker reached on an error off of Bret Saberhagen, then back-to-back one-out RBI doubles by Kirk Gibson and Lance Parrish put the Tigers up 2–0. Gibson's home run in the third made it 3–0 Tigers. Dan Petry pitched seven innings and gave up two runs (on Jorge Orta's groundout in the fourth after a walk and single and Dane Iorg's RBI single in the seventh with two on), but lost his chance at a win when Willie Hernández surrendered the tying run in the eighth inning on Hal McRae's RBI double after a leadoff single. Detroit's "Senor Smoke", Aurelio López, held the Royals scoreless in the ninth, tenth and eleventh innings for the win. Johnny Grubb hit a double off Dan Quisenberry in the 11th inning to drive in Darrell Evans and Ruppert Jones for the game winning runs.
Game 3
Friday, October 5, 1984, at Tiger Stadium in Detroit, Michigan
The first postseason game at Tiger Stadium in 12 years was a pitcher's duel between Milt Wilcox and Charlie Leibrandt. Leibrandt pitched a complete game, allowing only one run and three hits, while Wilcox gave up two hits and struck out eight Royals with Willie Hernández pitching the ninth inning for the save. Marty Castillo's 2nd inning groundout to drove in Chet Lemon for game's lone run as the Tigers completed the three-game sweep and advanced to the World Series.
This was their first pennant in 16 years and the ninth in the team's history.
Had the ALCS gone the full five games, Game 5 on Sunday October 7, would have been a 1 p.m. ET time start instead of being in prime time. This would have happened because one of the presidential debates between Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale was scheduled for that night. Accordingly, ABC planned to broadcast the debates instead of Game 5 in prime time.
Composite box
1984 ALCS (3–0): Detroit Tigers over Kansas City Royals
References
External links
1984 ALCS at Baseball-reference
American League Championship Series
American League Championship Series
Detroit Tigers postseason
Kansas City Royals postseason
American League Championship Series
American League Championship Series
1984 in Detroit
Baseball competitions in Detroit
20th century in Kansas City, Missouri
October 1984 sports events in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20American%20League%20Championship%20Series |
The Acueducto de los Milagros () is a Roman aqueduct in Mérida (Badajoz), Spain. It was built during the first century AD to supply water from the Proserpina Dam to the ancient Roman colony of Emerita Augusta. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the aqueduct fell into decay and today it is in ruins with only a relatively small section of the aqueduct bridge standing. The Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida, including the aqueduct, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.
Description
Only a relatively small stretch of the aqueduct still stands, consisting of 38 arched pillars standing high along a course of some . It is constructed from opus mixtum – granite ashlar blocks interspersed with red brick – utilising a double arcade arrangement. The structure originally brought water to the city from a reservoir called the Proserpina Dam, fed by a stream called Las Pardillas, around to the north-west of Mérida.
It is thought to have been constructed during the 1st century AD, with a second phase of building (or renovations) around 300 AD. In later centuries, the inhabitants of Mérida dubbed it the "Aqueduct of the Miracles" for the awe that it evoked.
The aqueduct was one of three built at Mérida, the other two being the long Aqua Augusta, fed by the Cornalvo reservoir, and San Lázaro, fed by underground channels. The aqueduct is preserved as part of the Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In the immediate vicinity, a small Roman bridge called Puente de Albarregas runs parallel to the arcades.
See also
List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
List of Roman aqueducts by date
Ancient Roman technology
Roman engineering
References
External links
Aqueducts in Spain
Roman aqueducts outside Rome
Acueducto de los Milagros
Acueducto de los Milagros
Acueducto de los Milagros
Acueducto de los Milagros
Bridges in Mérida, Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acueducto%20de%20los%20Milagros |
Crown Candy Kitchen is a fast food restaurant, ice cream fountain, and candy store located on St. Louis Avenue in the Old North St. Louis neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri.
This St. Louis landmark is the oldest operating soda fountain in the metropolitan area, and one of the oldest in the country. The restaurant has an old-fashioned decor with Coca-Cola memorabilia from the 1930s, an antique cash register, and four-person booths. It offers a simple menu with sandwiches, “Chili, Tamales and Other Hot Stuff” and is known for its desserts, especially for its handmade malts and milkshakes. It is a popular lunch destination for office workers in downtown St. Louis. The chocolate is made from decades-old molds, some imported from Holland and Germany.
History
The fast food restaurant was founded in 1913 by two Macedonian immigrants. It was first operated by Harry Karandzieff and his friend Pete Jugaloff, then his son George, and later George's three sons, Andy, Tommy, and Mike Karandzieff.
Harry Karandzieff and his friend Pete Jugaloff opened Crown Candy in 1913.
Crown Candy has been making ice cream since 1925.
A fire caused by a space heater damaged the restaurant on December 25, 1983. Some Coca-Cola memorabilia and $2,000 of candy was destroyed.
Business was slowest in the 1970s and it picked up in the 1990s.
Crown Candy switched from Coca-Cola to Pepsi in 1999.
George Karandzieff died in hospice on Easter Sunday of 2005 after his sons finished up their work at Crown Candy, with Easter being their busiest times in the year.
Famous treats
The "Heart-Stopping BLT" is a classic from Crown Candy that uses 14 pieces of crispy, kettle-cooked bacon. This famous treat started off as an offering from Harry Karandzieff to Adam Richman after his failed attempt at the infamous Five Malt Challenge. In 2012, Richman then featured the sandwich on Best Sandwich in America. According to Andy Karandzieff, the BLT first started fairly normal before employees eventually started adding more and more bacon. Crown Candy Kitchen makes their chocolate candy by hand to this day.
Crown Candy challenge
The restaurant offers a challenge to consumers of their trademark malts. Should a person drink five 24-ounce (710 mL) malts or shakes within 30 minutes, they receive the malts for free and have their name inscribed upon a plaque in the store. During this challenge you will be disqualified if you: throw up during the 30 minutes of the challenge, go to the bathroom or leave your seat at any time during the challenge, or if anyone helps you but drinking any portion of the malt. The record for the five-malt challenge is 2 minutes, 29 seconds by Randy Santel. For seven malts, the record is six minutes, by Ben Monson. Since 1913, only about 55 people have successfully completed the Crown Candy Challenge, while several attempt it each week.
In popular culture
The Crown Candy challenge was attempted on the Travel Channel's television series, Man v. Food, by the show's host, Adam Richman, on an episode that aired on 25 February 2009. Richman was only able to finish about four of the five malts.
In 2012, it was featured on another Adam Richman-hosted show, Best Sandwich in America, for the "Heart-Stopping BLT" sandwich.
References
Further reading
External links
Crown Candy Kitchen official website
Interview with owner on Meet St. Louis Podcast
Review from Fodors
Macedonian American history
Restaurants in St. Louis
Restaurants established in 1913
1913 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown%20Candy%20Kitchen |
The Greatest Story Ever Told is the fourth studio album by the American punk rock band The Lawrence Arms, released in 2003 by Fat Wreck Chords. A concept album of sorts, it follows a linear storyline and has several songs which call back to or refer to others. The album includes extensive liner notes with footnotes to the lyrics that detail the many literary and pop culture references. Its title is a direct reference to the movie The Greatest Story Ever Told, a 1965 film about the life of Jesus.
According to bassist Brendan Kelly, the album's initial reception from Fat Wreck Chords and Fat Mike himself were overwhelmingly negative but changed into appreciation over time.
Cultural references
In the liner notes and artwork the band members identify themselves under false names and as playing instruments not found on the album, specifically Gordon Shumway on vibraslap, Ivan Nikolayevich on harp and lyre, and Ferdinand Magellan on bassoon. The names are references to history, literature and pop culture:
Ferdinand Magellan, the famous Portuguese explorer who circumnavigated the globe in 1519.
Gordon Shumway, the full name of the fictional alien who was the main character of the 1980s television series ALF.
Ivan Nikolayevich, a character in the novel The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov. The novel is referenced in other areas of the album including the song "Chapter 13: The Hero Appears".
They also fictitiously list several other famous figures as "additional musicians", including musician John Oates, actors Bronson Pinchot and Ian Ziering, poet Ezra Pound and former President Chester A. Arthur.
The Master and Margarita
Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita is referred to several times: the album has a song called "Chapter 13: The Hero Appears", named after the same chapter in the book; its liner notes name one of the band members (corresponding to guitarist Chris McCaughan) as Ivan Nikolayevich; the song "A Wishful Puppeteer" includes the lyric "text to burn" in reference to Bulgakov's combustion of an early draft of the book and other works; and the liner notes' back page features the same quote from Faust that prefaces the novel.
Quotations
In addition to the numerous historical, literary and cultural references made in the album's lyrics, the inside back cover of the liner notes bears a pair of quotations designed to illustrate the album's juxtaposition of "legitimate" literature and philosophy with American pop culture:
"Who are thou, then?"
"Part of that Power which eternally wills evil and eternally works good."
-from Goethe's Faust (also prefaces The Master and Margarita, which as noted above is referenced elsewhere in the album)
"Everything was fine until dickless here cut off the power grid!"
"Is this true?"
"Yes, your honor, this man has no dick."
-Bill Murray in Ghostbusters
Track listing
All songs written by The Lawrence Arms
"Introduction: The Ramblin' Boys of Pleasure Sing the Hobo Clown Chorus" - 0:26
"The Raw and Searing Flesh" - 3:07
"On With the Show" - 1:29
"Drunk Mouth Kitchen Smile" - 2:26
"Alert the Audience!" - 2:16
"Fireflies" - 3:54
"The March of the Elephants" - 1:28
"Chapter 13: The Hero Appears" - 2:50
"Hesitation Station" - 1:43
"The Revisionist" - 3:19
"The Ramblin' Boys of Pleasure" - 2:44
"A Wishful Puppeteer" - 2:11
"The Disaster March" - 3:51
"Outro: Hobo Reprise" - 0:27
Personnel
Chris McCaughan - guitar, vocals
Brendan Kelly - bass guitar, vocals
Neil Hennessy - drums
Additional musicians: Rob Kellenberger, Sansvin Hennessy, Matt Allison, Mark Lynn Baker and Pete Anna
Album information
Record label: Fat Wreck Chords
Recorded and mixed in June 2003 at Atlas Studios by Matt Allison
Produced by Matt Allison and the Lawrence Arms
Mastered at West West Side Mastering by Alan Douches
All songs by the Lawrence Arms
Art direction and layout by David Holtz
Photography by Hiro Tanaka and Ben Pier
Footnotes by Chris McCaughan and Brendan Kelly
References
2003 albums
Fat Wreck Chords albums
The Lawrence Arms albums
Albums produced by Matt Allison (record producer)
Cultural depictions of Ferdinand Magellan
Cultural depictions of Ezra Pound
Cultural depictions of Chester A. Arthur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Greatest%20Story%20Ever%20Told%20%28The%20Lawrence%20Arms%20album%29 |
NinJo is a meteorological software system. It is a community project of the German Weather Service, the Meteorological Service of Canada, the Danish Meteorological Institute, MeteoSwiss, and the German Bundeswehr. It consists of modules for monitoring weather events, editing point forecasts and viewing meteorological data. An additional batch component is able to render graphical products off-line, these may, for example, be visualized by a web service. Essentially it is a client—server system an implemented fully with the programming language Java.
NinJo was initiated by the German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) and the German army (Bundeswehr Geo Information Service, BGIS) in 2000. Since 2006, NinJo has been used operationally. NinJo is licensed for weather services, organisations and universities not taking part in the development consortium.
Description
NinJo is a client-server system with interactive displays on the client side fed by batch applications implemented on the server. The system is programmed entirely in JAVA and can easily be extended by further layers and applications according to user-specific requirements. The workstation fed by the servers can be installed on different operating systems (e.g. Unix, Linux and Microsoft Windows), avoiding importing the source code onto the specific operating system.
The NinJo Server imports a variety of meteorological data, such as METAR reports, weather radar and weather satellite images and numerical weather prediction (NWP) outputs, through dedicated file handling programs, and make them accessible to the client displays.
The client is a NinJo workstation which presents data in separate layers. Users can add as many layers to a NinJo scene as they want with all layers show time-synchronised data for the same map area. The layers show geo-referenced data, not fix images, so the screen display is always done directly from the data and interactive probing using the mouse is giving the values of the original data, not a scale extracted one. The data are stored in native format, rather than stored in a common internal format, avoiding degradation in zooms and always keeping the full details and resolution of the original data.
The layers are independent, can be added and removed from the scenes separately, and be set visible or invisible. Layers can be arranged in any order the users want enabling them to arrange all data types according to their specific needs. Scenes can be set for:
Visualisation of weather products
Monitoring the state of data input
Production of weather warnings
Interactive editing of texts
Configuration of NinJo batch products
Different tools are available for enhancing or interrogating the displays. For example, it is possible to do vertical cross-sections in a layered scene, extracting the vertical structure of NWP or radars data.
References
External links
Science software
Graphic software in meteorology
Weather prediction
Bundeswehr
Meteorological Service of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NinJo |
There are two arrondissements of Saint-Pierre in France:
Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique
Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Réunion
ru:Сен-Пьер (значения) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissement%20of%20Saint-Pierre |
Kev F. Sutherland (born 18 October 1961) is a Scottish comedian, caricaturist, and comic strip creator. He has drawn for a variety of publications, including The Beano. He has produced several shows at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, including The Sitcom Trials and The Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre.
Early life
He was born in Aberdeen and raised from age 6 in the village of Kibworth in Leicestershire. His paternal grandmother was the writer and photographer Jean Sutherland. In 1983 he graduated from Exeter College of Art and Design.
Early career
Sutherland got his start in the world of British comics fandom, contributing artwork and humour columns to fanzines like BEM and Fantasy Advertiser in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
From 1993 to 1998, Sutherland shared a studio with Marvel & DC Comics artist Mark Buckingham
.
From 1999 to 2004, he was the producer of the UK's Comic Festival in Bristol. Beginning as Comics 99, it included the National Comics Awards which he co-founded in 1997. For Comics 99, Sutherland produced The World's Biggest Comic which featured the work of 100 of the world's leading comic artists, auctioned to raise money for Comic Relief.
Comics career
His comic strips appear in the UK comic The Beano, chiefly comedy adventures starring The Bash Street Kids, with Dennis The Menace, Roger the Dodger and Minnie the Minx. In 2011, Sutherland drew Match magazine's Galaxy Wanderers strip, and Find It in Doctor Who Adventures.
His debut graphic novel Findlay Macbeth was published in 2020, followed by The Prince Of Denmark Street, The Midsummer Night's Dream Team, Comic Tales From The Bible, and Richard The Third.
Sutherland's previous comic strip work includes Star Trek Ghost Rider 2099 and Doctor Strange for Marvel Comics, UT which he also edited, Goosebumps for The Funday Times, educational illustration for Scholastic and HarperCollins, Zig and Zag's Zogazine, Red Dwarf Smegazine (both for Fleetway), and miscellaneous strips for Doctor Who Magazine, Oink, Viz, Gas, 2000AD, Warrior, Gladiators (based on the LWT TV series), The Worm The World's Longest Comic Strip and many more.
His self-published titles include The Hawk (1983), The Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre comic (2008), Sinnerhound (2011), Hot Rod Cow (2011), and the local comic Captain Clevedon (2011).
In 2007 he wrote Billy the Cat vs General Jumbo in The Beano Annual. In 2008 his Bash St Zombies original art was exhibited as part of the Comic Timing exhibition at Harrods in London.
Since 2003, Sutherland has presented his Comic Art Masterclasses in schools and colleges, and festivals educating students from seven years old to adult in the art of the comic strip. He appears regularly in the media as an authority on comics. He has spoken about the use of comic art in education at a number of Boys Writing Conferences, in 2009 he helped devise a unit for a Creative & Media Diploma course, in 2011 he presented the first of the Stan Lee Excelsior Awards in Sheffield, and in 2012 he helped open the new gallery at the BRIT School in Croydon.
Performance career
From 1994 to 2004, Sutherland was a regular compere at Bristol's Comedy Box, where he developed the audience interactive game show Win Some Beer.
He created The Sitcom Trials in 1999, on stage in London and Bristol, at the Edinburgh Fringe 2001, 2002 and 2004, and in Hollywood in 2005. It continues on stage at the Leicester Square Theatre in London's West End.
Since 2005, Sutherland has written, produced and performed as The Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre, appearing at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2103 - 16, 2018, 19, & 22 and in theatres internationally and on television. His TV work includes The Sitcom Trials and A-Z of Rude Health for ITV.
In 2009 he made an attempt at the Guinness World Record for telling jokes in one hour, in support of Comic Relief.
Selected TV
Battle of the Books (BBC)
The One Show (BBC)
The Sitcom Trials (ITV)
A-Z of Rude Health (HTV)
Comedy Shuffle (BBC) – as The Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre
The Culture Show (BBC) – as The Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre
Upstaged (BBC) – as The Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre
Selected comics
2000 AD – very early (still at school) work on Captain Klep, 1981
Oink – first published work 1988
Gas (1989–1991) – Tales of Nambygate, Phallas The Soap Opera
Red Dwarf Smegazine (1992–1994)
UT (mid-1990s)
The World's Biggest Comic (1999) – charity production for Comic Relief & Comics 99
Goosebumps wrote strip adaptation in Funday Times
Toxic – Hot Rod Cow (a character which has been referenced in Sutherland's Beano strips)
The Beano – Parents Evening in Beano Annual 2007; Pluggy Love & Billy The Cat vs General Jumbo in Beano Annual 2008; Roger The Dodger's Reservoir Dodge in Beano Annual 2009. Notable stories in the weekly Beano include Ickle Bitty Werewolf on Bash Street (3320–3322), School's Out (3316–3319), The Night Before Christmas (3310), Invasion of the Beano Snatchers (3421–3424), At Her Majesty's Pleasure (3335), The Ofsted Inspector (3366–3369), Scary Story (3353–3356) and The Bash Street Zombies (3410–3412)
Doctor Who Magazine
Viz – wrote & drew Tarquin Hoylet, He Has To Go to the Toilet
Doctor Strange, Star Trek, Werewolf by Night, Ghost Rider 2099 (Marvel)
References
Notes
Sources
External links
2000 AD profile
Ham Life blog – A Socks fan's reviews and photos
Scottish comics artists
1961 births
Living people
British broadcasters
Scottish male comedians
The Beano people
20th-century Scottish comedians
21st-century Scottish comedians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kev%20F.%20Sutherland |
Thalía's Hits Remixed is a remix album by Latin pop singer Thalía released on 25 February 2003 in North America. It contains remixes of many of her hits, such as "Amor a la Mexicana", "Piel Morena", "No Me Enseñaste" and "Tú y Yo." It also contains the English version of "Arrasando", called "It's My Party" that was released only on CD single back in 2001 and the previously unreleased medley that Thalía recorded especially for her the 2001 Latin Grammy Awards performance. It was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. In the Japanese version, the remix of "The Mexican (Dance Dance)"' used was the "Hex Hector-Mac Qualye Radio Remix".
Background and production
Since her first studio album on the EMI label Thalía's albums were released with added remixes of some songs as bonus tracks. In 1997, after the success of the album En éxtasis EMI released an EP entitled Bailando en Éxtasis which included remixes of the album, but none of the remixes from the EP were included in Thalía's Hits Remixed, instead the Hitmakers Version of "Piel Morena" that was added, that version appeared in the album Por Amor (French version of the album Amor a la Mexicana) and was used to promote the album in Brazil. From the next Thalía's album Amor a la Mexicana, "Mujer Latina" (Remix "España"), "Por Amor" (Primera Vez Remix) and "Amor a la Mexicana" (Cuca's Fiesta Mix) were added, the latter was the version released as a single in France in 1997 and has a different music video, the single of the song was certified gold there and in the same year others two remixes of "Amor a la Mexicana" were added as bonus tracks in international editions in some countries. Representing the Arrasando album are the remix of "Entre el Mar y una Estrella" (Pablo Flores Club Mix), the English version of "Arrasando" and a medley of the songs "Entre el Mar y una Estrella" and "Arrasando" that would be used in a performance at the 2001 Latin Grammy which was canceled due to the September 11 attacks. From Thalía's 2002 self-titled album was included the remixes "A Quién le Importa" (Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Club Mix), "Tú y Yo" (Ballad Version), "No me Enseñaste" (Estéfano Remix) and "The Mexican (Dance Dance) "(Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Radio Mix).
Critical reception
The album was praised by th critics. Ron Slomowicz from Allabout.com website gave the album a favorable review and stated that while he "don't speak a word of Spanish" he "can feel the emotion through the chord changes, tempo transitions, and Thalia's heartfelt vocal interpretations". Michael Paoletta gave the album a favorable review in which he wrote that "Remix package can be hit or miss" and that Thalía's Hits Remixed "fall in to the former category". He also picked "Amor a la Mexicana" (Cuca's Fiesta Mix) as the "absolute highlight of the set". Jason Birchmeier gave the album three out of four stars in a mixed review in which he wrote that the album is "for fanatics only" and one of Thalía's "least listenable albums" even though it "served as a good stopgap release in 2003" after Thalía "having released her smash self-titled album".
Track listing
"A Quién le Importa" (Hex Hector/Mac Quayle Club Mix) – 7:12
"It's My Party" (Arrasando English Version) – 3:56
"Amor a la Mexicana" (Cuca's Fiesta Mix) – 6:49
"Piel Morena" (Hitmakers Remix) – 5:12
"Mujer Latina" (Remix "España") – 3:52
"The Mexican (Dance Dance)" (Hex Hector/Mac Quayle Radio Mix) – 3:28
"No me Enseñaste" (Estéfano Remix) – 4:18
"Entre el Mar y una Estrella" (Pablo Flores Club Mix) – 10:50
"Por Amor" (Primera Vez Remix) – 4:39
"Tú y Yo" (Ballad Version) – 3:28
"Entre el Mar y una Estrella/Arrasando" (Medley) – 4:06
"A Quién le Importa" (Bonus Enhanced Video)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
References
External links
iTunes Store
Amazon.com
Thalía remix albums
2003 remix albums
EMI Records remix albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa%27s%20Hits%20Remixed |
Russell Stuvaints Jr., (born August 28, 1980) is a former American football defensive back. He formerly played for the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL) and Team Arkansas of the All American Football League (AAFL). He won Super Bowl XL with the Steelers, beating Matt Hasselbeck and the Seattle Seahawks.
High school career
Stuvaints attended McKeesport Area High School where he played football for the Tigers under the guidance of coach George Smith. He holds several school records at McKeesport.
College years
Russell attended Youngstown State University and was a student and a letterman in football. In football, as a junior, he was a second-team All-Gateway Football Conference selection and an Honorable Mention All-America selection. As a senior, he was an All-Gateway Conference Honorable Mention selection.
Professional career
NFL
Although billed as a defensive back, Russell performed most notably on special teams throughout his NFL career. He was a member of the Super Bowl XL champion Steelers although he sat out due to a knee injury. He was signed to the New England Patriots practice squad after being released by the Steelers on September 7, 2004. He was released by New England after one week and was resigned by the Steelers and promoted to the 53 man roster.
AAFL
Stuvaints signed with the All American Football League to play for Team Arkansas.
Shooting
On June 1, 2008, Stuvaints was injured during an altercation at Nigro's Restaurant in North Versailles, Pennsylvania. Stuvaints, who was shot once in the right hip, was one of five people wounded during the incident. The next day, police arrested Tyrone Watson, a 27-year-old from McKeesport, and charged him with five counts of aggravated assault, five counts of reckless endangerment, and one count of carrying an unlicensed firearm.
Stuvaints attended the preliminary hearing and told the judges that Tyrone Watson was not the shooter nor was he present in Nigro's. The Judge finally listened to all 5 people that were shot all testified that Watson was not the shooter.
Tyrone Watson was also found not guilty of the shooting, it was also found that he was not even present in the bar at the time.
Arrests
In 2016 Stuvaints was arrested in White Oak, PA on drug charges and weapons violations, according to police. He also pleaded guilty in 2013 to charges of aggravated assault and resisting arrest, a year after police said they had to use a Taser to subdue Stuvaints after he threatened a woman in McKeesport. He allegedly punched one officer in the face before he was subdued, according to the Tribune-Review.
References
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from McKeesport, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
American football defensive backs
Youngstown State Penguins football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Stuvaints |
The Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council election of April 24, 1908 was the fourth election to the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia. The Legislative Council had, since 1903, comprised seven members elected by registered voters from four electoral districts; in 1907 the number of members nominated by the British South Africa Company was reduced from seven to five. The Administrator of Southern Rhodesia sat on the Legislative Council ex officio. The Resident Commissioner of Southern Rhodesia, James George Fair, also sat on the Legislative Council ex officio but without the right to vote.
Results
* Incumbents
Note: William Harvey Brown was absent for the third and fourth (extraordinary) sessions of the Legislative Council in 1910 and 1911.
Nominated members
The members nominated by the British South Africa Company were:
Clarkson Henry Tredgold, Attorney-General
Edward Ross Townsend, Secretary for Agriculture
James Hutchison Kennedy, Master of the High Court
Ernest William Sanders Montagu, Secretary for Mines and Works
Francis James Newton CMG, Treasurer
During the absence of Clarkson Henry Tredgold from July 3, 1908, Robert McIlwaine (Secretary of the Law Department) stood in for him. Edward Ross Townsend stood down and was replaced by Dr Eric Arthur Nobbs (Director of Agriculture) on April 23, 1909.
References
Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia 1898-1962 ed. by F.M.G. Willson (Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1963)
Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964 by F.M.G. Willson and G.C. Passmore, assisted by Margaret T. Mitchell (Source Book No. 3, Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1966)
Official Year Book of the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, No. 1 - 1924, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia
1908 elections in Africa
Legislative Council election
Legislative Council election,1908
Non-partisan elections
1908 elections in the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908%20Southern%20Rhodesian%20Legislative%20Council%20election |
Georgia's 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Republican Drew Ferguson. The district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. The first election using the new district boundaries (listed below) were the 2012 congressional elections.
The district is based in west-central Georgia. It includes most of the southern suburbs of Atlanta–where most of its population is located–as well as the wealthier (and more demographically Caucasian) portions of Columbus and its northern suburbs.
Counties
Carroll County
Coweta County
Douglas County (Partial, see also )
Fayette County (Partial, see also )
Haralson County
Harris County
Heard County
Henry County (Partial, see also and )
Lamar County
Meriwether County
Muscogee County (Partial, see also )
Pike County
Spalding County
Troup County
Upson County
Recent results in statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Election results
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Georgia's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 3rd district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 3rd district at GovTrack.us
03 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%203rd%20congressional%20district |
Maria Elisabeth Rooth (born 2 November 1979 in Ängelholm, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey player. She is the only University of Minnesota Duluth women's hockey player to have her jersey retired. Rooth was alternate captain and one of the most experienced players on the Swedish national team beginning in 1996.
In 2015, Rooth was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame.
Playing career
NCAA
Rooth played collegiate hockey for the Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey program. She is ranked second in all-time leading scoring in Bulldogs history and was named to the WCHA All-Decade team in 2009. She is the Bulldogs’ all-time leading goal scorer with 119 career goals and ranks second in career points with 232. She was a three-time All-American (2001, 2002, 2003) and a three-time First Team All-WCHA selection. She was the league's Rookie of the Year in 2000. During the 2000-01 season, she was named the Most Valuable Player of the Frozen Four and MVP of the WCHA Tournament. On 21 January 2011, Rooth, along with Bulldog alumni Caroline Ouellette and Jenny Potter, took part in a ceremonial faceoff to mark the first hockey game at Amsoil Arena.
International
Rooth is a four-time Team Sweden Olympian. She accumulated nine goals and nine assists in 20 games during her Olympic career and played more than 260 games for Team Sweden. At the 2009 IIHF World Championship, Rooth netted her 100th career international goal, a first for a Team Sweden player.
2006 Winter Olympics
Rooth participated in the 2006 Turin Olympics. Alongside goaltender Kim Martin, she was instrumental in Sweden's upset against the United States in the semi-final game, ensuring Sweden at least a bronze medal and its first trip to the gold medal game. Rooth scored two goals in regulation time to tie the game and scored the clinching goal in the ensuing shootout. Overall at those Olympics, she scored five goals and four assists for a total of nine points, which ranked fourth, tied for highest non-Canadian player and highest among European players. She had a plus-minus of +1 and two penalty minutes. She was named one of the tournament's top forwards.
Coaching
Rooth returned to Duluth as an assistant coach for the Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey program during the 2010-11 season.
Awards and honors
WCHA Team of the Decade (2000s)
Three-time Patty Kazmaier Top-10 Finalist in 2000, 2001 and 2002.
Three-time WCHA All-Academic Team member in 2001, 2002 and 2003.
University of Minnesota Duluth Athletic Hall of Fame, inducted in 2013.
International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame, inducted in 2015.
References
External links
IIHF Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony video
The official website of the Swedish Ice Hockey Association (In Swedish)
Maria Rooth Hockey School
1979 births
Living people
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey players
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Olympic ice hockey players for Sweden
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
People from Ängelholm Municipality
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Swedish women's ice hockey forwards
IIHF Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Skåne County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Rooth |
Al Muntada (or The Forum) is a Bahrain society set up by academics, journalists and businessmen to promote liberalism in the Kingdom.
It was established in 2001 to provide a place for liberals to debate how they could meet the challenge of religious extremist domination of political life, which has been a consequence of Bahrain's democratization process; Shia and Sunni extremists have been the best organized and most popular political parties and have quickly filled the new political space opened by reforms.
Al Muntada has since met monthly to debate the most recent political issues. It is chaired by Adel Fakhro, the vice chairman is Gulf News columnist and South Asian specialist, Dr Abdullah Al Madani, and other leading members include journalist Sawsan Al Sha’er and Dr Ahmad Juma, the head of Al Meethaq.
The major challenge facing Bahraini liberals is their small number, while Islamist parties such as Asalah and Al Wefaq are mass organisations. Al Muntada does not pretend to have the same scale of support, but has sought to hold meetings to address issues of interest to a growing portion of the population. Because of the number of liberals, the group has not sought to become another political party but tries to use the new political space in civil society to influence opinion and policy.
In an Arab region where deference to religious figures is the norm, Al Muntada is unapologetically secular, giving voice to liberals’ aspirations and concerns. Its spokesmen have condemned the "dark forces" inside the parliament that want to "promote the same ideology of the Taliban".
Traditionally Bahrain's liberals had looked to the government to be their protector, and in some ways the government has signaled its intention to safeguard personal freedoms in the new political framework by appointing sixteen members of the liberal Al Meethaq party to the Consultative Council, Bahrain's appointed upper chamber of parliament, to counter the dominance of Islamists in the lower chamber. However, liberals have expressed the strongest concern after the government has signaled that it will avoid confrontation with Islamist MPs over issues such as the sale of alcohol during Ramadan, and other personal freedoms.
Among the intiaitives launched by Al Muntada is a campaign to protect personal freedoms, We Have A Right, with affiliate organisations, Bahrain Youth Society, National Liberal Thought Society, Bahrain Women's Society, National Action Charity Society, the Future Forum Society and the Alumni Club, spearheading the task force. The group has criticised legislative proposals put forward by Ali Mattar MP for the introduction of Sharia Law. Dr Abdullah Al Madani told the Gulf Daily News "Could you have ever imagined in your lives that someone in Bahrain could ever propose a law to cut off hands?"
Within the elected Chamber of Deputies Al Muntada is known to be close to the Economists Bloc and to a lesser extent, the Democratic Bloc.
Islamists have responded to the challenge posed by Al Muntada by ignoring it initially and then seeking to portray it as a pro-government, pro-American and elitist.
External links
Under the searing Bahrain sun, liberals with few illusions Daily Star (Beirut), 7 September 2004
Bahrain Forum to campaign for personal freedoms, Gulf News, 20 November 2005
'Extremists should not dominate politics', Gulf News, 23 November 2005
2001 establishments in Bahrain
Politics of Bahrain
Liberalism in Bahrain
Human rights in Bahrain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Muntada |
Georgia's 4th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Democrat Hank Johnson, though the district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. The first election using the new district boundaries (listed below) were the 2012 congressional elections.
The newly drawn district retains its majority African American status and includes many of Atlanta's inner eastern suburbs, such as Conyers, Covington, Decatur, Lilburn, Stone Mountain, and Lithonia.
Counties
DeKalb (Partial, see also )
Newton (Partial, see also )
Rockdale
Recent results in statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Election results
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Georgia's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
Georgia United States House elections, 2006
Notes
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 4th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 4th district at GovTrack.us
04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%204th%20congressional%20district |
Tonya Michelle Johnston (born July 17, 1973), better known by her stage name Solé, is an American rapper from Kansas City, Missouri.
Biography
Solé was born in 1973 in Kansas City, Missouri, to Phyllis Frazier and James Johnston, Her siblings are Sean and Charles (Chuck) Johnston, Sierra and Tamika Gamble.
She is of West African, East African, Tamil (South Indian), Native American and Eastern European descent.
She attended cosmetology school and college in the early 90’s where she studied Political Science and Psychology before securing a record deal with Dreamworks Records and Red Zone Entertainment
Musical career
Solé descended from a family of musical talent, song writers, singers and musicians. She began rapping at the age of 6 and formed a group called Divine with her best friend Shurhea Mitchell in 1986. The would perform at local talent shows and in 1990 they won a trip to the BRE (Black Radio Exclusive) in New Orleans, Louisiana, to perform at a showcase in front of record label execs and other artists. They were offered a record deal by JDK Records and flew to New York to record. Her father, who was managing them at the time, didn’t feel it was a good deal so they went back home and started college.
She once again began recording in 1997 with Tech 9 and Don Juan of Kansas City fame and traveled to LA to record. She met Thabiso Nkhereanye who introduced her to Christopher Tricky Stewart of Red Zone Entertainment, who signed her to a production deal. Her career took off as a hardcore female hip hop artist by attracting attention in the summer of 1999 with her appearance on J.T. Money's hit single "Who Dat," which reached number 1 on the US Rap chart, remaining there for 8 weeks (a record at the time), winning number 2 on the US R&B chart, and number 5 on the US Hot 100. Who Dat won "Rap Single of the Year" at the 1999 Billboard Music Awards as well.
In September 1999, she released her debut album Skin Deep, which was an overall success in the United States attaining Gold status and garnered her a nomination for "Rap Artist of the Year" at the Billboard Music Awards. She also went on to win several ASCAP Music awards that same year.
Her highly anticipated return to music was guided by a desire to offer music that is empowering and inspiring, reflective of the path that she embarked upon when she left the industry.
In 2011 she was featured on “Naal Naachna" by UK based Bhangra artist Jassi Sidhu lead singer of British Indian bhangra band B21.
In February 2012 she featured on a song called "A New Look" by Focus.
In 2017 she was featured on "SocMed Digital Heroin" from Public Enemy 30th-anniversary album "Nothing Is Quick In The Desert".
On September 29, 2019, Solé released her second album Encoded.
Personal life
Solé met Ginuwine in June 1999 and began dating in October 1999. The two became engaged in August 2000. They resided in Brandywine, Maryland. They have two daughters together: Story (born March 29, 2001) and Dream Sarae Lumpkin (born November 1, 2002). Solé married Ginuwine on September 8, 2003 in Grand Cayman.
Solé has 4 daughters in total and one grand daughter. Her daughters De'jan Nicole Lee born in 1992 and Cypress Soleil Lee born in 1995 are from a previous relationship. Her granddaughter, Sage Lotus Lee was born May 17, 2020.
In 2014, Solé filed for divorce and it was made public when In November 2014 Ginuwine announced he and Solé had separated. Their divorce was finalized July 22, 2015.
On August 27, 2017, Solé married Public Enemy band member and rapper Professor Griff, taking his last name Shah and legally changing her full name to Aja Shah.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Solo
As featured performer
Guest appearances
References
External links
Solé's Official Website
Solé's Official Fansite
Solé interview on Youtube
1973 births
Living people
Rappers from Kansas City, Missouri
DreamWorks Records artists
African-American women rappers
African-American women singer-songwriters
American women rappers
Hardcore hip hop artists
Midwest hip hop musicians
21st-century American rappers
21st-century African-American women singers
Singer-songwriters from Missouri
21st-century women rappers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C3%A9 |
Chokebore is an American indie rock band formed in the early 1990s in Honolulu, Hawaii, and subsequently based in Los Angeles, California, United States. The group was active between 1993-2005 before taking a hiatus for 4 years. The group reformed in 2009 and is currently active. Over the course of the band's history they were most successful with European audiences, though are based and primarily toured in the United States.
Biography
Innovators of the then-emerging sadcore movement in indie rock in the 1990s, the eclectic rock group consisted of guitarist Jonathan Kroll, drummer Johnee Kop, vocalist Troy Von Balthazar, and bassist A Frank G. They formed in Honolulu in the early 1990s and moved to Los Angeles in 1992 because guitarist Jonathan Kroll was attending art school there. Shortly after the move, they were signed to Amphetamine Reptile Records in 1993, based on a demo tape the band had submitted.
Chokebore released their debut single "Nobody / Throats to Hit" and their first full-length Motionless later that year. Their changing tempos and moody outbursts were unlike many other AmRep bands at the time, but their more furious and quicker paced moments aligned themselves just enough. They toured with Guzzard and Today Is The Day as well as with other more well-known like-minded bands, including the Butthole Surfers, Samiam, Girls Against Boys and Nirvana on their last 10 American shows.
In support of 1995's Anything Near Water, they earned a strong following in Europe. Afterwards, Kopp was replaced on drums by Christian Omar Madrigal Izzo and Chokebore released their third album A Taste for Bitters in 1996. It was recorded and engineered by Peter Deimel at Black Box studio in France. Izzo departed from the band after the touring cycle and was replaced on drums by Mike Featherson. The band then released 1998's Black Black, and it represented a portrait of the band's darker side; loneliness, depression, death and sadness became recurring themes. The album was released on AmRep's European offshoot Boomba Records, but wasn't released stateside for another year, finally finding a home on Unwound's Punk in My Vitamins label.
Izzo returned to the band and replaced Featherson on drums in 1999. The band released It's a Miracle in 2002, which saw the band slightly less concerned with strict cohesion of the aesthetics and some songs were looser than on past releases ("Ciao L.A." is perhaps the most straightforward rock track the band has ever put to tape). The live album A Part From Life was released in 2003 and the band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2005.
During the following years, singer/guitar player Troy Von Balthazar recorded two solo albums in Europe, drummer Christian Omar Madrigal Izzo toured with Christian Death 1334 and guitarist Jonathan Kroll started his "slow and wordless" guitar project "A Newborn Riot Of Dreams".
On November 18, 2009, the band announced their reunion via homepage and newsletter: "We are happy to announce that Chokebore are getting back together again to play a handful of shows around Europe!" After a small series of European shows and festivals in 2010, Chokebore returned in October 2011 with the release of the five-track vinyl EP Falls Best, followed by a European tour in October/November 2011.
Members
Current Members
Troy Balthazar (1993–): vocals, guitar
James Kroll (also known as A. Frank G.) (1993–): bass guitar
Jonathan Kroll (1993–): guitar
Christian Omar Madrigal Izzo (1995–1997, 1999–): drums
Former Members
Mike Featherson (1997–1999): drums
Johnee Kop (1993–1995): drums
Timeline
Discography
Albums
Motionless (Amphetamine Reptile Records, 1993)
Anything Near Water (Amphetamine Reptile Records, 1995)
A Taste for Bitters (Amphetamine Reptile Records, 1996)
Black Black (Boomba Rec, 1998)
It's a Miracle (Pale Blue, 2002)
A Part from Life (Pale Blue, 2003)
Singles
"Nobody / Throats to Hit" 7-inch (Amphetamine Reptile Records, 1993)
"Thin as Clouds" 7-inch (Amphetamine Reptile Records, 1995)
Split 7-inch with Tocotronic (Amphetamine Reptile Records / L'Âge d'or, 1996)
It Could Ruin Your Day (Amphetamine Reptile Records, 1997)
Days of Nothing (Amphetamine Reptile Records, 1997)
Self-titled double 7-inch (Punk iN My Vitamins, 1999)
EPs
Strange Lines EP (Redwood Records, 2001)
Falls Best EP (Vicious Circle Records, 2011)
Videography
Coat (directed by David H. Moe, 1993)
A Taste for Bitters (directed by Marcos Siega, 1996)
It Could Ruin Your Day (directed by Darren Doane, 1997)
You Are the Sunshine of My Life (directed by Darren Ankenman & Frank Grow, 1998)
Where Is the Assassin? (directed by Darren Ankenman & Frank Grow, 1998)
The Perfect Date (directed by Darren Ankenman & Frank Grow, 1998)
Ciao L.A. (directed by Darren Ankenman & Frank Grow, 2002)
References
External links
Official web site
Chokebore Facebook page
Amphetamine Reptile Records artists
Rock music groups from Hawaii
Indie rock musical groups from Hawaii
Sadcore and slowcore groups
1990s establishments in Hawaii | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokebore |
Georgia's 5th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district was represented by Democrat John Lewis from January 3, 1987, until his death on July 17, 2020. Kwanza Hall was elected to replace Lewis on December 1, 2020, and served until January 3, 2021, when Nikema Williams took his place. Hall was elected in a special election for the balance of Lewis' 17th term. He chose not to run in the general election for a full two-year term, which was won by Williams.
The district's boundaries were redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. The first election using the new district boundaries (listed below) were the 2012 congressional elections.
Based in central Fulton and parts of DeKalb and Clayton counties, the majority black district includes almost three-fourths of Atlanta, the state capital and largest city. It also includes some of the surrounding suburbs, including East Point, Druid Hills, and Forest Park. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+32, it is the most Democratic district in Georgia.
Counties
Fulton (Partial, see also , and )
DeKalb (Partial, see also )
Clayton (Partial, see also )
Recent results in statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Election results
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020 special election
2020
2022
Historical district boundaries
See also
Georgia's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 5th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 5th district at GovTrack.us
05
1827 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%205th%20congressional%20district |
Georgia's 6th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. , it is represented by Republican Rich McCormick. Previously represented by Democrat Lucy McBath, the district's boundaries were redrawn following the 2020 census to be significantly more Republican-leaning than it had been in the previous decade. As a result, McBath announced that she would be running against Carolyn Bourdeaux in the Democratic primary in the neighboring 7th congressional district, which she subsequently won. Rich McCormick defeated Democrat Bob Christian for the seat in the 2022 congressional elections, took office on January 3, 2023.
Georgia's 6th congressional district has existed since the 29th Congress (1845–1847), the first Congress in which U.S. representatives were elected from districts rather than at-large. Georgia gained a sixth U.S. representative for the first time in the 13th Congress (1813–1815).
Located in north-central Georgia, the district consists of many of the northern suburbs of Atlanta and includes all of Forsyth, Dawson County, portions of eastern Cobb County, northern Fulton County, a snippet of western Gwinnett County, and eastern Cherokee County. From 1965 to 1993, the 6th District covered a swath of exurban and rural territory south and west of Atlanta. In 1992, it moved to its present position in Atlanta's northern suburbs.
The district is known for producing prominent figures in American politics, including former House Speaker and 2012 presidential candidate Newt Gingrich, former Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price, and former U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson. It was also known as a suburban Republican stronghold for much of its recent history, and the party held the seat from 1992 to 2018. However, Metro Atlanta's recent population growth has brought Democratic-leaning voters into the area, as evidenced by McBath's 2018 victory over Republican incumbent Karen Handel. The district's new boundaries have restored its previous Republican bent.
Counties
Cobb (Partial, see also , , and )
Fulton (Partial, see also , , and )
Forsyth
Dawson
Gwinnett (Partial, see also , )
Cherokee (''Partial, see also )
List of members representing the district
Election results
1974
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2017 special election
2018
2020
2022
See also
Georgia's at-large congressional district
Georgia's 10th congressional district
Georgia's 4th congressional district
Georgia's congressional districts
Georgia's 6th congressional district special election, 2017
References
Further reading
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 6th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 6th congressional district at GovTrack.us
06 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%206th%20congressional%20district |
Georgia's 8th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Republican Austin Scott.
The district is located in central and south-central Georgia, and stretches from the geographical center of the state to the Florida border. The district includes the cities of Perry, Cordele, Tifton, Moultrie, Valdosta, and portions of Macon.
Recent results in statewide elections
Counties
Atkinson
Baldwin
Ben Hill
Berrien
Bibb (Partial, see also )
Bleckley
Brooks
Clinch
Colquitt
Cook
Crisp
Dodge
Echols
Houston (Partial, see also )
Irwin
Jeff Davis
Jones
Lanier
Lowndes
Monroe
Pulaski
Telfair
Thomas
Tift
Turner
Twiggs
Wilcox
Wilkinson
Worth
List of members representing the district
Election results
2002
2004
2006
A Republican mid-decade redistricting made this Macon-based district more compact and somewhat more Republican. Incumbent Marshall faced a very tough challenge by former U.S. Representative Mac Collins, who represented an adjoining district from 1993 to 2005. Less than 60 percent of the population in Marshall's present 3rd District was retained in the new 8th District. The reconfigured 8th includes Butts County, which was the political base of Collins, who once served as chair of the county commission. On the other hand, the 8th also includes all of the city of Macon where Marshall served as mayor from 1995 until 1999. The race featured heavy spending, not only by the candidates themselves but also from independent groups. During the campaign, President George W. Bush attended a rally on Collins' behalf.
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Georgia's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 8th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 8th district at GovTrack.us
08 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%208th%20congressional%20district |
(; plural: , ) and the variant (, 'former , ) was a Byzantine court dignity, originally the Greek translation of Latin (the literal meaning of is 'the supreme one', which reflects the office, but not the etymology of ''). The dignity arose from the honorary consulships awarded in the late Roman Empire, and survived until the early 12th century. It was often conferred upon the rulers of the south Italian principalities. In Italian documents the term was sometimes Latinised as or , and in Italian historiography one finds . The feminine form of the term was ().
The creation of ordinary consuls in Late Antiquity was irregular, and after their division in 395, the two halves of the Roman Empire tended to divide the two consulships between them; the office, which had become both purely honorary and quite expensive to hold, sometimes lay vacant for years. The emperors were often ordinary consuls, and after 541, with the exception of the emperor, who assumed the office on his accession, no ordinary consuls were appointed. From that point on, only honorary consulships were granted, and the title declined much in prestige. Throughout the 6th to 9th centuries there is ample sigillographic evidence of functionaries bearing the title, usually attached to mid-level administrative and fiscal posts. In the late 9th-century hierarchy, however, as related by the Kletorologion of Philotheos, it was one of the lower dignities intended for "bearded men" (i.e. non-eunuchs), ranking between the and the . Its badge of office (), whose award also conferred the dignity, was a diploma. In the Escorial Taktikon, written , the appears to be a regular office instead of an honorary dignity, endowed with judicial duties according to Nicolas Oikonomides. In the 11th century, the title rose again in importance, apparently outranking the , but disappeared entirely by the mid-12th century.
The title was often conferred to the rulers of south Italian city-states of the Tyrrhenian coast, which recognised Byzantine authority in the 9th through 11th centuries. Eventually, with the waning of Byzantine power in the region, these rulers took on more familiar Latin titles like and , modern duke. The most famous were those of Gaeta. John I of Gaeta won the title from the Byzantine emperor, as a reward for defeating the Saracens. In Gaeta, the feminine title () was replaced by () during the reign of Docibilis II of Gaeta and his wife Orania, in the first half of the 10th century.
The title was the root of the titles (, the original translation of ) and (), as well as the office of (, ), a title given to the head of the imperial university of Constantinople in the 11th-14th centuries.
References
Sources
Byzantine court titles
Roman consuls | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatos |
"Die, Die My Darling" is a song by the American horror punk band Misfits. It was released in May 1984 on singer Glenn Danzig's label, Plan 9 Records, seven months after the band's breakup. The song is titled after the 1965 horror film Fanatic, which had been released in the United States under the title Die! Die! My Darling! The cover of the single is derived from the cover of the September 1953 issue number 19 of the comic book Chamber of Chills. The back cover artwork was created by artist Pushead.
Background
The "Die, Die My Darling" single was released nine months after the Misfits' October 1983 breakup. "Die, Die My Darling" was recorded in August 1981 during sessions for Walk Among Us, but was not included on the album. A live version of "Mommy, Can I Go Out & Kill Tonight?" did appear on Walk Among Us, which was released in March 1982. "We Bite" and the studio version of "Mommy, Can I Go Out & Kill Tonight?" were recorded in a different session in October 1982. "Die, Die My Darling" was remixed and added, along with "We Bite", to the international version of the 1983 album Earth A.D./Wolfs Blood. All three tracks were added to subsequent reissues of Earth A.D./Wolfs Blood, in addition to being released as the "Die, Die My Darling" single.
Release
The first pressing run of "Die, Die My Darling" consisted of 5000 black and 500 purple 12" vinyl copies, all with "C&P Hell-bent Music" on center labels. The second pressing run consisted of 500 white 12" vinyl copies. The vinyl has since been reprinted through Caroline Records.
"Die, Die My Darling" and "Mommy, Can I Go Out & Kill Tonight?" were both included on the 1986 compilation album Misfits, while "We Bite" was included on Collection II in 1995. All three tracks were included in the boxed set The Misfits, released in 1996.
Critical reception
Victor W. Valdivia of AllMusic reviewed "Die, Die My Darling" positively, and wrote that the title song "ranks among the best the Misfits ever recorded -- pure, brutal energy unleashed." Aaron Lariviere of Stereogum ranked "Die, Die My Darling" as the best Misfits song, writing that "Never once does the energy flag. The stomp that launches the song out the gate carries through the entire running time, building up to stomp even harder before crumbling to chaos at the end", and calling it "the perfect sendoff for one of the best punk bands of all time".
Track listing
Personnel
The Misfits
Glenn Danzig – vocals
Doyle – guitar
Jerry Only – bass
Arthur Googy – drums on "Die, Die My Darling"
Robo – drums on "Mommy, Can I Go Out & Kill Tonight?" and "We Bite"
Production
Spot – production
Metallica version
"Die, Die My Darling" was covered by the American heavy metal band Metallica, who had previously covered the Misfits songs "Last Caress" and "Green Hell" in 1987, for their 1998 cover album Garage Inc. Metallica's version was released as a single in Australia, Germany, Japan, and Mexico, and reached number 26 on Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the United States.
Misfits guitarist Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein praised the cover version saying that "I couldn't believe it when I first heard it!"
Track listing
Personnel
James Hetfield – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Kirk Hammett – lead guitar, backing vocals
Jason Newsted – bass, backing vocals
Lars Ulrich – drums, percussion
Charts
Release history
References
1984 singles
1999 singles
Misfits (band) songs
Horror punk songs
Metallica songs
Songs written by Glenn Danzig
1984 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%2C%20Die%20My%20Darling |
Georgia's 9th congressional district is a congressional district in the north of the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is represented by Republican Andrew Clyde, who succeeded fellow Republican Doug Collins. The district is mostly rural and exurban in character, though it stretches into Hall (home to the district's largest city, Gainesville) and Gwinnett counties on Atlanta's northern fringe.
The district has a heavy Republican lean. Donald Trump carried the district with almost 78 percent of the vote in 2016, his fourth-best showing in the nation. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+22, it is one of the most Republican districts in Georgia. Since then-congressman and future governor Nathan Deal switched parties in 1995, no Democrat running in the district has crossed the 40 percent mark, and only one Democrat has won as much as 30 percent.
Republicans are no less dominant at the state and local level. It was one of the first areas of Georgia where old-line Southern Democrats began splitting their tickets. Despite this, even as the district turned increasingly Republican at the national level (Jimmy Carter is the only Democratic presidential candidate to carry the district since 1960), conservative Democrats still held most local offices well into the 1990s. However, after Deal's party switch, Republicans gradually eroded the Democratic advantage, with the help of other party switchers. By the early 21st century, there were almost no elected Democrats left above the county level. Republicans typically win with margins of well over 70 percent of the vote on the occasions they face opposition at all.
Much of this district was the 10th district from 2003 to 2007; it became the 9th once again in a mid-decade redistricting.
Four-term Republican Doug Collins announced in January 2020 that he would run for U.S. senator. Clyde won a crowded Republican primary-the real contest in this district-and won handily in November.
Counties in the district
2003–2013
Catoosa
Dade
Dawson
Fannin
Forsyth (Partial, see also )
Gilmer
Gordon (Partial, see also )
Habersham
Hall
Jackson
Lumpkin
Murray
Pickens
Union
White
Walker
Whitfield
2013–2023
Banks
Clarke (Partial, see also )
Dawson
Elbert
Fannin
Forsyth (Partial, see also )
Franklin
Gilmer
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hall
Hart
Jackson
Lumpkin
Madison
Pickens (Partial)
Rabun
Stephens
Towns
Union
White
Recent results in statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Election results
2006
2008
2010 special election
Nathan Deal resigned March 21, 2010 to run for Governor of Georgia. A special election was held on June 8, 2010.
2010 general election
2012
Following redistricting, Tom Graves moved to the newly created 14th district.
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
Historical district boundaries
See also
Georgia's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 9th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 9th district at GovTrack.us
09 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%209th%20congressional%20district |
Georgia's 10th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Republican Mike Collins, and includes a large swath of urban and rural territory between Atlanta and Augusta.
The district's boundaries were redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. The first election using the new district boundaries (listed below) were the 2012 congressional elections.
Located in the eastern part of the state, the district boundaries include the cities of Athens, Eatonton, Jackson, Milledgeville, Monroe, Washington, Watkinsville, Winder, and Wrightsville.
Counties
Barrow
Butts
Clarke
Elbert
Greene
Hancock
Henry (Partial, see also )
Jackson
Jasper
Madison
Morgan
Newton (Partial, see also )
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Putnam
Taliaferro
Walton
Wilkes (Partial, see also )
Recent results in statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Election results
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Georgia's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 10th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 10th district at GovTrack.us
10
1885 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%2010th%20congressional%20district |
The Board of Admiralty (1628–1964) was established in 1628 when Charles I put the office of Lord High Admiral into commission. As that position was not always occupied, the purpose was to enable management of the day-to-day operational requirements of the Royal Navy; at that point administrative control of the navy was still the responsibility of the Navy Board, established in 1546. This system remained in place until 1832, when the Board of Admiralty became the sole authority charged with both administrative and operational control of the navy when the Navy Board was abolished. The term Admiralty has become synonymous with the command and control of the Royal Navy, partly personified in the Board of Admiralty and in the Admiralty buildings in London from where operations were in large part directed. It existed until 1964 when the office of First Lord of the Admiralty was finally abolished and the functions of the Lords Commissioners were transferred to the new Admiralty Board and the tri-service Defence Council of the United Kingdom.
History
The office of Lord High Admiral was created in around 1400 to take charge of the Royal Navy of the Kingdom of England. It was one of the Great Officers of State. The office could be exercised by an individual (as was invariably the case until 1628), by the Crown directly (as was the case between 1684 and 1689), or by a Board of Admiralty. The office of the Lord High Admiral from creation was the titular head of the Royal Navy and its holders were primarily responsible for policy direction, operational control and maritime jurisdiction of the service.
On the death of the Duke of Buckingham in 1628 his office of Lord High Admiral was put into commission by King Charles I, six Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty were appointed to execute the office jointly. In 1638 the office of Lord High Admiral was revived, but throughout the rest of the seventeenth century there were periods when the office was again in commission and even when there was a Lord High Admiral, he was often advised by a separate council, which was virtually a Board of Admiralty under another name.
After the serving Lord High Admiral, the Duke of York (future James II of England), had been disqualified from the office as a Roman Catholic following the Test Act of 1673, the Board of Commissioners consisted of between twelve and sixteen Privy Councillors, who served without salaries. In 1679 this was changed, and the number of Commissioners was reduced to seven, who were to receive salaries and need not be members of the Privy Council.
Finally in 1708, soon after the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Board of Admiralty became the normal instrument for governing the navy operationally on a day to basis, however the responsibility for the day to day administrative affairs of the naval service lay with another authority known as the Navy Board, established earlier by King Henry VIII in 1546, which had evolved out of the Council of the Marine. There was an exception for the period from 1827 to 1828, when the office of Lord High Admiral was briefly revived for William, Duke of Clarence, later King William IV.
With the exception of the years 1702 to 1709 and 1827 to 1828, when an individual Lord High Admiral was appointed who convened a Lord High Admirals Council to manage naval affairs, this remained the case (although the number of Commissioners varied) until the Admiralty became part of the Ministry of Defence in 1964.
The eighteenth century Board of Admiralty usually contained a preponderance of civilians, although there was a naval element and often a sea officer was First Lord. The Lords Commissioners were all active politicians, even the naval members, and it was usual for some members and later the whole of the Board to change on a change of ministry. After 1806 the First Lord was always a civilian and a senior member of the ministry, while the separate post of First Sea Lord was evolved for the senior professional member. However, until late in the nineteenth century the First Sea Lord and his professional colleagues remained free to play an active part in politics, although as the century progressed they chose to do so less and less. Until the absorption of the High Court of Admiralty into the Court of Judicature they nominally retained, as executors of the office of Lord High Admiral, their centuries-old link with that court.
When the Navy Board was abolished in 1832 and responsibility for the civil administration of the Navy passed to the Board of Admiralty, the Board was redesigned. It now consisted of the First Lord of the Admiralty, four Naval Lords (three between 1868 and 1886), known from 1904 as Sea Lords, and a Civil Lord, with a Parliamentary and a Permanent Secretary.
The Lords Commissioners remained jointly responsible, subject to the controlling political authority of the First Lord, for all aspects of naval affairs, but in addition, especially after the reforms of 1869, they had individual responsibility for the work of the several departments of the Admiralty. This responsibility did not always coincide with control of staff and the head of a department might be responsible to two or more Lords Commissioners for the different aspects of his department's work.
Organisation
The Lords Commissioners usually comprised a mixture of serving admirals, first called Naval Lord Commissioners, then Naval Lords then Professional Naval Lords then Sea Lords, later were added the Naval Staff Lords, and the politicians, Civil Lords, with the civil lords usually in a majority prior to 1830 and finally the Civil Secretaries. Between 1832 and 1869 following the abolition of Navy Board a number of Civilian Naval Officials were also appointed as members.
During the First World War the number of Sea Lords was increased at one time to eight and the number of Civil Lords to three, but after the war most of these extra members left the Board. In 1938 the title of the Board member designated Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Air) was altered to Fifth Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Air Services. For fuller details of Board membership during this period see The Second World War: A Guide to Documents in the Public Record Office (PRO Handbooks No.15) pp13–24.
The specialist departments of the Board of Admiralty changed their names and functions, and varied in number, from time to time, but the system on which the Admiralty was organised continued unchanged until 1 April 1964, when the Board became the Admiralty Board of the Defence Council of the Ministry of Defence, the office of Lord High Admiral itself being vested in HM the Queen.
Duties
Duties were assigned to each Lord Commissioner by the First Lord and defined in a Minute of the Board, and amended from time to time.
Appellation
The Lords Commissioners were entitled collectively to be known as "The Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty", and were commonly referred to collectively as "Their Lordships" or "My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty", though individual members were not entitled to these styles. More informally, they were known in short as "The Lords of the Admiralty". That, for example, is the term invariably used throughout the well-known Horatio Hornblower series of historical novels.
Abolition
With the abolition of the Board of Admiralty and its merger into the Ministry of Defence in 1964, formal control of the Navy was taken over by the Admiralty Board of the Defence Council of the United Kingdom, with the day-to-day running of the Navy taken over by the Navy Board. The office of Lord High Admiral was vested in the Crown (i.e. in the person of the current British monarch) and that of First Lord of the Admiralty ceased to exist, but the First, Second and Third Sea Lords retained their titles, despite ceasing to be Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.
In 2011, Queen Elizabeth II bestowed the title of Lord High Admiral on her husband the Duke of Edinburgh, which he held until his death in 2021.
See also
First Secretary of the Admiralty
List of lords commissioners of the Admiralty
First Lord of the Admiralty
References
Sources
The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 George IV. 1822. London: By His Majesty's Statute and Law Printer. 1822.
Hamilton, Admiral Sir. R. Vesey, G.C.B. (1896). Naval Administration: The Constitution, Character, and Functions of the Board of Admiralty, and of the Civil Departments it Directs. London: George Bell and Sons (now in public domain).
Logan, Karen Dale (1976). The Admiralty: Reforms and Re-organization, 1868–1892. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Oxford.
Miller, Francis H. (1884). The Origin and Constitution of the Admiralty and Navy Boards, to which is added an Account of the various Buildings in which the Business of the Navy has been transacted from time to time. London: For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Copy in Greene Papers. National Maritime Museum. GEE/19.
Roskill, S.W., Capt. DSC. RN., The War at Sea, 1939–1945, vol. I, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1954.
Records of the Navy Board and the Board of Admiralty/ ADM Division 1/ http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C706. © Crown copyright, which is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0
External links
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Royal Navy operations and correspondence 1660–1914
Boards of the Royal Navy
Royal Navy personnel
1628 establishments in England
1964 disestablishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board%20of%20Admiralty |
Wolter Wierbos (born 1 September 1957, in Holten, Overijssel) is a Dutch trombonist.
Wierbos has played throughout Europe, Canada, USA and Asia. Wierbos has many awards to his name, including the Podiumprijs for Jazz and Improvised music and the most important Dutch jazz award, the VPRO/Boy Edgar Award in 1995.
Since 1979 he has played with numerous music ensembles: Cumulus (with Ab Baars and Harry de Wit), JC Tans & Rockets, Theo Loevendie Quintet, Guus Janssen Septet, Loos (Peter van Bergen), Maarten Altena Ensemble and Podiumtrio. He led his own band, Celebration of Difference, and has been involved in theater, dance, television and film projects. He has been invited to play with The Ex, Sonic Youth, Gruppo Sportivo and the Nieuw Ensemble (led by Ed Spanjaard).
He has also played with Henry Threadgill, The Berlin Contemporary Jazz Orchestra (led by Alexander von Schlippenbach), the European Big Band (led by Cecil Taylor), the John Carter Project, Mingus Big Band (Epitaph, directed by Gunther Schuller).
He is currently active with Misha Mengelberg's Instant Composers Pool (Down Beat Poll winner 2002, Talent Deserving Wider Recognition), Gerry Hemingway Quintet, Franky Douglas' Sunchild, Bik Bent Braam, Albrecht Maurer Trio Works, Nocando, Carl Ludwig Hübsch's Longrun Development of the Universe, Frank Gratkowski Quartet, Available Jelly and Sean Bergin's MOB.
Wierbos also maintains a solo career. He has a running project under the name Wollo's World, where he brings together different artistic combinations, ranging from duos with tap-dancer Marije Nie and bassist Wilbert de Joode to a quartet with Misha Mengelberg, Mats Gustafsson and Wilbert de Joode.
Wolter Wierbos can be heard on more than 100 CDs and LPs. He has released two solo CDs: X Caliber (ICP 032, 1995), "a round-trip tour of his horn, from buzzing mute mutations, grizzly blurts and purring multiphonics to radiant melodies", and Wierbos (DATA 824), a reissue of his 1982 solo LP with an additional track.
References
External links
Wolter Wierbos Homepage
ICP Orchestra Homepage
1957 births
Living people
People from Holten
Dutch jazz trombonists
21st-century trombonists
ICP Orchestra members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolter%20Wierbos |
Georgia's 11th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Republican Barry Loudermilk. The district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. The first election using the new district boundaries (listed below) were the 2012 congressional elections.
Located in the northwestern portion of the Atlanta metropolitan area, the district covers the entirety of Bartow, Cherokee and Pickens counties, as well as northwestern and central Cobb County. It includes Cartersville, Kennesaw, Woodstock and most of Marietta.
From 2013 to 2023, the district also included the northern "neck" of Fulton County, including the far northern portion of Atlanta proper.
Counties
Bartow
Cherokee (Partial, see also )
Pickens
Cobb (Partial, see also , , and )
Recent results in statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Election results
2016
2018
2020
2022
References
Further reading
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 11th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 11th district at GovTrack.us
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
11
Bartow County, Georgia
Carroll County, Georgia
Chattooga County, Georgia
Cobb County, Georgia
Floyd County, Georgia
Gordon County, Georgia
Haralson County, Georgia
Paulding County, Georgia
Polk County, Georgia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%2011th%20congressional%20district |
James Callahan may refer to:
Sports
James Callahan (ice hockey), founder of the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1925
Nixey Callahan (1874–1934), also known as Jimmy Callahan, baseball pitcher and manager
Jim Callahan (baseball) (1881–1968), baseball player for the New York Giants
Jim Callahan (American football, born 1946), American football player and author
Jim Callahan (American football, born 1920)
Jamie Callahan, American baseball pitcher
Actors
Jimmy Callahan (actor) (1891–1957), 1920s comedy short actor
James Callahan (actor) (1930–2007), American character actor
Others
James Yancy Callahan (1852–1935), Oklahoma Territorial Representative
James Callahan (unionist), American labor union leader
James Callahan (pilot), American New York Sandy Hook pilot
James Callahan (Kentucky) (fl. 19th c.), Louisville businessman; 1st president of the Louisville, Harrods Creek, and Westport Railway
Jim Callahan, entertainer and contestant on Phenomenon
See also
James Callaghan (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Callahan |
Georgia's 12th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is represented by Republican Rick Allen. The district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. The first election using the new district boundaries (listed below) were the 2012 congressional elections.
The district covers portions of the eastern and southeastern parts of the state. It includes the cities of Augusta, Dublin, Douglas, and Statesboro.
Counties
Lincoln
Wilkes (Partial, see also )
Warren
McDuffie
Columbia
Glascock
Richmond
Jefferson
Washington
Burke
Jenkins
Screven
Emanuel
Treutlen
Johnson
Laurens
Wheeler
Montgomery
Toombs
Candler
Bulloch
Effingham (Partial, see also )
Evans
Tattnall
Former
Chatham (Partial, see also )
Coffee
Jeff Davis
Appling
Election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
Election results
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Georgia's 3rd congressional district
Georgia's congressional districts
References
Further reading
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 12th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 12th congressional district at GovTrack.us
U.S. Census data searchable by congressional district
Opensecrets.org Fundraising data from FEC reports
Analysis of district from Capitaleye.org
2006 results by county from CBSNews.com
12
Constituencies established in 2003
2003 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%2012th%20congressional%20district |
Georgia's 13th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Democrat David Scott, though the district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. The first election using the new district boundaries (listed below) were the 2012 congressional elections.
The district is located in the southern and western portions of the Atlanta metropolitan area and includes the cities of Austell, Jonesboro, Mableton, Douglasville, Stockbridge, and Union City, as well as the southern fourth of Atlanta itself.
Counties
Clayton (Partial, see also )
Cobb (Partial, see also , and )
Douglas (Partial, see also )
Fayette (Partial, see also )
Fulton (Partial, see also , , and )
Henry (Partial, see also and )
Recent results in statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Election results
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
References
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 13th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 13th congressional district at GovTrack.us
13
Constituencies established in 2003
2003 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%2013th%20congressional%20district |
Troy Von Balthazar (TvB) is a Hawaii-born American singer, songwriter and poet who fronted the Los Angeles–based indie rock band Chokebore. His work can be described as intense and original, lo-fi pop music.
Biography
Before working solo Troy Von Balthazar (TvB) became famous in the 1990s as the singer and songwriter of L.A./Hawaii cult band Chokebore. They toured all around the world, including 10 shows supporting Nirvana on their final tour, and released 5 LPs, landmarks in independent rock's history.
Expanding on the slow, sad landscapes of Chokebore's later works, Troy Von Balthazar (TvB) first released a series of homemade CD-R EPs under the moniker "B. Balthazar", performing all instruments (mainly acoustic and electric guitars, drums, vocals and taped samples) himself. His solo debut, the Sweet Receiver EP (2001), was followed in 2002 by the Red Spider EP, . These two EPs were re-released together on the B. Balthazar MCD, which was sold exclusively at shows during Balthazar's first European tour in 2003.
This tour earned him increasing support in the European indie rock community, allowing him to sign to French record label Olympic Disk. Reverting to the moniker he used with Chokebore, he released the self-titled Troy Von Balthazar EP in November 2004 on Olympic Disk. After a French tour supporting this release, he flew back to Los Angeles to record his debut album at Elliott Smith's "New Monkey" studio. Troy Von Balthazar performed, recorded and mixed all the tracks himself, with the exception of some female vocals contributed by French musician Adeline Fargier. The Troy Von Balthazar LP was released by Olympic Disk on October 10, 2005. An extensive European tour followed, spanning most of the year 2006.
In early 2007, Balthazar returned to Los Angeles to record his second album, this time backed by the band The Black Pine. During the fall of 2007 he toured Germany, Austria and Switzerland with the German rock band Tocotronic, supporting the German release of his self-titled album Troy Von Balthazar by Sinnbus on October 26, 2007. The same year, he published his first book titled "3 Girls", which was distributed via Sinnbus.
In 2009, Troy put together the TVB 3 EP, a collection of three EPs comprising previously released EPs Sweet Receiver and Red Spider, along with several new or previously unreleased songs. In October 2009, the TVB 3 EP was released in vinyl format as The TVB LP by Czech label Silver Rocket Records.
In 2010, he and his former bandmates reactivated Chokebore to play European shows during the month of February, then some festivals during the summer.
On August 27, 2010, French label Third Side Records released the Troy Von Balthazar single Dots and Hearts as a digital download, that was soon followed by the release on September 13 of Troy Von Balthazar's second full-length album How to Live on Nothing.
In October 2012 the French label "Vicious Circle Records" released his third studio album "...is with the demon" to wide critical acclaim.
That year TvB also recorded music for the movie "This Aint California" a film about German skateboarders behind the Berlin wall in the 1980s, the French film "Des Morceaux de Moi" (release date February 13, 2013), and the French film "Cover us" in which a ghost sings the Troy Von Balthazar song "Wings" to a boy who discovers him.
In 2013 he released his 2nd book "This poem does not please her".
In 2015 Troy Von Balthazar (TvB) teamed up with Jason Lytle (Grandaddy), Kenneth Stringfellow (The Posies, R.E.M., Mercury Rev) and 11 chamber orchestra musicians to perform a tribute to Elliott Smith.
"The Color Bar Experience" plays Elliott Smiths full Figure 8 album with the orchestra and their voices. Concerts were played across France to rave review and a full live album was made of their performance on Radio 1 in Paris.
In 2016 TvB released his new album "Knights of Something" worldwide to critical acclaim, with record companies: Vicious Circle Records in France, Siluh Records in Austria, New High Recordings in the US, and Donuts Pop in Japan.
His fourth studio album, recorded in Berlin and the South of France using a combination of an old Tascam 388, tape machine and Pro Tools, a bunch of amazing guitar pedals, and vintage microphones.
"TvB has captured lo-fi songwriting and recording at its best, stream of consciousness music structures and intense sweeping lyricism that boggles the mind and attaches to the heart and soul of the listener.
TvB is an artist who has actually produces his own powerful sound, lets call it “The TvB sound”."
Troy is currently preparing for tour supporting "Knights of Something", writing his fifth album, and his third book.
Live performances
Troy's one man band live performances incorporate looping techniques and several distortion techniques. Many people have commented that his live performances, when performed in this fashion, are equal in strength to his studio recordings and his lo-fi analog and intimate recording style.
Troy has also performed with supporting musicians Adeline Fargier, Jérôme Laperruque, and Christian Madrigal.
In May 2015 Troy teamed up with Grandaddy's Jason Lytle on French radio station France Musique under the name "Jason Lytle, Troy Von Balthazar & The Color Bars Experience" to cover and perform Elliott Smith's Figure 8 with a chamber orchestra.
Discography
Albums
Knights of Something Vicious Circle Records, 2016
" ...is with the demon" Vicious Circle Records, 2012
How to Live on Nothing (Third Side Records, 2010)
Troy Von Balthazar (Olympic Disk, 2005; Sinnbus, 2007)
Singles and EPs
Dots and Hearts single – digital download (Third Side Records, 2010)
TVB 3 EP (self-released, 2009; released on vinyl as The TVB LP by Silver Rocket Records, 2009)
Troy Von Balthazar EP (Olympic Disk, 2004)
B. Balthazar MCD (self-released, 2003)
Red Spider EP – digital download (self-released, 2002)
Sweet Receiver EP (self-released, 2001)
DVD
Live in Paris — limited edition of 150 (self-released, 2006)
References
External links
Official web site
Official Myspace page
Label web site
American male singer-songwriters
American alternative rock musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy%20von%20Balthazar |
Jasper Motorsports was a NASCAR Nextel Cup team. It was owned by a variety of owners including D.K. Ulrich and Doug Bawel.
1970s–1980s
The car started in 1971 at what turned out to be the only Winston Cup race at Smoky Mountain Raceway as the No. 41 Ford owned and driven by Ulrich, who finished 29th out of 30 cars for heating problems on the 4th lap. Ulrich ran full-time for a couple of years, but normally he stepped aside and let other drivers race for him. During his tenure as an owner, he employed many younger drivers. Sterling Marlin, Tim Richmond, Morgan Shepherd, and Mark Martin all went on to successful careers after piloting Ulrich's car.
In 1987, Ulrich noticed a young short track driver from California named Ernie Irvan, who qualified 20th in a Dale Earnhardt-sponsored car for a race that Ulrich didn't make. Ulrich put the aggressive young Irvan in his car for three races that year, with Irvan's partner Marc Reno as crew chief. When Ulrich was able to get Kroger as a full-time sponsor for the team, he fielded the car full-time in 1988 with Irvan competing for NASCAR Winston Cup Series Rookie of the Year in the No. 2 Chevrolet/Pontiac, finishing 59 points behind Ken Bouchard for Rookie of the Year. In 1989, Irvan posted 4-top ten finishes and ending the season 22nd in points, three better than the previous year. Unfortunately, Kroger decided not to renew its contract, and Irvan had no choice but to leave the team. Ulrich was able to get several different sponsorships together for 1990, and the team ran most of the races.
1990s
The car returned full-time for 1991 as the No. 55 Pontiac sponsored by Jasper Engines, based in Jasper, Indiana. The team's original plan was a Winston Cup rookie campaign for popular USAC veteran and Indianapolis 500 starter Rich Vogler, but he perished while leading a USAC event at the Salem Speedway in Indiana in July 1990. Their next choice was Wisconsin's Ted Musgrave, who narrowly missed Rookie of the Year honors to Bobby Hamilton. During the 1992 and 1993 NASCAR seasons, Ulrich formed a partnership with Ray DeWitt to form RaDiUs Motorsports which continued with Musgrave behind the wheel. During the 1992 season, the team ran various makes from General Motors before switching to Ford halfway through the year. In 1994 Musgrave left for Roush Racing and Ulrich and DeWitt ended their partnership. DeWitt formed a new team with the RaDiUS name and No. 55 while Ulrich retained the Jasper sponsorship on the newly renumbered No. 77, with Doug Bawel, an executive from Jasper Engines & Transmissions, became a business partner with Ulrich, the team being renamed Jasper Motorsports with veteran journeyman Greg Sacks handling the driving chores as well as a major co-sponsorship from USAir. Jasper Engines & Transmissions co-sponsored the team for the 1995 season, with the car originally piloted by rookie Davy Jones and later Bobby Hillin Jr. After the season, Bawel bought the entire team from Ulrich and started a partnership with Jasper salesmen Mark Wallace and Mark Harrah. Hillin continued to drive the car for 1996, and the first part of 1997, before being replaced by Robert Pressley and Morgan Shepherd.
Pressley was full-time for 1998, during which he had a then-career-best finish of 3rd at Texas. 1999 was a tumultuous year for the team, struggling with qualifying and finishing 39th in points. For the 2000 season, the team began using Penske engines and hired Ryan Pemberton as crew chief. Change made a huge difference as Pressley finished 25th in points the next two years, finishing 2nd at the 2001 Tropicana 400 at Chicagoland Speedway.
2000s
Pressley, although picking up a few top-tens during his tenure with Jasper, struggled with consistency, even with his successful pairing with Pemberton. Therefore, Pressley and Jasper parted ways after the season, and former sprint car champion Dave Blaney was tabbed to replace him. But Blaney, while competitive in some races also struggled with consistency and was gone at the end of 2003.
Boris Said drove a No. 67 car on road courses and as a teammate to Blaney in 2002, finishing a best of 8th at Watkins Glen. The car is featured in the widely popular video game NASCAR Racing 2003 Season.
At the end of the year, Wallace sold his share of the team, and Roger Penske, who was already providing engines and support to the Jasper team, took his place. The team got a new sponsor in Kodak, as well as a new driver in rookie Brendan Gaughan and a new manufacturer in Dodge (the team had run Dodge instead of the usual Ford for the 2003 EA Sports 500, causing Ford to pull their factory support). Despite grabbing 4 top-10 finishes, Gaughan was replaced to the shock of fans by another rookie, Travis Kvapil. In his first year in the Cup circuit, he finished 32nd in points with two top-10 finishes. When the season came to a close, it was announced the No. 77 car would not run the 2006 season, as Penske would go back to fielding two cars in his own team.
Not long after the announcement, the team shut down and sold its owner's points to Bill Davis, who fielded car No. 55 for Michael Waltrip for the 2006 season. After 2006, Waltrip bought the 55 team and Michael Waltrip Racing became a full-time Nextel Cup team.
Driver history
Notable drivers (Winston Cup Champions, Rookies of the Year, and Cup race winners) are highlighted in bold.
D. K. Ulrich (1971–1975, 1978–1987, 1990)
Roy Mayne (1971)
Dick May (1971, 1980–1982)
Frank Warren (1973)
Harry Schilling (1974)
Ed Negre (1974)
Tony Bettenhausen Jr. (1974)
Randy Bethea (1975)
Al Elmore (1979, 1983)
Bill Whittington (1980)
Joe Booher (1980–1982, 1986)
Ricky Rudd (1980)
Dick Skillen (1980)
Mike Alexander (1980)
J. D. McDuffie (1980)
Tommy Gale (1980, 1981, 1983)
Lennie Pond (1980)
Sterling Marlin (1980, 1981)
Tim Richmond (1980–1981)
Harry Dinwiddie (1980)
Stan Barrett (1980, 1982)
Chuck Bown (1981)
Rick Baldwin (1981)
Kevin Housby (1981)
Al Loquasto (1981, 1982)
Terry Herman (1981, 1982)
Rick Knoop (1981, 1986, 1987)
Cecil Gordon (1981)
Elliott Forbes-Robinson (1981)
Slick Johnson (1981–1982)
Bob McElee (1981)
Ronnie Thomas (1981)
Don Hume (1981)
Tommy Houston (1982)
Jimmy Hensley (1982)
Ferrel Harris (1982)
Randy Becker (1982)
Bob Jarvis (1982)
Jim Sauter (1983, 1984, 1990)
Mark Martin (1983)
Connie Saylor (1983, 1984, 1987)
Morgan Shepherd (1984, 1997)
Jimmy Ingalls (1984)
Clark Dwyer (1984)
Doug Heveron (1984)
Eddie Bierschwale (1985, 1990)
Trevor Boys (1986–1987)
Richard Petty (one race in 1986)
Bobby Baker (1987)
Ron Esau (1987)
Ernie Irvan (1987–1989)
Rick Mast (1990)
Jim Bown (1990)
Troy Beebe (1990)
Charlie Glotzbach (1990)
Rick Ware (1990)
Jerry O'Neil (1990)
Ted Musgrave (1990–1993, 1998)
Greg Sacks (1994)
P. J. Jones (1994)
Davy Jones (1995)
Bobby Hillin Jr. (1995–1997)
Robert Pressley (1997–2001)
Hut Stricklin (1998)
Boris Said (2001–2002; road races only)
Dave Blaney (2002–2003)
Brendan Gaughan (2004)
Travis Kvapil (2005)
References
External links
Doug Bawel Winston Cup/Nextel Cup Owner Statistics
D.K. Ulrich Winston Cup Owner Statistics
Companies based in North Carolina
Defunct NASCAR teams
Auto racing teams in the United States
Defunct companies based in North Carolina
Auto racing teams established in 1971
Auto racing teams disestablished in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper%20Motorsports |
Markham Fair is one of Canada's oldest country fairs, an annual event established in 1844. It is located in Markham, Ontario and hosted by the Markham and East York Agricultural Society. With over 700 volunteers working on more than 70 committees, Markham Fair is the largest community-based volunteer organization in Canada. The fair and fairgrounds are owned by the agricultural society.
The fair occurs annually on the weekend before Thanksgiving, and is attended by upwards of 80,000 people annually. Approximately 3,000 exhibitors enter more than 12,000 items, which are judged and put on display during the fair. Promoting excellence through competition in this way makes fairs unique in comparison to other events.
Agricultural societies used to meet on a regular basis to discuss various concepts of agricultural improvement such as livestock development and increased grain yields. Often the society would collectively purchase a bull or seed grain, which would be made available to members only. The fall fair would then be an opportunity for the farmers to compete by showing off the fruits of their labour.
Due to increased technology and rapid communication, agricultural societies no longer find it necessary to provide this service, but the Markham Fair continues to provide the community with a showcase for talents and products in a friendly competitive spirit.
As well as the competitive displays, the community is further brought together to enjoy various forms of entertainment such as horse and tractor pulls, a demolition derby, midway rides, and displays of farm animals.
The 2020 Markham Fair was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was also cancelled in 1917–18 & 1942–44.
The 2021 Fair was held but required prepurchased tickets and physical distancing by means of one way walk through fairgrounds. Food vendors were available near the exit but there was no midway.
Fairgrounds
The fairgrounds are located in northern Markham at the northeast corner of McCowan Road and Elgin Mills Road and sits on of former farm land (once farmed by Jonathan 'John' Williamson) and Stuart and Trevor Watson.
The site has several buildings used to house trade shows and other events. A 1/2-mile track and 4 wood stables are used to store animals. To the east of the fairgrounds is Little Rouge Creek.
The original fairground was located at the present day Markham Village Library at southeast corner of Main Street and Highway 7 (farmland of Robert Goodfellow Armstrong and Wellington Hotel). The fair moved to the current site in 1977, as the original fairground area grew less agricultural.
The current library building was built to mimic the shape of the old Agricultural Hall that once stood at the site (along what is now Highway 7 on the south side from Washington Street to Jerman Street). A fire in 1916 burned down the new hall, ice rink and other buildings (barns). Only the rink was rebuilt (years later in 1963) on the site and currently part of the Markham Village Community Centre. The area where the track once sat are now homes with Reeves Park along Main Street.
Events
Many shows and events are showcased throughout the duration of the fair. In previous years these shows have included:
Agri-food Tent Shows (cooking shows)
Gymnastics demonstration
Freestyle Moto-Cross (FMX) Bike Demonstration
Demolition Derby
Tractor Pull
Sheep Shearing Demonstration
Other events
A number of local events use the fairgrounds outside of the fair days including home shows, trade shows and warehouse sales.
Midway
World's Finest Shows runs the midway located at the West Gate of the fairgrounds.
History
The earliest recorded fair held in Markham was in 1857 at the fairgrounds then located on the southeast corner of Main and Wellington Streets (now Main Street Markham and Highway 7). Prior to that, fairs were held in nearby Unionville (today a neighbourhood of Markham) in 1855.
The fair attracted farm participation from east section of York County based loosely on the York East (provincial electoral district) (East York, Scarborough, Markham, Whitchurch).
In 1865 Captain William Armstrong granted of his land for the fairgrounds to build several buildings (grandstand, track, stalls, ice rink, exhibition hall) including a single floor agricultural hall. A new two floor hall, ticket office and rink was planned in 1894 and in 1916 a fire destroyed those buildings and were later replaced with a larger Agricultural Hall (Crystal Palace) to house the fair. The massive brick by rink would serve as an early recreation centre.
In 1963 the fair buildings were demolished to make way for the Markham Village Cenotaph and Community Centre (including indoor ice rink). In 1977 the Fair relocated to its current site where the four-day fair is held annually on the weekend preceding Thanksgiving. The Markham Village Library was built in 1980-1981 (on land bought by the then Town of Markham in 1975) now occupies the site of the old fairgrounds and mimics the barrel vault design of the old Agricultural Hall.
Board of directors
The society is an Ontario corporation that owns and operates the fair and its properties. It is governed by a board of 24 directors, who are elected at each annual meeting for a three-year period, and six junior directors (between the ages of 18 and 26) who are elected annually for a one-year period. All directors are elected by members of the society who attend the annual meeting. From among the directors, the President (Chair) and two vice-presidents are elected following the annual meeting, along with a Treasurer, General Manager, and Secretary.
Mission
The mission of the society is to encourage an awareness of agriculture and to promote improvements in the quality of life of persons living in an agricultural community by:
researching and developing programs to meet the needs of the community;
holding annual agricultural exhibitions featuring competitions for which prizes may be awarded;
promoting the conservation of natural resources;
encouraging the beautification of the community; and by
supporting and providing facilities to encourage activities to enrich the community
In addition, there are over 750 volunteers involved with the operations, which fill the board seats and form some 75 committees, which share administrative duties and the Fair operating procedures.
See also
Other Canadian annual fairs
Canadian National Exhibition - Toronto
Calgary Stampede - Calgary
Edmonton K-Days - Edmonton
Pacific National Exhibition - Vancouver
Central Canada Exhibition - Ottawa
Canadian Lakehead Exhibition - Thunder Bay
Red River Exhibition - Winnipeg
Royal Agricultural Winter Fair - Toronto
Royal Manitoba Winter Fair - Brandon, Manitoba
Schomberg Fair - Schomberg, Ontario
Sooke Fall Fair - Sooke, British Columbia
Streetsville Bread and Honey Festival - Mississauga
Western Fair - London, Ontario
References
External links
Annual fairs
1844 establishments in Canada
Fairs in Ontario
Tourist attractions in Markham, Ontario
Festivals established in 1844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham%20Fair |
Telligent, A Verint Company is an enterprise collaboration and community software business founded in 2004 by Rob Howard. The company changed its name to Zimbra, Inc. in September 2013 after acquiring Zimbra from VMWare. In August 2015, Verint Systems, Inc. acquired Telligent and currently operates Telligent as an independent business unit. As of August 2015, the remaining assets of Zimbra were acquired by Synacor.
Company history
Telligent was founded by Rob Howard in 2004. Howard was previously a founding member of Microsoft's ASP.NET team and helped build and run the Microsoft ASP.NET community.
Telligent introduced its first product, Community Server, in the fall of 2004. Community Server was an integrated community platform that brought together blogs, wikis, forums, user profiles, etc. Community Server was based on the work done by Rob Howard on the ASP.NET Forums, Jason Alexander on Gallery, and Scott Watermasysk on Text.
Dell and Myspace both became Telligent customers in 2006. Dell started a blog on Telligent's platform in response to Jeff Jarvis' post about his dissatisfaction with a Dell laptop.
At the end of 2007, Telligent introduced a social analytics tool called Harvest Reporting Server.
In 2008, Intel Capital became Telligent's first capital partner.
In 2009, Patrick Brandt took over as CEO and Rob Howard became CTO. Patrick Brandt was previously CEO of Skywire Software, which was acquired by Oracle for an undisclosed amount of money. Telligent rebranded its product offerings as follows; Community Server became Telligent Community, Harvest Reporting Server became Telligent Analytics, and Community Server Evolution became Telligent Enterprise. Telligent also formally introduced the Telligent Evolution platform, upon which Telligent Community and Telligent Enterprise were based.
As part of the company's repositioning, Telligent discontinued development and support for Graffiti CMS, making it available as an open-source project. Telligent also discontinued BlogMailr, an email-to-blog service.
In 2010 David Mitchell joined Telligent's board. Mitchell is currently CEO of Global 360 and was previously CEO of WebMethods. Telligent additionally added Wendy Gibson as Chief Marketing Officer.
On December 19, 2011, Telligent acquired Leverage Software.
On July 15, 2013, Telligent acquired Zimbra from Vmware.
On August 1, 2015, Telligent was acquired by Verint Systems, Inc.
Products
Telligent's products are built on the Microsoft .NET and Microsoft SQL Server platforms. They are primarily used as on-premises, white-label software solutions.
Telligent Community
Telligent Community (formerly Community Server), built on the Telligent Evolution platform, is Telligent's flagship product. It was first introduced in 2004 and the most recent version is 5.6 as of October 2010.
Telligent Community is designed to support external facing communities and the primary use cases are: digital marketing, support communities, and networking.
Telligent Enterprise
Telligent Enterprise, built on the Telligent Evolution platform, was first introduced in 2008 in response to users of Telligent Community asking Telligent to provide an employee-focused solution. Telligent Enterprise version 2.6 was released in October 2010.
Telligent Enterprise is designed to support enterprise 2.0 / internal communities, private business-to-business communities, and private networking communities. An emphasis on integration with enterprise email systems, such as Microsoft Exchange Server, and enterprise identity management systems, such as Microsoft Active Directory, are examples of how Telligent Enterprise differs from Telligent Community.
Telligent Analytics
Telligent introduced Telligent Analytics in 2007 as the Harvest Reporting Server. Telligent Analytics is designed to analyze people and information created within the Telligent Evolution platform. This includes both Telligent Community and Telligent Enterprise. It additionally includes any data created by applications that run on the Telligent Evolution platform.
External links
Telligent web site
References
Business intelligence companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
Companies based in Dallas
Software companies established in 2004
Software companies based in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telligent%20Systems |
WBWT may refer to:
WZWK-LP, a low-power radio station (101.5 FM) licensed to serve Greenville, South Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WBWT-LP from 2016 to 2018
WTSJ-LD, the Milwaukee, Wisconsin affiliate for the Spanish-language MundoMax network, formerly known as WBWT-LP
WWTI-DT2, the CW network affiliate for Watertown, New York, formerly branded as "WBWT" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBWT |
Cocktails & Dreams is an album of B-Sides and rarities by the Chicago punk rock band The Lawrence Arms, released in 2005 by Asian Man Records. It collects the songs from their two Asian Man EPs, songs from several compilations and a few new songs.
Track listing
"Intransit" - 1:59
"Quincentuple Your Money" - 3:01
"100 Resolutions" - 3:31
"There's No Place Like a Stranger's Floor" - 3:24
"Hey, What Time Is 'Pensacola: Wings of Gold' on Anyway?" - 4:19
"Presenting: The Dancing Machine (The Robot with the Monkey Head)" - 1:27
"Overheated" - 4:20
"Necrotism: Decanting the Insalubrious (Cyborg Midnight) Part 7" - 1:49
"A Boring Story" - 3:02
"Faintly Falling Ashes" - 1:20
"A Toast" - 2:36
"Nebraska" - 3:37
"Another Boring Story" - 3:00
"Joyce Carol Oates Is a Boring Old Biddy" - 3:28
"The Old Timer's 2×4" - 2:19
"Turnstiles" / "Old Mexico Way" / "Purple Haze" / "Heaven Help Me" - 19:05
Performers
Chris McCaughan - guitar, vocals
Brendan Kelly - bass, vocals
Neil Kevin Hennessy - drums
Album information
Record label: Asian Man Records
Tracks 1, 15 & 16 recorded at Atlas Studios in early 2005 by Matt Allison
Tracks 2-5 recorded at Atlas Studios in January 2001 by Matt Allison
Track 7 recorded at Atlas Studios in October 2001 by Matt Allison
Track 8 recorded at Atlas Studios in December 2003 by Matt Allison
Tracks 9-13 recorded at Atlas Studios in May 2000 by Matt Allison
Track 14 recorded in September 2002 in a Chicago oil factory by Chris Carr and Lance Reynolds
"Old Mexico Way" recorded by Mike Giampa
"Purple Haze" and "Heaven Help Me" recorded by the Lawrence Arms on home recording devices
Layout by David Holtz
Photos by the Lawrence Arms, Ben Pier and others
Song information
Tracks 2–5 originally appeared on the EP Present Day Memories, a split CD/EP with The Chinkees released in 2001 by Asian Man Records.
Track 6 originally appeared on the compilation Fat Music, Vol. 6: Uncontrollable Fatulence, released in 2002 by Fat Wreck Chords. It was originally titled "Presenting: The Dancing Machine (Il Robot Con la Testa di Scimmia)."
Track 7 is an outtake from the recording sessions for the band's third album Apathy and Exhaustion.
Track 8 originally appeared on the compilation Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2, released in 2004 by Fat Wreck Chords. Its title "Necrotism: Decanting the Insalubrious (Cyborg Midnight) Part 7" is a direct reference to the band Carcass's third album Necroticism – Descanting the Insalubrious.
Tracks 9–13 originally appeared on the Shady View Terrace / The Lawrence Arms split EP, which was originally released on vinyl EP by Castaway Records and re-released in 2000 on CD by Asian Man Records. Track 10, "Faintly Falling Ashes", is a re-recording of an earlier demo, which was then titled "Purple Haze" and is included in this album's final track (see below).
Track 14 originally appeared on the compilation Oil: Chicago Punk Refined, released in 2002 by Thick Records. It was originally titled "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been", a name which is shared with a story by Joyce Carol Oates. In the liner notes Chris notes that the song was re-titled because "1) There's nothing more lame than to be asked if you've ripped off, or even worse, were paying homage to Joyce Carol Oates. 2) It's a stupid title that basically means nothing." It is one of the few songs the band has never played live.
Tracks 15 & 16 are re-recordings of songs that originally appeared on the band's second album Ghost Stories.
The final track is followed by the same hidden tracks that appeared on the album Ghost Stories, but in a different order. "Purple Haze" was later rerecorded as "Faintly Falling Ashes" (see above).
Pseudonyms
In the liner notes and artwork Brendan and Chris identify themselves using the pseudonyms "Cocktails" and "Dreams," respectively. This echoes the use of pseudonyms they had used on their fourth album The Greatest Story Ever Told. "Cocktails and Dreams" was also the name of the bar that Tom Cruise's character dreamed of opening in the film Cocktail.
2005 compilation albums
The Lawrence Arms albums
Asian Man Records compilation albums
B-side compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktails%20%26%20Dreams |
Morebath is an upland village in the county of Devon, England. It is mostly given over to sheep-farming, and situated on the southern edge of Exmoor.
An account of life in Morebath in the 16th century can be read in The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village by Eamon Duffy (published in 2001 by Yale University Press, ). Then, as now, Morebath was populated by no more than 300 people, drawn from some thirty families, living and working on the land. During the often turbulent period of the Reformation, its inhabitants relied on the guidance of their priest, Christopher Trychay, Vicar of Morebath from 1520 to 1574. His detailed hand-written records were transcribed by the Rev. J. Erskine Binney, and published by James G. Commin of Exeter in 1904 as a separate volume in the Devon Notes & Queries series, under the title The Accounts of the Wardens of the Parish of Morebath, Devon. They provide an insight into the life of this small English community. The church is dedicated to St. George.
The village was formerly served by two railway stations. Morebath railway station (initially opened in 1873 as "Morebath and Bampton") on the Devon and Somerset Railway was actually nearer to Shillingford, and about a mile-and-a-half from Morebath itself. Morebath Junction Halt, which opened in 1928, was a single-platform halt set among fields in the valley beyond Ashtown Farm, and had no access road, though there was a footpath to it from Ashtown, which extended along the edge of fields to Chilpark on the B3190, close to the main part of the village. It was served by the Exe Valley Railway, as well as the Devon and Somerset line, and therefore had a better service than Morebath railway station: it was also much closer to Morebath village itself. Both stations closed in 1966.
The actress Caroline Quentin resides in the village with her family.
References
External links
Villages in Mid Devon District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morebath |
Cokin is a French manufacturer of optical filters for photography. The system allows filters such as rectangular graduated neutral density filters which are versatile in use.
History
Cokin are particularly noted for their "Creative Filter System". It was invented by photographer Jean Coquin and introduced in 1978. Based primarily around square filters, these require a holder which is attached to the lens via a simple adapter ring of the appropriate size. Unlike screw-thread circular filters, which are each tied to lenses of a specific diameter, those in the system can be used with any lens, provided they are large enough to cover it sufficiently. (Only the adapter ring may need changing).
Production
The system includes a wide range of filters including color correction, plain and coloured graduated filters, diffraction, diffusion and polarizers. The material is a polymer, CR-39 sometimes advertised as "organic glass".
Cokin produce various differently-sized versions of the Creative Filter System. The smallest is "A" ("Amateur", 67mm wide). The larger "P" ("Professional", 84mm wide) system covers cases where "A" filters are too small to cover the lens (or would cause problems at wider angles). The still-larger "X-Pro" filters are 130mm wide. The "A" and "P" sizes in particular are de facto standards, with many other manufacturers producing compatible filters and holders. Cokin also produce a system for 100mm-wide filters which they refer to as "Z-Pro". "X-Pro" and "Z-Pro" are designed for larger cameras.
References
External links
Cokin UK website
Optical filters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokin |
Forrest Gander (born January 21, 1956) is an American poet, translator, essayist, and novelist. The A.K. Seaver Professor Emeritus of Literary Arts & Comparative Literature at Brown University, Gander won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 2019 for Be With and is chancellor of the Academy of American Poets and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Early life
Born in Barstow, California, Forrest Gander grew up in Virginia, where he and his two sisters were raised by their single mother, an elementary school teacher. The four shared a two-room apartment in Annandale. Gander's estranged father ran The Mod Scene, a bar on Bleecker Street in Greenwich Village, New York City. With his mother and sisters, Gander began to travel extensively on summer road trips around the United States. The traveling, which never stopped, came to inform his interest in landscapes, languages, and cultures. Forrest and his two sisters were adopted by Walter J. Gander soon after Walter Gander's marriage to their mother, nee Ruth Clare Cockerille. Gander earned a B.S. in geology from the College of William and Mary and an M.A. in creative writing from San Francisco State University.
Career
A writer of multiple genres, Gander is noted for his many collaborations with other artists, including Eiko & Koma. He is a United States Artists Rockefeller Fellow and the recipient of fellowships from the Library of Congress, the National Endowment for the Arts, the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, The Whiting Foundation, and the Howard Foundation. In 2017, he was elected as a Chancellor to the Academy of American Poets and in 2019, he was awarded The Pulitzer Prize in poetry.
He taught at Providence College and at Harvard University before becoming the Adele Kellenberg Seaver Professor of Literary Arts and Comparative Literatures at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island.
Writing and translation
David Kirby, writing in The New York Times Book Review notes that, "It isn't long before the ethereal quality of these poems begins to remind you of similar effects in the work of T. S. Eliot and the 17th century Anglo-Welsh mystic Henry Vaughan....In the midst of such questioning, the only reality is the poet's unflinchingly curious mind." Noting the frequency and particularity of Gander's references to ecology and landscape, Robert Hass, former U.S. Poet Laureate, calls him "a Southern poet of a relatively rare kind, a restlessly experimental writer." Gander's book Core Samples from the World was a finalist for 2012 Pulitzer Prize and the 2011 National Book Critics Circle Award. The Pulitzer citation notes that Core Samples from the World is "a compelling work that explores cross-cultural tensions in the world and digs deeply to identify what is essential in human experience." With Australian poet-activist John Kinsella, Gander wrote the cross-genre book Redstart: an Ecological Poetics.
Be With, published in 2018 by New Directions, was awarded the 2019 Pulitzer Prize in poetry and was longlisted for the 2018 National Book Award. It is an elegiac collection of poetry and testament to his anguish over the death of his wife. Gander eventually decided to stop reading publicly from the collection so as not to "perform his grief."
The subjects of Gander's formally innovative essays range from snapping turtles to translation to literary hoaxes. His critical essays have appeared in The Nation, Boston Review, and The New York Times Book Review.
In 2008, New Directions published As a Friend, Gander's novel of a gifted man, a land surveyor, whose impact on those around him provokes an atmosphere of intense self-examination and eroticism. In The New York Times Book Review, Jeanette Winterson praised As a Friend as "a strange and beautiful novel.... haunting and haunted." As a Friend has been published in translation in half a dozen foreign editions. In 2014, New Directions released Gander's second novel The Trace, about a couple who, researching the last journey of Civil War writer Ambrose Bierce, find themselves lost in the Chihuahua Desert. The New Yorker called it a "carefully crafted novel of intimacy and isolation." In The Paris Review, Robyn Creswell commented "Gander's landscapes are lyrical and precise ("raw gashed mountains, gnarly buttes of andesite"), and his study of a marriage on the rocks is as empathetic as it is unsparing."
Gander is a translator who has edited several anthologies of poetry from Spain, Mexico, and Latin America. In addition, Gander has translated distinct volumes by Mexican poets Pura López Colomé, Coral Bracho (for which he was a PEN Translation Prize finalist for Firefly Under the Tongue), Valerie Mejer Caso, and Alfonso D'Aquino, another poet connected with ecopoetry. With Kyoko Yoshida, Gander translated Spectacle & Pigsty: Selected Poems of Kiwao Nomura, winner of the 2012 Best Translated Book Award; in 2016, New Directions published Alice Iris Red Horse, selected poems of Yoshimasu Gozo, edited by Gander. The second book of his translations, with Kent Johnson, of Bolivian poet Jaime Saenz, The Night (Princeton, 2007), received a PEN Translation Award. Gander's critically acclaimed translations of the Chilean Nobel Laureate Pablo Neruda are included in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems (City Lights, 2004).
In 2016, Copper Canyon Press released "Then Come Back: the Lost Neruda," a bilingual edition of Gander's translations of twenty previously unknown and unseen Neruda poems.
In 2018, Gander became a reviewer with New York Journal of Books.
Collaborations and editorial work
Gander has worked with artists Ann Hamilton and Gus Van Sant, photographers Lucas Foglia, Sally Mann, Graciela Iturbide, Peter Lindbergh, Michael Flomen, and Raymond Meeks, ceramics artists Ashwini Bhat and Richard Hirsch, dancers Eiko & Koma, painter Tjibbe Hooghiemstra, glass artist Michael Rogers, musicians Vic Chesnutt and Brady Earnhart, and others.
Along with CD Wright, Gander was a co-editor of Lost Roads Publishers for twenty years, soliciting, editing, and publishing books by more than thirty writers, including Michael Harper, Kamau Brathwaite, Arthur Sze, Fanny Howe, Steve Stern, Josie Foo, Frances Mayes, and Zuleyka Benitez.
Personal life
Gander was married to poet CD Wright. Together the couple raised a son. Wright's sudden death in 2016 precipitated Gander's book Be With.
Gander lives now in Northern California. He is married to the artist Ashwini Bhat.
Selected publications
Poetry collections
Knot (Copper Canyon, 2022)
Twice Alive (New Directions, 2021)
Be With (New Directions, 2018)
Eiko & Koma (New Directions, 2013). ,
Core Samples from the World (New Directions, 2011). ,
Eye Against Eye (New Directions, 2005). ,
The Blue Rock Collection (Salt Publishing, 2004). ,
Torn Awake (New Directions, 2001). ,
Science & Steepleflower (New Directions, 1998).
Deeds of Utmost Kindness (Wesleyan University Press, 1994).
Lynchburg (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993).
Rush to the Lake (Alice James Books, 1988).
Chapbooks
A Sonnet of Mudras with Ashwini Bhat (Literarium, Third Man Books, 2021).
Eggplants and Lotus Root (Burning Deck Press, 1991). ,
Novels
The Trace (New Directions, 2014). ,
As a Friend (New Directions, 2008).
Collaborative works
Redstart: An Ecological Poetics (University of Iowa Press, 2012) collaboration with John Kinsella. ,
Las Canchas (Blue Star Contemporary, 2009), collaboration with photographer Daniel Borris.
Twelve X 12:00 (Philip Elchers, 2003), collaboration with artist Tjibbe Hooghiemstra.
Sound of Summer Running (Nazraeli Press, 2005), collaboration with photographer Raymond Meeks.
Essay collections
A Faithful Existence: Reading, Memory and Transcendence (Counterpoint, 2005).
In translation
Essere Con. Italian translation of Be With. (Benway Series, Italy, 2020).
Bądź Blisko. Polish translation of Be With. (Lokator,Kraków, 2020).
Poesie Scelte. Italian translation of poems from Be With. (La Camera Verde, Rome, 2019).
Beckoned. Chinese translation of poems from Be With. (The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong, 2019).
Estar Con. Spanish translation of Be With. (Mangos de Hacha, Mexico City, 2019).
Está Con. Spanish translation of Be With. (Libros de la resistencia, Madrid, 2019).
Eiko & Koma. Japanese translation of Eiko & Koma. (Awai LLC, Tokyo, 2019).
İz. Turkish translation of The Trace. (Yapi Kredi Yayinlari, Ankara, 2019).
El Rastro. Spanish translation of The Trace. (Sexto Piso, Mexico City & Barcelona, 2016).
Le Trace. French translation of The Trace. (Sabine Wespieser Editeur, Paris, 2016).
Eiko & Koma y otros poemas. Spanish translation of selected poems. (Libros Magenta, Mexico D.F., 2016).
Şairin Vedasi. Turkish translation of As a Friend. (Yapi Kredi Yayinlari, Ankara, 2019).
Como Amigo. Spanish translation of As a Friend. (Sexto Piso Editorial, Mexico City & Barcelona, 2013).
Ligaduras. A work of selected poems in Spanish translation. (Ventana Abierta Editorial, Santiago, Chile, 2011).
Als es dich gab. Roman. German translation of As a Friend. (Luxbooks, Wiesbaden, Germany, 2010).
Libreto para eros. A work of selected poems in Spanish translation. (Amargord, Madrid, 2010).
En Ami. French translation of As a Friend. (Sabine Wespieser Editeur, Paris, 2010).
Като приятел. Bulgarian translation of As a Friend. (Altera, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2010).
Translations
Names & Rivers by Shuri Kido (Copper Canyon, 2022) with Tomoyuki Endo.
It Must Be a Misunderstanding by Coral Bracho (New Directions, 2022).
Dylan and the Whales by Maria Baranda, The New World Written: Selected Poems (Yale University Press, 2021).
The Galloping Hour: French Poems by Alejandra Pizarnik (New Directions, 2018) with Patricio Ferrari.
Then Come Back : the Lost Neruda Poems (Copper Canyon Press, 2016) ,
Alice Iris Red Horse: Selected Poems of Gozo Yoshimasu (New Directions, 2016).
Berlin: Stories by Aleš Šteger (Counterpath Press, 2015) with Brian Henry & Aljaž Kovac.
Rain of the Future: Poems by Valerie Mejer Caso edited by CD Wright (Action Books, 2014).
fungus skull eye wing: selected poems of Alfonso D'Aquino (Copper Canyon, 2013).
Watchword, by Pura Lopez Colome (Wesleyan University Press, 2012).
Spectacle & Pigsty: Selected Poems of Kiwao Nomura (Omnidawn, 2011) with Kyoko Yoshida.
Firefly Under the Tongue: Selected Poems of Coral Bracho (New Directions, 2008).
The Night: A Poem by Jaime Saenz (Princeton University Press, 2007) with Kent Johnson. ,
No Shelter: Selected Poems of Pura Lopez Colome (Graywolf Press, 2002).
Immanent Visitor: Selected Poems of Jaime Saenz (University of California Press, 2002) with Kent Johnson.
Anthologies edited
Pinholes in the Night: Essential Poems from Latin America Selected by Raúl Zurita (Copper Canyon, 2013).
Panic Cure: Poems from Spain for the 21st Century (Seismicity Editions in USA; Shearsman Editions in UK, 2013).
Connecting Lines: New Poetry from Mexico (Sarabande Books, 2006). ,
Mouth to Mouth: Poems by Twelve Contemporary Mexican Women (Milkweed Editions, 1993). ,
Awards and honors
National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in poetry (1989, 2001)
Gertrude Stein Award in Innovative North American Poetry (1997, 1993)
Whiting Foundation Award, 1997
Jessica Nobel Maxwell Memorial Prize (from American Poetry Review, 1998)
Pushcart Prize, 2000
PEN Translation Fund Grant from PEN American Center, 2004
Howard Foundation Award, 2005
Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship, 2008
United States Artists Rockefeller Fellowship, 2008
Library of Congress Witter Bynner Fellowship, 2011
Best Translated Book Award 2012
National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist, 2011
Pulitzer Prize Finalist, 2012
National Book Award Longlist 2018
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry 2019
Archives
The Forrest Gander papers at Yale University's Beinecke Library cover Gander's full writing life, and additions to the collection are regularly made by the author.
References
External links
Forrest Gander Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
Profile at The New Yorker by Dan Chiasson
'Paul Magee Interviews Forrest Gander' in Cordite Poetry Review
Author Website
Profile at The Whiting Foundation
Review of Core Samples from the World by Justin Wadland at Rain Taxi
Brown University > Forrest Gander Resume
Brown University > Comparative Literature Faculty > Forrest Gander
Audio: Gander reading at the Key West Literary Seminar in 2003
Author Bio: Jacket Magazine
The Nymph Stick Insect: On Poetry, Science, & Evolution
Poem: Conjunctions Issue 44/Spring 2005 > Mission Thief > By Forrest Gander
Great American Pinup on Eye Against Eye
Audio: The East Village Poetry Web
Video: Gander Reading and Lecture at U. of Chicago, 2006
Audio: "Lichen Doesn't Die," interview on the Poetry Off the Shelf podcast, 2019.
Novelists from Virginia
Writers from Rhode Island
Brown University faculty
1956 births
Living people
Iowa Writers' Workshop faculty
College of William & Mary alumni
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows
21st-century American poets
American male poets
21st-century American translators
American male essayists
21st-century American essayists
Novelists from Iowa
Translators of Pablo Neruda
San Francisco State University alumni
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest%20Gander |
In mathematics, Fermat's theorem (also known as interior extremum theorem) is a method to find local maxima and minima of differentiable functions on open sets by showing that every local extremum of the function is a stationary point (the function's derivative is zero at that point). Fermat's theorem is a theorem in real analysis, named after Pierre de Fermat.
By using Fermat's theorem, the potential extrema of a function , with derivative , are found by solving an equation in . Fermat's theorem gives only a necessary condition for extreme function values, as some stationary points are inflection points (not a maximum or minimum). The function's second derivative, if it exists, can sometimes be used to determine whether a stationary point is a maximum or minimum.
Statement
One way to state Fermat's theorem is that, if a function has a local extremum at some point and is differentiable there, then the function's derivative at that point must be zero. In precise mathematical language:
Let be a function and suppose that is a point where has a local extremum. If is differentiable at , then .
Another way to understand the theorem is via the contrapositive statement: if the derivative of a function at any point is not zero, then there is not a local extremum at that point. Formally:
If is differentiable at , and , then is not a local extremum of .
Corollary
The global extrema of a function f on a domain A occur only at boundaries, non-differentiable points, and stationary points.
If is a global extremum of f, then one of the following is true:
boundary: is in the boundary of A
non-differentiable: f is not differentiable at
stationary point: is a stationary point of f
Extension
In higher dimensions, exactly the same statement holds; however, the proof is slightly more complicated. The complication is that in 1 dimension, one can either move left or right from a point, while in higher dimensions, one can move in many directions. Thus, if the derivative does not vanish, one must argue that there is some direction in which the function increases – and thus in the opposite direction the function decreases. This is the only change to the proof or the analysis.
The statement can also be extended to differentiable manifolds. If is a differentiable function on a manifold , then its local extrema must be critical points of , in particular points where the exterior derivative is zero.
Applications
Fermat's theorem is central to the calculus method of determining maxima and minima: in one dimension, one can find extrema by simply computing the stationary points (by computing the zeros of the derivative), the non-differentiable points, and the boundary points, and then investigating this set to determine the extrema.
One can do this either by evaluating the function at each point and taking the maximum, or by analyzing the derivatives further, using the first derivative test, the second derivative test, or the higher-order derivative test.
Intuitive argument
Intuitively, a differentiable function is approximated by its derivative – a differentiable function behaves infinitesimally like a linear function or more precisely, Thus, from the perspective that "if f is differentiable and has non-vanishing derivative at then it does not attain an extremum at " the intuition is that if the derivative at is positive, the function is increasing near while if the derivative is negative, the function is decreasing near In both cases, it cannot attain a maximum or minimum, because its value is changing. It can only attain a maximum or minimum if it "stops" – if the derivative vanishes (or if it is not differentiable, or if one runs into the boundary and cannot continue). However, making "behaves like a linear function" precise requires careful analytic proof.
More precisely, the intuition can be stated as: if the derivative is positive, there is some point to the right of where f is greater, and some point to the left of where f is less, and thus f attains neither a maximum nor a minimum at Conversely, if the derivative is negative, there is a point to the right which is lesser, and a point to the left which is greater. Stated this way, the proof is just translating this into equations and verifying "how much greater or less".
The intuition is based on the behavior of polynomial functions. Assume that function f has a maximum at x0, the reasoning being similar for a function minimum. If is a local maximum then, roughly, there is a (possibly small) neighborhood of such as the function "is increasing before" and "decreasing after" . As the derivative is positive for an increasing function and negative for a decreasing function, is positive before and negative after . doesn't skip values (by Darboux's theorem), so it has to be zero at some point between the positive and negative values. The only point in the neighbourhood where it is possible to have is .
The theorem (and its proof below) is more general than the intuition in that it doesn't require the function to be differentiable over a neighbourhood around . It is sufficient for the function to be differentiable only in the extreme point.
Proof
Proof 1: Non-vanishing derivatives implies not extremum
Suppose that f is differentiable at with derivative K, and assume without loss of generality that so the tangent line at has positive slope (is increasing). Then there is a neighborhood of on which the secant lines through all have positive slope, and thus to the right of f is greater, and to the left of f is lesser.
The schematic of the proof is:
an infinitesimal statement about derivative (tangent line) at implies
a local statement about difference quotients (secant lines) near which implies
a local statement about the value of f near
Formally, by the definition of derivative, means that
In particular, for sufficiently small (less than some ), the quotient must be at least by the definition of limit. Thus on the interval one has:
one has replaced the equality in the limit (an infinitesimal statement) with an inequality on a neighborhood (a local statement). Thus, rearranging the equation, if then:
so on the interval to the right, f is greater than and if then:
so on the interval to the left, f is less than
Thus is not a local or global maximum or minimum of f.
Proof 2: Extremum implies derivative vanishes
Alternatively, one can start by assuming that is a local maximum, and then prove that the derivative is 0.
Suppose that is a local maximum (a similar proof applies if is a local minimum). Then there exists such that and such that we have for all with . Hence for any we have
Since the limit of this ratio as gets close to 0 from above exists and is equal to we conclude that . On the other hand, for we notice that
but again the limit as gets close to 0 from below exists and is equal to so we also have .
Hence we conclude that
Cautions
A subtle misconception that is often held in the context of Fermat's theorem is to assume that it makes a stronger statement about local behavior than it does. Notably, Fermat's theorem does not say that functions (monotonically) "increase up to" or "decrease down from" a local maximum. This is very similar to the misconception that a limit means "monotonically getting closer to a point". For "well-behaved functions" (which here means continuously differentiable), some intuitions hold, but in general functions may be ill-behaved, as illustrated below. The moral is that derivatives determine infinitesimal behavior, and that continuous derivatives determine local behavior.
Continuously differentiable functions
If f is continuously differentiable on an open neighborhood of the point , then does mean that f is increasing on a neighborhood of as follows.
If and then by continuity of the derivative, there is some such that for all . Then f is increasing on this interval, by the mean value theorem: the slope of any secant line is at least as it equals the slope of some tangent line.
However, in the general statement of Fermat's theorem, where one is only given that the derivative at is positive, one can only conclude that secant lines through will have positive slope, for secant lines between and near enough points.
Conversely, if the derivative of f at a point is zero ( is a stationary point), one cannot in general conclude anything about the local behavior of f – it may increase to one side and decrease to the other (as in ), increase to both sides (as in ), decrease to both sides (as in ), or behave in more complicated ways, such as oscillating (as in , as discussed below).
One can analyze the infinitesimal behavior via the second derivative test and higher-order derivative test, if the function is differentiable enough, and if the first non-vanishing derivative at is a continuous function, one can then conclude local behavior (i.e., if is the first non-vanishing derivative, and is continuous, so ), then one can treat f as locally close to a polynomial of degree k, since it behaves approximately as but if the k-th derivative is not continuous, one cannot draw such conclusions, and it may behave rather differently.
Pathological functions
The function – it oscillates increasingly rapidly between and as x approaches 0. Consequently, the function oscillates increasingly rapidly between 0 and as x approaches 0. If one extends this function by defining then the extended function is continuous and everywhere differentiable (it is differentiable at 0 with derivative 0), but has rather unexpected behavior near 0: in any neighborhood of 0 it attains 0 infinitely many times, but also equals (a positive number) infinitely often.
Continuing in this vein, one may define , which oscillates between and . The function has its local and global minimum at , but on no neighborhood of 0 is it decreasing down to or increasing up from 0 – it oscillates wildly near 0.
This pathology can be understood because, while the function is everywhere differentiable, it is not continuously differentiable: the limit of as does not exist, so the derivative is not continuous at 0. This reflects the oscillation between increasing and decreasing values as it approaches 0.
See also
Optimization (mathematics)
Maxima and minima
Derivative
Extreme value
arg max
Adequality
Notes
References
External links
Theorems in real analysis
Differential calculus
Articles containing proofs
Theorems in calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s%20theorem%20%28stationary%20points%29 |
The Via Traiana was an ancient Roman road. It was built by the emperor Trajan as an extension of the Via Appia from Beneventum, reaching Brundisium (Brindisi) by a shorter route (i.e. via Canusium, Butuntum and Barium rather than via Tarentum). This was commemorated by an arch at Beneventum.
Background
Via Traiana was constructed in 109 AD by Emperor Trajan at his own expense. It was built during a period of relative freedom from military campaigns. Thus the Via Appia, from which Via Traiana was constructed as an extension, lost its original importance as a military highroad that connected Venosa (Venusia) and Taranto (Tarentum). Furthermore, the maintenance of direct military communications between Venusia, the military colony of 291 BC, and Rome, was no longer needed except in times of civil war, and the Via Appia simply became a means of reaching Brindisi.
Route
Strabo indicates correctly that traveling to Beneventum from Brundisium via the route of the later Via Traiana was a good day shorter than the old Republican road, Via Appia. Although the actual measurement shows Via Appia to be and Via Traiana from Brundisium to Beneventum, the difference lies in their topography. There are a number of severe hills and difficult terrain along Via Appia until it reaches Venusia which is about away from Beneventum. In contrast, although Via Traiana does encounter equally demanding passages as well in the first from Beneventum, there is not another serious hill all the way to Brundisium.
Roman bridges
There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road, including the Ponte dei Ladroni, Ponte delle Chianche, Ponte Pietra, Ponte Rotto (across Carapelle river), Ponte Rotto (across Cervaro river), Ponte sul Ofanto and Ponte Valentino.
See also
Roman bridge
Roman engineering
References
Sources
Via Traiana. "The Oxford Classical Dictionary." 3rd ed. 2003.
Strabo. "Geography: Books 6-7." Trans. Horace Leonard Jones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
The Via Traiana. "Papers of the British School at Rome," Vol. VIII, No.5; pages 104-171. London: Macmillan & Co., Limited, 1916.
Traiana, Via
Trajan
2nd-century establishments in Italy
109 establishments
100s establishments in the Roman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%20Traiana |
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