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Harlaxton is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies on the edge of the Vale of Belvoir and just off the A607, south-west from Grantham and north-east from Melton Mowbray.
History
Aerial photography has revealed that Harlaxton was the site of a unique neolithic long barrow enclosure that formed a cursus, believed to have been made of multiple rows of standing wooden columns. Dilwyn Jones has speculated that the form of the complex indicates that Harlaxton was an important inter-regional link during the neolithic period.
The village is mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book as "Herlavestune". The name derives from the Old English Herelaf+tun, meaning "estate or farm of Herelaf". In 1740 a burial urn was uncovered in the village containing Roman coins. The history of Harlaxton village is tied to that of Harlaxton Manor.
The original manor house dated from the 14th century and stood south of the church off Rectory Lane where the original moat can still be seen in gardens there. It was used as a hunting lodge by John of Gaunt. It was purchased and occupied by the De Ligne family around 1475 eventually standing empty from 1780 until 1857 when it was pulled down. By this time the present Harlaxton Manor had been built some distance to the East of the village.
The life of the village was tied to that of the Lords of the Manor and the Estate, with many villagers employed by, and their houses and cottages tied to, the estate. This remained the case until 1937 when the estate was broken up. Many villagers had already found employment elsewhere by the time of the First World War, when transport improvements made this an option. Most of the older houses in the village were built by the De Ligne and Gregory families. The Nottingham to Grantham canal passes to the north of the village and was a source of commerce for the village in the early 19th century.
During the First World War a Royal Flying Corps aerodrome was constructed at the rear of the manor house. The airfield stood vacant between the wars but became RAF Harlaxton between 1942 and 1957, latterly operating as a relief landing ground for flying training units from RAF Cranwell.
Following the Second World War the village grew in size and population with small developments either side of the main Grantham to Melton Mowbray road. Although there was already the Golden Lion public house in the centre of the village, in the latter part of the 19th century the Gregory Arms was built by the Squire John Sherwin Gregory on what is now the A607 junction.
Community
According to a 2004 village design statement to the South Kesteven District Council in response to redevelopment plans, residents were opposed to further housing development that could "alter the unique character of this conservation village". Harlaxton has a mixture of retired residents and young families, and is socially cohesive. Although close to amenities in Grantham, the statement also notes the village's post office, store, surgery, school, village hall and clubs, and that it is set in woodland, is surrounded by farmland, has habitat for wildlife and views of Belvoir Castle. In July 2010 the villagers joined supporters of the Grantham Canal Society in the reopening of the newly restored Harlaxton Wharf. The Grantham Canal Partnership has applied for Lottery Funding to restore two derelict locks as part of an Inland Waterway's Association skill training scheme.
The village now has a population of just over 700. There is a post office, church, primary school, doctor's surgery, village store and village hall. There is also a sports and social club and a bowls club.
Landmarks
Harlaxton church is dedicated to St Mary and St Peter and is a Grade I listed building. It is of ironstone and limestone ashlar in Perpendicular style, with parts dating from the 12th century. The church has an early 14th-century buttressed tower and a font dating from around 1400. The south porch was re-built in 1856. John Oldrid Scott restored the interior in 1890–91. There is an alabaster memorial monument from c.1400, and further monuments to the De Ligne and Gregory families of the manor of Harlaxton.
After 1857 many of the buildings utilised building materials from the demolished manor house. Between 1758 and 1822 George De Ligne was responsible for the building and repair of much of the village including the rows of cottages on The Drift near the Nottingham to Grantham canal; his initials can be seen on the cottages. Originally wattle and daub, they were refinished by De Ligne in red brick as are many of the buildings in the village, with added embellishments of stonework. Thirty-six buildings in the village are Grade II listed. There are unusual architectural features in the older buildings including distinctive chimneys, rounded pillars and overstated porches and verandas. There are statues in gardens, listed gazebos, a duck pond, and substantial dry stone walls. Near the village store is a pillar on a double base known as the obelisk which could be the remains of a market cross. Piped water was not introduced until the 1940s and some of the wells previously used survive. One of the gateways to the original manor house still stands on Rectory Lane.
Gallery
Sources
Harlaxton Design Statement http://parishes.lincolnshire.gov.uk/Files/216/DesignStatement4CMYK.pdf
External links
Notts Grantham Canal Restoration Society
Grantham Canal Society
Harlaxton History Society
Harlaxton May 2007 – Video Postcard
Society for Lincolnshire History & Archaeology: Harlaxton Photograph Gallery
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
South Kesteven District
Villages in Lincolnshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlaxton |
Suhum/Kraboa/Coaltar District is a former district that was located in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Suhum-Kraboa-Coaltar District Council. However on 28 June 2012, it was split off into two new districts: Suhum Municipal District (capital: Suhum) and Ayensuano District (capital: Coaltar). The district assembly was located in the southern part of Eastern Region and had Suhum as its capital town.
Geography
Suhum-Kraboa-Coaltar District shared boundaries with East Akim Municipal District to the north, Akuapim South Municipal District to the south, West Akim District and Kwaebibirem District to the west and New Juaben Municipal District and Akuapim North District to the east. Suhum-Kraboa-Coaltar District covered an area of 1,018 km². The river Densu is the largest water body within the district and flows from the northern part of the district to the southern part.
List of settlements
Suhum-Kraboa-Coaltar District was essentially a rural district with only Suhum (the capital) being classified as an urban area.
Sources
District: Suhum-Kraboa-Coaltar Districts
References
Districts of the Eastern Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhum/Kraboa/Coaltar%20District |
Fred David Gray (born December 14, 1930) is an American civil rights attorney, preacher, activist, and state legislator from Alabama. He handled many prominent civil rights cases, such as Browder v. Gayle, and was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1970, along with Thomas Reed, both from Tuskegee. They were the first black state legislators in Alabama in the 20th century. He served as the president of the National Bar Association in 1985, and in 2001 was elected as the first African-American President of the Alabama State Bar.
Early life
Born in Montgomery, Alabama, Gray attended the Loveless School, where his aunt taught, until the seventh grade. He attended the Nashville Christian Institute (NCI), a boarding school operated by the Churches of Christ, where he assisted NCI president and noted preacher Marshall Keeble in visiting other churches of the racially diverse nondenominational fellowship. After graduation, Gray matriculated at Alabama State College for Negroes, and received a baccalaureate degree in 1951. Encouraged by a teacher to apply to law school despite his earlier plans to become an historian and preacher, Gray moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and received a juris doctor degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Law in 1954. At the time there was no law school in Alabama that would accept African Americans.
After passing the bar examination, Gray returned to his home town and established a law office. He also began preaching at the Holt Street Church of Christ, where his parents had long been devout members.
Career as a preacher
In 1957, Gray fulfilled his mother's dream by becoming a preacher in Churches of Christ. In 1974, he helped merge white and black congregations in Tuskegee, Alabama, where he had moved. Gray also served on the board of trustees for Southwestern Christian College, a historically black college near Dallas, Texas affiliated with the Churches of Christ. In 2012 Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tennessee, also affiliated with the Churches of Christ bestowed a doctorate of humane letters honoris causa upon Gray in 2012. Gray once challenged Lipscomb's segregation practices.
Civil Rights Movement
During the Civil Rights Movement, Gray came to prominence working with Martin Luther King Jr. and E.D. Nixon, among others. In some of his first cases as a young Alabama attorney (and solo practitioner), Gray defended Claudette Colvin and later Rosa Parks, who were charged with disorderly conduct for refusing to seat themselves in the rear of segregated city buses.
After Alabama Attorney General John Malcolm Patterson effectively prohibited the NAACP from operating in Alabama in 1956, Gray provided legal counsel for eight years (including three trips through the state court system and two through federal courts) until the organization was permitted to operate in the state. He also successfully defended Martin Luther King Jr. from charges of tax evasion in 1960, winning an acquittal from an all-white jury.
Other notable civil rights cases brought and argued by Gray included Dixon v. Alabama (1961, which established due process rights for students at public universities), Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1962, which overturned state redistricting of Tuskegee that excluded most of the majority-black residents; this contributed to laying a foundation for "one man, one vote") and Williams v. Wallace (1963, which protected the Selma to Montgomery marchers). In another Supreme Court case, Gray was driven in his efforts to have the NAACP organize in Alabama after the group was forbidden in the state.Alabama resisted integration of public schools following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that ruled segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Gray successfully represented Vivian Malone and James Hood, who had been denied admission to the University of Alabama, and they entered the university despite Governor George Wallace's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door incident. In 1963 Gray successfully sued Florence State University (now University of North Alabama) on behalf of Wendell Wilkie Gunn, who had been denied admission based on race. Gray also led the successful effort to desegregate Auburn University. In 1963 Gray filed the Lee v. Macon County Board of Education case, which in 1967 led a three-judge panel of U.S. District Judges to order all Alabama public schools not already subject to court orders to desegregate. Lawsuits filed by Gray helped desegregate more than 100 local school systems, as well as all public colleges and universities in his home state.
In 1970, Gray, along with Thomas J. Reed, became the first African Americans elected as legislators in Alabama since Reconstruction. Gray's district included Tuskegee and parts of Barbour, Bullock, and Macon counties.
Gray's autobiography, Bus Ride to Justice, was published in 1994, and a revised edition in 2012.
Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle was a court case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The panel consisted of Middle District of Alabama Judge Frank Minis Johnson, Northern District of Alabama Judge Seybourn Harris Lynne, and the fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Richard Rives. On June 5, 1956, the District Court Ruled 2–1, with Lynne dissenting, that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to the U.S. Constitution
Later the state and city would appeal the decision, which later went to the Supreme Court on November 13, 1956. A motion of clarification and the rehearing of the case was later declined on December 17, 1956.
Shortly after the beginning of the Montgomery Bus Boycott in December 1955, many black community leaders were discussing whether they would file a federal lawsuit to try to challenge the City of Montgomery and Alabama about the bus segregation laws.
About two months after the bus boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, nine months prior to Rosa Parks's actions. Fred Gray, E. D. Nixon, president of the NAACP and secretary of the new Montgomery Improvement Association: and Clifford Durr (a white lawyer who, with his wife, Virginia Foster Durr was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement) searched for the ideal case law to challenge the constitutional legitimacy of the Montgomery and Alabama bus segregation laws.
Gray later did research for the lawsuit and consulted with NAACP Legal Defense Fund attorneys Robert L. Carter and Thurgood Marshall (who would late become United States Solicitor General and the first African-American United States Supreme Court Justice). Gray later approached Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith (activist), and Jeanetta Reese, all women who had been discriminated against by the drivers enforcing segregation policy in the Montgomery bus system. They all agreed to become plaintiffs in the federal lawsuit (except Jeanetta Reese due to intimidation by the members of the white community), thus bypassing the Alabama court system. Jeanetta Reese later falsely claimed she did not agree to the lawsuit which made the lawsuit an unsuccessful attempt to disbar Gray for supposedly improperly representing her.
Tuskegee experiment lawsuit
Gray also represented plaintiffs in the class-action lawsuit about the controversial federal Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972). During the Great Depression, the study was changed to review untreated syphilis in rural African-American male subjects, who thought they were receiving free health care and funeral benefits. Gray filed the case, Pollard v. U.S. Public Health Service, in 1972, after a whistleblower reported the abuses to the Washington Star and The New York Times, which investigated further and published stories. In 1975, Gray achieved a successful settlement for $10 million and medical treatment for those 72 subjects still living of the original 399. (Penicillin had become a standard treatment by 1947, although research subjects were specifically denied that treatment as well as their true diagnosis.) The 40 subsequently infected spouses and 19 congenitally infected children were compensated with medical, health and burial benefits managed by the USPHS's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) several years later.
As a result of the lawsuit and settlement, the 1979 Belmont Report was prepared and Congress passed federal laws. These were implemented by establishing Institutional Review Boards for the protection of human research subjects and the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research within the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, now the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) in the Department of Health and Human Services.
In 1997 Gray founded (and subsequently served as president and board member of) the Tuskegee History Center. This nonprofit corporation operates a museum and offers educational resources concerning the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, as well as contributions made by various ethnic groups in the fields of human and civil rights.
Judicial nomination
On January 10, 1980, President Carter nominated Gray to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, to fill a vacancy created by Judge Frank Minis Johnson's elevation to what then was the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. Gray later asked his nomination be withdrawn, as happened on September 17, 1980; President Carter instead nominated Myron Herbert Thompson to that seat.
Personal life
Gray married the former Bernice Hill, his secretary, in 1955, and they had four children. He published his autobiography in 1995, Bus Ride to Justice: The Life and Works of Fred Gray. He is also a member of Omega Psi Phi and Sigma Pi Phi.
Awards
In 1980, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference awarded Gray its Drum Major Award. In 1996, the American Bar Association awarded Gray its Spirit of Excellence Award (having awarded him its Equal Justice Award in 1977). The National Bar Association awarded him its C. Frances Stradford Award. In 2002, Gray became the first African-American president of the Alabama Bar Association. In 2006, the NAACP recognized Gray's accomplishments with the William Robert Ming Advocacy Award, citing the spirit of financial and personal sacrifice displayed in his legal work.
Gray's hometown of Montgomery renamed the street he grew up on after him in 2021. The street was previously named Jefferson Davis Avenue, so the change is a potential violation of the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act.
In 2022, the University of Alabama School of Law and Princeton University awarded Gray honorary doctorates. President Joe Biden presented Gray with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on July 7, 2022.
In popular culture
Gray is portrayed by Cuba Gooding, Jr. in the 2014 film Selma, which dramatizes the Selma to Montgomery marches and Gray's argument before Judge Frank Johnson that the march should be allowed to go forward.
Shawn Michael Howard portrays Gray in the 2001 film Boycott, in which Gray, himself, plays a cameo role as a supporter of Martin Luther King Jr.
Gray was portrayed by London Carlisle in the 2016 stage play The Integration of Tuskegee High School. The production premiered at Auburn University, was written and directed by Tessa Carr, and dramatizes Gray's involvement in the case of Lee v. Macon County Board of Education.
Gray is portrayed by Aki Omoshaybi in a 2018 episode of Doctor Who, "Rosa".
References
External links
1930 births
Living people
20th-century African-American lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
Activists for African-American civil rights
Alabama State University alumni
Alabama lawyers
American civil rights lawyers
American members of the Churches of Christ
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Case Western Reserve University School of Law alumni
Lipscomb University alumni
Lawyers from Montgomery, Alabama
Montgomery bus boycott
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Selma to Montgomery marches
21st-century African-American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Gray%20%28attorney%29 |
Blood of the Vampire is a 1958 British colour horror film directed by Henry Cass and starring Donald Wolfit, Barbara Shelley, and Vincent Ball. The film was produced by Robert S. Baker and Monty Berman for Tempean Films, from a screenplay by Jimmy Sangster.
Many horror fans thought the feature was a Hammer Films production when it came out, due to its similar look and Sangster's writer's credit. The film's U.S. release was in October 1958 as a double feature with Universal's Monster on the Campus.
The film's storyline, set in Transylvania, is about a scientist who uses the inmates of a prison for the criminally insane as sources for his gruesome blood-typing and transfusion experiments that are keeping him alive.
Plot
A man's body wrapped in a shroud is shoved into a Transylvania grave in 1874. An executioner drives a stake through its heart. Immediately afterward, Carl, severely physically disabled, emerges from hiding and kills the gravedigger. Carl summons a drunken doctor to perform a heart transplant on the body then murders the doctor.
Six years later, Dr. John Pierre is convicted of "malpractice leading to manslaughter" after an emergency blood transfusion, which has never been done successfully, fails, killing his patient. As John's fiancée Madeleine watches, John is sentenced to life imprisonment in a penal colony. But instead, he gets sent to a Prison for the Criminal Insane, run by Dr. Callistratus. When John meets Callistratus, he learns that he is to help with Calistratus' blood-typing research so that transfusions can be safely done, especially for those with an unnamed "rare and serious blood condition."
At his trial, John maintained that the patient's death was unavoidable and asked the judge to write to Prof. Meinster in Geneva to vouch for him. The judge says he already had, but Meinster replied that he doesn't know John.
At the request of Madeleine and her uncle, Meinster travels to Transylvania, where they meet with Auron, a member of the Prison Commission. Meinster insists that the court never contacted him. Auron, who is on Callistratus's payroll, had intercepted the letter to Meinster and forged a reply. He now must reopen the case.
John grows increasingly uncomfortable with his work because the blood is from unwilling inmates, many of whom die. Auron revisits Callistratus and tells him that the Prison Commission has ordered John's release. Callistratus tells John that the commission has denied his appeal and informs the Commission that John and another inmate, Kurt, died in an escape attempt. John and Kurt then actually try to escape but fail. Kurt is presumably killed by the vicious Dobermans, which keep the prisoners in line. Madeleine refuses to believe that John is dead and takes a job as Callistratus' housekeeper so she can investigate.
John discovers that Kurt's grave is empty. Auron visits Callistratus again and recognises Madeleine from their meeting. Auron goes to her room and attempts to rape her, but is stopped by Carl, who has fallen in love with her. Callistratus demands an explanation of the assault. Madeleine tells him what happened. Auron denies it and tells Callistratus about her relationship with John. Callistratus throws him out. Insulted, Auron threatens to expose Callistratus. After leaving, Callistratus sends Carl after him, and Auron is not seen again.
Callistratus takes Madeleine to his laboratory and chains her to a wall. John arrives to rescue her but is also chained. Callistratus orders Carl to strap Madeleine to an operating table, but Carl refuses. Callistratus shoots him. Callistratus straps her down himself and wheels out Kurt, now just a torso with a head and one arm. Callistratus tells John that he was executed for being a vampire because of his previous work with blood, but had put himself into suspended animation. The heart transplant revived him, but he now has the "rare and fatal blood condition" he spoke of earlier. He needs constant transfusions and has drained all the blood of many inmates. He now intends to transfuse Madeleine's blood into Kurt.
John yells to Kurt to "resist," and Kurt grips Callistratus' arm. As they struggle, they move close enough for John to knock Callistratus unconscious and free himself. Kurt dies from the exertion. John unstraps Madeleine and takes Callistratus hostage, demanding free passage from the prison. They walk free but Carl, who survived Callistratus' shot, frees the hounds then dies after being shot again by the guards. The Dobermans tear Callistratus to shreds.
Cast
Opening and closing credits differ. This list in the order of the end credits, with corrections and additions from the British Film Institute (BFI).
Donald Wolfit as Callistratus
Vincent Ball as John Pierre
Barbara Shelley as Madeleine
Victor Maddern as Carl
William Devlin as Kurt
Andrew Faulds as Wetzler
John Le Mesurier as Judge
Brian Coleman as Auron ('Bryan' is correct spelling & used in opening credits)
Cameron Hall as Drunken Doctor
George Murcell as First Guard
Julian Strange as Second Guard (not in opening credits)
Bruce Whiteman as Third Guard (not in opening credits)
Barbara Burke as Housekeeper
Bernard Bresslaw as Tall Sneak Thief
Hal Osmond as Small Sneak Thief
Henry Vidon as Professor Meinster
John Stuart as Uncle
Colin Tapley as Commissioner of Prisons
Muriel Ali as Gypsy Dancer
Max Brimmell as Warder (not in opening credits)
Dennis Shaw as Blacksmith (not in opening credits)
Otto Diamant as Gravedigger
Milton Reed as Executioner (not in opening credits; BFI spells surname 'Reid')
Richard Golding as Official
Theodore Williams' name appears in the opening credits, but neither the actor's nor the character's name are in the end credits. BFI refers to him as 'Emaciated Prisoner'. BFI also includes five additional uncredited performers: Yvonne Buckingham (Serving Wench); Sylvia Casimir (Laughing Woman at Tavern); Suzanne Lee (Uncredited); Gordon Honey (Stretcher Bearer); and Carlos Williams (Stretcher Bearer).
In addition to BFI's additions, The Internet Movie Data Base (IMDb) includes as uncredited performers: Alf Mangan (Prisoner); Mary Marshall (Woman Prisoner); and Patricia Phoenix (Woman). Marshall and Phoenix's scenes were cut from the UK theatrical version by the BBFC, but can seen in the "Continental" version recently restored for Blu-ray.
Production
The film was inspired by the success of Hammer's The Curse of Frankenstein (1957) and The Horror of Dracula (1958). The producers hired Jimmy Sangster, writer of both those movies, to do the screenplay. Shooting took four weeks. Blood of the Vampire was distributed in the UK by Eros Films and in the US by Universal International.
Posters for Blood of the Vampire indicate that it was considered an adults-only film in France and the UK at the time of its release. French posters note that viewing by people under age 16 was prohibited and UK posters show that the film carried an X Certificate from the British Board of Film Censors, which prohibited the exhibition of the movie to those under 16. The X Certificate is indicative of the activities of Eros Film Distributors, which had by then deliberately 'embarked on a new X-certificate path'. Tempean Productions 'embraced' not only films designed to get an X cert, but also 'Eros's policy of offering co-feature programmes which could be marketed not only in Britain, but also on the American drive-in circuits'.
Producing films for drive-in theatres was apparently successful. According to a contemporary newspaper advertisement, the Moonlite Drive-In in Smithtown, Pennsylvania, on Wednesday, 3 August 1960 ran a dawn-to-dusk triple feature with Blood of the Vampire as the first movie - nearly two years after its American release - Revenge of Frankenstein (1958) the second and The Beast of Hollow Mountain (1956) the third. As a promotion, attendees whose tickets ended in 13 were treated to 'Dracula's Buffet Luncheon', which consisted of 'Dracula's Blood Cocktail, Deviled Zombie Snacks, Crispy Skull Chips, Devil Fruit, Voodoo Spirits' and a 'Werewolf Tail Sandwich'.
Blood of the Vampire was released over a considerable amount of time in a number of countries. After its London premiere on 26 August 1958, it opened in the US in October 1958 and was followed by Germany in December 1958, the Netherlands in April 1959, France in April 1960, Japan in July 1960, Spain in 1966 and Sweden in October 1969. The film also played in theatres in Belgium, Italy, Greece and Brazil. It was re-released theatrically in France in 1986, as well. The running time of the film was 84 minutes in the UK and 87 minutes in the USA.
Curiously, the model village scene for Carlstadt at about 10 minutes into the film uses the same model set (with the Globe theatre) as used for the 1944 film Henry V.
Reception
Initial reviews of Blood of the Vampire were mixed. Review Digest in the January 19, 1959 issue of BoxOffice magazine showed the following ratings: Harrison's Report and Film Daily called the film "very good"; BoxOffice, The Hollywood Reporter, and Parents' Magazine rated it as "good"; and Variety called it "fair". The New York Daily News, always a part of "Review Digest", did not review the film.
In summarizing contemporary reviews, film critic Bill Warren writes that "although the film was popular and still has its adherents, Blood of the Vampire was not greeted by much enthusiasm by film critics, although most thought it somewhat above average". For example, Charles Stinson of The Los Angeles Times wrote, "it is gratifying to be able to turn in an on-the-whole good report on the film. It is "intelligently scripted and well acted by a group of British performers". Jack Moffitt of The Hollywood Reporter, whom Warren calls "hard-to-please", wrote in his review that the film "rates more serious audience attention than most of the contemporary rash of domestic horror films. Direction by Henry Cass is brisk enough to keep yawning from being contagious to the audience".
Reviews from the U.K. were mixed. According to film critic John Hamilton, Film Daily described the film as "one of the best films in the horror-fiction category. It ventures into gore and supernatural with a headlong grandeur", while The Monthly Film Bulletin took a dimmer view, calling it "an essay in hokum" and stating that the producers incorporated "every trick of the macabre and the horrific they can legitimately introduce".
In a more modern view of the film, historian Paul Adams points out that 'Blood of the Vampire is a vampire film in name only as ... the undead creature of the title is in fact a human scientist, rather than a true nosferatu, resurrected from beyond the grave by an impromptu heart transplant and subsequently kept alive by frequent and gory Eastman Color blood transfusions courtesy of the inmates of a local insane asylum". Author Paul Meehan calls the film "packed with the blood, gore and sadism of Jimmy Sangster's script" and notes that "grafting an element of science fiction onto the traditional notion of vampirism" doesn't work all that well. "The film's pseudoscience, such as do-it-yourself 19th century heart-transplant surgery and suspended animation, strains credulity while reaching for a scientific rationale for vampire resurrection".
In Warren's view, "It's a shade better than some of its class, but the lumpy direction, muddled plot, and slow pace make it look much worse now than it did when it was new ... This is horror by the book, circa 1958, and it's pretty drab ... Cass' direction is, at best, pedestrian, but he probably had little time to do anything". Taking the opposite view, Meehan says, "Director Henry Cass moves the plot along vigorously while providing effective gothic atmosphere". British critic Phil Hardy seems to agree, calling it a "superior British horror movie" and "probably the routine Cass's best movie".
Warren finds some virtue in the film, though, calling the art direction by John Elphink "imaginative" and noting that "several sets seem positively cavernous", probably because of lens choice by cinematographer Geoffrey Seaholme. But overall the result is disappointing because Wolfit "is made up to resemble Bela Lugosi, which he otherwise does not" and because "characters pop up, deliver their lines, and are quickly disposed of". In the end, he writes, "Blood of the Vampire is notable today for its bogus qualities: it is a fake Hammer film, about a scientific vampire, with an imitation Bela Lugosi".
Television
Clips from Blood of the Vampire are featured in two episodes of the TV series 100 Years of Horror: in episode No. 2, "Blood-Drinking Creatures", which originally aired on December 19, 1996, and in episode No. 15, "Scream Queens", first shown April 17, 1997. Film posters or clips were shown in the made-for-television film Hollywood's Creepiest Creatures, hosted by Elvira, and airing on Halloween Night 2004.
Home video
Blood of the Vampire has been available for home viewing for decades in the U.S. It was first released in 1978 on VHS and Betamax by Magnetic Video. Gorgon Films later released the film on VHS in 1993. A 2006 DVD release followed from Dark Sky Films. Theatrical trailers from the film were used in the 1996 VHS release, Nightmare Theater's Late Night Chill-o-rama Horror Show Vol.1.
Finding the film in the U.K. seems to have been more difficult. Hardy wrote in 1986 that "all prints of it appear to have been destroyed". The first mention of it being available in the U.K. for home viewing is its 2007 DVD release by Simply Media.
References
External links
British vampire films
British historical horror films
1958 horror films
1950s historical horror films
1958 films
Films directed by Henry Cass
Films set in 1874
Films set in 1880
Films set in Transylvania
Films with screenplays by Jimmy Sangster
Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios
1950s English-language films
1950s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20of%20the%20Vampire |
Weavertown Amish Mennonite Church is a Beachy Amish Mennonite congregation located in the village of Weavertown, between the somewhat larger villages of Bird-in-Hand and Intercourse in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
History
Weavertown shares a history with the churches known as Old Order Amish, and its origin is rooted in issues very important to the Old Order Amish church community of the 1890s. The fundamental issue behind the church division which led to the formation of the Weavertown church was disagreement with the Amish practice of Streng Meidung, the shunning or social avoidance of individuals who had left Amish church fellowship to join other churches. This Streng Meidung was an important issue long before more obvious secondary issues like acceptance or non-acceptance of automobiles, electricity, tractors, central heating, or telephones became significant distinguishing characteristics. On shunning, some Amish felt that it was wrong to pronounce strong social excommunication for what amounted to changes of church membership. Others maintained that church membership was a lifelong commitment, and that the Streng Meidung was a reasonable response toward one forsaking that commitment. In 1910, a group of Old Order Amish church members (about 85 people in 35 families, representing about one-fifth of Old Order Amish membership in Lancaster County at that time) who strongly disagreed with the practice of Streng Meidung commenced meeting as a group somewhat distinct from the rest of the Old Order Amish; this group eventually became the Weavertown Amish Mennonite Church.
The first church services of the group had been held on September 29, 1909, though no ordained ministers were present. The break with the Old Order Amish began on February 27, 1910, when bishops from outside the community were invited to ordain ministers for the new church. This may have occurred at the home of George W. Beiler, near the village of Gordonville, Pennsylvania. Worship services were conducted on alternating Sundays in homes of members, as the Old Order Amish still do today. However, in the fall of 1909, the first meetings were held every three or four weeks. The church group was at first called the Peachey Church (sometimes the Peachey Old Order Church) after an influential preacher and organizer, Samuel W. Peachey, and later the Crist King Church (sometimes the Crist King Old Order Church) after an early bishop, Christian L. King. Christian King separated from the church in 1925, whereupon the church was called the John A. Stoltzfus Church after its new bishop. At this time, church members were very similar to the Old Order Amish in appearance and practice; there was little difference between the two until the new group gradually began to accept the use of telephone and electricity. Use of automobiles was first permitted in 1928. A meeting house, originally built by the Old German Baptist Brethren in 1888, and later part of the Church of the Brethren, was acquired around 1930. The location of the meeting house contributed a permanent name to the congregation: though the building had been named the Bird-in-Hand Church House, it was located nearer the village of Weavertown: from that time, both the building and the people came to be known as the Weavertown Amish Mennonite Church.
Distinctives
Weavertown church members still dress somewhat plainly and distinctively. Women wear the prayer covering, married men grow beards, and members do not make use of broadcast television or radio in their homes or cars. Acceptance of electricity, telephone, central heating, field tractors, and automobiles, however, marks them as quite distinct from the Old Order Amish. In matters of belief, however, except for the difference about the practice of Streng Meidung or shunning, they are quite alike. Amish churches are generally not evangelistic, nor do they generally embrace doctrines like the assurance of salvation, and on these points they are also different from the Weavertown congregation.
Church services at the Weavertown Amish Mennonite Church had been conducted exclusively in High German and Pennsylvania Dutch until 1966; since then services have been conducted in English. Congregational singing has always been unaccompanied by musical instruments. Youth generally attend high school and occasionally college. Youth from the Weavertown church have served terms of voluntary service in Germany, South America, Central America, northern Canada, and various areas of the United States, and generally tour for a week each summer as a choral group.
Beachy Amish
The term Beachy Amish was first used after a similar Amish church division occurred in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, in 1927. In that case, the church opposed to the Streng Meidung came to be called Beachy after their bishop, Moses M. Beachy. In 1950, the Weavertown church was welcomed into full fellowship with the Somerset County and other Beachy congregations. Churches in that group are frequently called Beachy Amish, though in Lancaster County, the term Amish Mennonite is still more common. They have similarities to the Conservative Mennonites.
As of 1996, there were 92 Beachy Amish congregations in the U.S., eight in Canada, one in Costa Rica, two in El Salvador, four in Belize, two in Paraguay, and one in Ireland. Missionary work continues in all the countries named, and also in Kenya and Uganda. 7,238 baptized members were counted as of 1990. Particulars of dress, acceptance of technology, and use of German vary greatly from congregation to congregation. All congregations honor the Schleitheim Confession of 1527 and the Dordrecht Confession of Faith of 1632 as summaries of Christian doctrine and practice.
Today
Because of growth of the Weavertown congregation, three daughter congregations have been established over the years: two in Lancaster County — Pequea (pronounced "peck way") Amish Mennonite Church in 1962, and Mine Road Amish Mennonite Church in 1969; another daughter congregation was established in Washington County, Pennsylvania, in 2000. Other Amish Mennonite churches in Lancaster county include Gap View Amish Mennonite Church, Summitview Christian Fellowship, and Westhaven Amish Mennonite Church.
Membership of the Weavertown congregation in 1990 was about 110 households, with 220 baptized members. Weavertown Mennonite School is across the street from the church. Sunday church services include Sunday School at 9:00 AM and a worship service starts at 10:00 AM. The church has a strong tradition of hospitality and welcomes visitors.
References
Lapp, Aaron, Jr. Weavertown Church History: Memoirs of an Amish Mennonite Church. Kinzers, PA: Aaron Lapp, Jr, 2003.
Irwin, Jerry and Douglas Lee. "The Plain People of Pennsylvania." National Geographic. April, 1984: 492-519. Pages 502, 511, 514, and 556 have pictures of Weavertown members. Page 507 has picture of a family from Pequea. Accompanying text summarizes Amish Mennonite belief and practice.
Heller, Karen and Rob Clark, Jr. "The Fancy Quilts of the Plain People." Inquirer Magazine. January 25, 1987: 18-23. Includes interviews with and photographs of members of Weavertown.
Kito, Makoto. "Contemporary America: The Amish in Lancaster County." The Yomiuri Shimbun (Japanese daily newspaper). June 22, 1994: 4. Brief overview in Japanese of plain churches in America, including brief comments from an Old Order Amish historian and a Weavertown church couple; excellent insight by Japanese journalist.
Amish Mennonite Directory. Millersburg, OH: Abana Book Services, 1996. A directory of all US and Canadian members of the Beachy Amish Mennonite Churches.
Kraybill, Donald B. The Riddle of Amish Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1989. Describes the 1910 split (between the Old Order Amish and what later became Weavertown Amish Mennonite Church) on pages 142-143.
Lapp, Ferne Eileen. History of Weavertown Church. Lancaster: Anna Mary Yoder, 1963. A book based on a research paper for a Mennonite History class at Eastern Mennonite College.
Stone, Erika and Merle Good. Nicole Visits an Amish Farm. NY: Walker and Co., 1982. A photo story for children about a New York City girl who visits an Amish Mennonite family for one week under the Fresh Air program. The family members pictured are members of Weavertown.
Yoder, Elmer S. The Beachy Amish Mennonite Fellowship Churches. Hartville, OH: Diakonia Ministries, 1987. Comprehensive account by a sympathetic observer.
External links
Weavertown Amish Church (Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
Mennonite church buildings in Pennsylvania
Mennonite congregations
Amish in Pennsylvania
Religion in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
German-American culture in Pennsylvania
Christian organizations established in 1909
Churches in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weavertown%20Amish%20Mennonite%20Church |
The White Cliffs of Dover is a 1944 American war drama film based on the verse novel The White Cliffs by Alice Duer Miller. It was made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Clarence Brown, and produced by Clarence Brown and Sidney Franklin. The screenplay was by Claudine West, and George Froeschel, with the credit for additional poetry by Robert Nathan. Nathan stated in an interview that he wrote the screenplay as his first work as a contracted writer for MGM but the studio credited Claudine West who died in 1943 as a tribute to her.
Plot
At the height of World War II, American-born Susan, Lady Ashwood, (Irene Dunne) is a nurse in a British hospital, awaiting the arrival of 300 wounded men. Via flashback, she thinks back to how she came to Britain many years before.
In 1914, Susan and her father, small-town Rhode Island newspaper publisher Hiram P. Dunn (Frank Morgan), come to Britain, intending to stay for two weeks. Old Colonel Forsythe (C. Aubrey Smith) introduces Susan to Sir John Ashwood (Alan Marshal), a baronet and one of the landed gentry, with an estate and manor house. They fall in love, and despite some friction over her being American, they marry.
Their honeymoon is cut short when World War I breaks out. John is also an army officer; he rejoins his regiment and goes to war in France. Susan and John's mother, Lady Jean (Gladys Cooper), wait for news, good or bad. John's brother Reggie (John Warburton) is killed in action. John finally gets a chance to be with Susan for a few days in France, which they spend in Dieppe. During their stay, the United States declares war on Germany.
Susan returns to Britain and has a son, also named John. She, baby John, and Colonel Forsythe watch as newly arrived American troops parade through London. John is killed near the end of the fighting, never having seen his wife again or his son.
Susan and young John (Roddy McDowall) live in the Ashwood manor house with Lady Jean. Having inherited the baronetcy, he is addressed as "Sir John", even as a boy, and takes seriously his duties as proprietor of the manor. He develops a childhood infatuation with Betsy Kenney (Elizabeth Taylor), daughter of a tenant farmer. Young John invites two visiting German boys to the manor for tea. The German boys shock the Ashwoods by spouting bellicose militaristic sentiments.
Susan becomes afraid that there will be another war and that she will lose young John as she lost his father. After Lady Jean dies, she decides to sell the manor and take John to America. But when she tells him why, John refuses, insisting that he will go into the army as his father did, and fight for Britain if war comes. Susan changes her mind, and they stay in Britain.
World War II begins, and Sir John (now played by Peter Lawford) becomes an officer, while his sweetheart Betsy (now played by June Lockhart) becomes a Wren.
The flashback ends, as wounded men arrive at Susan's hospital. To Susan's horror, John is among them, severely wounded. Later, in the wards, a doctor tells Susan John is dying. John tells her he was wounded in fighting at Dieppe and of an American soldier who died near him. He speaks of the importance of winning a complete victory and a lasting peace. At that moment, American soldiers again parade through London, passing by the hospital. Susan proudly describes them to John as he dies.
Differences from source
The source poem has no mention of a romantic partner for Susan's son, John. The poem clearly states that John is following his father into the army, but ends with only Susan's fear that John might die in the war, not that he has even been sent to fight yet.
Cast
Irene Dunne as Susan Ashwood
Alan Marshal as Sir John Ashwood
Roddy McDowall as John Ashwood II as a boy
Frank Morgan as Hiram Porter Dunn
Van Johnson as Sam Bennett
C. Aubrey Smith as Colonel Walter Forsythe
Dame May Whitty as Nanny
Gladys Cooper as Lady Jean Ashwood
Peter Lawford as John Ashwood II as a young man
John Warburton as Reggie Ashwood
Jill Esmond as Rosamund
Brenda Forbes as Gwennie
Norma Varden as Mrs. Bland
Edmund Breon as Major Rupert Bancroft (uncredited)
Franklyn Farnum as Ball Guest (uncredited)
June Lockhart as Betsy Kenney as an adult (uncredited)
Miles Mander as Major Loring at Hospital (uncredited)
J. Pat O'Malley as Martin (uncredited)
Elizabeth Taylor as Betsy Kenney at age 10 (uncredited)
Ian Wolfe as skipper of honeymoon boat (uncredited)
Arthur Shields as Benson (uncredited)
Bunny Gordon as John Ashwood II at age six months (uncredited)
Production
The picture was released in May 1944, before the June 6 D-Day Allied landings in Normandy.
Among the many foreshadowings that would resonate with audiences is a scene set in the early 1930s, where two German brothers, sons of a prominent German manufacturer, visit the Ashwood estate. The younger boy remarks that the estate's large lawns would be ideal for military gliders to land - a premonition of the airborne attacks launched by Nazi Germany. His older brother instantly tries to defuse the situation—their father prepared them with stock answers for the trip. But when Hiram Dunn mentions Germany's loss of the last war, the boy explodes, revealing the indoctrination the boys have received from their Hitler Youth groups. The boys go off to play tennis, and Dunn tells his daughter that war is coming.
Herbert Stothart weaves a number of evocative pieces of music through his score, including: Auld Lang Syne. Hurrah boys, for England, Land of Hope and Glory, My Country Tis of Thee/God Save the King, Home! Sweet Home!, Sweet Afton, There's a Long, Long Trail, Do ye Ken John Peel, The Minstrel Boy to the War Has Gone, Pack up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit-Bag, The Star Spangled Banner (National Anthem of the United States), The Stars and Stripes Forever (national March of the United States), Over There, Vive la Compagnie, Coventry Carol (Woe is me, poor child for thee), America (My Country Tis of Thee), Greensleeves, When Johnny Comes Marching Home.
John dies and the film ends as American troops march triumphantly past the hospital, the bands playing When Johnny Comes Marching Home. The last shot of the film is of the men marching toward the audience.
Box office
According to MGM records, the film was a big hit and earned $6,294,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) at the box office, resulting in a profit of $1,784,000 (equivalent to $ million in ).
The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography in Black and White.
Adaptations
White Cliffs of Dover was adapted as a radio play on the September 18, 1946, episode of Academy Award Theater, starring Irene Dunne in her original film role.
See also
White Cliffs of Dover the geologic formation.
Notes
External links
1944 films
1944 romantic drama films
1940s war drama films
American black-and-white films
American romantic drama films
American war drama films
Films based on poems
Films directed by Clarence Brown
Films scored by Herbert Stothart
Films set in country houses
Films set in England
Films set on the United Kingdom home front during World War II
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Western Front (World War I) films
American World War I films
World War II films made in wartime
Films based on works by Alice Duer Miller
1940s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20White%20Cliffs%20of%20Dover%20%28film%29 |
Tamale Metropolitan District is one of the sixteen districts in Northern Region, Ghana. Originally created as a municipal district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Tamale Municipal District, which was created from the former West Dagomba District Council, until it was elevated to metropolitan district assembly status in August 2004. Later, a small northern part of the district was split off to create Sagnarigu District on 24 June 2012 (which it later was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018 to become Sagnarigu Municipal District); thus the remaining part has been retained as Tamale Metropolitan District. The metropolis is located in the northwest part of Northern Region and has Ghana as its capital city (which is also the capital city of the Northern Region). The metro poly is the central business hub of the region.
Demographics
It has population of about 233252 as of 2010. The population living in urban localities (80.08%) is higher than that living rural localities (19.1%) of the metropolis. the number of women is also high than that of the men.
Location
See also
Russian Bungalows
Dimala
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Ghana statistical service
References
Tamale, Ghana
Districts of the Northern Region (Ghana)
Dagbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale%20Metropolitan%20District |
Techiman Municipal District is one of the eleven districts in Bono East Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989 when it was known as Techiman District, until the northern part of the district was split off to create Techiman North District on 28 June 2012; thus the remaining part has been retained as Techiman District, which it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status and has been renamed as Techiman Municipal District on that same year. The municipality is located in the western part of Bono East Region and has Techiman as its capital town.
List of settlements
Sources
District: Techiman Municipal District
References
Districts of Bono East Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techiman%20Municipal%20District |
The Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council election of 12 April 1911 was the fifth election to the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia. The Legislative Council had, since 1907, comprised thirteen voting members: the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia ex officio, five members nominated by the British South Africa Company, and seven members elected by registered voters from four electoral districts. The Resident Commissioner of Southern Rhodesia, Robert Burns-Begg also sat on the Legislative Council ex officio but without the right to vote.
Boundaries
The boundaries of the districts were slightly changed at this election. Only minor changes were made to the Eastern and Northern Districts, but a substantial area of territory around Kariba and Gokwe was removed from the Midlands District to the Western District.
Results
* Incumbents
Nominated members
The members nominated by the British South Africa Company were:
Clarkson Henry Tredgold, Attorney-General
Dr Eric Arthur Nobbs PhD BSc FHAS, Director of Agriculture
James Hutchison Kennedy, Master of the High Court
Ernest William Sanders Montagu, Secretary for Mines and Works
Francis James Newton CVO CMG, Treasurer
Clarkson Henry Tredgold was absent during the second session of the Legislative Council, and was replaced by Robert Macilwaine (Acting Attorney-General) from 30 November 1911.
References
Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia 1898-1962 ed. by F.M.G. Willson (Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1963)
Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964 by F.M.G. Willson and G.C. Passmore, assisted by Margaret T. Mitchell (Source Book No. 3, Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1966)
Official Year Book of the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, No. 1 - 1924, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia
Legislative Council election,1911
1911 elections in Africa
Legislative Council election
Non-partisan elections
1911 elections in the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%20Southern%20Rhodesian%20Legislative%20Council%20election |
Aeschines was an Athenian orator, one of ten Attic orators.
Aeschines or Aischines may also refer to:
Aeschines of Miletus, lesser known orator, and contemporary of Cicero
Aeschines of Neapolis (c. 110 BC), academic philosopher
Aeschines (physician), physician who lived in the latter half of the 4th century
Aeschines of Sphettus (or Aeschines Socraticus), follower of Socrates and author of Socratic dialogues
Aeschines, one of the Thirty Tyrants
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschines%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Tolon-Kumbungu District is a former district that was located in Northern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former West Dagomba District Council. However on 28 June 2012, it was split out into two new districts: Tolon District (capital: Tolon) and Kumbungu District (capital: Kumbungu). The district assembly was located in the central part of Northern Region and had Tolon as its capital town.
See also
GhanaDistricts.com
Titagya Schools
References
Districts of the Northern Region (Ghana)
Dagbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolon-Kumbungu%20District |
Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East.
Origins
Mitochondrial clade T derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to the mtDNA haplogroup J. The T maternal clade is thought to have emanated from the Near East.
Distribution
The basal haplogroup T* is found among Algerians in Oran (1.67%) and Reguibate Sahrawi (0.93%). It is also distributed among the Soqotri (1.2%).
Haplogroup T is present at low frequencies throughout Western and Central Asia and Europe, with varying degrees of prevalence and certainly might have been present in other groups from the surrounding areas. T is found in approximately 10% of native Europeans. It is also common among modern day Iranians. Based on a sample of over 400 modern day Iranians, the T haplogroup represents roughly 8.3% of the population (about 1 out of 12 individuals), with the more specific T1 subtype constituting roughly half of those. Furthermore, the specific subtype T1 tends to be found further east and is common in Central Asian and modern Turkic populations , who inhabit much of the same territory as the ancient Saka, Sarmatian, Andronovo, and other putative Iranian peoples of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Lalueza-Fox et al. (2004) also found several T and T1 sequences in ancient burials, including Kurgans, in the Kazakh steppe between the 14th-10th centuries BC, as well as later into the 1st millennia BC. These coincide with the latter part of the Andronovo period and the Saka period in the region.
The geographic distribution within subclade T2 varies greatly with the ratio of subhaplogroup T2e to T2b reported to vary 40-fold across examined populations from a low in Britain and Ireland, to a high in Saudi Arabia . Within subhaplogroup T2e, a very rare motif is identified among Sephardic Jews of Turkey and Bulgaria and suspected conversos from the New World .
Found in Svan population from Caucasus (Georgia) T* 10,4% and T1 4,2%. T1a1a1 is particularly common in countries with high levels of Y-haplogroup R1a, such as Central and Northeast Europe. The clade is also found everywhere in Central Asia and deep into North Asia, as far east as Mongolia.
T2c and T2d appear to have a Near Eastern origin around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and more recent dispersals into Europe. Most of T2c comprises haplogroup T2c1. Apart from a peak in Cyprus, T2c1 is most common in the Persian Gulf region but is also found in the Levant and in Mediterranean Europe, with a more far-flung distribution at very low levels.
T2 is also found among the Soqotri (7.7%).
Archaeology
Wilde et al. (2014) tested mtDNA samples from the Yamna culture, the presumed homeland of Proto-Indo-European speakers. They found T2a1b in the Middle Volga region and Bulgaria, and T1a both in central Ukraine and the Middle Volga. The frequency of T1a and T2 in Yamna samples were each 14.5%, a percentage higher than in any country today and only found in similarly high frequencies among the Udmurts of the Volga-Ural region.
Haplogroup T has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Afalou prehistoric site in Algeria. One ancient individual carried the T2b subclade (1/9; 11%). Additionally, haplogroup T has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom (T1, T2), Ptolemaic (T1, T2), and Roman (undifferentiated T, T1) periods. Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been dated to around 3,000 BCE, have also been observed to carry the T2 subclade. Additionally, haplogroup T has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with one specimen found to belong to the T2c1d2 subclade (1/7; 14%).
Africa
In Africa, haplogroup T is primarily found among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations, including the basal T* clade. Some non-basal T clades are also commonly found among the Niger-Congo-speaking Serer due to diffusion from the Maghreb, likely with the spread of Islam.
Asia
Europe
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades is based on the paper and subsequent published research . For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades (branches) are shown.
T
T1
T1a
T1a1
T1a2
T1b
T2
T2a
T2a1
T2b
T2b1
T2b2
T2b3
T2b4
T2b5
T2b6
T2c
T2c1
T2d
T2e
T2e2
T2f
T2f1
T2g
Health issues
One study has shown Haplogroup T to be associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease. However, some studies have also shown that people of Haplogroup T are less prone to diabetes ( and ).
A few tentative medical studies have demonstrated that Haplogroup T may offer some resistance to both Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
One study has found that among the Spanish population, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) also referred to as hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is more likely to happen in those of T2 ancestry than those in other maternal haplogroups. It is unknown whether or not this is specific to this subclaude of haplogroup T or is a risk factor shared by all of haplogroup T. With a statistically significant difference found in such a small sample, it may be advisable for those of known haplogroup T maternal ancestry to be aware of this and have their physician check for evidence of this condition when having a routine exam at an early age. It is usually symptom-less and increases the risk of sudden cardiac death, which often happens to those of as early in life as teenagers and may affect those who are active and have no other risk factors.
Certain medical studies had shown mitochondrial Haplogroup T to be associated with reduced sperm motility in males, although these results have been challenged . According to the Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologica Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Haplogroup T can predispose to asthenozoospermia . However, these findings have been disputed due to a small sample size in the study .
Famous members
During the BBC One documentary Meet the Izzards, the actor and comedian Eddie Izzard learns that his mitochondrial DNA is of Haplogroup T, specifically the subclade T2f1a1.
Nicholas II of Russia
The last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, has been shown to be of Haplogroup T, specifically subclade T2 . Assuming all relevant pedigrees are correct, this includes all female-line descendants of his female line ancestor Barbara of Celje (1390–1451), wife of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. This includes a great number of European nobles, including George I of Great Britain and Frederick William I of Prussia (through the Electress Sophia of Hanover), Charles I of England, George III of the United Kingdom, George V of the United Kingdom, Charles X Gustav of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Olav V of Norway, and George I of Greece.
See also
Genetics
Backbone mtDNA Tree
References
Footnotes
Citations
Sources
Websites
Further reading
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
The Genographic Project Public Participation Mitochondrial DNA Database
Haplogroup T
Discussion List at RootsWeb
Spread of Haplogroup T, from National Geographic
Genetic Genealogy: A Personal Perspective on Tara, Karelians and Kent, England
Analysis of a Haplogroup T sequence (T5/T2)
Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T
mtDNA Haplogroup T - Full Genomic Sequence Research Project
Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T
T | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20T%20%28mtDNA%29 |
Upper Denkyira District is a former district that was located in Central Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Denkyira District Council. However on 29 February 2008, it was split out into two new districts: Upper Denkyira East District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on that same year; capital: Dunkwa-On-Offin) and Upper Denkyira West District (capital: Diaso). The district assembly was located in the northwest part of Central Region and had Dunkwa-On-Offin as its capital town.
Background
It was named after the former kingdom of Denkyira. Its District Chief Executive was Richard Anane Adabor.
External links
District: Upper Denkyira District
References
Central Region (Ghana)
Districts of the Central Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Denkyira%20District |
Solnechny (; masculine), Solnechnaya (; feminine), or Solnechnoye (; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia:
Altai Krai
As of 2010, two rural localities in Altai Krai bear this name:
Solnechny, Altai Krai, a settlement in Zavetilyichevsky Selsoviet of Aleysky District
Solnechnoye, Altai Krai, a selo in Solnechny Selsoviet of Pervomaysky District
Amur Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Amur Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Amur Oblast, a settlement in Solnechny Rural Settlement of Skovorodinsky District
Solnechnoye, Amur Oblast, a selo in Priozerny Rural Settlement of Ivanovsky District
Astrakhan Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Astrakhan Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Astrakhan Oblast, a settlement in Zabuzansky Selsoviet of Krasnoyarsky District
Chelyabinsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Chelyabinsk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a settlement in Solnechny Selsoviet of Sosnovsky District
Republic of Dagestan
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Republic of Dagestan bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Republic of Dagestan, a selo in Khasavyurtovsky District
Kaliningrad Oblast
As of 2010, three rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast bear this name:
Solnechnoye, Bagrationovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Gvardeysky Rural Okrug of Bagrationovsky District
Solnechnoye, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Nizovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District
Solnechnoye, Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Gavrilovsky Rural Okrug of Ozyorsky District
Karachay-Cherkess Republic
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, a settlement in Prikubansky District
Kemerovo Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Kemerovo Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Kemerovsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Shcheglovskaya Rural Territory of Kemerovsky District
Solnechny, Leninsk-Kuznetsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Gornyatskaya Rural Territory of Leninsk-Kuznetsky District
Khabarovsk Krai
As of 2010, one urban locality in Khabarovsk Krai bears this name:
Solnechny, Khabarovsk Krai, a work settlement in Solnechny District
Republic of Khakassia
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Republic of Khakassia bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Republic of Khakassia, a selo in Solnechny Selsoviet of Ust-Abakansky District
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
As of 2010, one rural locality in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug bears this name:
Solnechny, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a settlement in Surgutsky District
Komi Republic
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Komi Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Komi Republic, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Blagoyevo Urban-Type Settlement Administrative Territory in Udorsky District
Kostroma Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Kostroma Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Krasnoselsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a settlement in Borovikovskoye Settlement of Krasnoselsky District
Solnechny, Susaninsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a settlement in Chentsovskoye Settlement of Susaninsky District
Krasnodar Krai
As of 2010, one rural locality in Krasnodar Krai bears this name:
Solnechny, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Obraztsovy Rural Okrug of Leningradsky District
Krasnoyarsk Krai
As of 2010, one urban locality in Krasnoyarsk Krai bears this name:
Solnechny, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a settlement; administratively incorporated as a closed administrative-territorial formation
Kurgan Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Kurgan Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnaya, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Yagodninsky Selsoviet of Almenevsky District
Kursk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Kursk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Kursk Oblast, a settlement in Solnechny Selsoviet of Zolotukhinsky District
Leningrad Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Leningrad Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Leningrad Oblast, a settlement of the crossing in Plodovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Priozersky District
Mari El Republic
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Mari El Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Mari El Republic, a settlement in Solnechny Rural Okrug of Sovetsky District
Novgorod Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Novgorod Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnaya, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Volokskoye Settlement of Borovichsky District
Omsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Omsk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Omsk Oblast, a selo in Solnechny Rural Okrug of Russko-Polyansky District
Orenburg Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Orenburg Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Yasnopolyansky Selsoviet of Tashlinsky District
Perm Krai
As of 2013, one rural locality in Perm Krai bears this name:
Solnechny, Perm Krai, a settlement in Usolsky District
Primorsky Krai
As of 2010, one rural locality in Primorsky Krai bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Primorsky Krai, a selo in Dalnerechensky District
Rostov Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Rostov Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Azovsky District, Rostov Oblast, a settlement in Kalinovskoye Rural Settlement of Azovsky District
Solnechny, Volgodonskoy District, Rostov Oblast, a settlement in Dobrovolskoye Rural Settlement of Volgodonskoy District
Ryazan Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Ryazan Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Ryazan Oblast, a selo in Gornostayevsky Rural Okrug of Mikhaylovsky District
Saint Petersburg
As of 2010, one urban locality in Saint Petersburg bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Saint Petersburg, a settlement in Kurortny District
Sakha Republic
As of 2010, one urban locality in the Sakha Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Sakha Republic, an urban-type settlement in Ust-Maysky District
Saratov Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Saratov Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Fyodorovsky District, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Fyodorovsky District
Solnechny, Marksovsky District, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Marksovsky District
Smolensk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Smolensk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnaya, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Repinskoye Rural Settlement of Yartsevsky District
Sverdlovsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Sverdlovsk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Beryozovsky
Tver Oblast
As of 2010, five inhabited localities in Tver Oblast bear this name.
Urban localities
Solnechny, Tver Oblast, an urban-type settlement; administratively incorporated as an okrug, an upper-level administrative division of Tver Oblast
Rural localities
Solnechny, Bezhetsky District, Tver Oblast, a settlement in Zhitishchenskoye Rural Settlement of Bezhetsky District
Solnechny, Bologovsky District, Tver Oblast, a settlement in Berezayskoye Rural Settlement of Bologovsky District
Solnechny, Vyshnevolotsky District, Tver Oblast, a settlement in Solnechnoye Rural Settlement of Vyshnevolotsky District
Solnechnoye, Tver Oblast, a village in Molodotudskoye Rural Settlement of Oleninsky District
Udmurt Republic
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Udmurt Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Udmurt Republic, a selo in Selychinsky Selsoviet of Yakshur-Bodyinsky District
Vologda Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Vologda Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Vologda Oblast, a settlement in Ustyuzhensky Selsoviet of Ustyuzhensky District
Voronezh Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Voronezh Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Voronezh Oblast, a settlement in Yamenskoye Rural Settlement of Ramonsky District
Yaroslavl Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Yaroslavl Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Yaroslavl Oblast, a settlement in Lyubilkovsky Rural Okrug of Rostovsky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solnechny%20%28inhabited%20locality%29 |
Leptopelis is a genus of frogs in the family Arthroleptidae. They are found throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, excluding Madagascar. It is placed in monotypic subfamily Leptopelinae, although this subfamily is not always recognized. They have a number of common names, including forest treefrogs, tree frogs, leaf-frogs, and big-eyed frogs.
Description
Leptopelis are mostly medium-sized frogs (snout–vent length ), but Leptopelis palmatus can reach . Tympanum is present. Most species have expended digit tips.
Ecology
Leptopelis are mainly arboreal, but some species, especially in more arid areas, are terrestrial or even subfossorial. Breeding typically starts with the heavy rains in the beginning of the wet season. Eggs may be deposited either in water or in/on the ground. Development includes a free-living tadpole stage, with a possible exception of Leptopelis brevirostris, whose large eggs suggest that development could be direct. Males typically call in bushes or trees a meter or more above the ground.
Species
As of July 2021, there are 54 recognized species:
In captivity
L. vermiculatus is found in international pet trade. They are hardy frogs that adapt well to captivity, and readily consume commercially available crickets.
References
Arthroleptidae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of Sub-Saharan Africa
Taxa named by Albert Günther | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptopelis |
Rich Nathan (born December 1955) is an American pastor and author who has been the senior Pastor of Vineyard Columbus since 1987. In January 2021, Pastor Nathan handed the Senior Pastor role to Eric and Julia Pickerill. He is still on staff as Founding Pastor and in charge of the Pastors Residency Program.
Early life and education
Nathan came to believe in Jesus at the age of 18. Prior to pastoring, he was an assistant professor of business law at Ohio State University for five years. He has bachelor's degrees in history and religious studies from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio graduating magna cum laude, and a J.D. with honors from Ohio State University's Moritz College of Law in Columbus, Ohio.
Career
Nathan has served on the National Board of Vineyard: A Community of Churches for more than 20 years and is the Large Church Task Force Coordinator for the Vineyard. He is a national and international conference speaker and author of three books. Nathan has been noted as one of the strongest voices in favor of bringing together various streams of the church including the evangelical stream, the social justice stream, the charismatic stream and the liturgical stream.
Nathan has been outspoken on the subject of faith and politics. In an interview with the Columbus Dispatch, he was quoted as saying:
Nathan has also been a major force for immigration reform, highlighting the issue in both sermons and op-eds. He advocates for a different plan than those traditionally offered for America's illegal immigrants, "a pathway to citizenship governed by a system of checks and balances." He has led Vineyard Columbus to embrace racial and ethnic diversity. Vineyard Columbus is one of America's most diverse churches, having attendees from over 125 nations. Nathan has been a leader in the Vineyard movement in advocating for women's full participation in all aspects of church ministry including becoming senior pastors, church planters, missionaries and Vineyard Association overseers. As Nathan put it in a message on egalitarianism: "God's gifts and call are not gender-based."
Vineyard Columbus
Vineyard Columbus (formerly Vineyard Christian Fellowship of Columbus and Vineyard Church of Columbus) is a church in Westerville, Ohio. It is part of the Association of Vineyard Churches with headquarters in Sugar Land, Texas.
Vineyard Columbus dates back as a church to the late-1970s. Three different churches joined to form the first church. The church remained independent of any larger group for a number of years. After investigating a number of groups to join with, the leadership of the church decided on the Association of Vineyard Churches, led by John Wimber. They became the Vineyard Christian Fellowship of Columbus in 1987. Vineyard Columbus has experienced significant growth over the years, drawing about 7,500 people from over 125 nations at its weekend worship services and becoming the largest church in the Vineyard movement today. It is a church that is self described as an "empowered evangelical" church, according to the definition in Rich Nathan and Ken Wilson's book Empowered Evangelicals that was published in the mid-1990s.
The original church in Westerville has planted more than 30 churches since 1987, including over a dozen in the Columbus area - all included in the Vineyard Movement. Vineyard Columbus also supports many Christian missionaries throughout the world.
In January 2019, Rich announced he will be handing the senior pastor duties over to associate pastors Eric and Julia Pickerill, effective January 2021. Eric and Julia planted the Vineyard of Amsterdam in 2008 before returning to Vineyard Columbus in 2015. Rich Nathan will remain of the staff at Vineyard Columbus as pastor at-large.
Satellite Campuses
In 2009, Vineyard Columbus opened its first satellite campus, Vineyard Columbus Sawmill Campus, in Dublin, OH. This campus grew rapidly and started holding 2 services (9am and 11am) as of September 2013. In 2011, VC opened its second campus, Lane Avenue Campus of Vineyard Columbus. In the fall of 2012, VC launched its third campus, East Campus, at Berwick Alternative Elementary School. In early 2015, East Campus joined forces with the Eastside Vineyard church plant in Pickerington and moved operations out there. Vineyard Columbus also has a Spanish language campus called La Vina that meets in the Chapel of the Cooper Road location on Sundays at 11:30am.
Books
Who Is My Enemy
(Co-authored) Empowered Evangelicals with Ken Wilson
(Co-authored) Both-And: Living the Christ-Centered Life in an Either-Or World with Insoo Kim
Notes
References
Michael Gerson, "A New Social Gospel," Newsweek, November 13, 2006
External links
Columbus Dispatch article of May 11, 2007 regarding Vineyard Church of Columbus
Columbus, Ohio Community Relations article
Christianity Today article interviewing Nathan
Vineyard Church of Columbus
Living people
1955 births
Converts to Christianity
Ohio State University faculty
American Christian clergy
American sermon writers
American Pentecostal pastors
Association of Vineyard Churches
American evangelicals
Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich%20Nathan |
When I Said I Wanted to Be Your Dog is the debut studio album by Swedish indie pop musician Jens Lekman. His first full-length, the album was released on 7 April 2004 on Service, and later in the year was also released on Secretly Canadian with a slightly altered track listing.
Track listing
Sample credits
"A Higher Power" contains samples of "So Catch Him" by Blueboy and "Words Don't Fail Me Now" by The Night Keys.
Personnel
Credits for When I Said I Wanted to Be Your Dog adapted from liner notes.
Jens Lekman – writing, performance, recording, horn arrangements
Additional personnel
Björn Almgren – saxophone
Emma Bates – backing vocals
Marcus Cato – trumpet
Lars-Erik Grimelund – drums
Ellen Hjalmarsson – violin
Peter Noos Johansson – trombone
Ulrika Mild – backing vocals
Lilian Olsson – backing vocals
Mikaela Robsahm – cello
Stefan Sporsén – trumpet, althorn, horn arrangements
Jacob Stålhammar – mastering
Johan Strömberg – recording (horns and drums)
Ben Swanson – drums
Charts
References
2004 debut albums
Jens Lekman albums
Secretly Canadian albums
Service (record label) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20I%20Said%20I%20Wanted%20to%20Be%20Your%20Dog |
Wassa West District is a former district that was located in Western Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Wassa-Fiase-Mpohor District Council. However, on 29 February 2008, it was split off into two new districts: Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on that same year; capital: Tarkwa) and Prestea-Huni Valley District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018; capital: Bogoso). The district assembly was located in the eastern part of Western Region and had Tarkwa as its capital town.
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of the Western Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassa%20West%20District |
Upside Down was an English boy band which consisted of Chris Leng, Giles Kristian, Jamie Browne and Richard Micallef. The formation of the band was featured in the late night BBC Television documentary series, Inside Story.
The band was developed by World Records, an independent record label who had staked everything on the success of their act. Their first single, "Change Your Mind", was written for fellow 1990s boy band Bad Boys Inc and jumped from No. 35 to No. 12 in the charts, peaking at No. 11 a week later. After four hit singles, World Records went into bankruptcy and Upside Down re-grouped as Orange Orange with no further success. Kristian went on to be a bestselling author of historical fiction.
Discography
Singles
As Upside Down
"Change Your Mind" (World Records - 1996) No. 11 UK
"Every Time I Fall in Love" (World Records - 1996) No. 18 UK
"Never Found a Love Like This Before" (World Records - 1996) No. 19 UK
"If You Leave Me Now" (World Records - 1996) No. 27 UK
As Orange Orange
"Beautiful Day" (Blue Cherry/Big Banana's - 1997) No. 83 UK
References
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
English boy bands
English pop music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside%20Down%20%28group%29 |
The Society for Research into Higher Education (SRHE) is a UK-based international learned society, established in 1965. The organisation provides funding opportunities for those undergoing research on the subject of Higher Education, holds events and seminars, convenes an annual conference on higher education (HE) research and publishes research in this area.
Networks
SRHE events are organised under a range of Networks or groups focussing on a particular area of research. These Networks are currently:
• Academic Practice
• Digital University
• Employability, Enterprise and Work-based Learning
• Higher Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic
• Higher Education Policy
• International Research and Researchers
• Learning, Teaching And Assessment
• Newer Researchers
• Postgraduate Issue
• South West Regional Network
• Technical, Professional and Vocational Higher Education
• The Student Access and Experience Network
The Society also runs a Professional Development Programme of events.
SRHE International Conference
SRHE also hosts an annual international conference usually held in the UK in December, which provides an international forum for researchers, practitioners, and postgraduate students within the field of higher education.
Awards
Annual Research Awards. The Annual Research Awards have been awarded to research and scoping projects since 2011.
Newer Researchers Award. Launched in 1993, this fund is intended to support newer and early career researchers.
Fellowship Fellowship of SRHE is recognition for those who have made a significant contribution in the field of research into higher education, awarded to members of the Society who have achieved a substantial reputation based on a significant body of work achieved over a period of time.
References
Society for Research into Higher Education (SRHE) Annual Reports 1965 - 2013
About SRHE (no date) Society for Research into Higher Education. Available at: https://srhe.ac.uk/about-srhe/ (Accessed: 11 May 2023).
Education in the London Borough of Islington
Higher education organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the London Borough of Islington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Research%20into%20Higher%20Education |
A game farm is a place where game animals are raised to stock wildlife areas for hunting. The term also includes places where such animals are raised to be sold as food or for photography. Their existence has been exemplified within the South African countryside where they have become prevalent. The wildlife that is hunted is used for consumption as well for ecotourism. Local laws in South Africa during the 20th century have allowed the private ownership of wildlife, which has enabled the expansion and economic feasibility of game farms over typical livestock farming.
Wildlife Conservation
Wildlife conservation is a costly endeavor for most African countries. One of the more common forms of generating income to establish a sustainable economy to provide for wildlife conservation is known as wildlife viewing tourism. However, this attraction still does not generate enough to establish wildlife conservation. For regions that suffer political and economic instability; sustainable trophy hunting may be the only feasible source of income in order to generate the appropriate income. Once established, another aspect to consider is the management of the land being used for hunting. Naturally, wildlife decreases with the increase of human presence which puts a strain on the quality of hunting. Generally, leases for hunting concessions are set up to last for multiple years all at once in order to encourage hunting operators to continue to manage the land for hunting. However, as the quality of hunting decreases, leases are shortened and this creates an overall negative impact to the economy.
Many African countries benefit from community based conservation. This concept explores the relationship between wild life and people and the notion that conserving every animal is also not sustainable because certain animals threaten human lives and crops. One of the biggest arguments in support of community based conservation is that allowing people to gain economic benefits from wildlife, incentives for conservation are, in turn, provided. One such country that benefits from adopting this strategy is Zambia. The Zambian government established a wild life conservation fund to act as the responsible player for redistributing funds from the hunting industry into wild life conservation and community development.
Ethical Problems
Using game hunting as a conservation tool has negative perceptions that impose harsh restrictions across several different countries in Africa. Some of the activities that promote hunting bans include canned hunting, shooting young or uncommon animals, shooting from vehicles, use of bait, spotlights and hounds are all hunting practices that bring into question many ethical problems.
Furthermore, on an international level, there are ethical issues such as the hunting and killing of Cecil the Lion. An American doctor by the name of Walter James Palmer, of Eden Prairie, Minnesota, killed Cecil the Lion during a hunting trip in Zimbabwe. This news made international headlines as Cecil the Lion was a participant in a study that was being conducted by Oxford University in Britain, Cecil had also been outfitted with a GPS collar for this study. Eventually, Palmer was not charged in the slaying of Cecil due to his hunting permit and has been allowed back in the country exclusively as a visitor.
Game Farming in South Africa
South Africa is considered to be one of the hallmarks for game farms and game reserves. The biodiverse ecosystem that exists in South Africa is the foundation that provides one of the most prosperous game meat in the African continent. The land displays a diverse array of animals such as the Big Five; lion, leopard, rhinoceros, elephant, and Cape buffalo. Game farms are said to have produced new avenues for prosperity such as trophy hunting, game-meat production, and eco-tourism.
Ecotourism Component
Tourism is viewed as key strategy that can eventually lead to economic prosperity which in turn would promote development in the local communities. The South African government has capitalized on this through utilizing their wildlife to promote ecotourism. Post-apartheid, significant developments have been made to achieve success in this area. Today, an abundance of tourists and travelers flock to South Africa with their main goal being to see its natural environment. Game Farms are said to deliver a unique experience because they provide the opportunity for visitors to observe and experience wildlife at close range. The South African government has made efforts to utilize these game farms as developed sustainable ecotourism attractions. Wildlife hunters are extremely attracted to private games farms which can produce higher income compared some of South Africa's most successful nature reserves. The commercial success of these game farms has forced many agricultural farms to adapt and be converted into game farms.
Controversy in the Eastern Cape
Game farming in the Eastern Cape has been cited as land-use practice issue which has left many feeling disenfranchised. This stems from the context of wealth, class, and race which have created a diverse range of problems for local communities. People who do not have the financial structure to enter a game farm are said to appropriate bushmeat through illegal hunting where poachers are the primary actors. Structural inequalities between various stakeholders are at the epicenter of the issue. Game farms create network that is internationally proactive and interconnected but fractured at the local level due to racial inequalities that have plagued South Africa. This dichotomy of the two networks have created spaces for international clients and local elites to congregate and engage in trophy hunting due to private ownership which in turn ignores the advancement of rural employment.
See also
Game reserve
Fish hatchery
Wildlife farming
Notes
References
Hunting
Agriculture by type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20farm |
Yakov Georgievich Chernikhov (ukr. Яків Георгійович Чернихов) (5 (17) December 1889 in Pavlograd, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire (now Pavlohrad, Ukraine) – 9 May 1951 in Moscow, Soviet Union) was a Russian architect and graphic designer known for working in the constructivist style. As an architect, painter, graphic artist, and architectural theorist, his greatest contribution was in the genre of architectural fantasy — the Soviet version of Claude Nicolas Ledoux, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and Antonio Sant'Elia all at once. His books on architectural design published in Leningrad between 1927 and 1933 are sometimes regarded amongst the most innovative texts (and illustrations) of their time.
Early life
Chernikhov was born December 17, 1889 in Pavlograd, Katerynoslav province in a poor Jewish family, one of 11 children (five girls and six boys). His father, Georgy Pavlovich Chernikhov, owned restaurants on ships of the Volunteer Fleet; later, having become bankrupt, family moved to Odessa. A few years later family moved back to Pavlograd. After studying at the Grekov Odessa Art school, Ukraine, where his teachers were Gennady Ladyzhensky and Kiriyak Kostandi, leading artists of the South Russian school, he moved in 1914 to Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and joined the Architecture faculty of the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1916, where he later studied under Leon Benois.
Career
Greatly interested in futurist movements, including constructivism, and the suprematism of Malevich (with whom he was acquainted), he set out his ideas in a series of books and scholarly works in the late 1920s and early 1930s, including:
Osnovy sovremennoi arkhitektury (Fundamentals of Contemporary Architecture, 1930)
Entazis i fust kolonny (Entasis and Shaft of the Column)
Tsvet i svet (Color and Light)
Estetika arkhitektury (Aesthetics of Architecture)
Krasota v arkhitekture (Beauty in Architecture)
The Art of Graphic Representation (1927)
Analiz postroeniia klassicheskogo shrifta [Analysis of the Formation of Classical Fonts]
Konstruktsii arkhitekturnykh i mashinnykh form (The Construction of Architectural and Machine Forms,1931)
Arkhitekturnye fantazii. 101 kompozitsiia (101 Architectural Fantasies, 1933).
In the first of the books, Osnovy sovremennoi arkhitektury he was already anticipating the appearance of several great skyscrapers of the future: the Palace of the Soviets (1932), the Moscow University building on Vorob’yovye (Sparrow) Hills (1955).
The 101 Architectural Fantasies, a very fine example of colour printing, was perhaps the last avant-garde art book to be published in Russia during the Stalinist era. Its remarkable designs uncannily predict the architecture of the later 20th century. However his unusual ideas meant that Chernikhov was distrusted by the regime. Although he continued work as a teacher and held a number of one-man shows, few of his designs were built and very few appear to have survived. Amongst the latter is the tower of the 'Red Nailer' factory in St. Petersburg.
Chernikhov also produced a number of richly designed architectural fantasies of historic architecture, which were never exhibited in his lifetime. A book on 'The Construction of Letter Forms' containing some of his typographical designs, was published after his death, in 1959.
Chernikhov was a tireless advocate for the importance of literacy in graphics. He believed that competency in representational skills — descriptive geometry, and drawing — was as necessary for every person as the ordinary skills of literacy. In addition to his very productive studio work, Chernikhov taught
in the system of special workers’ classes (rabfak), was on the faculty of the architecture and construction departments of several institutions of higher learning, and developed a methodology for training students quickly and effectively in the fundamentals of graphics.
Chernikhov produced some 17,000 drawings and projects and was dubbed the Soviet Piranesi. On 8 August 2006, it was announced that some hundreds of Chernikhov's drawings, with an estimated value of $1,300,000, had gone missing from the Russian State Archives. Some 274 have been recovered, in Russia and abroad.
See also
List of Russian artists
Constructivist architecture
References
Sources
Catherine Cooke, ed., Russian Constructivism and Iakov Chernikhov. Architectural Design profile 59, no. 7/8 (London: Academy Editions, 1989)
Documenti e Riproduzioni dall'Archivio di Aleksej e Dimitri Cernihov (Illustrated) ed. Carlo Olmo and Alessandro de Magistris, publisher Umberto Allemandi, 1995, , in Italian
Graphic Masterpieces of Yakov Georgievich Chernikhov: The Collection of Dmitry Chernikhov by Dmitry Y. Chernikhov DOM Publishers 2008 in English
Catherine Cooke, ed., Chernikov: Fantasy and Construction. Iakov Chernikov's Approach to Architectural Design'', Architectural Design Profile 54, no. 9/10 (London: Academy Editions, 1984)
Literature
Berkovich, Gary. Reclaiming a History. Jewish Architects in Imperial Russia and the USSR. Volume 2. Soviet Avant-garde: 1917–1933. Weimar und Rostock: Grunberg Verlag. 2021. Pp. 134-136.
External links
Iakov Chernikov International Foundation
Art & Creativity @ Iakov Chernikhov's Granddaughter =>> Kate Coe Temnomeroff /
Russian avant-garde
Constructivist architects
Soviet architects
Russian architects
People from Pavlohrad
1889 births
1951 deaths
Modernist architecture in Russia
20th-century Russian male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov%20Chernikhov |
The Araguaia National Park (Parque Nacional do Araguaia) is a national park located in Tocantins state in the north of Brazil, between 09º51’—11º11’S and 49º57’—50º27’W. Bananal Island, on which the park is located, is believed to be the largest inland river island in the world.
History
The Araguaia National Park was created on 31 December 1959 by federal decree number 45,570. The whole island is a nature and culture preserve, enacted on 19 December 1973 by Article 28 of the Statute of Indian Law No. 6001. The park is at the northern end of the island and has an area of . The centre and south of the island is retained as a cultural preserve for indigenous peoples and has an area of .
Geography
The park forms part of the large river island of Bananal Island in the Araguaia River in the southwest of the state of Tocantins, in Brazil. The park is largely flat land and lies at an altitude of above sea level. It is situated at the junction of the Amazon biome to the north and the grassland and stunted woodland biome to the south; the river is subject to large fluctuations in level and the park is subject to periodic flooding. The flora consists of a mixture of savannah grassland, scrub and deciduous forest. Rainfall is most frequent between November and March and the hottest time of year is during September and October.
The park would be in the proposed South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor.
Flora
There are piassava palms and buriti palms in parts of the park that are frequently inundated. In the forested areas some frequently encountered species include the cow tree, Cabralea, Tabebuia, Qualea parviflora, black sweetwood and genipap. In the drier savannah part of the park there are many species of grasses, with scattered trees such as the souari nut tree and the pau-d'alho.
Fauna
There is a wide range of mammals in the park including marsh deer, other species of deer, peccary, capybara, giant anteater, maned wolf, jaguar, giant otter and armadillo. The reptiles present include the anaconda, spectacled caiman, black caiman and South American river turtle, and the rivers are home to many freshwater fish as well as Amazon river dolphins and Tucuxi dolphins. There are plenty of birds too, including the common toucan, anhinga, greater rhea, quail, partridge, osprey, Orinoco goose, heron. egret, Spix's macaw, hoatzin and musician wren.
References
Sources
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Tocantins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araguaia%20National%20Park |
Selena Live! The Last Concert is a live album by Mexican-American singer Selena. It was recorded on February 26, 1995, at the Houston Astrodome and was televised live on Univision. The album was posthumously released by EMI Latin on March 27, 2001. The singer shared the concert with Tejano singer Emilio Navaira and performed to 66,994 people, which broke the previous attendance record held by Selena the previous year. The concert was critically acclaimed for outperforming ticket sales by country music singers Vince Gill, Reba McEntire, and George Strait. Selena's performance at the Astrodome became her final televised concert before she was shot and killed on March 31, 1995.
At the time of her performance, journalists gave the singer rave reviews, citing the range of material performed, as well as Selena's "sultry, and sensual" choreography. Critics have since regarded the concert as one of her best performances—it was dramatized by Jennifer Lopez in the 1997 biopic film. The purple jumpsuit worn during the performance—on display in a museum the singer's family operates in Corpus Christi, Texas—continues to be a popular halloween costume for children and adults.
The set list mostly included material from her Amor Prohibido (1994) album and a medley mashup of disco music songs "I Will Survive", "Funkytown", "Last Dance", "The Hustle", and "On the Radio", by Gloria Gaynor, Lipps Inc., and Van McCoy respectively, while "Last Dance" and "On the Radio" were originally performed by Donna Summer. The album peaked atop the US Billboard Latin Pop Albums chart, becoming the singer's second number one on the chart since Dreaming of You (1995). It earned the singer a nomination for Pop Album of the Year, Female at the 2002 Billboard Latin Music Awards.
DVD release
Live: The Last Concert was released on DVD on September 2, 2003, by Image Entertainment and Q-Productions, Inc.
Among the features contained in the DVD, the viewer is allowed to select from two different main menus, Spanish or English, in order to change the language of the biography and menu. With a running time of 99-minutes, the DVD features a biography of the singer and an additional 44-minute behind-the-scenes look at the making of Selena (1997). The DVD chapter listing is identical to the album track listing with the exception of the spoken liner notes.
Track listing
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
References
Bibliography
2001 live albums
2002 live albums
2003 video albums
2015 live albums
2017 live albums
2017 video albums
Live albums published posthumously
Live video albums
Selena live albums
Selena video albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla
Video albums published posthumously
Spanish-language live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena%20LIVE%21%20The%20Last%20Concert |
I'll Do Anything is a 1994 American comedy-drama film written and directed by James L. Brooks. While a large part of the film is a satire of the film industry, it also skewers relationships from various angles. Its primary plot concerns a down-on-his-luck actor who suddenly finds himself the sole caretaker of his six-year-old daughter.
Plot
In 1980, on the night he fails to win an Emmy Award, Matt Hobbs proposes to his longtime girlfriend Beth. He says the only thing holding him back is his dedication to his career, one which may not always work out, and Beth says that's one of the things she loves most about him. Seven years later, with a baby crying and no job for Matt, Beth is overflowing with resentment. By 1993, the pair have been divorced for several years and are living on opposite coasts. Matt auditions for a role in pompous, self-absorbed, and clueless film producer Burke Adler's new project but fails to get the part. He does however agree to chauffeur Adler occasionally. Matt flies to Georgia to pick up his daughter Jeannie for what he believes is a brief visit and discovers Beth is facing a prison term and Jeannie will be living with him for the duration of her sentence. The two return to Hollywood and struggle with their new circumstances and building a relationship (Matt hasn't seen the six-year-old since she was four). When Matt goes in to make a screen test for a lead in a film, he leaves Jeannie with a friend at the studio, and when he picks her up he's stunned to learn she's been cast in a sitcom. There are multiple sub-plots, including one focusing on Matt's relationship with staff script-reader Cathy Breslow and another concerning test screening analyst Nan Mulhanney and her tumultuous relationship with Adler.
Cast
Production
Originally I'll Do Anything was conceived and filmed by James L. Brooks as an old-fashioned movie musical and parody of "Hollywood lifestyles and movie clichés", costing $40 million. It featured songs by Carole King, Prince, and Sinéad O'Connor, among others, with choreography by Twyla Tharp. When preview audience reactions to the music were overwhelmingly negative, all production numbers from the film were cut and Brooks wrote several new scenes, filming them over three days and spent seven weeks editing the film. Brooks noted: "Something like this not only tries one's soul - it threatens one's soul."
He later said of the film,
Reception
I'll Do Anything received mixed to positive reviews from critics. It currently holds a rating of 61% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 18 reviews.
In his three-star review in the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert called it "one of those offcenter comedies that gets its best moments simply by looking at people and seeing how funny, how pathetic, how wonderful they sometimes can be . . . it's a bright, edgy, funny story about people who have all the talent they need, but not all the luck . . . It is helpful, I think, to simply forget about the missing songs, and recognize that I'll Do Anything is a complete movie without them - smart, original, subversive." Janet Maslin of The New York Times described it as "droll" and "improbably buoyant."
Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A to F.
Box office
The film was a box office failure. Produced on a budget of $40 million, I'll Do Anything grossed only a little over $10.4 million, making it one of the worst performing films of the year when compared to its cost.
Year-end lists
Top 10 runner-ups (not ranked) – Janet Maslin, The New York Times
Honorable mention – Jeff Simon, The Buffalo News
7th worsts – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News
Music
One of the original songs meant to be performed in the film is heard during the closing credits and is included on the soundtrack album released by Varèse Sarabande, along with four instrumental tracks by the film's composer, Hans Zimmer. While other versions of songs penned by Prince resurfaced on some of his later projects, Girl 6 and The Vault: Old Friends 4 Sale, none of the actual performances from the movie were ever officially released.
Although James L. Brooks has mentioned he would like to release a director's cut restoring the musical numbers and including a making-of documentary, that project has yet to come to fruition. The film's commercially released version is available on DVD.
In a 2013 interview, Zimmer said that a release of the musical version is unlikely: "The deal structure on those songs was so complicated and so expensive, and it would cost so much money in rights to put it out.”
In an interview on Off Camera with Sam Jones, Jackson Browne stated that his song "I'll Do Anything", released on the 1993 album I'm Alive was originally written to be the title song for the movie. It was to be a comedic song sung by Albert Brooks where he is begging a test audience to favorably review his latest film.
References
External links
"They Just Gotta Trust This Guy" - Los Angeles Times profile
1994 films
1994 comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama films
American satirical films
Columbia Pictures films
1990s English-language films
Films about actors
Films directed by James L. Brooks
Films produced by James L. Brooks
Gracie Films films
Films scored by Hans Zimmer
Films with screenplays by James L. Brooks
1990s satirical films
Films about father–daughter relationships
Films about parenting
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll%20Do%20Anything |
There are 120 counties in the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky. Despite ranking 37th in size by area, Kentucky has 120 counties, fourth among states (including Virginia's independent cities). The original motivation for having so many counties was to ensure that residents in the days of poor roads and horseback travel could make a round trip from their home to the county seat in a single day, as well as being able to travel from one county seat to the next in the same fashion. Later, however, politics began to play a part, with citizens who disagreed with their county government petitioning the state to create a new county. Today, 21 of the 120 counties have fewer than 10,000 residents, and half have fewer than 20,000. The 20 largest counties by population all have populations of 48,000 or higher, and just 7 of the 120 have a population of 100,000 or higher. The average county population, based on the estimated 2022 state population of 4.512 million, was 37,603.
Following concerns of too many counties, the 1891 Kentucky Constitution placed stricter limits on county creation, stipulating that a new county:
must have a land area of at least ;
must have a population of at least 12,000 people;
must not by its creation reduce the land area of an existing county to less than 400 square miles;
must not by its creation reduce the population of an existing county to fewer than 12,000 people;
must not create a county boundary line that passes within 10 miles (16 kilometers) of an existing county seat.
These regulations have reined in the proliferation of counties in Kentucky. Since the 1891 Constitution, only McCreary County has been legally created, in 1912. The General Assembly's creation of Beckham County in 1904 was ruled unconstitutional. Because today's largest county by area, Pike County, is , it is only still possible to form a new county from portions of more than one existing county; McCreary County was formed in this manner, from parts of Wayne, Pulaski and Whitley counties.
Kentucky was originally a single county in Virginia, created in 1776. In 1780, Kentucky County was divided into Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties. Kentucky was admitted as a state in 1792, when it had nine counties.
Each county has a legislative council called the fiscal court; despite the name, it no longer has any responsibility for judicial proceedings. The county judge/executive, the head of government of the county, is an ex officio member of the fiscal court and its presiding officer. Constitutionally, the fiscal court may either be composed of the magistrates for the county or of three commissioners elected from the county at large.
The largest city in Kentucky, Louisville, is a consolidated local government under KRS 67C. When the Louisville Metro government was formed, all incorporated cities in Jefferson County, apart from Louisville, retained their status as cities; however, the Louisville Metro Council is the main government for the entire county, and is elected by residents in all of Jefferson County. The second largest, Lexington, is an urban-county government under KRS 67A. Lexington and Fayette County are completely merged and there are no separate incorporated cities within the county. In both of these counties, while Lexington and Louisville city governments govern their respective counties, a county judge/executive is still elected, as required by Kentucky's Constitution, but does not have substantive powers.
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, which is used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry; for Kentucky, the codes start with 21 and are completed with the three digit county code. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.
Counties
|}
Clickable map
The map shown below is clickable; click on any county to be redirected to the page for that county, or use the text links shown above on this page.
See also
List of United States counties and county equivalents
Lists of U.S. county name etymologies
List of cities in Kentucky
Notes
Further reading
Kleber, John E. Ed. The Kentucky encyclopedia (1992) online
WPA, Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State (1939); classic guide from the Federal Writers Project; covers main themes and describes every town and feature, with capsule histories online
External links
Kentucky Association of Counties
County Profile Reports – Kentucky Center for Statistics
Duties of Elected County Officials – Kentucky Legislative Research Commission
National Association of Counties – Find A County
List of Kentucky counties
Kentucky, counties in
County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20counties%20in%20Kentucky |
Maximum-Football is a gridiron and arena football computer game developed by Wintervalley Software and published by Matrix Games for Windows-based computers.
Gameplay
Players can choose to play a game under Canadian, American or indoor rules, or create their own league with unique rules. The game allows for maximum customization of players, teams, and uniforms, and has a detailed Play Development System for creating plays and playbooks.
The game includes a basic career mode. Team owners can set up team profiles for maximum drafting of players and can set up a training camp.
Maximum-Football does not feature licenses of any current football league, but the game does allow users maximum customization of leagues thus the game creates names and locations based on the actual teams name and location.
Release
The game had spent 2½ years in development. The initial prices of the game (for download and CD copy respectively) were $40 and $50. There is no demo available for this title.
Maximum-Football 1.0 was released on March 3, 2006, after missing previous release targets in the two years leading up to release. Many of the delays were caused by features being added to the game that had been asked for by community members on the Maximum-Football and Matrix Games message boards.
Version 1.0 was the first public version of the game.
Version 2.0 was released on September 21, 2007. Version 2.0 supports a new graphics engine, new and improved player animations, new and improved arcade play features, as well as additional league support features.
Version 2.2 is the currently shipping version.
A 2019 version of the game features an endorsement from Doug Flutie, the former NFL and CFL quarterback.
References
External links
Matrix Games
2006 video games
American football video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Canadian football video games
Arena football video games
North America-exclusive video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Canada
Matrix Games games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum-Football |
Hutchinson Community College (HutchCC or HCC) is a public community college in Hutchinson, Kansas. It serves nearly 5,000 credit students every semester.
History
The college was established in the spring of 1928 as Hutchinson Junior College, and held its first classes that fall. On July 1, 1965, the name was changed to Hutchinson Community Junior College, then in 1980 to Hutchinson Community College.
On July 1, 1993, Hutchinson Community College was renamed once again to Hutchinson Community College and Area Vocational School after a merger with the local vocational school. In 2012, the vocational school addition was removed, and the institution finally became known as Hutchinson Community College.
Campuses
The main campus is located at 1300 North Plum in Hutchinson, Kansas, and mostly bounded between the streets of 11th Street, 14th Street, and Plum Street. HCC has two satellite locations, in McPherson, Kansas and Newton, Kansas.
Academics
Students can choose from more than 70 different academic programs, leading to Associate in Arts and Associate in Science degrees. Hutchinson Community College has transfer and articulation agreements with every Kansas Regents university and college, as well as a variety of other institutions across the country.
The college also offers over 50 technical programs.
Athletics
The Hutchinson Blue Dragons are the sports teams of Hutchinson Community College. They participate in the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and in the Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference.
Notable alumni
Kadeem Allen (born 1993), professional basketball player
De'Vondre Campbell, professional football player
Andy Dirks (born 1986), professional baseball player
Gerald Everett, professional football player
Steve Fritz (born 1967), 1996 Olympic decathlete
Markus Golden, professional football player
Shaun Hill, former professional football player
Storey Jackson, professional football player
Darius Johnson-Odom, professional basketball player
Alvin Kamara (born 1995), professional football player
Jeremiah Ledbetter, professional football player
Andre Morris (born 1972), sprint runner
Cordarrelle Patterson, professional football player
Mike Zagurski, professional baseball pitcher
See also
Hutchinson Sports Arena
Cosmosphere space museum
References
External links
Community colleges in Kansas
Education in Reno County, Kansas
1928 establishments in Kansas
Two-year colleges in the United States
NJCAA athletics
Universities and colleges established in 1928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson%20Community%20College |
The lira (plural: lire) was the distinct currency of Parma before 1802 and again from 1815 to 1859.
History
First lira
The Duchy of Parma issued its own currency until it was annexed to France in 1802. This lira was subdivided into 20 soldi (singular: soldo), each of 12 denari (singular: denaro), with the sesino worth 6 denari and the ducato was worth 7 lire. The currency was replaced by the French franc.
Second lira
After the re-establishment of Parman independence, a national currency was introduced in 1815. Also called the lira, it was subdivided into 20 soldi or 100 centesimi. However, this lira was equal to the French franc and the Sardinian lira, and it circulated alongside the latter. It weighed 5 grams, and had a purity of 9/10 of silver. Since 1860, Parma has used the equivalent Italian lira.
Coins
First lira
In the late 18th century, circulation coins included copper 1 sesino, billon 5, 10 and 20 soldi, silver , 1, 3 and 6 lire, and 1/14, 1/7, , and 1 ducato. Gold coins were issued in denominations of 1 zecchino and , 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8 doppia.
Second lira
In 1815, silver coins were introduced in denominations of s.5 and s.10, L.1, L.2 and L.5, together with gold L.20 and L.40. Copper c.1, c.3 and c.5 were added in 1830. All coins until the death of Marie Louise were minted by the Austrian State in Milan. When the House of Bourbon rose to the throne in 1847, the Parman mint was re-opened but the intended issue of copper c.1, c.2 and c.5 was abandoned after the duke Charles III, whose effigy was presented on the coins, was assassinated in 1854. The only issued coin, L.5 of 1858, was struck in 1,000 copies.
References
External links
Pound (currency)
Franc
Obsolete Italian currencies
Modern obsolete currencies
Duchy of Parma
1802 disestablishments
1815 establishments in Italy
1859 disestablishments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parman%20lira |
The Muse is a 1999 comedy film starring Albert Brooks, Sharon Stone, Andie MacDowell and Jeff Bridges. It is the sixth film to be directed by Brooks, from a screenplay co-written with Monica Johnson. Stone portrays the titular muse who is tasked with reviving the career of a once-celebrated Hollywood screenwriter, played by Brooks. The film also features numerous cameos from well-known filmmakers, including Martin Scorsese and James Cameron.
The film received mixed reviews and did not meet with large box office success, grossing only about $11 million domestically. Sharon Stone earned a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy.
Plot
After winning a lifetime achievement award, esteemed screenwriter Steven Phillips (Brooks) has a rude awakening. Believing the award has no real meaning, he finds out it means his career is over. His studio has reneged on renewing his contract, telling him he's "lost his edge." Junior exec Josh Martin (Mark Feuerstein) tells him over lunch that his new script is dull and he is to be off the lot by 5.
Desperate to revive his career, he seeks advice from very successful screenwriter Jack (Bridges), who arranges an introduction to Sarah (Stone), a modern-day muse who can inspire anyone. She has lavish demands (expensive hotel rooms, gifts from Tiffany's), much to his wife Laura's chagrin (MacDowell).
Steven isn't sure if she is authentic or a charlatan. She takes him to Long Beach, where they bump into writer-director Rob Reiner, whom Sarah clearly knows. There, Steven gets an idea for a movie set in an aquarium, with Jim Carrey as the lead.
As Sarah's demands increase, Steven's apprehensive wife begins to be won over. Through the muse's encouragement Laura decides to pursue her dream of baking and selling cookies, to great success.
To save money, Sarah is invited to move into their house. Steven, however, is frustrated because she spends more time helping others — Hollywood writers and directors like James Cameron and Martin Scorsese, who come to Steven's house to see her. He even surrenders his own bedroom to her, sleeping in the guest house.
When he pleads for a good ending for his aquarium screenplay, Sarah points Steven in the right direction, inspiring him with a great idea. Steven's agent Hal is thrilled and urges him to finish the script as quickly as possible, which he does.
The following morning, though, two visitors come to Steven's, doctors from a mental clinic. They tell him Sarah is an escaped psychiatric patient from their asylum with multiple personality disorder. They find the whole "muse" idea hilarious. When they try to find Sarah to take her back, they discover that she has escaped and decide not to look for her, as she can come and go anytime she wants.
The junior exec, Josh, loves Steven's script but breaks the news it is already in production at another studio — by Rob Reiner. A broken-hearted Steven goes to work in his wife's new cookie business.
Things look up when the agent calls to tell Steven that the Reiner project fell through and the studio wants to purchase his version, contingent upon a few changes. An excited Steven goes to the studio, where a secretary reveals that Josh was fired for stealing and they have a new boss in charge, Christine. Steven is shocked to see Christine is Sarah in a black wig. She takes Steven's arm and insists that they discuss the changes over a nice, expensive lunch, which she expects him to pay for. Steven frantically tries to comprehend what is happening.
Cast
Soundtrack
Pop rock musician Elton John composed the soundtrack for The Muse.
Reception
The Muse was a box office disappointment, grossing about $11 million domestically on an estimated budget of $15 million. It did relatively poorly at the box office compared to some of Brooks' other films, such as Defending Your Life (1991), which made $16 million, and Mother (1996), which made $19 million. Most complained that the problem was Brooks' lacking energy in his direction of the film. Critical reception was lukewarm, with the film holding a 53% rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 78 reviews, with the consensus; "Despite quirky and original writing, the subject matter feels too removed to produce laughs", but critics who were fans of the film included Leonard Maltin, Roger Ebert, and Desson Howe.
Wade Major, writing in Boxoffice, called it “a first-rate Hollywood satire that fearlessly goes so far as to even name names. Agents, executives, directors, actors and even writers are given their lumps—many showing up to do the on-screen damage themselves in a cascade of self-deprecating cameos. Stone’s dizzy Muse, however, is the film’s most delightful surprise, providing an energetic counterpoint to Brooks’ neurotic fatalism…”
Variety critic Todd McCarthy thought it “Typically fresh and idiosyncratic in the writing but often flat directorially.” McCarthy also believed that its commercial potential was restricted to “sophisticated upscale audiences.” Janet Maslin of the New York Times, however, thought it was “one of Mr. Brooks’s most broadly entertaining films,” with “enough of a stellar twinkle to bring it to a more general audience.”
In a three-star review, Roger Ebert thought “the movie is good, but not great Brooks; not the equal of ‘Lost in America’ or ‘Mother,’ but smart, funny—and edgy.” Los Angeles Times critic Kenneth Turan wrote, “Underneath all its humor, ‘The Muse’ manages to casually deal with some fascinating issues, such as the nature of creativity and inspiration and the important role belief has in making things happen. After all, as someone says, ‘This is Hollywood. People here believe anything.’”
Golden Globe controversy
In 1999, Helmut Voss, then president of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, who give the annual Golden Globe Awards, ordered all 82 of its members to return gift luxury watches sent by either Sharon Stone or USA/October Films (now merged into Focus Features). The luxury watches were considered promotions for a nomination for Stone's performance in the film. According to Variety, Voss ordered the return of the gifts "to protect the integrity of its award". Stone received the nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, but lost to Janet McTeer for Tumbleweeds.
References
External links
1999 films
1990s fantasy comedy films
American fantasy comedy films
American satirical films
Films about screenwriters
Films directed by Albert Brooks
Films with screenplays by Albert Brooks
Films with screenplays by Monica Johnson
1999 comedy films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
English-language fantasy comedy films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Muse%20%28film%29 |
The International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009) was a year-long celebration of astronomy that took place in 2009 to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the first recorded astronomical observations with a telescope by Galileo Galilei and the publication of Johannes Kepler's Astronomia nova in the 17th century. The Year was declared by the 62nd General Assembly of the United Nations. A global scheme, laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), was also endorsed by UNESCO, the UN body responsible for educational, scientific, and cultural matters.
The IAU coordinated the International Year of Astronomy in 2009. This initiative was an opportunity for the citizens of Earth to gain a deeper insight into astronomy's role in enriching all human cultures. Moreover, served as a platform for informing the public about the latest astronomical discoveries while emphasizing the essential role of astronomy in science education. IYA2009 was sponsored by Celestron and Thales Alenia Space.
Significance of 1609
On 25 September 1608, Hans Lippershey, a spectacle-maker from Middelburg, traveled to The Hague, the then capital of the Netherlands, to demonstrate to the Dutch government a new device he was trying to patent: a telescope. Although Hans was not awarded the patent, Galileo heard of this story and decided to use the "Dutch perspective glass" and point it towards the heavens.
In 1609, Galileo Galilei first turned one of his telescopes to the night sky and made astounding discoveries that changed mankind's conception of the world: mountains and craters on the Moon, a plethora of stars invisible to the naked eye, and moons around Jupiter. Astronomical observatories around the world promised to reveal how planets and stars are formed, how galaxies assemble and evolve, and what the structure and shape of our Universe actually are.
In the same year, Johannes Kepler published his work Astronomia nova, in which he described the fundamental laws of planetary motions.
However Galileo was not the first to observe the Moon through a telescope and make a drawing of it. Thomas Harriot observed and detailed the Moon some months before Galileo. "It's all about publicity. Galileo was extremely good at irritating people and also using creative writing to communicate what he was learning in a way that made people think," says Pamela Gay in an interview with Skepticality in 2009.
Intended purpose
Vision
The vision of IYA2009 was to help people rediscover their place in the Universe through the sky, and thereby engage a personal sense of wonder and discovery. IYA2009 activities took place locally, nationally, regionally and internationally. National Nodes were formed in each country to prepare activities for 2009. These nodes established collaborations between professional and amateur astronomers, science centres and science communicators. More than 100 countries were involved, and well over 140 participated eventually. To help coordinate this huge global programme and to provide an important resource for the participating countries, the IAU established a central Secretariat and the IYA2009 website as the principal IYA2009 resource for public, professionals and media alike.
Aims
Astronomy, perhaps the oldest science in history, has played an important role in most, if not all, cultures over the ages. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 (IYA2009) was intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy, but in science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.
The IYA2009 marked the monumental leap forward that followed Galileo's first use of the telescope for astronomical observations, and portrays astronomy as a peaceful global scientific endeavour that unites amateur and professional astronomers in an international and multicultural family that works together to find answers to some of the most fundamental questions that humankind has ever asked. The aim of the Year was to stimulate worldwide interest in astronomy and science under the central theme "The Universe, Yours to Discover."
Several committees were formed to oversee the vast majority of IYA2009 activities ("sidewalk astronomy" events in planetariums and public observatories), which spun local, regional and national levels. These committees were collaborations between professional and amateur astronomers, science centres and science communicators. Individual countries were undertaking their own initiatives as well as assessing their own national needs, while the IAU acted as the event's coordinator and catalyst on a global scale. The IAU plan was to liaise with, and involve, as many as possible of the ongoing outreach and education efforts throughout the world, including those organized by amateur astronomers.
Goals
The major goals of IYA2009 were to:
Increase scientific awareness;
Promote widespread access to new knowledge and observing experiences;
Empower astronomical communities in developing countries;
Support and improve formal and informal science education;
Provide a modern image of science and scientists;
Facilitate new networks and strengthen existing ones;
Improve the gender-balanced representation of scientists at all levels and promote greater involvement by underrepresented minorities in scientific and engineering careers;
Facilitate the preservation and protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage of dark skies in places such as urban oases, national parks and astronomical sites.
As part of the scheme, IYA2009 helped less-well-established organizations from the developing world to become involved with larger organizations and deliver their contributions, linked via a huge global network. This initiative also aimed at reaching economically disadvantaged children across the globe and enhancing their understanding of the world.
The Secretariat
The central hub of the IAU activities for the IYA2009 was the IYA2009 Secretariat. This was established to coordinate activities during the planning, execution and evaluation of the Year. The Secretariat was based in the European Southern Observatory headquarters in the town of Garching near Munich, Germany. The Secretariat was to liaise continuously with the National Nodes, Task Groups, Partners and Organizational Associates, the media and the general public to ensure the progress of the IYA2009 at all levels. The Secretariat and the website were the major coordination and resource centers for all the participating countries, but particularly for those developing countries that lack the national resources to mount major events alone.
Cornerstone projects
The International Year of Astronomy 2009 was supported by eleven Cornerstone projects. These are global programs of activities centered on specific themes and are some of the projects that helped to achieve IYA2009's main goals; whether it is the support and promotion of women in astronomy, the preservation of dark-sky sites around the world or educating and explaining the workings of the Universe to millions, the eleven Cornerstones were the key elements in the success of IYA2009.
100 Hours of Astronomy
100 Hours of Astronomy (100HA) is a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009 and was part of the scheduled global activities of the International Year of Astronomy 2009. The main goal of 100HA was to have as many people throughout the world as possible looking through a telescope just as Galileo did for the first time 400 years ago. The event included special webcasts, students and teachers activities, a schedule of events at science centers, planetariums and science museums as well as 24 hours of sidewalk astronomy, which allowed the opportunity for public observing sessions to as many people as possible.
Galileoscope
The Galileoscope was a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009, where the program was to share a personal experience of practical astronomical observations with as many people as possible across the world. It was collaborating with the US IYA2009 National Node to develop a simple, accessible, easy-to-assemble and easy-to-use telescope that can be distributed by the millions. In theory, every participant in an IYA2009 event should be able to take home one of these little telescopes, enabling them to observe with an instrument similar to Galileo's one.
Cosmic Diary
The Cosmic Diary, a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April, was not about the science of astronomy, but about what it is like to be an astronomer. Professionals were to blog in texts and images about their life, families, friends, hobbies and interests, as well as their work, latest research findings and the challenges they face. The bloggers represented a vibrant cross-section of working astronomers from all around the world. They wrote in many different languages, from five continents. They have also written feature article "explanations" about their specialist fields, which were highlighted in the website. NASA, ESA and ESO all had sub-blogs as part of the Cosmic Diary Cornerstone.
The Portal to the Universe
The Portal to the Universe (PTTU) was a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009, to provide a global, one-stop portal for online astronomy contents, serving as an index, aggregator and a social-networking site for astronomy content providers, laypeople, press, educators, decision-makers and scientists. PTTU was to feature news, image, event and video aggregation; a comprehensive directory of observatories, facilities, astronomical societies, amateur astronomy societies, space artists, science communication universities; and Web 2.0 collaborative tools, such as the ranking of different services according to popularity, to promote interaction within the astronomy multimedia community. In addition, a range of "widgets" (small applications) were to be developed to tap into existing "live data". Modern technology and the standardisation of metadata made it possible to tie all the suppliers of such information together with a single, semi-automatically updating portal.
She Is an Astronomer
Promoting gender equality and empowering women is one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. She Is an Astronomer was a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009, to promote gender equality in astronomy (and science in general), tackling bias issues by providing a web platform where information and links about gender balance and related resources are collected.
The aim of the project was to provide neutral, informative and accessible information to female professional and amateur astronomers, students, and those who are interested in the gender equality problem in science. Providing this information was intended to help increase the interest of young girls in studying and pursuing a career in astronomy.
Another objective of the project was to build and maintain an Internet-based, easy-to-handle forum and database, where people regardless of geographical location could read about the subject, ask questions and find answers. There was also to be the option to discuss astronomy-sector-specific problems, such as observing times and family duties.
Dark Skies Awareness
Dark Skies Awareness was a worldwide astronomy event that ran from 2 to 5 April 2009. The IAU collaborated with the U.S. National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO), representatives of the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), the Starlight Initiative, and other national and international partners in dark-sky and environmental education on several related themes.
The focus was on three main citizen-scientist programs to measure local levels of light pollution. These programs were to take the form of "star hunts" or "star counts", providing people with a fun and direct way to acquire heightened awareness about light pollution through firsthand observations of the night sky. Together, the three programs were to cover the entire International Year of Astronomy 2009, namely GLOBE at Night (in March), the Great World Wide Star Count (in October) and How Many Stars (January, February, April through September, November and December).
UNESCO and the IAU were working together to implement a research and education collaboration as part of UNESCO's thematic initiative, Astronomy and World Heritage as a worldwide astronomy event that also ran 2–5 April 2009. The main objective was to establish a link between science and culture on the basis of research aimed at acknowledging the cultural and scientific values of properties connected with astronomy. This programme provides an opportunity to identify properties related to astronomy located around the world, to preserve their memory and save them from progressive deterioration. Support from the international community is needed to implement this activity and to promote the recognition of astronomical knowledge through the nomination of sites that celebrate important achievements in science.
Galileo Teacher Training Program
The Galileo Teacher Training Program (GTTP): the International Year of Astronomy 2009 provided an opportunity to engage the formal education community in the excitement of astronomical discovery as a vehicle for improving the teaching of science in classrooms around the world. To help training teachers in effective astronomy communication and to sustain the legacy of IYA2009, the IAU – in collaboration with the National Nodes and leaders in the field such as the Global Hands-On Universe project, the US National Optical Astronomy Observatory and the Astronomical Society of the Pacific – embarked on a unique global effort to empower teachers by developing the Galileo Teacher Training Program (GTTP).
The GTTP goal was to create a worldwide network of certified "Galileo Ambassadors" by 2012. These Ambassadors were to train "Galileo Master Teachers" in the effective use and transfer of astronomy education tools and resources into classroom science curricula. The Galileo Teachers were to be equipped to train other teachers in these methodologies, leveraging the work begun during IYA2009 in classrooms everywhere. Through workshops, online training tools and basic education kits, the products and techniques developed by this program could be adapted to reach locations with few resources of their own, as well as computer-connected areas that could take advantage of access to robotic optical and radio telescopes, webcams, astronomy exercises, cross-disciplinary resources, image processing and digital universes (web and desktop planetariums). Among GTTP partners, the Global Hands-On Universe project was a leader.
Universe Awareness
Universe Awareness (UNAWE) was a worldwide astronomy event that also ran during 2–5 April 2009, as an international program to introduce very young children in under-privileged environments to the scale and beauty of the Universe. Universe Awareness noted the multicultural origins of modern astronomy in an effort to broaden children's minds, awaken their curiosity in science and stimulate global citizenship and tolerance. Using the sky and children's natural fascination with it as common ground, UNAWE was to create an international awareness of their place in the Universe and their place on Earth.
From Earth to the Universe
The Cornerstone project From Earth to the Universe (FETTU) is a worldwide public science event that began in June 2008, and still ongoing through 2011. This project has endeavored to bring astronomy images and their science to a wider audience in non-traditional informal learning venues. In placing these astronomy exhibitions in public parks, metro stations, art centers, hospitals, shopping malls and other accessible locations, it has been hoped that individuals who might normally ignore or even dislike astronomy, or science in general, will be engaged.
Developing Astronomy Globally
The Developing Astronomy Globally was a worldwide astronomy event that ran during 2–5 April 2009, as a Cornerstone project to acknowledge that astronomy needs to be developed in three key areas: professionally (universities and research); publicly (communication, media, and amateur groups) and educationally (schools and informal education structures). The focus was to be on regions that do not already have strong astronomical communities. The implementation was to be centred on training, development and networking in each of these three key areas.
This Cornerstone was using the momentum of IYA2009 to help establish and enhance regional structures and networks that work on the development of astronomy around the world. These networks were to support the current and future development work of the IAU and other programmes, plus ensure that developing regions could benefit from IYA2009 and the work of the other Cornerstone projects. It was to also address the question of the contribution of astronomy to development.
Galilean Nights
The Galilean Nights was a worldwide astronomy event that also ran 2–5 April 2009, as a project to involve both amateur and professional astronomers around the globe, taking to the streets their telescopes and pointing them as Galileo did 400 years ago. The sources of interest were Jupiter and its moons, the Sun, the Moon and many others celestial marvels. The event was scheduled to take place on 22–24 October 2009. Astronomers were to share their knowledge and enthusiasm for space by encouraging as many people as possible to look through a telescope at planetary neighbours.
See also
International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin
International Astronomical Union (IAU)
History of the telescope
365 Days of Astronomy
400 Years of the Telescope (documentary)
Galileoscope
Global Hands-On Universe
National Astronomy Week (NAW)
StarPeace Project
The World At Night (TWAN)
World Year of Physics 2005
White House Astronomy Night
References
External links
of IYA2009 (includes all events and projects)
of the International Astronomical Union (IAU)
Astronomy, International Year of
Astronomy events
2009 in international relations
2009 in science
2009 in the United Nations
Observances about science
Astronomy education events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Year%20of%20Astronomy |
Michael James Gaffey (born December 1, 1945) is a planetary scientist who specializes in deriving the mineralogies of asteroids from their reflectance spectra.
Biography
He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in geology from the University of Iowa and his PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in planetary science graduating in 1974. From 1974 to 1977, he worked as a Post-doc in the Planetary Astronomy Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After leaving Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he worked as a researcher at the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaiʻi from 1977 to 1979 and the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics from 1979 to 1984. From 1984 to 2001, he taught in the geology department of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He is currently a professor at the University of North Dakota in the Space Studies department.
Honors
In 2006 he received both the Leonard Medal from the Meteoritical Society and the G. K. Gilbert Award from the Planetary Science division of the Geological Society of America. Asteroid 3545 Gaffey is also named in his honor.
References
1945 births
Living people
University of North Dakota faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
Planetary scientists
Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii) people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20James%20Gaffey |
The Scottish Funding Council (Scottish Gaelic: ; SFC), formally the Scottish Further and Higher Education Funding Council, is the non-departmental public body charged with funding Scotland's further and higher education institutions, including its 26 colleges and 19 universities.
The council was established by the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 2005. It supersedes the two separate funding councils, the Scottish Further Education Funding Council (SFEFC) and the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council (SHEFC), which were established by the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992. On its formation, the SFC acquired all employees and assets of those councils.
History
Predecessors under the 1992 Act
The and were defined by the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992. The Act made further education (FE) institutions independent from local authorities, a side effect of which was the shifting of funding responsibility from those authorities to the Scottish Office of HM Government. This Act also formed a "higher education (HE) sector" in Scotland, transferring various powers and duties related to HE institutions to the funding councils.
The 1992 Act, which was paralleled by an Act applying only to England and Wales, was not brought into force immediately. Instead, the SHEFC was established by commencement order on 1 June 1992, and the SFEFC was established by a further commencement order on 1 January 1999.
As part of Scottish devolution under the Scotland Act 1998, powers, duties, and responsibilities related to the councils and education institutions were, in June 1999, transferred from the Scottish Office to the then-Scottish Executive.
Establishment through the 2005 Act
In April 2004, the Scottish Executive published a consultation paper requesting comment on a possible merger of the SFEFC and SHEFC. The paper cited concerns about the overlapping remits of the two councilssome FE institutions provided HE courses, but funding was allocated based on institution type and not on courses taughtand made the case that a single council would be able to fund collaboration between institutions to a greater degree than two separate councils.
On 20 April 2005, the Scottish Parliament passed the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) 2005 Act. The Act received royal assent on 1 June 2005. This Act established the Scottish Further and Higher Education Funding Council, set out its role and functions, and made provision for the dissolution of the SFEFC and SHEFC. The SFC's establishment was brought into force on 3 October 2005, and the SFEFC and SHEFC were dissolved on 8 September 2005.
The SFC was established as a non-departmental public body, meaning it operates with partial autonomy from the Scottish Ministers and may act in an advisory role. The council typically receives a letter of guidance from the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning each year. These letters detail the priorities and recommendations of the Scottish Ministers with regard to Scottish colleges and universities.
Under schedule 1 of the 2005 Act, the SFC was transferred all staff, property, and liabilities of the SFEFC and SHEFC, effectively merging the two councils. This schedule explicitly did not grant the SFC status as a Crown servant or agency, but some resources published by the SFC are still covered by Crown copyright and the Open Government Licence.
Schedule 2 of the Act identified "fundable bodies"further and higher education bodies that are eligible for funding from the SFCby listing those bodies formerly covered separately by the SFEFC and SHEFC. Since the establishment of the SFC, this schedule has been amended numerous times to reflect the current state of eligibility for SFC funding.
Expansion of remit by the 2013 Act
The Scottish Parliament passed, on 26 June 2013, the Post-16 Education (Scotland) Act 2013. The Act makes various provisions regarding the governance, structure, and review of FE and HE institutions. The Act also defines regional strategic bodies, and makes them fundable by the SFC. Before the introduction of this Act, the SFC had only funded FE institutions (colleges) and HE institutions (universities and select colleges).
A regional strategic body is a body corporate created under the Act to ensure that the colleges in its assigned region provide high-quality education and to make and oversee the carrying out of plans for its colleges to deliver further and higher education. The Act allows such bodies to provide grants, loans, or other payments to its colleges to fund the provision of further or higher education, to fund research by those colleges, and to fund the provision of related facilities and services by those colleges.
Colleges reclassification by ONS
Effective 1 April 2014, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) reclassified Scotland's further education colleges to the public sector. The effects of this change were that funds held by the college would now count as the Scottish Government's funds, and that college spending from its reserves would count towards annual budget limits. It also meant that a college would only be permitted to maintain as much working capital as necessary for the college's operation.
Functions
In addition to its main function of funding Scotland's HE and FE institutions, the SFC has other roles and carries out other tasks related to Scotland's education sectors.
In Scotland, colleges and universities are registered charities. However, unlike its English counterpart HEFCE, the SFC does not act as the charities regulator for colleges and universities. Instead, this role is retained by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR). OSCR and the SFC operate under a memorandum of understanding.
Advisory role
The SFC provides advice to the Scottish Ministers relating to Scotland's HE and FE sectors. Specifically, it provides advice regarding how education is being provided, and regarding the research undertaken at HE and FE institutions funded by the SFC. The council is also afforded the right to directly advise and address fundable bodies regarding their SFC-provided funding.
Internally, the SFC is advised by its committees and advisory groups.
Assessments
The SFC is permitted to perform a number of assessments and studies on issues relating to its funding of bodies. Under the 2005 Act, the SFC can assess the efficiency and efficacy of a fundable body's management and operations, as well as the quality of education provided by such bodies. The assessment duties of the SFC were expanded under the Post-16 Education (Scotland) Act to include the promotion of the participation in education of under-represented socioeconomic classes, and to perform triennial reviews of the participation of those classes.
Structure
Council
The council's structure is set out in schedule 1 of the 2005 Act. It consists of a chief executive, a chairperson, and between 11 and 14 members. Excluding the chief executive, all council members are appointed by the Scottish Ministers. An appointment typically lasts for no more than four years, but may be extended to eight years by the Ministers. The chief executive is appointed by the council, subject to ministerial approval.
The 2005 Act doesn't set out the proceedings of council, instead allowing the council to regulate its own proceedings. The council does this through a set of standing orders, a code of conduct, and a written scheme of delegation – a document outlining how and to whom the council delegates its authority.
Committees
Under the council there are six committees, each tasked with advising on and overseeing various areas of the council's operation. The various committees oversee areas such as improving knowledge of the skills required by the Scottish economy in partnership with Skills Development Scotland; supporting research and knowledge exchange by HE and FE institutions; reporting on and promoting equality, diversity, and participation in education; monitoring the financial performance of the HE and FE sectors, and monitoring the council's internal risk management, corporate governance, and auditing; monitoring and reporting on the internal finance matters of the council; and making decisions, with the agreement of the Scottish Government, on remuneration for the council's chair, chief executive, directors, and members.
Two of the committees, the Skills and Research & Knowledge Exchange committees, were required to be established under the 2005 Act.
Advisory groups
Innovation Scotland Forum
Innovation Scotland is a joint initiative between the SFC, Scottish Enterprise, and Highlands and Islands Enterprise to promote entrepreneurship and encourage collaboration between Scottish universities and businesses. The Innovation Scotland Forum is a working group which discusses related national policy, and provides advice to the SFC and the Scottish Government.
College European Funding Liaison Group
The College European Funding Liaison Group (CEFLG) is responsible for advising the council on matters relating to the European Social Fund (ESF), including providing guidance to colleges, monitoring and regulation relating to ESF grants and European projects, and related data collection.
Institutional Group on Statistics
The Institutional Group on Statistics (IGS) provides advice on and gathers statistics on higher education institutions, and participates in activities by the Higher Education Statistics Agency.
Statistical Advisory Group for Further Education
The Statistical Advisory Group for Further Education (SAGE) is the equivalent of the IGS for further education institutions.
Directorates
The employees of the SFC are split across four directorates, each working in the various areas of the council's operation. The directorates are headed by employees of the council rather than by council members.
Access, Skills and Outcome Agreements
The Access, Skills and Outcome Agreements Directorate is responsible for the preparation of the outcome agreements the council makes with fundable bodies, and has responsibilities relating to access to and the quality of education.
Finance
The Finance Directorate is responsible for the application of SFC funds in relation to outcome agreements, the protection of SFC funds, and for providing guidance to FE colleges.
Corporate Services
The Corporate Services Directorate has responsibility for council communications, project delivery, website administration, human resources management, and information technology.
Research and Innovation
The Research and Innovation Directorate is responsible for research, knowledge sharing between Innovation Centres, development of the Research Excellence Framework, and liaison with Bòrd na Gàidhlig and NHS Education for Scotland. The directorate also provides guidance and funding to the SFC's fundable bodies for work towards compliance with the Climate Change Act 2008.
A team within the directorate is the Capital and Climate Change team, which works with HE and FE institutions for compliance with the Climate Change Act 2008 and to assist those institutions with funding for low-carbon research.
Funding
Outcome agreements
Each institution funded by the SFC secures its funding under an outcome agreement. The agreements define what the institution will do with the funds and the targets it must achieve with those funds. If an institution fails to follow the agreement, the SFC may claw back funds from that institution. In 2009, the SFC threatened to claw back money from Stow College after it claimed £988000 in funding for courses that the Auditor General for Scotland deemed to have been ineligible. After reviewing the eligibility of the college's programmes for funding, the SFC clawed back £2.88 million, to be paid over seven years starting November 2009.
For example, the 2014-17 outcome agreement for Edinburgh College included targets such as raising non-SFC income from 29% to 35% of the college's total income, raising the number of full-time students on work placements from 1419 to 5000, and raising the proportion of women enrolled in construction and engineering courses from 6.7% to 7.4%.
Student support
For students in higher education, the Student Awards Agency for Scotland (SAAS) provides tuition fees, bursaries, and loans. "Higher education" covers courses at Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF) level 7 and above, including Higher National Certificates and Higher National Diplomas but excluding Advanced Highers.
For students in further education, the SFC provides funding to the college, and that college then distributes the funds to students. The courses covered are generally at SCQF level 5 (National 5 or a Modern Apprenticeship) or level 6 (Higher or National Certificate). The funds the SFC provides are used by colleges to provide bursaries, Education Maintenance Allowance, as well as to fund each college's discretionary funds.
Innovation centres
The Innovation Centres programme is a joint initiative between the SFC, Scottish Enterprise, and Highlands and Islands Enterprise to fund collaboration between universities and businesses, and to promote entrepreneurship. The SFC has stated that it will provide £120 million in funding through 2013 to 2018 and, as of June 2016, has funded eight Innovation Centres:
Some of the centres are located at Scottish universities, including Stirling University (SAIC), the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (Stratified Medicine), and the University of Edinburgh (the Data Lab). The Innovation Centres are not listed as fundable bodies, and so are not eligible for funding the same sense HE and FE institutions are.
Fundable bodies
A fundable body is a body which is eligible to receive funding from the SFC, as listed by schedules 2 and 2A of the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 2005. These schedules have been amended numerous times as bodies have been created, merged, and dissolved. Those bodies currently listed in the schedules are given below.
Some amendments to the list of fundable bodies have caused a single body to appear in multiple categories. The bodies listed here were added by one of:
Other orders designating fundable bodies exist, but the bodies designated therein were removed by later orders or Acts.
Budget
The SFC itself is primarily funded by the Scottish Government, but its budget also receives minor contributions from HM Government, the European Social Fund (ESF), and from claw-back arrangements with fundable bodies. For the period 2014/15, the SFC's £1.71 billion budget was composed of £1.67 billion (97.6%) from the Scottish Government, £22.05 million (1.29%) from HEFCE, £11.64 million (0.68%) from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, £6.34 million (0.37%) from claw-back arrangements, and £1.12 million (0.06%) from the ESF.
From 2010 to 2015, the SFC's budget increased by a net £54 million, or 3.16%.
From this budget, the SFC provided £1.702 billion in funding in its 2014/15 financial year, of which £1.124 billion was paid to HE institutions and £577.9 million was paid to FE institutions. Of the funds distributed to FE institutions, £453.4 million was general funding, £106.4 million was student support funding, and £18.1 million was classified as "capital and major works" funding. The remainder of its budget was put towards costs associated with the operation of the SFC.
See also
Universities Scotland
Re-Engineering Assessment Practices
References
External links
Further and Higher Education Funding Council
Education in Scotland
Funding Council
Further education colleges in Scotland
2005 establishments in Scotland
Government agencies established in 2005
Higher education in Scotland
Higher education organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Edinburgh
Universities in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Funding%20Council |
The Falklands Play is a dramatic account of the political events leading up to, and including, the 1982 Falklands War. The play was written by Ian Curteis, an experienced writer who had started his television career in drama, but had increasingly come to specialise in dramatic reconstructions of history. It was originally commissioned by the BBC in 1983, for production and broadcast in 1986, but was subsequently shelved by Controller of BBC One Michael Grade due to its pro-Margaret Thatcher stance and alleged jingoistic tone. This prompted a press furore over media bias and censorship. The play was not staged until 2002, when it was broadcast in separate adaptations on BBC Television and Radio. It was aired again on BBC4, 1 December 2020, over 18 years after it was last transmitted.
Plot
The play focuses on the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British government's handling of the diplomatic breakdown over the Argentinian invasion of the Falkland Islands (the Islas Malvinas to the Argentines), which was United Kingdom's largest Foreign Affairs emergency since the Suez Crisis of 1956. In particular, it charts the behind-the-scenes dealings within Thatcher's Conservative government and between it and its military and the United States and Argentine governments, in the diplomatic breakdown that gave way to war and an eventual British victory. In response to the Argentinian invasion, the Thatcher government calls for a total maritime exclusion zone around the islands, and directs a large naval force to set sail for the islands.
Lord Carrington resigns as Foreign Secretary, taking responsibility for the failure to foresee the invasion, a resignation which Thatcher reluctantly accepts; his replacement, Francis Pym, is a reticent member of the war cabinet, and cautions Thatcher against a military response, including in the presence of Alexander Haig and an American delegation. Haig enters the affair to attempt to mediate the dispute between the Thatcher and Argentinian sides, the latter led by the military dictator Leopoldo Galtieri. Secretary of State for Defence John Nott, acting on behalf of his government, demands total withdrawal of Argentinian garrisons, in compliance with UN Resolution 502.
British response to the involvement of United Nations Secretary-General Pérez de Cuéllar is also portrayed. Other dramatic elements include portrayal of the internal dynamics of the war cabinet and the government's representations in the House of Commons—in response to Argentine landings on the British island of South Georgia and their subsequent reclaiming by British forces, the sinking of the Argentine naval cruiser, the ARA General Belgrano, and the losses of British life when the British guided missile destroyer HMS Sheffield was struck by an Argentine exocet missile. The drama ends with Thatcher's declaration of the end of hostilities in the House of Commons.
Cast
Uncredited
Ray Donn as a government minister
Leonard Silver as a government minister
Production
On 22 October 1982, at a meeting of the Writer's Luncheon Club, BBC Director General Alasdair Milne gave a speech during which he praised Curteis's TV play Suez 1956 (shown three years earlier), which had dealt with the Suez Crisis from the political and diplomatic perspective, rather than the "action" on the ground. Curteis – who was present at the meeting – then sent Milne a copy of the published play, and as an afterthought said: "In a few years' time, I would like to write a similar sort of play about the Falklands Crisis." Milne immediately commissioned the play, and after months of careful negotiation the contract was signed on 6 April 1983. During discussions between Curteis and Keith Williams, the BBC Head of Plays, Cedric Messina was chosen as producer, but it was quickly realised that tempers were still running high about the War, particularly in relation to the BBC's conduct during it, and so it was mutually agreed to put the project on hold.
Curteis recommenced work on the play at the start of 1985, meeting many of the key players and visiting most of the locations that would be portrayed in the play. His research also involved reading most of what had already been published about the War, biographies of the chief protagonists, Hansard for the relevant Parliamentary debates, official reports, and the contemporary press coverage. He delivered the fourth draft of the script to the BBC in April 1986. The budget of £1 million was approved, Messina officially appointed as producer, and David Giles as director. Studio time was booked in TC1 at BBC Television Centre (one of the largest television studios in Europe) for 24 January to 8 February 1987 inclusive, with a planned transmission date of the following 2 April, the fifth anniversary of the Argentinian invasion. It was planned to last for around three hours, with a half-hour break for the Nine O'Clock News.
At a meeting with Milne on 2 June 1986, Curteis raised the question of the general election that was expected to happen the following year, and asked whether it might compromise the planned transmission date of the play. Milne dismissed the possibility of an election before the Autumn of 1987 at the earliest, and stated: "I don't see that transmission in April presents any problem."
In early July the new Head of Plays Peter Goodchild (whose background was in documentaries, rather than drama) requested considerable modifications to the script, amongst them objecting to the portrayal of Thatcher's "private and instinctive self" – as opposed to the "bellicose Iron Lady of the public scenes" – and requesting the inclusion of discussions between members of the government about the possible effect of the War on the 1983 general election. Curteis declined the latter on the grounds that none of the relevant people he had interviewed had alluded to such conversations, and that there was no other record of them. In addition, he considered that attributing such fictional dialogue to real people could be libellous, although he had been quite willing to do exactly that for conversations between – variously – members of the Argentinian Junta, American envoy Alexander Haig, and the Pope.
On 21 July, while Curteis was on holiday in Ireland, the BBC cancelled the play, citing the forthcoming General Election. Curteis mounted a robust defence, and as the press became involved at the end of September, pressure mounted on the BBC, especially when it was discovered that they were going ahead with Charles Wood's Tumbledown, which was claimed to have an "anti-Mrs-Thatcher's-Government theme," even though at that point Wood's script had not been published and few people could have read it. Tumbledown had a planned transmission date in October 1987, closer to – if not coinciding with – the General Election than the planned broadcast of Curteis's play.
Bill Cotton, the BBC's Managing Director of Television, issued a statement claiming: "Ian Curteis completed the first draft of his Falklands Play three and a half years after we had commissioned it... In our professional opinion, it is not a completed commission." He also said it would be "irresponsible of the BBC at a time when the country is leading up to an election to embark on a play portraying a Prime Minister in office, other serving ministers and MPs." He finished by denying the play had been cancelled for any other reason, and refuted suggestions that Goodchild had asked for amendments that would change the political slant of the script. A second statement by a BBC spokesman also referred to Curteis's "draft script," and claimed: "No bookings had been made for studio time. It was too early for this to be done. There had been no commitment to the production of this play." All of these claims either misrepresented the facts, or were completely contrary to either them or the assurances Milne had previously given to Curteis.
Cotton later reiterated most of these points in a letter to The Sunday Telegraph on 22 February 1987, in which he also claimed that the BBC would be quite happy to release their rights to the play to another broadcaster, but they had had no such requests. In fact, there had been an approach from Anglia Television to buy the rights on the day the cancellation was announced, but it had been categorically refused "off the record" by Michael Grade, then Controller of BBC One.
Coupled with the decision to continue with Tumbledown (although its transmission was eventually delayed until 31 May 1988), the whole furore led to accusations of censorship and left-wing bias at the BBC, particularly as the play depicted Thatcher as both a strong and sympathetic character. As arranged prior to the cancellation, the play was published in 1987 as a paperback by Hutchinson, but with the addition of an introduction by Curteis in which he gave his account of the whole affair.
In 1991, as part of a wider season of programmes about censorship, Channel 4 included a reading of some dialogue from the play in the documentary The Liberal Conspiracy, in which Curteis was also interviewed. Channel 4 was subsequently criticised on its viewer comment programme Right to Reply for not having made their own full production of the play for the same season, as they had done with another banned BBC programme (an episode of Duncan Campbell's Secret Society).
The Falklands Play was eventually produced simultaneously for both radio and television with almost identical casts, broadcast by BBC Radio 4 on 6 April and the digital TV channel BBC Four on 10 April 2002. The television version was an amended and abridged 90-minute version of the script, omitting all of the material involving the Junta and the Pope. The TV transmission was preceded by a half-hour programme on the controversy surrounding the original production, and was followed by a studio debate on the issues raised by both the cancellation and the play itself.
Media information
Script book
DVD release
Released on Region 2 DVD by BBC Video on 26 March 2007.
The series was included in The Falklands 25th Commemorative Box Set with Tumbledown.
See also
Tumbledown
An Ungentlemanly Act
Cultural impact of the Falklands War
References
External links
Works about the Falklands War
BBC television docudramas
2002 television films
2002 films
2002 in British television
Controversies in the United Kingdom
Films about Margaret Thatcher
2000s English-language films
2000s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Falklands%20Play |
Jimmy Deane (31 January 1921 – 21 August 2002) was a British Trotskyist who played a significant role in building the Revolutionary Socialist League. Along with Jock Haston and Ted Grant, he played a role during the Second World War in the Revolutionary Communist Party, the British section of the Fourth International.
Early years
Jimmy Deane was born in Liverpool to a blacksmith, Gus Deane, and his wife, Gertie, a trained nurse. Deane came from a long line of trade unionists in the Labour movement in Merseyside – Deane's maternal grandfather Charles Carrick was elected president of the Liverpool Trades Council in 1905, served for fourteen years as one of Labour's first councillors, and was an organiser for the Marxist Social Democratic Federation. Carrick, like many trade unionists at that time, remained active within the Labour Party when the Social Democratic Federation left the Labour Party. Deane's mother and brothers were all in the Trotskyist movement and were members of the Walton Constituency Labour Party in the 1950s and 1960s. The origins of Trotskyism to which the Deanes were attracted can be traced to Albert Houghton, a founding member of the Communist Party in Merseyside who had drawn Trotskyist conclusions and fought the Stalinists in Merseyside who later became leading Labour figures.
Joining the Labour Party in 1937, he was later that year won over to Trotskyism and joined the Militant Group. Through him his mother Gertie was recruited, and then his brothers Arthur and Brian, who also played an important role in the Trotskyist movement.
In 1939, with growing fragmentation within the Militant Group, Gerry Healy a member of an earlier breakaway from that group, the Workers International League (WIL) formed in 1937, was able to recruit the Deanes, along with Eric Brewer, Tommy Birchall and Harry Matthews to the new group.
During the Second World War
Due to serving an apprenticeship at the Cammell Laird shipyard as an electrical engineer, he was not called up during the Second World War, and became a shop steward. In January 1944 he was trained as a miner, due to wartime legislation, and worked at Nook Pit, Tyldesley before he was invalided out of work at the end of the year.
For most of 1945, Jimmy Deane became a full-time worker for the newly formed Revolutionary Communist Party as its London Industrial Organiser and joined the party's central committee and editorial board of the Socialist Appeal, the party's journal.
In 1946 Deane was the British delegate to the International Conference of the Fourth International alongside Jock Haston. He stayed in Paris for a further 18 months as the British representative on the International Executive Committee.
Revolutionary Socialist League
Deane was one of the founders of the Revolutionary Socialist League in 1956 and was appointed as its first General Secretary.
Deane was to go on several international missions of behalf of the International during this period including going to Morocco to help the Algerian FLN break through the electrified Algerian/Moroccan border as well as attempting to unite Indian Trotskyists in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras into a single all-India organisation.
After attempting to bring about an unsuccessful fusion between the RSL and the International Group as well as joint work with the International Socialists in the magazine Young Guard, Jimmy Deane suggested Peter Taaffe as his successor as General Secretary and editor of the soon to be launched Militant newspaper. He left Britain for India in 1965 and subsequently spent a few years in Fiji.
Although he returned to Britain he did not resume his active role in the Trotskyist movement: he remained loyal to his political beliefs, speaking at a meeting in Wigan against the witch-hunt of Militant supporters in the Labour Party At the end of his life he declared his support for the Socialist Appeal tendency in the UK in a letter and emphasised that "A Marxist tendency must combat any traces of ultra-leftism that arise out of impatience". Jimmy Deane died of pneumonia on 21 August 2002 at the Rosebank Nursing Home in Liverpool.
References
External links
Obituary by Keith Dickinson
Obituary by Rob Sewell Jimmy Deane: Proletarian revolutionary, heart and soul
Obituary by John McIlroy Jimmy Deane (1921-2002)
Catalogue of Deane's papers, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
1921 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in England
English Trotskyists
Militant tendency supporters
Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944) members
Politicians from Liverpool | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Deane |
Haplogroup V is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is believed to have originated over 14,000 years ago in Southern Europe.
Origin
Haplogroup V derives from the HV0a subclade of haplogroup HV. In 1998 it was argued that V spread over Europe from an Ice Age refuge in Iberia. However more recent estimates of the date of V would place it in the Neolithic.
Distribution
Haplogroup V is a relatively rare mtDNA haplogroup, occurring in around 4% of native Europeans. Its highest concentration is among the Saami people of northern Fennoscandia (~59%). It has been found at a frequency of approximately 10% among the Maris of the Volga-Ural region, leading to the suggestion that this region might be the source of the V among the Saami. Haplogroup V has been observed at higher than average levels among Cantabrian people (15%) of northern Iberia, and among the adjacent Basque (10.4%).
Haplogroup V is also found in parts of Northwest Africa. It is mainly concentrated among the Tuareg inhabiting the Gorom-Gorom area in Burkina Faso (21%), Sahrawi in the Western Sahara (17.9%), and Berbers of Matmata, Tunisia (16.3%). The rare V7a subclade occurs among Algerians in Oran (1.08%) and Reguibate Sahrawi (1.85%).
Ancient DNA
MtDNA haplogroup V has been reported in Neolithic remains of the Linear Pottery culture at Halberstadt, Germany c. 5000 BC and Derenburg Meerenstieg, Germany c. 4910 BC. Haplogroup V7 was found in representative Maykop culture samples in the excavations conducted by Alexei Rezepkin. Haplogroup V has been detected in representatives Trypil'ska and Unetice culture.
Haplogroup V has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site 14,000 years BP.
Haplogroup V has also been found among Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture specimens dating from the Bronze Age from Western Hungary https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478968v1.full.pdf
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup V subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
V
V1
V1a found mostly from central to northeast Europe
V1a1 found in Scandinavia (including Lapland), Finland and Baltic countries
V1a2 found in Bronze Age Poland
V1b
V2 found in the British Isles
V2a found in Ireland
V2a1
V2a1a
V2b found in England
V2b1
V2c found in England
V3 found in northwest Europe / found in Late Neolithic Hungary (Bell Beaker)
V3b
V3c found in northern, central and eastern Europe
V4 found in France
V5 found in Lapland
V6 found in northwest Europe
V7
V7a found mostly in Slavic countries, but also in Scandinavia, Germany and France
V7b found in eastern Europe and France
V8 found in North Europe
V9
V9a found in the British Isles
V9a1
V9a2
V10 found in the British Isles, northwest France and Sweden / found in Bell Beaker Scotland
V10a
V10b found in EBA England
V11
V12 found in Germany
V14 found in Poland and Iberia
V15 found in England, Norway and Armenia
V15a
V16 found in Britain, Germany and Denmark
V17 found in England / found in Late Neolithic France
V18 found in the Netherlands, Germany and Italy
V18a found in Slavic countries, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, and the Netherlands
V19
V20 found in Norway
V21
V22
V23
V24
V25 found in South Europe
V26
V27
V28
V29
V30
V31
V32
V33
V34
V35
V36
V37
V38
V39
V40
V41
V42
V43
V44
V45
V46
V47
V48
V49
V50
V51
V52
V53
V54
V55
V56
V57
V58
V59
V60
V61
V62
V63
V64
V65
V66
V67
V68
V69
V70
V71
V72
V73
V74
V75
V76
V77
V78
See also
Benjamin Franklin
Velda
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site: V
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup V
Family Tree DNA Project: mtDNA Haplogroup V
Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: mtDNA Haplogroup V
V | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20V%20%28mtDNA%29 |
Route 25 is a , primary state highway connecting the city of Bridgeport and the town of Brookfield in the U.S. state of Connecticut. Route 25 is a six-lane freeway from Bridgeport to northern Trumbull and a two-lane surface road the rest of the way to Brookfield.
Route 25 was originally laid out as a toll road known as the Bridgeport and Newtown Turnpike in 1801. The Route 25 designation was assigned in 1932 to the turnpike alignment and additionally extended through New Milford all the way to Torrington. The route was cut back to its modern northern terminus in Brookfield in 1974, with U.S. Route 202 taking over the old alignment. The Bridgeport-Newtown corridor had been planned as an freeway since the 1950s. The modern Route 25 freeway was fully open by 1982.
Route description
Route 25 begins at an interchange with Interstate 95 in Bridgeport. For the first of the route, it is co-signed with the Route 8 freeway. After the split with Route 8, it continues as its own freeway through the town of Trumbull for another , providing partial access to the Merritt Parkway (Route 15) along its path through the town. The freeway section ends at the junction with Route 111 on the northern edge of town.
Route 25 continues northward as a surface road following Main Street into Monroe, where it intersects with the northern end of Route 59 in the village of Stepney. Upon entering Newtown, the road becomes known as South Main Street. After intersecting the eastern end of Route 302, it overlaps for with U.S. Route 6 northwest from the town center. After turning north onto Hawleyville Road, it intersects I-84 at Exit 9. For the rest of its length, Route 25 is a secondary minor arterial road, crossing Route 133, and ending at U.S. Route 202 in Brookfield.
History
Route 25 was originally laid out as a toll road known as the Bridgeport and Newtown Turnpike in 1801 and ran from Bridgeport via Newtown borough to Brookfield Center. In 1848, the north and south ends were made free. In the south, tolls were no longer collected within the city limits of Bridgeport, and in the north, the road north of Newtown borough was made free. In 1886, Fairfield County dissolved all turnpike corporations in its jurisdiction, causing the Bridgeport and Newtown Turnpike to become a public road.
Route 25 was designated along the old turnpike route in the 1932 state highway renumbering. When originally designated in 1932, Route 25 continued well beyond Brookfield, following Route 133 and Route 67 to New Milford (via Bridgewater), then turning northeast along modern Route 202 before terminating at Route 8 in Torrington. In April 1943, a portion of Routes 25 and 133 swapped alignments. Route 25 now connected to U.S. Route 7 in Brookfield and overlapped it to New Milford, bypassing Bridgewater. In 1963, Route 25 was extended further eastward to Route 44 in Canton after the relocation of Route 4. In 1974, U.S. Route 202 was relocated and the portion of Route 25 from Brookfield to Canton was taken over by US 202. Route 25 was truncated to its present terminus in Brookfield at this time.
Freeway relocation
Before the last segment of the Route 25 Expressway opened in 1982, Route 25 originally followed Main Street through Bridgeport northward to the present-day freeway terminus. The old Route 25 through Bridgeport became an extension of Route 111 when the freeway opened.
The Route 25 freeway was originally planned to continue north to meet I-84 in Newtown, where a semi-directional interchange and freeway stub for the planned freeway connection was built. The planned extension was canceled in 1991, along with many other highway projects due to a fiscal crisis arising when Connecticut was especially hit hard by the Late 1980s recession. At that time Connecticut's economy was heavily reliant on the defense industry. The end of the Cold War combined with the recession resulted in a near-total collapse of Connecticut's industrial base, and a loss of billions of dollars in tax revenues generated by these industries.
During the late 1990s, an alternative plan to widen the existing Route 25 to 4 lanes with a center turn lane in certain spots through Trumbull, Monroe, and Newtown was met with opposition, particularly in Newtown where there was strong opposition to any type of project that will change the existing profile of the Route 25 corridor, despite the high accident rate and congestion on the road. In the early 2000s the Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) was forced to resort to a plan that will widen and improve intersections on Route 25 from the freeway terminus in Trumbull to the Monroe/Newtown town line, but opposition in Newtown has compelled ConnDOT to limit upgrades in that community to spot improvements at major intersections and routine maintenance and periodic rehabilitation or replacement of existing bridges and culverts without adding capacity to the road. To ease traffic congestion in Newtown, ConnDOT opened the Mile Hill Road Bypass (SR 860), cutting through the former Fairfield Hills Hospital property and connecting to I-84 and Route 34 at the freeway stub originally intended for Route 25 (now part of SSR 490). Under the belief an freeway will never be built along Route 25 or Route 34, ConnDOT plans to remove this freeway stub and the high-speed interchange, replacing it with a diamond interchange within the next 10 years. ConnDOT is also planning to build a rest area on land left over when the interchange conversion is complete.
Major intersections
CTDOT has not announced a renumbering schedule to mile-based exit numbers on Route 25. The "NEW EXIT NUMBERS" shown below are not confirmed, but potential numbers for when the switch to mile-based exit numbers does occur.
References
External links
025
Transportation in Bridgeport, Connecticut
Danbury, Connecticut
Newtown, Connecticut
Trumbull, Connecticut
Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut
U.S. Route 202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2025 |
Rey Washam (born Reynolds Washam, March 14, 1961, in Austin, Texas) is an American Grammy nominated drummer who has been performing for more than 35 years. He has collaborated with many bands, the most notable of which include: Scratch Acid, Rapeman, Ministry, the Big Boys, Helios Creed, the Didjits, Lard, and Tad and Butthole Surfers offshoot Daddy Longhead. When Jason Schwartzman of Phantom Planet left that band, Washam was hired to fill in on drums for a tour which never materialized. Washam also played jazz with a band, Euripides Pants, that recorded an unreleased album.
Washam performed with a temporarily reunited Scratch Acid in the Touch and Go Records 25th anniversary concert, which took place on September 9, 2006, in Chicago, Illinois. The Chicago show also spawned two other reunion shows: in Austin, Texas prior to the Touch and Go Records 25th anniversary concert, and September 16, 2006, in Seattle, Washington.
Rey joined the three other original members of Scratch Acid for a Fall and Winter tour in 2011.
Reynolds graduated from L.V. Berkner High School in Richardson Texas in 1979. Rey currently works as an actor under his legal name.
References
External links
An interview with Washam by Mark Prindle
1961 births
Living people
Musicians from Austin, Texas
American male drummers
American rock drummers
American industrial musicians
Noise rock musicians
Post-hardcore musicians
Ministry (band) members
Lard (band) members
Rapeman members
Scratch Acid members
20th-century American drummers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%20Washam |
Robert Chapman Turner (July 22, 1913 – July 26, 2005) was an American potter known for his functional pottery, sculptural vessels and inspired teaching.
Born in Port Washington, New York, Turner attended Swarthmore College and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1936. He then studied painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and earned a Master of Fine Arts degree from the New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University in 1949. Turner established the studio pottery program at Black Mountain College in North Carolina between 1949 and 1951. Later he returned to Alfred Station, establishing himself as a studio potter. In 1958, he joined the Alfred University faculty, where he remained until his retirement as Professor Emeritus of Ceramic Art in 1979.
Like many studio potters, Turner began his career producing functional ceramics. During the late 1960s, Turner turned to nonfunctional explorations of the vessel tradition. His many honors include an honorary doctorate in fine art from Swarthmore, the American Craft Council Gold medal, and the Member of Honor of the International Academy of Ceramics. The Milwaukee Art Museum organized a retrospective of his ceramics career, which toured from 1985 to 1987. Turner was also honored by the establishment of the Robert C. Turner Chair in Ceramic Art at Alfred University, now occupied by the well-known potter and ceramics teacher Wayne Higby. He died July 26, 2005, in Sandy Spring, Maryland.
Sources
"Robert Turner 1913-2005" (Obituary), 66 American Craft No. 1 (February/March 2006) at 16-17.
See also Robert Turner: Shaping Silence; A Life in Clay, by Marsha Miro and Tony Hepburn (Kodansha International, 2003)
1913 births
2005 deaths
New York State College of Ceramics alumni
American potters
Swarthmore College alumni
Alfred University faculty
People from Port Washington, New York
20th-century American ceramists
Black Mountain College faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Chapman%20Turner |
"The Tomb" is a short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft, written in June 1917 and first published in the March 1922 issue of The Vagrant. It tells the story of Jervas Dudley, who becomes obsessed with a mausoleum near his childhood home.
Plot
"The Tomb" tells of Jervas Dudley, a confessed daydreamer. While still a child, he discovers the padlocked entrance to a mausoleum belonging to the Hyde family, whose nearby mansion had burnt down many years previously. Jervas attempts to break the padlock, but is unable to. Dispirited, he takes to sleeping beside the tomb. Eventually, inspired by reading Plutarch's Lives, Dudley decides to patiently wait until it is his time to gain entrance to the tomb.
One night, several years later, Jervas falls asleep once more beside the mausoleum. He awakes suddenly in the late afternoon, and fancies that as he awoke, a light had been hurriedly extinguished inside the tomb. Jervas then returns to his home, where he goes directly to the attic, to a rotten chest, and therein finds the key to the tomb. Once inside the tomb, Jervas discovers an empty coffin with the name "Jervas" inscribed upon the plate. He begins to sleep in the empty coffin each night, yet those who witness him sleeping see him asleep outside the tomb, not inside as Jervas believes. Jervas also develops a fear of thunder and fire, and is aware that he is being spied upon by one of his neighbors.
Against his better judgment, Jervas sets out for the tomb at night, with a storm looming. He sees the Hyde mansion restored to its former state; there is a party in progress, which he joins, abandoning his former quietude for blasphemous hedonism. During the party, lightning strikes the mansion, and it burns. Jervas loses consciousness, having imagined himself being burnt to ashes in the blaze. He next finds himself screaming and struggling, being held by two men with his father in attendance. A small antique box is discovered, having been unearthed by the recent storm. Inside is a porcelain miniature of a man, with the initials "J.H." Jervas fancies its face to be the mirror image of his own. It seems that Jervas was the reincarnation of Jervas Hyde, who came back to be laid with his ancestors in the family tomb, as he was not when his ashes blew away in all directions.
Jervas begins jabbering that he has been sleeping inside the tomb. His father, saddened by his son's mental instability, tells him that he has been watched for some time and has never gone inside the tomb, and indeed, the padlock is rusted with age. Jervas is removed to an asylum, presumed mad. He asks his servant Hiram, who has remained faithful to him despite his current state, to explore the tomb – a request which Hiram fulfills. After breaking the padlock and descending with a lantern into the murky depths, Hiram returns to his master and informs him that there is, indeed, a coffin with a plate which reads "Jervas" on it. Jervas then states that he has been promised burial in that coffin when he dies.
Other media
A graphic novel adaptation written by Steven Philip Jones and drawn by Octavio Cariello was originally published by Malibu Graphics. It was reprinted in an individual graphic novel in 2016 by Caliber Comics and is part of Caliber's H. P. Lovecraft Worlds anthology series.
In 2005, BBC 7 (later BBC Radio 4 Extra) broadcast an adaptation of the story; it was repeated in 2020.
A 2007 film was released to DVD with no ties whatsoever to the short story, despite being promoted as HP Lovecraft's The Tomb. Its plot was similar to the Saw series of horror films.
The band The Darkest of the Hillside Thickets take their name from a phrase in this story.
The podcast Stuff You Should Know presented a reading of "The Tomb" for their Halloween podcast in 2010.
The Order of the Solar Temple's 2014 self-titled album includes a track titled "Jervas Dudley".
References
Sources
Definitive version.
External links
Full-text at The H. P. Lovecraft Archive
The Tomb at Stuff You Should Know
1922 short stories
Horror short stories
Short stories by H. P. Lovecraft
Works originally published in American magazines
Fiction about reincarnation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tomb%20%28short%20story%29 |
Amish Mennonites came into existence through reform movements among North American Amish mainly between 1862 and 1878. These Amish moved away from the old Amish traditions and drew near to the Mennonites, becoming Mennonites of Amish origin. Over the decades, most Amish Mennonites groups removed the word "Amish" from the name of their congregations or merged with Mennonite groups.
In the latest decades the term "Amish Mennonite" is sometimes erroneously used to designate horse-and-buggy Old Order Mennonites, whose lifestyle is more or less similar to the Old Order Amish. Sometimes the term "Amish Mennonite" is used to designate all groups of Amish, both the Old Order Amish and the Amish Mennonites and also the Amish before this division in the second half of the 19th century. The Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online uses the term "Amish Mennonite" in this sense.
History
Division 1850–1878
Most Amish communities that were established in North America did not ultimately retain their Amish identity. The major division that resulted in the loss of identity of many Amish congregations occurred in the third quarter of the 19th century. The forming of factions worked its way out at different times at different places. The process was rather a "sorting out" than a split. Amish people are free to join another Amish congregation at another place that fits them best. Between 1862 and 1878 yearly Dienerversammlungen (ministerial conferences) were held at different places, concerning how the Amish should deal with the pressures of modern society. By the first several meetings, the more traditionally minded bishops agreed to boycott the conferences.
The more progressive members, comprising approximately two-thirds of the group, became known by the name Amish Mennonite, and eventually united with the Mennonite Church, and other Mennonite denominations, mostly in the early 20th century. The more traditionally minded groups became known as the Old Order Amish. The Egli Amish had already started to withdraw from the Amish church in 1858. They soon drifted away from the old ways and changed their name to "Defenseless Mennonite" in 1908. Congregations that took no side in the division after 1862 formed the Conservative Amish Mennonite Conference in 1910 but dropped the word "Amish" from their name in 1957.
Because there was no division in Europe, the Amish congregations remaining there took the same way as the change-minded Amish Mennonites in North America and slowly merged with the Mennonites. The last Amish congregation in Germany to merge was the Ixheim Amish congregation, which merged with the neighboring Mennonite Church in 1937. Some Mennonite congregations, including most in Alsace, are descended directly from former Amish congregations.
Early conferences
The Amish Mennonites formed regional conferences in the late 1880s after the division. During the early 20th century, most of these original Amish Mennonite groups merged with regional Mennonite conferences and lost their Amish identity.
The Indiana-Michigan Amish Mennonite Conference, organized in 1888 and merged with the Indiana-Michigan Mennonite Conference in 1916.
The Western District Amish Mennonite Conference, organized in 1890 and merged with the Western Mennonite Conferences in 1920–1921.
The Eastern Amish Mennonite Conference, organized in 1893 and merged with the Ohio Mennonite Conference in 1927.
The Ontario Amish Mennonite Conference, organized in 1925, assimilated into the Mennonite mainstream in the 1950s and early 1960s and changed their name to Western Ontario Mennonite Conference in 1963.
The Stuckey Amish (Mennonites) of Illinois, emerged from a split in 1872, organized as a conference in 1899 and joined the General Conference Mennonite Church as a district conference in 1945. In 1957 it merged with the Middle District Conference to form the Central District of the General Conference Mennonite Church.
The Egli Amish, also known as the Égly Amish, were organized in 1865–1866 and changed their name to Defenseless Mennonite Church in 1908. They adopted the name Evangelical Mennonite Church in 1949 and became mainstream. While Evangelical Mennonite Churches currently exist, in 2003, a broader group of Mennonites became the Fellowship of Evangelical Churches.
Later conferences
The "Conservative Amish Mennonite Conference" (now known as the Rosedale Network of Churches) was born several decades after the original Amish Mennonite movement. In 1910, leaders from three unaffiliated Amish Mennonite congregations met in Michigan to discuss the formation of a conference that allowed for congregational autonomy yet would be able to assist individual churches with problems. This conference was to be more conservative than the aforementioned Amish Mennonite conferences. Nonetheless it moved closer to mainstream Mennonite groups, eventually losing its Amish identity. In 1954, a majority vote called for the removal of the "Amish" part of the Conservative Amish Mennonite Conference (CMC) name, which was implemented in the 1957 constitution revision. Proponents suggested that "Amish Mennonite" conferences were obsolete. During the 1960s, concern rose among some about the lax practice on issues such as the women’s head veiling and cut hair, television, and clothing items. Individual churches began to differ greatly in practice. Since the concerns in the 1960s, the conference has abandoned a stand on the aforementioned practices, resulting in the Biblical Mennonite Alliance in 2000, which continues to uphold the practice of headcovering for women.
Leading the process of assimilation further the "Ohio Mennonite and Eastern Amish Mennonite Joint Conference" became the "Ohio and Eastern Mennonite Conference" in 1955 and the "Ontario Amish Mennonite Conference" became the "Western Ontario Mennonite Conference" in 1963.
Kauffman Amish Mennonite
The Kauffman Amish Mennonites, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches or Tampico Amish Mennonite Churches, are a Plain branch of the Amish Mennonites whose tradition goes back to John D. Kauffman (1847-1913) who preached while being in trance. In 2017, they had some 2,000 baptized members and lived mainly in Missouri and Arkansas. In contrast to other Amish Mennonites they have largely retained the Pennsylvania German language and other traditions from the late 1800s. They allow some modern conveniences, such as electricity and cars. The Kauffman Amish Mennonite congregations are one of a few groups that clearly identifies itself as an Amish Mennonite constituency.
Beachy Amish Mennonites
The largest and most dominant contemporary Amish Mennonite group are the Beachy Amish Mennonites. The Beachy Amish received their name from Moses M. Beachy, a former Old Order Amish bishop in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. Beachy refused to administer a strict form of shunning against members whose only offense was transferring membership to the nearby Conservative Amish Mennonite congregation. Half of the congregation sided with Beachy, and the other half sided with co-ministers Yoder and Yoder. Beachy's congregation affiliated with a similar Amish Mennonite congregation in Lancaster County, today known as the Weavertown Amish Mennonite Church. During the 1940s, a number of other factions emerged in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Virginia from Old Order Amish groups. The congregations sought affiliation with the Beachy constituency.
Today, the Beachy Amish vary widely in practice, as the constituency is a fellowship with congregational autonomy separate of a governing conference. Most have retained conservative, plain practices, but this is becoming increasingly questioned, especially in more mainstream churches in predominantly Old Order Amish areas, though not exclusively confined to these regions. New standard allowances in the more mainstream congregations include the radio and DVD or video watching. Clothing is also less distinct in these congregations, especially among the men; however, women's dress has become less distinguishable with a tighter fit and the wearing of sweaters or jackets, and coverings undergone abbreviation. In light of these trends, certain Beachy Amish Mennonite congregations organized into fellowships to retain the traditional emphasis on plain dress and nonconformity to the world, including the Maranatha Amish-Mennonite Churches, Ambassadors Amish Mennonite, Mennonite Christian Fellowship, Berea Amish-Mennonite Churches, and Midwest Beachy Amish-Mennonite who are also called Old Beachy Amish.
The most conservative of Beachy congregations use German in services, refuse to have their photograph taken, and dress similar to the New Order Amish. Between these two range points is a wide variety of practice.
Mennonite Christian Fellowship
The Mennonite Christian Fellowship churches, also known as the "Fellowship churches", originated from several congregations separating from the Old Order Amish in the 1950s and 1960s. The congregations resembled the more conservative end of the Beachy Amish Mennonite constituency at that time. The two groups shared fellowship to the extent that these churches were incorporated into the Beachy affiliation. In 1977, however, some of the ordained men in these churches expressed concern about perceived worldly trends among the Beachy Amish. They met with other ordained Beachy Amish men. Some concerns included members baptized without a true Christian conversion, worldly fads in clothing and lifestyle, and churches conglomerating in communities instead of spreading out. After this meeting, the concerned men decided to withdraw from the Beachy Amish church fellowship, and organize the Mennonite Christian Fellowship. In 1978, these churches started holding their own annual Minister’s Meetings. They operate their own Christian day schools and use Sunday School materials printed by Rod and Staff Publishers of Crockett, Kentucky. They have sponsored missions in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Paraguay. In 2006, the Fellowship churches had 1,518 members in 34 congregations.
Other congregations
A number of other Amish Mennonite congregations exist in an independent, unaffiliated setting. Most identify themselves in name as Conservative Mennonites or conservative Amish Mennonite and may hold fellowship with various Beachy or conservative Mennonite congregations.
Two newer affiliated groups include Berea Amish Mennonite Churches and Ambassador Amish Mennonite Churches. There is also a small group of Old Beachy Amish congregations which still use the German Language.
Membership and congregations
Around the year 2000 there were 13 Amish Mennonite congregations in five states of the US. Membership of these congregations was 1,222. There were also 16 unaffiliated Amish Mennonite congregations in nine states with 737 members.
Directory
The Amish Mennonite Directory, published by Abana Books, lists Amish Mennonite congregations within Beachy, Fellowship, and unaffiliated constituencies. The directory includes detailed information, including household demographic and occupational data. The directory was published in 1993, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2008, and 2011.
See also
Anabaptism
Subgroups of Amish
Conservative Mennonites
Biblical Mennonite Alliance
List of Amish and their descendants
References
Literature
(2001 edition)
(This book is about the Amish Mennonites in the sense of the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online, see above.)
Mennonite denominations
Amish
Religious organizations established in 1862
Anabaptist organizations established in the 19th century
Protestant denominations established in the 19th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish%20Mennonite |
Elaine Thomson (born 1957 in Inverness) is a former Scottish Labour Party politician. She was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Aberdeen North constituency from 1999 to 2003.
In the 2003 election she was defeated by Brian Adam of the Scottish National Party (SNP). After her defeat she returned to work with her previous employer, an Aberdeen-based IT consultancy.
Thomson stood again in Aberdeen North at the 2007 Scottish Parliamentary election but again lost to Brian Adam by an increased majority.
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Politicians from Inverness
People educated at Harlaw Academy
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament for Aberdeen constituencies
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
20th-century Scottish women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine%20Thomson |
Andrew James Caton (born 3 December 1987) is an English footballer who plays in midfield. He played in the Football League for Swindon Town.
Career
Caton was born in Oxford; his father, Tommy Caton, was at the time an Oxford United player. Caton began his career in the Southampton centre of excellence, and played for North Leigh in the Hellenic Football League, before joining Swindon Town on a scholarship in 2004. He made his first-team debut a few weeks later, aged 16, on 7 August, as a 74th-minute substitute away to Wrexham in League One and scored a late goal as Swindon lost 2–1. His Swindon career was disrupted by injuries, and he spent several spells on loan to non-League clubs, before he was released in January 2008. He played 15 matches for Swindon, with five starts, and scored once.
He then played for Witney United, Team Bath, Oxford City, Weymouth and North Leigh.
References
External links
Team Bath Profile
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Oxford
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
North Leigh F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Swindon Supermarine F.C. players
Brackley Town F.C. players
Witney Town F.C. players
Team Bath F.C. players
Oxford City F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. players
Hanwell Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Caton |
The following lists events that happened during 1891 in Australia.
Incumbents
Premiers
Premier of New South Wales - Henry Parkes (until 23 October) then George Dibbs
Premier of South Australia - Thomas Playford II
Premier of Queensland - Samuel Griffith
Premier of Tasmania - Philip Fysh
Premier of Western Australia - John Forrest
Premier of Victoria - James Munro
Governors
Governor of New South Wales – Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey
Governor of Queensland – Henry Wylie Norman
Governor of South Australia – Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of Kintore
Governor of Tasmania – Robert Hamilton
Governor of Victoria – John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow
Governor of Western Australia – William C. F. Robinson
Events
5 January - The 1891 Australian shearers' strike begins, which leads to the formation of the Australian Labor Party.
13 April - Howard Moffat founds newspaper Daily Commercial News, which runs for 108 years before merging with Lloyd's List Australia Weekly to form Lloyd's List DCN.
17 June - The Labor party first entered the New South Wales Legislative Assembly with 35 members elected.
9 October - The ceremonial mace is stolen from Victoria's Parliament House, Melbourne.
Arts and literature
Fire's on - Arthur Streeton
Census
Sport
Malvolio wins the Melbourne Cup
Births
6 January – Ted McDonald, cricketer (died 1937)
22 January – Jack Lockett, oldest recorded Australian man (died 2002)
15 February – Roy Rene, comedian (died 1954)
28 March – May Mabel Adamson, school principal (died 1966)
9 April – Lesbia Harford, poet (died 1927)
30 April – Pat O'Hara Wood, tennis player (died 1961)
27 June – Mina Wylie, swimmer (died 1984)
26 September – William McKell, Premier of NSW and Governor General of Australia (died 1985)
18 October – Joe Abbott, politician (died 1965)
25 December (in New Zealand) – Clarrie Grimmett, cricketer (died 1980)
Deaths
8 May – John Robertson (born 1816), Premier of New South Wales
27 October – Robert Allwood (born 1803), clergyman
29 October – Edward Hargraves (born 1816), gold prospector
7 December – Arthur Blyth (born 1823), Premier of South Australia
References
Australia
Years of the 19th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891%20in%20Australia |
Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup HV derives from the haplogroup R0, which in turn descends from haplogroup R. HV is also the ancestral clade to the haplogroups H and V. A possible origin of HV haplogroup is in the region of Western Iran, Mesopotamia, and the South Caucasus, where the highest prevalence of HV has been found.
Distribution
Haplogroup HV is found mainly in Western Asia, Central Asia, Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, and North Africa.
In Africa, the clade peaks among Egyptians inhabiting El-Hayez oasis (14.3%). with the HV0 subclade occurring among Mozabite Berbers (8.24%), Libyans (7.4%), Reguibate Sahrawi (6.48%), Zenata Berbers (5.48%), and Algerians (4.84% total; 2.15%-3.75% in Oran).
In a study published in 2013, haplogroup HV(xHV0, H) was found in great percentages of populations in Afghanistan: 11.0% (14/127) Uzbek (including 1/127 HV2 and 1/127 HV6), 8.2% (12/146) Tajik (including 3/146 HV6 and 1/146 HV2), 8.0% (6/75) Turkmen (including 1/75 HV2), 6.4% (5/78) Hazara, and 5.6% (5/90) Pashtun. Furthermore, haplogroup HV0 was found in 1.4% (2/146) of the sample of Afghanistani Tajiks, but it is unclear whether these belong to the haplogroup V subclade. The subclade HV1a1a has been found in 1.8% (3/169) of Yakuts in one study and 1.2% (5/423) of Yakuts in another study published in 2013.
A 2003 study was published reporting on the mtDNA sequencing of the bones of two 24,000-year-old anatomically modern humans of the Cro-Magnon type from southern Italy. The study showed one was of either haplogroup HV or R0. Haplogroup HV has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.
Haplogroup HV has been found in various fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the Alföld Linear Pottery (HV, Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, 1/3 or 33%), Linearbandkeramik (HV0a, Fajsz-Garadomb, 1/2 or 50%), and Germany Middle Neolithic (HV, Quedlinburg, 1/2 or 50%) cultures.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup HV subclades is based on the paper by van Oven (2009) and Malyarchuk et al. (2008).
HV
HV0 (formerly known as pre-V)
HV0a (formerly known as preV*2)
HV0a1
V
195 (formerly known as preV*1)
HV0b
HV0c
HV1
HV1a
HV1a1
HV1a1a
HV1a2
HV1b
HV1b1
HV1b2
HV1c
73
HV2
HV2a
HV4
HV4a
HV5
16311 (formerly known as HV3) (13±2 kya)
HV6 (formerly known as HV3b) (15.4±4.5 kya)
HV6a (formerly known as HV3b1)
HV7 (formerly known as HV3c)
HV8 (formerly known as HV3d)
HV9 (formerly known as HV3a) (8.2±2.9 kya)
152
HV9a
HV10
H
HV0 and HVSI C16298T
Defining mutation C/T at location 16298 in segment I one of the hypervariable segment is labeled as HV0 as of 2012. The percentage of people that tested positive for the above mutation in a study of western European populations in 2002 is given below.
In a study of Russian and Polish populations the percentage of people who tested positive for this mutation was five percent for both populations.
A study of Iraqis summarized a number of previous studies showing low levels of this mutation amongst Middle Eastern and Italian populations.
This mutation has been detected in ancient DNA obtained from one of nineteen human remains excavated on the island of Gotland, Sweden, dated to 2,800-2,000 BC and archaeologically classified as belonging to the Pitted Ware culture.
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Population genetics
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup HV
Spread of Haplogroup HV, from the Genographic Project
The India Genealogical DNA Project at Family Tree DNA
mtDNA Haplogroup HV Project at Family Tree DNA
HV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20HV |
This is an incomplete list of Kurdish uprisings. You can help by expanding it.
List of conflicts
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Kurdish%20uprisings |
The Brasília National Park () is a national park located in the northwest of the Federal District and in the center of the state of Goiás, in the Brazil. The park covers an area of , with territory distributed by the administrative regions of Brazlândia, Brasília and Sobradinho, in the Federal District and by the municipality of Padre Bernardo, in Goiás. It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). It is the largest park in an urbanized area in the world.
History
The creation of the park, on November 29, 1961, was under Federal Decree of Brazil covering an area of (initially was proposed) extending over an elevation range of . It is under IUCN Category II. It is directly related to the development of Brasilia. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the park was protected to provide forested area around the national capital of Brazil. In 1994, seventy percent of the park burned.
Geography
The park is in the northwest of the Federal District in the center-west region of Brazil. Its boundaries have been fixed and also fenced. The park is divided into Intangible, Primitive, Extensive, Intensive, Special and Recuperation zones from the development perspective.
The terrain is an undulating plateau with geological formations of quartzites and limestones. It has many caves and several springs. Apart from the springs, the source of water supply to the park is also through a reservoir. The most prominent features of the park are the pools formed from water wells. Several creeks flow through the park, including the Bananal, Torto, and Santa Maria Creeks. Because of the large number of springs, its nickname is Agua Mineral (mineral water); the water is reported to have healing properties. There are many trekking trails through the park.
Climate
The climate of the region, according to the Köppen classification, is "tropical savanna". The rainy season begins in October and ends in April, representing 84% of the annual total. The wettest quarter is from November to January, and December is the month with the highest rainfall of the year. The dry season is from May to September, and in the driest quarter is June, July, and August, when precipitation represents only 2% of the annual total. In terms of total annual average rainfall, Federal District varies between . The park itself has an average annual rainfall incidence of . Average annual temperature reported is . Eastern winds are dominant in the park.
Flora
Cerrado or upland savanna trees, the dominant vegetation in the central regions of Brazil, form the core area of this park. However, the vegetation around the springs and streams are of Campo Cerrado type, which consists of gallery forests. These areas fall under the biosphere reserve declared by UNESCO. The plant species reported from the park are buriti palm and many species of the Velloziaceae (a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The park has established a forest tree nursery and also runs a centre for environmental education.
Fauna
The faunal species reported from the park are: maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), bush dog (Speothos venaticus), giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), giant armadillo (Priodontes giganteus), black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya), forest rabbit (Sylvilagus brasiliensis), Juscelinomys candangus, cavy (Galea spixii), Calhartes burrovianus urubutinga, Mussurana (Portuguese muçurana) and tegu (Tupinambis teguixin). Also reported are black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata), capybara, jaguar, wild pig and puma.
Birds include greater rhea (Rhea americana), red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), solitary eagle (Buteogallus coronatus), seed finches, Oryzoborus crassirostris, O. angloensis, spotted tinamou (Nothura maculosa), lesser yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes burrovianus), curl-crested jay (Cyanocorax cristatellus), fer-de-lance (Bothrops jararaca), burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), and toco toucan (Ramphastos toco).
References
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of the Federal District (Brazil)
Cerrado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia%20National%20Park |
"Yet Another Movie" is the sixth track, along with "Round and Around" on Pink Floyd's 1987 album, A Momentary Lapse of Reason. It began as an instrumental piece to which words were later added and features soundbites from the films One-Eyed Jacks and Casablanca.
Live
The piece was performed at every show in Pink Floyd's 1987–1989 tours as the fourth piece in the first set of the show (falling between "Learning to Fly" and "Round and Around") and was featured on the live album Delicate Sound of Thunder. The lap steel guitar that appears at the end of the studio version of "Yet Another Movie" was replaced by a normal guitar solo played at a lower octave on the live performances of the track. On Delicate Sound of Thunder and the 2011 remaster of A Momentary Lapse of Reason, the band separated "Yet Another Movie" from "Round and Around" into different tracks.
Personnel
Pink Floyd
David Gilmour – lead and backing vocals, electric guitar
Nick Mason – drums (middle section)
Additional musicians
Patrick Leonard – synthesizers, programming
Jon Carin – synthesizers, piano
Tony Levin – bass guitar
Jim Keltner – drums
Steve Forman – percussion
John Helliwell - saxophone (intro)
Delicate Sound of Thunder live version:
David Gilmour – lead guitar, lead vocals
Nick Mason – drums
Richard Wright – keyboards
Additional musicians
Jon Carin – keyboards, backing vocals
Guy Pratt – bass guitar
Tim Renwick – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Gary Wallis – percussion
References
External links
1987 songs
Pink Floyd songs
Hard rock ballads
Songs written by David Gilmour
Song recordings produced by Bob Ezrin
Song recordings produced by David Gilmour
1980s ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yet%20Another%20Movie |
Michael William Eric Tonge (born 7 April 1983) is an English football coach and former player. A midfielder, he scored 39 goals in 544 league and cup appearances in a 19-year career in the English Football League.
A former England under-21 international, he began his career in Manchester United's youth team before joining Sheffield United in 2001. He soon became a vital player for Neil Warnock's "Blades", and was named on the First Division's PFA Team of the Year in 2002–03, before he helped the Bramall Lane side achieve promotion to the Premier League in 2005–06. After making a total of 302 appearances for the club, he was sold to Stoke City in August 2008 for £2 million. He struggled to break into the first team at Stoke, however, and was sent out on loan to Championship teams Preston North End (twice), Derby County, Barnsley and Leeds United. He joined Leeds on a permanent basis in January 2013. He joined Millwall on loan in January 2015, before he was released from Leeds in May 2015. He signed with Stevenage five months later and was voted the club's Player of the Year for the 2015–16 season. After his 18-month spell ended he joined Port Vale in July 2017.
He began his coaching career at Huddersfield Town in November 2020.
Playing career
Sheffield United
Born in Manchester, Tonge was signed as a youth team player by Sheffield United manager Steve Bruce when he was released by Manchester United. He made his first team debut as a 68th-minute substitute for Darren Bullock in a 1–0 defeat to Wimbledon at Bramall Lane. He made his first senior start in the last game of the 2000–01 season, a 1–1 draw away at Bolton Wanderers. He scored his first competitive goal for the "Blades" in a 1–0 home victory over Crewe Alexandra on 27 October 2001. He went on to establish himself in the first team under manager Neil Warnock, scoring three goals in 32 appearances throughout the 2001–02 season.
On 8 January 2003, he scored both of United's goals in a 2–1 win over Liverpool in the first leg of the semi-final of the League Cup. United also reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup, losing 1–0 to Arsenal at Old Trafford. United finished third in the First Division, and reached the play-off final, where they again faced disappointment with a 3–0 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers at the Millennium Stadium. Having scored eight goals in 58 appearances, Tonge was named on the First Division PFA Team of the Year in 2002–03, alongside midfield teammate Michael Brown.
Tonge scored four goals in 51 games across the 2003–04 campaign as United posted an eighth-place finish, two points outside the play-offs. He then scored three goals in 41 games in the 2004–05 season, as the club again finished in eighth place, this time six points shy of the play-off places. He scored three goals from 33 appearances in the 2005–06 campaign as United secured promotion out of the Championship as runners-up behind Reading. The club lasted just one season in the Premier League, with Tonge scoring twice in 28 matches as United were relegated on the last day of the 2006–07 season following a 2–1 home defeat to Wigan Athletic. He scored in Bryan Robson's first game as manager of the club, a 2–2 home draw with Colchester United on 11 August 2007. Tonge made 52 appearances during the 2007–08 campaign, but United struggled and Robson was sacked in February before his replacement, Kevin Blackwell, led the club to a ninth-place finish.
Stoke City
On 1 September 2008, Tonge signed for Premier League side Stoke City for a fee of £2 million. He made his "Potters" debut in a 3–2 defeat to Everton at the Britannia Stadium on 14 September. Tonge failed to establish himself in the Stoke squad and only made a further nine appearances in the 2008–09 season, of which only one was as a starter in the league. Having been limited to just three League Cup appearances at the start of the 2009–10 season, he joined Championship side Preston North End on loan on 19 November 2009. Manager Alan Irvine attempted to extend the loan deal, but was unsuccessful as Tonge played seven games for the "Lilywhites" before he was recalled from his loan spell at Deepdale on 31 December by Stoke manager Tony Pulis. On 1 February 2010, Tonge signed for Derby County on loan until end of the 2009–10 season, with manager Nigel Clough saying Tonge had "proven pedigree". Tonge scored his first goal for the "Rams" in a 2–0 win over Watford on 6 March. His loan spell proved successful, and after Tonge scored twice in 19 starts, Clough attempted to secure his services on loan for the following campaign. Still struggling for first team appearances at Stoke, Tonge returned to Preston North End on a month long loan on 17 November 2010, along with fellow Stoke teammate Danny Pugh. This was extended until 16 January 2011 after he impressed manager Darren Ferguson with his consistency. He scored his first goal for Preston in a 1–1 draw with Cardiff on 4 December.
Tonge completed a full pre-season prior to the 2011–12 season, playing in all but one of Stoke's games and scoring in the 3–1 friendly win against Austrian side SV Thal. On 18 August, he made his first start of the season in Stoke's 1–0 Europa League play-off win against FC Thun, making his European debut in the process. However Tonge was subsequently left out of Stoke's 25-man Premier League and 23-man Europa League squads for the first half of the season, which meant he was only eligible to play in domestic cup and reserve team games. On 24 January 2012, Tonge again returned to the Championship after joining Barnsley on loan until the end of the 2011–12 season. He made his debut seven days later, playing 66 minutes in a 3–2 win over Derby County at Oakwell. He made seven starts and three substitute appearances for Keith Hill's "Tykes". Tonge was again left out of Stoke's 25-man squad for the 2012–13 season.
Leeds United
On 13 September 2012, Tonge linked up with his former Sheffield United manager Neil Warnock and joined Leeds United on loan until December 2012. Tonge made his Leeds United debut on 15 September, partnering Rodolph Austin in central midfield during a 2–1 defeat at Cardiff City. He scored his first goal for Leeds when he scored the winner against Bristol City in a 3–2 victory on 29 September. Tonge scored his second Leeds goal with a long range strike against Sheffield Wednesday in a 1–1 draw. He continued his goal scoring form for Leeds against Southampton in a 3–0 League Cup win. After his loan deal expired on 23 December, Warnock revealed he wanted to sign Tonge permanently. Tonge signed a two-and-a-half year contract with Leeds in January 2013. He ended the 2012–13 campaign with five goals from 39 games.
He struggled to gain a first team place under manager Brian McDermott during the 2013–14 campaign, and made only 15 league starts. He managed to return to the starting line-up under Dave Hockaday's brief reign at the start of the 2014–15 season, but was dropped by his successors Neil Redfearn and Darko Milanič. On 2 February 2015, Tonge was allowed to join Championship rivals Millwall on loan until the end of the 2014–15 season. Manager Ian Holloway said that Tonge's versatility could prove vital following recent injuries to Nicky Bailey and Angel Martinez. He played six games for the "Lions" during his stay at The Den, but did not feature after Neil Harris replaced Holloway in April in an unsuccessful attempt to steer the club away from relegation. In May 2015, Leeds announced that they would release Tonge after opting not to be renew his contract.
Stevenage
Tonge joined League Two side Stevenage on an initial three-month deal on 19 October 2015. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw at Portsmouth the following day, and earned praise from assistant manager Kevin Watson, who said "that is how you play football. He's obviously played at a higher level". However he was sent off for the first time in his career during his third match for the "Boro", after committing a two-footed challenge on John Lundstram during a 5–1 defeat to Oxford United at Broadhall Way. He regained his first team place after serving his suspension and went on to extend his contract for a further 18 months, leaving manager Teddy Sheringham to remark that "he's a top professional... he's got the enthusiasm of an 18-year-old [and] I think he's come in and he's done a real job for us in midfield". He scored two goals from 30 games in the 2015–16 season as Stevenage posted an 18th-place finish. He was named as the club's Player of the Year ahead of defender Fraser Franks, though finished second to Franks in the Season Ticket Holders Player of the Year, BoroChat Player of the Year and the Players Player of the Year votes.
Tonge struggled for game time at the start of the 2016–17 season, but was praised by manager Darren Sarll for working with youngsters Henry Cowans and Dale Gorman in training. He scored one goal from 31 games as Stevenage improved on the previous campaign to finish in tenth spot, before he was released in May 2017.
Port Vale
Tonge signed a one-year contract with newly relegated League Two side Port Vale on 4 August 2017, after impressing manager Michael Brown – a former Sheffield United teammate – on a trial basis. He scored on his debut for the "Valiants" with a deflected free-kick in a 3–1 win at Crawley Town on 5 August, and also provided an assist for Antony Kay from another set piece. On 26 August, he was sent off for a late challenge on George Cooper in a 1–0 defeat to local rivals Crewe Alexandra at Vale Park. He became a first-team regular under new manager Neil Aspin from December, who praised his composure and attitude. He scored three goals in 38 matches during the 2017–18 campaign and triggered a one-year extension to his contract after meeting an appearance clause. However he featured for just 16 minutes on the opening day of the 2018–19 season and new Vale manager John Askey confirmed that he would not be offering Tonge a new contract on 16 May.
International career
Under-20s
Tonge earned his first cap for the England U20 national side in November 2002 when he featured in the Under-20 Four Nations Tournament. On 27 November, Tonge started the 5–3 defeat against Italy at the Stadium of Light, he played 68-minutes before being replaced by Jerome Thomas. The following month Tonge played in the 2–0 defeat against Switzerland, he replaced Darren Carter just after half-time at Upton Park. England finished third place in the tournament.
Under-21s
On 5 September 2003, Tonge made his debut for the England U21s when he started the 1–1 draw with Macedonia during qualifying for the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He played 73-minutes at the Čair Stadium in Skopje before being replaced by Jermain Defoe. Four days later, Tonge was an unused substitute as England lost 2–1 against Portugal and were eliminated from the tournament. His last cap came in March 2004 when he started the 2–2 draw with Sweden in Kristianstad.
Coaching career
Tonge was appointed as a coach at the Huddersfield Town Academy in November 2020.
Personal life
Tonge was robbed at knife-point in September 2009, alongside fellow footballers Grant Smith, Steven Spencer and Phil Jagielka at Jagielka's Cheshire mansion.
Career statistics
Honours
Sheffield United
Championship second-place promotion: 2005–06
Individual
PFA Team of the Year (First Division): 2002–03
Stevenage Player of the Year: 2015–16
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Manchester
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Manchester United F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Association football coaches
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Tonge |
Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism is the mirror instrument of the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) for Kosovo. Kosovo, a disputed province of Serbia under international administration that in 2008 unilaterally declared independence and received partial recognition, still not having a final status, was not able to commence with SAP. To ensure that the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (PISG) follow EU-compatible practices in the political, economic and sectoral reform process, UNMIK and the European Commission agreed that an instrument was needed to monitor and drive the process. Although developments within Kosovo are not only a matter of reform, it was deemed profitable for the PISG and UNMIK to follow the methodology and substance of the SAP and thus avoid isolation from the mainstream of European integration.
To that end, on 6 November 2002, the European Commission commenced the so-called Stabilisation and Association Process Tracking Mechanism (STM). The STM constitutes a parallel track to the EU's regular SAP and is intended to help the authorities in Kosovo to prepare for reinforced policy-making relations within the framework of the SAP. It will ensure that Kosovo is not isolated from the path of EU-compatible transition and development of Southeast Europe. The process aims at building an institutional, legislative, economic and social framework directed by the values and models subscribed to by the EU, as well as at promoting the transition to a market economy.
15 STM meetings have taken place, the latest in December 2008. The 6th STM meeting was held on 16 February 2005 in Priština. It was the first meeting with the newly elected government. For the first time, specific sector workshops on energy and economy were organised on the margin of the STM main meeting.
The 7th STM meeting took place on 3 May 2005 in Priština. Focus of the meeting was on the progress made on the Kosovo Action Plan for the Implementation of the European Partnership. Everybody considered the improvement of Kosovo's economic situation as being crucial for its development. Further emphasis was put on the significance of Kosovo's further regional integration, not solely as a means to enhance economic development, but also as an important contribution towards peace and stability throughout the region.
In June 2005 the Second Progress Report on the Kosovo Action Plan for the Implementation of the European Partnership was submitted to the European Commission as input to the Commission's SAP Report. The next STM meeting is scheduled for October 2005.
In 2008 the Commission confirmed that it would conduct a "feasibility study." A feasibility study is traditionally the first step in the Stabilisation and Association Process, the tool the EU uses to help prepare potential candidates in the Western Balkans for membership of the EU.
See also
Accession of Kosovo to the European Union
External links
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo: EU in Kosovo
Treaties entered into by the European Union
Politics of Kosovo
Kosovo–European Union relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilisation%20Tracking%20Mechanism |
Lutfi Haziri (born 8 November 1969 in Gjilan, Yugoslavia, now Kosovo) is the deputy chairman of the Democratic League of Kosovo and former mayor of Gjilan. He is a former deputy prime minister and minister of Kosovo for Culture, Youth, Sports and Non-residential Affairs. He headed the delegation of Kosovo in the talks on the political status of Kosovo with Serbia in Vienna, Austria in February 2006.
Life and politics
Haziri was part of the students' leadership structures within the University of Pristina during the 1990s. Since 1990, Haziri was part of the structures of the Ministry of Defence of the unrecognised Republic of Kosova and in charge of numerous functions within the then existing parallel structures in Kosovo.
In March 1990, Haziri was elected President of the Youth Forum of the Gjilan branch of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) and served as its president until 1997. In 1997, Haziri was elected as Deputy President of the LDK branch in Gjilan as well as member of the General Council of LDK in Pristina. He remained in both functions until 2000.
In October 1998, Haziri was arrested and imprisoned on charges of leadership of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA-UÇK) structures in the Karadaku zone (Gjilan). After his release in August 1999, Haziri became Deputy Mayor of the municipality of Gjilan, whereas in November 2000 he became mayor of the same municipality. He remained in this position until December 2004.
In June 2001, he was also elected chairman of the Association of Kosovo Municipalities. In this function, Haziri was also chairman of the Kosovo Municipal Delegation to the Congress of Local and Regional Governance in Strasbourg (Council of Europe).
Haziri obtained a management diploma of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, certificates of Georgetown University, University of Colorado, a diploma from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) as well as other recognitions from local and international organisations.
On 3 December 2004, Haziri was elected as Kosovo's first Minister for Local Government. In 2006, he was a prominent member of the Kosovar Albanian delegation in UN-led talks on the political status of Kosovo with Serbia.
Haziri stepped down from federal politics in 2013 to run for the mayorship of Gjilan again, which he won. In December 2017, he was re-elected. In the 2021 race, he lost the mayorship to Alban Hyseni.
In 2021, Haziri became the deputy chairman of the LDK and chairman of its branch in Gjilan.
Haziri is married to Mirvete Bajrami, from the Përlepnica village of Gjilan originally, with three daughters, Kenga, Lotina and Mimas and a son Lumi.
See also
Government of Kosovo
References
External links
Ministry of Culture, Youth, Sports and Non-Residential Affairs
Ministry of Local Government Administration in Kosovo
Living people
1969 births
Kosovan prisoners and detainees
People from Gjilan
Democratic League of Kosovo politicians
Government ministers of Kosovo
Prisoners and detainees of Serbia and Montenegro
Mayors of Gjilan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutfi%20Haziri |
STAPLE! The Independent Media Expo is an annual convention in Austin, Texas, United States, for alternative comics, minicomics, webcomics, zines, underground comics, and graphic arts. Chris Nicholas founded the conference as a gathering place for professional artists and amateur creators, "a showcase for the folks who publish comics and zines and possible literary masterworks out of their own apartments."
The show is sponsored by Austin Books, an Eisner-nominated comic book store and the site of the largest gathering of artists for the worldwide 24-Hour Comics Day held in 2005.
Additional sponsors include Rogues Gallery: Comics + Games, ECPrinting.com, Dragon's Lair: Comics & Fantasy, KOOP (FM), Motorblade Postering Services, CKP communication agency of record, and Bumperactive.com.
History
The 2020 show, scheduled for October, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Event dates and locations
March 5, 2005: BPOE #201
March 4, 2006: Red Oak Ballroom
March 3, 2007: Red Oak Ballroom
March 1, 2008: Monarch Event Center
March 7, 2009: Monarch Event Center
March 6, 2010: Monarch Event Center
March 5–6, 2011: Marchesa Hall and Theatre
March 3–4, 2012: Marchesa Hall and Theater
March 2–3, 2013: Marchesa Hall and Theater
March 1–2, 2014: Marchesa Hall and Theater
March 7–8, 2015: Marchesa Hall and Theater
March 5–6, 2016: Marchesa Hall and Theater
September 9–10, 2017: Millennium Youth Entertainment Complex
September 8–9, 2018: Millennium Youth Entertainment Complex
October 12–13, 2019: Millennium Youth Entertainment Complex
: Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
: Venue not reopened as of Aug 2021, and organizer busy
See also
Alternative Press Expo
MoCCA Festival
Small Press Expo
References
External links
Comics conventions in the United States
Recurring events established in 2005
Conventions in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAPLE%21 |
The Way was a Jesus music band who were active from 1971 to 1976. They released two albums on Maranatha! Records and contributed four non-LP tracks to their label's compilation series and one LP track was pulled for the first label retrospective.
History
The first recordings by The Way appeared on the Maranatha! compilation albums, The Everlastin' Living Jesus Music Concert with the song "If You Will Believe", and Maranatha! 2 with "Jesus Is the One" and "Jesus Is All that We Need".
Their self-titled debut album was recorded at Buddy King Studios in Huntington Beach. It was self-produced and had a smooth mixture of folk and country rock that reminds the listener of America.
With their second album the band took a giant step by adding more of a rock edge to many of the songs while staying true to their country roots. It was recorded at Mama Jo's in North Hollywood and produced by Al Perkins. It was recorded in the nighttime and early-morning hours, because of Ambrosia's daytime sessions.
In 1974 they also recorded a song for the Maranatha! 4 compilation entitled "Have You Ever Heard". In 1979, the song "He's the Reason to Go On", off their debut album, was used by the label on Best of Maranatha, Volume 1.
Members
Ric Latendresse—(founding member), acoustic guitar (1971)
John Wickham—lead guitar, bass, acoustic guitar, background vocals
Gary Arthur—(founding member) bass, acoustic guitar, piano, percussion, vocals
Dana Angle—(founding member) lead & slide guitar, banjo, acoustic guitar, flute, vocals
Bruce Herring—(founding member) guitar, bass, vocals
Alex MacDougall—drums, congas & timbales, percussion (1975)
Micheal Fickling—drums (1976)
Jim Stipech (also known as James Gabriel)—guitar, piano, vocals (1976)
Discography
The Way—(1973)
Can It Be?—(1975)
References
External links
American Christian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Way%20%28band%29 |
Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western and South Asia, as well as North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Canary Islands.
Origins
Haplogroup U descends from the haplogroup R mtDNA branch of the phylogenetic tree. The defining mutations (A11467G, A12308G, G12372A) are estimated to have arisen between 43,000 and 50,000 years ago, in the early Upper Paleolithic (around 46,530 ± 3,290 years before present, with a 95% confidence interval per Behar et al., 2012).
Ancient DNA classified as belonging to the U* mitochondrial haplogroup has been recovered from human skeletal remains found in Western Siberia, which have been dated to c. 45,000 years ago. The mitogenome (33-fold coverage) of the Peştera Muierii 1 individual (PM1) from Romania (35 ky cal BP) has been identified as the basal haplogroup U6* not previously found in any ancient or present-day humans.
Haplogroup U has been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt and Afalou prehistoric sites. Among the Taforalt individuals, around 13% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various U subclades, including U4a2b (1/24; 4%), U4c1 (1/24; 4%), and U6d3 (1/24; 4%). A further 41% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or haplogroup H. Among the Afalou individuals, 44% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or haplogroup H (3/9; 33%).
Haplogroup U has also been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, dated to the 1st millennium BC, 13 of the 90 mummies bearing haplgroup U (U carriers all of the late period) and various subclades of it, U, U1,U3,U5,U6,U7 and U8. and in a separate study, DNA extracted from a tooth the mummified head of a much older mummy of about 4,000 years ago Djehutynakht of the very end of the 11th or early 12th Dynasty who belonged to belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U5b2b5 (with no exact matches found in a modern population of U5 carriers) from a 2018 article by Odile Loreille et. al
Additionally, haplogroup U has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with these specimens found to belong to the U6b1a (4/7; 57%) and U6b (1/7; 14%) subclades.
Distribution
Haplogroup U is found in 15% of Indian caste and 8% of Indian tribal populations.
Haplogroup U is found in approximately 11% of native Europeans and is held as the oldest maternal haplogroup found in that region. In a 2013 study, all but one of the ancient modern human sequences from Europe belonged to maternal haplogroup U, thus confirming previous findings that haplogroup U was the dominant type of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Europe before the spread of agriculture into Europe and the presence and the spread of the Indo-Europeans in Western Europe.
Haplogroup U has various subclades numbered U1 to U9. Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8. The old age has led to a wide distribution of the descendant subgroups across Western Eurasia, North Africa, and South Asia. Some subclades of haplogroup U have a more specific geographic range.
Subclades
Subclades are labelled U1–U9; Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8.
Van Oven and Kayser (2009) proposed subclades "U2'3'4'7'8" and "U4'9". Behar et al. (2012) amended this by grouping "U4'9" as subordinate to "U2'3'4'7'8" for a new intermediate subclade "U2'3'4'7'8'9".
Haplogroup U
Basal U was found in the 26,000 years old remains of Ancient North Eurasian, Mal'ta boy (MA1).
Haplogroup U1
The U1 subclades are: U1a (with deep-subclades U1a1, U1a1a, U1a1a1, U1a1b) and U1b.
Haplogroup U1 estimated to have arisen between 26,000 and 37,000 years ago. It is found at very low frequency throughout Europe. It is more often observed in eastern Europe, Anatolia and the Near East. It is also found at low frequencies in India. U1 is found in the Svanetia region of Georgia at 4.2%. Subclade U1a is found from India to Europe, but is extremely rare among the northern and Atlantic fringes of Europe including the British Isles and Scandinavia. In India, U1a has been found in the Kerala region. U1b has a similar spread but is rarer than U1a. A variety of subclade U1b1 with the mutations G14070A! and A3426G is found in Ashkenazi Jews. Subclades U1a and U1b appear in equal frequency in eastern Europe.
The rare U1 clade is also found among Algerians in Oran (0.83%-1.08%) and the Reguibat tribe of the Sahrawi (0.93%).
The U1a1a subclade has been observed in an ancient individual excavated at the Kellis 2 cemetery in the Dakleh Oasis, located in the southwestern desert of Egypt. 21 of the Kellis burials have been radiocarbon-dated to around 80-445 AD, a timeframe within the Romano-Christian period. Haplogroup U1 has also been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800).
DNA analysis of excavated remains now located at ruins of the Church of St. Augustine in Goa, India have also revealed the unique mtDNA subclade U1b. This sublineage is absent in India, but present in Georgia and surrounding regions. Since the genetic analysis corroborates archaeological and literary evidence, it is believed that the excavated remains belong to Ketevan the Martyr, queen of Georgia.
Haplogroup U5
The age of U5 is estimated at between 25,000 and 35,000 years old, roughly corresponding to the Gravettian culture. Approximately 11% of Europeans (10% of European-Americans) have some variant of haplogroup U5.
U5 was the predominant mtDNA of mesolithic Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG).
U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France and Spain. Neolithic skeletons (~7,000 years old) that were excavated from the Avellaner cave in Catalonia, northeastern Spain included a specimen carrying haplogroup U5.
Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b today form the highest population concentrations in the far north, among Sami, Finns, and Estonians. However, it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. This distribution, and the age of the haplogroup, indicate individuals belonging to this clade were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe around 10,000 years ago.
The modern Basques and Cantabrians possess almost exclusively U5b lineages (U5b1f, U5b1c1, U5b2).
Additionally, haplogroup U5 is found in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of northern Africa (areas with sizable U6 concentrations), suggesting back-migration of people from Europe toward the south.
Mitochondrial haplogroup U5a has also been associated with HIV infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to AIDS and death.
U5 was the main haplogroup of mesolithic European hunter gatherers. U haplogroups were present at 83% in European hunter gatherers before influx of Middle Eastern farmer and steppe Indo-European ancestry decreased its frequency to less than 21%.
U5
U5a arose around 17,000 and 27,000 years ago
U5a1 arose between 14,000 and 20,000 years ago. Found in an Etruscan individual (700-600 B.C.) from southern Etruria, Italy.
U5a1a arose between 8,000 and 16,000 years ago
U5a1a1 arose between 3,000 and 11,000 years ago
U5a1a1a arose less than 6,000 years ago
U5a1a1b arose around between 600 and 6,000 years ago
U5a1a1c
U5a1a1d arose less than 4,300 years ago
U5a1a2 arose between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago
U5a1a2a arose less than 5,400 years ago
U5a1a2a1 arose less than 3,400 years ago
U5a1b arose between 6,000 and 11,000 years ago
U5a1b1 arose between 5,000 and 9,000 years ago
U5a1b1a arose between 2,500 and 7,500
U5a1b1a1 less than 4,000 years ago
U5a1b1b arose less than 8,000 years ago
U5a1b1c arose between 3,000 and 7,000 years ago
U5a1b1c1 arose less than 5,000 years ago
U5a1b1c2 arose less than 5,000 years ago
U5a1b1d
U5a1b1e
U5a1b2
U5a1b3
U5a1c
U5a1c1
U5a1c2
U5a1d arose around 19000 years ago
U5a1d1
U5a1d2
U5a1d2a
U5a1e
U5a1f
U5a2 arose around 14000 years ago
U5a2a arose around 6000 years ago. It has been found in an ancient Mesolithic sample (6000-5000 cal BCE) from the Cave of Santimamiñe in the Basque Country, Spain.
U5a2b arose around 8000 years ago
U5a2c arose around 13000 years ago
U5a2d Found at the Mesolithic Huseby Klev site in western Sweden.
U5a2e
U5b arose between 19,000 and 26,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 150 7768 14182 ( + U5 polymorphisms). Found among Siwa Berbers of the Siwa Oasis.
U5b1 arose between 11,000 and 20,000 years ago.
U5b1a
U5b1b: has been found in Saami of Scandinavia, Finnish and the Berbers of North Africa, which were found to share an extremely young branch, aged merely ~9,000 years. U5b1b was also found in Fulbe and Papel people in Guinea-Bissau and Yakuts people of northeastern Siberia. It arose around 11000 years ago.
U5b1b1
U5b1b1b A principal element in the maternal western eurasian lineages in Puerto Rico, matching with samples from Senegambia and northern Cameroon indicating its presence as a product of early colonization and enslavement of Senegambians.
U5b1c arose about 13,000 years ago.
U5b1d
U5b1e arose about 6600 years ago. U5b1e is mainly seen in central Europe among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians and southern Russians.
U5b1g
U5b2 arose between 17,000 and 23,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 1721 13637( + U5b polymorphisms). The clade has been found in remains dating from prehistoric times in Europe, such as the subclade U5b2c1 of La Braña man (found at the La Braña site in Spain). U5b2 is rare among French Basques (2.5%) and more frequent in the Spanish Basques.
U5b2a between 12,000 and 19,000 years ago, prevalent in Central Europe.
U5b2a1 between 9,000 and 18,000 years ago
U5b2a2 between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago,
U5b2a3 between 3,000 and 14,000 years ago
U5b2a4 between 1,000 and 10,000 years ago
U5b2a5 less than 2,600 years ago
U5b2a6 less than 12,000 years ago.
U5b2b between 12,000 and 17,000 years ago. The clade was notably linked to Neve, who, at the time of her discovery, was the oldest identified female infant burial in Europe, carbon-dated to around 10,000 years ago.
U5b2c between 7,000 and 18,000 years ago.
U5b2c1 less than 8,000 years ago. Found in a Phoenician individual from a Carthage tomb in Byrsa Hill, Tunisia.
U5b3: The subclade likely originates in the Italian peninsula; it is at its highest distribution in southwestern Europe, peaking amongst Sardinians (3.84%), followed by Balearic people (1.56%) and northern mainland Portuguese (1.09%). According to another study, U5b3 occurs at a frequency of 2.53% amongst Majorcans and 0.96% amongst Sephardi Chuetas.
U5b3b: this subclade is likely similarly western Mediterranean/Ibero-Italic in origin but spread to parts of northwestern and middle Europe through Roman expansion, with samples found in Crete (Greece), Spain, Central Italy, England, the German Palatinate, and Bohemia.
Haplogroup U6
Haplogroup U6 was dated to between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago by Behar et al. (2012).
Basal U6* was found in a Romanian specimen of ancient DNA (Peștera Muierilor) dated to 35,000 years ago. Hervella et al. (2016) take this find as evidence for Paleolithic back-migration of Homo sapiens from Eurasia into Africa. The discovery of basal U6* in ancient DNA contributed to setting back the estimated age of U6 to around 46,000 years ago.
Usually U6 genetic history is envisioned as a migration from southwest Asia through North Africa. This hypothesis is based on the general origin of haplogroup U sub-clades in Southwest Asia, which is also the center of the geographical distribution of U sub-clades: Europe, India, Central Asia, East Africa and North Africa. Two possible scenarios for the first U6 haplotype (bearing mutations 3348 and 16172) can be advanced: i) these mutations aroused in the founder region but did not leave any genetic legacy in current human populations there; ii) they originated probably somewhere in North Africa, after the arrival of the U6 founder haplotype. Within North Africa U6 is only significantly frequent at its western edge (as well as in South-western Europe). More importantly, all the most basal branches are virtually restricted to that region (U6b, U6c and U6d), what could indicate its western origin. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded the major sub-clade U6a, which shows a richness of sub-clades in Northwest Africa although a few of derivative branches also include sequences from East African and the Middle Eastern populations (e.g. U6a2).
Haplogroup U6 is common (with a prevalence of around 10%) in Northwest Africa (with a maximum of 29% in an Algerian Mozabites) and the Canary Islands (18% on average with a peak frequency of 50.1% in La Gomera). It is also found in the Iberian peninsula, where it has the highest diversity (10 out of 19 sublineages are only found in this region and not in Africa), Northeast Africa and occasionally in other locations. U6 is also found at low frequencies in the Chad Basin, including the rare Canarian branch. This suggests that the ancient U6 clade bearers may have inhabited or passed through the Chad Basin on their way westward toward the Canary Islands.
U6 is thought to have entered North Africa from the Near East around 30,000 years ago. It has been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site. In spite of the highest diversity of Iberian U6, Maca-Meyer argues for a Near East origin of this clade based on the highest diversity of subclade U6a in that region, where it would have arrived from West Asia, with the Iberian incidence primarily representing migration from the Maghreb and not persistence of a European root population.
According to Hernández et al. 2015 "the estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with other L African clades, indicating that U6 and some L lineages moved together from Africa to Iberia in the Early Holocene."
U6 has four main subclades:
U6a: subclade is the most widespread, stretching from the Canary Islands and Iberian Peninsula to the Horn of Africa and Near East. The subhaplogroup has its highest diversity in Northeast Africa. Ancient DNA analysis of Iberomaurusian skeletal remains at the Taforalt site in Morocco, which have been dated to the Later Stone Age between 15,100 and 13,900 ybp, observed the U6a subclade among most of the fossils (6/7; ~86%). Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of Ifri n'Amr or Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the U6a subhaplogroup. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Northwest African genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. U6a's estimated age is 24-27,500 BP. It has one major subclade:
U6a1: similar distribution to U6a parent clade; found particularly among Copts (27.6%) and Beja (10.4%). Estimated age: 15-20,000 BP.
U6b: shows a more patched and western distribution. In the Iberian peninsula, U6b is more frequent in the north, whereas U6a is more common in the south. It has also been found at low frequencies in Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Nigeria. Estimated age: 8,500-24,500 BP. It has one subclade:
U6b1: found only in the Canary Islands and in the Iberian peninsula. Estimated age: c. 6000 BP.
U6c: only found in Morocco and Canary Islands. Estimated age: 6,000-17,500 BP.
U6d: most closely related to U6b. Localized in the Maghreb, with a presence in Europe. It arose between 10,000 and 13,000 BP.
U6a, U6b and U6d share a common basal mutation (16219) that is not present in U6c, whereas U6c has 11 unique mutations. U6b and U6d share a mutation (16311) not shared by U6a, which has three unique mutations.
U2'3'4'7'8'9
Subclades U2, U3, U4, U7, U8 and U9 are now thought to be monophyletic, its common ancestor
"U2'3'4'7'8'9" defined by mutation A1811G, arising between about 42,000 and 48,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012).
Within U2'3'4'7'8'9, U4 and U9 may be monophyletic, as "U4'9" (mutations T195C!, G499A, T5999C) arising between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012).
U2'3'4'7'8'9 was found in the remains of two 32,000 years old Ancient North Siberians (ANS) from the Yana RHS Site on river Yana.
Haplogroup U2
Haplogroup U2 is most common in South Asia but is also found in low frequency in Central and West Asia, as well as in Europe as U2e (the European variety of U2 is named U2e). The overall frequency of U2 in South Asia is largely accounted for by the group U2i in India whereas haplogroup U2e, common in Europe, is rare; given that these lineages diverged approximately 50,000-years-ago, these data have been interpreted as indicating very low maternal-line gene-flow between South Asia and Europe throughout this period. Approximately one half of the U mtDNAs in India belong to the Indian-specific branches of haplogroup U2 (U2i: U2a, U2b and U2c). Haplogroup U2b2 has been found in the remains of a 4500 year old female excavated from the Rakhigarhi site of Indus Valley civilisation, in present day state of Haryana, India. While U2 is typically found in India, it is also present in the Nogais, descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes, who formed the Nogai Horde. Both U2 and U4 are found in the Ket and Nganasan peoples, the indigenous inhabitants of the Yenisei River basin and the Taymyr Peninsula.
The U2 subclades are: U2a, U2b, U2c, U2d, and U2e. With the India-specific subclades U2a, U2b, and U2c collectively referred to as U2i, the Eurasian haplogroup U2d appears to be a sister clade with the Indian haplogroup U2c, while U2e is considered a European-specific subclade but also found in South India.
Haplogroup U2 has been found in the remains of a 37,000 and 30,000-year-old hunter-gatherer from the Kostyonki, Voronezh Oblast in Central-South European Russia., in 4800 to 4000-year-old human remains from a Beaker culture site of the Late Neolithic in Kromsdorf Germany, and in 2,000-year-old human remains from Bøgebjerggård in Southern Denmark. However, haplogroup U2 is rare in present-day Scandinavians. The remains of a 2,000-year-old West Eurasian male of haplogroup U2e1 was found in the Xiongnu Cemetery of Northeast Mongolia.
Haplogroup U3
Haplogroup U3 falls into two subclades:: U3a and U3b.
Coalescence age for U3a is estimated as 18,000 to 26,000-years-ago while the coalescence age for U3b is estimated as 18,000 to 24,000-years-ago. U3a is found in Europe, the Near East, the Caucasus and North Africa. The almost-entirely European distributed subclade, U3a1, dated at 4000 to 7000-years-ago, suggests a relatively recent (late Holocene or later) expansion of these lineages in Europe. There is a minor U3c subclade (derived from U3a), represented by a single Azeri mtDNA from the Caucasus. U3b is widespread across the Middle East and the Caucasus, and it is found especially in Iran, Iraq and Yemen, with a minor European subclade, U3b1b, dated at 2000 to 3000-years-ago. Haplogroup U3 is defined by the HVR1 transition A16343G. It is found at low levels throughout Europe (about 1% of the population), the Near East (about 2.5% of the population), and Central Asia (about 1% of the population). U3 is present in the Svan population from the Svaneti region (about 4.2% of the population) and among Lithuanian Romani, Polish Romani, and Spanish Romani populations (36-56%) consistent with a common migration route from India then out-of-the Balkans for the Lithuanian, Polish, and Spanish Roma.
The U3 clade is also found among Mozabite Berbers (10.59%), as well as Egyptians in the El-Hayez (2.9%) and Gurna oases (2.9%), and Algerians in Oran (1.08%-1.25%). The rare U3a subclade occurs among the Tuareg inhabiting Niger (3.23%) and among Somalis (1.6%).
Haplogroup U3 has been found in some of the 6400-year-old remains (U3a) discovered in the caves at Wadi El-Makkukh near Jericho associated with the Chalcolithic period. Haplogroup U3 was already present in the West Eurasian gene pool around 6,000-years-ago and probably also its subclade U3a as well.
Haplogroup U4
Haplogroup U4 has its origin between 21,000 and 14,000 years ago. Its distribution is associated
with the population bottleneck due to the Last Glacial Maximum.
U4 has been found in ancient DNA, and it is relatively rare in modern populations, although it is found in substantial ratios in certain indigenous populations of Northern Asia and Northern Europe, being associated with the remnants of ancient European hunting-gatherers preserved in the indigenous populations of Siberia. U4 is found in the endangered Nganasan people of the Taymyr Peninsula, in the Mansi (16.3%), and in the Ket people (28.9%) of the Yenisei River. It is found in Europe with highest concentrations in Scandinavia and the Baltic states. and is found in the Sami population of the Scandinavian peninsula (although, U5b has a higher representation).
U4 is also preserved in the Kalash people (current population size 3,700) a unique tribe among the Indo-Aryan peoples of Pakistan where U4 (subclade U4a1) attains its highest frequency of 34%.
The U4 subclades are: U4a, U4b, U4c, and U4d.
Haplogroup U4 is associated with ancient European hunter-gatherers and has been found in 7,200 to 6,000-year-old remains of the Pitted Ware culture in Gotland Sweden and in 4,400 to 3,800-year-old remains from the Damsbo site of the Danish Beaker culture. Remains identified as subclade U4a2 are associated with the Corded Ware culture, which flourished 5200 to 4300 years ago in Eastern and Central Europe and encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Volga River in the east to the Rhine in the west. Mitochondrial DNA recovered from 3,500 to 3,300-year-old remains at the Bredtoftegård site in Denmark associated with the Nordic Bronze Age include haplogroup U4 with 16179T in its HVR1 indicative of subclade U4c1. 2 out of 9 1700-year-old remains in the extreme southwest of Ivanovo Region were U4c1.
Haplogroup U7
Haplogroup U7 is considered a West Eurasian–specific mtDNA haplogroup, believed to have originated in the Black Sea area approximately 30,000 years ago. In modern populations, U7 occurs at low frequency in the Caucasus, the western Siberian tribes, West Asia (about 4% in the Near East, while peaking with 10% in Iranians), South Asia (about 12% in Gujarat, the westernmost state of India, while for the whole of India its frequency stays around 2%, and 5% in Pakistan), and the Vedda people of Sri Lanka where it reaches it highest frequency of 13.33% (subclade U7a). One third of the West Eurasian-specific mtDNAs found in India are in haplogroups U7, R2 and W. It is speculated that large-scale immigration carried these mitochondrial haplogroups into India.
The U7 subclades are U7a (with deep-subclades U7a1, U7a2, U7a2a, U7a2b) and U7b.
Genetic analysis of individuals associated with the Late Hallstatt culture from Baden-Württemberg Germany considered to be examples of Iron Age "princely burials" included haplogroup U7. Haplogroup U7 was reported to have been found in 1200-year-old human remains (dating to around 834), in a woman believed to be from a royal clan who was buried with the Viking Oseberg Ship in Norway. Haplogroup U7 was found in 1000-year-old human remains (dating to around AD 1000-1250) in a Christian cemetery is Kongemarken Denmark. However, U7 is rare among present-day ethnic Scandinavians.
The U7a subclade is especially common among Saudis, constituting around 30% of maternal lineages in the Eastern Province.
Haplogroup U8
Haplogroup U8a: The Basques have the most ancestral phylogeny in Europe for the mitochondrial haplogroup U8a. This is a rare subgroup of U8, placing the Basque origin of this lineage in the Upper Palaeolithic. The lack of U8a lineages in Africa suggests that their ancestors may have originated from West Asia.
Haplogroup U8b: This clade has been found in Italy and Jordan.
Haplogroup U8b'K: This clade may be synonymous with Haplogroup K and Haplogroup UK.
The haplogroup U8b's most common subclade is haplogroup K, which is estimated to date to between 30,000 and 22,000 years ago. Haplogroup K makes up a sizeable fraction of European and West Asian mtDNA lineages. It is now known it is actually a subclade of haplogroup U8b'K, and is believed to have first arisen in northeastern Italy. Haplogroup UK shows some evidence of being highly protective against AIDS progression.
Haplogroup U9
Haplogroup U9 is a rare clade in mtDNA phylogeny, characterized only recently in a few populations of Pakistan (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Its presence in Ethiopia and Yemen, together with some Indian-specific M lineages in the Yemeni sample, points to gene flow along the coast of the Arabian Sea. Haplogroups U9 and U4 share two common mutations at the root of their phylogeny. It is interesting that, in Pakistan, U9 occurs frequently only among the so-called Makrani population. In this particular population, lineages specific to parts of Eastern Africa occur as frequently as 39%, which suggests that U9 lineages in Pakistan may have an African origin (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Regardless of which coast of the Arabian Sea may have been the origin of U9, its Ethiopian–southern Arabian–Indus Basin distribution hints that the subclade's diversification from U4 may have occurred in regions far away from the current area of the highest diversity and frequency of haplogroup U4—East Europe and western Siberia.
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
The Seven Daughters of Eve
References
Further reading
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup U
Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: mtDNA Haplogroup U
Spread of Haplogroup U, from National Geographic
U | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20U |
The Kentucky School for the Blind is an educational facility for blind and visually impaired students from Kentucky who are aged up to 21.
Bryce McLellan Patten founded the Kentucky Institution for the Education of the Blind in 1839 in Louisville, Kentucky. In 1842, it was chartered as the Kentucky Institution for the Blind by the state legislature as the third state-supported school for the blind established in the United States. In 1855, it moved to its present location on Frankfort Avenue in the Clifton neighborhood. About this time, it was renamed the Kentucky School for the Blind. Today, it continues its mission of teaching the blind and visually impaired students. The institution has inspired people to build other organizations to benefit those who are visually impaired.
The school separated African-American students under de jure educational segregation in the United States until it desegregated circa 1954.
The school is a member of Council of Schools for the Blind (COSB).
The school has residential (dormitory) facilities.
Press
An ex-principal of the school has accused the Kentucky Board of Education of gender discrimination.
The facility receives no basic school funding from the state government, and instead must "rely on money from the state’s general fund."
Grammy winning bluegrass fiddler Michael Cleveland is a previous student of the facility. Another previous student became a notable advocate for others with visual impairments.
A book has been published noting the experiences of the students and faculty of the institution.
References
External links
Kentucky School for the Blind
American Printing House for the Blind
Schools in Louisville, Kentucky
Schools for the blind in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1839
Neoclassical architecture in Kentucky
Public elementary schools in Kentucky
Public middle schools in Kentucky
Public high schools in Kentucky
Public K–12 schools in the United States
Public boarding schools in the United States
Boarding schools in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%20School%20for%20the%20Blind |
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by macrophages; they are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells. Any irregularities in their function lead to a range of developmental defects. These growth factors typically act as systemic or locally circulating molecules of extracellular origin that activate cell surface receptors. A defining property of FGFs is that they bind to heparin and to heparan sulfate. Thus, some are sequestered in the extracellular matrix of tissues that contains heparan sulfate proteoglycans and are released locally upon injury or tissue remodeling.
Families
In humans, 23 members of the FGF family have been identified, all of which are structurally related signaling molecules:
Members FGF1 through FGF10 all bind fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). FGF1 is also known as acidic fibroblast growth factor, and FGF2 is also known as basic fibroblast growth factor.
Members FGF11, FGF12, FGF13, and FGF14, also known as FGF homologous factors 1-4 (FHF1-FHF4), have been shown to have distinct functions compared to the FGFs. Although these factors possess remarkably similar sequence homology, they do not bind FGFRs and are involved in intracellular processes unrelated to the FGFs. This group is also known as "iFGF".
Human FGF18 is involved in cell development and morphogenesis in various tissues including cartilage.
Human FGF20 was identified based on its homology to Xenopus FGF-20 (XFGF-20).
FGF15 through FGF23 were described later and functions are still being characterized. FGF15 is the mouse ortholog of human FGF19 (there is no human FGF15) and, where their functions are shared, they are often described as FGF15/19. In contrast to the local activity of the other FGFs, FGF15/19, FGF21 and FGF23 have hormonal systemic effects.
Receptors
The mammalian fibroblast growth factor receptor family has 4 members, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4. The FGFRs consist of three extracellular immunoglobulin-type domains (D1-D3), a single-span trans-membrane domain and an intracellular split tyrosine kinase domain. FGFs interact with the D2 and D3 domains, with the D3 interactions primarily responsible for ligand-binding specificity (see below). Heparan sulfate binding is mediated through the D3 domain. A short stretch of acidic amino acids located between the D1 and D2 domains has auto-inhibitory functions. This 'acid box' motif interacts with the heparan sulfate binding site to prevent receptor activation in the absence of FGFs.
Alternate mRNA splicing gives rise to 'b' and 'c' variants of FGFRs 1, 2 and 3. Through this mechanism, seven different signalling FGFR sub-types can be expressed at the cell surface. Each FGFR binds to a specific subset of the FGFs. Similarly, most FGFs can bind to several different FGFR subtypes. FGF1 is sometimes referred to as the 'universal ligand' as it is capable of activating all 7 different FGFRs. In contrast, FGF7 (keratinocyte growth factor, KGF) binds only to FGFR2b (KGFR).
The signalling complex at the cell surface is believed to be a ternary complex formed between two identical FGF ligands, two identical FGFR subunits, and either one or two heparan sulfate chains.
History
A mitogenic growth factor activity was found in pituitary extracts by Armelin in 1973 and further work by Gospodarowicz as reported in 1974 described a more defined isolation of proteins from cow brain extract which, when tested in a bioassay that caused fibroblasts to proliferate, led these investigators to apply the name "fibroblast growth factor." In 1975, they further fractionated the extract using acidic and basic pH and isolated two slightly different forms that were named "acidic fibroblast growth factor" (FGF1) and "basic fibroblast growth factor" (FGF2). These proteins had a high degree of sequence homology among their amino acid chains, but were determined to be distinct proteins.
Not long after FGF1 and FGF2 were isolated, another group of investigators isolated a pair of heparin-binding growth factors that they named HBGF-1 and HBGF-2, while a third group isolated a pair of growth factors that caused proliferation of cells in a bioassay containing blood vessel endothelium cells, which they called ECGF1 and ECGF2. These independently discovered proteins were eventually demonstrated to be the same sets of molecules, namely FGF1, HBGF-1 and ECGF-1 were all the same acidic fibroblast growth factor described by Gospodarowicz, et al., while FGF2, HBGF-2, and ECGF-2 were all the same basic fibroblast growth factor.
Functions
FGFs are multifunctional proteins with a wide variety of effects; they are most commonly mitogens but also have regulatory, morphological, and endocrine effects. They have been alternately referred to as "pluripotent" growth factors and as "promiscuous" growth factors due to their multiple actions on multiple cell types. Promiscuous refers to the biochemistry and pharmacology concept of how a variety of molecules can bind to and elicit a response from single receptor. In the case of FGF, four receptor subtypes can be activated by more than twenty different FGF ligands. Thus the functions of FGFs in developmental processes include mesoderm induction, anterior-posterior patterning, limb development, neural induction and neural development, and in mature tissues/systems angiogenesis, keratinocyte organization, and wound healing processes.
FGF is critical during normal development of both vertebrates and invertebrates and any irregularities in their function leads to a range of developmental defects.
FGFs secreted by hypoblasts during avian gastrulation play a role in stimulating a Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in the differential movement of Koller's sickle cells during formation of the primitive streak. Left, angiography of the newly formed vascular network in the region of the front wall of the left ventricle. Right, analysis quantifying the angiogenic effect.
While many FGFs can be secreted by cells to act on distant targets, some FGF act locally within a tissue, and even within a cell. Human FGF2 occurs in low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms. LMW FGF2 is primarily cytoplasmic and functions in an autocrine manner, whereas HMW FGF2s are nuclear and exert activities through an intracrine mechanism.
One important function of FGF1 and FGF2 is the promotion of endothelial cell proliferation and the physical organization of endothelial cells into tube-like structures. They thus promote angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature. FGF1 and FGF2 are more potent angiogenic factors than vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). FGF1 has been shown in clinical experimental studies to induce angiogenesis in the heart.
As well as stimulating blood vessel growth, FGFs are important players in wound healing. FGF1 and FGF2 stimulate angiogenesis and the proliferation of fibroblasts that give rise to granulation tissue, which fills up a wound space/cavity early in the wound-healing process. FGF7 and FGF10 (also known as keratinocyte growth factors KGF and KGF2, respectively) stimulate the repair of injured skin and mucosal tissues by stimulating the proliferation, migration and differentiation of epithelial cells, and they have direct chemotactic effects on tissue remodelling.
During the development of the central nervous system, FGFs play important roles in neural stem cell proliferation, neurogenesis, axon growth, and differentiation. FGF signaling is important in promoting surface area growth of the developing cerebral cortex by reducing neuronal differentiation and hence permitting the self-renewal of cortical progenitor cells, known as radial glial cells, and FGF2 has been used to induce artificial gyrification of the mouse brain. Another FGF family member, FGF8, regulates the size and positioning of the functional areas of the cerebral cortex (Brodmann areas).
FGFs are also important for maintenance of the adult brain. Thus, FGFs are major determinants of neuronal survival both during development and during adulthood.
Adult neurogenesis within the hippocampus e.g. depends greatly on FGF2. In addition, FGF1 and FGF2 seem to be involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and processes attributed to learning and memory, at least in the hippocampus.
The 15 exparacrine FGFs are secreted proteins that bind heparan sulfate and can, therefore, be bound to the extracellular matrix of tissues that contain heparan sulfate proteoglycans. This local action of FGF proteins is classified as paracrine signalling, most commonly through the JAK-STAT signalling pathway or the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway.
Members of the FGF19 subfamily (FGF15, FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23) bind less tightly to heparan sulfates, and so can act in an endocrine fashion on far-away tissues, such as intestine, liver, kidney, adipose, and bone. For example:
FGF15 and FGF19 (FGF15/19) are produced by intestinal cells but act on FGFR4-expressing liver cells to downregulate the key gene (CYP7A1) in the bile acid synthesis pathway.
FGF23 is produced by bone but acts on FGFR1-expressing kidney cells to regulate the synthesis of vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis.
Structure
The crystal structures of FGF1 have been solved and found to be related to interleukin 1-beta. Both families have the same beta trefoil fold consisting of 12-stranded beta-sheet structure, with the beta-sheets are arranged in 3 similar lobes around a central axis, 6 strands forming an anti-parallel beta-barrel. In general, the beta-sheets are well-preserved and the crystal structures superimpose in these areas. The intervening loops are less well-conserved - the loop between beta-strands 6 and 7 is slightly longer in interleukin-1 beta.
Clinical applications
Dysregulation of the FGF signalling system underlies a range of diseases associated with the increased FGF expression. Inhibitors of FGF signalling have shown clinical efficacy. Some FGF ligands (particularly FGF2) have been demonstrated to enhance tissue repair (e.g. skin burns, grafts, and ulcers) in a range of clinical settings.
See also
Receptor tyrosine kinase
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Nerve growth factor (NGF)
Neurotrophins
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Myostatin (GDF8)
Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9)
Gyrification
Neurogenesis
References
External links
FGF5 in Hair Tonic Products
FGF1 in Cosmetic Products
Protein domains
Growth factors
Morphogens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast%20growth%20factor |
FGF may refer to:
Fibroblast growth factor
Galician Football Federation (Spanish: ), in Spain
Guinean Football Federation (French: )
, the Football Federation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
, the Football Federation of Goiás, Brazil
Fédération générale des fonctionnaires, a trade union for French civil servants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGF |
The Cabo Orange National Park () is a National park located in Amapá state in the north of Brazil, near the border between Brazil and French Guiana.
Location
The Cabo Orange National Park has an area of .
It covers parts of the municipalities of Calçoene and Oiapoque.
To the southwest the park adjoins the Amapá State Forest, a sustainable use conservation unit established in 2006.
The Park is significant because it is situated on the coastline of Brazil; the only one in the rainforest that enjoys such a location. This means that the faunal and floral species found here are quite different from those of the areas situated further inland. The park is accessible by boat and provides a fascinating look at the very different ecosystems of the coast and the jungle, juxtaposed with one another. The Cabo Orange National Park covers varied ecosystems, examples of which are mangroves, natural fields, fluvial marine forests, floodable areas, and terra firm, besides rich fauna.
The natural beauties, rather well preserved and with evident tourist appeal – the case of the Cassiporé, Cunani, Uaçá, and Oiapoque – allow for boat, canoe, and launch trips and the practice of rafting. The vast biodiversity makes possible visitation for contemplating vegetal and animal species, above all birds, in addition to projects of environmental education and scientific research (main objectives of the national parks).
History
The Cabo Orange National Park was created by decree 84.913 of 15 July 1980 with the objective of protecting flora, fauna and natural beauty.
It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).
The consultative council was created by IBAMA on 9 March 2006.
The management plan was approved on 17 January 2011.
On 22 March 2012 ICMBio and the Oiapoque fishermen came to an agreement mediated by the Federal Public Ministry over fishing in the park's waters.
On 2013, the government of Brazil has named it the 12th Wetland of International Importance, under Ramsar Convention.
Conservation
The park is classified as IUCN protected-area category II (national park).
The basic objective is the preservation of natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty.
This enables the conduct of scientific research, the development of educational activities and environmental interpretation, recreation in contact with nature and eco-tourism.
It is part of the Amapá Biodiversity Corridor, created in 2003.
The park is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program.
Protected species in the park include the giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), jaguar (Panthera onca), oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), black bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas), green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata), West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) and Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis).
Notes
Sources
1980 establishments in Brazil
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Amapá
Ramsar sites in Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo%20Orange%20National%20Park |
The Scottish Further Education Unit (SFEU) was a development agency which supported the development of teaching and learning in the country. It was founded in 1985 as the Curriculum Advice and Support Team (CAST), and renamed to SFEU in 1991 when it became a government-sponsored non-departmental public body. In June 2009 SFEU merged with the Association of Scotland’s Colleges (ASC), Colleges Open Learning Exchange Group (COLEG) and Scotland’s Colleges International (SCI) to form Scotland’s Colleges.
External links
Official website
Educational organisations based in Scotland
1985 establishments in Scotland
Government agencies established in 1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Further%20Education%20Unit |
Ziloti may refer to
Alexander Siloti, Russian pianist, conductor and composer
Ziloti, Xanthi, a settlement in the Xanthi regional unit, Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziloti |
The National Black Law Students Association (NBLSA), founded in 1968, is a nationwide organization formed to articulate and promote the needs and goals of black law students and effectuates change in the legal community. As the largest law student organization in the country with over 6,000 members, NBLSA includes chapters or affiliates in six countries including the Bahamas, Nigeria, and South Africa. NBLSA encourages the development of talented, social conscious lawyers of tomorrow. NBLSA help start the Black Law Students Association of Canada (BLSAC), the National Latino/Latina Student Association (NLLSA), National Association of Law Students with Disabilities (NALSD), and the National Asian Pacific American Law Student Association (NAPALSA). The headquarters of NBLSA is located in Washington, D.C. Organized into six regions (Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Southern, Mid-West, Rocky Mountain and Western Region) the organization has over 200 chapters and is present in all but a few of the nation's accredited law schools, as well as unaccredited law schools. Each year, the organization holds an annual convention to engage in legal activism and while preparing new generations of black lawyers to "effectuate change." Additionally, the Frederick Douglass Moot Court and Thurgood Marshall Mock Trial Competitions are held during its Annual Convention.
In 1968, Algernon Johnson Cooper, former mayor of Prichard, Alabama, founded the first Black American Law Students Association at the New York University Law School. In 1983, BALSA revised its name and the word "American" was deleted to encompass all blacks, including those not of American nationality. Later, the word "National" was added to reflect the organization's national expansion, which now includes representation in the law schools of forty-eight states and Puerto Rico.
The association has ties with the National Bar Association, the Council on Legal Education Opportunity, The National Black Alliance, and the National Black Leadership Roundtable.
At the fortieth anniversary convention of the NBLSA in Detroit Cooper, speaking on the origins of the organization, said:
References
External links
Founding chapter of BLSA at NYU Law School
Student governments in the United States
African-American professional organizations
Legal education in the United States
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Student organizations established in 1968
1968 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Black%20Law%20Students%20Association |
This is a list of episodes for the BBC television series Bergerac.
Series overview
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan=2|Series
! Episodes
! First aired
! Last aired
|-
| bgcolor="000070"|
| 1
| 10
| 18 October 1981
| 20 December 1981
|-
| bgcolor="500050"|
| 2
| 9
| 9 January 1983
| 6 March 1983
|-
| bgcolor="B0171F"|
| 3
| 10
| 3 December 1983
| 4 February 1984
|-
| bgcolor="CD8500"|
| 4
| 9
| 11 October 1985
| 20 December 1985
|-
| bgcolor="FF5C72"|
|colspan=2| Christmas special
|colspan=2| 26 December 1986
|-
| bgcolor="FFD700"|
| 5
| 8
| 3 January 1987
| 21 February 1987
|-
| bgcolor="caf600"|
|colspan=2| Christmas special
|colspan=2| 26 December 1987
|-
| bgcolor="CAE1FF"|
| 6
| 7
| 2 January 1988
| 13 February 1988
|-
| bgcolor="0A6600"|
|colspan=2| Christmas special
|colspan=2| 27 December 1988
|-
| bgcolor="005d46"|
| 7
| 8
| 28 January 1989
| 18 March 1989
|-
| bgcolor="362822"|
|colspan=2| Christmas special
|colspan=2| 23 December 1989
|-
| bgcolor="E9743A"|
| 8
| 10
| 14 January 1990
| 18 March 1990
|-
| bgcolor="00A1D7"|
|colspan=2| Christmas special
|colspan=2| 26 December 1990
|-
| bgcolor="FF4FBC"|
| 9
| 10
| 5 January 1991
| 9 March 1991
|-
| bgcolor="A97DFF"|
|colspan=2| Christmas special
|colspan=2| 26 December 1991
|-
|}
Episodes
Series 1 (1981)
Series 2 (1983)
Series 3 (1983–84)
Series 4 (1985)
Christmas special (1986)
Series 5 (1987)
Christmas special (1987)
Series 6 (1988)
Christmas special (1988)
Series 7 (1989)
Christmas special (1989)
Series 8 (1990)
Christmas special (1990)
Series 9 (1991)
Christmas special (1991)
References
Bergerac episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bergerac%20episodes |
Gight is the name of an estate in the parish of Fyvie in the Formartine area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, United Kingdom. It is best known as the location of the 16th-century Gight (or Formartine) Castle, ancestral home of Lord Byron.
Gight Castle
Gight Castle is about miles east of Fyvie, just north of the River Ythan, and mile south of Cottown.
The castle was built to an L-shaped plan, probably in the 1570s by George Gordon, the second laird. Ranges of outbuildings were built later.
The tower has a vaulted basement, and a turnpike stair at the end of a long passage. There was a hall on the first floor.
George Gordon had no children, and the property passed to his brother, James Gordon of Cairnbannoch and Gight. His son Alexander married Agnes Beaton, daughter of David Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews. Alexander was killed at Dundee in 1579, and his daughter Elizabeth married George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar in 1590.
It was later occupied by Catherine Gordon Byron, the mother of Lord Byron, but she sold it in 1787 to George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen to pay off her debts. It was then occupied by the Earl's son, George Gordon, Lord Haddo, until the latter's early death in 1791, since when it has been uninhabited. It was designated a scheduled ancient monument in 1965.
The Gight Woods is a protected natural forest.
Folklore
It is said that the ruins are haunted by a piper who disappeared while exploring an underground passageway.
There is a local legend that Gight Castle was cursed by Scottish prophet Thomas the Rhymer who proclaimed “At Gight three men by sudden death shall dee, And after that the land shall lie in lea”. Almost 500 years later, three men were killed and the prophecy fulfilled.
The nearby river below the ruins is said to contain a treasure hidden by the 7th Laird and guarded by the Devil.
References
Villages in Aberdeenshire
Castles in Aberdeenshire
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Aberdeenshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gight |
MIK (МИК) is an 8-bit Cyrillic code page used with DOS. It is based on the character set used in the Bulgarian Pravetz 16 IBM PC compatible system. Kermit calls this character set "BULGARIA-PC" / "bulgaria-pc". In Bulgaria, it was sometimes incorrectly referred to as code page 856 (which clashes with IBM's definition for a Hebrew code page). This code page is known by FreeDOS as Code page 3021.
This is the most widespread DOS/OEM code page used in Bulgaria, rather than CP 808, CP 855, CP 866 or CP 872.
Almost every DOS program created in Bulgaria, which has Bulgarian strings in it, was using MIK as encoding, and many such programs are still in use.
Character set
Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point and its decimal code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as ASCII.
Notes for implementors of mapping tables to Unicode
Implementors of mapping tables to Unicode should note that the MIK Code page unifies some characters:
Binary character manipulations
The MIK code page maintains in alphabetical order all Cyrillic letters which enables very easy character manipulation in binary form:
10xx xxxx - is a Cyrillic Letter
100x xxxx - is an Upper-case Cyrillic Letter
101x xxxx - is a Lower-case Cyrillic Letter
In such case testing and character manipulating functions as:
IsAlpha(), IsUpper(), IsLower(), ToUpper() and ToLower(),
are bit operations and sorting is by simple comparison of character values.
See also
Hardware code page
References
External links
https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/IBM/IBM_conversions.html Unicode Consortium's mappings between IBM's code pages and Unicode
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html#conv UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux by Markus Kuhn
DOS code pages
Character encoding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIK%20%28character%20set%29 |
Fibroblast growth factor 1, (FGF-1) also known as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF1 gene. It is synthesized as a 155 amino acid polypeptide, whose mature form is a non-glycosylated 17-18 kDa protein. Fibroblast growth factor protein was first purified in 1975, but soon afterwards others using different conditions isolated acidic FGF, Heparin-binding growth factor-1, and Endothelial cell growth factor-1. Gene sequencing revealed that this group was actually the same growth factor and that FGF1 was a member of a family of FGF proteins.
FGF-1 has no definitive signal sequence and thus is not secreted through classical pathways, but it does appear to form a disulfide linked dimer inside cells that associate with a complex of proteins at the cell membrane (including S100A13 and Syt1) which then help flip it through the membrane to the exterior of the cell. Once in the reducing conditions of the surrounding tissue, the dimer dissociates into monomeric FGF1 that can enter systemic circulation or be sequestered in tissues binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix. FGF1 can then bind to and exert its effects via specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins which themselves constitute a family of closely related molecules.
In addition to its extracellular activity, FGF1 can also function intracellularly. The protein has a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) but the route that FGF1 takes to get to the nucleus is unclear and it appears that some sort of cell surface receptor binding is necessary, followed by its internalization and translocation to the nucleus whereupon it can interact with nuclear isoforms of FGFRs. This is different from FGF2 which also can activate nuclear FGFRs but has splicing variants of the protein that never leave the cell and go directly to the nucleus.
Function
FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, as well as an angiogenic factor. It acts as a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro, thus is thought to be involved in organogenesis. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described.
FGF1 is multifunctional with many reported effects. For one example, in mice with diet-induced diabetes that is an experimental equivalent of type 2 diabetes in humans, a single injection of the FGF1 protein is enough to restore blood sugar levels to a healthy range for > 2 days.
Interactions
FGF1 has been shown to interact with:
CSNK2A2
CSNK2B
CSNK2A1
FIBP
FGFR1
FGFR2
FGFR3
FGFR4
HSPA9 and
S100A13
Synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1)
See also
Fibroblast growth factor
References
Further reading | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGF1 |
Colin McIver Campbell (born 31 August 1938) is a Scottish politician and military historian. He was a Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for West of Scotland region from 1999 to 2003. Campbell is a former history teacher and secondary school headmaster.
Early life
Campbell was born on 31 August 1938 in Paisley, Scotland. Campbell was educated at Paisley Grammar School, Glasgow University, and Jordanhill College of Education.
Career in education
Campbell worked in education from 1961 until 1989, teaching history at Hillhead High School in Glasgow, at Paisley Grammar School, Greenock Academy, and becoming the first Deputy Head of Merksworth High School in Paisley. He spent twelve years as Head Teacher of Westwood Secondary, Easterhouse. He has lived in Kilbarchan, West Renfrewshire since 1963.
Political career
He joined the SNP in 1976. He was a member of the Party's National Executive and National Council and the Local Government Committee. He stood unsuccessfully as a SNP candidate in elections for the House of Commons on three occasions: for Renfrew West and Inverclyde in 1987 and 1992, then for West Renfrewshire in 1997. He twice stood for election to the European Parliament in Strathclyde West, losing to Labour's Hugh McMahon in both 1989 and 1994.
In the 1999 Scottish election, he stood as a constituency candidate in West Renfrewshire, where he finished second behind Labour's Trish Godman. He was elected by the regional list.
In Holyrood, he was defence spokesman for the SNP. He did not stand for election in 2003.
Personal life
He is married and has 3 children, 8 grandchildren and 3 great grandchildren.
Works
Campbell has an interest in military history.
Co-author of Can't Shoot a Man With a Cold, Lt E A Mackintosh MC 1893-1917, Poet of the Highland Division: Colin Campbell & Rosalind Green, Argyll Publishing 2004.
Author of Engine of Destruction. The 51st (Highland) Division in the Great War Argyll Publishing 2013
References
External links
1938 births
Living people
People educated at Paisley Grammar School
Scottish schoolteachers
Politicians from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Scottish National Party MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Scottish National Party parliamentary candidates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Campbell%20%28Scottish%20politician%29 |
Rosko Gee is a Jamaican bassist, who has played with the English band Traffic on their album When the Eagle Flies (1974); with Go featuring Stomu Yamashta, Steve Winwood, Michael Shrieve, Klaus Schulze and Al Di Meola; and with the German band Can, along with former Traffic percussionist Rebop Kwaku Baah, appearing on the albums Saw Delight, Out of Reach and Can. He toured with Can in 1977 and also provided vocals for some of the band's songs during this period.
After the breakup of Traffic in 1974, he played in the Johnny Nash band, Sons of the Jungle.
In 1983, he recorded an album with Zahara, a group with several notable members including Rebop Kwaku Baah (percussion), Paul Delph (keyboards) and Bryson Graham (drums).
In 1994, he rejoined Traffic for a reunion tour included performances opening for the Grateful Dead which later yielded the live album The Last Great Traffic Jam (2005).
He played bass in the house band of Harald Schmidt's various late night TV shows on German television from 1996 to 2014.
His band Rosko Gee & The Hooded Ones released its first single in January 2015.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Progressive rock bass guitarists
Can (band) members
Traffic (band) members
Zahara (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosko%20Gee |
The Crime Survey for England and Wales (previously called the British Crime Survey) is a systematic victim study, currently carried out by Kantar Public (formally known as BMRB Ltd) on behalf of the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Curated by the UK Data Service, it can be accessed for research on their website: https://ukdataservice.ac.uk. The survey seeks to measure the amount of crime in England and Wales by asking around 50,000 people aged 16 and over (as of January 2009), living in private households, about the crimes they have experienced in the last year. From January 2009, 4,000 interviews were also conducted each year with children 10–15 years old, although the resulting statistics remain experimental. The survey is comparable to the National Crime Victimization Survey conducted in the United States.
Initially the survey covered England, Wales and Scotland and was called the British Crime Survey but now the survey is restricted to England and Wales. The Scottish Government has commissioned a bespoke survey of victimisation in Scotland called the Scottish Crime and Victimisation Survey (SCVS). As a result of this, the British Crime Survey was renamed the Crime Survey for England and Wales to reflect this. The British Crime Survey had been first carried out in 1982 and further surveys were carried out in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 and 2001. Since April 2001, BCS interviews had been carried out on a continuous basis and detailed results from that point are now reported by financial years. Headline measures are updated quarterly based on interviews conducted in the previous 12 months.
Since 1994 there has been a separate Northern Ireland Crime Survey, on a biennial basis from 2001, and continuously from January 2005. It is produced by the Statistics and Research Branch of the NIO. It is broadly comparable to the BCS in England and Wales.
The Home Office asserts that the Crime Survey for England and Wales can provide a better reflection of the true level of crime than police statistics since it includes crimes that have not been reported to, or recorded by, the police. For example, due to widespread no criming, over one third of reports of violent crimes are not recorded by police. The Home Office also claims that it measures crime more accurately than police statistics since it captures crimes that people may not bother to report because they think the crime was too trivial or the police could not do much about it. It also provides a better measure of trends over time since it has adopted a consistent methodology and is unaffected by changes in reporting or recording practices.
Example of statistics gathered by the Crime Survey for England and Wales
In 2003/04 the number of robbery offences in England and Wales, for people aged 16 and over was around 283,000.
In 2004/05 the number of robbery offences in England and Wales, for people aged 16 and over was around 255,000.
The survey does not measure robbery offences among victims under 16 years.
Data access
Data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales can be downloaded for research and teaching use via the UK Data Service website. Datasets since 1982 are available under a standard End User Licence; in addition, certain data from the Crime Survey (1996 to present) are subject to more restrictive Special Licence or Secure Access conditions than the main survey. There are also bespoke versions of the survey data available for teaching purposes.
Criticism
Professor Ken Pease, former acting head of the Home Office's police research group, and Professor Graham Farrell of Loughborough University, estimated in 2007 that the survey was underreporting crime by about 3 million incidents per year due to its practice of arbitrarily capping the number of repeated incidents that could be reported in a given year at five. If true the error means that violent crime might actually stand at 4.4 million incidents per year, an 82% increase over the 2.4 million previously thought. Since the five crimes per person cap has been consistent since the BCS began this might not affect the long-term trends, however it takes little account of crimes such as domestic violence, figures for which would allegedly be 140% higher without the cap. The ONS responded by explaining that because victims of ongoing abuse often are unable to recall the detail and number of specific incidents it makes sense to record this crime as a series of repeat victimisation. These are only recorded in this manner if the incidents described were ‘the same thing, done under the same circumstances and probably by the same people’.
The methodology was subsequently changed after consultation in 2016, resulting in the first results without the cap in early 2019. This removed the limit, and also recorded "[r]epeat victimisation [...] defined as the same thing, done under the same circumstances, probably by the same people, against the same victim". The resulting change did not affect overall trends, or significantly increase the estimates except in violent offences which saw increases between 6% and 31%.
Lord de Mauley has said the BCS omits rape, assault, drug offences, fraud, forgery, crime against businesses and murder, while accepting that it "is accepted as a gold standard by most British academics and internationally".
One criticism is that both the youth survey and the adult surveys do not distinguish between a) crimes not reported to the police because they thought the police would do nothing or b) crimes not reported to the police because the victim thought them too trivial.
See also
Crime in the United Kingdom
Policing in the United Kingdom
British Social Attitudes Survey
Social Trends (UK)
General:
Crime statistics
Criminology
Dark figure of crime
Self report study
International Crime Victims Survey
Victim study
References
Further reading
Stephen Moore, Investigating crime and deviance,
Van Dijk, J.J.M., van Kesteren, J.N. & Smit, P. (2008). Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective, Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS. The Hague, Boom Legal Publishers 2008 accessed at May 7, 2008
Van Dijk, J.J.M., Manchin, R., van Kesteren, J.N. & Hideg, G. (2005) The Burden of Crime in the EU. Research Report: A Comparative Analysis of the European Crime and Safety Survey (EU ICS) 2005 accessed at April 3, 2007
External links
Crime in England and Wales - summaries and publications, Office for National Statistics
Access to survey data and resources, UK Data Service
Crime statistics
Law enforcement in England and Wales
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20Survey%20for%20England%20and%20Wales |
The Georgetown street renaming occurred as a result of an 1895 act of the United States Congress that ended even the nominal independence of Georgetown from Washington, D.C. The Act required, inter alia, that the street names in Georgetown be changed to conform to the street-naming system in use in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. However, the old street names were shown on maps as late as 1899.
The lists below set forth the old and new names of Georgetown's streets. Because most east–west streets are not continuous across Wisconsin Avenue, separate lists are provided for those east–west streets that are north of M Street and either east or west of Wisconsin Avenue.
North–south streets, east to west
East–west streets, south to north
M Street and south
North of M Street
References
Geography of Washington, D.C.
History of Washington, D.C.
Streets in Washington, D.C.
Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
Georgetown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown%20street%20renaming |
The Provisional Institutions of Self-Government in Kosovo (, Serbian: Привремене институције самоуправе на Косову, Privremene institucije samouprave na Kosovu) or PISG are local administrative bodies in Kosovo that were established by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) during the period that the United Nations was directly responsible for the governance of Kosovo.
History
Under the terms of UNSCR 1244, Kosovo came under the administration of the United Nations at the conclusion of Kosovo conflict of 1999. Kosovo is the subject of a long-running political and territorial dispute between the Serbian (and previously, the Yugoslav) government versus Kosovo's largely ethnic-Albanian population.
Resolution 1244 permitted the United Nations to establish and oversee the development of "provisional, democratic self-governing institutions" in Kosovo. The United Nations Administration established an internationally supervised Kosovo Police Service in 1999. A Joint Interim Administrative Structure was established in December 1999. In May 2001, UNMIK promulgated a Constitutional Framework which established these Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (PISG). The first elections for these institutions were held in November 2001. Following these elections UNMIK gradually transferred increased administrative competencies to the PISG.
Whilst UNSCR 1244 formerly stated Kosovo remained part of the then FR Yugoslavia (later Serbia), international negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo.
On February 17, 2008, representatives of the people of Kosovo unilaterally declared Kosovo's independence and subsequently adopted the Constitution of Republic of Kosovo, which came into effect on 15 June 2008.
Structure
The Provisional Institutions comprised:
The President of Kosovo, elected by the Assembly of Kosovo.
The Assembly of Kosovo, made up of 120 members of which 10 seats are reserved for ethnic Serbs and 10 for other ethnic minority groups;
The Cabinet of Kosovo, with a Prime Minister of Kosovo nominated by the President and endorsed by the Assembly;
The Judicial System of Kosovo, which is appointed by the SRSG from a list endorsed by the Assembly after being proposed by the Judicial and Prosecutorial Council.
See also
European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX Kosovo)
Joint Interim Administrative Structure
Standards for Kosovo
References
External links
Structure of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (PDF)
Kosovo Institutions
Politics of Kosovo
Provisional governments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional%20Institutions%20of%20Self-Government |
INT-2 proto-oncogene protein also known as FGF-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF3 gene.
Function
FGF-3 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family. FGF3 binds to Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) to serve as a negative regulator of bone growth during ossification. Effectively, FGF-3 inhibits proliferation of chondrocytes within growth plate.
FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities and are involved in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion.
Clinical significance
The FGF3 gene was identified by its similarity with mouse fgf3/int-2, a proto-oncogene activated in virally induced mammary tumors in the mouse. Frequent amplification of this gene has been found in human tumors, which may be important for neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Studies of the similar genes in mouse and chicken suggested the role in inner ear formation. Also, haploinsufficiency in the FGF3 gene is thought to cause otodental syndrome.
Interactions
FGF3 (gene) has been shown to interact with EBNA1BP2.
References
Further reading | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGF3 |
Gina Jeffreys (also known as Gina Jeffries, Gina Hillenberg and Gina McCormack born 1 April 1968) is an Australian country singer-songwriter and radio presenter.
Career
In 1991, Jeffreys competed in The Toyota Star Maker Quest at the Tamworth Country Music Festival. After releasing her first single "Slipping Away" (a cover of the 1975 song by Max Merritt) through BMG Music and "Radio Santa" in 1992, Gina signed a record deal with ABC Music, and released "Two Stars Fell" in 1993. The song went straight to No.1 on the Australian country charts.
"Two Stars Fell" won Jeffreys her first Golden guitar award at the 1994 Tamworth Country Music Awards of Australia for 'Best Female Vocal Award'. Later that year, Jeffreys supported Johnny Cash and Kris Kristofferson on their Australian tours and rave reviews had her the subject of a 'Sixty Minutes' story and she was featured in an 'A Current Affair' segment. Her debut album The Flame was released in August 1994 and went platinum in 1997. Further hits followed including "Girls' Night Out" which won Jeffreys her second Golden Guitar award for 'Best Female Vocal' in 1995.
In July 1996, Gina released her second album, Up Close. This was to be the album that broke the cross-over barrier between country and mainstream. The album debuted straight into the National ARIA Charts at No. 9 while taking up the No. 1 position of the National Country Charts. Up Close achieved Gold status during the same year as its release. Jeffreys toured nationally throughout 1996 and also found time to appear as a guest host of 'Sale of the Century' and co-hosted the 1997 ARIA Music Awards. In 1997, Jeffreys was inducted into Tamworth Hands of Fame.
In June 1998, Jeffreys released her third album Somebody's Daughter which peaked at No. 13 on the ARIA Charts. The album was certified Gold in 1999 and produced the hits song "Dancin' With Elvis" which she won Country Music Television's 'Video of the Year' in 1999. Jeffreys released a Christmas album in 1999, titled Christmas Wish.
Throughout 2000, Jeffreys relocated to Nashville to record her next album, titled Angel. Angel was released in April 2001 and the title track "Angel" won numerous awards; including 2002 Golden Guitar Award - Video Clip of the Year, 2002 APRA Award – Most Performed Country Work and was named a finalist in the Australian Animation Awards in 2001 and charted at No.57 on the ARIA singles chart.
2002 saw the release of Best of Gina Jeffreys... So Far which included her version of Radiohead's Creep which she had performed on Andrew Denton's Musical Challenge. This concluded her contract with ABC Music.
Jeffreys gave birth to her son Jackson in January 2003 and took some time out of the spotlight.
In 2006, Jeffreys signed a deal with 'Ocean Road Music' and returned with the release of her album Walks of Life. In 2007, she was awarded Best Independent Country Release at the Australian Independent Record (AIR) Awards, for her album Walks of Life. At the Tamworth Country Music Festival of 2007, Jeffreys initiated a now annual "Walk of Life" where country music artists and fans walk around the streets of Tamworth to help create awareness and raise money for the Foundation. Money raised goes towards the Leukaemia Foundation.
In April 2007, Jeffreys joined Beccy Cole and Sara Storer to form Songbirds; a successful multi-artist show in Australia that continued for many years. A live DVD was released of the Songbirds in 2009.
In 2009 Jeffreys performed a sell-out concert at Tamworth with Guy Sebastian and Wendy Matthews followed by the release of Old Paint in 2010, a laid-back acoustic album of Gina's all- time favourites.
In August 2019, Jeffreys released her eighth studio album titled Beautiful Tangle. The first single "Cash" was released in June 2019. It is Jeffrey's first new album in nine years.
From January 2022, Jeffreys replaced Sarah Forster as the co-host of the breakfast show on Star 104.5 on the New South Wales Central Coast, alongside Dave 'Rabbit' Rabbetts.
Discography
Albums
Notes
See also
Songbirds
Awards and nominations
ARIA Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Jeffreys had been nominated for four ARIA Music Awards
|-
| 1995 || The Flame || Best Country Album ||
|-
| 1998 || Somebody's Daughter ||Best Country Album ||
|-
| 2001 || Angel ||Best Country Album ||
|-
| 2007 || Walks Of Life || Best Country Album ||
|-
APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Jeffreys has won two awards.
|-
| 1998
| "I Haven't Got a Heart"
| Most Performed Country Work
|
|-
| 2002
| "Angel"
| Most Performed Country Work
|
|-
Australian Independent Record Label Association Awards
Jeffreys has won one AIR Award
|-
| AIR Awards of 2007 || Walks Of Life || Best Independent Country Release ||
|-
Country Music Awards (CMAA)
The Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. They have been held annually since 1973. Jeffreys has won five awards.
(wins only)
|-
| 1994 || "Two Stars Fell" || Female Vocalist of the Year ||
|-
| 1995 || "Girls Night Out" || Female Vocalist of the Year ||
|-
| 1996 || "Didn't we Shine" || Female Vocalist of the Year ||
|-
| 1999 || "Dancin' With Elvis" || Female Vocalist of the Year ||
|-
| 2002 || "Angel" [Gina Jeffreys (directed by Dylan Perry)] || Video Clip of the Year ||
|-
| 2007 || herself || Hands of Fame ||
|-
Mo Awards
The Mo Awards are annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia. Jeffreys has won four awards.
|-
| 1993 || herself|| Female Country Entertainer of the Year||
|-
| 1994 || herself|| Female Country Entertainer of the Year||
|-
| 1996 || herself|| Female Country Entertainer of the Year||
|-
| 1998 || herself|| Female Country Entertainer of the Year||
|-
References
External links
Gina Jeffreys official web site
1968 births
Living people
APRA Award winners
Australian country singers
Australian women singers
Songbirds (group) members
Musicians from Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina%20Jeffreys |
Nicholas Anthony Montgomery (born 28 October 1981) is a football coach and former player, who is currently the head coach of Scottish Premiership club Hibernian.
A defensive midfielder, Montgomery spent the majority of his career with Sheffield United, making 398 appearances across twelve seasons. Towards the end of his time in England, he had a short spell on loan with Millwall. In 2012, he moved to Australia to play for Central Coast Mariners, and became club captain in 2015. After leaving the Mariners in 2017, he went on to play for Wollongong Wolves for two seasons.
Born in England, Montgomery represented Scotland at under-21 level and as part of a Scotland 'Futures' side. He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017.
After retiring as a player, Montgomery became an assistant coach at Central Coast Mariners. He became their head coach in 2021 and guided them to the A-League championship in 2023. Later that year he became head coach of Hibernian.
Club career
Sheffield United
Montgomery was born in Leeds, England. He supported Leeds United as a child and was at Leeds United's Academy for six years. He then was offered a two-year scholarship at Sheffield United. He made his first team début for the Blades at Carrow Road against Norwich City on 21 October 2000. He subsequently established himself as a regular in the first-team where he became a mainstay of central midfield for the Blades. Montgomery had to wait until November 2001 before he scored his first goal for the club, coming in a 4–0 home victory over Birmingham City.
Montgomery was an integral member of the 2005–06 squad that saw the Blades being promoted back to the Premier League. As a result of his hard work over the season, he was runner-up to Phil Jagielka in the club's Player of Year awards.
During the 2009–10 season Montgomery played a main role in an injury plagued Sheffield United squad eventually winning player of the season, including scoring his first league goal for four seasons in the Blades 3–0 home victory against Blackpool in March 2010. With the club looking to reduce their wage bill, a few months of speculation followed as to whether he would leave United but he eventually signed a new 3-year deal in June that year after reportedly turning down an approach from Yorkshire rivals Leeds United, despite being a lifelong Leeds fan.
For the 2011–2012 season the Blades found themselves in the third tier of English football for the first time in over 20 years and Montgomery found himself out of the first team picture for the first time in his United career. Losing his place in midfield to Michael Doyle he was confined to occasional substitute appearances as the season progressed. With first team opportunities limited Montgomery joined Championship team Millwall on loan in March 2012, agreeing a deal to remain there until the end of the season. However at the end of the month Montgomery's loan spell came to an end after he sustained a calf problem, forcing him to return to Bramall Lane for medical treatment. He only had twenty minutes of game time with Millwall as substitutions against Doncaster Rovers and Leeds United. Montgomery still went on to make appearances as a Sheffield United player, including playing in the play-offs, in which the team lost to Huddersfield Town in the final at Wembley Stadium on penalties.
Central Coast Mariners
Montgomery ended his 12-year stay at Sheffield United by the cancellation of his contract through a mutual agreement on 31 August 2012. This allowed him to join United's sister club Central Coast Mariners in the Australian A-League.
He was a key part to the side that reached the 2013 A-League Grand Final but missed the grand final due to suspension. The Mariners went on to win 2–0. Montgomery was elected as vice-captain for the 2013–14 season, and made his debut as captain in a 1–0 win against rivals Sydney FC on 18 January 2014.
Wollongong Wolves
Montgomery signed for the National Premier Leagues NSW outfit Wollongong Wolves for 2017.
International career
Born in Leeds, Montgomery was also eligible to play for Scotland. He made his debut for the Scotland under-21s in a 1–0 victory over Austria in April 2003, and his second and last appearance in another 1–0 victory over Croatia in November. He subsequently appeared for the Scotland “B” team which at that period was referred to as the Scotland Futures Team, featuring in a 2–0 defeat of Poland ”B” team in December 2005.
Coaching career
Central Coast Mariners
After retiring as a player, Montgomery rejoined Central Coast Mariners as an assistant coach. He became their head coach in July 2021, and guided them to the A-League championship in 2023.
Hibernian
Montgomery was appointed head coach of Scottish Premiership club Hibernian in September 2023.
Personal life
Montgomery has a wife, Josie, and twin daughters Leah and Chloe. He became an Australian citizen in 2017.
Career statistics
Club
Managerial record
Honours
Player
Central Coast Mariners
A-League Championship: 2012–13
Individual
Sheffield United F.C. Player of the Year: 2009–10
A-League All Star: 2014
Manager
Central Coast Mariners
A-League Men Championship: 2022–23
See also
List of Central Coast Mariners FC players
List of foreign A-League players
List of Sheffield United F.C. players
References
External links
Nick Montgomery profile CCMariners.com.au
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Leeds
English people of Scottish descent
Scottish emigrants to Australia
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's B international footballers
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sheffield United F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Central Coast Mariners FC players
A-League Men players
Wollongong Wolves FC players
National Premier Leagues players
Naturalised soccer players of Australia
Central Coast Mariners FC non-playing staff
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Hibernian F.C. managers
Scottish Professional Football League managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Montgomery |
Rocky Dennis in Heaven is an extended play by Swedish indie pop musician Jens Lekman. It was released on 21 January 2004 on Service. The EP was later released as simply Rocky Dennis on 6 April 2004 on Secretly Canadian. The EP's songs were written about the life and artistic biographies of Roy L. Dennis, who suffered from the extremely rare medical condition known as craniodiaphyseal dysplasia.
The Swedish release showed a sky blue cover with the words, "Someday I'll be stuffed in a museum, scaring little kids / With the inscription Carpe diem, something I never did". The songs on the EP can also be found on Lekman's 2005 release, Oh You're So Silent Jens.
Track listing
Charts
See also
Rocky Dennis – a boy who suffered craniodiaphyseal dysplasia about whom the Rocky Dennis in Heaven EP was written
References
2004 EPs
Jens Lekman EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky%20Dennis%20in%20Heaven |
The Society of the Friends of the Blacks (Société des amis des Noirs or Amis des noirs) was a French abolitionist society founded by Jacques Pierre Brissot and Étienne Clavière and directly inspired by the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in London in 1787. The society's aim was to abolish both the institution of slavery in the France's overseas colonies and French involvement in the Atlantic slave trade.
The society was founded in Paris on 19 February 1788, and remained active until autumn 1791. Clavière was elected as their first president. The secretary Brissot frequently received advice from British abolitionist Thomas Clarkson, who led the abolitionist movement in Great Britain. At the beginning of 1789, the Society had 141 members and helt 81 sessions in total. During the three-year period that it remained active, the society published abolitionist literature and frequently addressed its concerns on a substantive political level in the Constituent Assembly. It no longer existed for at least three years.
In February 1794, the National Convention passed the Law of 4 February 1794, which effectively abolished slavery and the slave trade and gave the formerly enslaved equal rights. This decision was reversed by the Law of 20 May 1802 under Napoleon, who moved to reinstate slavery in the French colonial empire, and unsuccessfully tried to regain control of Saint-Domingue, where a slave rebellion was underway.
Brissot's archive passed to his son in 1793, and were purchased in 1829 by Francis de Montrol, who used them to edit the "Memoirs" of Brissot. A part was acquired in 1982 by the National Archives of France, the rest by private collectors.
Several articles and monographs have explored the question of how influential the Society was in bringing about the abolition of slavery. Historians disagree about its influence, with some crediting the Amis des Noirs as instrumental in abolition, to others who say the Society was nothing more than a "société de pensée" (philosophical society).
History
The economy of France was dependent upon revenues from the colonies, which were slave societies based largely on production of sugar from cane plantations. The French economy thrived due to the lucrative triangle trade. Demand for sugar was high in Europe. Conditions on the sugar plantations on the islands of Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Martinique, in the Caribbean, were so harsh that slave mortality was very high. This required steady importing of new slaves from Africa. In La Louisiane, in the southern United States, slavery was also the basis of the economy in the New Orleans and Mobile regions. Southern Louisiana had numerous sugar plantations.
Figures indicate that slave-trade activity alone during the years leading up to the French Revolution resulted in some profit percentages exceeding 100 percent. In 1784, for example, the outfitter Chaurands realized a profit of 110 percent through the use of a single ship, the Brune. In 1789, one outfitter reached 120 per cent profit on his voyages.
Jacques Pierre Brissot organized the Société des amis des Noirs in February 1788. A follower of the Philosophes, Brissot's anti-slavery efforts were also due to his exposure to humanitarian activities on both sides of the Atlantic. In the United States, where he visited Philadelphia's constitutional convention following the American Revolution, he became absorbed by [Thomas Jefferson]'s humanitarian ideals as expressed in the Declaration of Independence. In England, Thomas Clarkson invited Brissot to attend a meeting of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. So enthused was Brissot that shortly thereafter he founded an abolitionist society in Paris. Its objectives were to suppress the slave trade and, at a later date, to attain equal rights for free persons of color. This was a class, generally in the French colonies, of persons of mixed French and African ancestry, generally born to French colonial fathers and mothers of African descent (some of whom were also of mixed-race.) The French-born or French Creoles extended them some rights, although not full equality to those of "pure" French descent.
The Amis advocated freedom in the French colonies, arguing that the ideas of the Revolution should extend to the colonies. The French concept of did not include the liberation of slaves, because the National Assembly argued that such abolition would be detrimental to the economy. The Amis des Noirs pushed for the abolition of slavery, although Clarkson recommended they reduce their demands to abolish the Atlantic slave trade (which Great Britain and the United States did in 1808.)
Activities
Abolitionist literature
Brissot decided at the outset that he would publish written works to influence the public and politicians. and this he did in profusion. The Society published French translations of British abolitionist literature, and also works written by Brissot ("Mémoire sur les Noirs de l'Amerique septentrionale"), written in the midst of the French Revolution. It also published work by other members of the Amis des Noirs, such as Étienne Clavière ("De la France et des Etats-Unis" – co-written with Brissot) and Condorcet ("Réflexions sur l'esclavage des negres"). Members gave lectures to other societies as well, such as the Amis de l'humanité, and the Société des Amis de la Constitution.<ref>La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) '8, p. 173.</ref> It was a reflection of not only the "Philosophe upbringing" of the Society members, but also of their efforts to be active participants in the moulding of the revolutionary government.
La Société des Amis des Noirs was most active distributing its anti-slavery literature in and around Paris, due to the lack of a stable and reliable communications network, particularly as the French Revolution proceeded. The Society did make attempts to convey its message to those living outside Paris. For instance, in 1791, the society gained assistance from its Jacobin friends: "The Friends of the Blacks had several meetings with their friends in Jacobin clubs in provincial cities and sent to every city government a lengthy pamphlet exposing the injustices done to people of color."
Political activities
The political activities of the Friends of the Blacks included addresses to the National Assembly, for instance, speeches promoting the abolition of the slave trade were made in February and April 1790. Another address was delivered a few months later.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 7, p. 245. Four months later, a discourse was presented concerning the violence in Saint Domingue, which had broken out in a struggle for rights by free people of color and slaves.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 8, p. 90. In July 1791, Clavière addressed the National Assembly's commercial interests, discussing trade relations between France and its colonies.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 9, p. 1.
The Society also directly appealed to government individuals such as Antoine Barnave, a member of the Committee on Colonies, and Jacques Necker, France's Controller-General of Finance. Although Necker acknowledged that slavery was inhumane, he would not sanction emancipation in French colonies unless the practice of slavery and the slave trade were halted simultaneously in every country. He believed that this was needed to maintain the existing economic balance among nations. In a 1789 letter the Society urged Necker to form a committee similar to the one in England, and expressed hopes that the actions of the English parliament might have a positive effect on the Estates-General.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 7, p. 53. Other Society addresses denounced individuals in the colonies. One such incident occurred in 1791, when the Amis des Noirs responded to criticism written by pro-slaver Arthur Dillon, Député de la Martinique,La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 8, p. 173. and owner of a large plantation.
In 1789, the royal government had requested petitions of grievances from all parts of the country. During the election of representatives to the Estates-General, Condorcet asked for a demand for abolition of the slave trade to be included in these cahiers de doléances. Out of the 600 cahiers assembled, fewer than 50 called for an end to the slave trade and slavery.
Society member Abbé Grégoire recommended in the fall of 1789 that two deputies to the Assembly be chosen from the population of free people of color. This was accepted by the Committee on Verification of Credentials in the National Assembly. Gregoire's was unable to present his proposal to the National Assembly because every time he rose to speak, he was shouted down by the colonists (usually planters) in the Assembly. In March 1790, Grégoire questioned the article on voting rights in the National Assembly, urging that free men of colour be given the franchise. The colonial deputies persuaded the National Assembly to close discussion of the matter. During that same month Barnave, a pro-slavery advocate, delivered his report on maintaining the slave trade. When Mirabeau, a member of the Society, advanced to the rostrum to protest, he was drowned out by cries of the opposition.
Focusing on the rights of free men of colour, abbé Grégoire and Jerome Pétion warned the Assembly on 15 May 1791 that if these people were not given their rights, violence would ensue in the colonies. Because of the increasing conflict in the colonies, as well as the growing influence of free men of colour with some deputies, Barnave felt that the members of the Society could not be ignored: "We can't win against the influence of the Friends of the Blacks."
On 15 May the Assembly decreed that all men of colour would be granted equal rights if they were born of free parents. Further legislation passed on 4 April 1792 (with influence from La Société des Amis des Noirs), stated that every free man of colour now enjoyed equal rights.
Opposition from pro-slavery groups
The Committee on Colonies
The Committee on Colonies was formed in March 1790 to deal with escalating problems arising from slavery unrest in the colonies. Its resolution of the problem leaned heavily in favour of the colonists, and its membership generally had little sympathy for conditions of slaves. The members of the committee included colonial landowners (who were usually slaveholders), other slave owners, lawyers and merchants, and all were advocates of French commercial interests. The final report of the Committee did not alleviate any of the problems relating to slavery. It stressed that it did not wish to interfere in the commercial interests of the colonies: "The National Assembly declares that it had not intended to innovate in any branch of commerce direct or indirect of France with its colonies..."
A group of National Assembly deputies who were either colonists or slave trade merchants lobbied the French chambers of commerce and city governments to maintain the slave trade and slavery, proclaiming that economic disaster would result from its abolition. The deputies argued their point so effectively that members of La Société des Amis des Noirs feared abolition would cause chaos. One such pro-slavery group was composed of the lobbyists for the French chambers of commerce, who designated themselves as the "Deputies Extraordinary of Manufactures and Commerce." Their main efforts focused on influencing the Committee on Agriculture and Commerce to maintain slavery and the slave trade. Since revenue from the colonies was collected mainly from the sale of slaves and crops, the committee was investigating the economic ramifications should this source of income cease to exist. Historian Quinney wrote in 1970 that Barnave's non-committal report to the National Assembly resulted from him learning that the Committee on Agriculture and Commerce "had already decided to advise the National Assembly to retain the trade and slavery."
Massiac Club
A pro-slavery organization called the Massiac Club, headquartered in Paris, was composed of colonial planters living in Paris and throughout France. The club had its main headquarters in Paris, with chapters located in the provinces. Realizing that success was related to political influence, the club proceeded to systematically contact government officials.
The Massiac members opposed any type of abolition legislation, and communicated with each colonial deputy to ensure that pro-slavery interests were maintained. Mirabeau stated that when he attempted to sway the deputies in favour of abolition, every official he spoke to had already been approached by a member of the Massiac club. The Massiac group published and distributed literature, responding in toto to practically every idea the Amis des Noirs had put forward.
In a leaflet distributed to members of the Comité de Commerce de l'Assemblée Nationale, the Massiac accused the Amis des Noirs of being involved in subversive activity. The Massiac Club published a handbill that said the abolitionists were not truly humanitarian philanthropists, but rather an organization attempting to subvert social order. They claimed the Amis des Noirs should be viewed as counter-revolutionaries, and pro-British. The pro-slavers also distributed leaflets specifically denouncing individuals: Brissot, Grégoire and Pétion. They supported the slave trade in debates held in district assemblies within Paris, and attempted to influence voting in these districts when the question of the slave trade was introduced.
Criticisms
Organisational failings
Historians have concluded that the Society was virtually impotent due to its organization, strategy, and membership criteria. In terms of organization, Quinney refers to the group's ineffective operations, stating that the government, which contained pro-slavery elements, had a nationwide propaganda network, while the Society was mainly Paris-based. Resnick concurs when he states: "Both leadership and membership at large were drawn heavily from the Paris area, with no established network of regional filiations."
In addition, they held meetings irregularly, without full membership present. Even in 1789, Thomas Clarkson commented upon the poor attendance at the meetings. The lack of organization and continuity was shown by the departure of Brissot in June 1789 for the United States to meet abolitionists, although he had organized the Society's first meeting in February 1789. He did not become active in the Society until the spring of 1790, when he again became the Society's president. The Society required presidents to serve only three months; they shared responsibility, but the short tenure hindered continuity of effort within the organization.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 6, pp. 27–28. The Society decided that a "General Assembly" would be elected from within. This body would not only represent the Society and make the rules, but would also hold exclusive voting rights in the election of the officials.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 6, p. 26. Hence, from the organization's inception, rank and file membership were excluded from participating in the Society's operations.
Elitist membership policies
Analysis of the membership list of the Society reveals a predominance of elite individuals. Although they possessed great influence, they had most of their power in Paris. There was a lack of popular participation, which reflected the structure of government and society. The founding members of the Society included such notables as Brissot, Condorcet, Lafayette, La Rochefoucauld, and Clavière. The Society began with a handful of abolitionists, increased to ninety-five by 1789, and would swell to a maximum of 141 associates in later years.
Of the 141 members, twenty-five percent were government employees, twenty-nine percent were nobility, and thirty-eight were professionals; the total of elitist membership made up 92% of all members. Cohen observed: "It [the Society]... concentrated on having important, well-connected members, rather than large members ... The members [were] drawn from the French social elite ..."
The Society restricted members to those who could pay dues and be recommended by four other men. There were different fee scales: two Louis per year for those who lived in Paris, and 24 livres per year for those living in the provinces.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 6, pp. 19–20. The membership practices of La Société des Amis des Noirs both hampered its attempt at increasing in size, and affected its ability to become a credible and effective entity.
Relationship to English abolitionists
Perroud states that Brissot's trip to London in November 1787 prompted him to form an identical chapter in France. The English society had been formed only a few months earlier, in May 1787. A group of abolitionist friends in Paris discussed how the London society encouraged others to join its cause, and noted that France and England had a commonality with respect to abolishing slavery.
The Society translated and published English anti-slavery literature. Brissot, shortly after founding the Society, wrote to Quaker James Philips, an original member of the English abolitionist society. Brissot stated his intention for the Amis des Noirs to translate and publish English anti-slavery works for distribution to the French public.
Many French citizens believed that the Society was an offshoot of the British abolitionist movement, and some suspected the British were paying them to promote their cause. This resulted in a loss of credibility in the eyes of the French public. Britain and France had historically been antagonistic towards each other for decades. Britain had defeated France in the Seven Years' War and taken over much of its territory in North America. Influences from Britain were seen as "dealing with the enemy." This view extended to encompass the activities of the Society. The perception that it was a vehicle for British infiltration into French matters overshadowed its intentions.
Outcome
The Society was rendered inactive by the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution, begun as a slave rebellion, as well as by the major crisis of the First French Republic (with the start of the French Revolutionary Wars). It remained active until 1793, publishing its calls in papers such as Patriote français, L'Analyse des papiers anglais, Le Courrier de Provence, and La chronique de Paris.
On 4 February 1794 (16 Pluviôse an II), approximately a year after the demise of the Amis des Noirs, the National Convention passed the Emancipation Declaration, abolishing slavery: [The National Convention declares that slavery of Negroes in all the Colonies is abolished; consequently it decrees that all men, without distinction of color, domiciled in the colonies are French citizens, and shall enjoy all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution. The public safety committee was charged with regularly reporting on measures taken to ensure implementation of this Decree].
Notable membersListe des membres de la Société des Amis des Noirs'' till 11 June 1790.
Jacques Pierre Brissot
Jean-Louis Carra
Thomas Clarkson
Étienne Clavière
J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur
Marquis de Condorcet
Henri Grégoire
brothers Lameth
François-Xavier Lanthenas
Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph de Lubersac
Samuel de Missy
Marquis de La Fayette
Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Julien Raimond
Dominique de La Rochefoucauld
William Short (American ambassador)
It is unlikely Robespierre joined the society between June 1790 and September 1791. He quarreled with Pétion, the Lameths and Brissot in 1792 and they became his enemies. He sent Brissot to the scaffold in November 1793; Saint-George was imprisoned in December 1793. De Gouges, Clavière, de Loménie, Condorcet and Pétion all committed suicide.
Notes
References
Primary sources
The following list of letters, addresses, and minutes were obtained from a collection of pamphlets entitled
Secondary sources
(this book contains protocols of the society and can only ordered from UNESCO; content in French)
External links
Society of the Friends of Blacks, "Address to the National Assembly in Favor of the Abolition of the Slave Trade" (5 February 1790)
Société des Amis des Noirs (France). Adresse à l'Assemblée nationale, pour l'abolition de la traite des Noirs, février 1790
Société des Amis des Noirs (France ). Adresse de la Société des Amis des Noirs, à l'Assemblée nationale, à toutes les villes, Paris, Mars 1791
Société des Amis des Noirs (France). La Société des Amis des Noirs à Arthur Dillon, député de la Martinique à l'Assemblée, mars, 1791
Société des Amis des Noirs (France). Réflexions sur le Code Noir, et dénonciation d'un crime affreux commis à Saint-Domingue, Paris. Imprimerie du Patriote françois, 1790
La Société des Amis des Noirs : quels regards sur les Africains ?, Manioc video, 2013
Groups of the French Revolution
1788 in France
1789 events of the French Revolution
1790 events of the French Revolution
1791 events of the French Revolution
1792 events of the French Revolution
1793 events of the French Revolution
Abolitionist organizations
Political organizations based in France
Organizations established in 1788
1793 disestablishments
Abolitionism in France
1788 establishments in France
Causes of the French Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20of%20the%20Friends%20of%20the%20Blacks |
Seven applicant cities presented bids to host the 2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics (formally known as XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games) to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC Executive Board shortlisted three cities—Sochi, Russia; Salzburg, Austria; and Pyeongchang, South Korea—with Sochi winning the IOC's July 2007 final vote.
The three selected candidates, which were chosen on 22 June 2006, delivered to the IOC their Candidature Files (known as bid books) on 10 January 2007. From February to April 2007, an ad hoc committee performed visits to the candidate cities and prepared an evaluation report which was released one month before the election.
The election by exhaustive ballot took place on 4 July 2007 in Guatemala City during the 119th IOC Session; Sochi beat out Pyeongchang by four votes in the second round of voting to win the rights to host after Salzburg had been eliminated in the first round. Pyeongchang could later awarded the 2018 Winter Olympics in 2011, just one year before the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Candidature procedure and timeline
Phase 1: Candidature acceptance procedure
Bidding cities had to be approved by their national Olympic committees, which have the right to choose between several cities in their respective countries. The cities had to submit their applications to the IOC by 28 July 2005. The cities were asked to complete a questionnaire, which they had to submit to the IOC by 1 February 2006. An IOC Working Group then studied their answers to help the executive board members select the cities, which became candidate cities and went through to the second phase of the process. The executive board of IOC accepted three bids on 22 June 2006.
Phase 2: Candidature procedure
The candidate cities were invited to submit their candidature file, which is a detailed description of their Olympic plans, and to prepare for a visit by the IOC Evaluation Commission. This commission undertook a technical analysis of each candidature and produced a report, which was to be published one month before the host-city election and sent to the IOC members for study. The candidature files were submitted on 10 January 2007. The IOC Evaluation Committee visited the candidate cities in February and March 2007, and published its report on 4 June.
During the 119th IOC Session on 4 July 2007 in Guatemala City, Salzburg received 25 votes and was relegated, Pyeongchang received 36 votes, and Sochi received 34 votes in the first round of the IOC voting procedure. In the second and final round, Pyeongchang received 47 votes but Sochi received 51 votes and was therefore chosen as the host of the 2014 Olympics.
Evaluation of the applicant cities
Each cell of the table provides a minimum and a maximum figure obtained by the applicant city on the specific criteria. These figures are to be compared to a benchmark which has been set at 6.
Report by the IOC candidature acceptance working group to the IOC Executive Board
Candidate cities overview
All three cities suggested hosting the Games between February 7–23, 2014. The Paralympics were held from March 7–16.
Pyeongchang
Pyeongchang was unanimously selected over Muju by the Korean Olympic Committee in December 2004, and was the first city to submit its bid to the International Olympic Committee. The bid launched a full-scale campaign after losing the 2010 race by a mere three votes to Vancouver. The 2014 project concentrated all venues within one hour of Pyeongchang, and called for huge sums of investment into new infrastructure and sporting venues, including the new Alpensia Resort. The sporting event was touted as promoting a message of peace and harmony in the divided country.
Since 2003, the region had been selected to host the 2009 Snowboard World Championships, the 2009 Biathlon World Championships and the 2009 World Women's Curling Championship, and aimed to become the winter sports hub of Asia. Although an IOC evaluation team complimented the area on levels of public support, government support and infrastructure in February 2007, the bid was also criticized because Pyeongchang was not a popular tourist destination, the venue relied heavily on artificial snow due to a dry winter climate, most slopes were relatively short and local amenities were poorly developed. Pyeongchang was eventually chosen to host the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Salzburg
The Austrian city was eliminated in the first round in voting during the 2010 competition. The 2014 bid was more compact than the 2010 project due to the elimination of the Kitzbühel, St. Johann and Ramsau venues. The venue for bobsled, skeleton and luge, Schönau am Königssee, was located in Germany.
Sochi
The Russian Black Sea resort bid for the Winter Olympics for the second time after failing to make the shortlist in 2002. The primary venue for outdoor sports was the ski resort in Krasnaya Polyana, which was designed by the same company that worked on ski slopes for the 2010 Winter Olympics, and scheduled to open in 2007. Sochi would host the indoor winter sports. The high number of hotel rooms and strong public and political support from the city were expected to strengthen the bid's chances.
Note: the cities are listed in the presentation order determined by draw during the IOC Executive Board meeting of 26 October 2005.
Applicant cities overview
The following applicant cities were approved by their National Olympic Committees and submitted their applications to the IOC but were not selected as candidates by the executive board. They all sent their respective questionnaire answers by 1 February 2006. These documents were made public in the following days.
Note: the cities are listed in the presentation order determined by draw during the IOC Executive Board meeting of 26 October 2005.
Applicant cities comparison
*Airports not included
Note: the cities are listed in the presentation order defined by the IOC during its Executive Board of 26 October 2005.
Applicant cities venues list
These venues are from the applicant cities' mini bid books. Note that the selected candidate cities, and in particular Sochi, changed their venues plan afterwards in the final proposal to the IOC.
Potential bids
The following cities expressed interest in bidding but withdrew their 2014 Winter Olympics bids or decided not to bid.
Andorra la Vella, Andorra – No backing by the Andorran Olympic Committee for 2014 bid
Annecy, France – No backing by the French Olympic Committee after Paris lost its 2012 bid.
Erzurum, Turkey – The National Olympic Committee of Turkey cited a lack of infrastructure. Erzurum had organized the 2011 Winter Universiade.
Harbin, China – Investment has been poured into the 2009 Winter Universiade
Munich, Germany – National Olympic Committee for Germany cited lack of detail and planning
Östersund, Sweden – Lack of Swedish political support
Quebec City, Quebec, Canada – Discussed making a bid for these games before Vancouver was chosen to hold the 2010 Olympic Winter Games
Reno and Lake Tahoe, Nevada, United States of America – No backing by the United States Olympic Committee
Tromsø, Norway – The Norwegian government did not guarantee money to the bid
Zürich, Switzerland – Withdrew their bid on 14 September 2004
Votes results of the 2014 Winter Olympics and Winter Paralympics
Four years earlier, Pyeongchang led the first ballot but was defeated in the second one, then losing to Vancouver, British Columbia. Both votes although four years apart bore a remarkable similarity.
There were two rounds of voting at the session that decided which city would host the games. In the first round, Pyeongchang received 36 votes while Sochi received 34 votes. Salzburg was eliminated with only 25 votes. In the second round of voting, Pyeongchang garnered 47 votes but Sochi received most of the votes originally cast for Salzburg and gained 51 votes, winning the bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics.
See also
2010 Winter Olympics bids
References
External links
Candidature acceptance procedure for the XXII Olympic Winter Games 2014
Homepage of the Borjomi bid
IOC press release about the bid process (26 October 2005)
Candidature files
Sochi 2014
Salzburg 2014
PyeongChang 2014
Mini bid books
Sochi 2014
Salzburg 2014
Jaca 2014
Almaty 2014
PyeongChang 2014
Sofia 2014
Borjomi 2014
IOC evaluation report of the applicant cities
Conclusions
Full evaluation report
2014 Winter Olympics
Articles containing video clips
July 2007 events in North America
21st century in Guatemala City
Events in Guatemala City
2007 in Guatemala
2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bids%20for%20the%202014%20Winter%20Olympics |
Kanal Lokal ("Channel Local") was the name of four local television channels that started broadcasting in Sweden in early autumn 2005. Kanal Lokal had four different broadcasting areas in the most populated areas of Sweden.
The four Kanal Lokal channels were:
Kanal Lokal Göteborg, broadcasting to the area surrounding Gothenburg via the Gothenburg, Uddevalla, Trollhättan and Bäckefors transmitters.
Kanal Lokal Skåne, broadcasting to Scania via the Hörby, Malmö and Helsingborg transmitters.
Kanal Lokal Stockholm, broadcasting to the Mälardalen region via the Nacka, Västerås, Uppsala and Östhammar transmitters.
Kanal Lokal Östergötland, broadcasting to Östergötland via the Motala, Linköping and Norrköping transmitters.
History
Kanal Lokal had its origins in NollEttan, a channel that aired in Östergötland. It started broadcasting in the digital terrestrial television network in 1999. In 2005, plans to extend the channel into Stockholm, Scania and Gothenburg materialized. Trials started in Scania under the NollEttan name in the spring. Kanal Lokal Stockholm was launched in September 2005 and was followed in November 2007 when Kanal Lokal Göteborg launched and the two NollEttan channels started using the Kanal Lokal brand.
The company was largely funded by the venture capital firm IT Provider. At launch, Kanal Lokal started to cooperate with the Expressen news paper who provided news for the channel. In October 2005, the company announced that they would broadcast free-to-air.
Kanal Lokal had trouble with gaining enough distribution for their channels, especially in the vital Com Hem cable network. In Östergötland, the channel was already available from most cable providers before launch. In April 2006, it was announced that Kanal Lokal had gained a place in the Com Hem basic cable package in Gothenburg. It wasn't until October 2007 that Kanal Lokal became available in the basic analogue Com Hem package in all four markets.
In December 2007, Kanal Lokal terminated their contract with Expressen to provide material for the Stockholm channel. This meant that all programming in the Stockholm channel was cut and replaced by programmes from the other three channels.
In March 2008, Kanal Lokal got their licenses renewed and were also granted several new licenses to broadcast in Småland, Dalarna and parts of Norrland. However, financial woes forced the channel to announce in January 2009 that it had to shut down, and Kanal Lokal went off the air on 19 January 2009.
References
External links
Television channels and stations established in 2005
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2009
Defunct television channels in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal%20Lokal |
Basic Hanja for educational use () are a subset of Hanja defined in 1972 (and subsequently revised in 2000) by the South Korean Ministry of Education for educational use. Students are expected to learn 900 characters in middle school and a further 900 at high school.
List of characters
Each hanja is sorted by the alphabetical order of the Sino-Korean reading.
The "Grades" column indicates whether the character is taught in Middle School (grades 7–9) or High School (grades 10–12).
For brevity, only one English translation is given per hanja.
The "Readings" column shows the Native Korean reading of the character first, followed by the Sino-Korean reading. Underneath the hangul forms are the Latin renditions according to the Revised Romanization, followed by a jamo-by-jamo transliteration without special provisions made for more accurate representation of phonology, but rather of spelling.
This list is currently incomplete; see the Korean-language version of this article for the complete list.
See also
Middle and high school Hanja list
Kyōiku kanji
Jōyō kanji
References
External links
What are the basic 1,800 Chinese characters for Hanja education? — Official site of the Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (in Korean)
Basic Chinese Characters for Hanja Education (effective from the 2014 school year).pdf — Official list of the current 1,800 Hanja characters taught in South Korean primary and secondary schools (in Korean)
Hanja
Education in Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20Hanja%20for%20educational%20use |
St. Elisabeth's Church is an Anglo Catholic church in Reddish, Stockport designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the Victorian Gothic style. It is a grade I listed building.
Architecture
Local mill-owner Sir William Houldsworth commissioned Alfred Waterhouse in the 1870s. Construction took place between 1881 and 1883, paid for entirely by Houldsworth, with consecration on 4 August 1883 by Bishop James Fraser. The church could hold 750 people and was named after Houldsworth's wife. Described by Pevsner as "a superb job, big-boned, with nothing mean outside or in", the church is of Openshaw brick with Wrexham stone dressings. An almost separate belltower contains eight bells cast by Taylor. Six of the bells were dedicated by Bishop Francis Cramer-Roberts on May Day 1897.
Pillars supporting the nave's roof were transported from the nearby canal to the site on the backs of elephants from Belle Vue Zoo. There is a marble screen with four figures on top, possibly the four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
The strikingly modern Stations of the Cross, by Graeme Willson, were commissioned in 1983, and include local views such as Stockport Viaduct, and Pendlebury Hall on Lancashire Hill, Stockport.
Religion
St. Elisabeth's is an Anglo-Catholic church, i.e. high church within the Church of England, reflecting Houldsworth's own beliefs. There are several services each week, the main Sung Mass being at 10:30 on Sunday.
The first incumbent was Rev Addison Crofton, succeeded by Rev Edmund Oldfield in 1893.
Music
The organ was originally built by William Hill & Son of London. It was ordered in 1882 (as Job No. 1854) but was not completed until 1885. It had three manuals and pedals, with tubular pneumatic action linking the detached console on the south side of the choir stalls to the organ on the north side of the chancel, in an elevated position in the Triforium. It was rebuilt by Wadsworth Brothers of Manchester in 1929. During the late 1960s it was disastrously rebuilt by a small, local firm Charles H Smethurst Ltd, to a much reduced specification. The original specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register:but note a more recent rebuild and enlargement (2017)by F H Browne, Canterbury, making use of some of the stored pipework from the earlier 'disastrous' rebuild mentioned above. The organ is restored to 30 speaking stops and some significantly good ranks have been re-introduced.
Rectory
A rectory, also designed by Alfred Waterhouse, was built for the church in 1874. It, and the walls the south and west of the church, are all grade II* listed buildings.
Use as film and TV set
St Elisabeth's was used as a set for the wedding of Ashley Peacock and Maxine Heavey in the TV soap opera Coronation Street.
The Church also featured as the setting for the BBC children's drama Clay broadcast on CBBC, and later released on a BBC DVD (2008). Extensive modifications to the vestry and interior of the Church were required to change it into a Catholic church in 1960s Tyneside. It was based on the novel Clay by David Almond and starred Imelda Staunton.
See also
Grade I listed churches in Greater Manchester
Listed buildings in Stockport
List of churches in Greater Manchester
List of ecclesiastical works by Alfred Waterhouse
References
External links
St Elisabeth's
Churches completed in 1883
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Grade I listed churches in Greater Manchester
Reddish
Reddish
Alfred Waterhouse buildings
Reddish
Reddish | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Elisabeth%27s%20Church%2C%20Reddish |
Alabanda () or Antiochia of the Chrysaorians was a city of ancient Caria, Anatolia, the site of which is near Doğanyurt, Çine, Aydın Province, Turkey.
The city is located in the saddle between two heights. The area is noted for its dark marble and for gemstones that resembled garnets. Stephanus of Byzantium claims that there were two cities named Alabanda (Alabandeus) in Caria, but no other ancient source corroborates this.
History
According to legend, the city was founded by the Carian hero Alabandus. In the Carian language, the name is a combination of the words for horse ala and victory banda. On one occasion, Herodotus mentions Alabanda being located in Phrygia, instead of in Caria, but in fact the same city were meant. Amyntas, son of the Persian official Bubares and grandson of the Macedonian King Amyntas, received control of the city from King Xerxes I (r. 486-465 BC).
In the early Seleucid period, the city was part of the Chrysaorian League, a loose federation of nearby cities linked by economic and defensive ties and, perhaps, by ethnic ties. The city was renamed Antiochia of the Chrysaorians in honor of Seleucid king Antiochus III who preserved the city's peace. It was captured by Philip V of Macedon in 201 BC. The name reverted to Alabanda after the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. The Romans occupied the city shortly thereafter.
According to Cicero in Greece they worshiped a number of deified human beings, at Alabanda there was Alabandus.
In 40 BC, the rebel Quintus Labienus at the head of a Parthian army took the city. After Labienus's garrison was slaughtered by the city's inhabitants, the Parthian army stripped the city of its treasures. Under the Roman Empire, the city became a conventus (Pliny, V, xxix, 105) and Strabo reports on its reputation for high-living and decadence. The city minted its own coins down to the mid-third century. During the Byzantine Empire, the city was a created a bishopric.
The ruins of Alabanda are 8 km west of Çine and consist of the remains of a theatre and a number of other buildings, but excavations have yielded very few inscriptions.
Ecclesiastical history
The names of some bishops of Alabanda are known because of their participation in church councils. Thus Theodoret was at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Constantine at the Trullan Council in 692, another Constantine at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, and John at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879). The names of two non-orthodox bishops of the see are also known: Zeuxis, who was deposed for Monophysitism in 518, and Julian, who was bishop from around 558 to around 568 and was a Jacobite. No longer a residential diocese, Alabanda is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Notable people
Aridolis, tyrant of Alabanda during the Second Persian invasion of Greece
Amyntas, tyrant of Alabanda and grandson of Amyntas I
Leon of Alabanda (Λέων), a Greek rhetorician and writer
Apollonius the Effeminate, a Greek rhetorician
Menecles of Alabanda (Μενεκλῆς), a Greek rhetorician, brother of Hierocles
Hierocles of Alabanda (Ἱεροκλῆς), a Greek rhetorician, brother of Menecles
Apollonius Molon, a Greek rhetorician
Apaturius, a Greek scene-painter
Menedemus of Alabanda (Μενέδημος), a Greek general who participated at the Battle of Raphia
Bishops
Theodoret (mentioned in 451)
Zeuxis (? – 518 deposed) (Monophysite)
Julian (about 558 – about 568) (Jacobite)
Constantine (mentioned in 692)
Constantine II (mentioned in 787)
John (mentioned in 879)
Saba (9th–10th century)
Nicephorus (11th century)
Anonymous (mentioned 11th century)
William O'Carroll, (February 3, 1874 – October 13, 1880)
Rocco Leonasi (March 30, 1882 – March 14, 1883)
Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè (August 9, 1883 – May 24)
Nicola Lorusso (June 23, 1890 – June 8, 1891)
John Brady (June 19, 1891 – January 6, 1910)
Joseph Lang (February 26, 1915 – 1 November 1924)
François Chaize,(May 12, 1925 – February 23, 1949)
José María García Grain,(March 10, 1949 – May 27, 1959)
Michel Ntuyahaga (June 11, 1959 – November 10, 1959
James William Malone (January 2, 1960 – May 2, 1968)
Bibliography
Turkey: The Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts, Blue Guides , pp. 349–50.
J. Ma, Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor, , p. 175
External links
Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) at Perseus Project
References
Sources
Populated places in ancient Caria
Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Ruins in Turkey
Catholic titular sees in Asia
Former populated places in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Aydın Province
Tourist attractions in Aydın Province
Çine District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabanda |
Prehistoric Planet is a 2022 documentary series on Apple TV+ in collaboration with the BBC.
It may also refer to:
Prehistoric Planet (2002 TV series), a re-editing of Walking with Dinosaurs and Walking with Beasts for American broadcast
Walking With Dinosaurs: Prehistoric Planet 3D, a 2014 edit of the Walking with Dinosaurs film. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric%20Planet%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Arthur Warren Samuels (19 May 1852 – 11 May 1925) was an Irish Unionist Alliance Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament and subsequently a judge. The Irish Unionists were the Irish wing of the Conservative Party.
Biography
He was born in Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin, second son of Arthur Samuels, a solicitor, and Katherine Daly, daughter of Owen Daly of Mornington, County Meath. He attended Trinity College Dublin, before being called to the Irish Bar in 1877. He became a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1894 and was called to the English bar in 1896.
Samuels was Solicitor-General for Ireland 1917–1918 and Attorney-General for Ireland in 1918–1919. He was also made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland in 1918.
He was MP for Dublin University from 1917 to 1919, having previously been defeated in a 1903 by-election for the same constituency.
Samuels left the House of Commons when he was appointed to the office of Justice of the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice in Ireland in 1919, an office which he held until the court's abolition under the Courts of Justice Act 1924. In common with most of the judges of the old regime, he was not appointed to the High Court established under the 1924 Act. He died a year later.
Maurice Healy in The Old Munster Circuit praised his personal qualities, his erudition and his valuable book on the financial aspects of Home Rule; but as a Law Officer and judge dismissed him as "undistinguished".
Family
He married in 1881 Emma Margaret Irwin, daughter of the Reverend James Irwin of Howth, by whom he was the father of the barrister and writer Arthur P. I. Samuels (1886–1916) and Dorothy Samuels (1892–1942).
The younger Arthur was an authority on Edmund Burke and edited a collection of his correspondence and writings, which he had almost completed when his work was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. He became a captain in the Royal Irish Rifles, and was killed on the Western Front in September 1916. His father completed his book on Burke, which was published in 1923. Young Arthur had married Dorothy Young of Milltown, County Antrim, in 1913.
Samuels' daughter, Dorothy Helen Daly (1892–1942), served during World War II as an ambulance driver with the American Ambulance Great Britain. She was killed by a German air raid during the Exeter Blitz on 4 May 1942. She had married Herbert James Daly but was widowed at the time of her death.
References
Sources
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Vol. III 1919–1945, edited by M. Stenton & S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1979)
External links
Samuels' book on Home Rule Finance, 1912; online pdf.
Healy, Maurice The Old Munster Circuit Michael Joseph Ltd. London 1939.
1852 births
1925 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Solicitors-General for Ireland
Attorneys-General for Ireland
Irish Conservative Party MPs
Irish Unionist Party MPs
UK MPs 1918–1922
Judges of the High Court of Justice in Ireland
People from Dún Laoghaire
19th-century King's Counsel
Irish Queen's Counsel
Teachtaí Dála for Dublin University
Members of the 1st Dáil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Samuels |
Marcus Rutilius Lupus was a Roman eques who was active during the reign of emperor Trajan. He was appointed to a series of imperial offices, the most important of which was praefectus or governor of Roman Egypt. It was while he was governor of Egypt that a Jewish uprising known as the Kitos War began. Although Lupus successfully contained the initial revolt in Alexandria, he had to call for reinforcements from the central authorities for assistance, and the revolt was eventually crushed with enormous loss of life and property. Lupus also extended his protection to non-rebellious Jewish residents of Alexandria.
It is thought that Lupus came from Beneventum (modern Benevento), home of a number of Rutilii Lupi. One member of this family is named in the Tabula alimentaria Ligurum Baebianorum as an absentee landlord owning property in at least two pagi, where he was represented by a vilicus. Mommsen first suggested that the landowner was the same person as the eques, an identification that Arthur Stein first disagreed with, but came to accept.
Career
Lupus is known to have been the Praefectus annonae, or overseer of the public dole of bread to the citizens of Rome; a bronze weight found in Ostia Antica during the excavations of the House of the Hunting Mosaic (Casa del mosaico dela caccia) bears his name. Based on this artifact, his tenure has been dated as running from around AD 107 to 111. This prefecture was the second highest position for Roman equites.
His next appointment was Prefect of Egypt, which he is attested as holding from 113 to 117. Although his primary concern as governor was to safeguard the harvest and delivery of grain to the populace of Rome, while prefect Lupus also oversaw several architectural projects in the province, including a new portico in the Oasis of Thebes that was dedicated to Isis and Serapis. The portico was constructed in the same style as the temple at Panopolis in the Thebaid, built under his predecessor Servius Sulpicius Similis. The portico displayed the following inscription:For the fortune of the Lord Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajanus, the best, Augustus, Germanicus, Dacicus, under Marcus Rutilius Lupus, praefect of Egypt. To Sarapis and Isis, the most great gods, the inhabitants of Cysis, having decreed the building of the pylon, did it in token of their piety. In the year 19 of the Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajanus, the best, Augustus, Germanicus, Dacicus, the first of Pachon.
Role in the brick industry
According to research by Bloch, Stienby and Setälä, Marcus Rutilius Lupus was one of the most important persons in the history of the Roman brick industry, and is credited with the introduction of consular dating to the urban stamps in 110. During the first decade of the second century, Rutilius, being a landowner and already a brick producer in Rome, started exploiting clay deposits near present-day Vatican known as figlinae Brutianae. Production continued there until his death, perhaps around 123. Bricks from his workshops were used in the construction of the horrea or warehouses where the imported grain was stored.
He also acquired other clay-lands, respectively figlinae Naevianae and figlinae Narnienses.
Sources
P.A. Brunt, "The Administrators of Roman Egypt", Journal of Roman Studies, 65 (1975), pp. 124–147.
Notes
External links
"The revolt against Trajan", from livius.org
Roman governors of Egypt
Praefecti annonae
2nd-century Romans
2nd-century Roman governors of Egypt
Jewish–Roman wars
Lupus, Marcus Rutilius | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Rutilius%20Lupus |
Joe Henderson (born June 3, 1943, Peoria, Illinois) is an American runner, running coach, writer, and former chief editor of Runner's World magazine. He currently writes for Marathon & Beyond magazine, and since 1982, a weekly column entitled "Joe Henderson's Running Commentary". He has authored and coauthored more than two dozen books about the sport of running and fitness, including the best-selling Marathon Training.
Life and work
Joe Henderson was born in Illinois and raised in Iowa. He became an avid runner at age 14, and was an Iowa state high school track and cross country champion. He ran for Drake University, then started his writing career at the Des Moines Register in 1966. He wrote for Track and Field News from 1967 to 1969.
In 1970, Henderson joined Bob Anderson as chief editor for Runner's World magazine. He brought aboard Dr. George Sheehan as the magazine's medical editor, after being introduced to him by Hal Higdon during the 1968 Summer Olympics (Higdon was writing features for Runner's World at the time). Henderson wrote articles for Runner's World for 33 years. He was Bob Anderson's first full-time employee.
In 2001, Henderson co-authored The Running Encyclopedia with Richard Benyo. He appears as a keynote speaker at running expos and events, and is recognized as one of the world's foremost authorities on running.
He currently teaches running classes at the University of Oregon and coaches marathon training teams in Eugene, Oregon.
Books
Long, Slow Distance (1969), Tafnews Press,
Road Racers and Their Training (1970), Tafnews Press,
Thoughts on the Run (1970), Runner's World,
Run Gently, Run Long (1974), Anderson World,
The Long Run Solution (1976), Anderson World,
Jog, Run, Race (1978), Anderson World,
The Running Revolution (1980) Cedarwinds Pub. Co., ); Gemini Books,
Running, A to Z (1983), Stephen Greene Press,
Running Your Best Race (1984), W.C. Brown Publishers,
Running for Fitness, for Sport and for Life (1985), W.C. Brown,
Joe Henderson's Running Handbook (1985), W.C. Brown,
Run Farther, Run Faster (1985), Anderson World,
Total Fitness (1988), W.C. Brown,
Think Fast: Mental Toughness Training for Runners (1991), Plume,
Masters Running and Racing (with Bill Rodgers and Priscilla Welch) (1995) Rodale Books,
Fitness Running (with Richard L. Brown) (1994), 1st edition, Human Kinetics Publishers,
Running Injury Free (with Joe Ellis) (1994), Rodale Books,
Fitness Running (with Richard L. Brown) (2003), 2nd edition, Human Kinetics,
Did I Win? (A Farewell to George Sheehan) (1994), WRS Publishing,
Better Runs (Foreword by Jeff Galloway) (1995), Human Kinetics,
Road Racers and Their Training (1995), 2nd edition, Tafnews Press,
Marathon Training (1997), 1st edition, Human Kinetics,
Coaching Cross-Country Successfully (with Joe Newton) (1997), Human Kinetics,
Best Runs (1999), Human Kinetics,
Running 101 (2000), Human Kinetics,
The Running Encyclopedia (with Richard Benyo) (2001), Human Kinetics,
Fitness Running (with Richard Brown) (2003), 2nd edition, Human Kinetics,
Marathon Training (2004), 2nd edition, Human Kinetics,
Run Right Now (Foreword by Richard Benyo) (2004), Barnes & Noble,
Run Right Now Training Log (2005), Barnes & Noble,
Video/DVD
Running and Racing with Joe Henderson, (2003)
See also
Long slow distance
Paul Reese
References
External links
JoeHenderson.com - Official website
1943 births
American non-fiction writers
American male long-distance runners
Living people
Sportspeople from Eugene, Oregon
Sportspeople from Peoria, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Henderson%20%28runner%29 |
The origins of golf are unclear and much debated. However, it is generally accepted that modern golf developed in Scotland from the Middle Ages onwards. The game did not find international popularity until the late 19th century, when it spread into the rest of the United Kingdom and then to the British Empire and the United States.
Origins
Netherlandish precursors
A golf-like game is, apocryphally, recorded as taking place on February 26, 1297, in Loenen aan de Vecht, where the Dutch played a game with a stick and leather ball. The winner was whoever hit the ball with the fewest strokes into a target several hundred yards away. Some scholars argue that this game of putting a small ball in a hole in the ground using golf clubs was also played in 17th-century Netherlands and that this predates the game in Scotland.
There are also other reports of earlier accounts of a golf-like game from continental Europe.
In the 1261, Middle Dutch manuscript of the Flemish poet Jacob van Maerlant's Boeck Merlijn mention is made of a ball game "mit ener coluen" (with a colf/kolf [club]). This is the earliest known mention in the Dutch language of the game of colf/kolf as played in the Low Countries.
In 1360, the council of Brussels banned the game of colf: "wie metlven tsolt es om twintich scell' oft op hare overste cleet" (he who plays at colf pays a fine of 20 shillings or his overcoat will be confiscated).
In 1387, the regent of the county of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut, Albrecht of Bavaria, sealed a charter for the city of Brielle, in which it was forbidden to play any game for money. One of the exceptions to this ordinance was "den bal mitter colven te slaen buten der veste" (to play the ball with a club outside the town walls). Two years later, in 1389, the regent Albrecht offered the citizens of Haarlem a field called "De Baen" (the course) to be used exclusively for playing games – especially colf – because these were too dangerous within the city walls.
A game similar to modern day golf features in a book of hours from 1540, which has, on the basis of this association, acquired the name of the Golf Book. It was illustrated by a Flemish artist called Simon Bening.
In 1571, the book, "Biblia dat is, de gantsche Heylighe Schrift, grondelic ende trouwclick verduydtschet", describes the game of "Kolf" played with a "bat" and "sach".
In 1597, the crew of Willem Barentsz played "colf" during their stay at Nova Zembla, as recorded by Gerrit de Veer in his diary:
In December 1650, the settlers of Fort Orange (near present-day Albany, New York) played the first recorded round of kolf (golf) in America. The Dutch settlers played kolf year round. During the spring, summer and fall it was played in fields. In the winter it was played on ice with the same rules. Then on December 10, 1659, the ruler passed an ordinance against playing golf in the streets of the same city.
Early golf in Scotland
The modern game of golf is generally considered to be a Scottish invention. A spokesman for The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, one of the oldest Scottish golf organisations, said "Stick and ball games have been around for many centuries, but golf as we know it today, played over 18 holes, clearly originated in Scotland." The word golf, or in Scots gowf [gʌuf], is usually thought to be a Scots alteration of Dutch "colf" or "colve" meaning "stick, "club", "bat", itself related to the Proto-Germanic language *kulth- as found in Old Norse kolfr meaning "bell clapper", and the German Kolben meaning "mace or club". The Dutch term Kolven refers to a related sport where the lowest number of strokes needed to hit a ball with a mallet into a hole determines the winner; according to the "Le grand dictionnaire françois-flamen" printed 1643 is stated the Dutch term to Flemish: "Kolf, zest Kolve; Kolfdrager, Sergeant; Kolf, Kolp, Goulfe."
The first documented mention of golf in Scotland appears in a 1457 Act of the Scottish Parliament, an edict issued by King James II of Scotland prohibiting the playing of the games of gowf and futball as these were a distraction from archery practice for military purposes. Bans were again imposed in Acts of 1471 and 1491, with golf being described as "an unprofitable sport". Golf was banned again by parliament under King James IV of Scotland, but golf clubs and balls were bought for him in 1502 when he was visiting Perth, and on subsequent occasions when he was in St Andrews and Edinburgh.
Mary, Queen of Scots played, and she was accused of playing "pell-mell and golf" at Seton Palace after her husband Lord Darnley was murdered in 1567, when she ought to have been in solemn mourning. George Buchanan wrote that she had been following her "usual amusements in the adjoining fields that were plainly not adapted to women".
An entry in the Town Council Minutes of Edinburgh for 19 April 1592 includes golf in a list of pursuits to be avoided on the Sabbath. On 13 February 1593 the Duke of Lennox and Sir James Sandilands decided to go down to Leith to play golf. On the way they met members of the Graham family who were feuding with Sandilands, and fought with pistols instead.
The account book of lawyer Sir John Foulis of Ravelston records that he played golf at Musselburgh Links on 2 March 1672, and this has been accepted as proving that The Old Links, Musselburgh, is the oldest playing golf course in the world. There is also a story that Mary, Queen of Scots played there in 1567.
James VII of Scotland, while still Duke of Albany, was said to have played the first international golf contest in 1681 when he participated in a game against two English courtiers as part of a bet over rights to claim the game for Scotland or England. His teammate was said to be one John Paterson, who received as payment, enough money to build a mansion on the area of Edinburgh now known as Golfers Land.
Instructions, golf club rules and competitions
The earliest known instructions for playing golf have been found in the diary of Thomas Kincaid, a medical student who played on the course at Bruntsfield Links, near Edinburgh University, and at Leith Links. His notes include his views on an early handicap system. In his entry for 20 January 1687 he noted how "After dinner I went out to the Golve", and described his Golf stroke:
The oldest surviving rules of golf were written in 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which played at Leith Links. Their "Articles and Laws in Playing at Golf, now preserved in the National Library of Scotland, became known as the Leith Rules and the document supports the club's claim to be the oldest golf club, though an almanac published about a century later is the first record of a rival claim that The Royal Burgess Golfing Society had been set up in 1735. The instructions in the Leith Rules formed the basis for all subsequent codes, for example requiring that "Your Tee must be upon the ground" and "You are not to change the Ball which you strike off the Tee".
The 1744 competition for the Gentlemen Golfers' Competition for the Silver Club, a trophy in the form of a silver golf club provided as sponsorship by Edinburgh Town Council, was won by surgeon John Rattray, who was required to attach to the trophy a silver ball engraved with his name, beginning a long tradition. Rattray joined the Jacobite Rising of 1745 and as a result was imprisoned in Inverness, but was saved from being hanged by the pleading of his fellow golfer Duncan Forbes of Culloden, Lord President of the Court of Session. Rattray was released in 1747, and won the Silver Club three times in total.
Spread
Early excursions
In 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded to the throne of England. His son, the Prince of Wales and his courtiers played golf at Blackheath, London, from which the Royal Blackheath Golf Club traces its origins. There is evidence that Scottish soldiers, expatriates and immigrants took the game to British colonies and elsewhere during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In the early 1770s, the first golf course in Africa was built on Bunce Island in Sierra Leone by British slave traders. The Royal Calcutta Golf Club (1829), the Mauritius Gymkhana Club (1844) and the club at Pau (1856) in south western France are notable reminders of these excursions and are the oldest golf clubs outside of the British Isles. The Pau Golf Club is the oldest in continental Europe. However, it was not until the late 19th century that Golf became more widely popular outside of its Scottish home.
The late 19th-century boom
In the 1850s, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert built Balmoral Castle in the Scottish Highlands.
The railways came to St Andrews in 1852. By the 1860s, there were fast and regular services from London to Edinburgh. The royal enthusiasm for Scotland, the much improved transport links and the writings of Sir Walter Scott caused a boom for tourism in Scotland and a wider interest in Scottish history and culture outside of the country. This period also coincided with the development of the Gutty; a golf ball made of Gutta Percha which was cheaper to mass-produce, more durable and more consistent in quality and performance than the feather-filled leather balls used previously. Golf began to spread across the rest of the British Isles. In 1864, the golf course at the resort of Westward Ho! became the first new club in England since Blackheath, and the following year London Scottish Golf Club was founded on Wimbledon Common. In 1880 England had 12 courses, rising to 50 in 1887 and over 1000 by 1914. The game in England had progressed sufficiently by 1890 to produce its first English-born Open Champion, John Ball. The game also spread further across the empire. By the 1880s, golf clubs had been established in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa. Singapore followed in 1891. Courses were also established in several continental European resorts for the benefit of British visitors.
United States
17th-century America: In December 1650, near Fort Orange (modern city of Albany, New York), a group of four men were playing Kolf in pairs for points. On July 22, 1657, several men were cited and warned not to play Kolf on Sundays. On December 10, 1659, an ordinance was issued to prevent playing Kolf in the streets of Albany due to too many windows being broken.
Evidence of early golf in what is now the United States includes a 1739 record for a shipment of golf equipment to a William Wallace in Charleston, South Carolina, an advertisement published in the Royal Gazette of New York City in 1779 for golf clubs and balls, and the establishment of the South Carolina Golf Club in 1787 in Charleston. However, as in England, it was not until the late 19th century that golf started to become firmly established.
Several clubs established in the 1880s can make claim to be the oldest extant in the country, but what is not disputed is that as a result of two competing "National Amateur Championships" being played in 1894, delegates from the Newport Country Club, Bob Bobbin's Golf Club, Yonkers, New York, The Country Club, Chicago Golf Club, and Shinnecock Hills Golf Club met in New York City what was to become the United States Golf Association (USGA). By 1910 there were 267 clubs.
During the Roaring Twenties the game expanded greatly in popularity and by 1932 there were over 1,100 golf clubs affiliated to the USGA. In 1922, Walter Hagen became the first native born American to win the British Open Championship. The expansion of the game was halted by the Great Depression and World War II, but continued in the post war years. By 1980 there were over 5,908 USGA affiliated clubs. That figure grew to over 10,600 by 2013. Starting in the 1920s, and growing through the 1990s, many residential golf course communities have been built.
Japan
After the Meiji restoration of 1868 Japan made a concerted effort to modernise its economy and industry on western lines. Japanese came to Europe and America to establish trade links and study and acquire the latest developments in business, science and technology, and westerners came to Japan to help establish schools, factories, shipyards and banks.
In 1903 a group of British expatriates established the first golf club in Japan, at Kobe. In 1913 the Tokyo Golf club at Komazawa was established for and by native Japanese who had encountered golf in the United States, but it was moved to Asaka in Saitama prefecture in 1932. In 1921, Japan established the first golf course in Korea at Hyochang Park, which then contained the tombs of Korean royalty. The game was played around the tombs. In 1924 the Japan Golf Association was established by the seven clubs then in existence. During the 1920s and early 1930s several new courses were built, however the Great Depression and increasing anti-Western sentiment limited the growth of the game. By the time of the Japanese attacks against the USA and British Empire in 1941 there were 23 courses. During the subsequent war most of the courses were requisitioned for military use or returned to agricultural production.
In the postwar period, Japan's golf courses came under the control of the occupying forces. It was not until 1952 that courses started to be returned to Japanese control. By 1956 there were 72 courses and in 1957 Torakichi Nakamura and Koichi Ono won the Canada Cup (now World Cup) in Japan, an event that is often cited as igniting the post-war golf boom. Between 1960 and 1964 the number of golf courses in Japan increased from 195 to 424. By the early 1970s there were over 1,000 courses. The 1987 Resort Law that reduced protection on agricultural land and forest preserves created a further boom in course construction and by 2009 there were over 2,400 courses. The popularity of golf in Japan also caused many golf resorts to be created across the Pacific Rim. The environmental effect of these recent golf booms is seen as a cause for concern by many.
Tibet
Hugh Edward Richardson introduced golf to Tibet, although he noted that the ball "tended to travel 'rather too far in the thin air'."
Golf course evolution
Golf courses have not always had eighteen holes. The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea. As early as the 15th century, golfers at St Andrews established a trench through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and were therefore combined. The number of holes was thereby reduced from 11 to 9, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. Due to the status of St Andrews as the golfing capital, all other courses followed suit and the 18-hole course remains the standard to the present day.
Equipment development
The evolution of golf can be explained by the development of the equipment used to play the game. Some of the most notable advancements in the game of golf have come from the development of the golf ball. The golf ball took on many different forms before the 1930s when the United States Golf Association (USGA) set standards for weight and size. These standards were later followed by a USGA regulation stating that the initial velocity of any golf ball cannot exceed . Since this time, the golf ball has continued to develop and impact the way the game is played.
Another notable factor in the evolution of golf has been the development of golf clubs. The earliest golf clubs were made of wood that was readily available in the area. Over the years, hickory developed into the standard wood used for shafts and American persimmon became the choice of wood for the club head due to its hardness and strength. As the golf ball developed and became more durable with the introduction of the "gutty" around 1850, the club head was also allowed to develop, and a variety of iron headed clubs entered the game. The introduction of steel shafts began in the late 1890s, but their adoption by the governing bodies of golf was slow. In the early 1970s, shaft technology shifted again with the use of graphite for its lightweight and strength characteristics. The first metal "wood" was developed in the early 1980s, and metal eventually completely replaced wood due to its strength and versatility. The latest golf club technology employs the use of graphite shafts and lightweight titanium heads, which allows the club head to be made much larger than previously possible. The strength of these modern materials also allows the face of the club to be much thinner, which increases the spring-like effect of the club face on the ball, theoretically increasing the distance the ball travels. In 2003 the USGA and R&A began limiting the spring-like effect, also known as the coefficient of restitution (COR) to 0.83 and the maximum club head size to in an attempt to maintain the challenge of the game.
Etymology
The word golf was first mentioned in writing in 1457 on a Scottish statute on forbidden games as gouf, possibly derived from the Scots word goulf (variously spelled) meaning "to strike or cuff". This word may, in turn, be derived from the Dutch word kolf, meaning "bat" or "club", and the Dutch sport of the same name.
The Dutch term Kolf and the Flemish term Kolven refers to a related sport where the lowest number of strokes needed to hit a ball with a mallet into a hole determines the winner; according to the "Le grand dictionnaire ftançois-flamen printed 1643 is stated the Dutch term to Flemish: "Kolf, zest Kolve; Kolfdrager, Sergeant; Kolf, Kolp, Goulfe."
There is a persistent urban legend claiming that the term derives from an acronym "Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden". This is a false etymology, as acronyms being used as words is a fairly modern phenomenon, making the expression a backronym.
J. R. R. Tolkien, a professional philologist, nodded to the derivation from the Dutch word for club in his 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit. There he mentions (tongue-in-cheek) that the game of golf was invented when a club-wielding hobbit knocked the head off a goblin named Golfimbul, and the head sailed through the air and landed in a rabbit hole.
Museums
The history of golf is preserved and represented at several golf museums around the world, notably the R&A World Golf Museum in the town of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland, which is the home of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, and the United States Golf Association Museum, located alongside the United States Golf Association headquarters in Far Hills, New Jersey.
The World Golf Hall of Fame in St. Augustine, Florida, also presents a history of the sport, as does the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame in Oakville, Ontario, and the American Golf Hall of Fame in Foxburg, Pennsylvania, at the Foxburg Country Club.
Museums for individual players include the Jack Nicklaus Museum in Columbus, Ohio, and rooms in the USGA Museum for Bobby Jones, Arnold Palmer, and Ben Hogan.
See also
Timeline of golf history (1353–1850)
Timeline of golf history (1851–1945)
Timeline of golf history (1945–1999)
Timeline of golf (2000–present)
R&A World Golf Museum
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20golf |
Jasmila Žbanić (; born 19 December 1974) is a Bosnian film director, screenwriter and producer, best known for having written and directed Quo Vadis, Aida? (2020), which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language, and the BAFTA Award for Best Direction.
Early life
Žbanić was born in Sarajevo on 19 December 1974 into a Bosniak family. Žbanić went to local schools before attending the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo, where she got a degree. She worked for a time in the United States as a puppeteer in the Vermont-based Bread and Puppet Theater and as a clown in a Lee De Long workshop. In 1997, she founded the artist's association "Deblokada" and started making documentaries and short films.
Career
Žbanić went to the United States in order to work as a puppeteer in the Vermont-based Bread and Puppet Theater. She also learned to act as a clown in a Lee De Long workshop.
After her return to Bosnia and Herzegovina, she founded the artists' association "Deblokada" (meaning "de-blocking.") Through Deblokada, Žbanić wrote and produced many documentaries, video artworks, and short films. Her work has been seen around the globe, screened in film festivals and shown at exhibitions such as the Manifesta 3 in Slovenia in 2000, the Kunsthalle Fridericianum in Kassel in 2004, and the Istanbul Biennale in 2003. Since then she has made well-received feature films.
Žbanić's 2006 feature film Grbavica, won the Golden Bear at the 56th Berlin International Film Festival, the Grand Jury Prize at the International Feature Competition Festival in 2006, and was awarded the Best European Film and best European actress award in 2006. Her 2010 film Na putu (On the Path), which explores the relationship of a young couple living in Sarajevo, was screened at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival.
Žbanić's 2020 war drama film Quo Vadis, Aida? won the Audience Award at the 50th International Film Festival Rotterdam, the Best International Film Award at the 2021 Gothenburg Film Festival, entered into the 77th Venice International Film Festival and also won the Best International Film Award at the 36th Independent Spirit Awards. Further more, in March 2021, the film was nominated for Best Film Not in the English Language and Žbanić was nominated for Best Director at the 74th British Academy Film Awards. On 15 March 2021, Žbanić's film was nominated for Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards. At the 34th European Film Awards held in December 2021, Quo Vadis, Aida? won the Award for Best Film. Also, Žbanić won the Award for Best Director and cast member Jasna Đuričić won the Award for Best Actress at the same awards.
Themes and characters
Žbanić acknowledges that her films deal chiefly with the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. She says that she uses film to explore problems and issues relating to her life. Žbanić strives to create characters that are not just "black and white," as real people are not that simple. She does not create characters who are strict saints and heroes, but who might be weak and also brave and tolerant. In 2017, Žbanić signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards
References
External links
2004 Interview with Žbanić
1974 births
Living people
Film people from Sarajevo
Writers from Sarajevo
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina women film directors
Bosnia and Herzegovina film directors
Bosnia and Herzegovina screenwriters
Women screenwriters
20th-century screenwriters
20th-century Bosnia and Herzegovina writers
20th-century Bosnia and Herzegovina women writers
21st-century screenwriters
21st-century Bosnia and Herzegovina writers
21st-century Bosnia and Herzegovina women writers
Directors of Golden Bear winners
European Film Award for Best Director winners
Signatories of the Declaration on the Common Language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmila%20%C5%BDbani%C4%87 |
Yechezkel Sarna (1890–1969) was a disciple of Nosson Tzvi Finkel, (known as the "Alter (elder) of Slabodka"), spiritual mentor of the Slabodka yeshiva. He was sent by Finkel to move the yeshiva from Europe to Hebron in 1925, and following the 1929 Hebron massacre, to Jerusalem. In 1934, he assumed the position of rosh yeshiva. Over the years, he produced thousands of students, many of whom became prominent roshei yeshiva and rabbis in Israel and abroad.
Early years
Sarna was born in Horodok, Russia, on 28 Shevat in 1890. His father, Yaakov Chaim, was the city's shochet and melamed, and later its maggid. Sarna's mother, Aidel, was the daughter of Shlomo Zalman Buxenbaum, a hassid of the Chiddushei Harim, and author of Rechovos Ir, a commentary on Midrash Rabba. Sarna received his primary education from his father, as well as at the cheder in Horodok.
When he was 11, he was sent to the Ohr Hachaim yeshiva in Slabodka, headed by Tzvi Levitan, a student of the Simcha Zissel Ziv, "the Alter of Kelm". During the year that he studied there, he was exposed to the musar teachings of the mashgiach, Eliyahu Laicrovits.
In 1902, he journeyed to Maltsch to study under Zalman Sender Kahana-Shapiro, who also presided as the Chief Rabbi of the city. Due to an internal conflict in the yeshiva, Kahana-Shapiro left Maltsch, and transferred to Kriniki, barely a year after Sarna had arrived. Without a mentor, Sarna left Maltsch. A year later, he returned to Slabodka to study under Chaim Rabinowitz in Knesses Beis Yitzchok.
In 1904, Rabinowitz invited Sarna to join a group of select students he took along with him while being transferred to the Telz Yeshiva. When the yeshiva temporarily closed in 1906, Sarna returned to Maltsch, studying under Shimon Shkop. One year later, he returned to Knesses Yisroel Yeshiva in Slabodka, where he became one of the yeshiva's best students. He drew attention of Ziv, who played a major role in his spiritual growth. Describing their special relationship, Sarna wrote, "Without the Alter, I would have been like a blind and a deaf person. He opened my eyes and my ears, and I acquired my entire approach to Torah study from him."
World War I
With the outbreak of World War I, the entire Slabodka yeshiva fled to Minsk. Like all of the yeshiva's students, Sarna secured forged affidavits in order to avoid the draft. However, he was caught and imprisoned. He managed to escape from prison and flee to the home of a relative, Yehoshua Zimbalist. Soon after, he escaped to Smilowitz where the Chofetz Chaim and his students had taken refuge.
Shortly after the Slabodka yeshiva had arrived in Minsk, which was near the battlefront, it was forced to flee to a safer city, Kremenchuk. However, Sarna chose not to join the yeshiva, but remained in Smilowitz, studying for a year and a half in an inn with the students of the Raduń Yeshiva. During this period, he developed close relationships with the Chofetz Chaim and Raduń's rosh yeshiva, Naftoli Trop, and later referenced this brief period as one of the most beautiful in his life.
After the revolution, Sarna returned to the Knesses Yisroel yeshiva in Kremenchuk. Two years later, he married Pesha Miriam Epstein, the daughter of Moshe Mordechai Epstein, one of the yeshiva heads.
Shortly after World War I, the yeshiva managed to leave Russia and to return to Slabodka, which, after the war, was re-annexed to Lithuania. At one point, Ziv asked Sarna to deliver shiurim (lectures) in the yeshiva, but he declined the offer, explaining that he preferred to devote the early years of his life to Torah study. Although Sarna held no official position in the yeshiva, his influence there was keenly felt.
Palestine
In 1924, following the edict requiring enlistment in the military or supplementary secular studies in the yeshiva, the decision was made to transfer the yeshiva to Eretz Yisroel. Sarna was sent to Eretz Yisroel to choose a site for the yeshiva and to coordinate its establishment there. After evaluating various options he chose the city of Hebron. Consequently, Knesses Yisroel became the first Lithuanian yeshiva to transfer to Eretz Yisroel. At that period, Sarna assumed a significant role in the yeshiva's leadership, delivering shiurim (lectures) and coordinating study schedules. In the beginning of 1927, the Alter fell seriously ill, and Sarna began to deliver musar discourses in the yeshiva.
In the course of the 1929 Hebron massacre, 24 of the yeshiva's students had been killed and many were injured. Sarna succeeded in reestablishing the yeshiva in Jerusalem. He renamed it "Hebron", in memory of those who were massacred in that city. While Leib Chasman, the yeshiva's mashgiach, dedicated himself to encouraging the students, Sarna took the task of fund raising for the yeshiva, traveling extensively, even making several trips to the United States.
In a letter to Isaac Sher of Slabodka, he wrote, "The first weeks were very difficult, since the students were both destitute and despondent. But by the 15th of Elul, they returned to themselves, and by Rosh Hashana, the yeshiva began to function in full force."
When his father-in-law, Moshe Mordechai, died in 1933, four years after the Hebron Massacre, Rav Yechezkel was officially appointed rosh yeshiva of Hebron.
Community involvement and leadership
With the start of World War II and the Holocaust, Sarna expanded the scope of his activities: he was among the founders of the Vaad Yeshivos, and was also active in the Vaad Hatzalah. After the founding of the State of Israel, Sarna served as one of the leaders of the Chinuch Atzmai Torah School Network. Although he shunned direct political involvement, Rabbi Sarna had a strong affinity for Agudas Yisroel, and he was an active member of its Council of Torah Sages.
Despite the involvement in community and Jewish projects, the Hebron yeshiva and its students remained his lifework. He delivered shiurim in halacha and musar every week at the yeshiva and in his own home. For seven years, he also delivered discourses on the laws and meaning of Shabbat. In 1936, with the passing of the yeshiva's mashgiach, Yehuda Leib Chasman, Sarna assumed that role himself.
As rosh yeshiva and mashgiach, he acted warmly toward his students. This attitude is apparent in one of his letters, in which he wrote, "Yesterday, I entered the yeshiva close to midnight, and found thirty students studying with exceptional fervor. At that time, I thought, 'Fortunate is the generation which has merited such young people. May Hashem protect them and bless them.'"
Over time, his brothers-in-law, Rabbis Aaron Cohen and Moshe Chevroni, were appointed roshei yeshiva of Hebron, while Meir Chadash was appointed mashgiach. Later, Rabbis Hillel Paley, Simcha Zissel Broide and Avrohom Farbstein were also invited to become roshei yeshiva there.
Final days
In his last months, Sarna kept davening at the yeshiva and delivering shiurim. In 1969, he was taken to Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital for intensive treatment. Two days before his death, he was reported to have said, "It is Elul and the students are surely studying with added hasmada. My illness won't disturb their Elul mood." He died on 6 Elul and was buried beside his father-in-law, Moshe Mordechai Epstein, on the Mount of Olives.
Family
Sarna and his wife Pesha Miriam had one son, Chaim. Their daughter Chana (married name Farbstein) was born 1923.
Works
Rearrangement of the Kuzari by Rav. Sarna, Transl. Rabbi Avraham Davis; Metsudah 1986
Iyunim on Mesilat Yesharim available at http://hebrewbooks.org/41769
Daliot Yechezkel
References
1890 births
1969 deaths
Israeli Rosh yeshivas
Haredi rabbis in Europe
Haredi rabbis in Israel
Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives
he:חיים סרנא | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yechezkel%20Sarna |
Route 109 is a Quebec provincial highway that runs through the western regions of Abitibi-Témiscamingue and Nord-du-Québec. It begins at Route 117 in Rivière-Héva, proceeding north approximately to Amos. From there, the highway extends to Matagami, where the road continues northwards as James Bay Road (French: Route de la Baie James). While now classified as a municipal road, the James Bay Road was part of provincial Route 109 until 2002. Consequently, some maps may still identify it as such.
The 182 km section of Route 109 between Saint-Dominique-du-Rosaire and Matagami winds through complete wilderness and no services exist at all here. There is however extensive logging taking place along this section.
Municipalities along Route 109
Rivière-Héva
La Motte
Saint-Mathieu-d'Harricana
Amos
Saint-Félix-de-Dalquier
Saint-Dominique-du-Rosaire
Baie-James
Matagami
Major intersections
See also
List of Quebec provincial highways
References
External links
Official Transport Quebec Road Map (Courtesy of the Quebec Ministry of Transportation)
Route 109 on Google Maps
109
Amos, Quebec
Roads in Abitibi-Témiscamingue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec%20Route%20109 |
Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park () is a national park of Brazil located in the state of Goiás, on the top of an ancient plateau with an estimated age of 1.8 billion years. The park was created on January 11, 1961, by President Juscelino Kubitschek, and listed as a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 2001. It occupies an area of in the municipalities of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Cavalcante and Colinas do Sul. The park is maintained by Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.
History
The Chapada dos Veadeiros region was first developed around the gold rush in the 18th century. Cavalcante was one of the first villages founded in the region, and at one point became one of Brazil's major gold extractors. Some reports say that Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil visited Cavalcante, making it capital of the Empire for a day. The necessity of slave labor to work the mines in the Chapada dos Veadeiros was so great that the region is now home to some of the biggest Quilombo communities in Brazil.
Kalungas
The Quilombos are communities of Afro-Brazilians who managed to escape from slavery, both from agricultural plantations and mines. The Quilombo communities of Chapada dos Veadeiros include a subgroup known as the Kalungas. The word Kalunga meant "something of smaller value" in the past. The term is now a term of pride for the Kalunga group. Their image in Brazil has grown. With the end of the golden period of mining, the Chapada dos Veadeiros had only an isolated collection of villages; they were rediscovered and engage in tourism to support Kalunga communities.
Geography
Climate
The average yearly temperature is 24–26 degrees Celsius, ranging from a minimum of 4–8 degrees Celsius and reaching a maximum of 40–42 degrees Celsius.
Altitude
With altitudes between 600 and 1650 meters, it is the highest plain in Central Brazil. The highest point of the park and of the state of Goiás is Serra da Santana, at 1691 meters above sea level.
Rock formations
Its rock formations are one of the oldest on the planet. There are quartz with outcrops of crystals. These rocks are exported and appreciated in Japan and England, where for some decades they were used for industrial work. Nowadays therapists and nature lovers seek energies and the power to cure from the crystals and from places like Alto Paraiso.
Rock crystals are present in the soil of the rich cerrado, or open pasture. Forest growth is also still found in the region, where more than 25 species of orchids can be found, besides other Brazilian species such as pau d'arco roxo, copaíba (copa tree), aroeira (California pepper tree), tamanqueira (cork tree), terivá (a variety of palm tree), buritis (wine-palm) and Babaçu (Babassu).
The main river in the park is the Rio Preto, a tributary of the Tocantins River. There are many waterfalls along its course such as the Rio Preto Falls (120 meters high, 80 meters at the base) and the Cariocas Falls. The park is noted for its scenic canyons, with walls of up to high and valleys of up to deep.
List of waterfalls
Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park is noted for its waterfalls. Those which range from 80 to 120 meters include the Corredeiras, Cannyon I, Cannyon II, the Carioquinhas Waterfall and the Jardim de Maitréya. In properties with controlled access: Águas Quentes, Morada do Sol, Banho das Crianças and Vale das Andorinhas, Salto do Raizama and Cannyon do Rio São Miguel, Vale da lua, Cachoeiras Almécegas I and Almécegas II, Cachoeira de São Bento, Cataratas do Rio dos Couros, Cachoeira do Rio Cristal, Cachoeira dos Anjos e dos Arcanjos, Água Fria, Cachoeira do Rio das Almas, Poço Encantado, Sertão Zen, Cachoeira do Rio Macaco, Território Kalunga, Lago Serra da Mesa, Bocaina do Faria, Cachoeira das Neves, Mirante do Pouso Alto, Alpes Goianos, Cachoeira do Santana, Cachoeira da Ave Maria, Morada do Sol, Pedra Escrita, Cachoeira das Pedras Bonitas, Cachoeira Santa Bárbara, Cachoeira Capivara, Cachoeira Candaru, Cachoeiras Barroco, Cachoeiras do Pratinha, Cachoeira Rei do Prata, Cachoeiras do Curriola, Cachoeira do São Bartolomeu, Cachoeiras Veredas, and Ponte de Pedra.
The local fauna
The rich fauna of the region includes species, some of which are threatened by extinction, such as the pampas deer (locally known as veado campeiro), marsh deer (cervo do pantanal), maned wolf (lobo guará), jaguar, and others like the rhea (ema), seriema, tapeti, giant armadillo (tatu canastra), anteater (tamanduá), capybara (capivara), tapir (anta), green-beaked toucan (tucano de bico verde), black vulture (urubu preto), and the king vulture (urubu rei).
References
External links
Info on the Chapada
Chapada dos Veadeiros at Webventure
Brazil Ministry of the Environment page about the park
Brazil Ministry of the Environment technical details about the park
National parks of Brazil
World Heritage Sites in Brazil
Protected areas of Goiás
Highest points of Brazilian states
Protected areas established in 1961
Cerrado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapada%20dos%20Veadeiros%20National%20Park |
Long slow distance (LSD) is a form of aerobic endurance training used in sports including running, rowing, skiing and cycling. It is also known as aerobic endurance training, base training and Zone 2 training. Physiological adaptations to LSD training include improved cardiovascular function, improved thermoregulatory function, improved mitochondrial energy production, increased oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle, and increased utilization of fat for fuel. Ernst van Aaken, a German physician and coach, is generally recognized as the founder of the LSD method of endurance training.
LSD training is a form of continuous training performed at a constant pace at low to moderate intensity over an extended distance or duration. The moderate training intensity of LSD is effective in improving endurance and maximum oxygen uptake in individuals who are undertrained or moderately trained. Although LSD training is not effective when used in isolation by well-trained athletes, there is substantial evidence that elite athletes spend 70% percent or more of their training time at LSD output levels, that LSD effort levels are a necessary part of the training of world class athletes, and that LSD workouts are primary drivers of the lower resting heart rates seen in well conditioned athletes.
History
Tim Noakes, a professor of exercise and sports science at the University of Cape Town, suggests that it was Arthur Newton who initially proposed that running longer distances at slower paces was the most effective training method for beginning runners. Noakes asserts that after this method was rediscovered in the 1960s, Joe Henderson coined the term "long slow distance".
Joe Henderson
Long slow distance running was promoted as a training method by Joe Henderson in 1969. Henderson saw his approach as providing an alternative to the dominant school of training for distance running which he called “PTA school of running – the pain, torture, and agony” approach. He documented the success of six competitive runners who followed in one form or another an LSD training regime, sometimes combining a few more strenuous workouts with the regular LSD running with weekly mileages ranging from to per week, with marathon personal bests between 2:14 and 2:50 hours. In addition, there are ultra-marathoners who use a similar method for training.
A typical 5k runner might consider of LSD, while a marathoner might run or more. LSD runs are typically done at an easy pace, 1–3 minutes per mile slower than a runner's 10k pace. The objectives of these runs are to build blood volume and to increase muscle strength, endurance, and aerobic fitness.
Henderson's book was not only directed at competitive runners, but also at runners who wanted to have fun running. He writes, “LSD isn't just a training method. It's a whole way of looking at the sport. Those who employ it are saying running is fun – all running, not just the competitive part which yields rewards.”
Approaches to running
During the running boom of the 1970s, many recreational runners used LSD as a basis for training. One of the "fathers" of the Honolulu Marathon, cardiologist Jack Scaff used a long slow distance approach to train runners in his marathon clinics. Scaff advised his runners to follow the "talk test", an idea that had originated from Arthur Lydiard in which runners should be going slow enough to be able to hold a conversation. According to sportswriter John Brant in his 2006 book Duel in the Sun, almost every serious distance runner in the early 1980s used Lydiard's system of building an endurance base with many miles at an aerobic pace before running shorter distances at an anaerobic pace.
Starting out with an hour run, three times a week, and building up to weekly averages of 40 to 60 miles a week for the last three months, thousands of graduates of the program have found that they could complete the full Honolulu Marathon which is held every year in beginning of December. The clinic's approach can be seen from its original Rules of the Road, now referred to as the "basic set of rules that lay the foundation for your training."
The rules:
No fewer than three runs per week
No more than five runs per week
No less than one hour per run
No farther than 15 miles on any run
One run per week lasting two hours or more (after month 5)
A variant of the LSD approach is to combine running slowly with walking breaks.
"It has been found that average runners will have more success if they take regular walk breaks.
"The strategy is unusual in that it doesn't involve simply walking when you are tired. Walk-break runners force themselves to stop even at the beginning of a run when they are fresh."
An example of such an approach is provided by the running clinics organized by Jeff Galloway In running circles, John Bingham aka the Penguin, is a well-known practitioner of LSD combined with walking breaks.
Another popular practitioner is Phil Maffetone, who created the Maffetone Method which is also called Low Heart Rate Training. His methodology involves finding your maximum heart rate for training in your easy aerobic zone and initially doing all workouts in that zone. This is similar to LSD, but gives heart rate as a concrete way to know when to slow down. This style of training has become popular for those dealing with health issues, overtraining and learning how to build an aerobic base.
Limitations
Arthur Lydiard wrote that LSD system of training does not reach the levels of effort most effective for building aerobic fitness. Pete Pfitzinger has written that the long slow distance method of training is acceptable for novice runners hoping to complete a marathon, but that more experienced runners benefit from long runs that, depending on the workout, incorporate a variety of paces including speeds approaching race pace. According to Pfitzinger, varying paces are necessary because different physiological adaptations, including increased glycogen storage and fat utilization, occur at specific training paces.
Galloway points out that if a runner wishes to increase their speed, interval training or speed training is recommended. Henderson uses races as speedwork and is a proponent of speedwork in limited quantities.
The scientific literature indicates that high-intensity training can provide greater benefit towards anaerobic capacity than moderate-intensity endurance training. The U.S. Army is reducing the use of long runs in its physical training programs.
See also
Continuous training
Fartlek
High-intensity interval training
Interval training
Strength training
vVO2max
References
External links
Joe Henderson
Jeff Galloway
John Bingham (The Penguin)
Honolulu Marathon Clinic
Aerobic exercise
Endurance games
Running | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20slow%20distance |
Qudrat Ullah Shahab (or Qudratullah Shahab, ; 26 February 191724 July 1986) was an eminent Urdu writer, civil servant and diplomat from Pakistan.
Shahab holds the distinction of having served as the Principal Secretary to three heads of state; Governor General Ghulam Muhammad, President Iskander Mirza, and President Ayub Khan. He went on to serve as the Ambassador of Pakistan to the Netherlands in 1962 and later as Information Secretary of Pakistan and Education Secretary of Pakistan.
Early life and education
Shahab was born in Gilgit on 26 February 1917. His father, Abdullah Sahib, belonged to the Punjabi Arain tribe of Chamkaur Sahib village, district Ambala, and was a student at Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College and a protégé under the supervision of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Abdullah Sahib later migrated from Aligarh and settled down in Gilgit.
Shahab first rose to prominence when, at 16, an essay he penned was selected for the first prize in an international competition organized by the Reader's Digest, London, and, in 1941, for being the first Muslim from Jammu and Kashmir qualifying for the Indian Civil Service.
During the Bengal famine of 1943, he volunteered to help the local community while he was serving as magistrate at Nandigram, but was criticized by the authorities because he shared the strategic food reserves with the starving locals.
Career
Civil services
Shahab moved to Karachi, Pakistan, following the 1947 partition and took charge as Under-Secretary (Import and Export), Ministry of Trade, of the newly-formed independent state. He also served as the first Secretary General (later the position was renamed as Chief Secretary) of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir government. He was deputy commissioner of Jhang as well. He was behind many government schemes launched for the benefit of writers and intellectuals.
Literature
Shahab himself published in English and Urdu languages for contemporary newspapers and magazines of Pakistan Writers' Guild, founded at Karachi in January 1959.
Shahab's essay Maaji poetically outlines the simplicity of his mother and the relationship that his parents shared, detailing migration, governorship, family dynamics, and death in a short chapter.
He is best known for his autobiography Shahab Nama.
Spirituality
The real disclosure came in the final chapter of Shahab Nama that alluded to an out-of-world personality whom he used to call Ninety as his spiritual guide. After Shahab Nama published, which was actually after Shahab's death, Mufti wrote his autobiography, Alakh Nagri, and openly discussed the hidden traits of Shahab's life. Mufti wrote in the foreword of the book:
Death and legacy
Shahab died on 24 July 1986 in Islamabad and is buried in H-8 Graveyard, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Mumtaz Mufti made him the subject of his autobiography Alakh Nagri and later dedicated another book Labbaik. Bano Qudsia, a veteran Urdu writer, wrote a book Mard-e-Abresham on Shahab's personality. A collection of essays about Qudrutullah Shahab has been compiled in a book, Zikr-e-Shahab.
On 23 March 2013, Pakistan Post issued a stamp with denomination of Rs. 15 under the Men of Letters series in the honour of Qudratullah Shahab.
Books
Shahab Nama – autobiography (1986)
Ya Khuda,یا خُدا – novel
Mān̲ Jī, ماں جی – short stories
Surk̲h̲ Fītāh, سُرخ فِیتہ – short stories
Nafsāne, نفسانے – short stories
Shahāb Nagar, شہاب نگر – literary miscellany
Pathans – an essay about Pashtuns
References
External links
Qudratullah Shahab's grave from Daily Times
Book Review of Shahab Nama in English.
Listen to ShahabNama by Qudratullah Shahab
1917 births
1986 deaths
Ambassadors of Pakistan to the Netherlands
Pakistani autobiographers
Pakistani male short story writers
Pakistani short story writers
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Pakistani civil servants
Pakistani humorists
Pakistani scholars
Pakistani Sufis
People from Ambala
Punjabi people
Shrines in Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qudrat%20Ullah%20Shahab |
William Johns (born 2 October 1936) is an American tenor who sang leading roles in the opera houses of Europe and the United States in a career spanning more than 25 years. Several of his live performances in Germany and Italy during the 1970s have been preserved on CD, including the title roles in Alfano's Cyrano de Bergerac and Mercadante's Il bravo.
Life and career
Johns was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended Capitol Hill High School in Oklahoma City and then studied vocal performance and music at Oklahoma City University, followed by further study in New York. A national finalist in the 1965 Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, he made his professional début in 1967 at Lake George Opera as Rodolfo in La bohème. That same year he went to Germany and was primarily based there throughout the 1970s, first as a company soloist at the Bremen Opera (1967–1971), and then at the National Theatre Mannheim (1971–1975) and the Cologne Opera (1975–1979). He sang in five productions the Bayreuth Festival, initially in smaller roles such as 2nd noble of Brabant in Lohengrin (1968), 4th Esquire in Parsifal (1969), and Augustin Moser in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1968 and 1969), but returned there in 1987 in the leading role of Walther von Stolzing in Die Meistersinger (one performance).
The late 1970s and 1980s saw several major house and festival debuts in Europe and the United States. Johns's first appearance at Lyric Opera of Chicago was in 1976 as Hoffmann in Les Contes d'Hoffmann. He later returned there as Walther von Stolzing in Die Meistersinger (1977), Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos (1981), and the title role in Otello (1985). He made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 1979 as Don José in Carmen and went on to appear there in 28 performances through 1993, primarily in dramatic tenor and Wagnerian roles. His last Met performance was in the title role of Siegfried. Other major house debuts during this period included the Paris Opera in 1985 as Tristan in Tristan und Isolde, La Scala in 1986 as The Emperor in the Die Frau ohne Schatten, and the Royal Opera House in 1987 as Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos.
Recordings
Alfano: Cyrano de Bergerac – (as Cyrano). RAI National Symphony Orchestra, Maurizio Arena (conductor). Label: Opera D'oro
Mayr: Medea in Corinto – (as Giasone). Teatro San Carlo Orchestra and Chorus, Maurizio Arena (conductor). Label: Myto Records
Mercadante: Il bravo (as il bravo). Teatro dell'Opera di Roma Orchestra and Chorus, Gabriele Ferro (conductor). Label: Warner Fonit
Puccini: Messa di Gloria (tenor soloist). Symphonic Orchestra and Chorus of the Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon, Michel Corboz. (conductor). Label: Erato
Wagner: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg – (as Augustin Moser). Bayreuth Festival Orchestra and Chorus, Karl Böhm (conductor). Label: Orfeo D'Or
References
External links
Interview with William Johns by Bruce Duffie, November 30, 1980
American operatic tenors
1936 births
Living people
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Oklahoma City University alumni
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
Singers from Oklahoma
20th-century American male opera singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Johns |
Hermann-Böse-Gymnasium (HBG) is a co-educational secondary school in Bremen, Germany.
History
The Hermann-Böse-Gymnasium was founded in 1905 as a secondary school for boys at the instigation of the Senate of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. Therefore, HBG should notably educate a new elite in sciences and foreign languages.
This tradition continues to date, as evidenced on the basis of numerous outstanding placings at various competitions and the emphasis of economics and English as major fields of study.
Students are also able to participate in a number of international conferences, such as Model United Nations (MUN) and Model European Parliaments each year.
In 2009, the school hosts the first MUN for middle and high school students in Bremen.
Furthermore, the Hermann-Böse-Gymnasium is the only secondary school in Bremen, which still resides in its original building. The school itself was constructed in the style of the Weser renaissance and is today under monumental protection. The building is located very central and is close to the central station.
From 1933 until 1945, the school was named after Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, a German officer who led the Schutztruppe in German East Africa successfully through World War I. This post-World War I hero today is controversially discussed, as he was also involved in the abatement of the Herero uprising in Namibia and the Kapp Putsch. Lettow-Vorbeck often held pro-colonial speeches at the school. Today the school holds a partnership with a Namibian school.
After World War II the school was named after Hermann Böse (1870-1943), a music teacher of the school who was deported by the Nazis. Since he was a communist, it was perceived after World War II that he could not serve as an example for students alongside greats like Goethe and Kopernikus. So it was decided to name the street after Böse instead, and from then on the institute was referred to as Gymnasium an der Hermann-Böse-Straße.
It was not until May 2005 that the school decided the renaming to Hermann-Böse-Gymnasium from August 2005, since for pupils and the public the school was long known as Hermann-Böse-Gymnasium for short, or rather in the shortest form HBG. In addition to this it was considered reasonable to connect the values of Böse like social justice, solidarity and humanity directly with the school.
Across from the school there is a 7 metre high brick-elephant designed by the sculptor Fritz Behn, inaugurated on 6 July 1932, which became the emblem of the school. Just like the school the monument changed from a pro-colonial monument to an anti-colonial monument in a ceremonious renaming on 18 May 1990.
The Motto of the school is seen on the facade above the main entrance and says "non scholae sed vitae [discimus]", in English "[we learn,] not for school, but for life", in its well-known inversion of the saying of Seneca "non vitae sed scholae discimus". From 29 September till 1 October 2005 the school celebrated its centenary.
Building
The Charlottenburger architect group had won the contest for the construction of a Realgymnasium in Bremen. The school building was constructed according to their plans from 1903 to 1906. On 19 April 1906 the school first opened its doors to students.
The building outlasted World War II relatively undamaged. In 1977 it was the first school building in Bremen to be put under monumental protection, which turned out to be one reason - among others - not to give up the school location Hermann-Böse-Straße from 1988 to 1989.
There are four small statues located above the main entrance. One of them shows Goethe and another one Copernicus. The other two statues represent science and cosmopolitanism.
See also
List of schools in Germany
Hermann Böse
Bremen
External links
Hermann-Böse-Gymnasium official website
Gymnasiums in Germany
Schools in Bremen (state)
Education in Bremen (city)
1905 establishments in Germany
Educational institutions established in 1905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann-B%C3%B6se-Gymnasium |
San Miguel Chapel, is a Spanish colonial mission church in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Originally built around 1610, it is often referred to as the oldest church in the United States (excluding Puerto Rico). The church was rebuilt twice, once in the mid to late 17th century, and again in 1710 following the Pueblo Revolt. In both cases earlier pieces of the building may have been reused, though it is unclear to what extent. The wooden reredos, which includes a wooden statue of Saint Michael dating back to at least 1709, was added in 1798.
The church is a contributing property in the Barrio De Analco Historic District, which is a U.S. National Historic Landmark. As of 2020, weekly Mass is still offered at the chapel on Sundays.
History
The original San Miguel church was probably built shortly after the founding of Santa Fe in 1610 and was the first church in the new settlement. It was built across the Santa Fe River from the villa proper in an area referred to as the Barrio de Analco, which was inhabited mainly by native people including some Tlaxcalans who had accompanied the Spanish settlers from Mexico. Since missionary work was a priority for the Spaniards, they built a church to serve this population before building their own Parroquia or parish church near the Plaza. In 1630, Alonso de Benavides reported,
The San Miguel Chapel was first mentioned in writing in 1628, indicating it was in use at that point. The original San Miguel Chapel was probably smaller than the present structure, with a rectangular apse, a slightly raised sanctuary, and a simple front elevation with no towers. The surviving foundations were excavated and studied by Bruce Ellis and Stanley Stubbs in 1955. In 1640, escalating conflict between Governor Luis de Rosas and the Franciscan missionaries who ran the church in New Mexico led to all of the Franciscans being expelled from Santa Fe, and the mission was partially or completely dismantled. De Rosas was later jailed and the Franciscans were able to return and rebuild the mission. It was damaged again in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, when the Pueblo people rose up in a coordinated rebellion to drive the Spanish from New Mexico.
When Diego de Vargas led the Spanish back into Santa Fe in 1692, he found the mission burned but reparable. According to his official report, dated December 18, 1693,
A more thorough rebuilding was undertaken in 1710 under the direction of Don Agustín Flores Vergara, who is named on the main beam supporting the choir loft along with the governor at the time, the Marquis de la Peñuela. The church was probably rebuilt on the same foundations and had the same layout as the earlier building, except that the apse was apparently changed from rectangular to trapezoidal. San Miguel was visited in 1776 by Fray Atanasio Domínguez, who wrote a thorough description:
At some point after Domínguez' visit, possibly in the 1830s, the present bell tower was added to the front of the church. By the time of the American occupation in 1846, masses were being held in the church only twice a year. The top levels of the tower collapsed during a storm in 1872 and by the 1880s the entire structure was in poor condition. In 1881, the Archdiocese of Santa Fe sold the little-used building to the Christian Brothers who operated the adjacent St. Michael's College. Under their ownership, the church was restored in 1887, rebuilding the bell tower and stabilizing the walls with stone buttresses. This project gave the building a more European appearance, adding arched openings and a pitched metal roof to the front elevation. These elements were later removed in 1955 during the most recent remodeling of the church.
Architecture
San Miguel Mission is constructed from adobe, with a single rectangular nave and a trapezoidal apse. The walls are approximately thick. The church interior is about wide, long, and high. The ceiling is supported by wooden vigas, of which two are square and are thought to date to 1710, while the remainder are round and are newer replacements. A clerestory above the sanctuary and a high window in the south wall provide light inside the church. The choir loft is supported by a heavy, corbeled beam spanning the width of the nave which in turn supports 13 perpendicular carved beams. The main beam is inscribed:
The front elevation of the church faces west and has a central bell tower with a single small window and a larger open void directly above the main entrance. The building is supported by five stone buttresses added in 1887, two on the front and three on the north side. To the south of the nave are a sacristy, robing room, and storage and residence areas.
Reredos
The wooden reredos or altar screen dates to 1798 and is said to be the work of an unnamed artisan known as the "Laguna Santero" who was active in New Mexico between 1796 and 1808. The screen is flanked by large Solomonic columns. A niche in the center of the reredos, with its own small pair of columns, contains a wooden statue of St. Michael the Archangel wielding a sword. The statue originated in Mexico in 1709 and has been in place at least since 1776, when it was mentioned in Domínguez' inventory of the church. Directly above the statue is a large painting of Jesus from the mid-18th century which was found behind the altar screen during the 1955 renovations. At the top center is a 1745 painting of St. Michael attributed to Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco. Around these two paintings are four oval oil paintings on canvas, which are Mexican and date to the early 18th century. Clockwise from top left, they depict St. Teresa of Ávila, St. Gertrude, St. Louis, and St. Francis of Assisi. The entire reredos was painted over at some point but was later restored.
On either side of the reredos are two paintings depicting the Annunciation, "believed to be the work of one of the disciples of Bartolomé Esteban Murillo". In the early 20th century, these paintings were falsely attributed to Cimabue and claimed to date from 1287.
Bell
Another notable object associated with the church is the bell that hung in the bell tower prior to 1872, which is still on display inside the building. The bell is mostly copper, weighs , and bears the legend
The unlikely date of 1356 attracted attention from historians and the public. The San Miguel bell and the similar Maria Josefa bell, dated 1355, were claimed to be the oldest bells in the United States. This was debunked in 1914 by Benjamin Read, who located an elderly man who remembered the bell being cast in Santa Fe and confirmed that the correct date was 1856, not 1356. Furthermore, the bell is stylistically dissimilar to actual 14th-century church bells, which would have been inscribed in Latin and dated using Roman numerals. The unlikelihood of two such large and heavy bells being brought from Europe when locally made bells were available has also been noted. Casting defects were probably responsible for the 8 appearing as a 3.
See also
List of churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Fe
Oldest buildings in the United States
Oldest churches in the United States
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
References
External links
Roman Catholic churches in Santa Fe, New Mexico
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Mexico
History of Santa Fe County, New Mexico
National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
Roman Catholic churches in New Mexico
Spanish-American culture in Santa Fe, New Mexico
Spanish missions in New Mexico
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Fe, New Mexico
Roman Catholic chapels in the United States
Adobe churches in New Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Miguel%20Mission |
Philip Nikodem Jagielka ( or ; born 17 August 1982) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back. He is currently a free agent, having last played for Championship club Stoke City.
Jagielka started his career with Sheffield United in 2000, where he played mainly as a central midfielder. He helped them achieve top-flight status for the 2006–07 season, after which he joined Everton for a £4 million fee. He later captained the club from 2013 to 2019, and totalled 385 games. He left Everton in 2019 after 12 years and returned to former club Sheffield United.
Debuting in 2008, he received 40 England caps during his international career and was included in the England squads at UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
Early life
Jagielka was born in Sale, Greater Manchester, and attended Knutsford Academy. He played for Holy Family Football Club, a Sunday team affiliated with, although not directly linked to, the school of the same name, from the ages of eight to 11. He played as a right winger, as he possessed great pace, and played in matches against boys of the school year older than him. He first impressed youth scouts whilst playing for his local team Hale Barns United in Altrincham. He predominantly played midfield during his time with the club and also played for his school team, Moorlands Junior School.
He was at the academy of Everton as a youngster and spent time training with clubs such as Stoke City and Manchester City, before joining Sheffield United in 1998 at 15 years of age.
Club career
Sheffield United
Jagielka made his way through the youth ranks at Sheffield United before making his first-team debut on 5 May 2000 against Swindon Town in the final First Division match of the 1999–2000 season, whilst still a trainee. He was rewarded with a professional contract the following day and having progressed well at the start of the following season, he signed a three-year deal with the club in January 2001.
He established himself in the Sheffield United first-team in the 2002–03 season and started to attract the attention of other clubs, including Leeds United, who were linked with a £6 million joint bid for Jagielka and United teammate Michael Brown, but Sheffield United said they would resist any attempts to sign the players.
Jagielka stated in April 2005 he was happy to stay at United, despite several Premier League clubs being interested in signing him. United manager Neil Warnock told West Ham United in June 2005 that Jagielka would not be sold, and in July Wigan Athletic made a £4 million bid for Jagielka, after which United upped their valuation of him. By November, Jagielka had been linked with a £4 million move to Bolton Wanderers, but United manager Neil Warnock said there had been no contact from Bolton.
Jagielka signed a new three-year deal with United in August 2006. He played as team captain in Chris Morgan's absence. Jagielka gave United their first Premier League victory since April 1994 when he hit a 91st minute half-volley against Middlesbrough for a 2–1 win in September 2006. Despite being recognised as one of United's key players, chairman Kevin McCabe admitted that Jagielka could be sold if the price was high enough. In a home match against Arsenal on 30 December 2006, due to a thigh injury to starting goalkeeper Paddy Kenny and with his team 1–0 up, Jagielka was forced to play in goal for the remainder of the match. Arsenal were kept at bay for the remaining 34 minutes and Jagielka's late save from Robin van Persie secured the 1–0 victory. Warnock wrote in The Independent that "He's a very competent keeper, but he's the sort of bloke who'd be world class at tiddlywinks", and that he preferred to put Jagielka in goal rather than use a substitution that could be used for an attacking change instead.
By the end of the 2006–07 season, he had made 133 consecutive league appearances for United, including every league match in the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons and every minute of the 2006–07 season. When Sheffield United were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2006–07 season, Jagielka was linked with moves away from United and goalkeeper Paddy Kenny said he believed it was time Jagielka moved on. New United boss Bryan Robson urged Jagielka to wait for the outcome of the club's relegation arbitration hearing before deciding to leave the club.
Everton
2007–2012
Jagielka eventually signed for Everton on 4 July 2007, in a deal worth £4 million on a five-year contract, the highest amount paid for a Sheffield United player at the time. He made his home debut at Goodison Park on 31 July 2007 as a second-half substitute in a pre-season friendly against Werder Bremen, replacing Joseph Yobo in central defence. After a slow start to his Everton career, Jagielka developed into an important member of the first team. He scored his first Everton goal in the UEFA Cup against AZ. He scored an own goal against Wigan Athletic, although Everton won 2–1. He put in a succession of man of the match performances in the following matches, against Tottenham Hotspur, Brann and Manchester City. He scored his first league goal for Everton against Reading on 9 February 2008.
Jagielka started the 2008–09 season as first-choice centre-back, playing every minute of every league match until being injured in a 2–1 home defeat to Manchester City. He was named the Premier League Player of the Month for February and won Everton's fans and club player of the season. Jagielka scored the winning penalty for Everton in a penalty shoot-out in the semi-final of the FA Cup against Manchester United, but he was claimed to have fouled Danny Welbeck after 68 minutes, with many claiming it to be a penalty, which the referee did not award. Soon afterwards he ruptured his anterior cruciate ligament playing against Manchester City, and as a consequence missed the 2009 FA Cup final, which Everton lost to Chelsea.
After missing the end of the 2008–09 season and more than half of 2009–10, Jagielka played his first senior fixture since the cruciate ligament injury in an away match against Sporting CP in the UEFA Europa League in February 2010, coming on as a substitute for an injured Philippe Senderos.
2013–2019
On 3 January 2013, Jagielka signed a new contract at Everton, keeping him at Goodison Park until 2017. In April 2013, manager David Moyes announced that Jagielka would be appointed as the club captain for the 2013–14 season after the retirement of Phil Neville.
When Moyes left for Manchester United, new manager Roberto Martínez stated that Jagielka would make a "phenomenal captain". In Jagielka's first season as captain, Everton amassed a Premier League club record 72 points to finish fifth with him being awarded three accolades at the club: Player of the Season, Players' Player of the Season and Goal of the Season.
On 27 September 2014, Jagielka scored his first goal in two seasons with a 30-yard half volley against Liverpool in the Merseyside derby to level the match in the 91st minute. On 6 November 2014, Jagielka scored his first European goal in seven years in Everton's 3–0 UEFA Europa League group stage win against Lille.
Jagielka reclaimed his place as Everton's starting centre-back in March 2017 after Ramiro Funes Mori suffered a knee injury on international duty. In April 2017, Jagielka scored in three successive league matches for Everton: first, in a 1–1 draw against Manchester United at Old Trafford on 4 April – his first league goal in two years – then in a 4–2 victory against Leicester City at Goodison Park on 9 April, and finally, in a 3–1 home victory over Burnley on 15 April.
Jagielka extended his contract with Everton for another year until the summer of 2019 on 2 August 2017.
After finding himself on the periphery of the Everton first team for most of the 2018–19 season, an illness to Michael Keane in the warm-up before a match against Arsenal on 7 April 2019 saw Jagielka replace him in the starting line-up. Jagielka went on to score the only goal in the 10th minute which was his first Everton goal for two years. In doing so, and at the age of 36 years and 233 days, he became the second-oldest player to score for Everton in the Premier League era, behind Richard Gough.
Return to Sheffield United
Jagielka left Everton at the end of 2018–19, having made 385 appearances in 12 years. He re-signed for Sheffield United on 4 July 2019 on a one-year contract, following the club's promotion to the Premier League. On 23 August 2020 he signed a new one-year deal to keep him at the club for the 2020–21 season.
Derby County
Jagielka signed for Championship club Derby County on 17 August 2021 on a short-term contract until January 2022, having trained with the club throughout pre-season. He made his debut the next day in a 1–0 win away to Hull City, his first Championship match since April 2006. On 14 January 2022, Jagielka departed the club. Manager Wayne Rooney wanted to extend Jagielka's contract with the club however due to an embargo placed on the club until Derby's administrators provided proof of funds, Rooney was unable to do so.
Stoke City
On 15 January 2022, Jagielka signed for Championship club Stoke City until the end of the 2021–22 season. He made 20 appearances, as Stoke ended the season in 14th position. Jagielka signed a new six-month contract extension with Stoke on 6 May 2022. He scored against his former club Sheffield United on 8 October 2022. Jagielka reached 800 senior career appearances in April 2023. Jagielka played 30 times in 2022–23 and he was released at the end of the season.
International career
Jagielka is a former member of the England under-21 team, and scored in a 2–0 victory over Slovakia at the Stadium of Light in June 2003.
On 10 May 2007, Jagielka was named in the England B team for the first time, for their match against Albania. Starting on the bench, he replaced Phil Neville at right back at the beginning of the second half. On 11 May 2008, Jagielka was named in the senior England squad for the first time for the friendlies with United States and Trinidad and Tobago. He subsequently expressed his delight at the call up and publicly thanked everyone at Everton for their help. On 1 June 2008, Jagielka got his first international cap for the senior team against Trinidad and Tobago, playing the second half of a match in which England used two different sides for each half.
Jagielka was once again named in the England squad for the friendly match against European champions Spain, 11 February 2009, and subsequently played for the first 45 minutes, after an impressive string of performances at club level publicly praised by manager David Moyes after the FA Cup fourth round replay tie between Everton and Liverpool. Jagielka received his fourth cap when he played in England's first post 2010 FIFA World Cup friendly against Hungary on 11 August 2010 at Wembley Stadium where he scored an own goal to put the visitors ahead in a 2–1 England win.
On 3 September 2010, Jagielka made his first competitive start, and played for the entirety of the match in a 4–0 win over Bulgaria. He was said to have "read the game brilliantly on a night when he proved his credentials". He was called up to the England squad once again for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Montenegro at Wembley Stadium on 12 October.
Jagielka was originally placed on the standby list for England's UEFA Euro 2012 squad, and played the full match in a pre-tournament warm-up match against Norway, which England won 1–0. On 28 May 2012, he was added to the main squad after Gareth Barry was ruled out of the tournament with an abdominal injury. He did not, however, feature in any of England's four matches during the tournament.
In August 2012, Jagielka scored his first goal for England, a diving header during a 2–1 friendly victory over Italy in Bern, Switzerland.
On 12 May 2014, Jagielka was named in England's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He scored his second England goal on 30 May 2014 to wrap up a 3–0 friendly win over Peru at Wembley, reacting after goalkeeper Raúl Fernández dropped a corner from Jagielka's Everton teammate Leighton Baines. England were unbeaten in 11 competitive matches in which Jagielka has played in (won eight and drawn three), until they lost 2–1 to Italy in their opening match of the World Cup.
Jagielka scored his third England goal, and first in a competitive fixture, on 9 October 2014; his header opened a 5–0 Wembley win over San Marino in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. Jagielka became the first Everton player to captain England when they played against Lithuania on 12 October 2015 in a UEFA Euro qualifying match.
On 15 November 2016, he became the most-capped Everton player from England when he came on as a second-half substitute against Spain in a 2–2 draw.
Personal life
Jagielka is of Polish and Scottish descent. His brother, Steve, who died in 2021, was also a professional midfielder, mainly for Shrewsbury Town. Although he was loaned to Sheffield United for one season, the pair never featured together in a competitive fixture. Phil's son Zac, is a player of Liverpool and Wales.
In September 2009, Jagielka's home in Knutsford was targeted by armed robbers who held Jagielka at knifepoint while they burgled him.
Career statistics
Club
International
England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Jagielka goal
Honours
Everton
FA Cup runner-up: 2008–09
Individual
Football League Championship Player of the Year: 2005–06
Premier League Player of the Month: February 2009
PFA Team of the Year: 2003–04 First Division, 2005–06 Championship
Sheffield United Player of the Year: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
Everton Player of the Season: 2008–09, 2014–15
Everton Players' Player of the Season: 2008–09, 2014–15
Everton Goal of the Season: 2014–15
References
External links
Profile at the Stoke City F.C. website
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Sale, Greater Manchester
Footballers from Greater Manchester
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Sheffield United F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
England men's under-21 international footballers
England men's B international footballers
England men's international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
English people of Polish descent
English people of Scottish descent
English victims of crime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Jagielka |
Mikałaj Ułaščyk (Belarusian language: Мікалай Улашчык Mikalai Ulashchyk; Russian: Николай Николаевич Улащик; February 14, 1906 – November 22, 1986) was a Belarusian academic historian and archaeologist known for significant contributions to the research in the medieval history of Belarus.
Biography
He was born in the village of Vickaŭščyna close to Minsk. His birthplace later became a subject of one of his works.
In 1929 Mikałaj Ułaščyk graduated from the Belarusian State University, specialised in history. In 1930 he was arrested by the NKVD together with a large number of Belarusian intellectuals accused of "anti-Soviet activity" and "nationalism" within the framed-up Case of the Union of Liberation of Belarus. He was deported to a labor camp close to Vyatka. After his release in 1935 he was again twice arrested and imprisoned in the following years (1941–1942, 1950–1955) because of his active opposing the official Soviet propagandist historiography.
After the final release he was not able to go back to Belarus and settled in Moscow where since 1955 he worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Mikałaj Ułaščyk became doctor of sciences and author of numerous works on the History of Belarus and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania related to the research of chronicles, source documents and archaeography. He was also the editor of 32nd and 35th volumes of the Full Collection of Russian Chronicles.
References
20th-century Belarusian historians
Belarusian male writers
1986 deaths
1906 births
Belarusian State University alumni
Male non-fiction writers
Soviet historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika%C5%82aj%20U%C5%82a%C5%A1%C4%8Dyk |
Elei Sinai () was an Israeli settlement in the north of the Gaza Strip.
Founding
Elei Sinai was established in 1982 (Sukkot 5743) by a group who had been evicted from Yamit in the Sinai Peninsula. It was named for the yearning to return to the Sinai desert, where Yamit was located.
Avi Farhan, a Yamit expellee, and Arik Herfez, whose daughter had been killed by Palestinian militants, were two of the most notable residents.
Unilateral Disengagement
Among the arguments in opposition to Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, which stated that the settlers should be evicted from Elei Sinai, was a proposal by Farhan allowing the settlers to remain in their homes as Palestinian citizens, an idea the Palestinians the Israeli government rejected.
The residents had actually left their homes voluntarily but returned after realizing that the government had no place to send them.
After the eviction, a group of fifty families established themselves at the Yad Mordechai junction as a protest that the government hadn't found a community solution for them. Others were sent to the Shirat HaYam hotel. The rest of the settlement later split into a few groups, including those now found in:
Karmia, who were promised future homes in Talmei Yafeh close to Ashkelon.
Or HaNer, who were promised future homes in the Bat Hadar neighborhood close to Ashkelon.
Farhan and a part of his family establish a new group and hope to establish a new community in the center of the country. The government agreed in 2006 to acclimatize this group in Palmachim.
References
Populated places established in 1982
Former Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip
Villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict
1982 establishments in the Palestinian territories
2005 disestablishments in the Palestinian territories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%20Sinai |
The Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (VSC) was originally set up in 1966 by activists around the International Group with the personal and financial support of Bertrand Russell.
Ralph Schoenman acted both as Director of the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign and as Executive Director of the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation. Marxist activists including Tariq Ali, Ernie Tate, Al Richardson, David Horowitz, John La Rose and Pat Jordan also played a key role.
Members of the International Socialists participated in the foundation of the VSC, but for the first year of its existence its presence was a token one only.
It organised a demonstration of 20,000 people in October 1967 that for the first time ignored police warnings not to enter Grosvenor Square, where the United States Embassy in London was then located. In March and October 1968 two major demonstrations in London, sponsored by the VSC, drew more than 100,000 participants. Serious police violence was captured by press and television cameras during the March protest. The October demonstration was carefully planned to avoid any opportunity for a repeat performance, resulting in a peaceful march of 200,000 people across London. According to its newsletter, VSC branches were active in many British cities -- Glasgow, Sheffield, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham and Swansea. Even small towns, including Falkirk and Northold Park, counted VSC members.
The Vietnam Solidarity Campaign consistently badgered Harold Wilson and his government over Vietnam. Every issue of the VSC Bulletin contained a special section on "British Complicity" in the war, usually focusing on military R&D carried on by industry and universities. In its Vietnam Handbook (1972) the VSC devoted a major chapter to "British Complicity," accusing Wilson of cutting a "shabby figure" as he consistently supported U.S. policy in Vietnam.
References
Anthony O. Edmonds The Viet Nam War and the British Student Left: A Study in Political Symbolism
Anti–Vietnam War groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%20Solidarity%20Campaign |
The Emas National Park (, literally meaning "Rhea National Park") is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil.
Description
The National Park is located between the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul in the Center-West Region of Brazil, between 17º50’—18º15’S and 52º39’—53º10’W. It covers of cerrado savannah.
The park is in the Pantanal Biosphere Reserve, which also includes the Pantanal, Chapada dos Guimarães and Serra da Bodoquena national parks, and the Serra de Santa Bárbara, Nascentes do Rio Taquari and Pantanal de Rio Negro state parks.
The surrounding area is dominated by large soybean plantations.
Flora and fauna
Emas National Park shows a typical cerrado ecosystem; a treeless savannah with tall termite mounds and an interesting amount of wildlife: the giant anteater, the maned wolf, giant armadillo, pampas deer and the namesake greater rhea, among others.
Emas National Park also holds a small jaguar population, perhaps consisting of about 10-12 animals. Only about 40% of the reserve, which covers in total, is good jaguar habitat.
Other larger mammals include puma, ocelot, Brazilian tapir, collared peccary, white-lipped peccary, marsh deer, red brocket, gray brocket, black howler monkey and capybara.
References
Sources
External links
Bioluminescencia Parque das Emas
conselho consultivo
National parks of Brazil
World Heritage Sites in Brazil
Protected areas of Goiás
Protected areas of Mato Grosso do Sul
Cerrado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas%20National%20Park |
Frank Kirby may refer to:
Frank Howard Kirby (1871–1956), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
Frank Kirby (footballer) (1885–1963), Australian rules footballer
Frank E. Kirby (1849–1929), naval architect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Kirby |
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