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Speckled trout may refer to:
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), a freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae
Cynoscion nebulosus, also called spotted seatrout, a coastal saltwater or brackish water fish in the family Sciaenidae (drums)
The modified C-135 Stratolifter used by the United States Air Force Chief of Staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled%20trout |
ChicagoFest was a Chicago music festival established in 1978 by Mayor Michael Bilandic. It was a two-week event held annually at Navy Pier that featured sixteen separate stages, each sponsored by a national retail brand and a media sponsor compatible to the stage's format, e.g. Rock WLUP, Chicago Tribune Jazz, Miller Brewing Company Blues and WXRT, that broadcast live from the festival. The stages were: Rock, Classic Rock, Country, Blues, Comedy, Roller Disco, Pin Ball Arcade, Jazz, Children's, Variety, Ethnic, as well as a Main stage seating 30,000. There were approximately 600 concert performances by headline artists produced each year.
History
Some of the hundreds of superstars that appeared over the years were Frank Sinatra, The Beach Boys, The Doobie Brothers, Carole King, George Burns, Orleans, Chicago, REO Speedwagon, Willie Nelson with Waylon Jennings, The Blues Brothers, Bobby Vinton, Journey, The Commodores, Kool and The Gang, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Charlie Daniels Band, Alice Cooper, Cheap Trick, Aretha Franklin, Ben Vereen, Dick Clark and Muddy Waters and a live TV broadcast of Bozo's Circus and productions for HBO and PBS.
In addition to its 30,000 seat Main Stage, ChicagoFest featured 16 other stage areas that seated 2,500 to 5,000, that presented nationally known recording artists. Iron Maiden, Spyro Gyra, Chick Corea and Gary Burton - Jazz, Joan Jett, .38 Special and Point Blank, The Joe Perry Project, The Scorpions, Krokus, Wet Willie, and many more on the Rocks, Asleep at the Wheel, Carl Perkins, and Bullseye on the Country Stage. The Buckinghams and Jan & Dean were among oldies stage headliners. In 1979, when Germany's Scorpions played one of their first American live Concerts on the floating stage at Chicagofest, the Chicago Police Department furnished over one hundred patrol men for show security. Admission to the first ChicagoFest held in 1978 was $3.50 in advance and $4 at the gate. The online library Internet Archive chronicles, from a currently-defunct website, an image of a ChicagoFest rock stage schedule, along with other ChicagoFest memories.
In addition to music, ChicagoFest also featured a cinema at which the premier of The Buddy Holly story attracted Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel, The Premier of MTV was mounted at ChicagoFest, A Laser Light Show, The Mike Douglas Show originated at ChicagoFest, 100 local food vendors sales grossing ten million dollars annually.
As the festival grew over the years, it attracted roughly 100,000 visitors per day, and approximately 1,000,000 people attended Navy Pier for the fest. The idea for ChicagoFest was taken from Milwaukee's Summerfest. by the special events office of Mayor Bilandic who hired the staff from Milwaukee. That staff - formed as Festivals Inc. included food managers Tom and Bill Drilias, entertainment producers Jerry Weintraub Jr and Lou Volpano, and public relations maestro Joseph Pecor. The success of the festival led to the creation of the Taste of Chicago, Loop Alive's restoration of the Chicago Theatre, and other event at Navy Pier such as Art Expo Chicago.
Politics
Jane Byrne became mayor in 1979 and attempted to cancel ChicagoFest. However, a public relations campaign mounted by the Chicago Tribune and Labor Unions gained enough support to convince Byrne to reverse her decision. In 1982, after black Chicago residents were angered by Mayor Byrne's nomination of three white board members to new positions in the Chicago Housing Authority, Jesse Jackson and other civil rights leaders called for a boycott of ChicagoFest. Stevie Wonder and over one hundred other local black entertainers cancelled their scheduled appearances, and a picket line was set up outside the festival.
References
Music festivals in Chicago
History of Chicago
Defunct music festivals
Recurring events established in 1978
Recurring events disestablished in 1983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChicagoFest |
João Cleofas Martins, his nickname Djunga Fotógrafo (28 August 1901 in the island of São Vicente–27 August 1970 in Mindelo, São Vicente) was a Cape Verdean photographer and author.
Biography
He was born in the island of Sāo Vicente, just shortly after Sergio Frusoni. His father came from the island of Brava and he lived most of his life in Mindelo on the island of São Vicente.
He was one of a few Cape Verdean authors who criticized the government of the second Republic of Portugal.
He worked at the Western Telegraph Company (now Western Union), he went to Lisbon in 1928 and took part in photography. He founded "Foto Progresso" in Mindelo back home in 1931.
He had taken pictures mainly around the island, one of the most important photos was Lajinha taken in 1938.
He dedicated all of his life to the children's home at the old Albergue de S. Vicente (now Lar de Nhô Djunga). As Sergio Frusoni, he was a chronicler at the Radio Barlavento in Mindelo.
He died on August 27, 1970, just a day before his 70th birthday.
Legacy
Along with Cesária Évora and Bana, Martins were one of the most important persons in Mindelo.
A street named after the writer is located north of Mindelo slightly northeast of the city center.
Theatrical Works
Vai-te Treinando desde Já, a theatrical piece, written in 1960, written about the problems of Portuguese colonial rule
External links
Nhô Djunga
Photo of Lajinha in 1938 by João Cleófas Martins at Saial
1901 births
1970 deaths
Cape Verdean male writers
People from Mindelo
Writers from São Vicente, Cape Verde
Cape Verdean dramatists and playwrights
Male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20Cle%C3%B3fas%20Martins |
Robert McClure Bowen (born February 24, 1981) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 2003 to 2008 for the Minnesota Twins, San Diego Padres, Chicago Cubs and the Oakland Athletics.
High school years
Bowen attended Homestead High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana. His senior year (), he earned All-State honors and was named the Indiana State Player of the Year by Gatorade and USA Today.
Career
Minnesota Twins
Shortly after graduating from Homestead, Bowen was drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the second round of the amateur draft, and made his debut with the Twins as a September call-up in . He combined to play 24 games in the 2003 & seasons before spending the entire season in the Twins' farm system.
Detroit Tigers
During spring training , he was placed on waivers by the Twins, and selected by the Detroit Tigers.
San Diego Padres
Later the same spring, he was again placed on waivers, and was this time claimed by the San Diego Padres.
Chicago Cubs
On June 20, , the Chicago Cubs acquired Bowen and minor league outfielder Kyler Burke from the Padres in exchange for catcher Michael Barrett.
Oakland Athletics
Bowen was designated for assignment by Chicago and traded to the Oakland Athletics in exchange for fellow catcher Jason Kendall on July 16 of that year. He was released by the Oakland Athletics on March 17, .
Personal life
As of 2019, Bowen had been working as a K-9 handler for the Dooly County Sheriff's office in Georgia.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Major League Baseball catchers
Baseball players from Tarrant County, Texas
Minnesota Twins players
San Diego Padres players
Chicago Cubs players
Oakland Athletics players
People from Bedford, Texas
Baseball players from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Rochester Red Wings players
Lake Elsinore Storm players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Bowen |
Gomoa District is a former district that was located in Central Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988. However on 29 February 2008, it was split off into two new districts: Gomoa West District (capital: Apam) and Gomoa East District (capital: Gomoa Afransi). The district assembly was located in the southeast part of Central Region and had Apam as its capital town.
History
Gomoa District was mainly inhabited by the Akan-subgroup Fantes. The inhabitants were mainly farmers and fishermen.
Apam was the capital of Gomoa District. The native name for this region was “Apaa.” Most of the people living in Apam were engaged in the fishing industry, supplying the land-locked villages surrounding it with fish. There was also a vibrant salt industry in Apam, in which salt is got from the lagoon. There is a secondary school and a hospital that serves the people of Apam and the surrounding areas.
One of the main attractions in Apam is a fort built by the Portuguese, called Fort Patience.
The people of Apam celebrate the "Akwambo" festival. Akwambo literally means "the making of a way". It is celebrated to mark the time when their ancestors made their way to Apam.
Sources
District: Gomoa District
References
Central Region (Ghana)
Districts of the Central Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomoa%20District |
The Helio Twin Courier is a twin-engined version of the Helio Courier, with very few examples being produced.
Design and development
Known by Helio as the model H-500 this STOL aircraft mounted twin Lycoming engines on top of the high-set wing, close to the fuselage. With the engines mounted in this manner, lateral and over-the-nose visibility were much improved while the propellers were kept clear of cabin doors and away from possible debris damage during rough field operations. This was a tail-wheel design, so the vertical component of propeller thrust assisted STOL take-off performance from rough fields.
In 1967 or 68, work was started on a redesign of the Twin Courier in a tricycle-gear configuration for the commercial market, since many firms which desired STOL capability had regulations which required multi-engine aircraft. The company ran out of money and the project was terminated.
The aircraft structure of the Helio Stallion, a single-engine turboprop version of the more successful Helio Courier, was based on the design of the Twin Courier.
The Twin Courier could seat six and first flew in April 1960, being awarded FAA certification on June 11, 1963. (The Twin Courier met FAA requirements marginally and was certificated to meet immediate needs for service in Vietnam, on the understanding that the design would not be marketed commercially. Thus, the redesign mentioned above.) Only seven examples were built, these receiving the United States Armed Forces designation U-5A. One was reported to have been evaluated by US Army Special Forces. Furthermore, fully automatic full-span, leading-edge slats were fitted along with high-lift flaps.
Operators
Aviation Research Centre
Indian Intelligence Bureau
Air America
CIA
United States Air Force
Specifications (U-5A Twin Courier)
References
Notes
Bibliography
Taylor, John W. R. (editor). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965-66. London:Sampson Low, Marston, 1965.
"Helio Twin-Courier" Probert Encyclopaedia
"UNUSUAL AIRPLANES 2" All Metal Plane
http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%200543.html?search=Helio%20Twin%20Courier
1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Twin Courier
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1960
STOL aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio%20Twin%20Courier |
The New Light of Myanmar (, ; formerly The New Light of Burma) rebranded as The Global New Light of Myanmar is a government-owned newspaper published by the Ministry of Information and based in Yangon, Myanmar.
The New Light of Myanmar has been described as being propaganda for the Tatmadaw and the government, and features many articles about military officials. The majority of domestic news articles comes from the state-run Myanmar News Agency (MNA), whilst most international articles come from news services, particularly Reuters, which are published after censorship by the MNA.
History
The counterpart of the Myanmar-language Myanmar Alin (), the New Light of Myanmar is claimed by its editors to be the oldest English-language daily, first published on 12 January 1964 as The Working People's Daily. The newspaper took on its current name on 17 April 1993.
According to Bertil Lintner of The Irrawaddy, another New Light of Myanmar had been founded in 1914, published initially as a magazine before becoming a newspaper. It was managed by U Tin from 1920 to 1947. The newspaper was shut down by the military junta in 1969.
See also
List of newspapers in Myanmar
Mass media in Myanmar
References
External links
Daily newspapers published in Myanmar
Mass media in Yangon
Newspapers established in 1964
State media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Light%20of%20Myanmar |
Pirates of the Caribbean is a 2003 action role-playing video game for Microsoft Windows and Xbox, developed by Akella and published by Bethesda Softworks. The game was initially developed as a sequel to Sea Dogs (Корсары), but was eventually changed to correspond to the first Pirates of the Caribbean movie. It was still marketed as Sea Dogs 2 in Russia. An unrelated game by the same name was also released for mobile phones, as was a Game Boy Advance game.
Gameplay
Pirates of the Caribbean is an action role-playing game in which the player, as Captain Nathaniel Hawk, goes on a series of quests for any one of the countries that control the islands of the Caribbean in the 17th century. The player can buy new ships, recruit a crew and hire officers who will follow Hawk on his quest and help him in battle. The game features gameplay that takes place both on land and at sea, and allows the player to upgrade their character by earning skill points and gain new abilities.
Plot
After a fierce storm, Captain Nathaniel Hawk arrives on the island of Oxbay. His first mate Malcolm Hatcher is retiring, and so Hawk must hire a new first mate and crew. As he leaves Oxbay, a French armada attacks the colony and captures it. Hawk manages to slip away and warn the English governor on Redmond Island, Robert Christopher Silehard, that Oxbay was attacked. The governor sends Hawk on a series of quests to aid him in the war against France: Nathaniel is sent to investigate the condition in Oxbay; prevent a supply ship from reaching Oxbay; unload English troops in the jungles of Oxbay and rescue the English spy from the clutches of the French.
While preparing for his next quest - annexing Oxbay, Nathaniel meets his old friends: Danielle Greene and Ralph Fawn. However, Ralph is killed when the soldiers arrive to arrest Danielle and Nathaniel himself is captured and imprisoned. While in prison he gets to know an old ex-cannoneer Edgar Attwood who was fired for drinking too much rum. He can be later hired by the player into his crew. Some time later, governor Silehard arrives and tells Nathaniel that a big mistake has occurred. He sends Nathaniel Hawk on another series of quests until Nathaniel meets an old inventor who aids him in finding a treasure that could defeat the ghost ship called the Black Pearl. In the final end game mission, Captain Hawk is confronted by the Black Pearl. Only during this fight can the Black Pearl be damaged. When the fight ends, the game is complete.
The game also contains a large number of side plots within side quests. For example, one side mission involves Hawk being enlisted to help a Dutch colonist find several kidnapped children.
Development
The game was originally developed under the name Sea Dogs II, and is an indirect sequel to Sea Dogs, which was released in 2000. In Akella's native Russia, the game is still referred to as Corsairs II: The Pirates of the Caribbean (Корсары II: Пираты Карибского моря), with Corsairs (Корсары) being the Russian title for Sea Dogs. It has since been reissued in Russia as simply Pirates of the Caribbean (Пираты Карибского моря).
Apart from the pirate theme, the setting, and the presence of the Black Pearl, the game otherwise has few connections to the Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl film, which was released around the same time as the game.
The PC version of this game is one of the first video games with multi-threaded code that is optimized for the Intel's Hyper-Threading technology.
The Xbox version was the first U.S. console game developed in Russia.
Actress Keira Knightley, who played Elizabeth Swann in the film series, voiced the narrator (two cutscenes at the beginning and end) in the game.
Reception
Pirates of the Caribbean received "mixed or average reviews" on both platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. The Armchair Empire gave a game 7.7 out of 10 praising its visuals and gameplay but cautions about slow naval battles.
Additional versions
The mobile phone version was developed by Flying Tiger Development and published through Walt Disney Internet Group on July 25, 2003, in the United States.
References
External links
Sea Dogs
2003 video games
Adventure games
Akella games
Bethesda Softworks games
Disney video games
Flying Tiger Entertainment games
Game Boy Advance games
Mobile games
Naval video games
Open-world video games
Pirates of the Caribbean video games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Trade simulation games
Ubisoft games
Video games developed in Russia
Video games set in the 17th century
Video games set in the Caribbean
Windows games
Xbox games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates%20of%20the%20Caribbean%20%28video%20game%29 |
The Old State Capitol State Historic Site, in Springfield, Illinois, is the fifth capitol building built for the U.S. state of Illinois. It was built in the Greek Revival style in 1837–1840, and served as the state house from 1840 to 1876. It is the site of candidacy announcements by Abraham Lincoln in 1858 and Barack Obama in 2007. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961, primarily for its association with Lincoln and his political rival Stephen Douglas.
State House
From 1820 through 1837, the political capital of the young state of Illinois was the small village of Vandalia, Illinois, in the south center of the state. On the National Road, Vandalia was initially well-situated to fulfill its governmental role. As northern Illinois opened to settlement in the 1830s, however, public pressure grew for the capital to be relocated to a location closer to the geographic center of the state.
A caucus of nine Illinois lawmakers, including the young Whig Party lawyer Abraham Lincoln, led the effort to have the capital moved to the Sangamon County village of Springfield. Their efforts were successful in 1837, when the Illinois General Assembly passed a law creating a two-year transition period with the goal of moving the capital to Springfield in 1839.
Workers built a state office building, large for the time, on the central square in Springfield in 1837–1840. The cost was $240,000, of which the city of Springfield paid $50,000. The structure, designed by local architect John Francis Rague and constructed of yellow limestone from the nearby town of Crow's Mill, contained chambers for both houses of the General Assembly, offices for the Governor of Illinois and other executive officials, and a chamber for the Illinois Supreme Court.
It was in this building that Lincoln served his final term as a state lawmaker in 1840–41. As a lawyer, he pleaded cases before the state supreme court in this building (1841–1860). In the Illinois House chamber, Lincoln made his House Divided speech in June 1858, announcing his candidacy for the U.S. Senate. It was to the same chamber, in May 1865, that his body was returned to lie in state, arriving from Washington, D.C., prior to final burial in Springfield's Oak Ridge Cemetery.
As a result of economic growth spurred by the American Civil War and consequent industrialization, this fifth or Old State Capitol was, by the 1870s, too small to serve the purpose for which it had been built. Illinois built its sixth and current State Capitol building four blocks to the southwest, and the state government turned the Old State Capitol over to Sangamon County to serve as the county courthouse.
Courthouse
From 1876 until 1966, the Old State Capitol was the county courthouse of Sangamon County. During this time the building was extensively altered. In 1839, a two-floor building had been large enough to hold the entire governmental structure of Illinois; but after continued growth in the population of Springfield and the surrounding townships, in 1898-1899 Sangamon County raised the historic structure , added a third floor under it, and demolished and reconfigured the interior to hold circuit court rooms and office space.
In the early 1960s, the Civil War centennial rekindled interest in the historic central Springfield structure. In addition, Sangamon County's space needs had grown so urgent as to require the county to build for itself an entirely new courthouse building. The county retroceded the Old State Capitol to the state of Illinois, this time as a place of public assembly and museum of Lincoln history.
Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
In order to restore and preserve the Old State Capitol, which had been extensively altered during its life as a courthouse, workers completely dismantled it, stone by stone, and rebuilt it. The public areas of the Old State Capitol were reconstructed to resemble the appearance of the building in 1860, when Lincoln last saw the capitol prior to his departure to Washington.
The state also excavated the plaza under and around the Old State Capitol to construct an extensive office and parking complex, which later served as the headquarters of the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency.
The reconstruction work was carried out in 1966–1969, and the rebuilt House Chamber was available for the state's Constitutional Convention to use in 1970.
The restored Old State Capitol continues to be used for ceremonial functions. In February 2007 then-U.S. Senator Barack Obama officially announced his candidacy for President of the United States at this location, and in August 2008 he formally introduced his vice-presidential candidate, Joe Biden, with the building as a backdrop.
Visitors can tour the capitol on their own or take 30-minute guided tours.
In popular culture
A commemorative one-cent piece was minted for general circulation in 2009 to celebrate Lincoln's work as a lawyer. It used the Old State Capitol, which incorporated a courtroom for the Illinois Supreme Court where Lincoln pleaded key cases in his legal career, as a backdrop.
The Old State Capitol grounds are used as the venue for the Springfield Old Capitol Art Fair, an annual May festival.
See also
Illinois State Capitol
References
External links
Old State Capitol State Historic Site - Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
Government buildings completed in 1840
Illinois
Illinois State Historic Sites
Law museums in Illinois
Museums in Springfield, Illinois
Former courthouses in Illinois
Government of Illinois
Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
National Register of Historic Places in Springfield, Illinois
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Historic Landmarks in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20State%20Capitol%20State%20Historic%20Site |
Changes for the 2005 season
Keiichi Tsuchiya being the sole judge, with Manabu Orido leaving his spot to become a D1GP competitor.
The introduction of the DriftBox being used as a judging aid.
A points scoring system is introduced which drivers are awarded 10 to 0 depending to their performance to the rival, 10-0 being the highest and 5-5 is considered a draw, as a result, it is up to the judges to call for a sudden death match, if the score becomes too close. The scoring system was used briefly in 2003 and 2004 seasons.
10th place no longer jointly awarded points as was the case in prior seasons—1pt now awarded to the best six drivers of the best 16 tsuiso round.
2005 Schedules
n.b. Winning Driver are mentioned on the right
2005 D1 Grand Prix Point Series
Round 1 - February 26/27 - Irwindale Speedway, Irwindale, California, USA - Yasuyuki Kazama (S15)
Round 2 - April 16 - Metropolitan Parking, Odaiba, Japan - Katsuhiro Ueo (AE86)
Round 3 - May 7/8 - Sports Land SUGO, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan - Yasuyuki Kazama (S15)
Round 4 - August 6/7 - Autopolis, Ōita Prefecture, Japan - Toshiki Yoshioka (AE85)
Round 5 - August 20/21 - Ebisu South Course, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan - Yasuyuki Kazama (S15)
Round 6 - October 22/23 - Fuji Speedway, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan - Masao Suenaga (FD3S)
Round 7 - November 20 - Tsukuba Circuit, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan - Youichi Imamura (FD3S)
2005 D1 Grand Prix Exhibition Matches
D1 Odaiba Allstar Exhibition - April 17 - Metropolitan Parking, Odaiba, Japan - Youichi Imamura (FD3S)
D1 Street Legal Exhibition - August 20/21 - Ebisu South Course, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan - Naoto Suenaga (S15)
D1 UK Exhibition - October 2 - Silverstone, England - Ryuji Miki (S15)
D1 Street Legal Exhibition 2 - November 20 - Tsukuba Circuit, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan - Kazuto Ichiyanagi (RPS13)
D1 USA vs Japan Allstar Exhibition - December 17 - Irwindale Speedway, Irwindale, California, USA - Vaughn Gittin Jr. (MUSTANG)
Race Reports
USA vs Japan All Star Exhibition
This event was originally to be run at the same Auto Club Speedway as a double bill of the GT Live event, but due to unforeseen circumstances, the JGTC organisers cancelled the event and the D1GP event were moved to Irwindale.
During the USA vs Japan All Star Exhibition event in December, the organisers, rather than running the course the usual anti-clockwise route that is found in ovals, the course was run in the other direction. Many drivers had trouble adjusting to the new track change, including Ken Nomura, the Import drag racing star Stephan Papadakis on his debut drifting season and Rhys Millen who all crashed during qualifying. One notable debuts was the father of Rhys, Rod Millen, the rallying and Pikes Peak legend, with all the thirty year motorsport experiences he gained, he broke into the last 16 on his first ever D1 outing in his Mazda RX-8. After a long break from his Last 16 appearance at round 1 in 2004 due to competing in a Dodge Viper Competition Coupe, which rendered him ineligible for participation, Samuel Hubinette would make a return with his SRT-10 at the last 16 along with Alex Pfeiffer and Tanner Foust.
The event was mainly noted for having a non Japanese driver and car to win over the Japanese who usually dominates all the D1 events. Vaughn Gittin Jr took first place after defeating Tatsuya Sakuma, who was driving an APP Racing Silvia S15 with his Falken Tire sponsored Ford Mustang GT through a One More Time rerun. He also defeated two championship winners (Yasuyuki Kazama and Youichi Imamura) en route.
Final Championship Results
Source: D1GP Official Site 2005 Championship table
See also
D1 Grand Prix
Drifting (motorsport)
Sources
D1GP Results Database 2005
D1 Grand Prix seasons
D1 Grand Prix
2005 in Japanese motorsport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20D1%20Grand%20Prix%20series |
The arrondissement of Saint-Pierre is an arrondissement of France in the Réunion department in the Réunion region. It has 10 communes. Its population is 311,401 (2019), and its area is .
Composition
The communes of the arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, and their INSEE codes, are:
Les Avirons (97401)
Cilaos (97424)
Entre-Deux (97403)
L'Étang-Salé (97404)
Petite-Île (97405)
Saint-Joseph (97412)
Saint-Louis (97414)
Saint-Philippe (97417)
Saint-Pierre (97416)
Le Tampon (97422)
History
The arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, containing 11 communes that were previously part of the arrondissement of Saint-Denis, was created in 1964. It lost four communes to the new arrondissement of Saint-Paul in 1969. In September 2006 it absorbed the two communes of Les Avirons and L'Étang-Salé from the arrondissement of Saint-Paul.
As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Saint-Pierre were, as of January 2015:
Les Avirons
Entre-Deux
L'Étang-Salé
Petite-Île
Saint-Joseph-1
Saint-Joseph-2
Saint-Louis-1
Saint-Louis-2
Saint-Louis-3
Saint-Philippe
Saint-Pierre-1
Saint-Pierre-2
Saint-Pierre-3
Saint-Pierre-4
Le Tampon-1
Le Tampon-2
Le Tampon-3
Le Tampon-4
References
Saint-Pierre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissement%20of%20Saint-Pierre%2C%20R%C3%A9union |
Return of the Killer A's is a compilation / best of album by American heavy metal band Anthrax, released in 1999.
The cover of "Ball of Confusion" features Anthrax's first new recording with former lead singer Joey Belladonna since 1991, and their first with former bassist Dan Lilker since 1984. Neither one would stay with the band past that song's recording, though a tour featuring both Belladonna and then-current Anthrax singer John Bush was in the works at one point. The song is also notable because it features both Belladonna and Bush on vocals.
Track listing
The album included at least one song from all but their debut studio album, Fistful of Metal, up to the point of the disc's release in 1999. Also included is the track taken from two EPs and "Bring the Noise", a Public Enemy remix featuring Anthrax previously released on Attack of the Killer B's, the compilation of B-sides.
Two singles were released from Return of the Killer A's:
"Crush" was released as a single off the album, appearing only with the song itself, on which it says "From the Beyond Music release Return of the Killer A's - The Best of Anthrax.
"Ball of Confusion" was released as a single also, having the album version of the song, along with the edit.
Personnel
John Bush – lead vocals
Dan Spitz – lead guitar
Scott Ian – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Frank Bello – bass guitar, backing vocals
Charlie Benante – drums
Joey Belladonna - lead vocals
Paul Crook - lead guitar
References
Albums produced by Eddie Kramer
Albums produced by Dave Jerden
Albums produced by Mark Dodson
Anthrax (American band) compilation albums
1999 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20of%20the%20Killer%20A%27s |
St. Anselm's Abbey is a Benedictine Abbey located at 4501 South Dakota Avenue, N.E., in Washington, D.C. It operates the boys' middle and high school St. Anselm's Abbey School, which was ranked by the Washington Post as the most challenging in Washington, D.C., and as the most challenging private high school in the U.S.
History
In the early 1920s, a group of Americans under the direction of Fr. Thomas Verner Moore purchased a tract of land on Sargent Road, and in 1923, Saint Anselm's Priory was born. The house was formed under the sponsorship of Fort Augustus Abbey in Scotland, which provided monastic training and sponsorship for the new priory. It was named after St. Anselm of Canterbury, the eleventh-century archbishop and theologian best known for his ontological argument for the existence of God. Initially, the monks were housed in an old farmhouse; the first church/monastery was built on a hill above South Dakota Avenue at 14th Street in 1930. A major addition was made to the monastery building in 1960, designed by noted architect Philip Johnson, to accommodate the growing number of monks.
In 1942, the monks opened the Priory School, and they became wholly dedicated to teaching at their own school. As the number of monks increased, the monastery was made a conventual priory of the English Benedictine Congregation. In 1961 Pope John XXIII elevated the Priory to the rank of Abbey, and the name of the Priory School was changed to St. Anselm's Abbey School. Former prior Fr. Alban Boultwood, OSB, was named the first abbot and served in that capacity from 1961 to 1975; Abbot Alban died in his sleep on Wednesday, March 25, 2009.
Fr. Anselm Strittmatter, OSB, was the sub-prior at the Priory in the years immediately preceding its 1961 elevation in rank. When Fr. Alban became the first abbot, Fr. Strittmatter was appointed the prior at the Abbey. He was a scholar of ancient and medieval history and theology and in 1962 and in 1963 was affiliated with Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study.
Today
Presently, the Abbey is led by Abbot James Wiseman, OSB, who was elected the community's fifth abbot on June 16, 2011. Wiseman replaces the Abbey's previous superior, Prior-Administrator Simon McGurk, OSB, who came to St. Anselm's from Belmont Abbey in England. The Abbey's fourth abbot, Abbot Aidan Shea, OSB, stepped down after 16 years as abbot in June 2006. As of 2023 there are 10 monks in residence at the monastery, some of whom are involved in teaching, either at the Abbey School or nearby at The Catholic University of America. The main work of the monks continues to be the running of St. Anselm's Abbey School. The Abbey also has a large and active community of oblates.
See also
St. Anselm's Abbey School
Order of Saint Benedict
References
External links
St. Anselm's Abbey
St. Anselm's Abbey School
Roman Catholic churches in Washington, D.C.
Benedictine monasteries in the United States
Monasteries of the English Benedictine Congregation
Christian organizations established in 1923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anselm%27s%20Abbey%20%28Washington%2C%20D.C.%29 |
Hockey Club Gherdëina, also known as HC Gardena, currently named HC Gherdeina valgardena.it due to sponsorship reasons, is an Italian ice hockey team, which plays in the Alps Hockey League, having formerly played in the top division of Italian ice hockey, the Serie A. Originally based in Urtijëi, since 1999 they play their home games at the Pranives Ice Stadium, located in Sëlva, South Tyrol.
Achievements
Italian League:
Winners (4) : 1969, 1976, 1980, 1981
Notable players
References
External links
HC Gherdëina Official website
Ice hockey teams in Italy
Alpenliga teams
1927 establishments in Italy
Ice hockey clubs established in 1927
Inter-National League teams
Sport in South Tyrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC%20Gherd%C3%ABina |
The or , previously known as the Via Regia or King's Highway, was an ancient Roman road built by Emperor Trajan in the province of Arabia Petraea, from Aqaba on the Red Sea to Bostra. It was specifically known as the Via Traiana Nova in order to distinguish it from the Via Traiana in Italy. It is occasionally also referred to simply as the 'Via Nova' or 'Via Nova Traiana' Its construction started shortly after the annexation of Arabia, supervised by governor Gaius Claudius Severus, and was completed under Hadrian.
Sources
Traiana Nova, Via
Trajan
Arabia Petraea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%20Traiana%20Nova |
Jasikan District is one of the eight districts in Oti Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989, which was created from the former Jasikan District Council, which it was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1464, until the western part of the district was split off to create Biakoye District on 29 February 2008, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1901; thus the remaining part has been retained as Jasikan District. The district assembly is located in the southern part of Oti Region and has Jasikan as its capital town.
Boundaries
Jasikan District is bounded by:
Lake Volta to the west
Kpando Municipal District and Hohoe Municipal District to the south
Krachi East District and Kadjebi District to the north
Towns and villages
In addition to Jasikan, the capital and administrative centre, Jasikan District contains the following towns and villages in Buem in alphabetical order.
Agbesi Madro
Agomeyor
Akpafu Todzi
Akpafu Adorkor
Akpafu Mempeasem
Amenyo Yaw
Akaa
Akaa Quarters
Akaa Tank
Akaa Yaw
Atakrom
Atonkor
Awoma
Baglo Buem
Bodada
Baglo Odumasi
Dzoku
Dzolu
Guama
Idjeli
Kayadah
Kankyi Ekura
Kudje
Kute
Kwanta
Kwansim
Lekanti
New Ayoma
New Baika
Nsuta
Nananko
Okadjakrom
Old Baika
Old Ayoma
Osei Krom
Teteman
Education
Jasikan College of Education is one of the College's in Oti Region.
See also
References
External links
Jasikan District Official website
GhanaDistricts.com
Jasikan District on GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of the Oti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasikan%20District |
The Battle of Ashdown was a West Saxon victory over a Danish Viking army on about 8 January 871. The location of Ashdown is not known, but may be Kingstanding Hill in Berkshire. Other writers place the battle near Starveall, a short distance north of the village of Aldworth and south east of Lowbury Hill.
The West Saxons were led by King Æthelred and his younger brother, the future King Alfred the Great, while the Viking commanders were Bagsecg and Halfdan. The battle is described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Asser's Life of King Alfred.
Prelude
By 870, the Vikings had conquered two of the four Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Northumbria and East Anglia. At the end of 870 they launched an attempt to conquer Wessex and marched from East Anglia to Reading, arriving on about 28 December. Three days after their arrival they sent out a large foraging party, which was defeated by an army of local levies under the command of Æthelwulf, Ealdorman of Berkshire, at the Battle of Englefield, but only four days later the main West Saxon army under Æthelred and Alfred was defeated at the Battle of Reading.
Battle
Four days later, on about 8 January, the armies fought again at Ashdown. The Vikings arrived first at the battle ground and deployed along the top of the ridge, giving them the advantage. They divided their forces into two contingents, one under their kings, Bagsecg and Halfdan, the other under their earls. When the West Saxons heard this from their scouts, they decided to copy the formation, with Æthelred facing the kings and Alfred the earls. The king then retired to his tent to hear Mass, while Alfred led his forces to the battlefield. Both sides formed their forces into shield walls. Æthelred would not cut short his devotions and Alfred risked being outflanked and overwhelmed by the whole Danish army. He decided to attack and led his men in a charge up hill. Battle then raged around a small thorn tree and finally the West Saxons were victorious. Although both the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Asser emphasise Alfred's role in the victory, in the view of Richard Abels it was the attack by Æthelred when he joined the battle which was decisive and he may have intended all along to take the Vikings unawares. They suffered heavy losses, including King Bagsecg and five earls, Sidroc the Old, Sidroc the Younger, Osbern, Fræna, and Harold. The West Saxons pursued the fleeing Vikings until nightfall, cutting them down. However, victory proved short-lived, as it was followed by two defeats, at Basing and Meretun. Soon after Easter, which fell on 15 April in that year, Æthelred died and was succeeded by Alfred.
The Battle of Ashdown can be dated because Bishop Heahmund of Sherborne died in the Battle of Meretun, and it is known that he died on 22 March 871. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that the Battle of Basing was two months earlier, dating it to 22 January, Ashdown fourteen days before that on 8 January, Reading four days earlier on 4 January, Englefield another four days earlier on 31 December 870 and the arrival of the Vikings in Reading three days earlier on 28 December. However, as the two month interval between Meretun and Basing is probably not exact, the earlier dates are approximate.
The battle in fiction
There is an account of the battle in The Namesake by C. Walter Hodges. Tom Brown's Schooldays includes an account of a visit to the battlefield.
The battle is also featured in the novel Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Geirmund's Saga by Matthew J. Kirby, and was then later featured in the manhua Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Blood Brothers by Feng Zisu.
Notes
References
870s conflicts
Battles involving Denmark
Battles involving Wessex
Military history of Berkshire
Battle of Ashdown
Battle of Ashdown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Ashdown |
The Myanmar Times ( ), founded in 2000, is the oldest privately owned and operated English-language newspaper in Myanmar. A division of Myanmar Consolidated Media Co., Ltd. (MCM), The Myanmar Times published weekly English and Burmese-language news journals until March 2015, when the English edition began publishing daily, five days per week. Its head offices are in Yangon, with additional offices in Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw. As the announcement shown in the official website of this newspaper, it has stopped nine media services on 21 February 2021 primarily for three months. However, its services are still suspended till now.
History
Early years
The Myanmar Times was founded by Ross Dunkley, an Australian, and Sonny Swe (Myat Swe) of Myanmar in 2000, making it the only Burmese newspaper to have foreign investment at the time. The newspaper is privately owned by Myanmar Consolidated Media Co. Ltd. (MCM), which is 51 per cent locally owned and 49 per cent foreign owned. In the past, The Myanmar Times had often been perceived as being close to the government in part because Sonny Swe's father, Brigadier General Thein Swe, was a senior member of the now-disbanded Military Intelligence department.
When it was first established, The Myanmar Times was the only publication in the country to be censored by Military Intelligence, rather than the Press Scrutiny Board. This created some resentment locally, among both the Ministry of Information and other journals. Internationally, the paper had been derided as "sophisticated propaganda" and a public relations tool for more progressive elements in the government, such as General Khin Nyunt, Myanmar's former Prime Minister. It was also forced to print government propaganda, albeit under a "State Opinion" banner.
Arrest of Sonny Swe
Sonny Swe was arrested on 26 November 2004. In April 2005 he was given a 14-year jail sentence for publishing the papers without approval from the Ministry of Information's Press Scrutiny Board. The charges were imposed retroactively after Military Intelligence was declared an illegal organisation, which in turn meant The Myanmar Times had been effectively publishing uncensored material since its launch. He was released from Taunggyi Prison in Shan State on 23 April 2013 after serving more than eight years of a 14-year sentence.
Swe's arrest and sentencing were generally considered political and linked to his father's senior position in Military Intelligence, a government body that was purged in 2004 after a power struggle within the military. Following Sonny Swe's arrest, his stake in The Myanmar Times was transferred to his wife, Yamin Htin Aung, who continued to hold the local share with another investor, Pyone Maung Maung, for almost a year.
However, she was forced by the Ministry of Information to sell her stake to another local media entrepreneur, Tin Tun Oo, whose company, Thuta Swe Sone, publishes four other journals. Tin Tun Oo was the secretary of the Myanmar Writers and Journalists' Association and was believed at the time to have a close relationship with the Ministry of Information. When Myanmar Consolidated Media's shareholders initially refused to comply with the ministry, rumours circulated that the paper would be shut down. Australia's Foreign Minister Alexander Downer reportedly flew to Yangon to intervene, although his office denied this.
At the time, the newspaper was still widely regarded as semi-official or government-influenced, it being run by a private company. When, on 17 January 2011, the state-owned paper The Mirror implied that Tin Tun Oo had taken over as editor-in-chief of MCM, fueling rumours of a power struggle between Ross Dunkley and Tin Tun Oo, it received a formal complaint from the media group. Following Sonny Swe's imprisonment in 2005, another Burmese media entrepreneur, Tin Tun Oo, acquired the locally owned share of MCM in controversial circumstances.
Post-censorship and daily launch
The reformist Thein Sein government abolished pre-publication censorship in August 2012. Until then, all media in Myanmar including The Myanmar Times was heavily censored by the Ministry of Information's Press Scrutiny and Registration Division, commonly known as the Press Scrutiny Board. According to Dunkley, on average, 20 per cent of the articles submitted to the censorship board were rejected, and the gaps filled were with soft news stories.
After a prolonged power struggle between Australian editor-in-chief Ross Dunkley and Tin Tun Oo, prominent businessman U Thein Tun bought the shares of Tin Tun Oo for an undisclosed sum in February 2013.
The English language edition moved to a daily publishing cycle in March 2015. Dunkley sold his interest in the paper and transferred his responsibilities as CEO to Tony Child on 1 October of that year. In April 2016, Child was succeeded by Malaysian journalist Bill Tegjeu as CEO and Editorial Director.
Since 2007, MCM has also published NOW!, a Burmese-language health, beauty and fashion weekly magazine.
Sister publications
In late 2007 investors in Myanmar Consolidated Media took a controlling interest in well-regarded English-language newspaper The Phnom Penh Post, based in Cambodia. The investors were identified as Ross Dunkley and Bill Clough, an Australian mining and oil and gas entrepreneur. Six months after the takeover, The Phnom Penh Post, which was established in 1991, began daily publication, including an article republication agreement with The Myanmar Times. Dunkley ceased his association with The Phnom Penh Post in 2013. The Myanmar Times also engages in a content-sharing association with The Bangkok Post, an English-language daily newspaper published in Bangkok, Thailand.
Controversies
Killer Than Shwe advertisement
In July 2007, a Danish group named Surrend placed an advertisement in The Myanmar Times''' English edition that contained the concealed messages "freedom" and "killer Than Shwe", a reference to Burma's head of state. The bogus advertisement appeared to be a call for tourists from Scandinavia and contained the word Ewhsnahtrellik, or "killer Than Shwe" in reverse, as well as a supposed "old Danish poem", the acrostic of which read "freedom". The group said it placed the ad to "show that you can find cracks or holes in even the worst regimes". The controversy made that week's edition a "best-seller" and copies were sold for double their face value by local newspaper vendors.
While no serious action was taken against The Myanmar Times for publishing the advertisement, two staff at the Press Scrutiny Board were removed from their positions and copies of the newspaper were pulled from the shelves. The stunt was widely criticised by those in the local media industry but Surrend founder Jan Egesborg defended the group's prank, saying "we are very sorry for the people ... but if [the authorities] do something like that it says something about the regime".
Banned for one week
In January 2008, The Myanmar Times' Myanmar-language edition was banned from publishing for one week. The ban was imposed by the Press Scrutiny Board after the newspaper's editors published a story on 11 January about satellite licence fees, despite being warned not to do so. The ban was subsequently condemned by Reporters Without Borders and the Burma Media Association.
In the following week's English edition, CEO Ross Dunkley defended the article as "good journalism" and denied that he had been told to sack four editors. However, he did announce an editorial "reshuffle" and the creation of an Editorial Steering Committee to both "safeguard the company from conflict with the authorities" and "plan improvements and expansion".
Arrest of Ross Dunkley
On 10 February 2011, Ross Dunkley, the founder and editor-in-chief of the weekly, was arrested and charged with breaching immigration law by assaulting a sex worker. On 13 February 2011, after Dunkley's arrest, Tin Tun Oo of Swesone Media and Bill Clough of Far Eastern Consolidated Media (FECM) were appointed as editors-in-chief of the Burmese and English language editions.
Dunkley was released on bail on 29 March from Insein Prison after posting bail and was convicted on 30 June 2011, of assaulting the woman and breaching immigration laws and fined 100,000 kyats (around US$100 at the time).
2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, The Myanmar Times has suspended their all publication since February. The managers of The Myanmar Times'' have fired 13 journalists, including the editor-in-chief, from the Burmese language daily edition without any prior warning.
See also
List of newspapers in Myanmar
Mass media in Myanmar
References
External links
Official site (English)
Myanmar IT
Official site (Burmese)
Daily newspapers published in Myanmar
Newspapers established in 2000
Mass media in Yangon
Burmese news websites
2000 establishments in Myanmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Myanmar%20Times |
Jirapa/Lambussie District is a former district that was located in Upper West Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988. However on 29 February 2008, it was split off into two new districts: Jirapa Municipal District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018; capital: Jirapa) and Lambussie-Karni District (capital: Lambussie). The district assembly was located in the northwest part of Upper West Region and had Jirapa as its capital town.
Geography
Jirapa/Lambussie District lies in the northwestern corner of the Upper West Region of Ghana. It shares boundaries to the south with Nadowli District, to the east with Sissala East District, and to the west with Lawra District.
Economy
About eighty percent of the population are engaged in agriculture and other related activities. The major crops are millet, maize, cotton and groundnuts. Livestock farming is practiced throughout the district.
Education
Within the Jirapa/Lambussie District there are several schools for both boys and girls. St. Francis Girls' Secondary School Jirapa is the only girls' secondary school in the district.
Demographics and population
Demographics
About five percent of the people live in major towns of the District while a significant ninety-five percent live in rural settlements. The District is therefore considered as a rural district.
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of Upper West Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirapa/Lambussie%20District |
36 Fillette (known as Virgin or Junior Size 36 in English) is a 1988 French erotic drama film directed by Catherine Breillat, based on her 1987 novel of the same name. The film stars Delphine Zentout, Étienne Chicot and Oliver Parniere, with Jean-Pierre Léaud, Berta Domínguez D. and Jean-François Stévenin. It follows a sexually curious and rebellious 14-year-old (played by then-16-year-old Zentout) who has an emotionally charged and dually manipulative relationship with an aging playboy. Breillat is known for films focusing on sexuality, intimacy, gender conflict and sibling rivalry. Breillat has been the subject of controversy for her explicit depictions of sexuality. Zentout had many topless, nude and explicit scenes in the film.
Plot
Lili, a 14-year-old, is caravan camping with her family in Biarritz. She is self-aware and holds her own in a café conversation with a concert pianist she meets, but she has a wild streak, and she's testing her powers over men, finding that she does not always control her moods or actions, and she's impatient with being a virgin. She sets off with her brother to a disco, latching onto an aging playboy who is himself hot and cold to her. She is ambivalent about losing her virginity that night, willing the next, and determined by the third. The playboy's mix of depression and misogyny ends their unconsummated affair, leaving Lili to hunt elsewhere at the campground. She eventually finds an awkward teen her own age, and they clumsily share their first time together.
Cast
Production
Catherine Breillat revealed that Delphine Zentout turned 16 just three days before they started shooting the film: "It was a miracle, because when I cast her I had never asked her age, or her birthday. If she had not had her 16th birthday three days before we started production, I would not have been able to show the movie around the world, because in a lot of countries it is against the law to show explicit images of a girl who is not yet 16."
Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 86% based on reviews from 7 critics, with an average rating of 7.1/10.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, and wrote, "Its whole delicate existence depends on the performance by Zentout, a 16-year-old in her acting debut. She gives a brave and convincing performance".
References
External links
1988 films
1988 drama films
1980s coming-of-age drama films
1980s erotic drama films
1980s French-language films
Films about virginity
Films based on French novels
Films directed by Catherine Breillat
French coming-of-age drama films
French erotic drama films
1980s French films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36%20Fillette |
Jomoro Municipal District (a.k.a. Nzema West Municipal District) is one of the fourteen districts in Western Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Jomoro District, which was created from the former Nzema District Council, until it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018 to become Jomoro Municipal District. The municipality is located in the southwest part of Western Region and has Half Assini as its capital town.
Geography
Jomoro Municipal District is the most westernmost district on the coast of Ghana.
Sources
Jomoro District Official Website
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of the Western Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomoro%20Municipal%20District |
Tipp may refer to:
"Tipp", a nickname of Thomas Agro (1931–1987), New York mobster
Tipp FM, a radio station serving County Tipperary, Ireland
County Tipperary, Ireland
Tipperary (town), a town in County Tipperary
Tipp City, Ohio, United States
See also
Tom Tipps (1923–2013), American businessman and politician
Tip (disambiguation)
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipp |
Kadjebi District is one of the eight districts in Oti Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989, which was created from the former Jasikan District Council, which it was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1465. The district assembly is located in the southern part of Oti Region and has Kadjebi as its capital town.
References
"> Kadjebi DCE asks teachers to help improve standards of education
External links
Kadjebi District on GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of the Oti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadjebi%20District |
Scleroderris canker (American name), or Brunchorstia disease (European name), Gremmeniella abietina, is a species of fungal diseases infecting coniferous forests. The main symptom is the death of the needles, leading to the death of the tree. In the forest industry, fighting off an infection of Scleroderris canker is usually not cost-effective. Clearing is often preferred over fungicidal methods, as the latter is harmful to other living organisms.
Geographical distribution
The European strain is present throughout all of Europe, including the European part of Russia. The American strain limits itself to north of 44°N.
Cause and symptoms
There are two strains of the fungus in existence, the North American and European. The latter is more virulent, capable of infecting an entire tree and killing it over a few years time, whereas the North American strain limits itself to the first few metres of the stem. Another reason behind the high potency of the European strain is that trees are unable to defend themselves from the fungus during winters, as the fungus can remain active at temperatures as low as -5°C
Early signs of a Scleroderris canker infection includes a purple tint in the needles and, more evidently, the falling off the needles in the wrong season. A severe Scleroderris canker infection can sometimes be disastrous, as the fungus survives on the pine cones, killing any new seedlings within two years.
Chances of infection increase greatly if the previous winter has been mild and the spring season is cool and wet, due to the active temperature. Infection occurs in damaged buds and proceeds downwards into the stem, and ascospores are released from November to July.
Control
Chemical
The fungicide Chlorothalonil can be used to ward off the disease in nurseries. However, it is ineffective in adult populations.
Resistance
Resistant species of Jack pine have been observed in Ontario.
Regulatory
It has been found that the European strain can spread via the import of Christmas trees. Regulating such imports can limit the spread of the disease.
Main host genera
Abies
Picea
Pinus
Synonyms
Lagerbergia abietina (Lagerberg)
Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerberg)
Scleroderris abietina (Lagerberg)
Scleroderris lagerbergii
References
External links
Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 130 - Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers
Parasitic fungi
Forest pathology
Helotiaceae
Fungal tree pathogens and diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleroderris%20canker |
Kassena-Nankana Municipal is one of the fifteen districts in Upper East Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Kassena-Nankana District in 1988, until the western part of the district was split off to create Kassena-Nankana West District on 29 February 2008; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Kassena-Nankana East District, which it was later elevated to municipal assembly status on 28 June 2012 to become Kassena-Nankana Municipal District. The municipality is located in the western part of Upper East Region and has Navrongo as its capital town.
Background
The municipality lies approximately between latitude 11°10' and 10°3' North and longitude 10°1' West. The Municipality is bounded by seven (7) districts and one country; on the North by Kassena Nankana West District and Burkina Faso, on the East by Kassena Nankana West District, Bolgatanga Municipality, Talensi District and Bongo District, on the West by the Builsa South and Builsa North Districts and on the South by West Mamprusi Municipality (in the Northern Region).
Physical features
Climatic conditions
The climatic conditions of the Kassena Nankana Municipality is characterized by the dry and wet seasons, which are influenced mainly by two (2) air masses – the North-East Trade winds and the South-Westerly's (Tropical Maritime). The harmattan air mass (North-East Trade Winds) is usually dry and dusty as it originates from the Sahara Desert. During such periods, rainfall is virtually absent due to low relative humidity, which rarely exceeds 20 percent and low vapour pressure less than 10mb. Day temperatures are high recording 42 °C (especially between February and March) and night temperatures could be as low as 18 °C. The Municipality experiences the tropical maritime air mass between May and October. The average annual rainfall is 950mm.
Relief and drainage
The Municipality is generally low-lying. The landscape is generally undulating with isolated hills rising up to about 300 metres above sea level in the western parts of the municipality. Notably among these hills include Fie (280 metres), Busono (350 metres) and Zambao (360 metres) above sea level. The drainage system of the municipality is constituted mainly around the tributaries of the Sissili River – Asibelika, Afumbeli, Bukpegi and Beeyi. A tributary of the Asibelika River (Tono River) has been dammed to provide irrigation facilities.
Vegetation
The Kassena-Nankana Municipality lies within the Guinea Savannah woodlands. The Municipality is covered mainly by the Sahel and Sudan-Savannah types of vegetation consisting mainly of the savannah grassland with short trees and thumps. Common trees found are Dawadawa, Baobab, Sheanut and Mango. 2 Figure 1.1: District map of Kassena Nankana East Municipality
Soil
Two main types of soil are present in the municipality namely the Savannah ochrosols and groundwater laterite. The northern and eastern parts of the municipality are covered by the Savannah ochrosols, while the rest has groundwater laterite The Savannah ochrosols are porous, well drained, loamy, and mildly acidic and interspersed with patches of black or dark-grey clayey soils. The groundwater laterites are developed mainly over shale and granite and cover approximately sixty percent of the municipality's land area. This soil type is suitable for the cultivation of many crops, especially rice and vegetables and hence accounts for the arable land sites including most parts of the Tono Irrigation Project sites where both wet and dry season farming activities are concentrated (KNMA, 2010).
Political administration
The Kassena Nankana Municipal Assembly is the highest administrative and political authority in the municipality and is charged with the responsibility of formulating and implementing development plans, programmes and projects. The Municipal General Assembly comprises 49 members, 35 elected and 14 appointed in addition to the Municipal Chief Executive (MCE) and a Member of Parliament (MP). The Municipal Chief Executive and the Member of Parliament, however, have no voting rights. The Executive Committee operates through sub-committees that are statutory or instituted by the assembly itself. There are 9 of such committees in the assembly including; the social services; justice and security; finance and administrative; women and children; works; economic and development planning; climate, environment and agriculture; medium and small scale enterprise and public compliant committees. There are six (6) areas/urban councils in the municipality. They include, Kologo, Pungu, Pindaa, Naaga, Gia area councils and the Navrongo Urban Council. There also exist decentralized departments that aid the Municipal Assembly to achieve the overall development in the Municipality. These decentralized departments include: the central administration, works department, physical planning department, department of trade and industry, agriculture department, social welfare and community development, finance department, department of education youth and sports, department of forestry game and wild life, disaster prevention and management, feeder roads department, department of registry of births and deaths and information services department.
Social and cultural structure
Traditional authority
There are chiefs and Tindanas/Tigatus in every community. People with these two titles in the communities wield a considerable power and authority over their people. While the chiefs are the traditional political heads in the communities, the Tindanas/Tigatus are the main custodians of the land relate the ancestral traditions and hold in trust for the people. In relation to ownership of land, individuals do not own lands but the family heads hold these in trust for the family. The chiefs oversee the distribution and sale of land. The four Tindanas/Tigatus the original owners of the land, however transfer land to other family heads.
Marriage
The payment of bride price takes the form of cola nuts, tobacco and guinea fowls. In addition, bridegrooms pay seven sheep and a cow together with the aforementioned items. It becomes obligatory for the bridegroom to present a cow upon the death of the bride if initially he did not present one. If one was unable to pay the sheep and the cow, the children would be mandated to provide one before they can pay dowry for their own wives.
Inheritance
The patrilineal system of inheritance is practiced. The eldest son inherits the deceased father in trust of the family. There is no form of ownership of family assets by daughters ascribed by the traditional system. Funerals constitute another major customary practice of the people. Funerals are mostly organized after the harvest (and especially during the long dry season). Funerals are performed to mark the end of the transition from earth to life after death (The spirit world).
Social organization
Despite the diverse religious groups in the municipality, they co-exist peacefully. The various religious groups assist in the development of the communities in the Municipality. The Catholic Church, for instance, has been assisting in the educational and water infrastructure.
Economy
Agriculture
Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in the municipality. The major crops grown are millet, sorghum, rice, groundnuts, leafy vegetables, cowpea, bambara beans, okro, cotton, tomatoes and onions. Livestock reared in the municipality include cattle, sheep, goat, pigs, guinea fowls, fowls and other domestic animals like donkeys. Fish farming involving Tilapia and Mudfish are quite significant. Farm sizes are quite small and yields are very low as compared to other parts of the country due in part to poor soils and unreliable rainfall. There are few dams and dugouts which are being used for dry season farming. This has implications for food insecurity.
Commerce
Trading and commercial activities in the municipality revolves mainly around foodstuffs, semi-processed food and crafts. These commodities are sold in the local markets and outside the municipality. Commodities traded in ranges from foodstuffs and livestock to manufactured goods.
Manufacturing
The Kassena-Nankana Municipality has not much large scale manufacturing industries. It is mostly characterized by small scale food processing, craft and manufacturing industries, examples of which include smock weaving, pottery and blacksmithing.
Agricultural industry and processing
Processing of foodstuffs, cash crops and other goods are common features of the local economy. The major small scale industrial activities includes, sheabutter extraction, pito brewing, milling or grinding of millet for domestic use, dawadawa processing, weaving and dressmaking, pottery, rice milling and soap making. Most of these small scale industries are one-man businesses and hardly employ people. The sector is dominated by females and needs to be organized into groups and their capacities built to enhance their businesses. There are also varied business types in the municipality which needs to be developed in order to boost the local economy.
Banking and financial services
The Naara Rural Bank Limited, with its head office located at Paga has an agency at Navrongo. There are also non-banking institutions in the municipality which collaborate with the financial institutions to offer credit to groups and individuals. Such institutions include Non-governmental Organizations, Community Based Rural Development Project and National Board for Small Scale Industries. In addition, non-formal credit arrangements such as "Susu" are available for traders and small-scale producers.
Resources for development
The municipality is endowed with both human and natural resources. The siting of one of the campuses of the University for Development Studies in the municipality has also enhanced the easy access to tertiary education to the youth thereby enhancing human capital in the municipality. Sand and clay are the major natural minerals mined in the municipality for construction purposes. The special weather condition has also made it possible for the generation of electricity for national use through a solar plant in Pungu, a suburb of Navrongo. The Tono irrigation facility has also made it possible for all-year round cultivation of crops especially vegetables such as tomato, pepper, cabbage and onion.
Tourism and recreation
The municipality abounds in tourism potentials including various sites, cultural practices and other features of tourists' interests. The major ones among them are: the Unique Catholic Cathedral Edifices and the TONO Irrigation Dam, both in Navrongo. The festivals and funerals of the people are sources of tourist attraction. Supporting the tourism industry in the municipality is the hospitality industry, offering recreation and avenues for socialization. They include: Mayaga Hotel, Tono Guest and Club Houses, Catholic Social Centres and many new guest houses in the various communities.
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Official Website
References
Districts of Upper East Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassena-Nankana%20Municipal%20District |
James Dunlop FRSE (31 October 1793 – 22 September 1848) was a Scottish astronomer, noted for his work in Australia. He was employed by Sir Thomas Brisbane to work as astronomer's assistant at his private observatory, once located at Paramatta (now named Parramatta), New South Wales, about west of Sydney during the 1820s and 1830s. Dunlop was mostly a visual observer, doing stellar astrometry work for Brisbane, and after its completion, then independently discovered and catalogued many new telescopic southern double stars and deep-sky objects. He later became the Superintendent of Paramatta Observatory when it was finally sold to the New South Wales Government.
Early life
James Dunlop was born in Dalry, Ayrshire, Scotland, the son of John Dunlop, a weaver, and his wife Janet, née Boyle. Dunlop was educated at a primary school in Dalry and went to work at a thread factory in Beith when he was 14. He also attended a night-school in Beith kept by a man named Gardiner. He became interested in astronomy at an early age and was constructing telescopes in 1810. By fortune in 1820, he made the acquaintance of the astronomically inclined Sir Thomas Brisbane. In the same year, Brisbane was appointed as the new Governor of New South Wales, who then decided to set up an astronomical observatory in the new Colony. Prior to leaving Britain, Dunlop was then appointed as his second scientific assistant, and both travelled to Sydney in 1821.
Career in Australia
Soon after arriving, Brisbane almost immediately started building his observatory at Paramatta (original spelling), now named Parramatta, and it was Dunlop who was employed to do the astrometric observations for a new accurate southern star catalogue. Also employed was the German born Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker (or sometimes as Charles Karl Ludwig Rümker) (28 May 1788 – 21 December 1862), or simply Karl Rümker, who had been recruited by Brisbane as first astronomical assistant. Rümker soon left the observatory in protest of his treatment during 1823, leaving Dunlop in charge of the astrometric measures and general maintenance of the astronomical instruments and the Observatory. Dunlop was not a professionally trained astronomer, so he importantly lacked the necessary mathematical skills to do astrometric reductions. He had soon learned the necessary observational skills from the more able Rümker and his employer.
Between June 1823 and February 1826 Dunlop then made 40,000 observations and catalogued some 7,385 stars, of which included 166 double stars and references to several bright deep-sky objects near the bright stars he catalogued. By the beginning of March 1826, he left the Paramatta Observatory and continued working at his own home in Hunter Street, Paramatta. For there he began organising his own observations of double stars and deep-sky objects for the next 18 months, in which he constructed telescopes and other equipment for his dedicated southern sky survey.
Sir Thomas Brisbane, before finally departing Sydney for the last time in December 1825, arranged to sell all of his instruments to the Government so the observatory could continue to function. Some of the equipment he gave to Dunlop, which he used at his home, especially the useful small equatorial mounted refracting telescope that Rümker, and later Dunlop, both used for doing the important double stars measures as their own personal projects.
By May 1826, Rümker returned to the observatory, and seven months later he was appointed as the first New South Wales Government Astronomer, though this officially did not happen until a few years later, much to Rümker's disgust, due to delays from his employers in Britain.
Back to Scotland
Dunlop left Sydney for Scotland in February 1827 and was employed for four years at the observatory of Sir Thomas Brisbane. He had done very good work as an observer in New South Wales, and was associated with Rümker in the recovery of Comet Encke at Parramatta in June 1822. He was later to be the first in Great Britain to rediscover this comet on 26 October 1829. He had been awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London on 8 February 1828. Sir John Herschel, when making the presentation, spoke in the highest terms of the value of the work done by Dunlop in New South Wales. On arrival, he also reduced his southern double stars and deep-sky observations for publication, which was believed to have taken about one month, and these were published also in the first half of 1828.
These two detailed astronomical papers were received with many accolades from his peers, which lasted until about 1834, when his observations were able to be scrutinised by John Herschel and Thomas Maclear in South Africa. Only then were the various flaws of his observations revealed, and the time spent in the zenith of popularly, then dwindled to fierce criticism and personal rejection especially from the British astronomical community.
Return to Australia
In April 1831, Dunlop was appointed superintendent of the Government observatory at Parramatta. He was selected mainly from his good knowledge of Colony and the observatory site, but the real reason for his selection was more because even though such an astronomical position was formally advertised, nobody applied for the astronomical tenure. Here he was to succeed Rümker with the reasonably good salary of £300 a year. He arrived at Sydney on 6 November 1831 and found the observatory in a deplorable condition; rain had entered the building, roofing plaster had fallen down, and many important records were destroyed. Dunlop succeeded in getting the building repaired and started on his work with energy, but around 1835 his health began to fail; he had no assistant, and the building, having been attacked by white ants, fell gradually into decay. In August 1847, he resigned his position, and went to live on his farm on Brisbane Waters, an arm of Broken Bay. He died on 22 September 1848. In 1816 Dunlop married his cousin Jean Service, who survived him. Dunlop was awarded medals for his work by the King of Denmark in 1833, and the Institut Royal de France in 1835. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1832, his proposer being Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane.
Dunlop published scientific papers on his observations in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Edinburgh Journal of Science, and the Transactions of the Royal Society between the years 1823 and 1839.
Observations and discoveries in Australia
Dunlop made several noteworthy discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere sky and in 1828 published A Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars in the Southern Hemisphere observed in New South Wales, which contains 629 objects. A little more than half the objects he discovered proved to be real, most being small nebulous objects being probably artificially created from the handmade reflecting telescope he had constructed himself. He found many new open star clusters, globular clusters, bright nebulae and planetary nebulae, most previously unknown to visual observers. His most famous discovery is likely the radio galaxy NGC 5128 or Centaurus A, a well-known starburst galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus.
Dunlop's other major observational work was of 256 southern double stars or "pairs" below the declination of about 30° South. These were listed in Approximate Places of Double Stars in the Southern Hemisphere, observed at Paramatta in New South Wales, published in 1829. Many of these pairs were actual new discoveries, though the most northerly of them had been earlier discoveries made by other observers.
These double star observations were all made roughly between December 1827 and December 1828, being observed through his homemade 9-foot 23 cm (9-inch) speculum Newtonian reflector, or by measuring the separated distances and position angles of selected double stars using the small equatorial mounted refracting telescope. Most of these pairs have proved to be uninteresting to astronomers, and many of the double stars selected were too wide for the indication of orbital motion as binary stars. It seems these observations were made when the atmospheric conditions were quite unsuitable for looking at deep sky objects, either being made under unsteady astronomical seeing or when the sky was illuminated by the bright moon. John Herschel immediately on arrival in South Africa in 1834 and 1835 re-observed all of the James Dunlop's double stars, but had troubles identifying them or finding significant differences in the measured positions of the stars. He first began with Alpha Crucis / Acrux, the brightest star in the constellation of Crux, also commonly known as the Southern Cross, then systematically searched for all the others. Herschel also was first to designate all the Dunlop double stars to begin with the Greek letter "Δ", which persists in many amateur observational references. Hence, bright southern doubles like p Eridani is known as Δ5, Gamma Crucis / Gacrux is Δ124, etc. Modern double star observers have since discarded this designation and prefer the observer abbreviation "DUN", as first adopted in the Washington Double Star Catalog (WDS) as maintained by the US Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C.. Hence, p Eridani is DUN 5, Gamma Crucis / Gacrux is DUN 124, etc.
Death
Dunlop died on 22 September 1848 at Boora Boora near Gosford in New South Wales.
He is buried within the grounds of St. Paul's Anglican Church in Kincumber, New South Wales.
Publications
A catalogue of nebulae and clusters of stars in the southern hemisphere, observed at Parramatta in New South Wales. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. 118, pp. 113—151, 1828. This catalogue with descriptions contains 629 southern deep-sky objects.
He also discovered and catalogued 256 southern double stars in "Approximate Places of Double Stars in the Southern Hemisphere, observed at Paramatta in New South Wales.", which was published in the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society Mem.Ast.Soc.London, Vol. 3, 257, 1829.
Only five other astronomical papers were published by James Dunlop between 1829 and 1839, the most significant being on comets; "Places of Encke's comet, from 30 observations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS)., Vol. 1, 120 (1829) and "Observation of a small comet at Paramatta. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS)., Vol. 1, 130 (1829)
References
Harley Wood, 'Dunlop, James (1793–1848)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbourne University Press, 1966, p. 338. Retrieved on 5 October 2008
Service, John (1890). Thir Notandums, being the literary recreations of the Laird Canticarl of Mongrynen. A Biographical Sketch of James Dunlop, Esq. p. 127 – 222. Edinburgh : Y. J. Pentland.
External links
Bright Sparcs Bio at University of Melbourne
University of Arizona SEDS
SPACETEC (Dunlop pictures)
1793 births
1848 deaths
People from Dalry, North Ayrshire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
19th-century Australian astronomers
Scottish astronomers
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
British scientific instrument makers
Recipients of the Lalande Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Dunlop |
Anthony Zucco is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. First appearing in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940), Zucco is a mobster responsible for murdering the parents of Dick Grayson, which leads to Grayson's adoption by Bruce Wayne a.k.a. Batman and becoming the latter's sidekick and original Robin and Nightwing.
The character has appeared in Batman: The Animated Series, voiced by Thomas F. Wilson, and The Batman, voiced by Mark Hamill. Richard Zeppieri portrayed him in the first season of the DC Universe series Titans.
Publication history
Tony Zucco first appeared in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940) and was created by Bob Kane, Bill Finger, and Jerry Robinson.
Fictional character history
Pre-Crisis
Antonio Zucco (originally just "Boss Zucco" in his first appearance) is a Mafia crime boss or simple low level thug (his position of power varies depending upon the Golden and Silver Age continuity) in Gotham City who is responsible for the death of Dick Grayson's parents. Throughout the years, Zucco's role in Robin's origin remains largely the same.
Earth-Two
Zucco tries to extort the Haly's Circus, where the Flying Graysons are the main attraction. When the ringmaster C.C. Haly (who runs an honest business) refuses to pay him protection money, Zucco has his henchman Blade sabotage the trapeze ropes the Graysons use in their act. The ropes break while John and Mary Graysons are in mid-air. Because the Graysons perform their act without a safety net, they fall to their deaths. This caused C.C. Haly to pay him protection money to prevent any further "accidents". After overhearing Blade talking to Zucco about committing the sabotage, Dick is subsequently adopted by Bruce Wayne (a.k.a. Batman) and becomes his partner Robin. Both of them locate Tony Zucco where they defeated his henchmen. Robin was able to secretly record Zucco punishing his henchman Blade by pushing him off the skyscraper. The police used this as evidence to arrest Zucco. Afterwards, Robin becomes Batman's sidekick.
Many years later, Zucco was seen in the hospital where he has become senile. At the time when he was under the influence of the Stream of Ruthlessness, Robin combated Infinity, Inc. to get to Tony Zucco and finish him off. When he does get to Tony Zucco, Robin finds that he does not recognize him.
Earth-One
On Earth-One, Tony Zucco's history and his showdown with Batman and Robin is the same as his Earth-Two counterpart.
Post-Crisis
Batman: Year Three
Dick Grayson's narration establishes Zucco's backstory. A first-generation immigrant from Italy, Zucco is orphaned at a young age when a gang of criminals murder his parents for refusing to pay protection money. Zucco is sent to an orphanage, where he is cared for by Sister Mary Elizabeth. She tries to counsel Zucco, but he is a lost cause; consumed by anger, he prays only for the deaths of the men who killed his parents. As a young man, he runs away from the orphanage and joins one of Gotham's major crime families, and quickly moves up Gotham's criminal food chain.
After Batman apprehends him for murdering Dick Grayson's parents, Zucco is sentenced to two consecutive life terms in Blackgate Penitentiary. After serving seven years of his sentence, he files for a parole hearing and offers testimony against other Gotham criminals. He professes remorse for his crimes, but hides an ulterior motive. Before he was sent to prison, Zucco had hidden a ledger in the orphanage where Dick briefly resided following his parents' deaths; the ledger contains incriminating information about the Mafia's operations in Gotham. Zucco plots to remove the ledger from the orphanage before it is demolished. Wanting to keep the truth from Dick (who has recently become Nightwing), Alfred Pennyworth goes to the parole hearing and pleads for the judge to keep Zucco in prison, but Dick soon learns of Zucco's release. Despite Alfred's attempts to stop him, Dick races to Blackgate to confront his parents' killer. As he steps out of the prison, Zucco is gunned down by a helicopter hired by a rival crime boss. While Zucco's death gives Dick some closure, his already-strained relationship with Batman becomes further complicated. When Dick presses him, Batman insists he knows nothing about Zucco's murder.
Batman: Dark Victory
In Batman: Dark Victory, Zucco (dubbed Anthony "Fats" Zucco) is portrayed as a low-level thug working for Sal Maroni, a member of Carmine Falcone's Mafia empire. He and another minor family head, Edward Skeevers, are put in charge of drug smuggling. After constant attacks by other enemies such as Penguin, Zucco starts a new method of smuggling these drugs. He only lets Skeevers in on the secret, believing that its success will make their minor families greater than the Falcones and the Maronis put together, and attempts to take over Haley's Circus to use its trucks for his smuggling activities. He kills Dick Grayson's parents as a demonstration of power to the circus' owner, and then quickly goes underground. He is later found by Batman and Dick Grayson, who is not yet Robin, and is chased down a dark alley by Grayson until he has a heart attack, confessing to various crimes before dying.
Blackest Night
Tony Zucco's remains have been reanimated as a Black Lantern in DC Comics's 2009–2010 crossover Blackest Night, with John and Mary Grayson, Jack and Janet Drake, Captain Boomerang, and the deceased members of the original Dark Knight's rogue gallery. Dick Grayson and Tim Drake, who have become the new Batman and Red Robin, respectively face down Zucco and their parent's corpses. Dick eventually cryogenically suspends himself and Tim during the battle, which forces the Black Lanterns to retreat as they are unable to read any signs of life from them.
The Black Mirror
In The Black Mirror, it is revealed that Zucco had fathered a daughter named Sonia. She is seemingly a legitimate businesswoman and runs the GGM Bank under the alias of Sonia Branch. Dick Grayson, who had recently become the new Batman, initially hopes that Sonia is not as corrupt as her father. However, he is disappointed when he realizes that Sonia manipulated him into subduing rivals who wish to take over her bank. Due to the lack of evidence, Sonia remains beyond the reach of the law.
The New 52
In The New 52 (a reboot of DC Universe's continuity), a young Dick Grayson sees Tony Zucco threatening C.C. Haly for protection money. When Haly refuses to pay, Zucco sabotages the trapeze, which causes John and Mary Grayson to fall to their deaths. Dick becomes obsessed with finding Zucco and roams the streets of Gotham City looking for him, eventually encountering Batman and learning that the Dark Knight and his new guardian Bruce Wayne are the same person. Tony is still the father of Sonia Zucco in this continuity, and she and Dick have a tenuous relationship.
Zucco had disappeared soon after his arrest and is presumed dead, but Sonia receives an e-mail saying that her father is still alive and living in Chicago, and relays this information to Dick.
Zucco is revealed to be working for Chicago Mayor Wallace Cole under the alias Billy Lester. Cole knows of Zucco's criminal record, and years before covered it up by having him declared officially dead. When Nightwing arrives in Chicago, Cole tells a panicked Zucco to go into hiding. Nightwing discovers "Billy Lester"'s true identity, and learns that his parents' murderer has a wife and son.
Nightwing shows up in Cole's office, demanding to know why he is protecting Zucco. He then secretly bugs Cole's office. Soon afterward, the Prankster addresses the whole city by video and reveals that Cole has been harboring Zucco for three years. When Zucco learns what has happened, he returns to Chicago to help Nightwing. Zucco tells Nightwing that he murdered Harold Loomis, the man who engineered the city's transportation system, on Cole's orders. He then explains that Prankster is Loomis' son, and he plans to blow up city hall as revenge; he also sent Sonia the email about Zucco to make sure Nightwing got involved. Nightwing and Zucco defuse the explosives and get Cole to safety, and Nightwing fights the Prankster. Zucco saves Nightwing's life by shooting and wounding the Prankster. He is then arrested for murdering Loomis. In jail, Zucco receives a visit from a man who suggests that his employers can help him beat the rap. Zucco insists that he wants to take responsibility to set a good example for his son. The man says there is no point in that, as Zucco's family has left him.
Infinite Frontier
In the Infinite Frontier Nightwing series, Zucco appeared to have another daughter named Melinda Zucco who is a newly-appointed mayor of Blüdhaven. However, later issues revealed that Tony is not Melinda's father, but rather John Grayson, making both her and Nightwing half-siblings.
Melinda's mother, Meili Lin explained that after she was forced to marry Tony, she ran away from him while visiting the circus where she was helped by John and Mary. Meili travelled with the circus and had a brief relationship with John which resulted getting pregnant with Melinda. Eventually, Tony managed to track her down and bring her back to Blüdhaven. Months later Meili gave birth to Melinda with Zucco having suspicions that Melinda wasn't his daughter. After Meili and Melinda left Zucco years later and offered protection from the Maroni Crime Family, Zucco killed both John and Mary and orphaned Dick, in which Dick came to terms that Zucco killed them out of revenge rather than owned him money.
Zucco was eventually released from prison and return to Blüdhaven to fill in the power vacuum of the criminal underworld after Blockbuster's death. He reunited with Melinda and offer her to run the city and take Sal Maroni's fortune to control his gangs but she refused. Zucco journeyed to the criminal bank the Hold to steal Maroni's prized gem the Eye of Kahndaq so he would use it to create his own criminal empire, but was tracked down and defeated by Nightwing. Upon returning to prison, Tony was visited by Melinda who revealed to him she legally changed her surname to "Grayson-Lin" and that John Grayson was her true father, disowning the Zucco name and walked away to leave him alone in his cell, leaving Zucco furious.
Other versions
All Star Batman and Robin
In Frank Miller's All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder, Dick Grayson's parents are killed by a low-level hitman named "Jocko-boy" Vanzetti. Throughout the early issues, Batman brutalizes Vanzetti, going so far as to torture him with snake venom-coated batarangs that cause terrifying hallucinations. Batman brings Vanzetti to the Batcave and allows Dick Grayson to "interrogate" him with an axe. Under this torture, Vanzetti reveals that the Joker ordered the hit. Afterwards, Batman throws Vanzetti into Gotham Bay with his hands tied behind his back, though Jocko-boy is later seen climbing out.
Earth 3
In the Earth 3 universe, as seen during the "Forever Evil" storyline, Anthony Zucco is a clown who owns a circus. He is killed by Jonathan Grayson, who uses the circus as a front for his criminal activities.
In other media
Television
Tony Zucco appeared in the Batman: The Animated Series two-part episode "Robin's Reckoning", voiced by Thomas F. Wilson. This version is a nephew of Arnold Stromwell. Tony Zucco's aliases include Billy Marin, Simon Dir, Killer Coburn, and Punky Lesh. As in the comics, he threatens Haly's Circus' owner Mr. Haly for protection money and kills Dick Grayson's parents by sabotaging the trapeze ropes after Haly violently refuses him. After Bruce Wayne adopts Dick, Batman goes after Zucco with a vengeance. Following a visit from Batman while denying any involvement in the incident at Haly's Circus, Stromwell becomes enraged at Zucco's actions and kicks him out of the Stromwell Crime Family while disinheriting him, though he does not give him up to the police. After a couple of brief run-ins with Batman, an increasingly paranoid Zucco escapes but returns to Gotham nine years later for the episode's main events. After learning that his parents' murderer has returned, Robin goes after Zucco against Batman's wishes. While hiding at an abandoned amusement park, Zucco is found by Batman and nearly kills him, but Robin arrives and subdues Zucco after the two fight. He almost throws Zucco off the pier, but relents and gives him up to the police, finally finding justice for his family.
Tony Zucco appears in The Batman episode "A Matter of Family", voiced by Mark Hamill. This version is a mafia don with his three brothers that are his underlings and are all involved in circus acts. His brothers are a strongman (referred to in the credits as Bruiser and voiced by Maurice LaMarche), a lion tamer, and a juggler. As a child, he was part of a knife-throwing duo with his father, with Tony throwing the knives while his father was bound to the giant target but he missed one time, killing his father. When Zucco offers his "protection" to the Flying Graysons, John Grayson refuses. When John is attacked by Zucco's brothers, Dick Grayson calls the police minutes after Zucco first appears in the Flying Graysons' big top tent. The call is intercepted by Batman quickly taking Zucco and his brothers down, resulting in Zucco's "Lion Tamer" brother being taken away by Gotham police while Zucco and the other two brothers escape. Swearing revenge on Batman and the Graysons, Zucco tampers with the railings of the Graysons' trapeze act, resulting in the deaths of John and Mary Grayson. After John's and Mary's murder, Batman corners every one of Zucco's remaining brothers until learning their boss' whereabouts: Haly's Circus. When Zucco knocks Batman out at Haly's Circus, he straps the Dark Knight to a knife-throwing wheel. However, Robin arrives just in time and battles Zucco long enough for Batman to free himself. At one point, Robin has the chance to enact revenge when Zucco falls from the trapeze platform. Robin chooses to save his parents' murderer and Zucco is then arrested by the police.
Tony Zucco appears in the Titans episode "Jason Todd", portrayed by Richard Zeppieri. As with previous depictions, he is responsible for the murders of John and Mary Grayson. Following his arrest, Zucco agrees to testify against the Maroni family in exchange for a release from prison. Upon learning that Zucco will be released, Dick ambushes a police convoy transporting Zucco with the intent of killing him. When the Maronis also arrive to assassinate Zucco, Dick refuses to help him and allows Zucco to be killed by the mobsters. The Maronis subsequently target Zucco's family with only his son Nick surviving. Blaming Dick for what happened to his family, Nick attempts to avenge their deaths by murdering the other members of Dick's circus troupe, but is ultimately defeated by Dick and Jason Todd.
Film
In Batman Forever, Zucco is replaced by Two-Face as the murderer of Dick Grayson's parents, who also murders Dick's older brother.
Miscellaneous
Tony Zucco appears in issue #6 of the Young Justice comics. He was featured in a flashback when Robin recaps his history. This version killed John and Mary Grayson as well as Dick's aunt and cousin, and paralyzed his uncle. When Dick Grayson became Robin for the first time, he helped Batman bring Zucco to justice.
See also
List of Batman family enemies
References
Batman characters
Characters created by Bill Finger
Characters created by Bob Kane
Characters created by Jerry Robinson
Comics characters introduced in 1940
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics orphans
Dick Grayson
Fictional immigrants to the United States
Fictional gangsters
Fictional Italian American people
Fictional murderers
Fictional crime bosses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Zucco |
Gremmeniella is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae. The genus contains at least 3 species.
The genus name of Gremmeniella is in honour of J. Gremmen (fl. 1953) a Dutch botaniker (Mycology), plant pathologist, from the Forest Research
Station T.N.O. in Wageningen.
The genus was circumscribed by Michel Morele in Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Archéol. Toulon & Var vol.183 on page 9 in 1969.
Gremmeniella abietina is a plant pathogen that causes scleroderris canker.
Species
Gremmeniella abietina
Gremmeniella juniperina
Gremmeniella laricina
Gremmeniella pinicola
Gremmeniella baggina
References
Helotiaceae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremmeniella |
The elfin woods warbler (Setophaga angelae) is a species of bird endemic to Puerto Rico, where it is local and uncommon. Discovered in 1968 and described in 1972, it is the most recently described New World warbler (family Parulidae).
The species name, angelae, is a tribute to Angela Kepler, one of its discoverers. These birds are insectivores, as they feed by gleaning small insects off the habitat leaves.
Due to its small populations and restricted habitats, conservation efforts were begun in 1982 to protect this species, but as of 2005, the warbler was still in need of protection. The species is not in immediate danger as the majority of its habitat is protected forest, but introduced species (such as rats and small Asian mongooses), habitat reduction, and natural disasters represent potential threats to the population.
Discovery, taxonomy and naming
The elfin woods warbler is one of many species in the genus Setophaga of the New World warbler family Parulidae. It was first observed in 1968 by Cameron and Angela Kepler while they were conducting observations on two Puerto Rican endemic birds, the Puerto Rican amazon and the Puerto Rican tody. On May 18, 1971, a specimen was captured in El Yunque National Forest, which at the time was believed to be its only location. A year later, Cameron Kepler and Kenneth Parkes described the species and named it Dendroica angelae, making it the most recently-discovered New World warbler. It is the first species described in the Caribbean since 1927 and the first Puerto Rican species described in the 20th century. Although the species was initially placed in the genus Dendroica, phylogenetic studies in 2010 using mitochondrial DNA sequences from New World warblers led to a revision of warbler genera. As a result, the study's authors recommended subsuming the genus Dendroica into the genus Setophaga. The same studies showed that the elfin woods warbler is most closely related to the arrowhead warbler, which is endemic to Jamaica, and the plumbeous warbler, which is endemic to the islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe. In 2011, the American Ornithologists' Union reorganized the classification of the family Parulidae and transferred species in Dendroica to Setophaga. This revised classification was subsequently adopted by the International Ornithologists' Union.
The genus name is a combination of the Ancient Greek words ses, meaning "moth", and , meaning "eating". The specific name, angelae, is a tribute to Angela Kepler. Elfin-woods warbler is an alternative spelling, and Reinita de Bosque Enano is the Spanish name.
Description
The elfin woods warbler is a small passerine, averaging in length and in weight. Its upperparts are predominantly black with white areas, and its underparts are white with black streaks. Other identifying characteristics are dark brown eyes, white patches on its ears and neck, an incomplete white eyering, a white eyestripe, and two white spots on its outer tail feathers. Like other Antillean warblers (Adelaide's warbler, Saint Lucia warbler, plumbeous warbler, and arrowhead warbler), it has a long bill and short, round wings ( average). Among Setophaga species, only Adelaide's warbler has a shorter average wing length. Juveniles differ from adults, retaining a grayish-green back for approximately a year and partially molting from July to October.
Similar species
The elfin woods warbler can be confused with the black-and-white warbler, a non-breeding visitor that occurs in Puerto Rico from mid-September to early May. The main physical distinction between the two is in the face. The elfin woods warbler has an incomplete white , while the black-and-white warbler has a bold white above the eye, and the lower half of a white eye-ring. The elfin woods warbler has an entirely black while the black-and-white warbler's is bisected by a white stripe. The latter species tends to forage on larger branches, while the elfin woods warbler forages in the canopy and on smaller branch tips.
Voice
The elfin woods warbler's song and call are difficult to hear. The species has a subtle voice and its call and song resemble those of the bananaquit, the most abundant bird in Puerto Rico. The song is a series of "short, rapidly uttered, rather unmusical notes on one pitch, swelling in volume and terminating with a short series of distinct double syllables sounding slightly lower in pitch" while the call has been described as "a single, short, metallic chip".
Behavior
Breeding
The elfin woods warbler breeds from March to June. Both parents are involved in the construction of the nest and in feeding the chicks. Nests are built close to the tree trunk within dry aerial leaf litter, usually Cecropia leaves (a material used by no other Parulidae species), in Bulbophyllum wadsworthii trees. Nests are well-concealed and located above ground level. In 2003 a nest with four chicks was found inside a tree stump of Colorado tree, Cyrilla racemiflora, at Maricao. The nest was at about 15 feet above ground level, with little cover in a secondary forest area. Nests are cup-shaped and made from small roots and twigs, dry leaves of Chusquea abietifolia and B. wadsworthii, and dry Panicum maximum leaves. The interior is made from fibers of C. abietifolia, dry leaves and other plant matter. Females lay two or three white eggs with red-brown spots. The chick's diet consists of insects—parents have been observed offering lepidopteran and orthopteran adults and lepidopteran larvae to hatchlings.
Feeding
The elfin woods warbler is commonly found foraging the middle canopy for insects. While searching for food it often flocks with other birds, such as black-and-white warblers, Puerto Rican tanagers and Lesser Antillean pewees. Three maneuvers used for catching prey—gleaning, sally-hovering and probing—have been described. Gleaning is described as a hunting maneuver made by a standing or moving bird. Sally-hovering is a hunting maneuver made by a bird in flight. Probing is a maneuver in which the bird, by digging with its beak, forages the substrate looking for food in a manner similar to chickens. Gleaning, especially off leaves, is the maneuver used with more frequency by the elfin woods warbler while probing is the least used.
Distribution and habitat
When first discovered, the elfin woods warbler was believed to exclusively occur in the high elevation, from , dwarf or elfin forests of the El Yunque National Forest in eastern Puerto Rico. The wind-clipped trees in these forests rarely exceed in height and are characterized by stiff, thick twigs, leathery leaves and impenetrable, dense undergrowth ideal for hiding from predators. Later studies showed that the species migrated to lower elevations, between , in Tabonuco and Palo Colorado forests. Three more populations were discovered in the Maricao State Forest (1972, largest known population), the Carite State Forest (1977) and the Toro Negro State Forest (late 1970s).
The species is presumed extirpated from two locales, occurring only at El Yunque National Forest and the Maricao State Forest. The elfin forest at El Yunque National Forest is characterized by high rainfall and humidity, low temperatures and insolation, and constant winds. It is found at mountain summits and is primarily composed of dense shrub and small trees with moss and epiphyte growth in its plants and floor. The species richness is low when compared to other types of forests (tabonuco, palo Colorado and palma sierra forests) found in the Luquillo Mountains. The elfin forest at the Maricao State Forest, located in western Puerto Rico, receives an annual average rainfall of , a high amount considering that a rainforest, by definition, receives a minimum of annually. Since its soil has low water-holding capacity its vegetation is more xeric than expected. The species's highest density occurs in Podocarpus forests in the Maricao State Forest. Little information is available on the elfin forests at Toro Negro and Carite.
Status and conservation
Population
In September 1989, Hurricane Hugo struck the central and eastern region of Puerto Rico, affecting three of the four known populations of the elfin woods warbler; the El Yunque National Forest, Toro Negro, and Carite populations were all impacted. A survey conducted two years later in the Toro Negro Forest, located in the Cordillera Central, did not find any individuals. Surveys conducted since then suggest that, for reasons yet unknown, the populations at Carite and Toro Negro were likely extirpated. Continued monitoring of the elfin woods warbler populations is achieved through bird counts performed every three to four years by the Puerto Rican Breeding Bird Survey (PRBBS). A survey conducted in 2001 found three individuals at the Maricao State Forest. An IUCN assessment of the elfin woods warbler, prepared in 2000, estimated a stable population of 600 mature individuals. In 2020 the population was estimated to comprise at least 1800 mature individuals, a figure which equates to at least 2700 individual birds.
Threats
The elfin woods warbler faces two main threats: predation, and the destruction or alteration of suitable habitat. The pearly-eyed thrasher, the Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk and the now extirpated white-necked crow are all confirmed native predators. Unconfirmed but potential native predators include two endemic snakes and several carnivores known from fossil records. Introduced species, such as domestic cats and dogs, black rats, and small Asian mongooses, are also potential nest predators. These introduced species have proliferated in the Maricao State Forest and El Yunque National Forest due to the presence of facilities built mainly for communication purposes. Both natural and human factors contribute to the destruction of the elfin woods warbler's habitat. The construction of communication towers, logging, and the expansion of roads and trails have all caused habitat destruction within the warbler's range. Natural disasters such as forest fires and hurricanes have also decimated habitat.
Protection
The elfin woods warbler was placed on the United States federal candidate list for the Endangered Species Act in 1999, and the announcement was published on the Federal Register of October 25, 1999, Volume 64, No. 205, pages 57535–57547. The USFWS started to consider the need to protect the elfin woods warbler in 1982. In 2005, a group of scientists, scholars, artists and environmentalists petitioned the Bush administration to admit 225 species, including the elfin woods warbler, to Endangered Species Act protections.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) first evaluated the status of the elfin woods warbler in 1988. At the time, it was given a classification of lower risk/least concern. Its status was changed to lower risk/near threatened in 1994, to vulnerable in 2000, and to endangered in 2017. The organization justified the warbler's move to endangered status due to the combination of its very small range and its continuing decline due to habitat destruction and degradation.
See also
Fauna of Puerto Rico
List of birds of Puerto Rico
List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
List of Vieques birds
El Toro Wilderness
References
Further reading
External links
elfin woods warbler
Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
elfin woods warbler
elfin woods warbler
elfin woods warbler
ESA threatened species | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfin%20woods%20warbler |
Dodgson Hamilton Madden (28 March 1840 – 6 March 1928) was an Irish Unionist Alliance Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament He was also a leading barrister, who held office as Serjeant-at-law, Attorney General for Ireland and subsequently as a judge of the Irish High Court. The Irish Unionists were the Irish wing of the Conservative Party.
Biography
He was the only son of the Reverend Hugh Hamilton Madden of Templemore, County Tipperary, and Isabella Monck Mason, daughter of the barrister Henry Monck Mason. His father was Chancellor of the Diocese of Cashel; his grandfather and his great-grandfather, Hugh Hamilton (1729-1805), had also been Church of Ireland clergymen: Hugh became Bishop of Ossory. C.S. Lewis was a distant cousin on the Hamilton side of the family. Dodgson's father was descended from the author and scholar Samuel Madden (1686-1765), of whom Samuel Johnson said that all Ireland should honour his name.
He married firstly in 1868 Mary (Minna) Moore, daughter of Lewis Moore of Cremorgan, County Laois; she died in 1895. He married secondly in 1898 Jessie Isabelle Warburton, daughter of Richard Warburton of Garryhinch, County Offaly. He had no children by either marriage.
He attended Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a Scholar, before being called to the Irish Bar in 1864. He became a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1880 and Third Serjeant in 1887.
Madden wrote several books on legal topics; but his best-known work is The Diary of Master William Silence; a Study of Shakespeare and of Elizabethan Sport, an imaginative reconstruction of the world of Shakespeare's Falstaff, in which he made full use of his own knowledge of country sports, especially horse riding. His scholarship led Maurice Healy to describe him as a don who had strayed into the Courts. Of his legal works, the best known is Madden on Deeds, which remained the standard work on the subject for many years.
Madden was Solicitor-General for Ireland 1888–1890, and Attorney-General for Ireland in 1890–1892. He was made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland on 9 December 1889. Though not much interested in politics, he was diligent in performing his duties, and worked well with Arthur Balfour, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, particularly on the issue of land purchase. He was MP for Dublin University 1887–1892. He was subsequently Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin 1895–1919.
Madden left the House of Commons when he was appointed to the office of Justice of the Queen's Bench Division of the Irish High Court in 1892, an office which he held until 1919 when he retired and moved to England.
Reputation
Maurice Healy in his memoir The Old Munster Circuit described him with respect and affection: "he was one of the most charming judges I ever met". Yet Healy did not rate Madden especially highly as a judge. Admittedly his reputation was bound to suffer in comparison to such outstanding contemporaries as Christopher Palles and Hugh Holmes, in an era when the quality of Irish judges was as high as it has ever been. Healy recalled that to appear before Madden was a pleasure, especially if one could think of an appropriate literary reference, but thought that his actual judgments were "weak and diffuse". This verdict was probably too severe; in particular, Madden's judgment in Boyers v Duke remains a valuable decision on the formation of business contracts. There are many tributes to his courtesy, generosity and hospitality.
Notable judgments
His judgment in Powell v McGlynn and Bradlaw, concerning liability for a runaway pony, affords an excellent example of his judicial style. The question of whether one defendant employed the other depended partly on whether the expression "humph" had any legal meaning. Madden, drawing on his knowledge of English literature, cited Jane Austen and Sir Walter Scott, among other authors, to prove that "humph" had a definite meaning, namely an expression of disagreement.
His judgment in Boyers v Duke is a leading decision on the concept of offer and acceptance in contract law, and in particular, the precise meaning of a quotation by a seller of goods. Madden held that a quotation cannot be an offer to enter a contract, but is merely an indication of the terms on which the seller will do business. Applying normal rules of commercial practice, he found that if every quotation was in itself an offer which could lead to a binding contract, the business in question would be so swamped with obligations which it could not meet that it might well go bankrupt. Therefore, it followed that the letter of acceptance by the prospective buyer was in fact the first offer. The judgment has been described as an excellent example of how commercial practice may influence the development of the law.
References
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
External links
1840 births
1928 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Attorneys-General for Ireland
Irish Conservative Party MPs
Irish Queen's Counsel
Irish Unionist Party MPs
Judges of the High Court of Justice in Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Politicians from County Tipperary
Scholars of Trinity College Dublin
Serjeants-at-law (Ireland)
Solicitors-General for Ireland
UK MPs 1886–1892
People from Templemore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgson%20Hamilton%20Madden |
The A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory () is a research institute located in Yerevan, Armenia. It was founded in 1943 as a branch of the Yerevan State University by brothers Abram Alikhanov and Artem Alikhanian. It was often referred to by the acronym YerPhI (Yerevan Physics Institute). In 2011 it was renamed to its current name A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory.
History and strategy
The Yerevan Physics Institute was founded in 1943 as a branch of the Yerevan State University by brothers Abraham Alikhanov and Artem Alikhanian. Later two high-altitude cosmic ray stations were founded on Mount Aragats (3,200 m) and Nor Amberd (2,000 m).
In 1963 the institute was transferred to the Soviet Union Atomic Energy State Committee. The construction of a 6 GeV electron synchrotron accomplished in 1967 became an important landmark in the history of institute, it is the first particle accelerator in Armenia (Arus "ԱՐՈՒՍ"). After collapse of Soviet Union YerPhI continued research in the fields of high-energy physics and astrophysics in Armenia and worldwide using world biggest accelerators and cosmic ray detectors. Now YerPhI get status of A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory.
Brief summary of scientific activities
Among the key results of YerPhI in the early years were the discovery of protons and neutrons in cosmic rays, and the establishment of the first evidence of existence of the particles with masses between that of muons and protons. The high altitude research stations have remained the main research base of the Cosmic Ray Division (CRD) of YerPhI until now. Among the CRD achievements there were: discovery of sharp knee in light components of primary cosmic rays, detection of the highest energy protons accelerated on the Sun, and the creation of the Aragats Space environ¬mental Center in 2000 for studies of the solar-terrestrial connection, where CRD becomes one of the world's leaders.
The 6 GeV electron synchrotron was accomplished in 1967. During 1970-1991 synchrotron was operated with energies up to 4,5 GeV and in Experimental Physics Division were obtained significant results, including: hadronic properties of photons in π- meson photo-production on nuclei; structures of nucleon resonances in multi-polarization experiments, structure and characteristics of nuclear matter, important properties of X-ray transition radiation and channeling in monocrystals. Thanks to these achievements physicists from Yerevan Physics Institute started from 1985 are successfully participating in the large international collaborations.
Traditional topic of YerPhI is the development of new particle detectors. Wide spark chambers and transition radiation detectors are examples of the experimental techniques developed and implemented in YerPhI. During the last years groups of scientists from Yerevan Physics Institute have actively participated in intermediate and high energy physics experiments abroad (JLAB, DESY, CERN-LHC, MAX-lab, MAMI), exploring the meson and nucleon structures, electromagnetic interactions of the nucleon, quark-hadron duality, short range nucleon-nucleon correlations, quark hadronization in nuclear medium, physics beyond standard model, Higgs boson searches, quark-gluon plasma, fission and fragmentation of nuclei and hypernuclei and many other topics, as well as constructing experimental hardware and develop the software for data acquisition and analysis.
The theoretical department assure major achievements in the following areas: B-meson physics, QCD and Related Phenomenology, Neutrino physics, Quantum Field Theory, String/M-theory, Integrable Models, Statistical physics, Condensed Matter and Quantum Information. These results are internationally recognized and highly cited.
In the mid-1980s in YerPhI was developed the concept of stereoscopic approach in Very High Energy gamma-ray astronomy using multiple Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACT). This concept was materialized in the very successful IACT system (HEGRA). After first success, Armenian physicists successfully participate in operation of the IACT systems on the Canary islands (MAGIC) and in Namibia (H.E.S.S.).
In the course of many years, the Applied Physics Department of YerPhI successfully investigates electron-energy structure of new wide-band laser materials using synchrotron radiation in various spectral regions. The investigations were carried in DESY and will be continued in MaxLab- II (Sweden).
Below are the integral parameters characterizing the efficiency of research conducted by national lab: number of publications and citations. The sizable enlargement of both parameters during last years is apparent. National lab scientists publish appr. 30% of scientific publications of Armenia. Most of publications appear in high impact factor journals; high quality of research in national lab is proved by citations – more than 60% of overall citations to papers published by scientists from Armenia belong to national lab.
Structure
The YerPhI has seven divisions and Computer Centre.
Experimental physics workshops are also parts of the institute. The main fields of research are:
elementary particle physics
nuclear physics
cosmic ray physics and astrophysics
theoretical physics
condensed matter physics
radiobiology
Isotop investigation and production
computer networking, computing
educational programme
Directors
Artem Alikhanian (1943-1973)
Andrey Amatuni (1973-1992)
Ruben Mkrtchyan (1992-2001)
Hrachia Asatryan (2001-2008)
Ashot Chilingarian (2008–2018)
Ani Aprahamian (2018–present)
References
External links
1942 establishments in Armenia
Research institutes in Armenia
Physics research institutes
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Institutes associated with CERN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan%20Physics%20Institute |
The U-Foes is a supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as enemies of the Hulk. The group consists of four members: Vector, the group's leader, who can repel matter telekinetically; Vapor, who can transform into any form of gaseous matter; X-Ray, who can generate and project radiation and fly; and Ironclad, who has a metallic body and can control his density.
Publication history
The U-Foes first appeared in The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #254 (Dec. 1980) and were created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema. Per The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #254's credits, editor Al Milgrom designed the costumes of the U-Foes while editor-in-chief Jim Shooter helped with the names of the U-Foes.
As noted on the first page of that issue, the group's name was inspired by the 1979 Graham Parker song "Waiting for the UFOs".
Fictional team biography
Simon Utrecht, a former politician and multi-millionaire, funds an operation to gain superpowers the same way the Fantastic Four had, by flying into space and being exposed to cosmic rays. He chooses three other members to join him: Ann Darnell, Ann's younger brother Jimmy Darnell, and Mike Steel. What the group did not know was that they would be exposed to much higher amount than the Fantastic Four and that it would most likely kill them. The Hulk, in his Bruce Banner form, brings the ship down by reprogramming their computer before the group was exposed to the terminal levels of cosmic rays. The group did manage to gain powers and the newly christened U-Foes attacked Banner for interfering, convinced they could have become even more powerful without his intervention. Banner transforms into the Hulk and a fight ensues, but the U-Foes lose due to their inexperience with their newly gained powers and inability to fight as a team. In the end, their own ongoing mutations incapacitate them, and the team is scattered as they lose control of their increasing abilities.
Some time later, as their powers stabilize, the U-Foes reunite with the goal of revenge and making a name for themselves in the public eye by killing the Hulk. Though they find the Hulk a more formidable foe, with the intelligence of Bruce Banner then in control of the Hulk, X-ray discovers a way to keep Banner in his human form by generating 'anti-gamma rays'. The U-Foes imprison Banner at the former Gamma Base and hijack television broadcasts worldwide, intending to gain infamy by killing Banner in front of the world. However, Banner is freed by his allies Betty Ross, Rick Jones, and Bereet, and defeats the U-Foes as the Hulk. Ironically, the U-Foes' attempt to gain fame at the Hulk's expense instead reveals to the world that Banner is in control of the Hulk's power, and leads to a brief period of Banner/Hulk as a popular celebrity and true superhero (ending when the Mindless Hulk persona re-asserts itself).
After several defeats at the hands of the Hulk and his allies, each of the U-Foes are banished to a different dimension. They manage to reunite and find their way back to Earth when the mutant Portal's powers began manifesting. The U-Foes attempt to murder Portal to keep him from opening another portal to banish them, but are defeated by the Avengers. They later attempt to kidnap Portal to exploit his mutant powers, and are defeated once again by Captain America, Darkhawk, and Daredevil.
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.
Around this time, they play an important part in the Vault prison breakout in Marvel Graphic Novel No. 68 - Avengers: Death Trap - The Vault. The various U-Foes work together and with other villains to fight against the prison's security, its forces, Freedom Force and the Avengers. The U-Foes and the other prisoners are neutralized by technological mind-control.
The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.
Both of the fights with the Hulk are part of manipulations by the Pantheon's ancient leader Agamemnon. Neither side realizes the old man is secretly a power-crazed murderous psychotic who enjoys manipulation.
Later, the U-Foes are again part of a breakout from the Vault. During this, they manage to destroy the entire facility.
The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the New Avengers, but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers — including the Mandrill, Mister Fear, the Corruptor and the Controller — over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.
During the "Civil War" storyline, the Superhuman Registration Act brings the U-Foes to the attention of the United States government. The U.S. sends the B-Squad version of the Thunderbolts (Blizzard, Joystick, the Fixer and Quicksand), after the U-Foes. After a battle in Portland, the U-Foes are arrested. Instead of due process, they are given the choice of joining the team or facing jail time.
The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join the Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R.
During the "Dark Reign" storyline, the U-Foes are revealed by new Initiative leader Norman Osborn as the new Initiative team for the state of North Carolina. Osborn orders the U-Foes to attack the Heavy Hitters after they secede from the Initiative. They help the other Initiative teams to defeat and capture the Heavy Hitters' leader Prodigy.
The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.
During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.
After Gamma Flight quit working for Henry Peter Gyrich due to his obnoxious attitude, he hired the U-Foes to go after Hulk in exchange for full pardons for their past crimes. When Hulk was hiding in New York City, the U-Foes attacked him and took turns fighting him. The fight was briefly stopped when Vector accidentally sent Hulk flying to New Jersey. When the U-Foes caught up to Hulk, X-Ray used his anti-gamma rays to apparently kill Hulk. However, the anti-gamma rays had caused Hulk to turn into a variation of Red Hulk which enabled Joe Fixit and Savage Hulk to escape the Below-Place. This resurrected Hulk in a full-powered state. Hulk proceeded to badly injure Ironclad and turned Vapor's sulfuric gas form onto Vector enough to blind him. In a panic, Vector sent Hulk flying into Manhattan. Gyrich reprimanded the U-Foes for letting Hulk get away. X-Ray and Vapor blamed Gyrich for having his retrieval team take too long to get them.
The U-Foes later raided Empire State University searching for something where they are attacked by Spider-Man and Scarlet Spider. On Vector's orders, Vapor and X-Ray caused a radiation fallout that affected Spider-Man and not Scarlet Spider. This enabled the U-Foes to get away. With Peter Parker badly hospitalized and placed in a medically-induced coma, Ben Reilly became Spider-Man again, where he tracked down the U-Foes and defeated them.
Members
Vector
Real Name: Simon Utrecht
Power: Telekinesis, limited to attract or repel matter from his own body. Enormously powerful, as by focusing his power into blasts he was even capable of flaying most of the Hulk's skin and muscle tissue from his body when the latter resisted, and repelled the structure of reality itself within the 'Crossroads' nexus, with force he claimed was sufficient to hurl entire worlds. Was able to "repel" all scientific, telepathic and even magical attempts to discern the U-Foes' location upon broadcasting their attempted execution of the Hulk. Also capable of flight.
Background: Simon Utrecht was a successful businessman, industrialist, and politician who craved more power. He used his resources to copy everything about the Fantastic Four's flight into space, and hired a crew in the hopes of gaining superpowers.
Vapor
Real Name: Ann Darnell
Powers: Has the power to alter her form into any known gas, usually the most lethal poison she can imagine while invading an opponent's body. Vapor can transform into her fully human state for only brief periods, and is vulnerable to having her gaseous form scattered by strong winds or explosive force.
Background: Ann Darnell is Jimmy Darnell's older sister. She was hired by Simon Utrecht to be the life-support technologist on his space ship. During the "Acts of Vengeance" storyline, Vapor tried to kill the Scarlet Witch.
X-Ray
Real Name: James "Jimmy" Darnell
Powers: Has been permanently transformed into a living energy field, intangible and immune to most physical harm although his powers cannot affect lead. Has the power to expel various forms of heavy radiation in the form of very potent blasts, shown capable of hurting even the Hulk, and severely weakening Thor when combined with three other energy blasts and the ability to fly in supersonic speed, or turn invisible. He has also been able to emit negative-gamma rays that turn the Hulk back into Bruce Banner, but this is only effective so long as he is conscious.
Background: James Darnell is the younger brother of Ann Darnell. He was hired by Simon to be the spaceship's fuel-propulsion engineer.
Ironclad
Real Name: Michael "Mike" Steel
Powers: Permanently transformed into organic metal similar to the X-Man Colossus. Superhuman strength, durability, and the ability to increase or decrease his own weight, hovering in the air, or crushing like a mountain. Ironclad's form was initially composed of jagged folds of metal; however, after briefly losing control of his weight-altering powers and sinking deep into the Earth's crust, he emerged with his body smoothed and polished by the friction of his passage.
Background: Michael Steel is a scientist, engineer, and skilled pilot. He was hired by Simon to pilot his spaceship. he helped his comrades defeat their enemies multiple times after he changed to a great team man.
Other versions
JLA/Avengers
X-Ray appears in JLA/Avengers #4 as one of several enthralled supervillains defending Krona's stronghold.
Ultraverse
In Malibu Comics's Ultraverse, Ironclad exists as a member of the New Exiles and Ultraforce.
Future Imperfect
A possible future version of Vapor appears in the Maestro miniseries. Having been captured by A.I.M., the eponymous Maestro eventually frees her and has her help him kill Hercules. Once she succeeded, the Maestro froze her, shattered her, then ordered his soldiers to bury each shard individual to prevent her from reintegrating herself.
In other media
Television
The U-Foes appear in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, with Vector voiced by Cam Clarke and Vapor voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey while X-Ray and Ironclad have no dialogue. Introduced in "Hulk vs. the World", they are initially imprisoned in the Cube until a technological fault allows the inmates to escape and take over in "The Breakout, Part 1". In "Gamma World, Pt. 1", the U-Foes join forces with the Leader, among others, to turn the world into gamma monsters and fight the Avengers via "gamma boosters" provided by the Leader to strengthen their powers. However, the U-Foes are ultimately defeated.
The U-Foes appear in a self-titled episode of Avengers Assemble, with Vector voiced by Glenn Steimbaum, Vapor by Catherine Taber, X-Ray by Jeremy Kent Jackson, and Ironclad by Eric Ladin. The space flight that turned this version of the group into the U-Foes was backed by HYDRA and they took their group's name from their UFO-like spaceship.
Video games
The U-Foes appear in The Incredible Hulk: The Pantheon Saga.
The U-Foes appear as recurring bosses in The Incredible Hulk, with Vector voiced by S. Scott Bullock, Vapor by Rachael MacFarlane, X-Ray by Keith Ferguson, and Ironclad by Mitch Lewis. The game's version of X-Ray glows green with a silhouette of his skeletal structure visible through his flesh while Vector retains his normal human appearance. Furthermore, they originally intended to duplicate the accident behind the Hulk using atmospheric radiation instead of gamma. Additionally, Ironclad also appears as an unlockable skin for the Hulk.
The U-Foes appear as recurring bosses in Marvel Avengers Alliance.
X-Ray appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers.
References
External links
Comics characters introduced in 1980
Marvel Comics supervillain teams
Characters created by Bill Mantlo
Characters created by Sal Buscema
Characters created by Al Milgrom
Characters created by Jim Shooter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Foes |
Via Traiana is a street in southern Italy.
Via Traiana may also refer to:
Via Traiana Nova in Arabia
Via Traiana Pataesina in Dacia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%20Traiana%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The 2001 Ukrainian census is to date the only census of the population of independent Ukraine. It was conducted by the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine on 5 December 2001, twelve years after the last Soviet Union census in 1989. The next Ukrainian census was planned to be held in 2011 but has been repeatedly postponed.
The total population recorded in 2001 was 48,457,100 persons, of which the urban population was 32,574,500 (67.2%), rural: 15,882,600 (32.8%), male: 22,441,400 (46.3%), female: 26,015,700 (53.7%). The total permanent population recorded was 48,241,000 persons.
Settlements
There were 454 cities: Nine had a population over 500,000. The census recorded over 130 nationalities.
Actual population by regions
Source: Total number of actual population. 2001 Ukrainian Population Census. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
Urban and rural population by regions
Source: Urban and rural population. 2001 Ukrainian Population Census. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine'''
Gender structure by regionsSource: Gender structure of the population. 2001 Ukrainian Population Census. State Statistics Committee of UkraineNational structure
Source: National composition of the population. 2001 Ukrainian Population Census. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine'''
National structure by regionsNote: listed are those nationalities which comprise more than 0.1% of regional population. Numbers are given in thousands.
Autonomous Republic of Crimea - 2,024.0 (100%)
Russians - 1,180.4 (58.5%)
Ukrainians - 492.2 (24.4%)
Crimean Tatars - 243.4 (12.1%)
Belarusians - 29.2 (1.5%)
Tatars - 11.0 (0.5%)
Armenians - 8.7 (0.4%)
Jews - 4.5 (0.2%)
Poles - 3.8 (0.2%)
Moldovans - 3.7 (0.2%)
Azeris - 3.7 (0.2%)
Uzbeks - 2.9 (0.1%)
Koreans - 2.9 (0.1%)
Greeks - 2.8 (0.1%)
Germans - 2.5 (0.1%)
Mordvins - 2.2 (0.1%)
Chuvashi - 2.1 (0.1%)
Cherkasy Oblast - 1,398.3 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,301.2 (93.1%)
Russians - 75.6 (5.4%)
Belarusians - 3.9 (0.3%)
Armenians - 1.7 (0.1%)
Moldovans - 1.6 (0.1%)
Jews - 1.5 (0.1%)
Chernihiv Oblast - 1,236.1 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,155.4 (93.5%)
Russians - 62.2 (5.0%)
Belarusians - 7.1 (0.6%)
Chernivtsi Oblast - 919.0 (100%)
Ukrainians - 689.1 (75.0%)
Romanians - 114.6 (12.5%)
Moldovans - 67.2 (7.3%)
Russians - 37.9 (4.1%)
Poles - 3.4 (0.4%)
Belarusians - 1.5 (0.2%)
Jews - 1.4 (0.2%)
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast - 3,561.2 (100%)
Ukrainians - 2,825.8 (79.3%)
Russians - 627.5 (17.6%)
Belarusians - 29.5 (0.8%)
Jews - 13.7 (0.4%)
Armenians - 10.6 (0.3%)
Azeris - 5.6 (0.2%)
Donetsk Oblast - 4,825.6 (100%)
Ukrainians - 2,744.1 (56.9%)
Russians - 1,844.4 (38.2%)
Greeks - 77.5 (1.6%)
Belarusians - 44.5 (0.9%)
Tatars - 19.2 (0.4%)
Armenians - 15.7 (0.3%)
Jews - 8.8 (0.2%)
Azeris - 8.1 (0.2%)
Georgians - 7.2 (0.2%)
Moldovans - 7.2 (0.2%)
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast - 1,406.1 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,371.2 (97.5%)
Russians - 24.9 (1.8%)
Poles - 1.9 (0.2%)
Belarusians - 1.5 (0.2%)
Kharkiv Oblast - 2,895.8 (100%)
Ukrainians - 2,048.7 (70.7%)
Russians - 742.0 (25.6%)
Belarusians - 14.7 (0.5%)
Jews - 11.5 (0.4%)
Armenians - 11.1 (0.4%)
Kherson Oblast - 1,172.7 (100%)
Ukrainians - 961.6 (82.0%)
Russians - 165.2 (14.1%)
Belarusians - 8.1 (0.7%)
Tatars - 5.3 (0.5%)
Armenians - 4.5 (0.4%)
Moldovans - 4.1 (0.4%)
Khmelnytskyi Oblast - 1,426.6 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,339.3 (93.9%)
Russians - 50.7 (3.6%)
Poles - 23.0 (1.6%)
Kirovohrad Oblast - 1,125.7 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,014.6 (90.1%)
Russians - 83.9 (7.5%)
Moldovans - 8.2 (0.7%)
Belarusians - 5.5 (0.5%)
Armenians - 2.9 (0.3%)
Kyiv Oblast - 1,821.1 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,684.8 (92.5%)
Russians - 109.3 (6.0%)
Belarusians - 8.6 (0.5%)
Luhansk Oblast - 2,540.2 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,472.4 (58.0%)
Russians - 991.8 (39.0%)
Belarusians - 20.5 (0.8%)
Tatars - 8.5 (0.3%)
Armenians - 6.5 (0.3%)
Lviv Oblast - 2,606.0 (100%)
Ukrainians - 2,471.0 (94.8%)
Russians - 92.6 (3.6%)
Poles - 18.9 (0.7%)
Mykolaiv Oblast - 1,262.9 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,034.5 (81.9%)
Russians - 177.5 (14.1%)
Moldovans - 13.1 (1.0%)
Belarusians - 8.3 (0.7%)
Bulgarians - 5.6 (0.4%)
Armenians - 4.2 (0.3%)
Jews - 3.2 (0.3%)
Odesa Oblast - 2,455.7 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,542.3 (62.8%)
Russians - 508.5 (20.7%)
Bulgarians - 150.6 (6.1%)
Moldovans - 123.7 (5.0%)
Gagauz - 27.6 (1.1%)
Jews - 13.3 (0.5%)
Belarusians - 12.7 (0.5%)
Armenians - 7.4 (0.3%)
Poltava Oblast - 1,621.2 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,481.1 (91.4%)
Russians - 117.1 (7.2%)
Belarusians - 6.3 (0.4%)
Rivne Oblast - 1,171.4 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,123.4 (95.9%)
Russians - 30.1 (2.6%)
Belarusians - 11.8 (1.0%)
Sumy Oblast - 1,296.8 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,152.0 (88.8%)
Russians - 121.7 (9.4%)
Belarusians - 4.3 (0.3%)
Ternopil Oblast - 1,138.5 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,113.5 (97.8%)
Russians - 14.2 (1.2%)
Poles - 3.8 (0.3%)
Vinnytsia Oblast - 1,763.9 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,674.1 (94.9%)
Russians - 67.5 (3.8%)
Volyn Oblast - 1,057.2 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,025.0 (96.9%)
Russians - 25.1 (2.4%)
Belarusians - 3.2 (0.3%)
Zakarpattia Oblast - 1,254.6 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,010.1 (80.5%)
Hungarians - 151.5 (12.1%)
Romanians - 32.1 (2.6%)
Russians - 31.0 (2.5%)
Gypsies - 14.0 (1.1%)
Slovaks - 5.6 (0.5%)
Germans - 3.5 (0.3%)
Zaporizhzhia Oblast - 1,926.8 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,364.1 (70.8%)
Russians - 476.8 (24.7%)
Bulgarians - 27.7 (1.4%)
Belarusians - 12.6 (0.7%)
Armenians - 6.4 (0.3%)
Tatars - 5.1 (0.3%)
Zhytomyr Oblast - 1,389.3 (100%)
Ukrainians - 1,255.0 (90.3%)
Russians - 68.9 (5.0%)
Poles - 49.0 (3.5%)
Belarusians - 4.9 (0.4%)
Kyiv - 2,567.0 (100%)
Ukrainians - 2,110.8 (82.2%)
Russians - 337.3 (13.1%)
Jews - 17.9 (0.7%)
Belarusians - 16.5 (0.6%)
Poles - 6.9 (0.3%)
Sevastopol - 377.2 (100%)
Russians - 270.0 (71.6%)
Ukrainians - 84.4 (22.4%)
Belarusians - 5.8 (1.6%)
Tatars - 2.5 (0.7%)
Crimean Tatars - 1.8 (0.5%)
Armenians - 1.3 (0.3%)
Jews - 1.0 (0.3%)Source: National composition of the population. 2001 Ukrainian Population Census. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
References
External links
2001 Census. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
2001 Census results. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
How the Ukrainians will be counted, Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), November 24–30, 2001, in Ukrainian, in Russian.
Law of Ukraine "About the All-Ukrainian Census" (Ukrainian)
Census
2001
2001 censuses
December 2001 events in Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20Ukrainian%20census |
Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal District is one of the twenty-two districts in Central Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem District, which was created from the Cape Coast Municipal Council; until it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status on 29 February 2008 to become Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal District. The municipality is located in the southwest part of Central Region and has Elmina as its capital town.
List of settlements
Sources
District: Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal District
References
Central Region (Ghana)
Districts of the Central Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem%20Municipal%20District |
Kpando Municipal District is one of the eighteen districts in Volta Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989 when it was known as Kpando District, until the southern part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 19 August 2004 to create South Dayi District; thus the remaining part has been retained as Kpando District. However on 28 June 2012, the southern part of the district was later split off to create North Dayi District on 28 June 2012; while the remaining part was elevated to municipal district assembly status on the same year to become Kpando Municipal District. The municipality is located in the western part of Volta Region and has Kpando as its capital town.
Background
Kpando, the municipal district capital, is about 70 km from Ho, the regional capital. The location of the Municipality places it at a strategic position with potential for fast economic growth and development. The municipality lies within Latitudes 6° 20’ N and 7° 05’ N, and Longitude 0° 17’ E. The Volta Lake, which stretches over 80 km of the coastal line, demarcates the western boundary. The Kpando Municipality shares boundaries with Biakoye District in the north, Afajato South District to the East and North Dayi District in the south.
The population of the Municipality according to 2010 population and housing census stands at 53,736 with 25,904 males and 27,832 females. Kpando Municipal is one of the oldest districts in the Volta Region of Ghana which span into the current Oti Region. Kpando Tokor is a fishing community along the Lake Volta. It also serve as a point to crossing the Lake Volta to Afram plains and other nearby villages using outboard motor powered boats or the government operated pontoon.
Boundaries
Kpando Municipal District is bounded by:
the Lake Volta to the west,
Afadzato South to the East,
Biakoye District to the north, and
North Dayi District to the south.
Villages
In addition to Kpandu, the Capital Town and Administrative Centre made up of Kpando Gabi, Kpando Tsakpe and Kpando Aloyi the Kpando Municipal District contains the following villages:
Tertiary Institutions
Margaret Marquart Catholic Nursing Training College
Senior High Schools
Bishop Herman College
Kpando Senior High School
Kpando Technical School
Hospitals
Margaret Marquart Catholic Hospital
St. Patrick's Hospital
Hotels & Guest Houses
Cedes Guest House
Typical Guesthouse
Same Sisters Guest House
Typical Guest House
First Class Guest House
Catherine's Guest House
Buggie Hotel
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of Volta Region
2012 establishments in Ghana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpando%20Municipal%20District |
Krachi West District is one of the eight districts in Oti Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Krachi District on 10 March 1989, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1501, until the eastern part of the district was split off to create Krachi East District on 4 August 2004 (which was later elevated to municipal district assembly status to become Krachi East Municipal District on 14 November 2017 (effectively 15 March 2018); which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2281), which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1747; thus the remaining part has been renamed to become Krachi West District. However, on 28 June 2012, the northern part of the district was split off to create Krachi Nchumuru District, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2078; thus the remaining part has been retained as Krachi West District. The district assembly is located in the northern part of Oti Region and has Kete Krachi as its capital town.
Location and geography
Location
Krachi West District is surrounded by Nkwanta North District to the east, Nkwanta South District is to the south, and Kadjebi District is to the west.
Villages
In addition to Kete Krachi, the capital and administrative centre, Krachi West District contains the following villages:
See also
Krachi West District at GhanaDistricts.com
References
External links
Krachi West District Official Website
Districts of the Oti Region
States and territories established in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krachi%20West%20District |
Garlic knots are a type of garlic bread found primarily in pizzerias around New York City and the surrounding regions. They were developed in the 1940s in Brooklyn. Many pizzerias claim to be the progenitors of the baked good.
As they are a way to make use of scraps, garlic knots tend to be the least expensive item on a pizzeria menu, often provided as complimentary with larger orders.
Making garlic knots
Garlic knots are typically made from bread dough. The dough is rolled and then pulled into small, tight overhand knots, and pre-baked in a pizza oven (temperatures of 700 °F or higher). The knots are then dipped in or generously brushed with a mix of oil, Parmesan cheese, and crushed garlic; variations can include finely chopped parsley, dried oregano, or black pepper. Before serving, garlic knots are baked a second time, and may be accompanied by marinara sauce.
See also
List of hors d'oeuvre
References
External links
Pizza
Appetizers
Garlic dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic%20knot |
Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (abbreviated as the KMA) is one of the 261 Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) in Ghana. It forms part of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana with Kumasi being its administrative capital. The metropolis is located in the central part of Ashanti Region and has Kumasi (the regional capital) as its capital city.
History
The city of Kumasi was founded by King Osei Tutu I in the 1680s to serve as the capital of the Asante State .
Due to the location of Kumasi and its dominance in the politics of the Gold coast in the early days, Kumasi evolved into a major commercial hub with all the major trading routes across the country converging within it. Unfortunately due to the colonial rule Kumasi also came under the British rule in 1890. Kumasi grew with time and eventually evolved to become the second largest city in terms of land area, population size, economic activity and socio-economic lifestyle to Accra the largest in Ghana. The beautiful greenery layout of the city accorded it the accolade of being called the “Garden City of West Africa”
Originally founded in 1680, "Kumasi" later became known as the Kumasi City Council from 1988 until 1995, when it was upgraded into metropolitan assembly status. Evolving around the three communities of Adum, Krobo and Bompata, Kumasi has eventually grown in a concentric form to cover an area of approximately ten (10) kilometers in radius. The direction of growth was originally and initially along the arterial roads due to the accessibility and permeability they offered resulting in a radial pattern of development.
Location
The Kumasi Metropolitan is about 270 km north of the Accra, which is the national capital of Ghana, 120 km south east of Sunyani the capital of the Bono Region and it is located between Latitude 6.35° N and 6.40° S and Longitude 1.30° W and 1.35° E and elevated 250 to 300 meters above sea level. The surface area is approximately 214.3 square kilometers which is about 0.9 percent of the region’s land area.It is located in the transitional forest zone.
Structure
The Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA) was established by Legislative Instrument 1614 of 1995 under Local Government Law 1988, NDPC law 207, which replaced the Local Government Act 462, 1993. The LI 1614 of 1995 under the under Local Government Law 1988, NDPC law 207 established the Kumasi Metropolitan area and divided it into an initial 4 sub-metropolitan area namely Asokwa, Bantama, Manhyia and Subin.
In 2005, The LI, 1914 was amended as LI 1805, 2005 divided the Metropolitan Assembly into 10 Sub-Metropolitan District Councils namely Asawase, Asokwa, Bantama, Kwadaso, Manhyia, Nhyiaeso, Oforikrom, Suame, Subin and Tafo.
In 2012, Asawase Sub-Metropolitan District Council was carved out from KMA to create the Asokore Mampong Municipal District Assembly through LI 2112. Thus leaving the Kumasi Metropolis with nine sub-metropolitan districts councils. For effective administration, Kumasi Metropolises continuously worked in its divided 9 Sub-Metropolitan District Councils namely Asokwa, Bantama, Kwadaso, Manhyia, Nhyiaeso, Oforikrom, Suame, Subin and Tafo.
In 2017, five (5) former sub-metropolitan district councils were upgraded to municipal assembly status, which consist of the following: Asokwa Municipal District, Kwadaso Municipal District, Oforikrom Municipal District, Old Tafo Municipal District and Suame Municipal District.
Administration
The political governance of the Metropolises vested in Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA). It is made up of the Metropolitan Chief Executive who is the head and also represents the central government, 136 Assembly members who have power to vote, Members of Parliament and heads of departments of the Assembly.
The Metropolitan Chief Executive or the Mayor of Kumasi is appointed by the President and accepted by not less two-thirds of the General Assembly through voting.
The current Metropolitan Chief Executive is Samuel Pyne.
References
Sources
Kumasi Metropolitan District
External links
Official Website
Kumasi
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi%20Metropolitan%20Assembly |
Garlic powder is a spice that is derived from dehydrated garlic and used in cooking for flavour enhancement. The process of making garlic powder includes drying and dehydrating the vegetable, then powdering it through machinery or home-based appliances depending on the scale of production. Garlic powder is a common component of spice mix. It is also a common component of seasoned salt.
Production
Cultivation
There are two types of garlic species: Softneck (Allium sativum sativum) and Hardneck (Allium sativum ophioscorodon). Hardneck garlic varieties are believed to have more flavour than Softneck garlics, characterized by a spicy and more complex taste than other garlic strands. While Hardneck Garlics flourish in cold weather, due to their extensive time of vernalization, Softnecks seemingly grow better in warmer climates. Distinguishing between a Hardneck and Softneck garlic is done through the presence of a scape (flower stalk). The garlic species most commonly used to powder is the Softneck variety. Due to their less-complex scent and taste, the Softneck species are more suited as a garnish or spice in dishes and also have a longer storage life than Hardneck varieties.
Garlic cloves thrive when planted in mid-autumn, in a location with plentiful sunlight. In tropical areas, garlic most successfully grows when planted in Autumn, maturing in early summer and is planted in later Autumn in cooler areas, to be harvested in late Summer. The larger bulbs are split and inserted into soil, around 4-6 inches apart, and 3 inches deep, with the pointy end facing upwards. Softneck and Hardneck garlic are planted identically, however, Softneck garlics are more suited to warmer climates.
Garlic must be harvested at a particular time in order to prevent the vegetable from rotting, while also maximising the growth of each bulb within the skin. Green garlic is indicative of harvesting that has taken place before the cloves have ripened, ‘soft’ garlic is the term given to a harvested garlic that is fully developed, while damaged garlic, with a caramelised appearance inside, has been harvested too late and a result of frost. When the leaves turn yellow in colour, harvesting may be initiated.
Manufacturing
Garlic cloves are peeled and sliced. In most cases, the garlic is then heated to a temperature of between 150° and 160 °C (~300-320 °F). The water is removed to a moisture content of about 6.5%. The dehydrated garlic is then further sliced, chopped, or minced until the powder is reduced to the desired particle size.
Manufacturing garlic powder on a larger scale involves various steps, from extraction of the garlic bulbs to packaging the final powder. After harvesting the raw garlic, bulbs are cleaned under mild pressure to remove skin and separate the cloves. The garlic is then dehydrated using both historical and newly developed methods. While old methods, such as using natural elements of sun and wind to evaporate water from foodstuffs are still utilized in many parts of the world, new technology has enabled for more flexible and economically viable procedures such as vacuum and freeze drying. Once the garlic cloves are dried and dehydrated, they are powdered using large scale machines and powdering units.
Milling is the process of using mechanical action to break down substances through rotary cutting. As powder processing generally includes additives and is done in a bulk scale, the milling process breaks down materials to the required size for suppliers. Milling may require a series of steps, from de-agglomeration to fine grinding. The four components include Delumpers, Conical mills, Hammermills and Fine grinders. The garlic powder industry utilises milling machinery in order to progress with large scale production. The integrated systems of the machine consist of Feeding and metering, Sifting, Conveying and Dust collection. Another major machine used in the process of creating garlic powder is a vacuum dehydrator, which takes all the moisture from the vegetable without spoiling colour, scent and taste. Freeze drying is also used in the garlic industry as an alternative to vacuum dryers.
In India, on a scale of 300 tonnes of garlic powder production per year, the manpower required to operate the machinery and overlook the production units is 12 persons. The estimate for this scale of production is around two skilled workers, two semi skilled workers and eight helpers.
Regions
There are approximately 300 types of garlic produced worldwide. Garlic market regions include North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific. Within China, which produces the largest amounts of garlic, there are five main provinces in which garlic is grown, including Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Hebei. As soft neck varieties tend to flourish in warmer climates where winters are mild, the Chinese provinces are suitable for harvesting and manufacturing garlic powder.
Market
The market for garlic powder can be split into multiple segments based on source, packaging, end use and distribution channels. The key market players in the Garlic Powder industry are inclusive of some of the world's most renowned manufacturers and suppliers such as McCormick & Company, Garlico, Masterfoods, and Amazon.
China is the largest producer of garlic powder, followed by India, with both countries consuming garlic powder as part of their native cuisines and having hundreds of their own internal suppliers within the countries.
Usage
History
While doubts still remain about garlic's exact origins, it is believed to have originated in Central Asia, South Asia, or southwestern Siberia. Garlic grows wildly in Italy and Southern France, but is predominantly grown in China, which accounts for 20.0 million tonnes of Garlic per year (80% of total production). Garlic has been a substance used for thousands of years and has served many purposes, from medicinal uses to culinary and spiritual practices. The nutritional properties of garlic have created many benefits for human use and offer a wide range of purposes.
Culinary use
The use of garlic as a food has ancient origins in Asia. Garlic has been used for centuries as a wholefood, and as a flavouring agent. Garlic can be manipulated in multiple ways to create bio-products, such as powder, oil and salt, to enhance foods in both nutrients and flavour.
Storage
Dependent on the storage conditions, garlic powder generally lasts in good condition up to 4 years. Manufactured garlic powders have a ‘best before’ date printed on them to provide an estimate for how long the powder will be in peak condition for in respect to flavour and texture. Garlic powder must be stored in a cool, dry place, to avoid clumping of the powder. If powder is exposed to moisture or heat, it could cause the product to harden or clump.
Fresh garlic remains ripe for up to half a year as a whole bulb, and up to a month if it is an unpeeled clove, while dehydrated garlic can last for years.
Composition and nutrition
Garlic powder is 73% carbohydrates (including 9% dietary fiber), 17% protein, 1% fat, and 6% water. In a 100 gram reference amount, garlic powder supplies 332 calories, and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (30% DV), thiamin (31% DV), vitamin B6 (147% DV), and several dietary minerals.
See also
Celery powder
Garlic oil
Onion powder
Garlic salt
Spices
References
Garlic
Spices
Powders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic%20powder |
Nehren is a community on the outskirts of the Swabian Jura and belongs to the district of Tübingen and its catchment area. The following communities and towns border on the community of Nehren (clockwise, beginning in the north): Gomaringen, Mössingen, Ofterdingen and Dußlingen.
History
Nehren was mentioned documentary for the first time in 1086. The settlement in today's form developed in the 15th and 16th centuries, when the abutting villages Nehren and Hauchlingen were combined, after they had been "churchly combined" some years before.
In the 18th century, some row graves were uncovered near "the Kappel". In the northeast of the railway Tübingen-Sigmaringen an area of the Hallstatt Time (about 8th-5th century BC), with approximately 30 grave hills, forms one of the biggest grave fields in the district of Tübingen. In former times Nehren possessed even a castle. During an excavation of the castle hill in the corridor "Weihergarten" in 1951 the foundation walls of a rectangular building, perhaps of a stone house or a tower, were laid open.
During the Thirty Years' War (1618 to 1648), Nehren suffered from draughts of alternating ruler's troops because of its location near the "Swiss road" (today: national road 27). The village was plundered and many houses and barns were destroyed.
More specific information about Nehren offer the "village chronicles". They were penned in 1838 by pastor Friedrich August Köhler (1768–1844), who worked and lived here for more than 10 years.
Demographics
Population development:
Public transportation
The L 384 state road connects Nehren to the close-by federal road B27. In this way Nehren is connected to Tübingen and Stuttgart in the north and Balingen and Rottweil in the south.
The railroad line Tübingen-Hechingen-Sigmaringen has a hold point in the community.
The public local traffic is warranted by the transport association Neckar-Alb-Donau (Naldo)
Famous people from Nehren
Stephan Matthai, German geologist, petroleum engineer and university professor
Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933), professor of philosophy
Ernst Wulle, (1832-1902), German brewer, entrepreneur and founder of a non-profit organization
References
External links
Tübingen (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehren%2C%20Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg |
Kwaebibirem Municipal District is one of the thirty-three districts in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Kwaebibirem District, which was created from the former West Akim District Council. However on 6 February 2012 (effectively 28 June 2012), the southern part of the district was split off to create Denkyembour District; thus the remaining part has been retained as Kwaebibirem District. Later, it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018 to become 'Kwaebibirem Municipal District. The municipality is located in the southern part of Eastern Region and has Kade as its capital town.
List of settlements
Sources
District: Kwaebibirem Municipal District
References
-
Districts of the Eastern Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaebibirem%20Municipal%20District |
Listen, Learn, Read On is a box set released by the English hard rock band Deep Purple in 2002.
It is a collection of 74 tracks distributed in six CDs, around a quarter of which were unreleased prior to the album; all the tracks were subject to extensive re-mastering at EMI's Abbey Road Studios. The set starts with a selection of early tracks by the members of the band before they joined Deep Purple.
The box set also houses a format book written by Deep Purple archivist Simon Robinson, which tells the band's story via 120 pages of text, pictures, cuttings, memorabilia, musician profiles and discographies.
Listen, Learn, Read On has been deleted from EMI's catalogue and is no longer in production.
Release and reception
Dave Thompson of AllMusic writes Amid the ever-growing tide of Deep Purple box sets (this was at least their eighth in nine years), Listen Learn Read On stands alone, not only as the ultimate round-up of the band's greatest moments, but also as the answer to more collectors' dreams than most collectors were even aware they'd had. You want Deep Purple's long-legendary, but forever unavailable BBC sessions? They're here. You want the killer live encores that other albums omitted? They're here. You want a solid introduction to the band members' pre-Purple passages? They're here. And, of course, you want the hits.
This monster set is certainly the most luxurious collection on the band ever issued, and was twice runner up in 'best box set' category in Record Collector's annual poll.
Track listing
All songs written by Ritchie Blackmore, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Jon Lord and Ian Paice except where indicated.
Disc one: Pre Purple and Mk 1
"Keep a Knockin'" (Penniman) 2:34
The Outlaws [feat. Ritchie Blackmore]
"You'll Never Stop Me Loving You" (Roger Lewis) 3:28
M.I. Five [feat. Rod Evans, Ian Paice]'
"Only Time Will Tell" (Lewis) 2:11
M.I. Five [feat. Evans, Paice]
"Send for That Girl" (Rowland Barter) 2:42
Johnny Kidd & the Pirates [feat. Nick Simper]
"Porcupine Juice" (Gus Dudgeon/Lord) 3:13
Santa Barbara Machine Head [feat. Jon Lord]
"I Can See Through You" (Roger Glover) 3:23
Episode Six [feat. Ian Gillan, Roger Glover]
"Mr. Universe" (Hal David/Gillan) 4:17
Episode Six [feat. Gillan, Glover]
"Medusa" (Hughes) 5:40
Trapeze [feat. Glenn Hughes]
"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?" (Robert Lamm) 3:17
The Government [feat. David Coverdale]
"See My People Come Together" (Bolin) 6:07
Zephyr [feat. Tommy Bolin]
"Hush" (South) 4:13
"Help" (Lennon–McCartney) 6:00
"Shield" (Lord/Blackmore/Evans) 6:01
"Listen, Learn, Read On" (Blackmore/Lord/Evans/Paice) 4:00
"Kentucky Woman" (Neil Diamond) 4:41
"Playground" (Blackmore/Lord/Simper/Paice) 4:31 (The Book of Taliesyn out-take)
"Emmaretta" (Blackmore/Lord/Evans) 2:58 (single A-side)
"The Bird Has Flown" (Blackmore/Lord/Evans) 2:51 (US single B-side)
Disc two: Mk 1 and Mk 2
"Why Didn't Rosemary?" (Blackmore/Lord/Evans/Simper/Paice) 5:02
"Hallelujah" (Greenaway/Cook) 3:40 (single A-side)
"Ricochet" 3:04 (BBC session 11 Aug 1969)
"The Bird Has Flown" (Blackmore/Lord/Evans) 3:03 (BBC session)
"Hush" (South) 4:16 (Live, Royal Albert Hall, 24 Sep 1969)
"Concerto Third Movement reprise" (Lord) 5:36 (Live, Royal Albert Hall)
"Wring That Neck" (Lord/Blackmore/Simper/Paice) 20:43 (Live, Montreux Casino, 4 Oct 1969)
"Jam Stew" 3:54 (BBC session 31 Oct 1969)
"Speed King" 3:23 (BBC session)
"Cry Free" 3:08 (Deep Purple in Rock out-take)
"Hard Lovin' Man" 4:12 (BBC session 21 Apr 1970)
"Bloodsucker" 3:14 (BBC session)
"Living Wreck" 2:58 (BBC session)
"Studio Chat / Jam" 0:40
"Flight of the Rat" 7:53 (95 remix)
Disc three: Mk 2
"Mandrake Root" (Blackmore/Evans) 30:02 (Live, Stockholm, 12 Nov 1970)
"Grabsplatter" 4:30 (BBC session 23 Sep 1970)
"Child in Time" 10:47 (BBC session)
"Jon Lord Interview" 1:35
"Black Night" 3:28 (BBC session)
"Into the Fire" 3:48 (BBC session)
"Fools" 5:19
"Fireball" 3:23
"No One Came" 6:24
"Demon's Eye" 6:08 (96 remix)
Disc four: Mk 2 and Mk 3
"No No No" 7:16 (Live, Beat Club, German TV Sep 1971)
"Highway Star" 6:08 (Live, Beat Club)
"Smoke on the Water" 5:49 (Quad Mix UK 1974)
"Never Before" 4:01 (Quad Mix)
"When a Blind Man Cries" 3:27 (97 remix)
"Strange Kind of Woman" 8:44 (BBC in Concert, Paris Theatre 9 Mar 1972)
"Lazy" 11:13 (Live, Tokyo, 17 Aug 1972)
"Black Night" 5:47 (Live, Osaka, 16 Aug 1972)
"Woman from Tokyo" 6:24 (99 remix)
"Smooth Dancer" 4:08
"Mary Long" 4:26 (99 remix)
"Burn" (Blackmore/Lord/Paice/Coverdale) 6:00
"Might Just Take Your Life" (Blackmore/Lord/Paice/Coverdale) 4:36
Disc five: Mk 3
"Sail Away" (Blackmore/Coverdale) 5:47
"Coronarias Redig" (Blackmore/Lord/Paice) 4:52 (single B-side)
"You Fool No One" (Blackmore/Lord/Paice/Coverdale) 18:58 (Live, Ontario Speedway, 6 Apr 1974)
"Mistreated" (Blackmore/Coverdale) 12:02 (Live, San Diego Sports Arena, 9 Apr 1974)
"Space Truckin'" 29:52 (Live, Kilburn Gaumont, 22 May 1974)
Disc six: Mk 3 and Mk 4
"Stormbringer" (Blackmore/Coverdale) 4:04 (Quad Mix)
"Soldier of Fortune" (Blackmore/Coverdale) 3:14 (Quad Mix)
"Hold On" (Coverdale/Hughes/Lord/Paice) 5:08 (Quad Mix)
"High Ball Shooter" (Blackmore/Coverdale/Hughes/Lord/Paice) 4:30 (Instrumental mix)
"The Gypsy" (Blackmore/Coverdale/Hughes/Lord/Paice) 5:43 (Live, Paris Palais des Sports, 7 Apr 1975)
"Drifter" (Bolin/Coverdale) 3:58 (California live rehearsal, June 1975)
"Dance to the Rock 'n' Roll" (Bolin/Coverdale/Hughes/Lord/Paice) 10:59 (California live rehearsal, Jam)
"This Time Around/Owed to 'G'" (Hughes/Lord; Bolin) 6:06
"Love Child" (Bolin/Coverdale) 3:03
"Wild Dogs" (Bolin/Tesar) 5:54 (Live, Tokyo Budokan, 15 Dec 1975)
"Lady Luck" (Cook/Coverdale) 3:24 (Live, Long Beach Arena, 27 Feb 1976)
"Gettin' Tighter" (Bolin/Hughes) 13:18 (Live, Long Beach Arena)
"You Keep on Moving" (Coverdale/Hughes) 5:18
Personnel
Mk 1: 1968-1969 – Ritchie Blackmore, Rod Evans, Nick Simper, Jon Lord, Ian Paice
Mk 2: 1969-1973 – Ritchie Blackmore, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Jon Lord, Ian Paice
Mk 3: 1973-1975 – Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, Ian Paice
Mk 4: 1975-1976 – Tommy Bolin, David Coverdale, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, Ian Paice
References
External links
Listen, Learn, Read on the Original Official Deep Purple Webpages
Albums produced by Derek Lawrence
Albums produced by Martin Birch
2002 compilation albums
Deep Purple compilation albums
EMI Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen%2C%20Learn%2C%20Read%20On |
Kwabre District is a former district that was located in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which it was created from the former Kwabre-Sekyere District Council; until the western part of the district was split off to become the southern portion of Afigya-Kwabre District on 1 November 2007 (effectively 29 February 2008); while the remaining portion has since then been officially renamed as Kwabre East District, which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status to become Kwabre East Municipal District on 1 November 2017 (effectively 15 March 2018). The district assembly was located in the northern part of Ashanti Region and had Mamponteng as its capital town.
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwabre%20District |
The Sammamish (Lushootseed: ) people are a Coast Salish Native American tribe in the Sammamish River Valley in central King County, Washington. Their name is variously translated as ssts'p-abc ("meander dwellers", a group residing around Bothell), s-tah-PAHBSH ("willow people") or as Samena ("hunter people"), which was corrupted into Sammamish. According to Hitchman, it does not mean "hunter people": the name is derived from samma, meaning "the sound of the blue crane" and mish, meaning "river." The name may have originated with the Snoqualmie—some tribal members once lived along the lake near the bottom of Inglewood Hill - but this has not been verified. They were also known to early European-American settlers as "Squak", "Simump", and "Squowh." Squak is a corruption of sqwa'ux, meaning Issaquah Creek, which was a village site on Sammamish Lake . They were closely related to the Duwamish, and have often been considered a Duwamish sub-group as part of the Xacuabš ("People of the Large Lake") who lived near Lake Washington . Like the Duwamish, the Sammamish originally spoke a southern dialect of Lushootseed .
The largest Sammamish village was tlah-WAH-dees at the mouth of the Sammamish River, which at the time was between present-day Kenmore and Bothell, east of its present location at the southwest corner of Kenmore. The mouth of the river moved to the west after 1916, when Lake Washington was lowered nine feet by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. A second Sammamish village with at least one longhouse was located near what is now Issaquah. When Europeans from the Hudson's Bay Company arrived in the area in 1832, the Sammamish had several permanent and seasonal settlements along the length of the river, and numbered as many as 200.
In 1855, the United States government signed the Treaty of Point Elliott with the putative leaders of most of the Puget Sound tribes, including Chief Seattle of the Duwamish. The territorial governor moved to enforce the treaty by relocating the tribes named in the treaty, including the Sammamish. Many of the Sammamish, including a leader known as Sah-wich-ol-gadhw, did not accept the validity of the treaty. Negotiations with Indian agent 'Doc' Maynard were unsuccessful, and in 1856 some of the Sammamish joined in the Battle of Seattle, a raid on the White settler population. After this attack and the brief Puget Sound War, the Sammamish relocated from the river valley to reservations named in the treaty, or to non-reservation lands . Local sawmill owner and real estate developer Henry Yesler, who had previously used local Indians as laborers, aided the removal and relocation . As with the relocation of other Northwest natives, the occupation of lands and the relocation of people was probably significantly enabled by the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, which may have killed as much as half of the remaining native population, as well as by the devastation from the effects of various previous epidemics.
After this relocation, descendants of the Sammamish dispersed into other tribes, including the Suquamish, Snoqualmie, and the people of the Tulalip Reservation, and are generally considered members of those tribes.
See also
Coast Salish peoples
History of Seattle before 1900
Notes
Bibliography
Page links to Village Descriptions Duwamish-Seattle section "Village Descriptions Duwamish-Seattle". Dailey referenced "Puget Sound Geography" by T. T. Waterman. Washington DC: National Anthropological Archives, mss. and "Indian Lake Washington" by David Buerge in the Seattle Weekly, Aug 1-Aug 7, 1984. Recommended start is "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound" "Start Page".
, referencing:
Reed Ramsey, "Postmarked Washington, 1850–1960," Microfilm (Olympia: Washington State Library, February, 1966), 607-610
David Buerge, "Indian Lake Washington," The Weekly, August 1, 1984, pp. 29–33
Sarah Lopez Williams, "Small Places Hit By Growth Too," The Seattle Times, January 15, 1997, p. B-1
Clayton Park, "Truly Site In Limbo Again As State Ponders College Site," Puget Sound Business Journal, February 26, 1993, p. 16
Fred Klein, comp., Slough of Memories: Recollections of Life in Bothell, Kenmore, North Creek, Woodinville, 1920–1990 (Seattle: Peanut Butter Press, 1992)
Amy Eunice Stickney, Lucille McDonald, Squak Slough, 1870–1920: Early Days on the Sammamish River, Woodinville-Bothell-Kenmore (Seattle: Friends of the Bothell Library, 1977)
Clarence B. Bagley, History of King County (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1929), 856-861.
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest
Native American tribes in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammamish%20people |
Caparaó National Park () is a national park created in 1961 to protect the Caparaó Mountains, located on the border between Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo states in Brazil. Pico da Bandeira, one of the highest mountains in Brazil, is located there.
Location
The park was created by decree No. 50146 of 24 May 1961.
It was created by President Jânio Quadros with an area of about .
The purpose was to protect the natural resources and support ecotourism activities.
The park lies in the Serra do Caparaó on the border between the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo.
It has an area of about , of which 80% is in Espírito Santo.
It includes parts of the municipalities of Alto Caparaó, Alto Jequitibá, Caparaó and Espera Feliz in Minas Gerais, and of Dores do Rio Preto, Divino de São Lourenço, Ibitirama, Iúna and Irupi in Espírito Santo.
It became part of the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor, created in 2002.
Altitude ranges from .
The park contains the third highest peak in Brazil, the Pico da Bandeira.
Ten other peaks are over in altitude.
It protects the watersheds of the Itabapoana, Itapemirim and Doce rivers.
Annual rainfall is about .
Average temperatures range from , but in winter (June and July) it is common to have temperatures below freezing at the higher altitudes.
Biota
The Serra do Caparaó has a very representative area of Atlantic Forest, with unique examples of alpine meadows.
The park has several species of endemic and endangered flora and fauna.
On the east side in the state of Espírito Santo the vegetation is mainly tropical rainforest.
On the dryer west side in Minas Gerais it has tropical rainforest up to , then high-altitude forest with brushwood up to , and above that open fields among the rocky outcrops.
Plants at higher regions are adapted to stony soils, frost and ice crusts.
Fauna has suffered from hunting, but the park is still home to endangered species such as southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides), maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and pampas deer (Ozotocerus bezoarticus).
The park also includes species such as the jaguar, tapir, harpy eagle, black-fronted piping guan (Pipile jacutinga) and solitary tinamou (Tinamus solitarius).
Facilities
There is an entrance to the park in the municipality of Alto Caparaó, Minas Gerais, where the park headquarters are, and in the municipality of Dores do Rio Preto, Espírito Santo.
The Minas Gerais entrance was inaugurated in September 1998.
The visitor centre has space for exhibitions, and auditorium with capacity for 64 people, toilets, a souvenir shop and snack bar.
Access to the park is controlled.
Visitors may not bring domestic animals, hunting or fishing equipment, may not collect plants, fruit, animals or stones, and may not use two-wheeled vehicles.
There is an extensive network of hiking trails and four camping area for visitors with bathrooms and other facilities.
Notes
Sources
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Minas Gerais
Protected areas of Espírito Santo
Protected areas of the Atlantic Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capara%C3%B3%20National%20Park |
Kwahu South District is one of the thirty-three districts in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Kwahu District Council. Later, the southwest part of the district was split off to create Kwahu West District in August 2004 (which it later was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 1 July 2007 (effectively 29 February 2008) to become Kwahu West Municipal District); thus the remaining part has been retained as Kwahu South District. Then the northwest part of the district was split off to create Kwahu East District on 29 February 2008; thus the remaining part has been still retained as Kwahu South District. The district assembly is located in the western part of Eastern Region and has Mpraeso as its capital town.
List of settlements
Kwahu South District also contains the small town of Atibie. The other main small towns of Kwahu South District include: Bepong and Obo. Kwahu South District is popular for the Kwahu Easter holiday, at which time the Kwahu South District people is overcrowded.
Sources
District: Kwahu South
Eastern Region: Kwahu South
References
Districts of the Eastern Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwahu%20South%20District |
IEEE P802.1p was a task group active from 1995 to 1998, responsible for adding traffic class expediting and dynamic multicast filtering to the IEEE 802.1D standard. The task group developed a mechanism for implementing quality of service (QoS) at the media access control (MAC) level. Although this technique is commonly referred to as IEEE 802.1p, the group's work with the new priority classes and Generic Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP) was not published separately but was incorporated into a major revision of the standard, IEEE 802.1D-1998, which subsequently was incorporated into IEEE 802.1Q-2014 standard. The work also required a short amendment extending the frame size of the Ethernet standard by four bytes which was published as IEEE 802.3ac in 1998.
The QoS technique developed by the working group, also known as class of service (CoS), is a 3-bit field called the Priority Code Point (PCP) within an Ethernet frame header when using VLAN tagged frames as defined by IEEE 802.1Q. It specifies a priority value of between 0 and 7 inclusive that can be used by QoS disciplines to differentiate traffic.
Priority levels
Eight different classes of service are available as expressed through the 3-bit PCP field in an IEEE 802.1Q header added to the frame. The way traffic is treated when assigned to any particular class is undefined and left to the implementation. The IEEE, however, has made some broad recommendations:
Note that the above recommendations have been in force since IEEE 802.1Q-2005 and were revised from the original recommendations in IEEE 802.1D-2004 to better accommodate differentiated services for IP networking.
See also
IEEE 802.1
IEEE 802.11e
IEEE 802.3
Type of service (ToS)
Ethernet priority flow control
References
External links
IEEE 802.1D-2004 (contains original 802.1p changes - now part of 802.1Q-2014)
IEEE 802.1Q-2014 (incorporates 802.1D)
Quality of service
IEEE 802.1p
Working groups
Ethernet standards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20P802.1p |
Lawra Municipal is one of the eleven districts in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Originally, it was formerly part of the then-larger Lawra District in 1988, until the northern part of the district was later split off to create Nandom District on June 28, 2012; thus, the remaining part has remained as Lawra District, which was later elevated to municipal assembly status on March 15, 2018 to become Lawra Municipal Assembly. The municipality is located in the northwest part of the Upper West Region and has Lawra as its capital town.
Geography and climate
Geography
Lawra District lies in the North Western corner of the Upper West Region between Longitudes 2°25"W and 2°45"W and Latitudes 10°20"N and 11°00"N.
It is bounded to the East and South by the Jirapa/Lambussie District and Lambussie-Karni District. The total area of the District as at 2014 (GSS, 2012) is estimated to be 483.6 square kilometres. This constitutes about 2.6% of the Region's total area, which is estimated at 18,476 square kilometres. This follows the splitting of Nandom in 2012 as its own district.
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of Upper West Region
Upper West Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawra%20Municipal%20District |
John Patrick Riley (June 15, 1920 – February 3, 2016) was an American ice hockey player and coach. The hockey coach at West Point for more than 35 years, Riley coached the United States to the gold medal at the 1960 Squaw Valley Olympics. He played for the U.S. Olympic team at the 1948 St. Moritz Olympics. He received the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1986 and 2002, was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979, and into the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1998.
Biography
Riley was born in Boston in 1920 and raised in Medford, Massachusetts. He played prep-school hockey at Tabor Academy and was graduated in 1939. He played college hockey at Dartmouth College (1940–1942 and 1946–47) as well as for the U.S. Naval Air Corps (1942–1946). In 1948 he was part of an American team that was disqualified as two rival teams arrived for the Americans at the St. Moritz Olympics. (See Ice hockey at the 1948 Winter Olympics.) He was then player-coach of the national team at the 1949 IIHF World Championship.
Riley began his Army coaching career in 1950, remaining the Cadets' head coach through 1986. During his tenure, he twice won the Spencer Penrose Award for NCAA Coach of the Year. He was replaced by one of his sons, Rob Riley in 1986. Another son, Brian Riley, took over the job from Rob in 2004. Rob's son Brett was named as the inaugural head coach at Long Island University in 2020.
Riley was appointed to coach the USA team for the 1960 Olympic Games, the ninth held with hockey. The United States had finished with a silver medal in the last two Games in 1952 and 1956, with the latter being the first time the Soviet Union had won the gold medal. One of Riley's last decisions before the Games was to cut Herb Brooks (fresh from his play at Minnesota) from the team. Days later, his American team surprised the hockey world going undefeated in winning the country's first Olympic gold medal. Twenty years later, Brooks would be hired to coach the American team at Lake Placid, New York, which resulted in a gold medal for the country, which beat the Soviets (who had not lost to the Americans since 1960) on February 22, 1980, in the medal round before beating Finland to win the gold; the win over the Soviets is now referred to as the "Miracle on Ice". In Olympic hockey from 1956 to 1988, Riley and Brooks were the only coaches to lead a team to a gold medal over the Soviet Union.
Riley was inducted in the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979, and the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1998. He is a two-time winner of the Lester Patrick Trophy, in 1986 (as a coach) and 2002 (as a member of the Olympic gold medal-winning United States hockey team of 1960).
In the 1960s, Riley ran the Eastern Hockey Clinic (a hockey camp for high school-age players) in Worcester, Massachusetts. The camp had many NHL players as coaches, including John Ferguson, Tommy Williams (the only American NHL player at the time), Jean Ratelle, and Charlie Hodge. He died on February 3, 2016, at a retirement home in Sandwich, Massachusetts.
Head coaching record
See also
List of college men's ice hockey coaches with 400 wins
References
External links
masshockey.com Hall of Fame page
1920 births
2016 deaths
American ice hockey coaches
American men's ice hockey forwards
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Army Black Knights men's ice hockey coaches
Boston Olympics players
Dartmouth Big Green men's ice hockey players
Ice hockey coaches from Massachusetts
Ice hockey players at the 1948 Winter Olympics
IIHF Hall of Fame inductees
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Sportspeople from Medford, Massachusetts
Ice hockey people from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Tabor Academy (Massachusetts) alumni
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20P.%20Riley%20Jr. |
Manya Krobo District is a former district that was located in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Kaoga District Council. However on 29 February 2008, it was split off into two new districts: Lower Manya Krobo District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 6 February 2012; capital: Odumase) and Upper Manya Krobo District (capital: Asesewa). The district assembly was located in the eastern part of Eastern Region and had Odumase as its capital town.
Sources
Districts: Manya Krobo District
2008 disestablishments in Africa
Eastern Region (Ghana)
Former districts of Ghana
States and territories disestablished in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manya%20Krobo%20District |
Wassa East District is one of the fourteen districts in Western Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Mpohor/Wassa East District in 1988, which was created from the former Wassa-Fiase-Mpohor District Council, until the southwest part of the district was split off to create Mpohor District on 28 June 2012; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Wassa East District. The district assembly is located in the eastern part of Western Region and has Daboase as its capital town.
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of the Western Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassa%20East%20District |
Viktor Dyk (; 31 December 1877 – 14 May 1931) was a nationalist Czech poet, prose writer, playwright, politician and political writer. He was sent to jail during the First World War for opposing the Austro-Hungarian empire. He was one of the signatories of the Manifesto of Czech writers. Dyk co-founded a political party and entered politics. He died at age 53, leaving his many poems, plays and writings.
Life
Dyk was born in Pšovka u Mělníka in the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1877. His family moved to Prague in 1888 where he began to write. His family settled in the Prague suburb of Vinohrady in 1904 and that year he published a novel titled The End of Hackenschmid which was anti-Austrian. Dyk had taken part in the Czech Chess Championship the year before and he was to remain interested in the game for at least the next twenty years. He was most active in 1913 and seven of his games between 1903 and 1927 are recorded but, of these, only one is a victory.
Viktor Dyk studied at a gymnasium in Prague (one of his teachers was Alois Jirásek). Dyk completed his education at Charles University in Prague where he achieved a degree in law. However law and politics were to dominate his life.
In 1911, he became involved in politics and joined the Státoprávně pokroková strana. He stood for office in the 1911 elections, but received just 205 votes in Vinohrady and placed fourth overall of five candidates.
Dyk together with Franz Kafka spoke of a "Great Wall" which, like the Great Wall of China or the Tower of Babel, became a metaphor for the cultural and linguistic division that they believed was required between Czech and Germanic culture. Dyk wrote in the magazine Lumír, where he was known to state that Bohemia had to become Czech or they should die in the attempt. On April 13, 1913, he composed a tirade in reply to an article published by Franz Werfel. Dyk stated that his group had not built the "Great Wall" as they were not opposed per se to German ideas, however they did see the dangers. Dyk saw no problem with communicating with Germans but he warned against "surrender" to ensure that they did not become "Czech speaking Germans".
During the First World War, he continued to write and he became involved in helping write a libretto for an opera by Leoš Janáček. Janáček's fifth opera, The Excursions of Mr. Brouček to the Moon and to the 15th Century went through a number of librettists and Dyk worked on Janáček's opera which was based on a story by Svatopluk Čech. In 1915 he started working with Vinohrady Theatre. Later he was imprisoned in Vienna for his resistance activities against Austria-Hungary. He was in jail in 1916 and 1917 for suggesting that Moravia and Bohemia could secede from the empire. In May 1917 Dyk was one of the signatories of the Manifesto of Czech writers. This was an important document created by Jaroslav Kvapil who was the director of Czech National Theatre. Kvapil managed to get 200 writers to sign the manifesto and it was designed to encourage the Czech deputies to the Imperial Council in Vienna to support Czech self-determination. In 1918, he co-founded the Czechoslovak National Democratic Party ().
His writings were designed to inspire nationalism in the fight to reclaim the Kingdom of Bohemia from Austrian rule. In 1907 he became the editor of the magazine Lumír. He was to lead this magazine for the rest of his life. The magazine's followers were known by the same name as the magazine. The writers and artists involved started a new direction in Czech culture. Previously, the culture was seen as coming from Germans and sources in German. For instance, German poets like Heinrich Heine were translated poem by poem from German to Czech. With the emergence of the Lumír group writers like Vrchlický, Dyk himself and Julius Zeyer the focus turned away from German culture. This change of focus is said to have led other Czech intellectuals to also look in this new direction for scientific, economic and social ideas.
His political views were conservative and nationalist and in 1920 he was elected to parliament. In the times of the First Republic of Czechoslovakia, Viktor Dyk was one of the prominent intellectual opponents of President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. In 1928 he married the writer Zdenka Hásková. In the 1929 parliamentary election, Dyk became a senator of Czechoslovakia, representing the Czechoslovak Democratic Party.
Viktor Dyk died of heart failure on 14 May 1931 while swimming in the sea near the island of Lopud, near Dubrovnik in Croatia. He was replaced as senator by Jan Kapras. Dyk's funeral attracted many mourners. He was buried at Olšany Cemetery in Prague.
Legacy
Dyk has a number of monuments including one in Vinohrady, where he lived most of his life. Jiří Jílek created a life-sized bronze bust on a granite plinth in his birthplace of Mělník in the Bohemian area of the Czech Republic. The statue is on the street Vilohrady Karla IV by the Štefánik observation point. The statue does not mention his career or life span but merely says "Viktor Dyk".
There is also a monument to Dyk on the Island of Lopud created by Nikola Dobrović in 1936. The concrete monument is on hill where three paths meet and it was paid for by the former government of Czechoslovakia.
Dyk's book Krysař () was the basis for a 2003 film of the same name by director F.A. Brabec. The film was shot in under 24 hours, leading to producers of the film claiming it to be a world record for the fastest-ever film shooting. The same book was also used by Jiří Barta in creating the base story for his 1986 animation The Pied Piper. Barta notes that it is Dyk's book which is the basis of the average Czech's understanding of the Pied Piper story.
Czech President Václav Klaus cited one of Dyk's poems in his 2011 New Year's address to the nation, urging Czech citizens not to emigrate. Klaus's speech was directed at the Czechs who were finding the fiscal restrictions of the economy difficult to bear. Klaus appealed to nationalists with Dyk's suggestion of what the nation would think: "I will survive if you leave me – but without me you will surely die."
Works
Opera
The Excursions of Mr. Brouček to the Moon and to the 15th Century: part credit for libretto
Poetry
A porta inferi, 1897
Síla života, 1898
Marnosti, 1900
Satiry a sarkasmy, 1905
Milá sedmi loupežníků, 1906
Pohádky z naší vesnice, 1910
Giuseppe Moro, 1911
Zápas Jiřího Macků, 1916
Noci chiméry, 1917
Devátá vlna 1930
Lehké a těžké kroky 1915
Anebo 1917
Okno 1921
Poslední rok 1922
Prose
Stud, 1900
Hučí jez a jiné prózy, 1903
Konec Hackenschmidův, (The End of Hackenschmid) 1904
Prosinec, 1906
Prsty Habakukovy, 1906
Píseň o vrbě, 1908
Příhody, 1911
Krysař, 1915, English edition The Pied Piper, Karolinum Press 2018, .
Tajemná dobrodružství Alexeje Iványče Kozulinova, 1923
Tichý dům, 1921
Zlý vítr, 1922
Prsty Habakukovy, 1925
Můj přítel Čehona, 1925
Dědivadelní hra, 1927
Holoubek Kuzma, 1928
Soykovy děti, 1929
Political literature
Ad usum pana presidenta republiky (1929 – criticism of Edvard Beneš and Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
O národní stát (posthumously 1932–1938, 7 books of Dyk's political writing from 1917 to 1931)
Dramas
Epizoda, 1906
Posel, 1907
Zmoudření Dona Quijota, 1913
Veliký mág, 1914
Zvěrstva, 1919
Ondřej a drak, 1919
Revoluční trilogie, 1921
Napravený plukovník Švec, 1929 – support of Rudolf Medek
Memoirs
Vzpomínky a komentáře'', 1927
See also
List of Czech writers
References
1877 births
1931 deaths
People from Mělník
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
Czechoslovak National Democracy politicians
Vlajka politicians
Members of the Revolutionary National Assembly of Czechoslovakia
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia (1920–1925)
Members of the Senate of Czechoslovakia (1925–1929)
Members of the Senate of Czechoslovakia (1929–1935)
Czech male poets
Czech male novelists
Czech male dramatists and playwrights
Czech nationalists
Czech political writers
Czech chess players
20th-century Czech novelists
20th-century Czech poets
Burials at Olšany Cemetery
20th-century Czech dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Austria-Hungary
Czechoslovak writers
Czechoslovak prisoners and detainees
Charles University alumni
Prisoners and detainees of Austria-Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%20Dyk |
Nadowli District is a former district that was located in Upper West Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988. However, on 28 June 2012, it was split off into two new districts: Nadowli-Kaleo District (capital: Nadowli) and Daffiama-Bussie-Issa District (capital: Issa). The district assembly was located in the western part of Upper West Region and had Nadowli as its capital town.
Geography
Nadowli District borders the Wa West District and the Wa Municipal District in the south. Nadowli District has a low-lying topography generally undulating between 150 m and 300 m but in some parts reaching an average of 600 m.
Economy
Agriculture is the most important economic sector of Nadowli District, accounting for about 85% of the labor force. The commercial and industrial sectors are less developed.
See also
GhanaDistricts.com
Nadowli District Official Website
Sources
Districts of Upper West Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadowli%20District |
New Juaben Municipal District is a former district that was located in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as a municipal district assembly in 1988. However on 1 November 2017 (effective 15 March 2018), it was split out into two new municipal districts: New Juaben South Municipal District (capital: Koforidua) and New Juaben North Municipal District (capital: Effiduase). The municipality was located in the central part of Eastern Region and had Koforidua as its capital town.
Geography
New Juaben Municipal District fell within Eastern Region of Ghana. New Juaben Municipality covered an estimated area of 110 square kilometers constituting 0.57% of the total land area of Eastern Region.
A predominant natural feature in Koforidua is the 'Obuo Tabri' Mountain, which is considered sacred. Nearby is Akosombo Dam which holds Lake Volta, the world's largest man-made lake. Waterfalls in the area such as Akan Falls and Boti Falls and the Umbrella Rock attract tourists to New Juaben Municipal District and Eastern Region.
Weather
New Juaben Municipal District had an annual rainfall ranging from 50 – 120 inches and 20 – 32 Celsius mean annual temperatures.
Boundaries
New Juaben Municipal District shared boundaries with East Akim Municipality to the northeast, Akuapim North District to the east and south and Suhum Kraboa Coaltar District to the west.
List of settlements
References
External links
Districts: New Juaben Municipal District
Districts of the Eastern Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Juaben%20Municipal%20District |
The Mkhitar Heratsi Yerevan State Medical University (YSMU, ), is an Armenian medical university located in Yerevan, Armenia.
History
On 31 January 1920, during the First Republic of Armenia, the People's University of Armenia opened in Alexandropol, with the presence of prime minister Alexander Khatisian and minister of culture and public education Nikol Aghbalian. In October of the same year, a decision was passed by then-minister of education Gevorg Ghazarian to establish the faculty of medicine in the university. However, due to political circumstances, the plan was never fulfilled. Armenia became a republic in December 1920.
In 1920, the medical faculty of Yerevan was founded by the government of Armenia.
On 25 May 1989 Yerevan State Medical University was named after the 12th-century Armenian physician Mkhitar Heratsi.
Campuses and hospitals
The Medical University's campus is located in the center of the city on Koryun street. It is home to the following buildings:
Main university building
Administrative building
Laboratory building
Anatomical building
Dental clinics building
Two hospitals operate under the jurisdiction of the Yerevan Medical University, where students complete practical experience. The Heratsi Hospital Complex No.1 is located near the university complex, while the Muratsan Hospital Complex is located in the Erebuni District of Yerevan.
Organization and administration
The management of the Yerevan State Medical University is carried out according to legislation of the Republic of Armenia and the Charter of the university, on the basis of self-governance, in conjunction with the principles of sole management and collegiality.
The university's governing bodies are the council, the rector, the scientific council, and the rectorate. The council is composed of 32 members and is drawn from the university professoriate, students, representatives of the Armenian government, the Ministry of Education and Science. The primary objectives of the University Council are the selection of the university rector, the university's development as well as the major directions of international cooperation, with the rector's presentation. The Board also debates and approves the university budget.
Faculties
Currently, YSMU has seven faculties:
Faculty of General Medicine
Faculty Stomatology
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Public Health
Faculty of Military Medicine
Professional and Continuing Education Centre
Dean's Office of International Student's Education
The chair of each faculty is the dean; the faculty committees manage each of them. The dean reports to the vice-Rector, who in turn reports to the rector. The current rector is Armen Muradyan, and the chair of the board is Armen Ashotyan.
Academics
Programs
The duration of the continuous and integrated educational program for bachelor's degree is six years in general medicine and military medical faculties and five years in the dental faculty. The duration of the Bachelor's Qualification Education Program is four years in the Faculty of Pharmacy.
Master's degree is offered in the following specializations:
Medicine,
Public Health and Health Care
Pharmacy
Medical work in the armed forces
Research
Foundation's faculty has 689 employees with a scientific degree, including 165 doctors of sciences, 524 candidates. As of December 2016, 28 post-graduate students and 96 applicants implement research activities in the fund.
Cooperation and international relations
Yerevan State Medical University has international membership in:
Association of Dental Education in Europe (ADEE)
International Association of Universities (IAU)
International Federation of Medical Students Association (IFMSA)
International Pharmaceutical Students Federation (IPSF)
International Federation of Dental Students Association (IFDSA)
SGroup European Universities' Network (SGroup)
It is also included in international educational and scientific program such as Tacis-Tempus and World Bank.
Libraries
YSMU University Library has a collection of research and academic materials.
There is also an online library comprising study materials, tests, and questionnaire, which are available to both students and interested people.
Yerevan State Basic Medical College
The Yerevan State Basic Medical College is an intermediate technical college opened in 1996, operating under the administration of the Yerevan State Medical University. The college provides 2-year study programs in 5 fields:
Dental Laboratory Technician,
Medicine,
Pharmaceuticals,
Laboratory Diagnosis,
Nursing (female).
People
Students
The university has more than 7000 students. 24% of these students are international students from 26 countries.
Faculty and staff
The university has more than 1100 professors.
Honorary Doctor Award
YSMU's University Honorary Doctor Award was conferred to many remarkable and distinguished people.
Tom Catena, Doctor in Sudan's Nuba mountains, winner of Aurora prize
Princess Dina Mired of Jordan, director general of King Hussein Cancer Foundation (KHCF), the chairwoman of the Union of International Cancer Control, the Princess of Jordan
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, Indian former vice-president
Hagop Kantarjian, professor from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Agop Bedikian, from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Aaron Ciechanover, Israeli biologist and winner of the Nobel prize in Chemistry
Klaus-Peter Hellriegel, chairman of the Berlin Cancer Society, secretary and board member of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology
Nirmal K.Ganguly, president of the Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education
Leo Bokeria, cardiologist, heart surgeon, professor, academician, Head of Bakulev Scientific Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Russia
Philippe Jeanty, scientist in the field of prenatal diagnosis, the founder of prenatal echocardiography
Edgar M. Housepian, neurosurgeon and professor
Levon Nazarian, professor and vice chairman of the Department of Radiology and the Residency Program Director at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia
Leonid Roshal, chairman of International Charity Fund to Help Children in Disasters and Wars, expert for the World Health Organization
Alumni
Alumni of the university include:
Ara Babloyan, President of the National Assembly of Armenia
Emil Gabrielian, Pharmacologist and Surgeon, Minister of Health of Armenian SSR
Varvava Gabrielyan, pathologist, Honored Doctor of the Armenian SSR
Bella Qocharyan, the former First Lady of Armenia
Ruben Jaghinyan, Chairman of the Council of Public TV and Radio Company of Armenia
Vahan Artsruni, Armenian rock musician, singer, composer and artist
Garik Martirosyan, comedian, TV host, actor
References
External links
Yerevan State Medical University (YSMU)
Yerevan State Medical University (YSMU)
Armenian Medical Students' Parliament
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Education in Yerevan
Universities and colleges established in 1920
1920 establishments in Armenia
Public medical universities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan%20State%20Medical%20University |
The flyweight class was the lightest class in the boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics competition. Flyweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than 51 kilograms. The competition was held from October 12, 1964, to October 23, 1964. 28 boxers from 28 nations competed.
After one minute and six seconds of the first round of his quarterfinal bout against Stanislav Sorokin, Choh Dong-Kih was disqualified for holding his head too low. Unable to accept the verdict, Dong sat in the middle of the ring for 51 minutes, until officials persuaded him to leave.
Medalists
Results
Sources
References
Flyweight | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20at%20the%201964%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Flyweight |
The ArmaLite AR-7 Explorer is a semi-automatic firearm in .22 Long Rifle caliber, developed in 1959 from the AR-5 that was adopted by the U.S. Air Force as a pilot and aircrew survival weapon. The AR-7 was adopted and modified by the Israeli Air Force as an aircrew survival weapon in the 1980s.
The AR-7 was designed by American firearms designer Eugene Stoner, who is most associated with the development of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle that was adopted by the US military as the M16. The civilian AR-7's intended markets today are backpackers and other recreational users as a takedown utility rifle. The AR-7 is often recommended for use by outdoor users of recreational vehicles (automobile, airplane or boat) who might have need for a weapon for foraging or defense in a wilderness emergency.
History and design
The prototype of what would become the AR-7 was designed by Eugene Stoner at ArmaLite Inc., a division of Fairchild Aircraft. The rifle shares some of the features of the bolt-action AR-5, another takedown rifle designed by Stoner for ArmaLite and adopted by the United States Air Force in 1956 as the MA-1. The MA-1 was intended to replace the M4 Survival Rifle and the M6 Aircrew Survival Weapon which was a superposed ("over-under") twin-barrel rifle/shotgun chambered in .22 Hornet and .410 bore, using a break-open action. The AR-5 had the advantage of repeat fire over the then-standard M6, using the same .22 Hornet cartridge. When the AR-5 was adopted as the MA-1 but was not placed in issue due to the numbers of usable M4 and M6 survival weapons in USAF inventory, ArmaLite used the research and tooling for the AR-5 in developing the AR-7 for the civilian market.
The AR-7 uses a blowback semi-automatic action in .22 Long Rifle but retains the AR-5/MA-1 feature of storing the disassembled parts within the hollow stock, which is filled with plastic foam and capable of floating. Like the bolt-action AR-5, the AR-7 was designed as a survival rifle for foraging small game for food. The AR-7 is constructed primarily of aluminum, with plastic for the stock, buttcap, and recoil spring guide. The bolt is steel. The original barrel was aluminum using a rifled steel liner; barrels of some production models have used all steel barrels, others have used barrels made of composite materials. The AR-7 measures 35 inches overall when assembled. It disassembles to four sections (barrel, action, stock, and magazine), with three parts storing inside the plastic stock, measuring 16 inches long. The rifle weighs 2.5 pounds, light enough for convenient backpacking. The rear sight is a peep sight, which comes on a flat metal blade with an aperture (in later production two different size apertures available by removing and flipping the rear sight), and is adjustable for elevation (up-down). The front sight is adjustable for windage (side-to-side). Accuracy is sufficient for hunting small game at ranges to 50 yards.
Performance
Reliability of the AR-7 is highly dependent on the condition of the magazine and on the ammunition used, perhaps more so than with other models of semi-automatic .22 caliber rifles. The feed ramp is part of the magazine and subject to damage from mishandling. Flat-nosed bullets tend to jam on the edge of the chamber of the barrel. The transition of cartridge from magazine to barrel can be smoothed by minor beveling of the chamber of the barrel, by using round-nosed as opposed to flat-nosed bullets and by paying attention to condition of the feed lips and feed ramp of the magazine. Later production magazines include an external wire spring to align the cartridge; earlier magazines used two pinch marks at the top of the magazine body, which in use could become sprung open or worn.
All iterations of the AR-7 from the ArmaLite to the Henry U.S. Survival rifle use a bolt and dual recoil springs that are heavy compared to most other .22 semiautomatics. The AR-7 requires high velocity ammunition for reliable functioning. The manufacturers recommend use of 40 grain round nose bullets in high velocity loadings. It is possible to manually load a single round into the firing chamber, allowing use of flat nosed bullets or low velocity or subsonic ammunition.
The barrel takedown nut tends to loosen during firing and may need hand-tightening to maintain both accuracy and reliability.
ArmaLite sold the design to Charter Arms in 1973. According to some accounts posted by enthusiasts, this is when quality began to deteriorate. Barrels were said to have a tendency to warp. Other sources state that the first production at Charter had problems which were corrected in later production runs.
Production history
(Summary of information available in The Blue Book of Gun Values)
1959-1973: ArmaLite
1973-1990: Charter Arms
1990-1997: Survival Arms - Cocoa, Florida
1998-2004: AR-7 Industries - LLC, Meriden, Connecticut (bought by ArmaLite in 2004)
1997–2007: Henry Repeating Arms Co. - Brooklyn, New York
2007–present: Henry Repeating Arms Co. - Bayonne, New Jersey
AR-7 variants
ArmaLite AR-7 Explorer
Original ArmaLite barrels had a steel liner in an aluminum shell. The stock was a foam filled plastic shell with internal recesses for the receiver, barrel and one magazine and did not accept the receiver with a magazine in place. The original ArmaLite stock retained buoyancy longer than some later stocks by other makers. The receiver did not provide for a scope mount. The rear sight was a peep aperture, adjustable for elevation. The front sight was drift-adjustable for windage.
Argentine variant
The AR-7 was also manufactured in Argentina as the Sistema de Armas .22 LR Fire de Brenta. It came with various barrel lengths, shrouds and fixed rifle stocks as well as pistol grips with retractable stocks.
Herter's Outdoor Supply
Herter's, Hy Hunter and American International Distributors marketed .22 replicas of the Broomhandle Mauser (as "Bolomauser"), Thompson submachine gun (as "T-62 Civilian Defense Model") and M1 Carbine made on AR-7 receivers and barrels.
Charter Arms AR-7 Explorer
The Charter Arms AR-7 Explorer rifle replicated the ArmaLite AR-7 Explorer with variations in finish.
Charter Arms Explorer II pistol
Explorer II was a pistol version of the AR-7. It resembled a Broomhandle Mauser. The receiver had a built-in pistol grip with no provision for the rifle stock (the internal parts are interchangeable between rifle and pistol). The rear sight of the pistol was an open notch adjustable for windage and elevation. The Explorer II front sight was integral with the barrel shell and was not adjustable. The magazine well in front of the trigger guard would accept any magazine designed for the rifle. A spare 8-round magazine could be carried inside the grip. The most common barrel was six inches. Optional barrel lengths included eight and ten inches.
Legal note
Because the U.S. 1934 NFA regulations set the minimum rifle barrel length at 16 inches, Charter Arms made the barrels of the Explorer I rifle and Explorer II pistol non-interchangeable to prevent installing the pistol barrel on the rifle. The AR-7 barrel has an alignment lug that mates a notch in the receiver. The rifle receiver notch and barrel lug are on top; the pistol notch and lug are broader and on the bottom. If a Charter Arms factory-made pistol barrel were installed on a rifle, the extractor on the bolt would be opposite the extractor slot in the barrel, preventing the bolt from closing (plus the front sight would be upside down). Modifying the pistol barrel to fit the rifle, or modifying the rifle receiver to accept the pistol barrel, would be "making a short barrel rifle" legally requiring federal registration on an ATF Form 1 with payment of a $200.00 tax.
Conversely, after the Supreme Court ruling in United States v. Thompson/Center Arms Co., modifying the pistol to accept the rifle barrel and/or stock, or modifying the rifle barrel or stock to fit the pistol is legal so long as you do not have the rifle stock attached at the same time as the pistol barrel. It is legal (as a pistol) to have the rifle barrel attached with the pistol grip; there is no federal maximum pistol barrel length.
In the United Kingdom this rifle is a Section 1 Firearm requiring a Firearms Certificate to buy or acquire.
AR-7 Industries
AR-7 Industries made solid steel barrels much heavier than the AR-7 barrels by ArmaLite, Charter or Henry.
Henry Survival Rifle
In 1980, the design and production rights passed on to Henry Repeating Arms and the compact rifle was slightly revised, resulting in improved reliability and durability. The AR-7 is now (2018) known as the Henry U.S. Survival AR-7 rifle. An ABS material replaced the original stock plastic, which was prone to cracking and failure. The receiver recess in the Henry stock allows storage of receiver with a magazine in place and the rifle is normally sold with two magazines. The latest versions of the Henry allow for storage of three magazines total, with two in the stock recess, and one in the receiver. The modern Henry U.S. Survival Rifle floats on water for a while either assembled or stored, although it is not entirely waterproof and will sink eventually. The rifles now include a full Teflon coating on the outer surface. Henry added a 3/8 inch Dovetail rail (aka Weaver .22 Tip-Off Mount rail) on the top of the receiver for attaching a wide variety of optics. Henry introduced a 5-round magazine for jurisdictions that limit magazine capacity for hunting wild game.
Israeli pilot's survival rifle
Another variant was made by ArmaLite and sold to the Israeli Military for use as pilot/aircrew survival weapons, replacing the 9mm Beretta 1951 8-shot handgun. The Israelis further modified these rifles, adding a telescoping stock, a pistol grip from a FAL-type rifle, shortening the barrel (to 13.5 inches), and adding a front sight based on the K98k Mauser. The shoulder stock held two magazines, with a third magazine in the receiver, plus forty rounds of ammunition stored inside the pistol grip. After Israeli service, some of these rifles were re-imported into the U.S. by Bricklee Trading Company for sale on the civilian market. The barrels are marked with the BTC identification as required by U.S. law on imported guns. The Israeli version commands a premium among collectors. In order to comply with U.S. Federal law on minimum rifle barrel length of 16", a 3-inch muzzle brake was permanently attached.
Operation
The AR-7 functions as a simple or plain blowback semi-automatic. The AR-7 is a light firearm with heavy bolt and twin recoil springs.
Aftermarket modifications
The fact that both the barrel and stock are detachable has led to a plethora of after-market accessories, similar to those available for the Ruger 10/22. Barrels, stocks, and grips, of varying finishes and utility, can be added to the rifle. These include collapsible stocks, wire-framed stocks, pistol grips, flash suppressors, shrouded barrels, high-capacity magazines, telescopic sights, reflex 'red dot' sights and other occasionally fanciful-looking hardware, some at a cost greater than the rifle itself. Such accessories often make it impossible to use the original floating stock for storage of modified parts.
The current Henry U.S. Survival AR-7 has a 3/8" scope sight rail integral with the receiver to accept standard Weaver-style "Tip-Off" rings. For earlier makes, B Square supplied the Charter Arms AR-7 Explorer Scope Mount Base, an accessory bracket with a 3/8" rail. The base attached by the receiver side plate screw (the Charter Arms side plate screw is longer than that of the ArmaLite). This base can be used on the ArmaLite and the Charter Arms Explorer rifles and the Charter Arms Explorer II pistol. However, with the base in place, the rifle receiver will no longer fit the recess in the stock for storage. (The B Square Charter Arms AR-7 base is not needed on the Henry version and will not fit the Henry receiver.)
Apart from the highly modified AR-7 Israeli survival rifles, most AR-7 models lack provision for a carry sling. AR-7 owners have adapted slings designed for use on guns without modification, such as universal shotgun slings designed to cup the shotgun buttstock at the rear and clamp to the barrel or magazine tube at the front. Given the light weight of the AR-7, 2.5 pounds, a proper length of parachute cord with a slip knot at either end can be used as a sling or lanyard.
See also
List of ArmaLite rifles
Preetz Model 65
Marlin Model 70P
References
External links
Henry Repeating Arms webpage for the AR-7/U.S. Survival Rifle
Photos of the AR-7 Survival Rifle
Survival guns
Semi-automatic rifles of the United States
Takedown guns
.22 LR firearms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArmaLite%20AR-7 |
Marshyhope Creek is a tributary of the Nanticoke River on the Delmarva Peninsula. It rises in Kent County, Delaware, and runs through Caroline County, Maryland, and Dorchester County, Maryland.
Marshyhope Creek begins in southwestern Kent County, Delaware, near the city of Harrington, and ends at the Nanticoke River, near Sharptown, Maryland. The entire watershed is in the coastal plain and reaches sea level at Federalsburg, The head of navigation.
There are several small creeks on the western shore, including Faulkner Branch, Sullivan Branch, Capital Branch, Green Branch, and Horsepen Arm. On the eastern shore the small creeks include Tanyard Branch, Houston Branch, Jones Mill Branch, Double Fork Branch, Quarter Branch, Tomahawk Branch, and Prospect Point Branch.
See also
List of rivers of Delaware
External links
Natural Atlas (Marshyhope Creek)
Upper Marshyhope Creek
References
United States Geological Survey. 7.5 minute series topographic quadrangles
Tributaries of the Nanticoke River
Rivers of Delaware
Rivers of Maryland
Rivers of Kent County, Delaware
Rivers of Caroline County, Maryland
Rivers of Dorchester County, Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshyhope%20Creek |
Nkoranza District is a former district that was located in Brong-Ahafo Region (now currently in Bono East Region), Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989. However, on 1 November 2007 (effectively 29 February 2008), it was split off into two new districts: Nkoranza South District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 28 June 2012; capital: Nkoranza) and Nkoranza North District (capital: Busunya). The district assembly was located in the southern part of Brong-Ahafo Region (now southern part of Bono East Region) and had Nkoranza as its capital town.
Sources
District: Nkoranza District
19 New Districts Created, November 20, 2003.
References
Brong-Ahafo Region
Districts of Bono East Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkoranza%20District |
Arsène Paulin Pujo (December 16, 1861 – December 31, 1939) was a member of the United States House of Representatives best known for chairing the "Pujo Committee", which sought to expose an anticompetitive conspiracy among some of the nation's most powerful financial interests (trusts).
Biography
Pujo was born near Lake Charles in Calcasieu Parish to a French-born father. He practiced law in Lake Charles and was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1898 before he was elected as a Democrat in 1902. In 1908, he became a member of the National Monetary Commission, a body which sought to study foreign banking systems in search of ways to better the domestic banking system. In 1911, he was appointed to chair the House Committee on Banking and Currency. In 1912, he left the National Monetary Commission and obtained congressional authorization to form a separate committee, which came to be called the Pujo Committee, to investigate the "money trust".
The Pujo Committee found that a cabal of financial leaders were abusing their public trust to consolidate control over many industries. Although Pujo left Congress in 1913, the findings of the committee inspired public support for ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913, passage of the Federal Reserve Act that same year, and passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914. They were also widely publicized in the Louis Brandeis book, Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It.
While still a Congressman, Pujo worked as a lumber company lawyer and helped suppress an Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) timber workers strike in 1912, which culminated in the Grabow riot. Although the coroner charged the Galloway Lumber Company of Grabow, Louisiana with murder for shooting and killing three union strikers on July 7, 1912, the grand jury refused to indict and instead charged 58 union members with first-degree murder. Pujo helped prosecute 9 but the jury returned a dismissal after 1 hour of deliberation and the remaining defendants were released. (Perlman and Taft, p. 246)
References
Sources
Perlman, Selig and Philip Taft. History of Labor in the United States, 1896-1932. Volume IV Labor Movements. MacMillan: NY, 1935. 683 pp.
The American Pageant 11th Edition by Thomas A. Bailey, David M. Kennedy, and Lizabeth Cohen; copyright 1998
1861 births
1939 deaths
American people of French descent
National Monetary Commission
Louisiana lawyers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Politicians from Lake Charles, Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne%20Pujo |
Nkwanta South Municipal Assembly () is one of the eight districts in Oti Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Nkwanta District on 10 March 1989, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1496, until the northern part of the district was split off to create Nkwanta North District on 29 February 2008, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1892; thus the remaining part has been renamed to become Nkwanta South District. However, on 14 November 2017 (effectively 15 March 2018), it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status to become Nkwanta South Municipal District; which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2283. The municipality is located in the northern part of Oti Region and has Nkwanta as its capital town.
Villages
In addition to Nkwanta, the capital and administrative centre, Nkwanta South Municipality contains the following villages:
Sources
Nkwanta South Municipal District on GhanaDistricts.com
References
External links
Nkwanta South Municipal District Official Website
Districts of the Oti Region
States and territories established in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkwanta%20South%20Municipal%20District |
North Tongu District is one of the eighteen districts in Volta Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger and original North Tongu District on 10 March 1989, with Adidome as its capital town, which was created from the former Tongu District Council, until the western part of the district was split off to create a new North Tongu District on 28 June 2012, with Battor Dugame as its capital town, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2081; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Central Tongu District, with Adidome as its capital town, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2077. The district assembly is located in Addidome, near Adidome Senior High School (Adisec) the southwest part of Volta Region and has Battor Dugame as its capital town.
Boundaries
North Tongu District is bounded by:
the Lake Volta to the west,
Ho Municipal District and the Akatsi South District to the east,
South Tongu District to the south east, and
Adaklu District to the north.
Topography
The vegetation lies in the Tropical Savannah Grassland zone. The Volta River cuts the district into two halves from north to south.
Villages
In addition to Battor Dugame, the capital and administrative centre, North Tongu District contains the following villages:
See also
North Tongu Constituency
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
External links
North Tongu District Official Website
References
Districts of Volta Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Tongu%20District |
Nude on the Moon: The B-52's Anthology is a two-CD compilation album containing 35 songs recorded by American new wave band the B-52's between the years 1979 and 1998. This compilation includes live recordings of "Quiche Lorraine" and "Whammy Kiss", and a previously unreleased outtake version of "Queen of Las Vegas". The title is a reference to the 1961 film of the same name.
Track listing
All information as per liner notes.
Disc one
Disc two
Personnel
All information as per liner notes.
The B-52's
Kate Pierson – vocals, keyboards, keyboard bass, guitar, bird calls
Fred Schneider – vocals, keyboard bass, toy piano, percussion, walkie talkie
Keith Strickland – vocals, guitars, keyboards, keyboard bass, bass, sitar, harmonica, marimba, drums, percussion, programming, Claire sounds
Cindy Wilson – vocals, bongos, tambourine, guitar
Ricky Wilson – vocals, guitar, keyboards, keyboard bass, bass, smoke alarm
Additional musicians
Pat Irwin – guitar, keyboards (disc 1, tracks 12, 18; disc 2, tracks 14, 17)
Tracy Wormworth – bass (disc 1, track 12; disc 2, track 15)
Zachary Alford – drums (disc 1, tracks 12, 18; disc 2, track 14)
David Byrne – guitar (disc 1, track 13)
Steve Scales – percussion (disc 1, tracks 13, 14)
Yogi Horton – drums (disc 1, track 14)
Sara Lee – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (disc 1, track 18; disc 2, tracks 7–14, 17)
Richard Hilton – keyboards (disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13, 15), programming (disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13)
Tommy Mandel – keyboards (disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13)
Philippe Saisse – keyboards (disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13)
Leroy Clouden – drums (disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13)
Sonny Emory – drums (disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13)
Steve Ferrone – drums (disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13)
Jamie Muhoberac – keyboards (disc 2, track 14)
Charley Drayton – drums (disc 2, tracks 9, 11, 12, 17)
Uptown Horns – horns (disc 2, tracks 9, 11, 12)
Lenny Castro – percussion (disc 2, track 14)
David McMurray – sax (disc 2, track 14)
Sterling Campbell – drums (disc 2, track 15)
Technical
Chris Blackwell – producer (disc 1, tracks 1–6)
Robert Ash – engineer (disc 1, tracks 1–6)
Rhett Davies – co-producer (disc 1, tracks 7–11), engineer (disc 1, tracks 7–11)
Tom Durack – engineer (disc 1, track 12; disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13, 18), mixer (disc 1, track 13; disc 2, tracks 7–13, 16, 18), co-producer (disc 2, track 17)
David Byrne – producer (disc 1, tracks 13–14)
Butch Jones – engineer (disc 1, tracks 13–14)
Steven Stanley – producer, engineer (disc 1, tracks 15–17)
The B-52's – producer (disc 1, track 18), co-producer (disc 2, track 17)
Tony Mansfield – producer (disc 2, tracks 1–6)
Tony Phillips – engineer (disc 2, tracks 1–6)
Steve Peck – engineer (disc 2, tracks 1–6)
Michael Hutchinson – engineer (disc 2, tracks 1–6)
Shep Pettibone – additional production (disc 2, tracks 1, 4), remixer (disc 2, track 1)
Nile Rodgers – producer (disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13), mixer (disc 2, tracks 7, 8, 10, 13)
Don Was – producer (disc 2, tracks 9, 11, 12, 16)
Dave Cook – engineer (disc 2, tracks 9, 11, 12)
Ed Cherney – mixer (disc 2, track 16)
Moby – remix & additional production (disc 2, track 16)
Patrick Dillett – engineer, mixer (disc 2, track 18)
Compilation
Bradford Cobb & Gary Stewart – compilation producers
Hillary Bratton – compilation assistance
Bill Inglot – sound producer
Dan Hersch & Bill Inglot – remastering
Jo Motta – product management
Reggie Collins – discographical annotation
Shawn Amos & Leigh Hall – liner notes
Julee Stover & Steven Chean – editorial supervision
Julie Vlasak & Hugh Brown – art direction/design
Lynn Goldsmith – cover photos
Amy Utstein & Randy Perry – project assistance
References
The B-52's compilation albums
Albums produced by Nile Rodgers
Albums produced by Don Was
Albums produced by Rhett Davies
Albums produced by David Byrne
Albums produced by Chris Blackwell
2002 compilation albums
Rhino Entertainment compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude%20on%20the%20Moon%3A%20The%20B-52%27s%20Anthology |
Common As Muck is an English comedy drama serial made by the BBC about the lives of a crew of binmen. It ran for two series. Both were nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Drama Series.
Characters
Series One (1994)
The first series concentrated on the trials and tribulations of a team of bin men through a number of politically motivated moves by the local council to privatise the refuse collection of the fictional town in which the series is set. The main characters are pitched against the corrupt council leaders and are seen to be taken over by a contractor and ultimately triumphing over an increasingly corrupt management. The first series featured Tim Healy, whose character died in the penultimate episode and therefore did not appear in the second series.
Episode One 7 September 1994
Episode Two 14 September 1994
Episode Three 21 September 1994
Episode Four 28 September 1994
Episode Five 5 October 1994
Episode Six 12 October 1994
Series Two (1997)
The focus of the second series shifted away from the refuse disposal theme, with the opening episode showing the main characters being made redundant; subsequent episodes followed the lives of the characters, showing them experimenting with a number of different jobs including window cleaners, painters and decorators and in the case of Nev Smith coping with retirement after serving 45 years on the bins. A number of new characters were introduced into the second series including those played by veteran actors Frank Finlay, Paul Shane and June Whitfield and a minor role for James Nesbitt as a parish priest. The Complete Series 2 DVD was released on 24 November 2014.
Episode One 8 January 1997
Episode Two 15 January 1997
Episode Three 22 January 1997
Episode Four 29 January 1997
Episode Five 5 February 1997
Episode Six 12 February 1997
Scheduling
Owing to the long period of time between the two series, the original series was repeated on BBC One in late 1996 immediately prior to the screening of the second series the following year. It was also repeated in full on UK Gold in 1999. The two series were also re-shown on the now-defunct satellite channel Granada Plus in 2002.
Filming locations
Darnhill, Heywood, Rochdale
Newton Heath
Miles Platting
Shaw and Crompton (Series One)
Oldham (Series One and Two)
Blackpool (Series Two)
Fleetwood (Series Two)
Cleveleys (Series Two)
Stalybridge (Hough Hill area used for Nev's retirement and Parade of Dustbin Trucks – Series 2 Episode 1)
Whaley Bridge
Commercial release
Series One and Two are available to buy on DVD. Both boxsets were released in 2014, in March and November respectively.
External links
Common as Muck Official theme track
References
1994 British television series debuts
1997 British television series endings
1990s British drama television series
BBC television dramas
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20As%20Muck |
Offinso Municipal District is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Offinso District, which it was created from the former Offinso District Council; until the northern part of the district was later split off to create Offinso North District on 29 February 2008; while the remaining part was elevated to municipal district assembly status on the same year to become Offinso Municipal District. The municipality is located in the northern part of Ashanti Region and has Offinso as its capital town.
History
In the early 18th century, the people of Offinso were regarded as one of the Ashanti Empire’s strongest armies and played a role in the conquering of Denkyira, Akyem and Bono territory. Led by Nana Wiafe Akenten I, the second paramount chief of Offinso, they assisted in the Ashanti Empire’s great expansion over Ghana.
As a reward for Offinso people’s contributions in war, Nana Osei Tutu I granted Nana Wiafe Akenten I, a vast amount of land in the kingdom. The land granted is what makes up the present day Offinso Municipality.
Settlements
Education
In Offinso District there are:
44 kindergartens (teacher-pupil ratio of 1:19)
95 primary schools (teacher-pupil ratio of 1:28)
48 junior secondary schools (teacher-pupil ratio of 1:16)
four senior secondary schools
a polytechnic
a Bible school
a teacher training college
a midwifery training school (Midwifery Training School, Offinso)
Public schools
There are 52 kindergartens, 94 primary schools, and 52 junior secondary schools.
Private schools
There are 44 kindergartens, 42 primary schools, and 15 junior secondary schools.
Culture
The indigenous people of the Offinso district are Ashanti’s, hence the large cultural presence in the area.
The Municipality has a major festival known as Mmoaninko, which is celebrated every four years. It is an occasion which brings Offinso citizens, home and abroad, together to discuss the development of the Municipality. The festival also remembers the great efforts of Nana Wiafe Akenten I and the Offinso people in the wars for the Ashanti Empire in the early 18th century.
Demographics
About 85% of the population are Asante, while the remaining 15% comprises other ethnic groups, the majority of whom hail from the Northern, Upper West, and Upper East Regions.
Christianity is the main religion practiced in the district, although there is a significant Muslim population in the town of Offinso.
Governance
The Municipality has one paramount chief, the Offinsohene, and several sub-chiefs.
Notable people
Most Rev Dr Peter Kwasi Sarpong, Emeritus Archbishop of Kumasi Catholic Archdiocese.
Dr. Opoku (Executive Director, Seed Production Division (SPD), Ghana Cocoa Board
Kwame Owusu Achaw – author, Ako Te Brofo English Grammar
Brother Oppong Addai – retired soldier.
Dr. Apea – owns a clinic at Bomso
Dr. Kofi Konadu Apraku – politician, hails from the northern part of Offinso
Adiyiah Dominic – striker, Arsenal Kyiv and the National Team (Black Stars of Ghana)
Dr. Nyarko – art education, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Nana Sir Osei Sarpong, Mpehihene, and President, Offinso Monchengladbach Co-operation for Development
P. A. Okyere – author
Osei Kwabena Rudolf – CEO, Holy Uriel Printers, Kwadaso
The Late Hon. Kwabena Safo – MP Offinso South Constituency, 2001 - 2005
Dr. K.K Sarpong – chairman of Kumasi Asante Kotoko FC
Babara Serwa – politician, National Democratic Congress
References
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offinso%20Municipal%20District |
Way of the Warrior may refer to:
Bushidō ("the way of the warrior"), the way of the samurai life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry
The Way of the Warrior (documentary series), an eight-part 1983 BBC documentary series about Asian martial arts
"The Way of the Warrior" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), a feature-length episode of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Way of the Warrior (video game), a fighting game released in 1994 for the 32-bit 3DO
Young Samurai: The Way of the Warrior, a children's historical novel by Chris Bradford
The Way of the Warrior, a challenge from the 2002 Scottish television series Raven
See also
Path of the Warrior (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way%20of%20the%20Warrior |
The Abrolhos Marine National Park ( ) is a national park that was established in 1983 covering most of the Abrolhos Archipelago area in the state of Bahia, Brazil.
Location
The park was established on 6 April 1983.
It covers about .
It became part of the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor, created in 2002.
It is located off the southern coast of the Bahia in the north east of Brazil.
The islands are volcanic in origin.
There are five islands in the Abrolhos archipelago but only one of them, Siriba, is open to visitors. A trail runs round this island.
Ilha Santa Bárbara is outside the park boundary.
It is under the jurisdiction of the navy, which maintains a navigation beacon there.
The other islands are Ilha Guarita, Ilha Redonda, Ilha Sueste.
The park also includes the Parcel dos Abrolhos, where typical coral formations of the region may be seen, and the Timbebas reef opposite the city of Alcobaça.
Ecology
The waters are clear and there is great diversity of underwater flora and fauna, including flourishing coral formations.
The island vegetation is mainly low, small plants such as grasses and herbs.
Seabirds include the white bellied booby, terns, frigates, jays and woodpeckers.
Charles Darwin visited the archipelago in 1830 and was impressed by the variety of species, including birds, lizards and spiders.
Ilha Guarita and Ilha Sueste are home to many seabirds.
Frigate birds nest on the steep sides of Ilha Redonda, which is visited by loggerhead turtles for spawning in the summer.
Diving along the reefs and the Rosalinda shipwreck is allowed, and humpback whales may be observed from boats.
Since 2003 the park has been an outpost of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve (RBMA: Reserva de Biosfera da Mata Atlântica).
In 2010 it was recognized as a Ramsar Site.
References
Sources
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Bahia
Ramsar sites in Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrolhos%20Marine%20National%20Park |
The protests of 1968 comprised a worldwide escalation of social conflicts, which were predominantly characterized by the rise of left-wing politics, anti-war sentiment, civil rights urgency, youth counterculture within the silent and baby boomer generations, and popular rebellions against state militaries and bureaucracies.
In the United States, the protests marked a turning point for the Civil Rights Movement, which produced revolutionary movements like the Black Panther Party. In reaction to the Tet Offensive, protests also sparked a broad movement in opposition to the Vietnam War all over the United States as well as in London, Paris, Berlin and Rome. Mass movements grew in the United States but also elsewhere. In most Western European countries, the protest movement was dominated by students.
The most prominent manifestation was the May 1968 protests in France, in which students linked up with wildcat strikes of up to ten million workers, and for a few days, the movement seemed capable of overthrowing the government. In many other countries, struggles against dictatorships, political tensions and authoritarian rule were also marked by protests in 1968, such as the beginning of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico City, and the escalation of guerrilla warfare against the military dictatorship in Brazil.
In the countries of Eastern Europe under communist parties, there were protests against lack of freedom of speech and violation of other civil rights by the communist bureaucratic and military elites. In Central and Eastern Europe, there were widespread protests that escalated, particularly in the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, in Warsaw, Poland, and in Yugoslavia.
Background
Multiple factors created the protests in 1968. Many were in response to perceived injustice by governments—in the USA, against the Johnson administration—and were in opposition to the draft, and the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War.
Post-war world
After World War II, much of the world experienced an unusual surge in births, creating a large age demographic. These babies were born during a time of peace and prosperity for most countries. This was the first generation to see televisions arrive in homes. Television had a profound effect on this generation in two ways. First, it gave them a common perspective from which to view the world. The children growing up in this era shared not only the news and programs that they watched on television, they also got glimpses of each other's worlds. Secondly, television allowed them to experience major public events. Public education was becoming more widely attended, creating another shared experience. Chain stores and franchised restaurants were bringing shared shopping and dining experiences to people in different parts of the world.
The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War was another shared experience of this generation. The knowledge that a nuclear attack could end their life at any moment was reinforced with classroom "duck and cover" bomb drills creating an omnipresent atmosphere of fear. As they became older, the anti-war, civil rights, peace, and feminist movement for women's equality were becoming forces in much of the world.
Social movements
The Eastern Bloc had already seen several mass protests in the decades following World War II, including the Hungarian Revolution, the uprising in East Germany and several labor strikes in Poland, especially important ones in Poznań in 1956.
Waves of social movements throughout the 1960s began to shape the values of the generation who were students during 1968. In America, the civil rights movement was at its peak, but was also at its most violent, such as the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4 by a white supremacist. In Northern Ireland, religious division paved the way for a decades-long violent conflict between Irish republicans and Irish unionists. Italy and France were in the midst of a socialist movement. The New Left political movement was causing political upheavals in many European and South American countries. In China, the Cultural Revolution had reached its peak. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict had already started, the British anti-war movement had remained strong and African independence movements had continued to grow in number. In Poland in March 1968, student demonstrations at Warsaw University broke out when the government banned the performance of a play by Adam Mickiewicz (Dziady, written in 1824) at the Polish Theatre in Warsaw, on the grounds that it contained "anti-Soviet references". It became known as the March 1968 events.
The women's liberation movement caused generations of females to question the global status quo of unequal empowerment of women, and the post-war baby boomer generation came to reassess and redefine their priorities about marriage and motherhood. The peace movement made them question authority more than ever before. By the time they started college, the majority of young people identified with an anti-establishment culture, which became the impetus for the wave of rebellion and re-imagination that swept through campuses and throughout the world. College students of 1968 embraced progressive, liberal politics. Their progressive leanings and skepticism of authority were a significant impetus to the global protests of 1968.
Dramatic events of the year in the Soviet Bloc revealed that the radical leftist movement was ambivalent about its relationship to communism. The 2–3 June 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, were the first mass protest in the country after the Second World War. The authorities suppressed the protest, while President Josip Broz Tito had the protests gradually cease by giving in to some of the students’ demands. Protests also broke out in other capitals of Yugoslav republics—Sarajevo, Zagreb, and Ljubljana—but they were smaller and shorter than in Belgrade.
In 1968, Czechoslovakia underwent a process known as the Prague Spring. In the August 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakian citizens responded to the attack on their sovereignty with passive resistance. Soviet troops were frustrated as street signs were painted over, their water supplies mysteriously shut off, and buildings decorated with flowers, flags, and slogans like, "An elephant cannot swallow a hedgehog." Passers-by painted swastikas on the sides of Soviet tanks. Road signs in the country-side were over-painted to read, in Russian script, "Москва" (Moscow), as hints for the Soviet troops to leave the country.
On 25 August 1968 eight Russian citizens staged a demonstration on Moscow's Red Square to protest the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. After about five minutes, the demonstrators were beaten up and transferred to a police station. Seven of them received harsh sentences up to several years in prison.
Protests
The protests that raged throughout 1968 included a large number of workers, students, and poor people facing increasingly violent state repression all around the world. Liberation from state repression itself was the most common current in all protests listed below. These refracted into a variety of social causes that reverberated with each other: in the United States alone, for example, protests for civil rights, against nuclear weapons and in opposition to the Vietnam War, and for women's liberation all came together during this year. Television, so influential in forming the political identity of this generation, became the tool of choice for the revolutionaries. They fought their battles not just on streets and college campuses, but also on the television screen with media coverage.
As the waves of protests of the 1960s intensified to a new high in 1968, repressive governments through widespread police crack downs, shootings, executions and even massacres marked social conflicts in Mexico, Brazil, Spain, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and China. In West Berlin, Rome, London, Paris, Italy, many American cities, and Argentina, labor unions and students played major roles and also suffered political repression.
Mass movements
The environmental movement can trace its beginnings back to the protests of 1968. The environmental movement evolved from the anti-nuclear movement. France was particularly involved in environmental concerns. In 1968, the French Federation of Nature Protection Societies and the French branch of Friends of the Earth were formed and the French scientific community organized Survivre et Vivre (Survive and Live). The Club of Rome was formed in 1968. The Nordic countries were at the forefront of environmentalism. In Sweden, students protested against hydroelectric plans. In Denmark and the Netherlands, environmental action groups protested about pollution and other environmental issues. The Northern Ireland civil rights movement began to start, but resulted in the conflict now known as The Troubles.
In January, police used clubs on 400 anti-war/anti-Vietnam protesters outside of a dinner for U.S. Secretary of State Rusk. In February, students from Harvard, Radcliffe, and Boston University held a four-day hunger strike to protest the Vietnam war. Ten thousand West Berlin students held a sit-in against American involvement in Vietnam. People in Canada protested the Vietnam War by mailing 5,000 copies of the paperback, Manual for Draft Age Immigrants to Canada to the United States. On March 6, five hundred New York University (NYU) students demonstrated against Dow Chemical because the company was the principal manufacturer of napalm, used by the U.S. military in Vietnam. On March 17, an anti-war demonstration in Grosvenor Square, London, ended with 86 people injured and 200 demonstrators arrested. Japanese students protested the presence of the American military in Japan because of the Vietnam War. In March, British students (opposing the Vietnam War), physically attacked the British Defense Secretary, the Secretary of State for Education and the Home Secretary. In August, the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago was disrupted by five days of street demonstrations by thousands of protesters. Chicago's mayor, Richard J. Daley, escalated the riots with excessive police presence and by ordering up the National Guard and the army to suppress the protests. On September 7, the women's liberation movement gained international recognition when it demonstrated at the annual Miss America beauty pageant. The protest and its disruption of the pageant gave the issue of equal rights for women significant attention and signaled the beginning of the end of "beauty pageants" as any sort of aspiration for young females., and 'square' themed content in general.
Brazil
On March 28, the Military Police of Brazil killed high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto at a protest for cheaper meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death generated one of the first major protests against the military dictatorship in Brazil and incited a national wave of anti-dictatorship student demonstrations throughout the year.
Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union
In what became known as Prague Spring, Czechoslovakia's first secretary Alexander Dubček began a period of reform, which gave way to outright civil protest, only ending when the USSR invaded the country in August. On August 25, anti-war protesters gathered in Red Square only to be dispersed. It was titled the 1968 Red Square demonstration.
France
The French May protests started with student protests over university reform and escalated into a month-long protest. The trade unions joined the protest resulting in a general strike.
Italy
On March 1, a clash known as the Battle of Valle Giulia took place between students and police in the faculty of architecture in the Sapienza University of Rome. In March, Italian students closed the University of Rome for 12 days during an anti-war protest.
Japan
Protests in Japan, organized by socialist student group Zengakuren, were held against the Vietnam War starting January 17, coinciding with the visit of the USS Enterprise to Sasebo. In May, violent student protests erupted at multiple Japanese universities, having started earlier in the year from disputes between faculty and students for more student rights and lower tuition fees. Students occupied buildings and clashed with staff, holding "trials" in public.
Mexico
Mexican university students mobilized to protest Mexican government authoritarianism and sought broad political and cultural changes in Mexico. The entire summer leading up to the opening of the 1968 Mexico City Olympics had a series of escalating conflicts between Mexican students with a broad base of non-student supporters and the police. Mexican president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz saw the massive and largely peaceful demonstrations as a threat to Mexico's image on the world stage and to his government's ability to maintain order. On October 2, after a summer of protests against the Mexican government and the occupation of the central campus of the National Autonomous University (UNAM) by the army, a student demonstration in Tlatelolco Plaza in Mexico City ended with police, paratroopers and paramilitary units firing on students, killing and wounding an undetermined number of people. The suppression of the Mexican mobilization ended with the October 2 massacre and the Olympic games opened without further demonstrations, but the Olympics themselves were a focus of other political issues. The admittance of the South African team brought the issue of Apartheid to the 1968 Summer Olympics. After more than 40 teams threatened to boycott, the committee reconsidered and again banned the South African team. The Olympics were targeted as a high profile venue to bring the Black Movement into public view. At a televised medal ceremony, black U.S. track stars John Carlos and Tommie Smith each raised one black-gloved hand in the black power salute, and the U.S. Olympic Committee sent them home immediately, albeit only after the International Olympic Community threatened to send the entire track team home if the USOC did not.
Pakistan
In November 1968, mass student movement erupted in Pakistan against the military dictatorship of Ayub Khan. The movement was later joined by workers, lawyers, white-collar employees, prostitutes, and other social layers. Unprecedented class solidarity was displayed and the prejudices of religion, sex, ethnicity, race, nationality, clan or tribe evaporated in the red heat of revolutionary struggle. In 1968 at the height of the movement against him, young protesters in Karachi and Lahore began describing him as a dog (Ayub Khan Kutta!). Troops opened fire, killing dozens and injuring hundreds of students and workers. In March 1969, Ayub Khan resigned and handed power to Army chief Yahya Khan.
Poland
On January 30, 300 student protesters from the University of Warsaw and the National Theater School were beaten with clubs by state arranged anti-protestors. On March 8, the 1968 Polish political crisis began with students from the University of Warsaw who marched for student rights and were beaten with clubs. The next day over two thousand students marched in protest of the police involvement on campus and were clubbed and arrested again. By March 11, the general public had joined the protest in violent confrontations with students and police in the streets. The government fought a propaganda campaign against the protestors, labeling them Zionists. The twenty days of protest ended when the state closed all of the universities and arrested more than a thousand students. Most Polish Jews left the country to avoid persecution by the government.
South Africa
In South Africa, the (white-only) University of Cape Town (UCT) Council's decision to rescind Archie Mafeje's (black) offer for a senior lecturer position due to pressure from the Apartheid government has angered students and led to protests on 15 August 1968 followed by a nine days sit-in at UCT administration building. Protesters faced intimidation from the government, anti-protestors and fellow Afrikaans students from other universities. The police swiftly squashed support for the sit-in. In the aftermath, Mafeje left the country and did not return until 2000.
Spain
Compared to other countries, the repercussions of 1968 were much smaller in Spain, mostly being protests and strikes repressed by Franco's regime. Workers were joined by students at the University of Madrid to protest the involvement of police in demonstrations against dictator Francisco Franco's regime, demanding democracy, trade unions and worker rights, and education reform. In April, Spanish students protested against the actions of the Franco regime in sanctioning a mass for Adolf Hitler. At the beginning of spring the University of Madrid was closed for thirty-eight days due to student demonstrations.
Sweden
On May 3 activists protested the participation of two apartheid nations, Rhodesia and South Africa's, in the international tennis competition held in Båstad, Sweden. The protest was among the most violent between Swedish police and demonstrators during the 1960s, resulting in a dialogue between the Swedish Government and organizers to curb the escalation of violence. The match was later played in secrecy, with Sweden winning 4-1.
At Stockholm University leftist students occupied their Student Union Building at Holländargatan from May 24–27 to send a political message to the government. Inspired by the protests in France earlier that month, the Stockholm protests were calmer than those in Paris. In reaction to the protests, right-wing students organized Borgerliga Studenter, or "Bourgeois Students", whose leaders included future prime ministers Carl Bildt and Fredrik Reinfeldt. The Student Union building would later be absorbed by the Stockholm School of Economics.
Tunisia
In Tunisia, a wave of student-led demonstrations and street protests in front of campuses began in March in inspiration of protests in Poland and the 1968 protests in Egypt. Student protests, however, were quelled by police and the movement was crushed; in the short-lived period there were peaceful protests and demonstrations for one week.
United Kingdom
A series of art school occupations quickly spread throughout the UK during May and July 1968. The occupation at Hornsey College of Art (now Middlesex University) remains an emblematic event in the modern history of British universities. Cambridge students were involved in the Garden House riot on 13 February 1970.
Northern Ireland
On 24 August 1968, the Northern Ireland civil rights movement held its first civil rights march, from Coalisland to Dungannon. Many more marches were held over the following year. Loyalists (especially members of the UPV) attacked some of the marches and held counter-demonstrations in a bid to get the marches banned. Because of the lack of police reaction to the attacks, nationalists saw the RUC, almost wholly Protestant, as backing the loyalists and allowing the attacks to occur. On 5 October 1968, a civil rights march in Derry was banned by the Northern Ireland government. When marchers defied the ban, RUC officers surrounded the marchers and beat them indiscriminately and without provocation. More than 100 people were injured, including a number of nationalist politicians. The incident was filmed by television news crews and shown around the world. It caused outrage among Catholics and nationalists, sparking two days of rioting in Derry between nationalists and the RUC. A few days later, a student civil rights group – People's Democracy – was formed in Belfast. In late November, O'Neill promised the civil rights movement some concessions, but these were seen as too little by nationalists and too much by loyalists.
These protests started turning violent, and a year later, the 1969 Northern Ireland Riots marked the beginning of The Troubles, a sectarian conflict that would divide Northern Ireland for roughly 30 years.
United States
In the United States, the Civil Rights Movement had turned away from the south and toward the cities in the north and west with the issues of open housing and the Black Consciousness Movement. The civil rights movement unified and gained international recognition with the emergence of the Black Power and Black Panthers organizations. The Orangeburg massacre on February 8, 1968, a civil rights protest in Orangeburg, South Carolina, turned deadly with the death of three college students. In March, students in North Carolina organized a sit-in at a local lunch counter that spread to 15 cities. In March, students from all five public high schools in East L.A. walked out of their classes protesting against unequal conditions in Los Angeles Unified School District high schools. Over the next several days, they inspired similar walkouts at fifteen other schools. On April 4, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. sparked violent protests in more than 100 American cities, notably Louisville, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. On April 23, students at Columbia University protested and alleged the university had racist policies; three school officials were taken hostage for 24 hours. This was just one of a number of Columbia University protests of 1968. The August 1968 Democratic National Convention became the venue for huge demonstrations against the Vietnam War and the Johnson Administration. It culminated in a riot, seen as part of television coverage of the convention, when Chicago police waded into crowds in front of the convention center and beat protesters as well as assaulted media figures in the building. At the 1968 Mexico City Olympics during a televised medal ceremony, track stars John Carlos and Tommie Smith each raised gloved fists in solidarity with black power.
West Germany
The German student movements were largely a reaction against the perceived authoritarianism and hypocrisy of the West German government and other Western governments, particularly in relation to the poor living conditions of students. Students in 108 German universities protested to get recognition of East Germany, the removal of government officials with Nazi pasts and for the rights of students. In February, protests by professors at the German University of Bonn demanded the resignation of the university's president because of his involvement in the building of concentration camps during the war.
Yugoslavia
Other protests
In October, the Rodney Riots in Kingston, Jamaica, were inspired when the Jamaican government of Hugh Shearer banned Guyanese university lecturer Dr. Walter Rodney from returning to his teaching position at the University of the West Indies. Rodney, a historian of Africa, had been active in the Black power movement, and had been sharply critical of the middle class in many Caribbean countries. Rodney was an avowed socialist who worked with the poor of Jamaica in an attempt to raise their political and cultural consciousness.
See also
1967 Long Hot Summer
1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
1968 Miami riot
1968 uprising in Senegal (occurred in same year)
1969 Cordobazo (which occurred the next year in Argentina)
1969 Hot Autumn (which occurred the next year in Italy)
American Power and the New Mandarins, book by Noam Chomsky
Axel Springer AG
Catonsville Nine
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Counterculture of the 1960s
Feminism in France
Fluxus
Give Peace a Chance
Glenville Shootout
Happening
Hippies
Arab Spring
Revolutions of 1848
Revolutions of 1989
Situationist International
Stonewall riots (which occurred the next year)
Summer of love
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
Yippies
Citations
General references
External links
1968 in Europe
1968 in Italy
NPR Echoes of 1968
BBC Radio 4 - 1968: Myth or Reality?
1968 Special Report, The Guardian
Everyone to the Barricades - Europe 1968—Sean O'Hagen, The Guardian
Timeline of 1968, International Socialism, Spring 2008
1968 In Italy: Revolution or Cold Civil War
European protestmusic in 1968 - the birth of European identities in music
De 1968 au mouvement Occupy,Mappingthepresent.org
An archive containing photographs of 1968/1969 protests in the San Francisco area
Conflicts in 1968
Counterculture of the 1960s
1968
1968 in international relations
1968 in politics
Sexual revolution
Revolutionary waves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests%20of%201968 |
Savelugu-Nanton Municipal District is a former district that was located in Northern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988; which was created from the former West Dagomba District Council. It was later elevated to municipal district assembly status on 1 March 2012. However on 28 June 2012, it was split off into two new districts: Savelugu Municipal District (capital: Savelugu) and Nanton District (capital: Nanton). The municipality was located in the eastern part of Northern Region and had Nanton as its capital town.
Background
Savelugu-Nanton Municipal District had 149 communities, of which five were area councils, aside Savelugu being the capital. The area councils were Nanton, Pong-Tamale, Diare, Moglaa and Tampion. The population of this district according to the 2000 population census was 91,415 having a growth rate of 3%. 109,442 was the projected population as at March 2006 with its breakdown being 49% male and 51% female with a land area of 1790.7 km2.
Localities
Kadia
Naabogu
External links
Savelugu-Nanton Municipal District Info
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Savelugu-Nanton District
Districts of the Northern Region (Ghana)
Dagbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savelugu-Nanton%20Municipal%20District |
RockAmerica is a music video subscription service for professional disc jockeys based in New York City, New York. Founded in 1980 by Ed Steinberg, it was the first company to offer music videos on a subscription basis, and provided a vital channel before the establishment of MTV and other television outlets.
Founded on the heels of successful record pools that would distribute disco and new wave records to DJs, the company applied the same principle to music video but with important differences. The videos, which were obtained from record labels both major and independent, were gathered into compilations. Clubs could subscribe and receive fresh tapes on a monthly basis. However the tapes had to be returned at the end of two months. Further conditions were dictated by copyright concerns. Clubs were not supposed to play the reels continuously but to mix them into other programming. The clubs were also mandated to provide monthly 'response forms' to RockAmerica from which the company produced a video chart, as well as more detailed analysis that could be purchased by marketers. The first program included videos by artists Madness, XTC, David Bowie, The Flying Lizards, The Ramones and Ian Dury. The company rapidly signed up a number of east coast clubs. The company also produced videos for a number of NYC artists including the Bush Tetras and, notably, the video for Madonna's debut single Everybody. By the summer of 1983 RockAmerica had 300 subscribers.
In its early days Bob Pittman of MTV based his programming on RockAmerica's chart.
The company remained influential in the 1990s playing a crucial role in breaking the boy band phenomenon.
In 2005 RockAmerica was acquired by the Retail Entertainment Design company. In 2007 Steinberg was made a Vice President of RockAmerica’s owner.
References
Companies established in 1980
DJing
Music video networks in the United States
Television production companies of the United States
Video rental services
Companies based in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockAmerica |
Pre-industrial society refers to social attributes and forms of political and cultural organization that were prevalent before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, which occurred from 1750 to 1850. Pre-industrial refers to a time before there were machines and tools to help perform tasks en masse. Pre-industrial civilization dates back to centuries ago, but the main era known as the pre-industrial society occurred right before the industrial society. Pre-Industrial societies vary from region to region depending on the culture of a given area or history of social and political life. Europe was known for its feudal system and the Italian Renaissance.
The term "pre-industrial" is also used as a benchmark for environmental conditions before the development of industrial society: for example, the
Paris Agreement, adopted in Paris on 12 December, 2015 and in force from 4 November, 2016, "aims to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels." The date for the end of the "pre-industrial era" is not defined.
Common attributes
Limited production
Extreme agricultural economy
Limited division of labor. In pre-industrial societies, production was relatively simple and the number of specialized crafts was limited.
Limited variation of social classes
Parochialism—Communications were limited between communities in pre-industrial societies. Few had the opportunity to see or hear beyond their own village. Industrial societies grew with the help of faster means of communication, having more information at hand about the world, allowing knowledge transfer and cultural diffusion between them.
Populations grew at substantial rates
Social classes: peasants and lords
Subsistence level of living
Population dependent on peasants for food
People were located in villages rather than in cities
Economic systems
Hunter gather society
Commodity market
Mercantilism
Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence
Labor conditions
Harsh working conditions had been prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static, and child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were not as equally prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.
See also
Agrarian society
Industrialisation
Modernization theory
Traditional society
Dependency Theory
Imperialism
Hunter gatherers
Low technology
Transhumance
Nomads
Pastoral nomads
Nomadic
Post-industrial society
Proto-industrialization
References
Bibliography
Grinin, L. 2007. Periodization of History: A theoretic-mathematical analysis. In: History & Mathematics. Ed. by Leonid Grinin, Victor de Munck, and Andrey Korotayev. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS. P.10-38. .
Sociological terminology
Industrial Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-industrial%20society |
The Amazônia National Park () was created in 1974, as a national park comprising 1,070,737 ha. It is situated in Itaituba and Trairão municipalities, Pará state, in the north region of Brazil. It is located in the watershed of the Tapajós River, about halfway between Manaus and Belém. It has expanded since its inception and now covers . It is a very biodiverse habitat and contains a wide range of animals and plants.
The specific objectives of the park are the preservation of various Amazonic ecosystems, through scientific, educational and recreational means.
Geography
The park lies on either side of the Tapajós River. The habitat is dense lowland rain forest and there are areas of white-sand grasslands beside the upper reaches of the Tapajós. This river rises in the Precambrian crystalline shields area of ancient igneous rock and carries little sediment. The river acts as a barrier so that some of the animals and plants on one bank are not found on the other. The first base in the park is about from Itaituba, and there is some illegal cutting of timber and gold mining in the eastern parts closest to Itaituba and Trairão.
To the west the park adjoins the Pau-Rosa National Forest, created in 2001.
The proposed South Amazon Ecological Corridor would link the park to other protected areas and indigenous territories in the region.
History
The Amazônia National Park was created by federal decree 73.683 of 19 February 1974.
Its limits were altered by decree on 18 January 1985.
The management plan was published on 31 December 1988, but was not made official at that time.
The consultative council was created on 26 November 2004.
The limits of the park were altered on 13 February 2006 and again on 12 August 2011.
Law 12678 of 25 June 2012 amended the limits of the Amazônia, Campos Amazônicos and Mapinguari national parks, the Itaituba I, Itaituba II and Crepori national forests and the Tapajós Environmental Protection Area.
All of these were reduced in size except the Campos Amazônicos.
This last alteration reduced the area of the park to .
Flora and fauna
Except for about 2% of more open forest, the whole park consists of dense humid tropical forest. The larger trees reach a height of about , and the light filtering through the canopy is sufficient to produce a biodiverse understorey of vines, lichens, mosses and orchids. Many of the mammals in the park are nocturnal, and some such as the giant otter, Amazonian manatee and giant anteater are endangered. There are also large numbers of reptiles, fish and other aquatic creatures.
Visiting the park
The park can be reached from the city of Itaituba. The Transpantaneira runs from east to west through the park but does not really live up to its name. The road is paved as far as Itaituba but other parts are unpaved earth roads topped with gravel that deteriorate during the rainy season, November to April, and need much repair work each May and June.
The park can be accessed from Santarém, Pará, which is at the confluence of the Tapajós with the Amazon River. Santarém has an airport. Any roads usually require four-wheel-drive vehicles and river transport is normally used in this region.
References
Sources
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Pará
Protected areas established in 1974
1974 establishments in Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia%20National%20Park |
The dollar was the currency of the colony of Newfoundland and, later, the Dominion of Newfoundland, from 1865 until 1949, when Newfoundland became a province of Canada. It was subdivided into 100 cents.
History
In 1865, Newfoundland adopted the gold standard, and the dollar replaced the pound at a rate of 1 dollar = 4 shillings 2 pence sterling or 1 pound = $4.80, slightly higher than the Canadian dollar (worth 4s 1.3d). The significance of this rating was that two cents was equal to one penny sterling. It was seen as a compromise between adopting the British system or the American system. It also had the effect of aligning the Newfoundland unit to the dollar unit in the British Eastern Caribbean colonies. The West Indian dollar was directly descended from the Spanish dollar (pieces of eight). Newfoundland was unique in the British Empire in that it was the only part to introduce its own gold coin in conjunction with its gold standard. Newfoundland two-dollar coins were minted intermittently until the Newfoundland banking crash of 1894. In 1895, following this banking crisis, the Canadian banks moved into Newfoundland and the value of the Newfoundland dollar was adjusted to set it equal to the Canadian dollar, a devaluation of 1.4%. The Newfoundland dollar was replaced by the Canadian dollar at par when Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949.
The other British North American colonies adopted the American unit around the same time that Newfoundland adopted the West Indian unit. The small disparity between the American unit and the West Indian unit was because in 1792, Alexander Hamilton at the U.S. Treasury Department took an average weight of worn Spanish dollars to be the new American unit of currency.
The Newfoundland decimal coinage corresponded exactly to the dollar unit that was used in another British colony in South America. British Guiana used accounts based on the Spanish dollar, but these accounts were used in conjunction with the sterling coinage.
Coins of the Newfoundland dollar continue to be legal tender in all of Canada, as are banknotes.
Coins
In 1865, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 cents, and 2 dollars. The 1 cent was struck in bronze, the 5, 10 and 20 cents in silver and the 2 dollars (also denominated as "Two Hundred Cents" and "One Hundred Pence") in gold. Silver 50 cents were introduced in 1870, with the 20 cents replaced by a 25-cent coin in 1917. A smaller 1-cent coin was introduced in 1938.
Banknotes
In 1865, one chartered bank, the Commercial Bank of Newfoundland, began issuing notes denominated in pounds and dollars, using a rate of 4 dollars = 1 pound. As this rate matched the rate used in Canada at the time, it may be that these notes were not intended for use as Newfoundland dollars. In the 1880s, both the Commercial Bank and the Union Bank of Newfoundland issued notes denominated solely in dollars.
Denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 dollars were issued. However, in 1894, both banks crashed.
The Department of Public Works introduced government cash notes in 1901 in denominations of 40, 50 and 80 cents, 1 and 5 dollars. In 1910, 25 cents and 2 dollars were added. In 1920, the Treasury introduced 1- and 2-dollar notes.
Gold standard
The Newfoundland dollar was linked to the Canadian dollar and remained convertible to gold even after Canada went off the gold standard in April 1931. As a result of going off the gold standard and the economic situation of the Depression, the Canadian dollar slipped against the American dollar. That opened up the opportunity for a one-way arbitrage market with the United States. It became profitable to convert Canadian dollars for gold in Newfoundland and then take the gold to the United States to sell for a profit. This brought economic pressure on Newfoundland as its gold reserves started to diminish.
In December 1931, the Newfoundland government took Newfoundland off the gold standard. This was followed by legislation in the spring of 1932, which amended the Currency Act to prohibit the export of gold without a permit. Banknotes became legal tender, and notes were no longer convertible into gold. Newfoundland thus abandoned the gold standard a year after Canada.
See also
Newfoundland pound
Banknotes of the Commercial Bank of Newfoundland
References
Further reading
External links
Currencies of the British Empire
Currencies of Canada
Currencies with multiple banknote issuers
Modern obsolete currencies
Dominion of Newfoundland
Pre-Confederation Newfoundland
1865 establishments in the British Empire
1949 disestablishments
Economy of Newfoundland and Labrador
Provincial symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland%20dollar |
Kuai may refer to:
Kuai (dish) (), a Chinese food dish
Kuai (), a colloquial term for the Chinese yuan (currency unit)
KuAI, Kuibyshev Aviation Institute in Russia
KUAI, a Radio station in the United States on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii
See also
Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.
Quai
Kwai (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuai |
Haplogroup K, formerly Haplogroup UK, is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is defined by the HVR1 mutations 16224C and 16311C. It is now known that K is a subclade of U8.
Origin
Haplogroup K is believed to have originated in the mid-Upper Paleolithic, between about 30,000 and 22,000 years ago. It is the most common subclade of haplogroup U8b.
Distribution
Haplogroup K appears in Central Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, South Asia and West Asia and in populations with such an ancestry. Overall the mtDNA haplogroup K is found in about 6% of the population of Europe and the Near East, but it is more common in certain populations.
In Europe, K appears to be most common in the Morbihan (17.5%) and Périgord-Limousin (15.3%) regions of France, and in Norway and Bulgaria (13.3%). The level is 12.5% in Belgium, 11% in Georgia and 10% in Austria and Great Britain. Some specific subclades of K among Europeans are K1a1b2b in Finland, K1a3a1 in Sardinia, K1a19 in Hungary, K1b1b1a in Greeks, K1b1c in Serbia, Slovakia, and Poland, K1c2 in Irish and Germans and in Hungary, and K2a9a in Sardinia. A 2013 study had suggested that K1a1b1a, K1a9, and K2a2a1 could have originated from Western Europe.
Approximately 16% of the Druze of Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, belong to haplogroup K. Examples of Druze branches of K are K1a5a and K1a17a. It is also found among 8% of Palestinians. Additionally, K reaches a level of 17% in Kurdistan.
Approximately 32% of people with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry are in haplogroup K, with about 21% in K1a1b1a alone. This high percentage points to a genetic bottleneck occurring around the years 800-1000 under which K1a1b1a was particularly affected since K1a1b1a carriers' proportions of founder alleles and pathogenic variants were higher than in carriers of other haplogroups, and the K1a1b1a carriers had longer total lengths for runs of homozygosity compared to carriers of other haplogroups. Ashkenazi mtDNA K clusters into six subclades: K1a1b1*, K1a1b1a, K1a4a, K1a9, K2a*, and K2a2a1.
Haplogroup K is also found among Gurage (10%), Syrians (9.1%), Afar (6.3%), Zenata Berbers (4.11%), Reguibate Sahrawi (3.70%), Oromo (3.3%), Iraqis (2.4%), Saudis (0%-10.5%), Yemenis (0%-9.8%), and Algerians (0%-4.3%).
Derenko et al. (2007) found haplogroup K in many samples of Iranic, Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic peoples of central Eurasia, including 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Tajiks, 6.7% (6/90) of a sample of Altai Kizhi, 3.7% (3/82) of a sample of Persians, 2.7% (2/73) of a sample of West Evenks from the Krasnoyarsk region, 2.7% (3/110) of a sample of Kalmyks, 2.1% (1/47) of a sample of Mongolians, 2.0% (2/99) of a sample of Khamnigans, 1.9% (1/53) of a sample of Teleuts, 1.4% (4/295) of a sample of Buryats, and 1.2% (1/82) of a sample of Shors. Min-Sheng Peng et al. found haplogroup K1 in 10.3% (7/68) of a sample of Kyrgyz from Taxkorgan, 7.6% (5/66) of a sample of Wakhi from Taxkorgan, 5.8% (5/86) of a sample of Sarikoli from Taxkorgan, 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Uyghur from Artux, and 2.0% (1/50) of a sample of Pamiri from Gorno-Badakhshan. In eastern China, mtDNA haplogroup K has been found in 1.3% (1/149 K1a13, 1/149 K2a5) of a sample of Barga Mongols in Hulunbuir and in 0.9% of a sample of Beijing Han.
Ancient DNA
The more ancient evidence of Haplogroup K has been found in the remains of three individuals from Upper Palaeolithic Magdalenian of Spain with 11950 years and in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Tell Ramad, Syria, dating from c. 6000 BC. The clade was also discovered in skeletons of early farmers in Central Europe dated to around 5500-5300 BC, at percentages that were nearly double the percentage present in modern Europe. Some techniques of farming, together with associated plant and animal breeds, spread into Europe from the Near East. The evidence from ancient DNA suggests that the Neolithic culture spread by human migration.
Analysis of the mtDNA of Ötzi, the frozen mummy from 3300 BC found on the Austrian-Italian border, has shown that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade. It cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi. Multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a new European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution amongst modern data sets.
A woman buried some time between 2650 and 2450 BC in a presumed Amorite tomb at Terqa (Tell Ashara), Middle Euphrates Valley, Syria carried Haplogroup K.
A lock of hair kept at a reliquary at Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte Baume basilica, France, which local tradition holds belonged to the biblical figure Mary Magdalene, was also assigned to haplogroup K. Ancient DNA sequencing of a capillary bulb bore the K1a1b1a subclade and according to the highly controversial researcher , who claims to have discovered the DNA of Jesus Christ, it would indicate that she would have been of Pharisian maternal origin.
Haplogroup K1 has likewise been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800).
In 2016, researchers extracted the DNA from the tibia of two individuals separately dated to 7288-6771 BCE and 7605-7529 BCE buried in Theopetra cave, Greece, the oldest known human-made structure, and both individuals were found to belong to mtDNA Haplogroup K1c.
Thuya, the great-grandmother of Tutankhamun passed haplogroup K to her descendants, including that king. Haplogroup K has also been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Roman periods. Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been dated to around 3,000 BCE, have likewise been observed to carry the K1 subclade.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup K subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Genetic traits
A study involving Caucasian patients showed that individuals classified as haplogroup J or K demonstrated a significant decrease in risk of Parkinson's disease versus individuals carrying the most common haplogroup, H. Additionally, a study from 2020 found that the presence of haplogroup K served as a protective agent against ADHD, with a significant value (). Used in conjunction with haplogroup U, the pre-cursor to haplogroup K, was shown to have an even more significant effect in protecting against ADHD in the participants ().
In popular culture
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Katrine.
On an 18 November 2005 broadcast of the Today Show, during an interview with Dr. Spencer Wells of The National Geographic Genographic Project, host Katie Couric was revealed to belong to haplogroup K.
On 14 August 2007, Stephen Colbert was told by geneticist Spencer Wells that he is a member of this haplogroup during a segment on The Colbert Report.
Henry Louis Gates Jr. states that Meryl Streep belongs to Haplogroup K in his book Faces of America.
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Haplogroup K1a1b1a (mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
References
External links
General
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup K
Spread of Haplogroup K, from National Geographic
Eupedia Haplogroup K page
mtDNA Haplogroup K Project at Family Tree DNA
Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: mtDNA Haplogroup K
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
K
Ashkenazi Jews topics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20K%20%28mtDNA%29 |
Maryland Route 174 (MD 174) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs from Jacobs Road near Fort Meade east to MD 3 Business in Glen Burnie. MD 174 connects Glen Burnie with Severn and Fort George G. Meade in northern Anne Arundel County. The Fort Meade–Severn portion of the highway was constructed as part of MD 170, the primary highway that connected what was then Camp Meade to Baltimore, in the late 1910s. The highway was widened in the early 1940s, then became MD 554 in a number swap with the Severn–Odenton portion of MD 170. MD 174 was constructed in the early 1920s as a short road from MD 3 in Glen Burnie west to the site of the highway's modern Interstate 97 (I-97) interchange. MD 174 was extended west to Fort Meade in the early 1980s.
Route description
MD 174 begins on the eastern edge of the Fort Meade military reservation at an intersection with Jacobs Road. Reece Road continues as a federal government–maintained public road west onto the military installation to an intersection with MD 175. MD 174 heads northeast along Reece Road, a two-lane undivided road that passes between residential subdivisions in the western part of Severn. The highway veers north then curves east and crosses over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line, which also carries MARC's Penn Line. Immediately to the east, MD 174 passes through an S-curve and temporarily expands to a four-lane divided highway through its intersection with MD 170 (Telegraph Road). The highway continues east as Donaldson Avenue, which reduces to two lanes.
MD 174 enters the southwestern part of Glen Burnie and veers northeast at its junction with Quarterfield Road, at which point the highway assumes that name and expands to a four-lane undivided road. The highway temporarily becomes divided through its partial cloverleaf interchange with I-97. East of I-97, MD 174 meets the eastern end of a piece of its old alignment, Old Quarterfield Road, which is unsigned MD 779. The highway temporarily gains a median again as it passes through its half-diamond interchange with MD 100 (Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway). The interchange only allows access from MD 174 to eastbound MD 100 and from westbound MD 100 to MD 174. North of that interchange, the highway intersects Thelma Avenue and reaches its eastern terminus at MD 3 Business (Robert Crain Highway). There is no direct access from northbound MD 3 Business to westbound MD 174; that movement is made via Thelma Avenue.
History
When the Maryland State Roads Commission applied numbers to state highways, they assigned MD 170 to its current corridor from Severn to Brooklyn Park and to what is now MD 174 from Severn to Fort Meade. The portion of the modern highway from Odenton to Severn was originally MD 554. A section of highway from the current MD 170–MD 174 intersection in Severn west to the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak's Northeast Corridor) was built as a wide concrete road by 1915. Construction on the highway from Linthicum to Fort Meade became a high priority with the United States' entrance into World War I; the remainder of the Severn–Linthicum highway and the highway from the railroad at Severn southwest to newly established Camp Meade, now collectively called the Camp Meade Road, were paved in wide concrete between 1916 and 1919.
MD 170 was relocated at the railroad crossing when the highway's overpass of the Pennsylvania Railroad was completed in 1931. The old road, which is now Severn Station Road west of the tracks and Old Camp Meade Road to the east, became MD 483. With the outbreak of World War II, MD 170 was designated a road of strategic importance to connect Baltimore with Fort Meade; the highway was reconstructed as a wide asphalt-surfaced concrete road in 1942. By 1946, MD 170 and MD 554 had swapped numbers, with the latter now the route from Severn to Fort Meade. MD 554 was widened and resurfaced again in 1955 and 1956.
The original segment of MD 174 was paved as a concrete road by 1921. This segment extended west from MD 3 in Glen Burnie southwest along Quarterfield Road to a spot just west of what became its partial cloverleaf interchange with the Glen Burnie Bypass (now I-97) in 1956. MD 174 was relocated for the construction of the interchange; part of the old road became MD 779. MD 174 was extended east from MD 3 Business along Aquahart Road and south along Oakwood Road to its interchange with MD 177 (now MD 100) in 1969. The state highway was rolled back to its present terminus at MD 3 Business by 1974. Donaldson Avenue, a county highway, was relocated near its western end to form a four-way intersection with MD 170 and MD 554 in 1981. In 1983, MD 174 was extended west over Quarterfield Road, Donaldson Avenue, and MD 554 to its present western terminus at the edge of Fort Meade. The state highway had been expanded to a four-lane divided highway around its intersection with MD 170 and its interchange with MD 100, and widened to four lanes on much of its Quarterfield Road segment by 1999. MD 174 was expanded from a two-lane road to a four-lane divided highway through its interchange with I-97 when that interchange was reconstructed in 2004 and 2005.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 174
174
Roads in Anne Arundel County, Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20174 |
The Bunsen cell is a zinc-carbon primary cell (colloquially called a "battery") composed of a zinc anode in dilute sulfuric acid separated by a porous pot from a carbon cathode in nitric or chromic acid.
Cell details
The Bunsen cell is about 1.9 volts and arises from the following reaction:
Zn + H2SO4 + 2 HNO3 ZnSO4 + 2 H2O + 2 NO2(g)
According to the reaction above, when 1 mole (or part) each of zinc and sulfuric acid react with 2 moles (or parts) of nitric acid, the resultant products formed are, 1 mole (or part) of zinc sulfate and 2 moles (or parts) each of water and nitrogen dioxide (gaseous, in the form of bubbles).
The cell is named after its inventor, German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, who improved upon the Grove cell by replacing Grove's expensive platinum cathode with carbon in the form of pulverized coal and coke. Like Grove's battery, Bunsen's emitted noxious fumes of nitrogen dioxide.
Bunsen used this cell to extract metals. Henri Moissan used a stack of 90 cells for the electrolysis of hydrogen fluoride to obtain fluorine for the first time.
See also
History of the battery
List of battery types
Battery nomenclature
References
Further reading
External links
Bunsen "Battery"
Battery types
fr:Pile électrique#Piles à dépolarisation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsen%20cell |
The islands of Samoa were originally inhabited by humans as early as 850 BC. After being invaded by European explorers in the 18th century, by the 20th and 21st century, the islands were incorporated into Samoa (Western Samoa, Independent Samoa) and American Samoa (Eastern Samoa).
Early history of the Polynesian people of Samoa
The pre-colonial history of Eastern Samoa (now American Samoa) is inextricably bound with the history of Western Samoa (now independent Samoa).
The Tui Manu'a is one of the oldest Samoan titles in Samoa. Traditional oral literature of Samoa and Manu'a talks of a widespread Polynesian network or confederacy (or "empire") that was prehistorically ruled by the successive Tui Manu'a dynasties. Manuan genealogies and religious oral literature also suggest that the Tui Manu'a had long been one of the most prestigious and powerful paramounts Samoa. Legends suggest that the Tui Manu'a kings ruled a confederacy of far-flung islands which included Fiji, Tonga as well as smaller western Pacific chiefdoms and Polynesian outliers such as Uvea, Futuna, Tokelau, and Tuvalu. Commerce and exchange routes between the western Polynesian societies is well documented and it is speculated that the Tui Manu'a dynasty grew through its success in obtaining control over the oceanic trade of currency goods such as finely woven ceremonial mats, whale ivory "tabua", obsidian and basalt tools, chiefly red feathers, and seashells reserved for royalty (such as polished nautilus and the egg cowry).
The islands of Upolu and Savai'i were politically connected to 'Upolu island in what is now independent Samoa. It can be said that all the Samoa islands are politically connected today through the faamatai chiefly system and through family connections that are as strong as ever. This system of the faamatai and the customs of faasamoa originated with two of the most famous early chiefs of Samoa, who were both women and related, Nafanua and Salamasina.
Arrival of Western missionaries
Early Western contact included a battle in the 18th century between French explorers and islanders in Tutuila, for which the Samoans were blamed in the West, giving them a reputation for ferocity. Early 19th-century Rarotongan missionaries to the Samoa islands were followed by a group of Western missionaries led by John Williams of the (Congregationalist) London Missionary Society in the 1830s, officially bringing Christianity to Samoa. Less than a hundred years later, the Samoan Congregationalist Church became the first independent indigenous church of the South Pacific.
European and American Colonial Division of the Samoan archipelago
In 1872 the high chief of the tribes of the eastern Samoan islands gave America permission to establish a naval base in exchange for military protection. In 1878 the U.S. Navy built a coaling station on Pago Pago Bay for its Pacific Squadron and appointed a local Secretary. American Samoa is the result of the Second Samoan Civil War and an agreement made between Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom in the Tripartite Convention of 1899. The international rivalries were settled by the 1899 Treaty of Berlin in which Germany and the U.S. divided the Samoan archipelago. The eastern Samoan islands became territories of the United States and later became known as American Samoa. The U.S. formally occupied its portion, with the noted harbor of Pago Pago, the following year. The western islands are now the independent state of Samoa.
Colonization by the United States
Several chiefs of the island of Tutuila swore allegiance, and ceded the island, to the United States in the Treaty of Cession of Tutuila of 1900. The last sovereign of Manuʻa, the Tui Manuʻa Elisara, signed the Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa of 1904 following a series of US Naval trials, known as the "Trial of the Ipu", in Pago Pago, Taʻu, and aboard a Pacific Squadron gunboat. The treaties were ratified by the United States in the Ratification Act of 1929.
After World War I, during the time of the Mau movement in Western Samoa (then a New Zealand protectorate), there was a corresponding American Samoa Mau movement, led by Samuel Sailele Ripley, who was from Leone village and was a World War I war veteran. In 1921, seventeen chiefs of the American Samoa Mau were arrested and imprisoned under hard labor.
During World War II, U.S. Marines in American Samoa outnumbered the local population, having a huge cultural influence. Young Samoan men from the age of 14 and above were combat trained by US military personnel. As in World War I, American Samoans served in World War II as combatants, medical personnel, code personnel, ship repairs, etc.
Current status of the territory and attempts of incorporation in the United States
After the war, Organic Act 4500, a U.S. Department of Interior-sponsored attempt to incorporate American Samoa, was defeated in Congress, primarily through the efforts of American Samoan chiefs, led by Tuiasosopo Mariota. These chiefs' efforts led to the creation of a local legislature, the American Samoa Fono which meets in the village of Fagatogo, the territory's capital.
In time, the Navy-appointed governor was replaced by a locally elected one. Although technically considered "unorganized" in that the U.S. Congress has not passed an Organic Act for the territory, American Samoa is self-governing under a constitution that became effective on July 1, 1967. The U.S. Territory of American Samoa is on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories.
The islands have been reluctant to separate from the US in any manner. The maritime boundaries of American Samoa with New Zealand (Tokelau, the Cook Islands, and Niue) have been determined in a series of treaties. Maritime boundaries with Tonga and Samoa have yet to be agreed upon.
Economy of American Samoa
Employment on the island basically falls into three relatively equally sized categories of approximately 5,000 workers each: the public sector, the tuna cannery, and the rest of the private sector. There are only a few federal employees in American Samoa and no active military personnel (there are several Army Reserve units including companies of the famed 100th Infantry Battalion; the overwhelming majority of public sector employees work for the American Samoa Government. The StarKist cannery exports several hundred million dollars worth of canned tuna to the United States.
See also
Outline of American Samoa
References
Further reading
Campbell, Charles S. The transformation of American foreign relations, 1865-1900 (1976) pp 72–83, 311–26.
Gray, John Alexander Clinton. Amerika Samoa: A History of American Samoa and Its United States Naval Administration (United States Naval Institute, 1960).
Huebner, Thorn. "Vernacular literacy, English as a language of wider communication, and language shift in American Samoa." Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development 7.5 (1986): 393–411.
Kennedy, Paul. The Samoan Tangle: A Study in Anglo-German-American Relations 1878–1900 (1977).
Pletcher, David M. The Diplomacy of Involvement: American Economic Expansion across the Pacific, 1784-1900 (2001) online.
Siebold, Dennis J. "Delaware and the Key to the Pacific: Thomas F. Bayard, George H. Bates, and the Acquisition of American Samoa, 1886--1899" Delaware History (2008) 32#2 pp 105–148. online at Ebsco.
American Samoa
American Samoa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20American%20Samoa |
Pat Jordan (17 July 1928 – 1 September 2001) was a British Trotskyist who was central to founding the International Marxist Group.
Jordan was born in Chelsea, London, the son of an electrical engineer. On 21 October 1950 he married Leonora May Comrie, but the marriage was annulled in 1958 and she went on to marry Rodney Kay-Kreizman.
Jordan was a full-time organiser in the Communist Party of Great Britain in Nottingham, but he left the party with Ken Coates after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956. After a brief period working with the Socialist Review Group in 1956, they joined the Revolutionary Socialist League (RSL) in 1957. Jordan edited the RSL's paper Socialist Fight before leaving to form the International Group in 1961. From 1964 to 1968 he edited and printed a weekly duplicated magazine, The Week, at his tiny bookshop at 4 Dane Street, Nottingham. It was largely financed by his skill in retailing second-hand books and comics.
A short-lived reunification of Jordan's International Group with the RSL in 1964 ended early in 1965, partly in protest at the RSL's support for the expulsion of members of the Socialist Labour League from the Wandsworth Labour Party. Working with Tony Southall, Charlie van Gelderen, Ken Coates and a group students from the University of Nottingham, Jordan relaunched the International Group, which became the International Marxist Group in 1968.
In the 1970s Jordan worked full-time for the International Marxist Group as its national secretary and then for the Fourth International, when he helped in the work of the Africa Commission.
In 1985 he was struck by a chronically disabling stroke and removed from active political involvement. He died in August 2001.
References
External links
Obituary by Steve Cohen
Tony Southall, Obituary
British Trotskyists
International Marxist Group members
British Marxists
2001 deaths
1928 births
British political party founders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Jordan |
Magta or Maguta may refer to:
Magta people, or Ticuna, an ethnic group of the Amazon
Magta language, or Ticuna, their language
See also
Magta-Lahjar, a town in Mauritania
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magta |
Sefwi-Wiawso Municipal District is one of the nine districts in Western North Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Sefwi-Wiawso District, until the southwest part of the district was split off to create Sefwi-Akontombra District on 29 February 2008; thus the remaining part has been retained as Sefwi-Wiawso District, which it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status in March 2012 (effectively 28 June 2012) to become Sefwi-Wiawso Municipal District. The municipality is located in the northeast part of Western North Region and has Wiawso as its capital town.
See also
Sefwi-Wiawso (Ghana parliament constituency)
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of the Western North Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefwi-Wiawso%20Municipal%20District |
Friedrichsruh () is a district in the municipality of Aumühle, Herzogtum Lauenburg district, Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany. Friedrichsruh manor is known as a residence of the princely House of Bismarck, mainly of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck from 1871 onwards.
History
In the 18th century, the extended Sachsenwald forest in Saxe-Lauenburg east of Hamburg was a favoured hunting ground for Count Frederick of Lippe (1706–1781). In 1763 he had a lodge erected in the woods, named Friedrichsruh ("Frederick's Rest"), which upon his death changed hands several times. In the early 19th century, the premises were rebuilt as a country inn and guesthouse, which after the opening of the Hamburg-Berlin railway line running nearby became a popular destination for Hamburg citizens.
After the victory over France and the German unification of 1871, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck received the Sachsenwald estates as a present from Emperor William I. Bismarck had the former inn restored as a manor house and retained the name of Friedrichsruh. After his death he was entombed in the Bismarck Mausoleum on the Schneckenberg hill, just outside Friedrichsruh, on 16 March 1899.
In the last days of World War II, in 1945, Friedrichsruh manor was destroyed during a RAF raid due to the (false) rumor that Heinrich Himmler was hiding there. Actually, it served as the headquarters of the Swedish White Buses rescue programme led by Folke Bernadotte, clearly visible by Red Cross markings on its roof. After the war, the premises were rebuilt at the behest of Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck (1897–1975).
His son, Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck, managed the estate until his death in 2013, while his wife Elisabeth beautified the park including greenhouses with butterflies. They received guests such as King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, a godson of Prince Ferdinand, his parents Prince Claus and Queen Beatrix, the kings Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Juan Carlos I of Spain with their wives, as well as the Duke and Duchess of Windsor at Friedrichsruh.
The German press reported that it is disputed if Prince Ferdinand left the state the estate to his third son Count Gregor von Bismarck-Schönhausen (b. 1964) due to his mental ilness. Today the managed forest area of Sachsenwald amounts to about 6,000 hectares, of which 4,500 still belong to the House of Bismarck. The gardens with the butterfly houses are open to the public; so is the Bismarck-Museum and the Bismarck Mausoleum.
References
External links
Towns in Schleswig-Holstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichsruh |
Sekyere East District is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Sekyere District Council. Later, the eastern part of the district was split off to create the 1st Sekyere Afram Plains District on 1 November 2007 (effectively 29 February 2008), with Kumawu as its capital town. However, on 28 June 2012, the Afram Plains area of the district was split off to create the new Sekyere Afram Plains District, with Dobrosno as its capital town; while the remaining part has since then been officially renamed as Sekyere Kumawu District, with Kumawu as its capital town. The district assembly is located in the eastern part of Ashanti Region and has Effiduase as its capital town.
References
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekyere%20East%20District |
"The Tree" is a macabre short story by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft. It was written in 1920, and published in October 1921 in The Tryout. Set in ancient Greece, the story concerns two sculptors who accept a commission with ironic consequences.
Lovecraft wrote "The Tree" early in his career. He was dismissive of the story in a 1936 letter. Such stories, he said, "if typed on good stock make excellent shelf-paper, but little else." The assessment of Lovecraft authority S. T. Joshi was that although the story "may be a trifle obvious... it is an effective display of Lovecraft's skill in handling a historical setting."
Plot
On a slope of Mount Maenalus in Arcadia is an olive grove that grows around a marble tomb and the ruin of an old villa. There, one gigantic tree resembles a frighteningly distorted man, and the roots of the tree have shifted the blocks of the tomb.
The narrator explains that the beekeeper who lives next door told him a story about the tree: Two renowned sculptors, Kalos and Musides, lived in the colonnaded villa, which was "resplendent" in its day. Both men created works that were widely known and celebrated. They were devoted friends, but different in disposition: Musides enjoyed the nightlife, while Kalos preferred the quiet of the olive grove. It was there he was said to receive his inspiration.
One day, emissaries from "the Tyrant of Syracuse" ask the sculptors each to create a statue of Tyché (). The statue, they are told, must be "of great size and cunning workmanship", since it is to be "a wonder of nations and a goal of travellers." The most beautiful statue will be erected in the Tyrant's city, Syracuse. Kalos and Musides accept the commission. Secretly, the Tyrant expects the sculptors not only to compete but to cooperate, resulting in statuary that will be truly magnificent.
The work proceeds, and although Musides is still social and active, he seems morose—apparently because Kalos has fallen ill. Despite Kalos' weakened state, his visitors detect in him a serenity that contrasts Musides' dismay. Despite the efforts of his doctors and his friend Musides, Kalos weakens. When Kalos' death seems imminent, Musides weeps and promises to carve for him an elaborate marble sepulchre. Kalos asks that twigs from specific olive trees in the grove be buried near his head. Soon after, Kalos dies in the olive grove.
Musides builds the tomb and buries the olive twigs. From the burial place of the twigs an enormous olive tree grows at an incredible rate. An especially large branch hangs over the villa and Musides' statue.
Three years later, Musides' work on the statue is complete. The Tyrant's agents arrive, then head to town to stay the night. That evening, a windstorm whips down the mountain. When the Tyrant's people return to the villa the next morning, they find it utterly destroyed; the great tree branch has fallen, and Musides' statue has been crushed into unrecognizable pieces. Musides himself is nowhere to be found.
The end of the story recalls the Latin aphorism that precedes the text: "Fata viam invenient" ("fate will find a way").
References
Sources
Definitive version.
External links
1921 short stories
Ancient Greece in fiction
Horror short stories
Short stories by H. P. Lovecraft
Works originally published in Tryout | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tree%20%28short%20story%29 |
Abominations of Desolation is the demo album by American death metal band Morbid Angel. While it was originally recorded in May 1986, the band did not release it at the time due to their dissatisfaction with the final product. These recordings would later be released in 1991 at the decision of the band's record label, Earache Records.
It is specified on the cover that it was intended to be their first full-length album, yet unreleased, which would make Altars of Madness their proper debut. The band recorded and initially promoted the album under this pretense, but the plans were shelved after Mike Browning left the band in 1986 due to an altercation with Trey Azagthoth. Trey has said in interviews that Abominations of Desolation is not really an album and should be considered a longer-than-standard demo.
Most of the songs were reworked and appeared on later Morbid Angel albums. "Chapel of Ghouls", "Lord of All Fevers and Plague", and "Welcome to Hell" (renamed "Evil Spells") can be heard on Altars of Madness. "Unholy Blasphemies", "Abominations" and "Azagthoth" (renamed "The Ancient Ones") are on Blessed Are the Sick. "Angel of Disease" was recorded for Covenant, and lastly, "Hell Spawn" finally appeared on Formulas Fatal to the Flesh as "Hellspawn: The Rebirth". To date, "Demon Seed" is the only song from these sessions that has not been re-recorded for a full-length album.
Track listing
Personnel
Morbid Angel
Mike Browning – drums, vocals
Trey Azagthoth – guitars
Richard Brunelle – guitars
John Ortega – bass
Additional personnel
Mark Craven – artwork
L. Barry – layout
References
Morbid Angel albums
Combat Records albums
1991 albums
Earache Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abominations%20of%20Desolation |
Allegiant Airs scheduled destinations (excluding charter operations) are listed below. Its longest flight within the continental United States is Cincinnati to Los Angeles (approximately 1900 miles), and its reservation system does not allow travelers to book multi-segment flights (for example, Oakland to Cleveland via Phoenix even though the airline operates both sectors).
List
Terminated destinations
Maintenance destinations
These are destinations Allegiant flies to for aircraft maintenance.
References
Lists of airline destinations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Allegiant%20Air%20destinations |
Mampong Municipal Assembly is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Sekyere West District in 1988, which was created from the former Sekyere District Council. However on 1 November 2007, the eastern part of the district was split off to create Sekyere Central District; while the remaining portion has since then been officially renamed as Mampong Municipal District, which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on that same year. The municipality is located in the northern part of Ashanti Region and has Mampong as its capital town.
Cities and towns
Mampong
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mampong%20Municipal%20District |
"Birds of a Feather" is a 1998 song by the American band Phish. It is the second track from their 1998 album The Story of the Ghost and was released as their twelfth promotional single by Elektra Records. The song is a funk rock song written by the entire band and lyricist Tom Marshall, and was influenced by Talking Heads.
The song premiered on April 2, 1998 at the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, the first of the four shows in the "Island Tour". This show is available as Live Phish 04.02.98. Musically, it was one of the more upbeat tracks from the predominantly slow and funky The Story of the Ghost album.
"Birds of a Feather" is one of the few Phish songs to be performed three times on U.S. national television. The song was first performed at the 1998 Farm Aid concert, on October 3, 1998, and shown live on CMT. It was also played at PBS's Sessions at West 54th on October 20, 1998 which was broadcast on PBS affiliates starting on January 9, 1999. The third performance was on the October 27, 1998 episode of CBS's Late Show with David Letterman.
The song also was featured on the October 7, 1998 episode of the WB teen drama Dawson's Creek, entitled "The Kiss".
"Birds of a Feather" was a Top 20 hit on Billboards Adult Alternative Songs chart, reaching a peak of #14 in December 1998.
Track listing
"Birds of a Feather" (Trey Anastasio, Jon Fishman, Mike Gordon, Tom Marshall, Page McConnell) - 4:14
PersonnelMusicians'''
Trey Anastasio – guitars, vocals
Page McConnell – keyboards, vocals
Mike Gordon – bass guitar, vocals
Jon Fishman – drums, vocals
Also appears onLive Phish Volume 6 (2001)Live Phish Volume 8 (2002)Live Phish Volume 16 (2002)Live Phish Volume 17 (2003)Live Phish 04.02.98 (2005)Live Phish 04.04.98 (2005)Live In Brooklyn (CD/DVD) (2006)
Live in Utica (DVD) (2011)
Ventura (2013)
Notes
1998 singles
1998 songs
Phish songs
Elektra Records singles
Songs written by Trey Anastasio
Songs written by Tom Marshall (singer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds%20of%20a%20Feather%20%28Phish%20song%29 |
Superboy-Prime (Clark Kent, born Kal-El), also known as Superman-Prime or simply Prime, is a DC Comics superhero turned supervillain and an alternate version of Superman. The character first appeared in DC Comics Presents #87 (November 1985) and was created by Elliot S. Maggin and Curt Swan (based upon the original Superboy character by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster).
Superboy-Prime is from a parallel Earth called Earth-Prime, devoid of any superheroes, or even superhumans. There, Superman and the other comic superheroes were fictional characters, and when Clark Kent's Kryptonian powers emerge at age 15, Superboy-Prime becomes that Earth's only superhero. The Earth-Prime universe was erased during Crisis on Infinite Earths (April 1985-March 1986), and Superboy-Prime ended up in a "paradise" dimension where, during that time, he found himself unable to let go of his former life and destiny as Earth's greatest hero.
Over time, his convictions and morals become twisted and warped, and he came to believe that Earth-Prime was the only proper Earth and that Superboy-Prime was the only one worthy of the Superboy mantle. Prime firmly believes that being Superman is his calling despite the fact that he has become a psychotic, murderous, and even sadistic villain. His overwhelming strength, speed, unpredictability, and ruthlessness make him one of the most dangerous foes in the DC Universe.
The name "Superman-Prime" was first used by Grant Morrison in DC One Million (1998) for the mainstream Superman in the 853rd century (he is essentially the same Superman from the All-Star Superman storyline). Earth-Prime's Superboy first refers to himself as "Superboy-Prime" in Infinite Crisis #2 (January 2006).
Fictional character biography
Crisis on Infinite Earths
Superboy-Prime is from the universe known as Earth-Prime, in which the DC heroes are fictional comic book characters. He is the adopted son of Jerry and Naomi Kent. Naomi wanted to name their infant son Clark, after her maiden name, but Jerry, knowing he will also be named like Superman, a fictional comic book character, initially refused, but finally gave in. What the Kents do not know is that the baby, found abandoned in a forest, is actually a young Kal-El, who has been teleported to Earth by his father Jor-El moments before the planet Krypton was destroyed when its red sun went supernova. His parents were unable to escape that way due to a member of the Kryptonian council bursting into the room and using the device, although it is unknown what happened to him.
Young Clark lives the first fifteen years of his life as a normal boy. However, one night, as he attends a Halloween party dressed in a Superboy costume, the passage of Halley's Comet overhead triggers his Kryptonian powers. At the same time, the Earth-One Superman finds his way to Earth-Prime and the two Supermen meet. Superboy-Prime uses his powers to stop a tidal wave.
Superboy-Prime is drawn into the Crisis on Infinite Earths after his universe is consumed in the light of the Anti-Monitor. Although the loss of everything he knows causes him anguish, he finds peace in knowing that he fights the good fight alongside other heroes. During the final battle against the Anti-Monitor, Kal-L, the Earth-Two Superman, orders him to escape with Alexander Luthor, Jr. and the other heroes. Fearing that Kal-L will die in battle and knowing the new Earth is not his true home, Superboy-Prime joins Kal-L in the fight against the Anti-Monitor.
After the destruction of the Anti-Monitor by Kal-L, Superboy-Prime joins Alexander Luthor, Jr., of Earth-Three, Kal-L, and his wife Lois Lane in a "paradise dimension". In that dimension, Superboy-Prime secludes himself from the others, using crystals to replay events from his life on Earth-Prime. Superboy-Prime becomes frustrated and angry. He tries to reach out to Kal-L, whose attention is focused on Lois's failing health. Alexander comes to believe that the reason behind Lois's failing health is the paradise dimension itself, and he persuades Superboy-Prime to help him return to reality by showing Superboy-Prime the negative aspects of the post-Crisis Earth. Superboy-Prime hesitates until he overhears Kal-L say, "I wish this world would let him grow up. He'll never be Superman here". Finally, Alexander shows him the deaths of his parents and girlfriend in a car accident on the post-Crisis Earth.
Altering reality
Furious, Superboy-Prime pounded on the barrier of reality. This assault caused ripples that overlapped parallel timelines (Hypertime), which was used as an explanation for character changes, errors, and retcons in DC continuity. These changes included:
The post-Crisis retcon of Jason Todd's origin and his resurrection.
Superman's multiple origins, including The Man of Steel and Superman: Birthright, combining.
The Doom Patrol's rebooting as new characters, including Elasti-Girl.
Donna Troy's multiple origins after the first Crisis.
Various incarnations of Hawkman.
The different incarnations of the Legion of Super-Heroes since the first Crisis.
Countdown to Infinite Crisis
Eventually, Alexander reveals to Superboy-Prime that his powers are returning, and the two combine forces to break through the barrier wall. Together, they set into motion the events that culminate in Infinite Crisis:
Alexander takes control of Batman's Brother Eye satellite, which allows him to control the OMACs and access Checkmate's files on Earth's metahumans, identifying which of them had origins in other realities.
After rearranging countless other planets, Superboy-Prime pushes the planet Rann into Thanagar's orbit, destroying Thanagar's ecosystem, sparking the Rann-Thanagar War. His efforts shift the center of the universe away from Oa.
Alexander poses as Lex Luthor and forms a new Secret Society of Super Villains, using them to kidnap various people from the former Earths to use as beacons to bring back other worlds.
Alexander recruits the Psycho-Pirate to place Eclipso's Black Diamond in Jean Loring's cell at Arkham Asylum. As Eclipso, Loring seduces the Spectre and convinces him to destroy all magic. His actions create a raw form of magic that Alexander uses to power his tuning fork device, the Multiverse Tower.
Superboy-Prime destroys the JLA Watchtower and abducts Martian Manhunter.
Infinite Crisis
The Superman of Earth-Two breaks open a portal to the DC Universe, and the four residents of the paradise dimension return, making themselves known to Power Girl and Batman. When introduced to Power Girl, he calls himself Superboy-Prime for the first time. Kal-L tells Power Girl: "When the universe was reborn, Earth-One became the primary world. The scraps of the remaining worlds were folded into it. But I finally realized—we saved the wrong Earth". Superboy-Prime is jealous of Conner Kent, the modern Superboy, believing him to be living the life he himself ought to have had while not fighting for it. He also believes the Earth's heroes act more like villains. Superboy-Prime confronts Superboy, telling him that he (Superboy-Prime) is the only Superboy the Earth needs. Superboy-Prime brutally attacks Conner, but not before Conner activates his Titans homing signal. The Teen Titans, the Doom Patrol, and the Justice Society of America arrive to help Conner. After accidentally killing Pantha with a deadly punch, Superboy-Prime is left shocked and horrified while the heroes try to contain Superboy-Prime, who kills (Wildebeest and Bushido) or wounds (tore Risk's arm off and badly beats most of the rest) several others.
Left with no other options, Jay Garrick, Wally West, and Bart Allen drive Superboy-Prime into the Speed Force, banish him to a parallel world and imprison him in a facility bathed in artificial red sunlight, where he remains for four years.
Hours later, an older Bart Allen, dressed in his grandfather's costume, emerges from the Speed Force and tells the heroine Doctor Light to warn the other heroes that Superboy-Prime has escaped. During a battle between Alexander Luthor and the heroes freed from his tower, Superboy-Prime appears, wearing a power suit modeled after the Anti-Monitor's armor, which constantly feeds him yellow solar energy and boosts his power levels. During the battle, Black Adam discovers that magic has little effect against Superboy-Prime. Superboy-Prime knocks Adam away from the tower, and his opponent is transported to Earth-S. Superboy-Prime insists that Luthor reinstate Earth Prime as the only existing Earth. After Superboy-Prime attempts to kill Wonder Girl (Cassie Sandsmark), an enraged Conner Kent attacks him. Conner and Superboy-Prime's battle sends them both headlong into Alexander Luthor's vibrational tuning fork with the effects causing the machine to explode and resulting in the alternate Earths merging into one. Conner dies from injuries sustained during the explosion, leaving the rest of the superheroes devastated.
Alexander and Superboy-Prime join the Battle of Metropolis and quarrel about their contingency plan. Since their tower has been destroyed, Alexander is prepared to settle for taking over New Earth instead of creating a perfect Earth. Upon hearing of the new plan, Superboy-Prime refuses to help him, as he believes New Earth to be hopelessly inferior.
When Batman, Wonder Woman, Kal-El, and Kal-L arrive to save Metropolis, Kal-L confronts Alex about his role in the destruction. Meanwhile, Superboy-Prime is attacked by Bart Allen, who has been left outraged by Conner's death. Superboy-Prime escapes Bart and flies toward the planet Oa, intending to destroy it and spark another Big Bang which would recreate the universe with himself as the sole hero. Although the majority of the Earth's heroes are in pursuit, Superboy-Prime eludes capture.
Superboy-Prime is slowed down by a thick wall of pure willpower generated by the Green Lantern Corps. Breaking through, he battles 32 Green Lanterns, killing them. The two Supermen arrive and fly Superboy-Prime through Rao, the red sun of Krypton. The heat melts away Superboy-Prime's armor and severely weakens all three Kryptonians, who then crash on Mogo. Superboy-Prime beats Kal-L to death, but is then attacked by Kal-El. Superboy-Prime claims that he is better than Kal-El and that his Krypton was superior to Kal-El's. Kal-El responds, "It's not about where you were born. Or what powers you have. Or what you wear on your chest. It's about what you do... It's about action." Although nearly powerless, Kal-El knocks Superboy-Prime out before collapsing himself, but members of the Green Lantern Corps manage to save Kal-El.
Superboy-Prime is taken into the custody of the Guardians of the Universe, who place him in a quantum containment field, surrounded by a red Sun-Eater and guarded by 50 Green Lanterns. While inside his cell, he carves the Superman symbol into his chest, vowing to escape.
Sinestro Corps
A year later, Superboy-Prime sits naked in his cell and is watched over by a special cadre of Green Lanterns, including Guy Gardner, when the Guardians of the Universe discuss whether they should question him.
When the Sinestro Corps attack Oa, Superboy-Prime is released from his imprisonment and joins them. He becomes one of the Anti-Monitor's heralds, and he wears the uniform of the Sinestro Corps along with a variant of the power suit he wore during Infinite Crisis. Calling himself Superman-Prime (in part due to the legal disputes over the Superboy name), he arrives on Earth and battles a large group of heroes while flashing back on his life so far. He reveals that he did not believe Sinestro when he said that the Multiverse has been restored, and has only gone along with the Anti-Monitor's plans so that he may one day get revenge on him for the destruction of Earth Prime. Superman, Power Girl, and Supergirl arrive and stop him, only to have him escape as the sun rises, restoring his powers. Afterwards, Superman-Prime brutally battles Ion (Sodam Yat) throughout the state of New York. Superman-Prime gets the upper hand over Yat by exposing him to lead, and defeats him. When the Anti-Monitor is wounded by the Guardians and the destruction of War World, Superman-Prime impatiently flies through his chest and throws him into space, then battles both the Sinestro Corps and Green Lantern Corps, until a Guardian willingly sacrifices himself to destroy Superman-Prime. However, instead of dying, Prime is infused with Oan energy and warped back into the multiverse.
Countdown to Final Crisis
In Countdown to Final Crisis, following the conclusion of the Sinestro Corps War, Superman-Prime is shown wearing a costume similar to the black suit worn by Superman shortly after his resurrection and has discovered the existence of the new Multiverse, traversing it in the hopes of finding Earth Prime. He arrives on Earth-15 and attacks that world's Lex Luthor, blaming him for Alexander Luthor's failure to make the universe "perfect". He promptly kills that world's heroes and destroys the planet.
He then flies to his new base of operations in the Source Wall where he had been torturing Mister Mxyzptlk into helping him recreate Earth Prime. It is revealed that Superman-Prime is 19 years old. According to Mxyzptlk, his growth is the temporary side effect of his cells absorbing vast Oan energy from his last "encounter". Mxyzptlk escapes with the help of another prisoner, Annataz Arataz, an alternate version of Zatanna from Earth-3. Annataz is killed when Superman-Prime grows angry and gives up on using magic to achieve his goals.
He appears on the Monitors' satellite headquarters and threatens Solomon to help him find Earth Prime. Solomon tells him that if he releases Forerunner, he will show Prime what he wants; Prime does so. Solomon then tells Prime that Earth-51 is his perfect Earth, and it is in ruins due to the fighting between Monarch's Army, the Earth-51 heroes, and the Challengers. Prime leaves the satellite, intending to confront Monarch. Superman-Prime fights with Monarch, finding out that this is an enemy who is on his level despite his boosted powers from the Guardian. The two seem evenly matched until Prime becomes slightly injured after Monarch exposes part of his suit and releases some of his massive contained energies. In a fit of rage, Superman-Prime redoubles his attack on Monarch and rips open the chestplate of Monarch's containment armor, resulting in a huge explosion of quantum energy that seems to destroy the entire universe of Earth-51.
Legion of 3 Worlds
Shortly after the events of Geoff Johns' Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes storyline, the Time Trapper finds Superboy-Prime lost in time. He decides to use him to destroy the Legion and sends him to the 31st century, where he crashes in a farm outside of Smallville.
He appears much younger than he did when he was last seen in Countdown to Final Crisis, having used up the power he had absorbed from the dying Guardian. He encounters the elderly couple who own the farm, and they refer to him as Superboy, which enrages him. After being shot, he kills the farming couple, makes his way into Smallville, and visits the Superman Museum, where he discovers that he is regarded as merely a footnote in Superman's history, and ultimately has no impact on history. This sends him into a tantrum, in which he wrecks the museum and kills security guards and police officers. In the middle of his tantrum, the museum tour guide (a holographic recreation of Jimmy Olsen) tells Prime of the Legion of Super-Villains.
He learns that the evil Legion followed a code of evil, inspired by a dark being whose "name was never spoken". Prime, resolved to be a villain with more of an impact than any other enemy of Superman, sets out for the prison planet of Takron-Galtos, and frees Lightning Lord, Saturn Queen, and Cosmic King. Unlike most denizens of the 31st century, they all recognize Prime and seem overjoyed to see him. The dialogue seems to imply that Prime was the dark being whose example the villains follow.
After freeing the prisoners, Prime burns a huge S shield into the prison planet, determined to turn the shield from a symbol of hope into a symbol of terror. Learning of the prison break, the Legion of Super-Heroes call Superman from the 21st century. Superman, and the historical records, implies that no one from New Earth is aware of what happened to Prime after the Sinestro Corps War.
Superman and Brainiac 5 decide to bring in two other versions of the Legion to combat Prime and the new Legion of Super-Villains, with Superman convinced the only way to neutralize the threat of Prime is to redeem him.
Superboy-Prime led his Legion of Super-Villains to Sorcerer's World, where he recruits Mordru and kills Rond Vidar (the last Green Lantern) before heading to Earth.
During the war between the Legions of Super-Heroes and the Legion of Super-Villains, Prime battles several opponents with whom he has a history. First, the immortal Sodam Yat (the last Guardian of the Universe) is persuaded to end his self-imposed retirement on Oa to battle Superboy-Prime. Then Bart Allen returns from the Speed Force, wearing the Kid Flash uniform that he had not worn since fighting Prime in Infinite Crisis. Soon after, Conner Kent (Superboy) enters the battle, his corpse dug up by Starman in the present and placed in a Kryptonian restoration chamber for the past 1000 years. The resurrections of Kid Flash and Superboy are part of a master contingency plan devised long before by Brainiac 5, who was forewarned of Superboy-Prime by one of Dream Girl's prophecies.
During the battle, Prime kills two Legionnaires whose abilities manage to hurt him: Sun Boy of Earth Prime's "Threeboot Legion", who uses red solar powers; and Element Lad of Earth Prime, who managed to turn the ground around Prime into green kryptonite of the Earth Prime universe.
During the battle, Superman, Lightning Lad, Cosmic Boy, and Saturn Girl are brought to the end of time by the Time Trapper, who then attacks them. During the fight, the Trapper is revealed to be an aged Superboy-Prime. The elder Superboy-Prime states that he became an anomaly that could not be killed after being shunted into the multiverse by the Guardians of the Universe and became the sole survivor of all creation.
Back on Earth, Conner quickly begins gaining the upper-hand against Prime. Using his heat-vision, Conner manages to create a deep wound across the S-shield that Prime had carved into his chest. Meanwhile, at the end of time, the same wound appears on Time Trapper's chest. Realizing that Time Trapper's past is directly connected to his future, Saturn Girl uses the Time Trapper's time portals to recruit every Legion across the multiverse, who fight and defeat the Time Trapper. Superman and the three Legion founders transport him to the 31st Century, where the Trapper faces his younger self. Superboy-Prime and Trapper start bickering which culminates with their mutual destruction after Prime attacks Time Trapper, creating a paradox.
The paradox created by Prime attacking himself returns him to Earth-Prime. To his dismay, his girlfriend and family have read Infinite Crisis, Sinestro Corps War, Countdown to Final Crisis, and Legion of 3 Worlds, and are now terrified of him. Prime lives in his parents' basement, who support him out of fear for what he might do to them. He spends his days collecting comic books and trolling the DC Comics message boards, remarking that the DCU will never be rid of him and that he "always survives." Despite the physical depletion of his powers, his eyes begin glowing red again.
Blackest Night
Superboy-Prime continues to live his secluded life, unknowingly but constantly monitored by the prime universe Brainiac 5, still compulsively reading every comic book and message board post pertaining to the DC multiverse. The extended cool-off period forced on him has left Clark more regretful, aware of his reputation as a joke character in the eyes of the people of Earth-Prime. Upon reading Adventure Comics #4, and the online solicitations for the two-part storyline possibly dealing with his death, he embarks with his fearful parents on a wild goose chase, hoping to find a comic book store willing to sell him a copy of the fifth issue. However, since the fifth issue is not yet on the shelves, the events unfold exactly as Clark already read them, with Alexander Luthor, multiversal-hopping Black Lantern, bestowing to him all of his powers in order to bring him to a higher emotional state. Upon calling forth Superboy's victims, he teasingly reveals to him his impending death in Adventure Comics #5. Unable to damage the Black Lanterns, Superboy-Prime flies to the DC Comics building in New York and attempts to take revenge on the writers he believes made him the way he is. Before he can do so, Alexander teleports him to his basement, and begins destroying his comic collection.
Superboy-Prime then accepts the hopelessness of his situation, and willingly puts on a black ring, which wills him to "die". However, the ring, reacting to his mixed emotions, switches between the powers of the emotional spectrum, resulting in a mixed-light burst that eradicates the Black Lanterns and the ring itself. Lying on the floor, he becomes overcome by the emotions forced by the ring and devastated that "they" have turned him into a monster and made it so he cannot ever have a "happy ending." Laurie enters the basement, sporting a broken arm. She comforts Prime, telling him that "they" heard him, and that they sent her to tell him that they are sorry for what they did to him, and are going to leave him alone—"they" previously mentioned as being the writers at DC Comics. As they embrace, a Black Lantern ring is shown on Laurie's hand that detects the hope within Prime's heart.
Legion of Doom
During a battle with the Teen Titans, a young villain named Headcase opens up a wormhole that accidentally transports Superboy-Prime back to New Earth. Enraged by his separation from Laurie, Superboy-Prime vows to destroy the Teen Titans and find a possible way to return home. He subsequently assembles a cadre of young supervillains consisting of Headcase, Zookeeper, Indigo, Sun Girl, Persuader (Elise Kimble) and a new Inertia, each of whom have a personal grudge against the Teen Titans. Superboy-Prime also brings three clones of Superboy (formed from the remains of Match), and he uses them to assist in the attack on the Titans. Superboy-Prime and his team attempt to destroy Titans Tower, but are met by the large group of former Teen Titans. Superboy-Prime is brought down by the combined might of the reserve Teen Titans, and then Superboy and Supergirl imprison him within the Source Wall. What becomes of him following the paradox and subsequent reboot of the multiverse caused by Barry Allen is left unknown
DC Rebirth
In the 2016 initiative DC Rebirth, Doctor Sivana and Mister Mind head to the Monsterlands' Dungeon of Eternity to free the Monster Society of Evil. As King Kid fights the Shazam Family, Doctor Sivana and Mister Mind find that Superboy-Prime is trapped inside a small prison cell when he states to Mister Mind that he can hear what the villain is saying. Superboy-Prime even states that he has plans for Billy Batson when he gets out. After Mister Mind has Doctor Sivana stab his magic eye with a magic dagger, Superboy-Prime senses that the Monster Society of Evil are being freed, demanding that Mister Mind releases him as well. When Dummy arrives, displeased that he was left behind after swimming all the way to the Dungeon of Eternity, Superboy-Prime states to Dummy that he can get him out in exchange for removing the little red sun outside of his prison. Dummy does so and is double-crossed by Superboy-Prime, who uses his heat beams on Dummy. Superboy-Prime then begins his plans to go after Billy Batson. As a Mister Mind-controlled C.C. Batson has Shazam cast the spell to unite the Seven Magiclands, Superboy-Prime is shown wandering the Monsterlands, asking the readers if they know how to get out. Superboy-Prime crashes the fight between the Shazam Family and the Monster Society of Evil, using his fists to impale Scapegoat. Shazam punches Mister Mind's talkbox enough to emit magical energy that knocks out the Monster Society of Evil, which Superboy-Prime also feels. When Shazam starts to work to undo Mister Mind's spell, Superboy-Prime interferes and defeats the Shazam Family until only Shazam remains standing. Free of the spell that affected him, Black Adam joins the fight and asks for Shazam to cast the spell while he buys him some time. As magic can still hurt Superboy-Prime, both Shazam and Black Adam shout "Shazam", causing lightning strikes to knock out Superboy-Prime. Superboy-Prime is handed over to the Justice League, as the Shazam Family don't know what else to do with him.
Dark Knights: Death Metal
In the pages of Dark Nights: Death Metal, Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman travel back to the times of the three great crises to stop Perpetua's attempts to manipulate those events. Wonder Woman encounters a victorious Superboy-Prime in an alternate version of Infinite Crisis. He taunts Wonder Woman that Perpetua has already changed the outcome of these events. Prime has created his perfect universe based on the comic books of his youth, reasoning that it is the only way to preserve good in Perpetua's new multiverse, notably he has created a Superman to protect this world rather than act as Superman himself.<ref>Dark Nights: Death Metal: Trinity Crisis #1. DC Comics.</ref> Although the Anti-Monitor and Darkseid nearly unmake Batman and Superman in the other Crises, Wonder Woman is able to talk with Superboy-Prime about his resentment of the heroes for becoming darker than he remembers from his childhood, imploring him to accept that change is constant, and that in the end there's room for all universes. Superboy-Prime shatters the Crisis worlds (saving Batman and Superman in the process) and directs all energy to Wally West. His change proves apparently pointless as the Darkest Knight had already rigged the Mobius Chair so it would always direct the power to himself, allowing him to remake the Multiverse in his own image.
Prime awaits the final battle with the Darkest Knight's "Last 52" multiverse alongside the other heroes and villains. He stands alone on the battlefield, rejected by the Superman Family and their rogues gallery, and reflects on his life and the loss of everyone and everything he cared about, and how he was never able to be a hero. Depressed and nihilistic after the multiple cosmic reboots and retcons he has witnessed, he hurls himself into the fight with an army of alternate Supermen. As he strikes one, he has a vision of that Superman's world changing to reflect Superboy-Prime's own desires. Realising that he is able to tap into Darkest Knight's energy and once again possesses the ability to reshape reality with his blows, he flies away from the battle to confront the Darkest Knight. He proves equal to the Darkest Knight, despite the other's immense power. Superboy-Prime plans to steal Darkest Knight's power, destroy what remains of reality and the people who hate him, and create his own perfect world. However, the arrival of Krypto, the only one who showed him any kindness, causes him to stay his hand. The Darkest Knight offers him a world of his own, where he can be the beloved and accepted hero he always wanted to be alongside the characters he loved as a child, if he joins the Darkest Knight's forces. Prime rejects him, and strikes the Darkest Knight with all his power, creating a massive explosion, killing him and injuring the Darkest Knight. He falls from the sky dead as some of the Last 52 worlds vanish, his sacrifice unnoticed by anyone but Krypto. Clark suddenly finds himself in his bedroom, reading Dark Knights: Death Metal: The Secret Origin #1, looking at his own dead body on the page. Laurie arrives to ask him out to lunch. As they walk down the street, Clark realises that although the world has changed from what he remembers, he knows he is really home. A child chases a ball into the street into the path of a car, Clark runs in after them and lifts the car above his head.
Powers and abilities
Kryptonian powers
Superboy-Prime has all the basic abilities of a Kryptonian except at a much higher level when compared to most adult Kryptonians, especially Superman, with exposure to yellow sunlight: superhuman strength, speed, senses, healing, endurance, superbreath, frost breath, flight, X-ray vision, telescopic vision, microscopic vision, heat vision, and invulnerability.
Power suit
While imprisoned by the Flashes in the speed force (where the Flash draws his power from), Superboy-Prime builds a power suit based on the one worn by the Anti-Monitor. The suit collects and feeds him yellow solar energy to maintain his power levels even when exposed to a red sun; in his first appearance, he was shown to shrug off the effects of artificial, localized red sun radiation, but he was not exposed to an actual red sun. Although he claims to have made it himself, Bart Allen remembers him stealing it following his escape. It is destroyed when the two Supermen fly Superboy-Prime through Krypton's red sun. After his escape from Oa, Superboy-Prime is given a new power suit built by the Sinestro Corps and reveals that he created the original after seeing how the Anti-Monitor's armor acted as a giant energy collector. It was destroyed during the assault on Earth. In Legion of 3 Worlds, Superboy-Prime dons his original armor once more, taking it from a statue in the Superman museum. During the Blackest Night, the Black Lantern Alexander Luthor provides Superboy-Prime with a copy of his original armor. It was ripped off by the aforementioned Black Lanterns.
Weaknesses
Whereas most versions of Superman have a weakness to magic, Superboy-Prime has a greater resistance to it; he was able to easily fight off Black Adam during their initial encounter, and was only defeated by Shazam and Black Adam in the DC Rebirth when both of them attacked him by saying their word simultaneously, striking him with far more magical force than even he could cope with. Additionally, most versions are affected by kryptonite; however, kryptonite from one universe does not affect Kryptonians from other universes. The Krypton of Earth Prime's universe—unlike other versions of the planet—was completely absorbed by its sun, rather than being destroyed and ejecting fragments from the explosion which would have created kryptonite, so, for some time, it seemed that no kryptonite that could affect Superboy-Prime existed. During his battles with the three Legions, however, the "Threeboot" Element Lad is able to transmute the ground around Superboy-Prime into a form of kryptonite that does hurt him. It is revealed that threeboot Element Lad is from Earth-Prime's future.
Superboy-Prime loses his powers when exposed to a red sun, as do other versions of Superman. In his first appearance, he is shown to resist the effects of red sun radiation; however, this radiation was artificial. Every time Prime has been depowered, it has taken an actual red sun, and not merely localized red sun radiation. Kal-El and Kal-L defeat Superboy-Prime by flying him directly through Krypton's red sun Rao, destroying his armor and diminishing their powers in the process. Afterward, the Green Lantern Corps imprison him inside a "junior" Red Sun-Eater, which similarly depowers him. Also, unlike most versions of Superman who can store yellow solar energy to extend the use of their powers, Prime requires constant exposure to yellow sunlight to maintain his; otherwise, he will depower almost instantly.
His reaction to psionics has not been fully explored, although Martian Manhunter is shown to be able to read his mind. Saturn Girl's attempts to attack him psionically seem to have little effect. When Nightshade attacks Superboy-Prime with darkness, he shows a deep achluophobia brought about most likely from the darkness blocking his access to yellow sunlight.
Superboy-Prime has a fear of the Flash Family, due in large part to them pushing Superboy-Prime into the Speed Force, where they imprison him under red sunlight to depower him for several years until he breaks out. He reveals his continued fear of them when, during the Sinestro Corps War, he is confronted by Wally West and Jay Garrick, admitting with a stutter "I d-don't like Speedsters!" This fear is again on display in Legion of 3 Worlds, when he lapses into a fearful stutter while recounting his battle with the Flashes during Infinite Crisis. Upon learning of the Legion's attempts to bring Bart back, Prime goes into a panic, going so far as to fly through his own Legion's forces as to attempt to stop Bart from returning; yelling and stuttering, even whimpering to himself in fear as he does so. Upon realizing that he is too late, Prime even screams in fear upon seeing the returned Kid Flash racing towards him.
Massive amounts of quantum energy have been shown to injure Superboy-Prime as well, as seen in his battle with Monarch.
Personality
According to Infinite Crisis writer Geoff Johns, "Superboy-Prime's really frustrated with what his life has turned into and, unfortunately, that frustration is going to be taken out on the world". He also mentioned that "He's been wanting to show the world what he can do, because he barely had a chance to be Superboy. He was Superboy a little bit before Crisis on Infinite Earths and then—BOOM!—his world was wiped out and that was it".
After the publication of Infinite Crisis #5, Johns said at the Wizard World LA convention: "That took me a long time to break, because I thought Superboy-Prime needed to view the world so narrow. You can see how his world view is so narrow and so black and white and realistically that is not going to work anymore". Originally, Superboy-Prime started out coming into Crisis as corrupted and evil, but the take on the character did not work for Johns. "I said to Dan I think Prime does it by accident and is horrified. That panel where's he is looking at his hands and goes 'I didn't mean to do it', that for me is the entire story for Superboy-Prime. He didn't mean to do this stuff. What is worse... making a mistake and fessing up to it or doing something bad and saying 'You made me do it?'. Superboy-Prime is a very simplistic character who has become very complex".
When asked if Superboy-Prime was irredeemable or not, Johns replied "I think it's a split. You saw his reaction when he did what he did in Infinite Crisis, but at that same time, he's walked over that line. Does he think he can walk back? Should he? Does this universe even matter to him anymore? Is it the fact that now that he's got a big dent on his car, another one won't matter? If he's already on that path, is he going to continue on it, or is he going to really try and work and go back?"
Alternate versions
In Dark Multiverse: Infinite Crisis, after Ted Kord takes over Checkmate when he kills Maxwell Lord, he manages to subvert most of Alexander Luthor's plans before confronting Luthor and Prime directly. After Alexander Luthor confirms Ted's belief that he has been manipulating events and denounces Prime as an idiot he manipulated into helping him, Luthor kills the Earth-2 Superman and Lois when he tries to kill Prime with a specially designed kryptonite weapon, only for Prime to kill him. Kord convinces Prime to act as his enforcer as he tries to establish himself as Earth's new discreet 'ruler', using Brother Eye's insight to track and eliminate metahuman threats, but when Prime defies his orders to bring in the Teen Titans unharmed, Kord infects Prime with the OMAC nanites to turn him into part of Kord's new OMAC enforcers.
See also
Superman: Secret Identity
List of Superman enemies
Ultraa
Alternate versions of Superman
Multiverse (DC Comics)
Brightburn'', a 2019 superhero horror film with a similar topic
References
External links
.
.
Alternative versions of Superman
Characters created by Curt Swan
Comics characters introduced in 1985
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics extraterrestrial supervillains
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics orphans
Fictional characters displaced in time
Fictional characters from parallel universes
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Fictional characters with air or wind abilities
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional sole survivors
Fictional torturers
Infinite Crisis
Kryptonians
Superboy
Superman characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy-Prime |
Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.
Origin
Around 45,000 years before present, a mutation took place in the DNA of a woman who lived in the Near East or Caucasus. Further mutations occurred in the J line, which can be identified as the subclades J1a1, J1c1 (27,000 yrs ago), J2a (19,000 yrs ago), J2b2 (16,000 years ago), and J2b3 (5,800 yrs ago). Haplogroup J bearers along with persons carrying the T mtDNA clade settled in Europe from the Near East during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic.
*Typographical error, was 161,600 years from original source material as per time table describing the spread of populations given in the same study.
However, any statements concerning the geographic origin of this or any other haplogroup are highly speculative and considered by most population geneticists to be 'story telling' and outside the domain of science. Furthermore, inferring close associations between a haplogroup and a specific archaeological culture can be equally problematic.
Distribution
Basal haplogroup J* is found among the Soqotri (9.2%).
The average frequency of haplogroup J as a whole is today highest in the Near East (12%), followed by Europe (11%), the Caucasus (8%) and Northeast Africa (6%). Of the two main sub-groups, J1 takes up four-fifths of the total and is spread widely on the continent while J2 is more localised around the Mediterranean, Greece, Italy/Sardinia and Spain.
There is also limited evidence that the subclade J1 has long been present in Central Asia. For instance, perhaps the highest incidence of haplogroup J is the 19% of Polish Roma, who belong to J1 (although this has also been ascribed to a "founder effect" of some kind). In Pakistan, where West Eurasian lineages occur at frequencies of up to 50% in some ethno-linguistic groups, the incidence of J1 averages around 5%, while J2 is very rare. However, J2 is found amongst 9% of the Kalash minority of north-west Pakistan.
In the Arabian peninsula, mtDNA haplogroup J is found among Saudis (10.5–18.8% J1b) and Yemenis (0–20% J1b). The J1b subclade also occurs in the Near East among Iraqis (7.1%) and Palestinians (4%).
In Africa, haplogroup J is concentrated in the northeast. It is found among Algerians (3.23–14.52%), as well as Sudanese Copts (10.3% J1a; 10.3% J2), Sudanese Fulani (10.7% J1b), Meseria (6.7% J1b), Arakien (5.9% J1b), Egyptians (5.9%), Mozabite Berbers (3.53%), Sudanese Hausa (2.9% J1b), Zenata Berbers (2.74%), Beja (2.1% J1b), and Reguibate Sahrawi (0.93%).
Within Europe, >2% frequency distribution of mtDNA J is as follows:
J* = Ireland — 12%, England-Wales — 11%, Scotland — 9%, Orkney — 8%, Germany — 7%, Russia (European) — 7%, Iceland — 7%, Austria-Switzerland — 5%, Finland-Estonia — 5%, Spain-Portugal — 4%, France-Italy — 3%
J1a = Austria-Switzerland — 3%
J1b1 = Scotland — 4%
J2 = France-Italy — 2%
J2a = Homogenously spread in Europe; absent in the nations around the Caucasus; not known to be found elsewhere.
J2b1 = Virtually absent in Europe; found in diverse forms in the Near East.
J2b1a = Found in Western Europe and Russia.
Haplogroup J has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods. Haplogroup J has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been dardiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with one specimen found to belong to the J1c3 subclade (1/7; ~14%). The J clade has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Afalou prehistoric site. Around 22% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various J subclades, including undifferentiated J (1/9; 11%) and J1c3f (1/9; 11%).
In Eastern Siberia, haplogroup J1c5 has been observed in samples of Yakuts (3/111 = 2.7% Vilyuy Yakut, 2/148 = 1.4% Northern Yakut, 1/88 = 1.1% Central Yakut, 1/164 = 0.6% Central Yakut), Evenks in Yakutia (4/125 = 3.2%), and Evens in Yakutia (1/105 = 1.0%). Haplogroup J2a2b3 has been observed in a sample of Nyukzha Evenks (2/46 = 4.3%). Haplogroup J2 also has been observed in a sample of Evenks collected in Olenyoksky District, Zhigansky District, and Ust-Maysky District of Yakutia (7/125 = 5.6%). One instance of haplogroup J1c10a1 has been observed in the Human Genome Diversity Project's sample of ten Oroqen individuals from northernmost China.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup J subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Genetic traits
It has been theorized that the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation related to SNPs which define mt-haplogroup J consequently produces higher body heat in the phenotype of mtDNA J individuals. This has been linked to selective pressure for the presence of the haplogroup in northern Europe, particularly Norway. Individuals from haplogroups UK, J1c and J2 were found to be more susceptible to Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy because they have reduced oxidative phosphorylation capacity, which results in part from lower mtDNA levels. J mtDNA has also been associated with HIV infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to AIDS and death. The T150C mutation, which is exclusive to but not definitive of, the J2 subclade of Haplogroup J may be part of a likely nuclearly controlled general machinery regarding the remodeling & replication of mtDNA. Controlling a remodeling which could accelerate mtDNA replication thus compensating for oxidative damage in mtDNA as well as functional deterioration occurring with old age related to it. Haplogroup J was found to be a protective factor against ischemic cardiomyopathy. It was also found that Haplogroup J was a protective factor among osteoarthritis patients from Spain but not from UK, and this was hypothesized to be due to a different genetic composition (polymorphisms) of the Haplogroup J in both populations. A study involving patients of European and West Asian origin or descent showed that individuals classified as haplogroup J or K demonstrated a significant decrease in risk of Parkinson's disease versus individuals carrying the most common haplogroup, H.
Popular culture
Mario Batali's mtdna is J1.
Ximena Navarrete Miss Universe 2010, is haplogroup J.
Richard III of England had J1c2c3 mtDNA haplogroup.
in Bryan Sykes' book The Seven Daughters of Eve, haplogroup J is referred to as 'Clan Jasmine'.
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup J
Jim Logan's 2009 mt-Haplogroup J tree of subclades and branches by mutation
A Comprehensive Analysis of mtDNA Haplogroup J (Jim Logan. September, 2008)
A Refined Phylogeny for mtDNA Haplogroup J
The Subclades of mtDNA Haplogroup J and Proposed Motifs for Assigning Control-Region Sequences into These Clades
Map of mtHaplogroup J. (Captions in Russian/Cyrillic)
J (& subclades) mt-Haplogroup project at FTDNA
Spread of Haplogroup J, from National Geographic
Geographic Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Europe, Lucia Simoni et al., 2000.
PDF
J mtDNA Yahoo Group File Download
J | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20J%20%28mtDNA%29 |
Dugit (, lit. dinghy) was an Israeli settlement located in the northern tip of the Gaza Strip closest to the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in a mini-settlement bloc including Elei Sinai and Nisanit. While Dugit was under the municipal authority of the Hof Aza Regional Council it was not physically in the Gush Katif bloc where the bulk of the Gush Katif settlements were located.
History
The non-religious village was founded in May 1990 by a group of three families of fishermen close to the Shikma Beach with the assistance of the Amana settlement organization. These families, and others that joined later on, lived in trailers for about ten years until permanent homes were built. Another building expansion project was already in advanced planning stages.
Economy
The main source of income was from the sea: fishing, rescue services, fish ponds, tourism, fish restaurants, etc.
Unilateral Disengagement
Unlike virtually all the other settlements slated for destruction as part of the disengagement plan, whose inhabitants were forcibly evicted by the Israeli Army and Israeli Police, the families of Dugit chose to co-operate with the eviction orders and most had already packed and abandoned their homes before the official date.
Rebuilding attempts
Avi Farhan from Elei Sinai and a part of his family established a new group including families from Dugit and Nisanit with hope to establish a new community. The government agreed in 2006 to acclimatize this group in Palmachim. The plan was then changed to resettle in the Givat Olga beach neighbourhood of Hadera. As of 2009, Neve Yam is attempting a rejuvenation project by attracting these families by allotting them land adjacent to the sea for permanent housing. The new project would give the evictees a housing and employment solution similar to that of their original homes. The Israel Union for Environmental Defense is struggling to prevent the project it deems is too close to the beach.
References
Populated places established in 1990
Former Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip
1990 establishments in the Palestinian territories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugit |
The Aparados da Serra National Park () is a national park located in the Serra Geral range of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states in the south of Brazil, between 29º07’—29º15’ S and 50º01’—50º10’ W. It was created in 1959 as one of Brazil's first national parks, to protect the Itaimbezinho canyon. It extends over an area of 10,250 hectares.
Flora and fauna
Despite its relatively small size, the park is characterised by a rich biodiversity, as result of its diverse relief and of being situated at the contact between coastal forests, grasslands and Araucaria moist forests. There have been at least 143 bird, 48 mammal, and 39 amphibian species documented in the park.
Endangered fauna on the plateaus of the park include the red-spectacled amazon parrot, the maned wolf, and the cougar. On the slopes, the neotropical otter, ocelot and the brown howling monkey can be found.
Conservation and threats
When created in 1959, the national park protected an area of 13,000 ha. This was reduced to 10,250 ha in 1972 through a presidential decree. In 1992 adjoining the national park, the new Serra Geral National Park was created, encompassing an additional 17,300 ha. However, according to the Duke University's Center for Tropical Conservation, the current park area, even after the extension with Serra Geral National Park, is still too small to be effective for the protection of representative samples of each distinct environment.
One of the main obstacles for conservation efforts is that the state only has title over 67.5% of the land, and even part of that is occupied by farmers. Raising cattle, the practice of using fire to "renew" grasslands, the establishment of banana plantations with associated use of pesticides and the presence of domestic animals, all contribute to environmental degradation. Other threats are posed by invasive flora from the areas surrounding the park and poaching.
Currently a maximum of 1,500 visitors per day are allowed in the park.
References
External links
Duke University ParksWatch: profile of Aparados da Serra NP
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Rio Grande do Sul
Protected areas of Santa Catarina (state)
Protected areas of the Atlantic Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparados%20da%20Serra%20National%20Park |
Sene District is a former district that was located in Brong-Ahafo Region (now currently in Bono East Region), Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989. However, on 28 June 2012, it was split off into two new districts: Sene West District (capital: Kwame Danso) and Sene East District (capital: Kajaji). The district assembly was located in the eastern part of Brong-Ahafo Region (now eastern part of Bono East Region) and had Kwame Danso as its capital town.
List of settlements
Sources
District: Sene District
References
See also
Sene East District
Sene West District
Districts of Brong-Ahafo Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sene%20District |
Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan District is a former district that was located in Western Region, Ghana. Originally created as a metropolitan district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan Authority Council; which was later renamed as Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan District in 1994. However, on 29 February 2008, it was split off into two new districts: Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan District (capital: Sekondi-Takoradi) and Shama District (capital: Shama). The metropolis was located in the southeast part of Western Region and had Sekondi-Takoradi as its capital town.
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of the Western Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shama%20Ahanta%20East%20Metropolitan%20District |
Juan R. Correa-Pérez (born May 3, 1968, in San Juan, Puerto Rico) is a scientist is a Puerto Rican clinical andrologist and embryologist. He has a particular interest and expertise in male-factor infertility. He is also certified as a High-Complexity Clinical Laboratory Director (HCLD) by the American Board of Bioanalysis ABB) in the disciplines of Andrology and Embryology.
Correa-Pérez is a lecturer in the related fields of OB/GYN and urology. He has served as school of medicine faculty, an ad hoc member of the editorial staff of Fertility and Sterility (a leading medical journal in the field of reproductive medicine) and a reviewer for several other outstanding journals in the field, including Theriogenology, Journal of Men’s Health, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Infectious Diseases and the Middle East Fertility Society Journal. He is also currently serving as an Editorial Board Member for The Scientific World Journal-Urology and The Open Andrology Journal.
He has been honored as an Ad Hoc member of the editorial board of Fertility and Sterility, The Official Journal of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and has been nominated for the Annual Royan International Research Award twice. Correa-Pérez has been invited to present his research internationally in both print and presentation formats.
References
See also
List of Puerto Ricans
Puerto Rican scientists and inventors
University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez people
Puerto Rican andrologists
Developmental biologists
Embryologists
Scientists from San Juan, Puerto Rico
1968 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20R.%20Correa-P%C3%A9rez |
James Oswald Dykes (14 August 1835, Port Glasgow - 1 January 1912, Edinburgh) was a Scottish Presbyterian clergyman and educator.
Biography
James Oswald Dykes studied at Dumfries Academy and at the universities of Edinburgh, Heidelberg, and Erlangen. He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1859. From 1861 to 1864 he served with Robert Smith Candlish of Free St. George's Church, Edinburgh.
Dykes visited the Australian colony of Victoria, where he influenced John Knox Church of Melbourne to join the Presbyterian Church of Victoria in 1867.
In 1869 Dykes was appointed minister of the Regent Square Presbyterian Church, London. Dykes was appointed principal and Barbour Professor of Divinity of the Theological College of the Presbyterian Church of England, now Westminster College, Cambridge, from 1888 to 1907. Cambridge University awarded him an honorary MA in 1900. In June 1901, he received an honorary doctorate of divinity from the University of Glasgow.
He died on the 1st January, 1912 and is buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.
Works
His publications include:
From Jerusalem to Antioch (1875)
The Law of the Ten Words (1884)
The Gospel according to St. Paul (1888)
Plain Words on Great Themes (1892)
The Christian Minister and his Duties (1908)
The Divine Worker in Creation and Providence (1909)
References
External links
Portrait of Reverend James Oswald Dykes, ca. 1865
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
1835 births
1912 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
People from Port Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Oswald%20Dykes |
Richard John Simpson OBE (born 22 October 1942, Edinburgh) is a Scottish Labour politician, and was Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Ochil constituency from 1999 until 2003 and for the Mid Scotland and Fife region from 2007 until 2016. He is a member of Unite.
Medical career
Simpson was educated at Perth Academy, Trinity College Glenalmond, and the University of Edinburgh.
A GP and psychiatrist prior to his election, Simpson is a fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and a fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners. He was also a former associate member of the British Association of Urological Surgeons and a member of the faculty's working group on prostate cancer.
He was a founding member and chair of the Strathcarron Hospice, Denny.
Between 2003 and 2007 he worked within Addiction medicine, first within Glasgow then as consultant psychiatrist in charge of the Drug Addiction Team of West Lothian.
Scottish Parliament
Simpson was elected in 1999 as the first MSP for Ochil. In his first term, Simpson was a member of the Finance Committee (17 June 1999 – 28 November 2001), the Standards Committee (18 October 1999 – 10 November 1999) and a member of the Health and Community Care Committee (17 June 1999 – 28 November 2001). As appointed Reporter to the Health and Community Care Committee, he produced three reports on the Stobhill Medium Secure Unit consultation process by Greater Glasgow Health Board, influenza vaccination in Scotland and organ donation. He was made the deputy Justice minister when Jack McConnell became First Minister in 2001. As a minister, Simpson launched the Scotland's People genealogy web page in 2002. He lost his seat at the 2003 election.
Simpson was returned to the Scottish Parliament in 2007 as third on the Labour regional list for Mid Scotland and Fife. He was the Deputy Party Spokesperson on Health for the Labour Party. In the 2007 parliament he was the Labour lead on the Health and Wellbeing Committee and also Co-Convener of the Cross-Party Groups in the Scottish Parliament on Drug and Alcohol Misuse and on Mental Health, and a member of the Cross-Party Groups in the Scottish Parliament on Epilepsy, Golf, Palestine, Tobacco Control and Visual Impairment. In 2007, along with other opposition MSPs, he raised concerns about plans for local licensing boards to ban under 21 alcohol sales, stating that this would discriminate against young people who were responsible drinkers.
At the election on 5 May 2011, he was again returned to Holyrood as a regional MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife. Simpson's campaigns in 2011 included 'Save Waterwatch', the undergrounding of the electricity line from Beauly to Denny and stop the running of night trains on the Stirling-Alloa-Kincardine railway line.
Simpson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to Scottish politics and public life.
References
External links
Richard Simpson MSP Biography at the Scottish Parliament website
Richard Simpson's official website
Richard Simpson Facebook
1942 births
Living people
Politicians from Edinburgh
Labour MSPs
Scottish psychiatrists
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Fellows of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
People educated at Glenalmond College
People educated at Perth Academy
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Officers of the Order of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Simpson%20%28Scottish%20politician%29 |
All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 is a greatest hits album by American singer Selena that was released on February 29, 2000, through EMI Latin. After Selena's murder in 1995, her father Abraham Quintanilla stated his commitment to preserving her music and EMI Latin pledged ongoing support for her releases. In 1999, the label's president José Behar acknowledged Selena, who remained the label's top-selling artist, for her contributions to establishing EMI Latin as "the house that Selena built". In March 1999, to commemorate the label's tenth anniversary, it released All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos; it achieved commercial success and a sequel was announced. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 contains 16 songs ranging from tracks featured on Selena's Muñequito de Trapo (1987) to the posthumous 1997 club remix of "Enamorada de Ti" (1990).
Music critics praised the compilation for highlighting Selena's versatility and adaptability. The album peaked at number one on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums charts, and reached number 149 on the Billboard 200. Reaching sales of 400,000 units, the compilation ranked as the second-best-selling Regional Mexican Album of the year and was placed at number 13 on the Top Latin Albums year-end chart. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 garnered the nomination for Best Greatest Hits Album of the Year at the 2001 Billboard Latin Music Awards and Favorite Latino Album at the sixth Blockbuster Entertainment Awards. In 2003, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it double Platinum (Latin), denoting 200,000 shipments in the United States.
Background
On March 31, 1995, American Tejano music singer Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former manager of the singer's boutiques. At the time of her death, Selena was developing a crossover album that was intended to launch her into the American pop market. The crossover album Dreaming of You was posthumously released on July 18, 1995, debuting and peaking atop the United States Billboard 200 albums chart, an unprecedented feat for a predominantly Spanish-language recording in the chart's history. Tejano music—which she had thrust into the mainstream market—experienced a decline in popularity in the wake of her death, and Tejano albums that didn't bear Selena's name was struggling to sell. Following her death, Abraham Quintanilla, Selena's father, stated his commitment to preserving Selena's music. Selena's brother A. B. Quintanilla, who produced her music, said Selena expressed a wish for her presence to "never go away". In the years since Selena's death, her family has faced censure from fans and the media, who have accused them of exploiting the singer and capitalizing on her murder by commodifying her repertoire.
In 1999, Selena remained EMI Latin's top-selling artist, surpassing the sales of living musicians. From 1995 to 1999, according to Nielsen SoundScan, Selena was the label's most-commercially-successful performer. EMI Latin's president José Behar recognized her contributions that made EMI Latin "the house that Selena built". Concurring on Selena's impact on EMI Latin, industry executives attributed the label's rise to the top of the US Latin music market to her influence. In March 1999, to commemorate the label's tenth anniversary, it released All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos, which debuted atop the Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums charts, and peaked at number 54 on the Billboard 200 chart. Billboard named Selena the best-selling Latin artist of the 1990s decade, and on January 22, 2000, the label was due to release the second volume of All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos. Three weeks later, it announced All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 would be released on February 29. Accompanying the album is a gold, heart-shaped, commemorative pendant bearing an image of Selena.
Behar compared Selena's projects and future album plans to those of a living artist. Despite her repertoire being emptied of unreleased material, Behar emphasized the label's ongoing support of Selena's releases with significant investment. He said the public were oblivious to Selena's repertoire before her affiliation with EMI Latin, saying these recordings had the potential for creative reconfiguration. Behar also stated the label's main aim was to safeguard Selena's music and her influence in a manner similar to the eminence achieved by the Beatles, Elvis Presley, and the Beach Boys. According to Behar, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 is dedicated to Selena's fans, emphasizing the label's efforts to approach every aspect, from packaging to marketing, as though Selena were present.
Music
All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 contains 16 tracks that range from compositions present on Selena's album Muñequito de Trapo (1987) to the posthumously released 1997 club remix of "Enamorada de Ti" (1990). The label included songs that were popular on radio stations and those that had commercial success in retail outlets. The record open with the remix of "Enamorada de Ti", which has been transformed into a techno-dance track. The compilation's version of "No Quiero Saber" originates from the official Latin album for the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. While recording "Techno Cumbia" for Amor Prohibido (1994), A. B. encouraged Selena to rap with a New York accent that is evocative of Rosie Perez. The following track "A Million to One" was revitalized with the inclusion of saxophone, lending the song a "sensuous flavor" for the album Siempre Selena (1996).
The fifth song "Fotos y Recuerdos" samples the 1983 single "Back on the Chain Gang" by The Pretenders. Despite Chrissie Hynde's initial reluctance to release the song on Amor Prohibido, keyboardist Ricky Vela provided an English-language translation of the lyrics for Hynde's approval. Tarradell said the sixth track "Si Una Vez" embodies a more-traditional Tejano sound but also includes synthesizers and digital processing. The seventh track "No Me Queda Más" originates from Selena's live performance at Houston Astrodome on February 26, 1995, during which Selena delivers an emotive rendition by infusing "tender moans and soulful wails". The following recording "Siempre Hace Frio" was originally intended for the soundtrack to the movie Don Juan DeMarco (1995) but was shelved by the film's music producers. The ninth track "El Chico del Apartamento 512" tells the tale of a romantic pursuit of "the guy in apartment 512". Following this is "Muñequito de Trapo", one of Selena's earliest recordings to be included in the compilation. "Captive Heart", the subsequent track, was recorded weeks before Selena's death.
"Tú Robaste Mi Corazón", which was first recorded as a duet with Emilio Navaira, was re-recorded for Siempre Selena with Pete Astudillo; a former backup dancer and vocalist, and a member of Selena's band Los Dinos. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" also comes from the live Houston Astrodome concert; it features Selena's guitarist husband Chris Pérez's "skittering" guitar lines and Selena's adlibbing. The fourteenth track is a re-recording of "Aunque No Salga el Sol" that is included on Ven Conmigo (1990) and was initially recorded by Selena in 1983 for Bob Grever's label Cara Records. "Yo Fui Aquella" was originally recorded in ranchera style but was rearranged as a sentimental ballad for Anthology (1998). The final track "Cien Años", featuring a revamped bolero arrangement, is drawn from the album Preciosa (1988).
Critical reception
Music critics gave All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 a positive response and praised the compilation for highlighting Selena's versatility and adaptability. Writing for Newsday, Richard Torres said the compilation provides a suitable overview of Selena's work, while AllMusic said Selena's talents are discernible by those listening to the album and praised her streamlined transitions between pop and Latin music. The musical styles in the compilation were compared to the stylings of Julio Iglesias and Gloria Estefan's Miami Sound Machine. Scholar Ramiro Burr called it "another collection of hits" and Houston Chronicles Joey Guerra said it is "another creative" compilation that offers pop and cumbia tracks. J. Carlos Villanueva of Total Musicales praised Selena's vocals and the quality of the compositions, and hailed it as a recording with a captivatingly rhythmic nature.
While some reviews questioned the inclusion of certain recordings, others found All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 resonates with completists and hard-core fans, and noting casual listeners may discover a paucity of newer material. Torres noted the exclusion of more-adventurous pieces such as Selena's collaboration with David Byrne on "God's Child (Baila Conmigo)" (1995) or her rendition of the West Side Story track "A Boy Like That" (1996). AllMusic approved of the additions of pop standards "A Million to One" and "Back on the Chain Gang" ("Fotos y Recuerdos"). El Nortes Victor Ronquillo, praised the inclusion of the Houston Astrodome recording of "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" and praised "Cien Años" as a "beautiful song". According to El Siglo de Torreón, the compilation is replete with recordings that provided success for Selena. The Dallas Morning Newss Mario Tarradell queried the inclusion of "Yo Fui Aquella" and "Muñequito de Trapo". According to Guerra, the compilation includes recordings sourced from Selena's early career in lieu of hit singles. Guerra named the remix of "Enamorada de Ti", and pop ballads "Munequito de Trapo" and "Aunque No Salga el Sol", as well as the live recordings, as highlights of the album; and Villanueva named "Techno Cumbia" and the live versions as key standouts.
Commercial performance
EMI Latin's promoter John Ortiz said All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 would have a limited availability of 90 days and was accompanied by the release of "Cien Años". Guerra said the inclusion of "Cien Años" would significantly contribute to the album's sales. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 was released on February 29, 2000, and sold 400,000 units in advanced copies. It debuted at number three on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums chart, selling 10,500 units in its initial week. The album trailed the debuts of Shakira's MTV Unplugged and Los Temerarios's En la Madrugada Se Fue. The compilation entered the US Billboard 200 at number 157 and the US Regional Mexican Albums chart at number two. Burr noted Selena's ability to secure the third position on the chart despite the lack of new material was a "phenomenal" feat. In its second week, La Jornadas Arturo Cruz Bárcenas noted the album's position at number four on the Top Latin Albums chart. During an interview with Burr, he highlighted Selena's influence on younger generations and the compilation's ascent on the charts as an affirmation of Latin artists' ability to achieve commercial success.
During the week commemorating Selena's death, the album peaked at number one on both the Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums charts, selling 8,000 units, which was consistent with the preceding week's sales figures. John Lannert of Billboard interpreted the plateaued sales during the singer's anniversary as an indication of the waning retail power of Selena's music. Lannert said All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 is an indication of Selena's "legendary status" and her capacity to reach the number-one position even five years after her death. Reaching sales of 400,000 units by the end of March, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2, along with recent releases from Shakira and Los Temerarios, contributed to a surge in Latin album sales in the United States during the month.
All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 ranked at number 42 on Billboards quarterly Top Latin Albums chart, which evaluated the highest-selling Latin albums from January through April 2000. In a mid-year recap, the album was listed in second place on the Regional Mexican Albums list. Based on Nielsen SoundScan music sales, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 was the 13th-best-selling Latin album by September 9, 2000. By the close of 2000, the album was the 13th-best-selling Top Latin Album and the second-most-successful Regional Mexican Album. The compilation was nominated for Best Greatest Hits Album of the Year at the 2001 Billboard Latin Music Awards and Favorite Latino Album at the sixth Blockbuster Entertainment Awards. In January 2003, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 double Platinum (Latin), denoting 200,000 shipments in the United States.
Track listing
Credits adapted from the liner notes of All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 by EMI Latin.
Charts
Weekly charts
Quarterly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
2000 in Latin music
Latin American music in the United States
List of number-one Billboard Regional Mexican Albums of 2000
List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Albums of 2000
Women in Latin music
Notes
References
Works cited
2000 greatest hits albums
Compilation albums published posthumously
Selena compilation albums
EMI Latin compilation albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20My%20Hits%3A%20Todos%20Mis%20%C3%89xitos%20Vol.%202 |
South Tongu District is one of the eighteen districts in Volta Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989, which was created from the former Tongu District Council, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1466. The district assembly is located in the southwest part of Volta Region and has Sogakope as its capital town.
Geography
There are many streams in South Tongu District. The prominent ones are the Chinni and the Todzi. The Volta River runs to the west of this district.
Boundaries
South Tongu District is bounded by:
the Lake Volta to the west and south west,
North Tongu District to the north-west,
Akatsi South District to the north-east, and
Keta District to the south.
External links
GhanaDistricts.com
South Tongu District Official Website
References
Districts of Volta Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Tongu%20District |
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