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Hans J. Salter (January 14, 1896 in Vienna – July 23, 1994 in Studio City, Cal.) was an Austrian-American film composer.
Biography
Salter gained his education from the Vienna Academy of Music and studied composition with Alban Berg, Franz Schreker, and others. He worked for the Berlin State Opera before being hired in 1928 to compose music at UFA studios. Salter emigrated to America in 1937 and was quickly put under contract at Universal, where he worked for nearly 30 years, arranging, composing, conducting, and serving as music director.
He composed mainly for Universal, most famously for horror and science fiction films but also for other studios and for television. His most celebrated scores include The Wolf Man (1941), Scarlet Street (1945), Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954) and The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957). Salter was nominated for an Academy Award for several films, including Christmas Holiday (1944) and This Love Of Ours (1945). Much of his output for Universal was uncredited, where it was used as stock music, in minor pictures. Notable non-horror scores include the Western Bend of the River (1953) and the swashbucklers Against All Flags (1952) and The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), Universal's first Cinemascope production.
Salter died in Studio City, California on July 23, 1994, at the age of 98, and was interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.
Selected film credits
The Office Manager (1931)
The True Jacob (1931)
Gloria (1931)
Holzapfel Knows Everything (1932)
My Friend the Millionaire (1932)
Madame Wants No Children (1933)
Everything for the Company (1935)
Fräulein Lilli (1936)
Legion of Lost Flyers (1939)
Man from Montreal (1939)
Enemy Agent (1940)
The Invisible Man Returns (1940)
Seven Sinners (1940)
It Started with Eve (1941)
Mutiny in the Arctic (1941)
The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942)
The Spoilers (1942)
Pittsburgh (1942)
The Amazing Mrs. Holliday (1943)
The Strange Death of Adolf Hitler (1943)
Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943)
Son of Dracula (1943)
His Butler's Sister (1943)
The Spider Woman (1943)
Phantom Lady (1944)
The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944)
Christmas Holiday (1944)
San Diego, I Love You (1944)
House of Frankenstein (1944)
Can't Help Singing (1944)
Patrick the Great (1945)
This Love of Ours (1945)
Scarlet Street (1945)
So Goes My Love (1946)
Lover Come Back (1946)
Magnificent Doll (1946)
The Michigan Kid (1947)
The Web (1947)
That's My Man (1947)
Love from a Stranger (1947)
The Sign of the Ram (1948)
Man-Eater of Kumaon (1948)
An Innocent Affair (1948)
Cover Up (1949)
The Reckless Moment (1949)
Borderline (1950)
Please Believe Me (1950)
The Killer That Stalked New York (1950)
Frenchie (1950)
Tomahawk (1951)
Apache Drums (1951)
The Prince Who Was a Thief (1951)
Thunder on the Hill (1951)
You Never Can Tell (1951)
The Golden Horde (1951)
Bend of the River (1952)
Flesh and Fury (1952)
The Battle at Apache Pass (1952)
Untamed Frontier (1952)
Against All Flags (1952)
The Human Jungle (1954)
Sign of the Pagan (1954)
The Far Horizons (1955)
Wichita (1955)
Red Sundown (1956)
Navy Wife (1956)
The Rawhide Years (1956)
Autumn Leaves (1956)
Hold Back the Night (1956)
The Oklahoman (1957)
The Tall Stranger (1957)
The Female Animal (1958)
Day of the Badman (1958)
Raw Wind in Eden (1958)
The Man in the Net (1959)
The Wild and the Innocent (1959)
The Gunfight at Dodge City (1959)
Come September (1961)
Hitler (1962)
Follow That Dream (1962)
If a Man Answers (1962)
King Kong vs. Godzilla (1963) U.S. version
Showdown (1963)
Bedtime Story (1964)
Gunpoint (1966)
Incident at Phantom Hill (1966)
Beau Geste (1966)
Return of the Gunfighter (1967)
Biographies
Interview
Hans J. Salter: "Als ich 1937 nach Hollywood kam, lag das Land noch immer in tiefster Depression". In: Christian Cargnelli, Michael Omasta (eds.): Aufbruch ins Ungewisse. Österreichische Filmschaffende in der Emigration vor 1945. Vienna, Wespennest: 1993.
Further reading
Matthias Wiegandt, "Salter, Hans Julius", Neue Deutsche Biographie'' (NDB), vol. 22, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2005, , 398–99,http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016410/images/index.html?seite=412
Cinema's Exiles: From Hitler to Hollywood. Directed by Karen Thomas. 2007, https://www.pbs.org/wnet/cinemasexiles/.
References
External links
Hans Salter Collection. UCLA. Performing Arts Special Collections.
Hans J. Salter brief bio
Jewish American composers
American male composers
Austrian emigrants to the United States
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Musicians from Vienna
1896 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20J.%20Salter |
The Carmarthen by-election, was held in Carmarthen, Wales, on 14 July 1966. The contest was significant in that it resulted in the election of Gwynfor Evans, the first ever Plaid Cymru Member of Parliament. Plaid Cymru's victory in the Carmarthen constituency, a seminal moment for Welsh nationalism, was part of a wider process toward Welsh devolution which eventually led to the establishment of the Welsh Assembly in 1999.
The election was caused by the death of Labour Party Member of Parliament Megan Lloyd George.
Gwynfor Evans' surprise win is credited with laying the foundations for Winnie Ewing's victory for the Scottish National Party at the 1967 Hamilton by-election, an event of equal significance for Scottish nationalism.
Results
See also
1882 Carmarthen Boroughs by-election
1924 Carmarthen by-election
1928 Carmarthen by-election
1941 Carmarthen by-election
1957 Carmarthen by-election
Carmarthen (UK Parliament constituency)
Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)
References
External links
BBC – South East Wales – Hall of Fame – Gwynfor Evans
Election leaflet of Gwynfor Evans, Plaid Cymru candidate in the 1966 Carmarthen by-election
Welsh by-election results: 1833–1972
1966 – 67 By Elections
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Welsh constituencies
Plaid Cymru
Carmarthen by-election
Carmarthen by-election
Carmarthen by-election, 1966
Elections in Carmarthenshire
20th century in Carmarthenshire
Carmarthen by-election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%20Carmarthen%20by-election |
A source text is a text (sometimes oral) from which information or ideas are derived. In translation, a source text is the original text that is to be translated into another language.
Description
In historiography, distinctions are commonly made between three kinds of source texts:
Primary
Primary sources are firsthand written accounts made at the time of an event by someone who was present. They have been described as those sources closest to the origin of the information or idea under study. These types of sources have been said to provide researchers with "direct, unmediated information about the object of study." Primary sources are sources which, usually, are recorded by someone who participated in, witnessed, or lived through the event. These are also usually authoritative and fundamental documents concerning the subject under consideration. This includes published original accounts, published original works, or published original research. They may contain original research or new information not previously published elsewhere. They have been distinguished from secondary sources, which often cite, comment on, or build upon primary sources. They serve as an original source of information or new ideas about the topic. Primary and secondary, however, are relative terms, and any given source may be classified as primary or secondary, depending on how it is used. Physical objects can be primary sources.
Secondary and tertiary
Secondary sources are written accounts of history based upon the evidence from primary sources. These are sources which, usually, are accounts, works, or research that analyze, assimilate, evaluate, interpret, and/or synthesize primary sources. These are not as authoritative and are supplemental documents concerning the subject under consideration. These documents or people summarize other material, usually primary source material. They are academics, journalists, and other researchers, and the papers and books they produce. This includes published accounts, published works, or published research. For example, a history book drawing upon diary and newspaper records.
Tertiary sources are compilations based upon primary and secondary sources. These are sources which, on average, do not fall into the above two levels. They consist of generalized research of a specific subject under consideration. Tertiary sources are analyzed, assimilated, evaluated, interpreted, and/or synthesized from secondary sources, also. These are not authoritative and are just supplemental documents concerning the subject under consideration. These are often meant to present known information in a convenient form with no claim to originality. Common examples are encyclopedias and textbooks.
The distinction between primary source and secondary source is standard in historiography, while the distinction between these sources and tertiary sources is more peripheral, and is more relevant to the scholarly research work than to the published content itself.
Below are types of sources that most generally, but not absolutely, fall into a certain level. The letters after an item describes generally the type it is (though this can vary pending the exact source). P is for Primary sources, S is for Secondary sources, and T is for Tertiary sources. (ed., those with ?s are indeterminate.)
Published Documents
Maps
Literature
Autobiographies
Biographies
Poems
Books
Magazines
Newspaper articles
Pamphlets
Posters
Advertisements
Research
Peer Journals
Non-government documents
Organization papers
Government documents
Public records
Voter lists
Police records
Court records
Court hearings
Court proceedings
Tax accounts
Census data and records
Classified documents
Laws
Treaties
Court decisions
Unpublished Documents
Personal papers
Letters
Diaries
Journals
Wills
Research
Surveys
Fieldwork
Reports
Speeches
Interviews
Membership records
Meeting transcripts
Financial accounts
Authoritative sources
A source that is official is called authoritative if it is known to be reliable and its authority or authenticity is widely recognized by experts in the field. Libraries specialize in collecting these types of resources so that students and faculty have the tools they need to research effectively.
In translation
In translation, a source text (ST) is a text written in a given source language which is to be or has been, translated into another language. According to Jeremy Munday's definition of translation, "the process of translation between two different written languages involves the changing of an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL)". The terms 'source text' and 'target text' are preferred over 'original' and 'translation' because they do not have the same positive vs. negative value judgment.
Translation scholars including Eugene Nida and Peter Newmark have represented the different approaches to translation as falling broadly into source-text-oriented or target-text-oriented categories.
See also
Journalism sourcing
Source (disambiguation)
Text (disambiguation)
Wikisource
References
Translation
Translation studies
Sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20text |
Wiktor Poliszczuk (10 October 1925 in Dubno near Rivne – 17 November 2008 in Toronto) was a Polish-Ukrainian-Canadian (a Canadian citizen of Polish-Ukrainian descent) politologist specialising in the history of political thought, who wrote about the Polish-Ukrainian relations during World War II and issues relating to the emergence of Ukrainian nationalism in the 20th century resulting in a campaign of ethnic cleansing. Poliszczuk's work has been praised by several Ukrainian, Polish, Canadian, American, and Ukrainian historians, but also acknowledged for his Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation effort.
Biography
Poliszczuk was born in Dubno (then in the Second Polish Republic), into a family of Ukrainian father and Polish mother. He was raised as an Eastern Orthodox Christian. When he was a child Wiktor, his mother and two sisters were deported to Kazakh SSR by the Soviet authorities (in April 1940). His father (an ethnic Ukrainian who had served as government official in interwar Poland) was executed by the Soviets. After World War II his family resettled in Dnipropetrovsk and in 1946 moved to Poland following Polish-Soviet repatriation agreement, to re-unite with the family of his aunt. In Poland Poliszczuk graduated from the Pedagogical Liceum and worked as a teacher. Later he studied law at the Wrocław University, and political science at the University of Silesia in Katowice, where he obtained a PhD (his doctoral thesis was about the ideology of Ukrainian nationalism). He worked as an attorney in the People's Republic of Poland. In 1981 during the time of martial law in Poland he emigrated to Canada. He lived in Toronto until his death in November 2008.
Work
Poliszczuk's research and his extensive writing were devoted to the anatomy of bolshevism, theory and practice of national rights in the former Soviet Union as well as the theory and practice of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army activities. His on-line biography does not list any affiliations with a Canadian university. His two books, translated into English-language, were self-published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, including: Legal and political assessment of the OUN and UPA, as well as Bitter truth : the criminality of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).
Wiktor Poliszczuk was the author of over 200 papers, books and scientific publications, scientific articles, polemics, reviews, and press releases written in English, Ukrainian and Polish, including five large volumes bearing the title Integral Ukrainian nationalism as a variant of fascism (Toronto, 2003). His two books were translated into English-language. In his writing, Poliszczuk clearly separates the issues of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Ukrainian nation, stating that the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists was based on terror. He explores the sources of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists' actions as based on the theories of Dmytro Dontsov. On April 16, 2009, Wiktor Poliszczuk received posthumously the "Polonia Mater Nostra Est" award.
Analysis
Poliszczuk's main argument in his work on the history of Ukrainian nationalism was that it began only in the period following World War I. Poliszczuk postulated that the earlier political beliefs held by Ukrainian writers such as Mykola Mikhnovsky were oriented toward independence and did not have the same radical character of Dmytro Dontsov's ideology which served as inspiration for the World War II atrocities committed by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. According to Poliszczuk – wrote Dr Anna Dziduszko-Rościszewska of the Jagiellonian University – the main difference among the ideas of Mikhnovsky and Dontsov was the actual definition of a nation. For Mikhnovsky, the reform of the existing social order did not preclude the commitment to the ideal of tolerance, wrote Poliszczuk. For Dontsov, on the other hand, violence and intolerance became the necessary ingredients of the new Ukrainian nationalism providing the vocabulary of motive for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia in the following years.
Criticism
Wiktor Poliszczuk was criticised as biased against OUN-UPA and nonscientific by several historians. Polish historian Rafał Wnuk of the Institute of National Remembrance in Lublin categorized Poliszczuk's work as belonging to the "para-scientific" tradition. Although Poliszczuk was described by Wnuk as a "left-wing democrat" (quotes provided by Wnuk), he was said by Wnuk to have used the same jargon and to have reached the same conclusions as the Polish national nonscientific writers. Ukrainian academic Yaroslav Isayevich of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine called Poliszczuk an "expert practitioner of anti-Ukrainian hysteria." Canadian historian David Marples described Poliszczuk's work as detailed, although taking the form of a polemic similar to the views regarding UPA from the Soviet perspective to which Poliszczuk's work can be added. In an interview published in translation by the Warsaw-based Ukrainian newspaper Our Word (Нашe Слово), Polish historian Ryszard Torzecki dismissed Poliszczuk as an "NKVD prosecutor" (which he was not) and one of the named writers unworthy of discussion.
Ukrainian nationalist historians also condemned Poliszczuk's works. For example, Volodomyr Serhiichuk of Ukraine published an entire book in response to his writing, defending OUN-UPA and claiming the Polish community's alleged collaboration with the Germans and with the Bolsheviks. However, the aforementioned book also "denigrates the Poles at every opportunity; it is thus a diatribe – wrote Marples – rather than an academic work..." (Heroes and Villains). Poliszczuk was a "left-wing democrat" who fully supported Operation Vistula, wrote Rafal Wnuk (referring to the forced deportation of the Ukrainian community from eastern Poland after the assassination of Communist minister Karol Świerczewski there); however, any attempts at his work's classification "using a national key" (suggested by Motyka) would be the least convincing. Historian of Ukraine Timothy Snyder from Yale wrote that Poliszczuk's argument about the purpose of resettlement was his "blatant" mistake, because this action was undertaken in order to disperse Ukrainian communities so they "could never arise again in Poland" according to him. The purported removal of the civilian base from the Ukrainian Insurgent Army after the war was only a pretext used by the authorities in Operation "Wisla" wrote Snyder. Nevertheless, the UPA pacification actions have also ceased permanently as shown through historical data.
Publications
Viktor Polishchuk, Legal and political assessment of the OUN and UPA, Toronto, 1997, 173 pages,
Viktor Polishchuk, Bitter truth: The criminality of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), the testimony of a Ukrainian, 403 pages,
Dowody zbrodni OUN i UPA (Proofs of OUN and UPA's crimes)
Gorzka prawda (Bitter truth)
Ideologia nacjonalizmu ukraińskiego (Ideology of Ukrainian nationalism)
Apokalipsa według Wiktora Ukrainca (Apocalipse according to a greater Ukrainian)
Fałszowanie historii najnowszej Ukrainy (Falsifying of the modern history of Ukraine)
Ocena polityczna i prawna OUN i UPA (Political and legal judgement of OUN and UPA)
Akcja Wisła - próba oceny (Action Vistula - an attempt to evaluate)
Zginęli z rąk ukraińskich (They died from Ukrainian hands)
Pojęcie integralnego nacjonalizmu ukraińskiego (Notion of the integral Ukrainian nationalism)
Ukraińskie ofiary OUN-UPA (Ukrainian victims of OUN-UPA) Excerpts available in English at Lemko.org
Integralny nacjonalizm ukraiński jako odmiana faszyzmu (Integral Ukrainian nationalism as a variety of fascism)
Działalność ukraińskich struktur nacjonalistycznych w latach 1920-1999
References
External links
Lemkos' Tragedy by Wiktor Poliszczuk
1925 births
Canadian political writers
Polish political writers
2008 deaths
20th-century Polish lawyers
20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Ukrainian male writers
Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Soviet emigrants to Poland
Polish emigrants to Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktor%20Poliszczuk |
Kintampo South District is one of the eleven districts in Bono East Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Kintampo District on 10 March 1989, until the southern part of the district was split off to create Kintampo South District on 12 November 2003 (effectively 17 February 2004); thus the remaining part has been renamed as Kintampo North District; which it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status on 1 November 2007 (effecitvely 29 February 2008) to become Kintampo North Municipal District. The district assembly is located in the northern part of Bono East Region and has Jema as its capital town.
List of settlements
Sources
District: Kintampo South District
19 New Districts Created , November 20, 2003.
References
Districts of Bono East Region
2003 establishments in Ghana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintampo%20South%20District |
Spencer R. Weart (born 1942) is the former director of the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics (AIP) from 1971 until his retirement in 2009.
Life
Originally trained as a physicist, he is now a historian of science. He earned his B.A. in Physics at Cornell University in 1963 and a Ph.D. in Physics and Astrophysics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, in 1968. He then did postdoctoral studies at the Hale Observatories and California Institute of Technology, publishing papers on solar physics; from 1971 to 1974 he studied history of science in the University of California, Berkeley. While directing the AIP Center for History of Physics he taught courses at Johns Hopkins University and Princeton University.
Interviews
He conducted oral history interviews of many physical scientists, particularly astrophysicists such as Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1977) and climate scientists such as Wallace Broecker (1997).
Works
He has produced numerous historical articles and two children's science books and written or co-edited eleven other books, including the following:
Scientists in Power (1979). A history of the rise of nuclear science, weapons, and reactors in France.
as editor with Gertrud Weiss Szilard: Leo Szilard: His Version of the Facts (1978). Edited correspondence.
Nuclear Fear: A History of Images (1989)
as editor with Lillian Hoddeson, Ernest Braun & Jürgen Teichmann: Out of the Crystal Maze: Chapters from the History of Solid State Physics (1992).
Never at War: Why Democracies Will Not Fight One Another (1998).
The Discovery of Global Warming (2003, 2008). Online extended version.
The Rise of Nuclear Fear (2012).
While at AIP he also produced and edited an award-winning website with historical exhibits.
References
External links
AIP list of Spencer Weart's publications
History that Matters: Spencer Weart
Abraham Pais Prize for History of Physics citation
History of Physics website with exhibits edited by Spencer Weart
Bright Idea: The First Lasers (laser history; text by Spencer Weart)
Archival collections
Spencer Weart research material for his book, Nuclear Fear: A History of Images, 1957-1987, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American physicists
1942 births
Living people
Nuclear weapons policy
Nuclear history of the United States
American historians of science
Cornell University alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
American male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%20R.%20Weart |
Spotswood (also known as The Efficiency Expert in the United States) is a 1991 Australian business comedy-drama film directed by Mark Joffe. The film stars Anthony Hopkins, with a supporting cast of Ben Mendelsohn, Alwyn Kurts, Bruno Lawrence, Angela Punch McGregor, Daniel Wyllie, Toni Collette (in her film debut) and Russell Crowe.
Plot
In late 1960s Melbourne, Errol Wallace (Anthony Hopkins) is a financial business consultant whom we meet in the course of his being hired by the board of Durmack, an automotive component manufacturer, where he assesses a large work force redundancy and recommends major layoffs.
Balls, a moccasin factory located in the Melbourne suburb of Spotswood, is his next client. Mr. Ball (Alwyn Kurts), the owner of the company, is affable and treats his employees benevolently. Wallace on a factory tour finds the conditions wanting with shabbiness, old machinery and the workers lackadaisical.
A young worker at Balls, Carey (Ben Mendelsohn), who is finding his place in the world and life, is asked by Wallace to assist in his review, compiling worker condition and performance information. Carey is reluctant until he learns that Mr. Ball's daughter Cheryl (Rebecca Rigg), whom he fancies, is part of the review staff.
Wallace learns that there is an instigator in the midst, his colleague Jerry (John Walton), who leaks the Durmack report, inflating the quantity of sackings as a means to demoralise the union.
Kim Barry (Russell Crowe), a salesman at Balls who also has his sights set on the boss's daughter, shows his ruthlessness and ulterior motives when he comes to Wallace's home one night with a complete set of the company financial records that detail non-existent profit for years and reveal that Ball has been selling off company assets to keep the outfit afloat.
Wallace realises that whatever productivity improvements have been implemented are not enough to save the company even with an elimination of workers and yet that is his recommendation. Mr. Ball responds, "It’s not just about dollars and cents. It’s about dignity, treating people with respect".
Wallace's mind set starts to change when his car is vandalised and some Ball workers come to his aid, workers who then start to include him in their off-hours activities. Mr. Ball announces the work force redundancies and Wallace is clearly uncomfortable seeing them, knowing that it was his recommendation that sealed their fate.
The union at Durmack capitulates and management celebrates with a party during which Wallace becomes further disenchanted by what he sees as the rash sackings. He then realizes that Balls may have a competitive advantage that could potentially make the company profitable. If Balls stop trying to compete on price on a few products, but instead have a very large product range, then all the perceived inefficiencies (old machinery, and a large number of highly skilled experienced workers), become opportunities for growth.
Carey realises he has feelings for his work mate and friend Wendy (Toni Collette) and together they climb up onto the roof of the factory and hold hands as they look out over Spotswood.
Cast
Anthony Hopkins as Errol Wallace
Ben Mendelsohn as Carey
Alwyn Kurts as Mr. Ball
Bruno Lawrence as Robert, Carey's Father
John Walton as Jerry Finn
Rebecca Rigg as Cheryl Ball
Toni Collette as Wendy Robinson
Russell Crowe as Kim Barry
Angela Punch McGregor as Caroline Wallace
Daniel Wyllie as Frank Fletcher
John Flaus as Gordon
Gary Adams as Kevin
Jeff Truman as Ron
Toni Lamond as Mrs. Lorna Ball
Jill Murray (credited as Jillian Murray) as Ophelia, Carey's Mum
Lesley Baker as Gwen, Carey's aunt
Russell James Fairweather as Opposition Driver "Jack" Don Small Goods
Box office
Spotswood grossed $1,505,884 at the box office in Australia, which is equivalent to $2,348,887 in 2009 dollars.
See also
Other People's Money
Cinema of Australia
Russell Crowe filmography
References
External links
Spotswood at the National Film and Sound Archive
Spotswood at Oz Movies
1991 films
1991 comedy-drama films
1991 independent films
1990s business films
Australian comedy-drama films
Australian independent films
Films about businesspeople
Films directed by Mark Joffe
Films set in the 1960s
Films shot in Melbourne
1990s English-language films
English-language comedy-drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotswood%20%28film%29 |
Mukinbudin is a small town in the north eastern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, approximately east of Perth and north of Merredin near Lake Campion. It is the main town in the Shire of Mukinbudin. At the 2021 Australian census, Mukinbudin had a population of 336.
The present Shire of Mukinbudin was settled by pastoralists who in the 1870s took up large leases in excess of to run sheep and by sandalwood cutters and miners en route to the goldfields. In 1910 the first of the farmers arrived to commence wheat growing on their blocks and it was some time before they added stock to what had been entirely a wheat growing enterprise. An extension of the Mount Marshall railway line to Mukinbudin and Lake Brown was approved in 1922 and opened in October 1923. The town site was gazetted in 1922.
In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding.
The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.
The town was hit by a wild storm in February 2011 and was lashed by strong winds with gusts over 125 km/h, large hailstones and experienced some flooding. Dozens of power poles and hundreds of trees were blown over and parts of roads were washed away.
Politics
Polling place statistics are shown below showing the votes from Mukinbudin in the federal and state elections as indicated.
Notable people
Mark Seaby – AFL footballer
Rowan Jones – AFL footballer
Todd Menegola – AFL footballer
References
External links
Shire of Mukinbudin
Mukinbudin
Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Grain receival points of Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukinbudin%2C%20Western%20Australia |
KDX may refer to:
Knocked Down eXport
Korean Destroyer eXperimental, a Korean shipbuilding program
KDX (software), a Bulletin Board System-style program (à la Hotline) by Haxial. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDX |
Max Power was a British magazine, based in Peterborough, focusing on the performance-tuning and car market.
History
Launched in 1993 by EMAP, it was also published under licence in Greece, Denmark, Norway, South Africa, and in France under the name ADDX. After EMAP acquired Petersen in 2000, a United States edition was published based on its existing title MaxSpeed and featuring cars from America and the UK. This ceased publication in 2001 when EMAP sold its U.S. arm to Primedia, but is still in print as Euro Tuner.
Former staff members include Fifth Gear presenters Jonny Smith and Vicki Butler-Henderson, who was one of the original staff in 1993.
Criticism
Max Power was criticised for its promotion of unauthorised cruise events. The magazine had a rating system that scored the events in several areas including the size of the police presence, the behaviour and attractiveness of the girls, the number of "burnouts" performed and the general level of 'Barry' surrounding the event.
The magazine also occasionally campaigned against speed cameras and elderly drivers, and despite disclaimers was often criticised for printing articles about dangerous driving on public roads, including drifting and exceeding 200 mph on the A1. Another criticism was related to the large number of half-naked women in the publication, often described as "bottom-shelf porn". Glamour models who appeared in Max Power included Katie Price, Jakki Degg, Lauren Pope, Lucy Pinder, Michelle Marsh, Amy Green, Chantelle Houghton and Marie Sarantakis. The 2007 relaunch was aimed at reversing this criticism, but glamour shoots were later reintroduced.
The perceived laddishness of the magazine meant it was also seen as non-serious by car enthusiasts who wished to focus on the engine/handling modification side of car tuning. However, Max Power was for a long time the biggest-selling motoring magazine in Europe, and was therefore courted by motor manufacturers and auto industry PR teams, who provided them with test cars, exposure to new products, and opportunities for the magazine to cover their brands.
Other ventures
Max Power started the Max Driver advanced driving scheme in 2006 in conjunction with the Institute of Advanced Motorists, Adrian Flux Insurance Services, Honda and Ripspeed. It was designed to provide young, inexperienced drivers professional tuition in handling their cars responsibly.
The title also had its own annual modified car show, Max Power Live in the Birmingham NEC. Attendance figures peaked at over 50,000, but it was cancelled from 2007.
In the UK, Infogrames PS1 title C3 Racing was named Max Power Racing and branded to match the magazine.
In the 2005 election, staff member Dan Anslow stood for the Southend West constituency for the Max Power Party.
Closure
In November 2010, Bauer announced it was suspending the magazine and website. Its circulation had fallen from 237,894, to 20,589, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, amid difficult market conditions, including an audience which was increasingly moving online, decreased consumer spending during the 2009 recession and budget cutting.
The final monthly magazine was released in January 2011, but Bauer said it "intends to keep the Max Power brand alive in the future with a series of "one shots" and special issues". The magazine brought out a special edition of the magazine to mark its production from 1993–2011.
References
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
2011 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Bauer Group (UK)
Automobile magazines published in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1993
Magazines disestablished in 2011
Mass media in Peterborough | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Power%20%28magazine%29 |
A data access layer (DAL) in computer software is a layer of a computer program which provides simplified access to data stored in persistent storage of some kind, such as an entity-relational database. This acronym is prevalently used in Microsoft environments.
For example, the DAL might return a reference to an object (in terms of object-oriented programming) complete with its attributes instead of a row of fields from a database table. This allows the client (or user) modules to be created with a higher level of abstraction. This kind of model could be implemented by creating a class of data access methods that directly reference a corresponding set of database stored procedures. Another implementation could potentially retrieve or write records to or from a file system. The DAL hides this complexity of the underlying data store from the external world.
For example, instead of using commands such as insert, delete, and update to access a specific table in a database, a class and a few stored procedures could be created in the database. The procedures would be called from a method inside the class, which would return an object containing the requested values. Or, the insert, delete and update commands could be executed within simple functions like registeruser or loginuser stored within the data access layer.
Also, business logic methods from an application can be mapped to the data access layer. So, for example, instead of making a query into a database to fetch all users from several tables, the application can call a single method from a DAL which abstracts those database calls.
Applications using a data access layer can be either database server dependent or independent. If the data access layer supports multiple database types, the application becomes able to use whatever databases the DAL can talk to. In either circumstance, having a data access layer provides a centralized location for all calls into the database, and thus makes it easier to port the application to other database systems (assuming that 100% of the database interaction is done in the DAL for a given application).
Object-Relational Mapping tools provide data layers in this fashion, following the Active Record or Data Mapper patterns. The ORM/active-record model is popular with web frameworks.
See also
Data access object
Database abstraction layer
References
External links
Microsoft Application Architecture Guide
ASP.NET DAL tutorial
Object-oriented programming
Data mapping
Databases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20access%20layer |
Welsh v. Boy Scouts of America, 993 F.2d 1267 (7th Cir. 1993), was a decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit that upheld the right of private organizations to discriminate on the basis of religion when establishing their own membership standards.
In 1989, six-year-old Mark Welsh, after receiving a flyer advertising membership, attempted to sign up for Tiger Cubs, the Boy Scouts of America's Scouting program for six- and seven-year-olds. To become a member of the Tiger Cubs, each child must have an "Adult Partner", typically a parent, who also becomes a member of the organization. Mark's father, Elliott Welsh, an agnostic, informed a BSA official that he did not want to sign the "Declaration of Religious Principles" section of the adult application. The Boy Scouts of America, therefore, denied Mr. Welsh membership, thereby also denying Mark membership. One year later, when Mark had reached the age of eligibility for Cub Scouts (who do not require Adult partners), he was still denied admission into the Scouting organization as he refused to repeat the phrase "to do my duty to God and my country" in the Cub Scout Promise.
The Welshes sued in 1990, alleging that the defendant organization was a place of public accommodation practicing unlawful religious discrimination under Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
A panel of U.S. District Court judges, Diane Pamela Wood, John Louis Coffey and Walter J. Cummings, Jr. heard the case. On May 17, 1993, the Court ruled against the Welshes in a 2 to 1 decision delivered by Judge Coffey, holding that Boy Scouts of America did not qualify as a place of public accommodation under Title II because it is not an "establishment" that "serves the public," and that the Boy Scouts does not constitute a "place of exhibition or entertainment" in the sense Congress envisioned when drafting Title II. The majority's opinion was based purely on the statute and did not reach the Constitutional question.
Judge Cummings dissented, arguing that because the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, expanded the number of establishments in its definition of "places of public accommodation," this court should have expanded Title II to include membership organizations. Judge Cummings explained, "My inclination would have been to hold that the Scouts could exclude atheists under a line of freedom of association decisions suggesting that individuals may form groups in the pursuit of political, social, economic, educational, religious and cultural ends."
In 1993, the U.S. Court of Appeals upheld the ruling, and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case.
See also
References
External links
Full text of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeal's decision (.pdf)
Summary of the Case at a site critical of the Boy Scouts of America's policies.
Boy Scouts of America's discussion of the Welsh case.
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit cases
United States freedom of association case law
Boy Scouts of America litigation
1993 in United States case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh%20v.%20Boy%20Scouts%20of%20America |
LaLa is a monthly Japanese manga magazine published by Hakusensha on the 24th of each month. The magazine's bonus contents are usually calendars for New Year issues, drama CDs, and so on. In a 2006 survey conducted by Oricon, Japanese girls selected LaLa as their fifth favorite manga anthology, along with Shogakukan's Shōjo Comic and Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen Magazine.
About
LaLa is the second manga magazine Hakusensha published. Manga serialized in LaLa are collected into under the label , along with manga serialized in Hana to Yume. Fanbooks and illustration books for its series are published under the label .
Readers of the magazine are 97% female, while the other 3% are male readers. Its age demographic consists of 4% percent for under-13 readers, 23.4% for readers aged 13–17, 20% for readers aged 18–20, 13% for readers aged 21–23, while the remaining 29.7% of the readers are aged 24 years old and up. Readers aged 24 and up are the demographic of the highest percentage.
History
LaLa began its publication in July 1976 as a sister magazine to Hana to Yume. It was originally titled and published bi-monthly. The magazine's first issue featured Ryoko Yamagishi's and was priced at 290 yen. The magazine's first editor-in-chief was Nobumasa Konagai. The current editor-in-chief is Ikushū Ichikawa.
In September 1977, the magazine changed its frequency and became a monthly magazine. It then became its own independent magazine.
In 1985, Hakusensha started irregularly publishing special publications of LaLa under different titles. It started with LaLa Deluxe, published seasonally. LaLa Deluxe later became the magazine's sister magazine LaLa DX.
Since the publication of LaLa Deluxe, various special or supplement issues have been published. was the first supplemental issue for LaLa. It was first published in Summer 1982 and ended in Spring 1984. succeeded Bessatsu LaLa: Bessatsu RaRa and was published bi-monthly from 1984 to 1985.
My LaLa, a special edited compilation of the magazine, was published from Autumn 1984 to Spring 1985. was published from Summer 1985 to June 1986, for a total of five issues.
then replaced LaLa Special Wendy. The first issue of LaLa Special Cindy was published from Summer 1986 to Autumn 1986. It was later revived for two issues, which were published from the Autumn to the Winter 1987 issues.
Since 2004, special or supplemental issues of LaLa have been published as LaLa Special, which serializes LaLas side stories of the related series, as well as featuring various manga artists' one-shots.
Television commercials
The magazine had a series of commercials directed by Shō Yanagisawa called . This series of commercials won the Grand Prix award in the film category for "Best of Communication Media and Publication" in Ad Fest 2009. and also won two silver medals in the same event. The series was also named as one of the "Gold Stars" in the 2nd Ad Stars 2009 Busan International Advertising Festival.
Serializations
Current
Natsume's Book of Friends (2005–present)
Snow White with the Red Hair (2006–present)
School Babysitters (2009–present)
Past
1976–1989
Wata no Kunihoshi (1978–1987)
Hi Izuru Tokoro no Tenshi (1980–1984)
Cipher (1984–1990)
Sakura no Sono (1985–1986)
Hanasakeru Seishōnen (1987–1994)
Mikan Enikki (1988–1995)
Moon Child (1989–1993)
1990–1999
Eight Clouds Rising (1992–2002)
From Far Away (1993–2003)
Jyu-Oh-Sei (1993–2003)
Kaguyahime (1994–2005)
Kare Kano: His and Her Circumstances (1996–2005)
Okojo-san (1996–2005)
Land of the Blindfolded (1998–2004)
Omukae desu (1999–2002)
Captive Hearts (1999–2002)
Venus in Love (1999–2004)
2000–2009
Haruka: Beyond the Stream of Time (2000–2013)
The Recipe for Gertrude (2001–2003)
Millennium Snow (2001–2002)
MeruPuri (2002–2004)
Pearl Pink (2002–2004)
Ouran High School Host Club (2002–2010)
Demon Sacred (2003–2007)
Beauty is the Beast (2002–2004)
La Corda d'Oro (2004–2011)
Palette of 12 Secret Colors (2004–2008)
Me & My Brothers (2004–2009)
Vampire Knight (2004–2013)
Zig Zag (2004–2008)
Maid Sama! (2005–2013)
Wanted (2005)
Two Flowers for the Dragon (2005–2009)
Ballad of a Shinigami (2005)
Penguin Revolution (2005–2007)
Flower in a Storm (2006–2010)
Faster than a Kiss (2007–2012)
The Secret Notes of Lady Kanoko (2007–2009)
Library War (2007–2014)
Eensy Weensy Monster (2007)
Chotto Edo Made (2008–2011)
Koi Dano Ai Dano (2009–2016)
2010–2019
Last Game (2011–2016)
Meteor Prince (2013–2014)
Kawaii Tanuki mo Raku ja nai (2017–2022)
Reverse X Rebirth (2019–2021)
References
External links
A history of the magazine at Comic Natalie
1976 establishments in Japan
Hakusensha magazines
Magazines established in 1976
Magazines published in Tokyo
Monthly manga magazines published in Japan
Shōjo manga magazines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaLa |
Elena Eduardovna Grushina ( or Olena Eduardivna Hrushyna; born 8 January 1975) is a Ukrainian ice dancer. With partner and then-husband Ruslan Goncharov, she is the 2006 Olympic bronze medalist, 2005 World bronze medalist, and two-time (2005, 2006) European silver medalist.
Career
Grushina began skating at four and switched from single skating to ice dancing when she was 12. Grushina first competed with Mikhail Tashlitsky but the partnership ended when he decided to focus on school.
Having trained in the same group in Odessa, Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov were paired together in 1989. They finished fourth at the 1992 Junior Worlds. They were 18th in their senior Worlds debut at the 1994 World Championships. In early 1997, Grushina and Goncharov began training with coaches Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponosov in Newark, Delaware. They finished 15th at their first Olympics in 1998. They won their first Grand Prix medal, silver, at 1999 Skate Canada International.
Grushina and Goncharov were 9th at the 2002 Olympics and 6th at the 2002 World Championships. In the summer of 2002, they changed coaches to Tatiana Tarasova and Nikolai Morozov in Newington, Connecticut. During the 2002–03 season, they won three gold medals on the Grand Prix series, at 2002 Skate America, 2002 Skate Canada International, and 2002 Trophée Lalique. They qualified for the Grand Prix Final where they finished fourth. They were also fourth at the 2003 European Championships and fifth at the 2003 World Championships.
During the 2003–04 season, Grushina and Goncharov won three silver medals on the Grand Prix series, at 2003 Skate America, 2003 Cup of China, and 2003 NHK Trophy. They qualified for the Grand Prix Final where they again finished fourth, but a couple months later they won their first European medal, bronze, at the 2004 European Championships. They were fourth at the 2004 World Championships.
During the 2004–05 season, Grushina and Goncharov competed at one Grand Prix event, 2004 Cup of Russia, where they won the silver medal. Since they only competed at one event, they did not earn enough points to qualify for the Grand Prix Final. They won their second European medal, silver, at the 2005 European Championships. They capped off their season by winning their first World medal, bronze, at the 2005 World Championships.
During the 2005–06 season, Grushina and Goncharov competed at two Grand Prix events. They won silver at 2005 Skate Canada International and gold at 2005 Trophée Eric Bompard. They qualified for their third Grand Prix Final and came away with their first medal at the event, silver. They won their third European medal, silver, at the 2006 European Championships. At the 2006 Olympics, they were fifth in the compulsory dance but placed third in the original and free dances to capture their first Olympic medal. They retired after the Olympics.
Personal life
Grushina and Goncharov married in 1995, but are now divorced. Grushina took part in Russian Dancing On Ice show where she met Mikhail Zelensky, a TV presenter. Their daughter, Sofia, was born in 2008.
Programs
(with Ruslan Goncharov)
Results
(with Goncharov for Ukraine)
(with Goncharov for the Soviet Union)
References
External links
Official site
Elena Grushina / Ruslan Goncharov at Tracings
Care to Ice Dance? – Grushina & Goncharov
1975 births
Ukrainian female ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists for Ukraine
Olympic figure skaters for Ukraine
Sportspeople from Odesa
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Ukraine
Competitors at the 2001 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
21st-century Ukrainian women
20th-century Ukrainian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena%20Grushina |
Karl Fitzpatrick (born 13 September 1980) is a former Ireland international rugby league , and Chief executive officer of the Warrington Wolves in the Super League.
Playing career
Fitzpatrick was originally a scrum half before he switched to full back. He is a product of Wigan St Patricks. Fitzpatrick began his professional career at Widnes Vikings, followed by spells at Tonneins XIII (France) and Swinton Lions.
Fitzpatrick signed for Salford in 2003. In 2004, Fitzpatrick represented Ireland in the Rugby League European Cup, and also picked up the most improved player award at Salford.
He was named in the Ireland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.
References
External links
Profile at reds.originalreddevils.com
(archived by web.archive.org) Profile at rli.ie
Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org
1980 births
Living people
British rugby league administrators
English people of Irish descent
English rugby league players
Ireland national rugby league team players
Irish rugby league players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from Wigan
Salford Red Devils players
Swinton Lions players
Tonneins XIII players
Widnes Vikings players
Wigan St Patricks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Fitzpatrick |
Christoph Meiners (31 July 1747 – 1 May 1810) was a German racialist, philosopher, historian, and writer born in Warstade. He supported the polygenist theory of human origins. He was a member of the Göttingen School of History.
Biography
Chistoph Meiners was born in Warstade (now a part of Hemmoor) near Otterndorf. He started at a gymnasium in Bremen in 1763, and was a student at Göttingen from 1767 to 1770. In 1772 he became extraordinary professor, and in 1775 full professor, of Weltweisheit at the University of Göttingen. From 1788 to 1791 he co-edited the anti-Kantian journal Philosophische Bibliothek. He wrote on comparative history and cultural history. He is now known mostly for his critical attitude towards Immanuel Kant, Mary Wollstonecraft and the concept of Enlightenment. He died in Göttingen. He later became the favorite intellectual ancestor of the Nazis.
Polygenism
Meiners was a polygenist: he believed that each race had a separate origin. He was a very early practitioner of scientific racism. Meiners studied the physical, mental and moral characteristics of each race, and built a race hierarchy based on the evidence that was considered common in scientific and anthropological circles at the time. Meiners split humanity into two divisions which he labeled the "beautiful White race" and the "ugly Black race". In Meiners's book The Outline of History of Mankind he claimed that a main characteristic of race is either beauty or ugliness. He viewed only the white race as beautiful. He considered ugly races as inferior, immoral, and animal-like. He claimed that the black ugly peoples are distinct from the white beautiful peoples by their sad lack of virtue and their terrible vices.
According to Meiners:
The more intelligent and noble people are by nature, the more adaptable, sensitive, delicate, and soft is their body; on the other hand, the less they possess the capacity and disposition towards virtue, the more they lack adaptability; and not only that, but the less sensitive are their bodies, the more can they tolerate extreme pain or the rapid alteration of heat and cold; when they are exposed to illnesses, the more rapid their recovery from wounds that would be fatal for more sensitive peoples, and the more they can partake of the worst and most indigestible foods ... without noticeable ill effects.
Meiners claimed the Negro felt less pain than any other race and lacked in emotions. Meiners wrote that the Negro had thick nerves and thus was not sensitive like the other races, he went as far to say that the Negro has “no human, barely any animal feeling” he described a story where a Negro was condemned to death by being burned alive, halfway through the burning the Negro asked to smoke a pipe and smoked it like nothing was happening while he continued to be burned alive. Meiners studied the anatomy of the Negro and came to the conclusion that the Negro have bigger teeth and jaws than any other race, as the Negro are all carnivores. Meiners claimed the skull of the Negro was larger but the brain of the Negro was smaller than any other race. Meiners claimed the Negro was the most unhealthy race on earth because of the Negro's poor diet, mode of living and lack of morals he said.
Meiners also claimed Native Americans were an inferior stock of people. He claimed that Indians cannot adapt to different climates, different types of food or modes of life and that when they are exposed to these new conditions they lapse into a “deadly melancholy”.
Meiners studied the diet of the Indians and said that they can feed off any kind of “foul offal” and that they consume huge amounts of alcohol. According to Meiners the Indians are extremely thick as the Spanish conquerors found out when their blades shattered on them. Meiners also claimed the skin of a Native American is thicker than an ox.
Meiners wrote that the noblest race was the Celts, and they were able to conquer various parts of the world, were more sensitive to heat and cold and their delicacy is shown by the way they are selective about what they eat. Meiners claimed Slavs are an inferior race, "less sensitive and content with eating rough food”; he described stories of Slavs eating poisonous fungi without coming to any harm. He claimed that their medical techniques were also backwards such as the Slavs baking sick people in ovens then making them roll in the snow.
Below the Slavs are the peoples of the Middle East and Asia, all limited in intelligence and of an evil disposition, which goes together with lack of adaptability and insensitivity.
In Meiners large work entitled Researches on the variations in human nature (1815), he studied the sexology of each race and claimed that the African Negroids have unduly strong and perverted sex drives, while only white Europeans have it at appropriately lower levels.
Works
Versuch über die Religionsgeschichte der ältesten Völker besonders der Egyptier (1775)
Geschichte des Ursprungs, Fortgangs und Verfalls der Wissenschaften in Griechenland und Rom (1781) two volumes
Geschichte des Luxus der Athenienser von den ältesten Zeiten an bis auf den Tod Philipps von Makedonien (1782)
Grundriß der Geschichte der Menschheit (1785)
Beschreibung Alter Denkmäler in Allen Theilen Der Erde (1786)
Grundriß der Theorie und Geschichte der schönen Wissenschafften (1787)
Ueber den thierischen Magnetismus (1788)
Aus Briefen über die Schweiz. Reisen im Sommer 1782 und 1788 (1791)
Leben Ulrichs von Hutten (1797)
Lebensbeschreibungen berühmter Männer aus den Zeiten der Wiederherstellung der Wissenschaften (1797) three volumes
Beschreibung einer Reise nach Stuttgart und Strasburg im Herbste 1801 (1803)
Allgemeine kritische Geschichte der Religionen. 2 vols (1806–7)
Untersuchungen über die Verschiedenheiten der Menschennaturen (1813) four volumes
References
Further reading
Britta Rupp-Eisenreich, “Christoph Meiners’ ‘New Science’ (1747–1810),” in Nicolas Bancel, Thomas David, and Dominic Thomas, eds., The Invention of Race; Scientific and Popular Representations (London and New York: Routledge, 2014), 68–83.
Morgan Golf-French, “Bourgeois Modernity Versus the Historical Aristocracy in Christoph Meiners’s Political Thought,” in: The Historical Journal 62(4): 1–24.
External links
1747 births
1810 deaths
18th-century German writers
18th-century German male writers
18th-century philosophers
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
19th-century philosophers
18th-century German historians
German philosophers
People from Cuxhaven (district)
People from the Electorate of Hanover
Proponents of scientific racism
White supremacists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph%20Meiners |
Ruslan Nikolaevich Goncharov ( or Ruslan Mykolayovych Honcharov; born 20 January 1973) is a Ukrainian ice dancer. With partner Elena Grushina, he is the 2006 Olympic bronze medalist, 2005 World bronze medalist, and two-time (2005, 2006) European silver medalist.
Career
Goncharov began skating at the age of six. He was originally a single skater but grew too tall and switched to ice dancing when he was 13. He first competed with Elenora Gritsai but the partnership ended due to health problems. Goncharov is currently a coach teaching ice dance at the Ashburn Ice House in Ashburn, Virginia and at the Gardens Ice House in Laurel, Maryland.
Having trained in the same group in Odessa, Goncharov and Elena Grushina were paired together in 1989. They finished fourth at the 1992 Junior Worlds. They were 18th in their senior Worlds debut at the 1994 World Championships. In early 1997, Grushina and Goncharov began training with coaches Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponosov in Newark, Delaware. They finished 15th at their first Olympics in 1998. They won their first Grand Prix medal, silver, at 1999 Skate Canada International.
Grushina and Goncharov were 9th at the 2002 Olympics and 6th at the 2002 World Championships. In the summer of 2002, they changed coaches to Tatiana Tarasova and Nikolai Morozov in Newington, Connecticut. During the 2002–03 season, they won three gold medals on the Grand Prix series, at 2002 Skate America, 2002 Skate Canada International, and 2002 Trophée Lalique. They qualified for the Grand Prix Final where they finished fourth. They were also fourth at the 2003 European Championships and fifth at the 2003 World Championships.
During the 2003–04 season, Grushina and Goncharov won three silver medals on the Grand Prix series, at 2003 Skate America, 2003 Cup of China, and 2003 NHK Trophy. They qualified for the Grand Prix Final where they again finished fourth, but a couple months later they won their first European medal, bronze, at the 2004 European Championships. They were fourth at the 2004 World Championships.
During the 2004–05 season, Grushina and Goncharov competed at one Grand Prix event, 2004 Cup of Russia, where they won the silver medal. Since they only competed at one event, they did not earn enough points to qualify for the Grand Prix Final. They won their second European medal, silver, at the 2005 European Championships. They capped off their season by winning their first World medal, bronze, at the 2005 World Championships.
During the 2005–06 season, Grushina and Goncharov competed at two Grand Prix events. They won silver at 2005 Skate Canada International and gold at 2005 Trophée Eric Bompard. They qualified for their third Grand Prix Final and came away with their first medal at the event, silver. They won their third European medal, silver, at the 2006 European Championships. At the 2006 Olympics, they were fifth in the compulsory dance but placed third in the original and free dances to capture their first Olympic medal. They retired after the Olympics.
Personal life
Goncharov and Grushina were married in 1995 and divorced in 2008. Goncharov's brother, Artur, 15 years younger, also competed in ice dancing.
Programs
(with Grushina)
Results
(with Grushina for Ukraine)
(with Grushina for the Soviet Union)
References
External links
Official site
Elena Grushina / Ruslan Goncharov at Tracings
Care to Ice Dance? - Grushina & Goncharov
1973 births
Ukrainian male ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists for Ukraine
Olympic figure skaters for Ukraine
Sportspeople from Odesa
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Ukraine
Competitors at the 2001 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan%20Honcharov |
Roger Munby (1945 - 2022) was a British businessman and former chairman of Norwich City Football Club.
Biography
Munby was born in Hull and was a businessman in Norwich, England, when he became a director of Norwich City football club between January 1986 and September 1987 and again in May 1996. He took over as chairman from Bob Cooper in 2002 and served in that role until May 2009 when he and chief executive, Neil Doncaster, resigned following the club’s relegation from the English Football League Championship; Munby was then the longest-serving member of the board. He was inducted into the Norwich City F.C. Hall of Fame in November 2009.
Munby was a former marketing director at Colman's in Norwich and managing director of SMRC Ltd, a local marketing company, when he joined the board of the football club. After stepping down as chairman, he returned to marketing and was managing director of Saxlingham Associates, working on the marketing strategy for a new fried pasta snack, Pastinos. In 2016, he took on a role with a fundraising appeal for the East Anglia’s Children’s Hospices charity. Munby died in September 2022.
References
Living people
Norwich City F.C. non-playing staff
English football chairmen and investors
1945 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Munby |
David Hodgson (born 8 August 1981), also known by the nicknames of "Dodgey" and "Hodgey", is an English rugby league coach, and former rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England, and Yorkshire, and at club level for Halifax (Heritage No. 1119), the Wigan Warriors (Heritage No. 934), the Salford City Reds, the Huddersfield Giants and the Hull Kingston Rovers (Heritage No.) (two spells), as an occasional goal-kicking , or , and has coached at club level for the Hull Kingston Rovers (assistant).
Background
David Hodgson was born in Kingston upon Hull, Humberside, England.
Halifax
Hodgson began his career at Halifax in 1999, before moving to the Wigan Warriors in 2000, a tribunal fixing a £45,000 fee.
Wigan Warriors
Hodgson played as a and scored a try in the Wigan Warriors' 16-29 defeat by St. Helens in the 2000 Super League Grand Final during 2000's Super League V at Old Trafford, Manchester on Saturday 14 October 2000, in front of a crowd of 58,132.
In 2003 he was the Wigan Warriors's top try scorer with 20. he played for the Wigan Warriors at in the 2003 Super League Grand Final which was lost to the Bradford Bulls.
He signed for the Salford City Reds from the Wigan Warriors and when his contract expired at the end of 2004, following bad injury. Prior to joining Salford City Reds he had made 122 Super League appearances in which time he scored 48 tries.
Salford City Reds
Hodgson regained full fitness at the Salford City Reds, and had a fantastic 2006 – which saw him named in the Great Britain standby squad for the Tri-Nations, the engage Super League Dream Team and also being named Supporter's Player of the Year and Player's Player of the Year at the Salford City Reds' annual awards ceremony. The club finished fifth in 2006's Super League XI, their highest ever position, and went on to the end of season play-offs for the first time.
On 11 March 2006, he scored a club Super League record 8-goal kicks – despite having never kicked a goal before the start of 2006's Super League XI.
Huddersfield Giants
In September 2007 Hodgson signed for the Huddersfield Giants, following the Salford City Reds' relegation from Super League.
Hull Kingston Rovers
On 18 July 2011, Hodgson signed a three-year deal with his hometown club the Hull Kingston Rovers.
Representative
On 10 November Hodgson made his first appearance of Great Britain's test series against New Zealand and scored.
In June 2007 he was called up to the Great Britain squad for the Test match against France
He was named in the England training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.
He was named in the England team to face Wales at the Keepmoat Stadium prior to England's departure for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.
Post playing career
On 3 October 2014, Hodgson announced his retirement and he signed a two-year contract to stay at his hometown club Hull Kingston Rovers as an assistant coach, along with Willie Poching.
References
External links
Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com
(archived by web.archive.org) 2001 Ashes profile
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullkr.co.uk
(archived by web.archive.org) Salford Squad Profile: David Hodgson
1981 births
Living people
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Halifax R.L.F.C. players
Huddersfield Giants players
Hull Kingston Rovers players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from Kingston upon Hull
Rugby league wingers
Salford Red Devils players
Wigan Warriors players
Yorkshire rugby league team players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hodgson%20%28rugby%20league%29 |
Eustathius of Thessalonica (or Eustathios of Thessalonike; ; ) was a Byzantine Greek scholar and Archbishop of Thessalonica and is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He is most noted for his stand against the sack of Thessalonica by the Normans in 1185, contemporary account of the event, for his orations and for his commentaries on Homer, which incorporate many remarks by much earlier researchers.
He was officially canonized on June 10, 1988, and his feast day is on September 20.
Life
A pupil of Nicholas Kataphloron, Eustathius was appointed to the offices of superintendent of petitions (, epi ton deeseon), professor of rhetoric (), and was ordained a deacon in Constantinople.
He was ordained bishop of Myra. Around the year 1178, he was appointed to the archbishopric of Thessalonica, where he remained until his death around 1195/1196.
Accounts of his life and work are given in the funeral orations by Euthymius and Michael Choniates (of which manuscripts survive in the Bodleian Library in the University of Oxford). Niketas Choniates (viii.238, x.334) praised him as the most learned man of his age, a judgment which is difficult to dispute. He wrote commentaries on ancient Greek poets, theological treatises, addresses, letters, and an important account of the sack of Thessalonica by William II of Sicily in 1185.
Of his works, his commentaries on Homer are the most widely referred to: they display an extensive knowledge of Greek literature from the earliest to the latest times. Other works exhibit impressive character, and oratorical power, which earned him the esteem of the Komnenoi emperors. Politically, Eustathios was a supporter of emperor Manuel I. An original thinker, Eustathios sometimes praised such secular values as military prowess. He decried slavery, and believed in the concept of historical progress of civilization from a primitive to a more advanced state.
Works
His most important works are the following:
On the Capture of Thessalonica, an eye-witness account of the siege of 1185 and subsequent sufferings of the people of Thessalonica. In early sections of this memoir Eustathios describes also political events at Constantinople from the death of emperor Manuel I through the short reign of Alexios II to the usurpation of Andronikos I, with sharp comments on the activities of all involved. The Greek text was edited by Kyriakidis, with an Italian translation by V. Rotolo; there is an English translation (with a commentary and associated essays) by J. Melville-Jones (Byzantina Australiensia Volume 8), a French translation by Paolo Odorico, and a German translation by H. Hunger.
A number of orations, some of which have been edited by P. Wirth (Eustathii Thessalonicensis Opera Minora). In 2013 a translation of six of the earliest of these speeches was published with a commentary by Andrew F. Stone (Byzantina Australiensia Volume 19).
Commentaries on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey (). These address questions of grammar, etymology, mythology, history and geography. They are not so much original commentaries as extracts from earlier commentators - there are many correspondences with Homeric scholia. Drawing on numerous extensive works of Alexandrian grammarians and critics and later commentators, they are a very important contribution to Homeric scholarship, not least because some of the works from which Eustathios made extracts are lost.
Although it is likely that Eustathios quotes some authors second-hand, he seems personally acquainted with the works of the greatest ancient critics - Aristarchos of Samothrace, Zenodotos, Aristophanes of Byzantium, and others. This is a great tribute to the state of the libraries of Constantinople and of classical scholarship there in the 12th century. He was also an avid reader of the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus. Some of the etymological and grammatical comments by Eustathios's Alexandrian predecessors are full of errors; and Eustathios's own comments are diffuse and frequently interrupted by digressions.
The first printed edition, by Majoranus, was published in Rome in 1542-1550 (4 vols., fol.), an inaccurate reprint being later published in Basel in 1559-1560. A. Politi's edition (Florence, 1730, 3 vols., folio), contains only the commentary on the first five books of the Iliad with a Latin translation. A tolerably correct reprint of the Roman edition was published at Leipzig, the first part containing the Odyssey commentary (2 vols., 4to.), 1825-1826, and the second, containing the Iliad commentary (3 vols., 4to.), edited by J. G. Stallbaum for the Patrologia Graeca, 1827-1829. These were superseded by the edition of M. van der Valk, 1971 onwards. Extracts from the commentaries are quoted in many editions of the Homeric poems.
A commentary on Dionysius Periegetes (dedicated to John Doukas, son of Andronikos Kamateros). This is as diffuse as the commentary on Homer, but includes numerous valuable extracts from earlier writers. (It was first printed in R. Stephens' edition of Dionysius (Paris, 1547, 4to.), and later in that of H. Stephens (Paris, 1577, 4to., and 1697, 8vo.), in Hudson's Geograph. Minor, vol. iv., and lastly, in Bernhardy's edition of Dionysius (Leipzig, 1828, 8vo.).
A commentary on Pindar. No manuscript of this has come to light; but the introduction survives. (The introduction was first published by Gottlieb Tafel in his Eustathii Thessalonicensis Opuscula (Frankfurt, 1832, 4to.), from which it was reprinted separately by Schneidewin, Eustathii prooemium commentariorum Pindaricorum (Göttingen, 1837, 8vo.).
Other published works. Some were first published by Tafel in the 1832 Opuscula just mentioned, some appeared later, as by P. Wirth for the Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae series.
Unpublished works. These include theological writings and commemorative speeches. Several of the latter are important historical sources.
Citations
References
Eustathius. Eustathii archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem pertinentes, vols. 1-4 (ed. Marchinus van der Valk). Leyden: Brill, 1:1971; 2:1976; 3:1979; 4:1987.
Smith, William (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, "Eustathius (7)", Boston, (1867)
Schaff, Philip, Eustathius of Thessalonica, from History of the Christian Church, 1882.
Stone, A.F., "Aurality in the Panegyrics of Eustathios of Thessaloniki in Theatron", Rhetorical Culture in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 417–28.
Sources
Further reading
Eustathios of Thessaloniki, The Capture of Thessaloniki, tr. J. R. Melville-Jones (Canberra 1988).
External links
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
1110s births
1190s deaths
12th-century Byzantine bishops
12th-century Byzantine writers
12th-century Byzantine historians
12th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
Byzantine bishops of Thessalonica
Byzantine theologians
Byzantine Thessalonian writers
Grammarians from the Byzantine Empire
Eastern Orthodox metropolitans
Saints of medieval Greece
Writers from Constantinople
Saints of medieval Macedonia
12th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians
Homeric scholars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustathius%20of%20Thessalonica |
Kevin McGuinness (born 10 November 1976) is an Indigenous Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s, and 2000s. He played for Salford City Reds in the Super League, the Western Suburbs Magpies, Wests Tigers and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) competition. His position of choice is at .
Career
While attending Sarah Redfern High School, McGuinness played for the Australian Schoolboys team in 1995.
McGuinness was graded to Western Suburbs on 7 May 1995 when he was 18, playing from the bench against the Penrith Panthers. His older brother, Ken, was in the same side. He played two more games as a reserve, before playing as halfback in two games late in the season, both losses.
McGuinness started 1996 as a centre. In round 4, he scored his first try against the Auckland Warriors, in what was described as, "a two-try, five-star performance," as Western Suburbs won 22–8. He finished the season with 7 tries from 21 games, alternating between centre, wing and bench. He was chosen as a reserve in the qualifying final loss against Cronulla, in what was to be the club's last ever finals appearance.
Starting 1997 from the bench, McGuinness showed his versatility by playing centre, five-eighth and hooker at different times during the season. From round 10 he scored 9 tries in 10 games. In the next two years, he played in every game for the Magpies. In what were poor seasons for the club, he managed 21 tries. In 1999, he was the club's leading try-scorer.
With the Western Suburbs forming a joint venture with the Balmain Tigers for the 2000 NRL season, McGuinness was a member of the newly formed Wests Tigers. He played in all 24 games, scoring a personal best 14 tries.
At the start of 2001, McGuinness scored 5 tries in the first three games. His fortune soon changed when he, along with fellow Tiger, Craig Field, was banned by the NRL for six months after testing positive to illegal substances. After undergoing counselling, McGuinness returned to the NRL two months before the ban was lifted and was back with the first grade team for round 23 against the Newcastle Knights at Campbelltown Stadium, where he scored a try.
The Sydney Morning Herald rated McGuinness in the top 34 State of Origin eligible players in 2002, with Roy Masters claiming he was the best player at the Wests Tigers. McGuinness set the record for the most tries scored in a match by a Wests Tigers player on 4 August 2002, when he scored 4 tries against Souths.
In 2004, after a season at Manly, McGuinness moved to the Salford City Reds. While at Salford he became a firm fans' favourite, and earned the nickname "The Buddha." He left the Salford City Reds at the end of the 2007 season, and though quite a few players left at the end of that year, he in particular, received a standing ovation, with sections of the crowd chanting "Buddha, Buddha, Buddha," as a homage to the player.
After retiring from the highest level of a football, McGuiness won 2 premierships with Wollongong Wests in the Illawarra competition. In 2011, he joined the Queanbeyan Blues in Canberra's Group 8.
Career highlights
First Grade Debut: 1995 – Round 9, Western Suburbs vs Penrith Panthers at Penrith Stadium, 7 May
Footnotes
External links
Salford Squad Profile: Kevin McGuinness
Kevin McGuinness Celebrity Vibe Interview
1976 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles players
New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from New South Wales
Salford Red Devils players
Western Suburbs Magpies players
Wests Tigers players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20McGuinness |
Aaron Moule (born 20 June 1977) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played club football for the South Queensland Crushers and Melbourne Storm in Australasia's National Rugby League and Widnes Vikings and Salford City Reds in the Super League.
Early life
Moule grew up in the Redcliffe, Queensland area of Brisbane, playing junior rugby league with Redcliffe Dolphins. He was later captain of the Sunshine Coast schoolboys representative team, leading the team to second place in the state carnival.
Playing career
Moule made his first grade rugby league debut for South Queensland Crushers in the 1997 ARL season, winning the club's rookie of the year honour, before joining Melbourne Storm for the 1998 NRL season.
Moule played at for Melbourne in their 1999 NRL Grand Final victory against the St. George Illawarra Dragons. Having won the 1999 Premiership, Melbourne Storm contested in the 2000 World Club Challenge against Super League Champions St Helens R.F.C., with Moule playing at and scoring a try in the victory.
A consistent, but combative player, Moule was the leading try scorer for Melbourne Storm in 2001 and 2002.
Moule stunned Melbourne by announcing his retirement from the NRL in April 2003, revealing that a succession of injuries had taken away his enjoyment of the game. "At 25, three shoulder reconstructions, knee surgery and a severe case of osteitis pubis head my list of injuries," he said. "Put simply, the passion to play isn't there any more." After sitting out the rest of 2003, in November Moule had agreed to return to rugby league with Widnes Vikings.
Moule retired from the professional game at the end of the 2007 Super League season.
Career highlights and honours
First Grade Debut:
1997 – Round 11, South Queensland v Western Suburbs Magpies at Campbelltown Stadium, 18 May
Rookie of the Year:
1997 – South Queensland Crushers
Premierships:
1999 – Melbourne Storm
World Club Challenge Champions
2000 – Melbourne Storm
References
External links
Salford Squad Profile: Aaron Moule
Salford City Reds Website Homepage
Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org
1977 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
South Queensland Crushers players
Melbourne Storm players
Widnes Vikings players
Salford Red Devils players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from Brisbane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Moule |
Anthony Stewart (born 5 March 1979) is an English former rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.
He played at representative level for Ireland and Lancashire, and at club level in the Super League for St. Helens (Heritage № 1079), with whom he won a World Club Challenge, Challenge Cup and a Super League Grand Final, the Bradford Bulls (loan), the Salford City Reds (two spells, including the first on loan) and Harlequins RL (Heritage No.), and the Leigh Centurions (Heritage № 1275), the Swinton Lions and the Rochdale Hornets, as a or .
Background
Stewart was born in Wigan, Greater Manchester, England.
He has a wife, Dawn Louise Stewart (married 2017) and one child, Abigail Juliet Stewart (born 9 June 2008).
Playing career
He began playing at Hindley Juniors before joining Saints. Having won the 1999 Championship, St. Helens contested in the 2000 World Club Challenge against National Rugby League Premiers the Melbourne Storm, with Stewart playing from the interchange bench in the loss. As Super League V champions, St. Helens played against 2000 NRL Premiers, the Brisbane Broncos in the 2001 World Club Challenge. Stewart played from the interchange bench in Saints' victory. Stewart played for St. Helens on the wing in their 2002 Super League Grand Final victory against the Bradford Bulls. Having won Super League VI, St Helens contested the 2003 World Club Challenge against 2002 NRL Premiership-winners, the Sydney Roosters. Stewart played on the wing in Saints' 38–0 loss.
Anthony signed for Salford City Reds on loan from St. Helens in 2004. He signed permanently in 2005. He was named in the Ireland training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.
References
External links
Whitehaven profile
(archived by web.archive.org) Salford Squad Profile: Anthony Stewart
Saints Heritage Society profile
1979 births
Living people
Bradford Bulls players
English people of Irish descent
English rugby league players
Ireland national rugby league team players
Irish rugby league players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Leigh Leopards players
London Broncos players
Rochdale Hornets players
Rugby league players from Wigan
Rugby league wingers
Salford Red Devils players
St Helens R.F.C. players
Swinton Lions players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Stewart%20%28rugby%20league%29 |
Luke Robinson (born 25 July 1984) is an English professional rugby league coach who is the assistant coach of the Huddersfield Giants in the Betfred Super League and a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s.
An England international, he played in the Super League for the Wigan Warriors, Castleford Tigers, Salford City Reds and the Huddersfield Giants as a and later in his career as a .
Background
Luke Robinson was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England.
Playing career
Wigan Warriors
Luke Robinson signed for Wigan Warriors aged eleven, along with future first teamers Gareth Hock and Sean O'Loughlin. He was a find of Wigan's scout Eric Hawley. Robinson commented later: “Eric Hawley, who was the scout at that time, watched me at Siddal ARLFC and asked me if I wanted to come on a trial basis and have a look round and I decided to sign to the chromatids", he recalled. “It was under schoolboy terms, but they were binding to the club and to me. I came over once every two or three weeks for training, basically just to familiarise myself until I was sixteen and could move over."
Despite being born in Yorkshire, Luke had supported Wigan Warriors as a kid, his dad taking him to Wembley to watch during the club's glory years.
Luke progressed through Wigan's scholarship and Academy systems before making his début for the first team at the age of seventeen during the 2002 Super League season. This year he was also selected to play for England Academy. Luke was an England schoolboys international. He played for the England Academy side who were the first ever to beat the Aussie Schoolboys in December 2002.
During 2003, Robinson became a vital part of Wigan's first team squad, often sharing the scrum-half duties with Papua New Guinea star Adrian Lam. Lam picked up a knee injury during a crucial stage of the play-offs that season, leaving Robinson to take sole control the Wigan Warriors pack. Robinson, a supremely confident and exuberant young man, has been likened in style and manner to former Great Britain scrum-half Andy Gregory, and he does admit to sharing the characteristics of brashness and assertiveness famously associated with Gregory. "I think every scrum-half has got a bit of something in him," he said. "I'm only 5ft 6in and I've got to be bossing Craig Smith, who's 6ft and 17st."
Despite the comparisons with Gregory, Luke has been modelling himself on another Wigan Warriors legend in Adrian Lam. "I always liked Andy Gregory when I was really young but that was mainly through my dad talking about him," he said. "It was Adrian Lam really. You can't say much more about Adrian Lam, can you?" However, the England Academy international insists he "just wants to be Luke Robinson and be the best I can be."
Robinson played for the Wigan Warriors at scrum half back in the 2003 Super League Grand Final which was lost to the Bradford Bulls.
He was required again for the first team at the start of 2004 after a further injury to Adrian Lam, however he could not reproduce the form that had helped take Wigan Warriors to the final in the previous season.
Castleford Tigers (loan)
When Lam recovered Luke was sent on loan to struggling Castleford Tigers. He spent two months at Castleford Tigers before another injury to Lam forced his recall, playing against the Tigers in his first match back at Wigan Warriors.
Salford City Reds
Luke again struggled for form and was eventually allowed to leave Wigan, joining David Hodgson in signing a contract with Salford City Reds. After the deal was done Luke regained the type of form that had created the high hopes for his future, helping Wigan Warriors make it to the 2004 Final Eliminator at Headingley. However, his try was not enough to take the Wigan Warriors to the Grand Final. At the time, many fans were very concerned at the decision to let Luke leave the club.
Luke Robinson left Wigan Warriors and signed for the Salford City Reds, and was a regular in the first team at Scrum Half. In 2005 Luke scored eleven tries, seven goals, one field goals totalling fifty-nine points for the Salford City Reds. In 2006 he helped them to their highest ever finish (5th) in the Super League, and the first time the club made it to the play-offs.
Huddersfield Giants
He signed for Huddersfield Giants in September 2007, following Salford City Reds' relegation from Super League.
International
While at Huddersfield he played for England against the New Zealand Māori at the end of 2010. He played in the 2010 Rugby League Four Nations against New Zealand, Australia and Papua New Guinea games, scoring 2-tries.
On 9 February 2016 Robinson announced his retirement from the sport due to a hip injury. and was awarded a Testimonial.
Coaching
He is currently Head coach of Huddersfield Giants Under 19's Academy team and in 2018, led the team to a first ever grand final semi final, in the end, losing out to eventual champions Wigan Warriors.
After Simon Woolford's resignation Luke was appointed Head Coach of the Huddersfield Giants in September 2020.
References
External links
Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com
(archived by web.archive.org) Salford Squad Profile: Luke Robinson
(archived by web.archive.org) Luke Robinson's website
1984 births
Living people
Castleford Tigers players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Huddersfield Giants coaches
Huddersfield Giants players
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Halifax, West Yorkshire
Salford Red Devils players
Wigan Warriors players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20Robinson%20%28rugby%20league%29 |
A fiddle yard or staging yard is a collection of model railway tracks that are hidden from view and allow trains to be stored and manipulated by the operators. These tracks are used to allow most model railways to be operated in a realistic manner. Whilst it is possible to have a realistic shunting yard in view, its operation is generally unreliable with models.
Trains can be rearranged by lifting them off the track and replacing them.
Development
Fiddle yards were first built by British modellers so that they could build small layouts and operate them in a realistic manner. The first well-known model railway to use them was 'Maybank', which was exhibited at the 1939 Model Railway Club exhibition in London. This was an urban passenger terminus that led directly into a fiddle yard, hidden beneath a locomotive depot above it. It had an influence on C. J. Freezer, who as editor of Railway Modeller, would later go on to popularise them. In the 1950s he described the "Fiddle Yard to Terminus" layout, and used it for his influential 'Minories' design.
The 'Peter Denny' design of fiddle yard, using a removable 'cassette' of tracks, was developed by the Reverend Peter Denny for his Buckingham Great Central layout around 1952. This used a number of parallel tracks and could also be used for rolling stock storage or transport, off the layout. Some of these cassettes use conventional pointwork, others slide sideways as a traverser, Denny's original rotated around a central pivot. Denny also used it to rotate by half a turn and to reverse the trains wholesale, without needing to uncouple and move locomotives from one end to the other. Denny was noted for his use of non-railway mechanisms and the original was cranked around by a Meccano geared drive, with remote switching and monitoring by a row of sprung metal contacts.
Designs
The fiddle yard is part of a layout, and as such varies with the type layout design, particularly whether it is of the "end-to-end" or "continuous run" type. There may be more than one yard per layout. The design also varies by how much the operator wishes to handle the stock—they can be completely manual, completely automatic, or somewhere in between. Each design has different space requirements which must be factored into consideration at the design stage.
Broadly designs can be into categories:
Fan of points giving many roads can be easily constructed, operated automatically using point motors, and are simple to construct, although turnouts can be expensive, especially if motorised.
Traverser (known as "transfer table" in the US) where parallel tracks are moved perpendicular to the entrance/exit track(s). In this way each road can be aligned in turn with the entrance/exit track(s).
Turntable, where usually multiple tracks are on the same turntable pivoting around a central point. In this way, entire trains can be turned. Generally only suitable for layouts with shorter trains (i.e. smaller scales).
Sector plate which pivots around a point but unlike a turntable cannot turn completely. Due to geometry, this usually has a single entrance/exit.
Cassette where sections of track within solid bases holding one or more items of rolling stock are moved manually into position.
Elevator, where tracks are moved in a vertical direction. The elevator may itself be storage with multiple decks, or it may be single decked and move stock onto a different level, for example to other storage under the main layout.
Combinations of the two above are also possible; for example a sector plate may be combined with a turntable for turning locomotives separately from their trains and allowing for them to be run round.
Fiddle yards can also contain a balloon loop for turning entire trains, usually in conjunction with a fan or traverser design.
References
Rail transport modelling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle%20yard |
The UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) is a centre for excellence in environmental science across water, land and air.
The organisation has a long history of investigating, monitoring and modelling environmental change. Research topics include: air pollution, biodiversity, chemical risks in the environment, extreme weather events, droughts, floods, greenhouse gas emissions, soil health, sustainable agriculture, sustainable ecosystems, water quality, and water resources management.
UKCEH coordinates a number of long-term environmental science monitoring sites and programmes, including the Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme, the Isle of May Long-Term Study, the UK National River Flow Archive, the Plynlimon catchment study, lakes monitoring at Loch Leven and in the English Lake District, the UK Cosmic-ray soil moisture monitoring network (COSMOS-UK), the UK Upland Waters Monitoring Network, the Biological Records Centre, and the UKCEH Countryside Survey. The centre manages an urban atmospheric pollution observatory at the top of BT Tower in London. Its international work includes collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization on a global hydrological monitoring initiative and working with European partners to set up butterfly and wider pollinator monitoring schemes.
UKCEH is a strategic delivery partner for the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).
The institute has four locations: Wallingford (its headquarters), Edinburgh, Lancaster and Bangor.
UKCEH is a member of the Partnership for European Environmental Research (PEER).
History
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) was formally established in March 1994 by John Krebs the then Chief Executive of NERC. It was formed by the drawing together of four research institutes: the Institute of Hydrology, the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, the Institute of Freshwater Ecology and the Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology (IVEM).
In 1994, Brian Wilkinson a Professor of Civil Engineering at Cranfield University, Director of the Institute of Hydrology, was appointed as the first CEH Director. In 1994 CEH had 15 laboratories and field stations across the UK. From 1996 onwards the number of sites was reduced and the centre now operates from 4 locations across the UK.
In the early years there was a need to integrate environmental science across the institutes: joint science programs were established together with an inter-disciplinary science fund. CEH expanded and by 1999 there were some 600 staff and about 300 students linked to the universities, with most registered for post-graduate qualification. CEH had global outreach with around 60 worldwide research projects. A new headquarters was constructed on the Wallingford site.
In 1999 Wilkinson retired and Mike Roberts was appointed as CEH Director. He was succeeded by Professor Nuttall in 2001. In 2012 Mark Bailey was appointed to the position of Executive Director.
In December 2019, following UK Government approval, the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology became autonomous from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), launching as a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee with charitable status on 1 December that year. At the same time, it also changed its name to the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH).
Dr Stuart Wainwright OBE became Chief Executive in June 2023.
Notable research and outputs
In 2008 the centre published a hydrological appraisal of the notable flooding in England and Wales in summer 2007.
In 2010 the centre led research that showed the seasonal timings of biological events in springs and summers were shifting forward in the UK, and that the trend was accelerating.
In 2017 the centre published research on the impact on honeybees of two commercial neonicotinoid-based seed treatments in commercially grown crops of oilseed rape.
The centre hosts the UK National River Flow Archive, which publishes monthly UK hydrological summaries and hydrological outlooks.
The centre is a pioneer in citizen science and hosts the Biological Records Centre in the UK and the iRecord biological records website. It has created numerous biological recording phone apps such as iRecord Butterflies, Asian Hornet Watch and Bloomin' Algae. In 2020 the Biological Records Centre received 1.77 million records from more than 20,000 contributors, covering over 24,000 species.
It organises and funds the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (UKBMS), along with Butterfly Conservation, the British Trust for Ornithology and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. UKBMS is one of the longest running insect monitoring schemes in the world.
It creates and licenses satellite-derived annual UK land cover maps and crop maps.
UKCEH coordinates development of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model with the UK Met Office. JULES is used both as a standalone model and as the land surface component in the Met Office Unified Model, used for weather forecasting in the UK.
The centre is part of a major research consortium announced by the UK Government in August 2021 to help the UK adapt and become more resilient to the impacts of climate change.
It coordinates international science efforts to encourage sustainable nitrogen management.
UKCEH is one of the partners in the UK National Climate Science Partnership, announced at COP26 in 2021.
Notable people
Ewen Cameron, Baron Cameron of Dillington, Chair of UKCEH Board of Trustees
Mark J. Bailey, Executive Director until June 2023
Mark O. Hill, mathematical ecologist and botanist known for developing Hill numbers, a type of diversity index used in ecology, as well as detrended correspondence analysis and two-way indicator species analysis
Pat Nuttall, director between 2001 and 2011
Christopher D. Preston, botanist and historian, known for editing various vascular plant and bryophyte species distribution atlases for Britain and Ireland
Mike Roberts, director between 1999 and 2001
Helen Roy, Principal Scientist-Ecologist at UKCEH and President of the Royal Entomological Society
Mark Sutton, nitrogen scientist and chair of the International Nitrogen Initiative
Sarah Wanless, ornithologist and seabird ecologist
Brian Wilkinson, director between 1994 and 1999
See also
OpenMI Standard · UKCEH is the lead organisation for the Open Modelling Interface standard.
References
External links
UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology homepage
Environmental Information Data Centre, hosted by UKCEH
Environmental research institutes
Hydrology organizations
Natural Environment Research Council
Organisations based in Oxfordshire
Research institutes in Oxfordshire
South Oxfordshire District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK%20Centre%20for%20Ecology%20%26%20Hydrology |
Mobile catering is the business of selling prepared food from some sort of vehicle. It is a feature of urban culture in many countries. Mobile catering can be performed using food trucks, trailers, carts and food stands with many types of foods that can be prepared. Mobile catering is also used to provide food to people during times of emergency.
Variants
A food cart is a motorless trailer that can be hauled by automobile, bicycle, or hand to the point of sale, often a public sidewalk or park. Carts typically have an onboard heating and/or refrigeration system to keep the food ready for consumption. Foods and beverages often served from carts include
Hot dogs and other sausages in the United States (see hot dog stand)
Tacos, burritos and other Mexican-style food that can be held in the hand, thus lending the name taco truck or, in Spanish, "lonchera"
Halal food such as lamb or chicken over rice, or in a gyro
Ice cream and other frozen treats
Coffee, bagels, donuts, egg sandwiches, e.g., bacon, egg, and cheese, and other breakfast items
Pig roast is often served in a bread bun or baguette with apple sauce or sage & onion stuffing.
BBQ popular food items include burgers, sausages and chicken.
A catering truck enables a vendor to sell a larger volume than a cart and to reach a larger market. The service is similar; the truck carries a stock of prepared foods that customers can buy. Ice cream vans are a familiar example of a catering truck in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.
A food truck or mobile kitchen is a modified van with a built-in barbecue grill, deep fryer, or other cooking equipment. It offers more flexibility in the menu since the vendor can prepare food to order as well as fresh foods in advance. A vendor can choose to park the van in one place, as with a cart, or to broaden the business's reach by driving the van to several customer locations. Examples of mobile kitchens include taco trucks on the west coast of the United States, especially in Southern California, and fish and chips vans in the United Kingdom. These vehicles are sometimes dysphemistically called "roach coaches" or "ptomaine wagons".
A concession trailer has preparation equipment like a mobile kitchen, but it cannot move on its own. As such it is suited for events lasting several days, such as travelling funfairs.
Uses
In addition to being operated as private businesses, mobile catering vehicles are also used after natural disasters to feed people in areas with damaged infrastructure. The Salvation Army has several mobile kitchens that it uses for this purpose.
Mobile catering vehicles have also provided a niche for advertisers to target the working population and general audience. With a wide variety of display options, lunch truck advertising has exploded into a successful marketing venture for many companies, including Outdoor Ad Systems, LLC and Roaming Hunger.
Mobile catering is popular throughout New York City, though sometimes can be unprofitable.
See also
Catering
Chuckwagon
Diner
Food cart
Food truck
List of food trucks
Gastronorm sizes
Street food
Taco stand
References
Catering
Restaurants by type
Street culture
Food trucks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20catering |
The Briggs–Rauscher oscillating reaction is one of a small number of known oscillating chemical reactions. It is especially well suited for demonstration purposes because of its visually striking colour changes: the freshly prepared colourless solution slowly turns an amber colour, then suddenly changes to a very dark blue. This slowly fades to colourless and the process repeats, about ten times in the most popular formulation, before ending as a dark blue liquid smelling strongly of iodine.
History
The first known homogeneous oscillating chemical reaction, reported by W. C. Bray in 1921, was between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and iodate () in acidic solution. Because of experimental difficulty, it attracted little attention and was unsuitable as a demonstration. In 1958 Boris Pavlovich Belousov discovered the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction (BZ reaction). The BZ reaction is suitable as a demonstration, but it too met with skepticism, largely because such oscillatory behaviour was unheard of up to that time, until Anatol Zhabotinsky learned of it and in 1964 published his research. In May 1972 a pair of articles in the Journal of Chemical Education brought it to the attention of Thomas Briggs and Warren Rauscher, two science instructors at Galileo High School in San Francisco. They discovered the Briggs–Rauscher oscillating reaction by replacing bromate () in the BZ reaction with iodate and adding hydrogen peroxide. They produced the strikingly colorful demonstration by adding starch indicator. Since then, many other investigators have added to the knowledge and uses of this very unusual reaction.
Description
Initial conditions
The initial aqueous solution contains hydrogen peroxide, an iodate, divalent manganese (Mn2+) as catalyst, a strong chemically unreactive acid (sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or perchloric acid (HClO4) are good), and an organic compound with an active ("enolic") hydrogen atom attached to carbon which will slowly reduce free iodine (I2) to iodide (I−). (Malonic acid (CH2(COOH)2) is excellent for that purpose.) Starch is optionally added as an indicator to show the abrupt increase in iodide ion concentration as a sudden change from amber (free iodine) to dark blue (the "iodine-starch complex", which requires both iodine and iodide.)
Recently it has been shown, however, that the starch is not only an indicator for iodine in the reaction. In the presence of starch the number of oscillations is higher and the period times are longer compared to the starch-free mixtures. It was also found that the iodine consumption segment within one period of oscillation is also significantly longer in the starch-containing mixtures. This suggests that the starch probably acts as a reservoir for the iodine and iodide because of the starch-triiodide equilibrium, thereby modifying the kinetics of the steps in which iodine and iodide are involved.
The reaction is "poisoned" by chloride (Cl−) ion, which must therefore be avoided, and will oscillate under a fairly wide range of initial concentrations. For recipes suitable for demonstration purposes, see Shakhashiri or Preparations in the external links.
Terminal conditions
The residual mixture contains iodinated malonic acid, inorganic acid, manganous catalysts, unreacted iodate and hydrogen peroxide. After the oscillations cease, the iodomalonic acid decomposes and iodine is produced. The rate of decomposition depends on the conditions. All of the components present in the residual mixture are of environmental concern: Iodate, iodine and hydrogen peroxide are strong oxidants, the acid is corrosive and manganese has been suggested to cause neurological disorders. A simple method has been developed employing thiosulfate and carbonate – two inexpensive salts – to remove all oxidants, neutralize the acidity and recover the manganous ion in the form of manganese dioxide.
Behaviour in time
The reaction shows recurring periodic changes, both gradual and sudden, which are visible: slow changes in the intensity of colour, interrupted by abrupt changes in hue. This demonstrates that a complex combination of slow and fast reactions are taking place simultaneously. For example, following the iodide ion concentration with a silver/silver iodide electrode (see Videos) shows sudden dramatic swings of several orders of magnitude separated by slower variations. This is shown by the oscillogram above.
Oscillations persist over a wide range of temperatures. Higher temperatures make everything happen faster, with some qualitative change observable (see Effect of temperature).
Stirring the solution throughout the reaction is helpful for sharp colour changes; otherwise spatial variations may develop (see Videos).
Bubbles of free oxygen are evolved throughout, and in most cases, the final state is rich in free iodine.
Variants
Changing the initial concentrations
As noted above, the reaction will oscillate in a fairly wide range of initial concentrations of the reactants. For oscillometric demonstrations, more cycles are obtained in dilute solutions, which produce weaker colour changes. See for example the graph, which shows more than 40 cycles in 8 minutes.
Changing the organic substrate
Malonic acid has been replaced by other suitable organic molecules, such as acetone (CH3COCH3) or acetylacetone (CH3COCH2COCH3, pentane-2,4-dione). More exotic substrates have been used. The resulting oscillographic records often show distinctive features, for example as reported by Szalai.
Continuous flow reactors
The reaction may be made to oscillate indefinitely by using a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR), in which the starting reagents are continuously introduced and excess fluid is drawn.
Two dimensional phase space plots
By omitting the starch and monitoring the concentration of I2 photometrically, (i.e., measuring the absorption of a suitable light beam through the solution) while simultaneously monitoring the concentration of iodide ion with an iodide-selective electrode, a distorted spiral XY-plot will result. In a continuous-flow reactor, this becomes a closed loop (limit cycle).
Fluorescent demonstration
By replacing the starch with a fluorescent dye, Weinberg and Muyskens (2007) produced a demonstration visible in darkness under UV illumination.
Use as a biological assay
The reaction has been proposed as an assay procedure for antioxidants in foodstuffs. The sample to be tested is added at the onset of oscillations, stopping the action for a period proportional to its antioxidant activity. Compared to existing assay methods, this procedure is quick and easy and operates at the pH of the human stomach. For a detailed description suitable for high school chemistry, see Preparations.
In contrast to the findings referring predominantly to polyphenolic compounds reported in the above cited literature, it was found that the salicylic acid – a simple monophenolic compound – did not stop the oscillations immediately after it was added into the active Briggs-Rauscher mixture. In the low concentration interval the salicyclic acid only damped the oscillations, while in higher concentrations the damping effect was much stronger and complete inhibition was also observed. Sulfosalicylic acid, a derivative of salicyclic acid, practically did not affect the oscillations.
Chemical mechanism
The detailed mechanism of this reaction is quite complex. Nevertheless, a good general explanation can be given.
For best results, and to prevent side reactions that may interfere with the main reaction, the solutions are best prepared a short time before the reaction. If left undisturbed, or exposed to ultra-violet radiation the reactants can decompose or react with themselves, interfering with the process.
The essential features of the system depend on two key processes (These processes each involve many reactions working together):
A ("non-radical process"): The slow consumption of free iodine by the malonic acid substrate in the presence of iodate. This process involves the intermediate production of iodide ion.
B ("radical process"): A fast auto-catalytic process involving manganese and free radical intermediates, which converts hydrogen peroxide and iodate to free iodine and oxygen. This process also can consume iodide up to a limiting rate.
But process B can operate only at low concentrations of iodide, creating a feedback loop as follows:
Initially, iodide is low and process B generates free iodine, which gradually accumulates. Meanwhile, process A slowly generates the intermediate iodide ion out of the free iodine at an increasing rate proportional to its (i.e. I2) concentration. At a certain point, this overwhelms process B, stopping the production of more free iodine, which is still being consumed by process A. Thus, eventually the concentration of free iodine (and thus iodide) falls low enough for process B to start up again and the cycle repeats as long as the original reactants hold out.
The overall result of both processes is (again, approximately):
+ 2 H2O2 + CH2(COOH)2 + H+ → ICH(COOH)2 + 2 O2 + 3 H2O
The colour changes seen during the reaction correspond to the actions of the two processes: the slowly increasing amber colour is due to the production of free iodine by process B. When process B stops, the resulting increase in iodide ion enables the sudden blue starch colour. But since process A is still acting, this slowly fades back to clear. The eventual resumption of process B is invisible, but can be revealed by the use of a suitable electrode.
A negative feedback loop which includes a delay (mediated here by process A) is a general mechanism for producing oscillations in many physical systems, but is very rare in nonbiological homogeneous chemical systems. (The BZ oscillating reaction has a somewhat similar feedback loop.)
External links
Videos
Continuously stirred demo showing rapid and uniform colour changes
Continuously stirred demo showing 16 colourful oscillations gradually increasing in intensity
Unstirred demo showing minor spatial variations
Unstirred demo showing extreme spatial variations
This demo runs to completion in 19 cycles. Here the blue starch complex appears late, so the variations in free iodine are plainly visible
This demo completes in 13 cycles. An iodide-selective electrode is used to produce a graph of I− in real time
This demo is continuously stirred and has notably distinct transitions
Effect of temperature
This series of four videos vividly shows the effect of temperature on the oscillations: 10 °C 22 °C 40 °C 60 °C
Preparations
from NCSU (PDF)
from about.com, with a brief description of the chemical mechanism
from John A. Pojman (uses readily available 3% H2O2)
complete description of use as an antioxidant assay suitable for use in high school chemistry class
References
Name reactions
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Articles containing video clips
Clock reactions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs%E2%80%93Rauscher%20reaction |
Templar Poetry is an independent publisher of poetry that is based in Derbyshire, England. Templar publishes around 15 new print titles each year. The Templar Poetry periodical iOTA includes new poetry from open submissions, commissioned work, reviews, and features on poetry and related themes and issues.
Founded on the island of Bute, Scotland in 2005, Templar Poetry is composed of practitioners drawn from literature, art, the music industry, design and the broadcast and print media. The goal is to publish excellent quality poetry for a wide audience. Templar Poetry is committed to transmitting poetry in oral and textual formats, and in developing cross genre partnerships.
Templar has published over one 100 titles - poetry pamphlets, collections, anthologies, monographs and poetic biographies. Many Templar poets feature in major poetry competition prize lists and several have their work read and studied in primary, secondary and tertiary education. Templar titles have been recognized by The Forward Foundation, The Poetry Trust, The Poetry Book Society and The Michael Marks Charitable Trust.
Templar has been recognized for the quality and aesthetics of its book design and production in the British Book Design and Production Awards administered by the BPIF (British Print Industry Federation).
The press also publishes Iota Poetry, a printed quarterly magazine.
Templar administers a range of publishing awards each year open to both new and established poets writing in English anywhere in the world.
Templar Poetry is a Not for Profit organization. Using grants from Arts Council England, Templar has developed an archive of recorded work, established the Derwent Poetry Festival in Derbyshire and conducted regular Templar Poetry Live readings at Keats House in London and other venues.
References
External links
Templar Poetry Website
Publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Poetry publishers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templar%20Poetry |
Nicholas Ward often known as Nick Ward (1 April 1811 – 17 February 1850) was an English bare-knuckle fighter. Nick Ward was the heavyweight champion of England for four months in 1841.
His first recorded fight was in 1835 against Harry John Lockyer. In 1840 he fought his brother Jem Ward's old enemy James Burke; Burke was a feared and dangerous fighter, who had killed one opponent, the champion Simon Byrne. Following the match Jem Ward had refused to fight Burke, would not hand over the championship belt or acknowledge Burke as the heavyweight champion, even after he was acquitted of murder. Nick Ward won the bout against Burke when his gang of supporters forced the referee to disqualify Burke for an alleged foul. This winning pattern was repeated when in February 1841 Ward became heavyweight champion. He beat Ben Caunt, the reigning champion, when Caunt was disqualified, after the referee succumbed to pressure from the crowd claiming Caunt hit Ward while he was down. In May of the same year Caunt legitimately beat Ward and regained his title. At this time boxing was governed by the less than arduous London Prize Ring rules. The more strict and fair Queensbury rules were not implemented until much later in the century.
Nick Ward is today considered a "mediocre" boxer, known for using "unfair tactics" and avoiding head on fighting. However, in spite of his reputation for underhand fighting he was considered a good counter puncher.
Ward died in Soho, London in 1850 aged 38.
See also
List of bare-knuckle boxers
References
External links
The Bare-knuckle Champions of England
1811 births
1850 deaths
Bare-knuckle boxers
English male boxers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Ward%20%28boxer%29 |
David or Dave Clarke may refer to:
Entertainment
David Clarke (actor) (1908–2004), American actor
Dave Clarke (musician) (born 1948), American singer, guitarist, and keyboard player
Dave Clarke (DJ) (born 1968), English techno DJ
David Clarke, a character in the TV series Revenge
Politics
David Clarke (Australian politician) (born 1947), member of New South Wales Legislative Council
David Clarke (sheriff) (born 1956), former sheriff of Milwaukee County
David A. Clarke (1943–1997), founding member of the Washington, D.C. city council
Sports
Football
Dave Clarke (English footballer) (born 1949), English football goalkeeper
Dave Clarke (Scottish footballer) (born 1950), Scottish football player and manager
Dave Clarke (Canadian football) (born 1950), Canadian football player
David Clarke Sr. (born 1952), Australian rules footballer
David Clarke (footballer, born 1964), English footballer
David Clarke (Paralympic footballer) (born 1970), English five-a-side footballer
David Clarke (Australian footballer, born 1980) (born 1980), Australian rules footballer
David Clarke (Gaelic footballer) (born 1983), Gaelic footballer
Other sports
David Clarke (English cricketer) (born 1967), English cricketer
David Clarke (Australian cricketer) (born 1970), Australian cricketer
Dave Clarke (hurler) (born 1971), Irish hurler
David Clarke (ice hockey) (born 1981), English ice hockey player
Dave Clarke (rugby league), rugby league footballer for Wales in 2004
Dave Clarke (runner) (born 1958), British distance runner
Academia
David Clarke (journalist) (born 1967), English lecturer and writer on UFO sightings since 2008
David Clarke (professor), Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Bristol University
David L. Clarke (1937–1976), English archaeologist
David R. Clarke, material scientist and physics professor
David J. Clarke (born 1954), professor of modern and contemporary art at the University of Hong Kong
Religion
David Clarke (minister) (born 1946), Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland 2006
David Clarke (priest) (born 1923), Anglican priest
Business
David S. Clarke (1942–2011), Australian chief executive and winemaker
See also
David Clark (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Clarke |
Anjelika Alexeyevna Krylova (; born 4 July 1973) is a Russian retired ice dancer. With partner Oleg Ovsyannikov, she is the 1998 Olympic silver medalist and two-time (1998, 1999) World champion. She currently works as a coach and choreographer in Moscow, Russia.
Competitive career
In her early career, Anjelika Krylova skated with Vladimir Leliukh and Vladimir Fedorov. With Fedorov, she won the bronze medal at the 1993 World Championships and was sixth at the 1994 Olympics.
In mid-1994, Krylova teamed up with Oleg Ovsyannikov. That same year they moved with their coaches Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponosov to Newark, Delaware. Krylova injured her back in training shortly before they were set to leave for 1994 Skate America. The rink workers had forgot to close the gate and she stumbled as she skated backward. Aggravated by intense training, the injury would plague her throughout her career.
In their first season together, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won the Russian national title and took bronze at the European Championship. They were fifth at the World Championships.
During the 1995–96 season, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won silver at Skate America and gold at Nations Cup to qualify for the Champions Series Final (later renamed the Grand Prix Final) where they took silver. They also won silver at the Russian, European and World Championships. They were second at these events to Oksana Grishuk and Evgeni Platov.
During the 1996–97 season, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won three gold medals on the Champions Series at Skate America, Nations Cup and Cup of Russia. They qualified for the Champions Series Final in Canada where they were placed second to Canadians Shae-Lynn Bourne and Victor Kraatz. Krylova and Ovsyannikov won the silver medal at the European and World Championships, second at both events to Grishuk and Platov.
During the 1997–98 season, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won gold medals at Nations Cup and Cup of Russia but did not compete at the Champions Series Final. They won silver at the European Championships and followed it up with silver at the 1998 Olympics in Nagano, Japan. They were second at both events to Grishuk and Platov who retired after the Olympics. At the 1998 World Championships, they won their first World title ahead of Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat. They used music from the opera Carmen for their free skate. Figure skating writer and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum called it "a dramatic interpretation" and said that it included many hunched-over and distorted angled positions, as well as "over-the-top" facial expressions, especially from Ovsianmikov. Kestnbaum stated that the program "seemed to depict a struggle or sexual encounter in which she retained the upper hand". Kestnbaum also reported that one reporter called the program "an updated, playful version of Carmen".
During the 1998–99 season, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won gold at Sparkassen Cup (formerly Nations Cup) and Cup of Russia to qualify for the Grand Prix Final. They won the title ahead of Anissina and Peizerat. They won their first European title and then capped off their career with their second World title.
Krylova and Ovsyannikov were planning to compete the following season and had prepared programs and costumes, however, doctors advised her to retire due to a risk of paralysis stemming from her back problem. She suggested that he team up with another skater but he declined. After a year, she felt more confident and they began performing in the less demanding world of professional skating. They won the 2001 World Professional title.
Coaching career
After ending her career, Krylova became a figure skating coach and choreographer alongside Pasquale Camerlengo. They worked for a year in Berlin, Germany, and in 2006, moved to work at the Detroit Skating Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 2018, Krylova moved to Moscow, Russia, to coach with Albena Denkova, Maxim Staviski, and her former partner Oleg Ovsyannikov. She currently works with the following teams:
Vasilisa Kaganovskaia / Maxim Nekrasov
Krylova has previously coached:
Alexandra Aldridge / Daniel Eaton
Federica Faiella / Massimo Scali
Adelina Galyavieva / Louis Thauron
Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker
Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue
Madison Hubbell / Keiffer Hubbell
Alla Loboda / Pavel Drozd
Katharina Müller / Tim Dieck
Danielle O'Brien / Gregory Merriman
Alexandra Paul / Mitchell Islam
Nathalie Péchalat / Fabian Bourzat (May 2011 to May 2013)
Betina Popova / Sergey Mozgov
Kaitlyn Weaver / Andrew Poje
Vasilisa Kaganovskaia / Valeriy Angelopol
Krylova, along with Giuseppe Arena, choreographed Johnny Weir's Doctor Zhivago program.
Personal life
From 1994, Krylova resided mainly in Delaware, with some time also in Europe, before moving to Detroit, Michigan in 2006. She is a quarter Uzbek through her grandmother. She and Pasquale Camerlengo have two children, Stella, born in July 2005, and Anthony, born in September 2007. Stella and Anthony now live in Detroit with her mother, while Pasquale comes to visit the kids every so often.
Programs
Eligible career with Ovsyannikov:
Show/professional career with Ovsyannikov:
Competitive highlights
With Ovsyannikov
With Fedorov
With Leliukh
References
External links
Official website: Krylova & Ovsyannikov
1973 births
Russian female ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Russian people of Uzbek descent
Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Russian figure skating coaches
Russian expatriates in the United States
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic figure skaters for Russia
Figure skaters from Moscow
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Female sports coaches
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Figure skating choreographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjelika%20Krylova |
Oleg Vladimirovich Ovsyannikov (; born 23 January 1970) is a Russian former competitive ice dancer. With partner Anjelika Krylova, he is the 1998 Olympic silver medalist and two-time (1998, 1999) World champion.
Career
As a four-year-old, Ovsyannikov fell ill with pneumonia. After he recovered, doctors recommended to his parents that he enroll in some kind of sport, preferably in a fresh air environment. Initially a singles skater, he switched to ice dance at the age of 10.
With Maria Orlova, he won the bronze medal at the 1988 World Junior Championships. With Elizaveta Stekolnikova he won the gold medal at the 1989 Golden Spin of Zagreb. He later formed a partnership with Elena Kustarova and won bronze medals at the 1992 Grand Prix International de Paris and the 1993 Nations Cup, as well as two medals at the Russian Nationals.
In mid-1994 he teamed up with Anjelika Krylova. They were coached by Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponosov in Newark, Delaware. Krylova injured her back in training shortly before they were set to leave for 1994 Skate America. Aggravated by intense training, the injury would plague her throughout their career.
In their first season together, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won the Russian national title and took bronze at the European Championship. They were fifth at the World Championships.
During the 1995–96 season, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won silver at Skate America and gold at Nations Cup to qualify for the Champions Series Final (later renamed the Grand Prix Final) where they took silver. They also won silver at the Russian, European and World Championships. They were second at these events to Oksana Grishuk and Evgeni Platov.
During the 1996–97 season, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won three gold medals on the Champions Series at Skate America, Nations Cup and Cup of Russia. They qualified for the Champions Series Final in Canada where they were placed second to Canadians Shae-Lynn Bourne and Victor Kraatz. Krylova and Ovsyannikov won the silver medal at the European and World Championships, second at both events to Grishuk and Platov.
During the 1997–98 season, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won gold medals at Nations Cup and Cup of Russia but did not compete at the Champions Series Final. They won silver at the European Championships and followed it up with silver at the 1998 Olympics in Nagano, Japan. They were second at both events to Grishuk and Platov who retired after the Olympics. At the 1998 World Championships, they won their first World title ahead of Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat. They used music from the opera Carmen for their free skate. Figure skating writer and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum called it "a dramatic interpretation" and said that it included many hunched-over and distorted angled positions, as well as "over-the-top" facial expressions, especially from Ovsianmikov. Kestnbaum stated that the program "seemed to depict a struggle or sexual encounter in which she retained the upper hand". Kestnbaum also reported that one reporter called the program "an updated, playful version of Carmen".
During the 1998–99 season, Krylova and Ovsyannikov won gold at Sparkassen Cup (formerly Nations Cup) and Cup of Russia to qualify for the Grand Prix Final. They won the title ahead of Anissina and Peizerat. They won their first European title and then capped off their career with their second World title.
Krylova and Ovsyannikov were planning to compete the following season and had prepared programs and costumes, however, doctors advised her to retire due to a risk of paralysis stemming from her back problem. She suggested that he team up with another skater but he declined. After a year, she felt more confident and they began performing in the less demanding world of professional skating. They won the 2001 World Professional title.
Personal life
Ovsyannikov formerly coached in Newark, Delaware with his wife Angelika Kirchmayr, an ice dancer from Russia who won the 1989 World Junior Championships. Their daughter Michelle Ovsyannikov was born in 2006 in Austria. In 2007, Ovsyannikov was appointed the chief coach of the Russian national synchronized skating team and moved back to Moscow. He coaches at the KPRF Sport Club in Moscow.
Programs
Eligible career with Krylova:
Show/professional career with Krylova:
Competitive highlights
With Krylova
With Kustarova
With Stekolnikova
With Orlova
References
External links
Official website: Krylova & Ovsyannikov
1970 births
Russian male ice dancers
Olympic figure skaters for Russia
Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Figure skaters from Moscow
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg%20Ovsyannikov |
Nick Ward may refer to:
Nick Ward (basketball) (born 1997), American basketball player
Nick Ward (footballer, born 1977), Welsh footballer
Nick Ward (musician), Welsh singer / songwriter
Nick Ward (physician), British physician and expert on smallpox
Nick Ward (soccer, born 1985), Australian association footballer
Nick Ward, in original lineup of Australian band The Church
Nicholas Ward (boxer) (1811–1850), English bare-knuckle fighter
See also
Nicholas Ward (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Ward |
Asunafo District is a former district that was located in Brong-Ahafo Region (now currently in Ahafo Region), Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988. However on 12 November 2003 (effectively 17 February 2004), it was split off into two new districts: Asunafo North District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 29 February 2008; capital: Goaso) and Asunafo South District (capital: Kukuom). The district assembly was located in the southwest part of Brong-Ahafo Region (now western part of Ahafo Region) and had Goaso as its capital town.
Sources
District: Asunafo District
19 New Districts Created , November 20, 2003.
References
2003 disestablishments in Ghana
Brong-Ahafo Region
Former districts of Ghana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunafo%20District |
Maelienydd, sometimes spelt Maeliennydd, was a cantref and lordship in east central Wales covering the area from the River Teme to Radnor Forest and the area around Llandrindod Wells. The area, which is mainly upland, is now in Powys. During the Middle Ages it was part of the region known as Rhwng Gwy a Hafren () and its administrative centre was at Cefnllys Castle.
History
Early history
According to historic manuscripts, the region between the Wye and the Severn was once regarded as a unit. Manuscripts use various alternative spellings for this, such as Ferlix, Fferllys, Fferleg, and Fferreg; in his Hanes Cymru, the historian John Davies argued, based on these alternatives, that it was probably named Fferyllwg, and that the name may refer to ironworkers (Fferyll in Welsh).
Welsh tradition (as reported for example by the 1844 Topographical Dictionary of Wales), claims that Ferlix was part of the realm of King Caradoc (more usually associated with Gwent), but on his death, the realm was divided between his sons; Cawdraf received Ferlix, while Meurig received the rest of the realm, as Gwent. In any case, manuscripts give Tangwydd ap Tegid, an 8th-century ruler of Ferlix, the following pedigree:
Cawrdaf ap Caradoc
Caw ap Cawrdaf
Gloyw ap Caw
Hoyw ap Gloyw
Cynfarch ap Hoyw
Cyndegg ap Cynfarch
Teithwalch ap Cyndegg
Tegid ap Teithwalch
Tangwydd ap Tegid
Welsh annals claim that during the reign of Tangwydd's father, Tegid, the Mercians seized parts of Ferlix, by constructing Offa's Dyke through it. For unclear reasons, Tangwydd also became ruler of Brycheiniog, which lay adjacent to Ferlix; Elisse ap Rhain, the previous king of Brycheiniog, only had daughters, so it is possible that Tangwydd obtained Brycheiniog by marriage.
Hwgan, Tangwydd's son and successor, attempted to invade Mercia, while King Edward the Elder was distracted by the Viking invasion; Hwgan, however, hadn't reckoned with Edward's sister, Æthelflæd, who lead an army against him. Æthelflæd defeated Hwgan, in battle, then invaded his lands, captured Hwgan's castle (in Brycheiniog). and took his wife prisoner. Hwgan decided to form an alliance with the Vikings, but died soon after, while defending Derby (at the time held by the Vikings) from the Saxons.
New dynasties
As Hwgan had been an aggressor against the Saxons, his son Dryffin was forced by King Æthelstan to pay tribute, and was deposed from Ferlix. He was replaced by Elystan Glodrydd, Æthelstan's god-son (and namesake), united Ferlix with his existing realm of Buellt; Dryffin and his heirs would now only rule in Brycheiniog. Elystan was succeeded by his son, Cadwgan, who was succeeded by his eldest son, Idnerth; a younger son gave rise to the Cadogan family, who were raised to the nobility many centuries later.
Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066 many Welsh princes, who owed allegiance to the Saxon kings, assisted anti-Norman revolts such as that of Eadric the Wild. Hence, in 1080, when a revolt broke out in Northern England, the Normans pre-emptively occupied Wales to prevent any further Welsh assistance to the Saxons. In turn, this led to a Welsh revolt in 1094, but by the end of the century it was successfully suppressed by a number of Norman magnates; the northern parts of Ferlix were conquered by Ranulph de Mortimer. He founded the castles of Dinieithon (near present Llandrindod Wells) and Cymaron (between Llanbister and Llangunllo).
Ranulph's daughter (Hawise) had married Stephen of Aumale, the cousin of William Rufus, the King. In 1095, Ranulph took part in an unsuccessful conspiracy to replace the king with his son-in-law, and was consequently exiled. Idnerth was able to recover his lands in northern Ferlix; he reached agreement with Philip de Braose, the conqueror of southern Ferlix, to regain most of the remainder, but had to consent to Braose retaining Buellt and the area around New Radnor. Idnerth passed his lands to his son, Madog, but when Madog died, in 1140, Ferlix was divided between Madog's sons.
The exile of Ranulph and his family had continued throughout this time, due to supporting a rival of William's brother (and successor) Henry (namely, Robert Curthose the Duke of Normandy). After Henry's death, in 1135, Ranulph's family supported the successful invasion of England by Stephen of Blois, and were able to return. In 1142, once forces loyal to Empress Matilda (the legitimate heir of King Henry) managed to capture Stephen, and Stephen's partisans began to abandon his cause, Hugh de Mortimer (grandson of Ranulph) invaded northern Ferlix, killing Hywel and Cadwgan, sons of Madog, in the process. In 1144, Hugh repaired Cymaron Castle, and from this base, two years later, he invaded the south of Ferlix, leading to the death of Maredudd, another of Madog's sons.
After 1148, Matilda's son Henry gradually weakened Stephen's position, and eventually was acknowledged his heir; in 1155 Henry became king. During this period, Henry's growing political strength enabled him to force Hugh to surrender his Welsh castles. The two remaining sons of Madog had by now re-divided Ferlix between them; Cadwallon received the northern half, which became Maelienydd, while his brother, Einion Clud, ruled the southern half, which became Elfael.
In 1176 Cadwallon founded Cwmhir Abbey. In 1179, Cadwallon visited King Henry II of England (for reasons which do not survive). Upon his return, on 22 September, he was killed by some retainers of Hugh de Mortimer's son, Roger; the king was outraged, and imprisoned Roger for 3 years.
Maelgwn
Maelienydd was inherited by Cadwallon's son, Maelgwn ap Cadwallon (not to be confused with Maelgwn ap Cadwallon of Gwynedd, also known as Maelgwn Gwynedd, who lived centuries before), but King Henry seized Cymaron castle, to use the income from its lands to pay back large debts that Cadwallon owed him. When Roger Mortimer was released, he seized much of Maelienydd, including Cymaron, though Maelgwn was able to recover it with the help of Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth, his cousin's father-in-law; Maelgwn had opted to become a vassal of Rhys, in order to increase his ability to resist Mortimer. One of the main versions of Welsh law, the Cyfnerth Redaction, is thought to originate from Maelienydd during this time.
King Henry was succeeded by Richard the Lionheart, who soon decided to drive forward the Third Crusade. On 5 March 1188, Gerald of Wales visited Ferlix with Baldwin, the Archbishop of Canterbury, seeking soldiers for the Third Crusade; they met Maelgwn at his castle of Crug Eryr (described by Gerald as 'Cruker'), and convinced him to take the cross (i.e. join the crusade) like his cousin Einion o'r Porth (ruler of Elfael and son of Einion Clud) had done a few days earlier.
Richard's absence during the crusade allowed Rhys to increase his already great dominance over other Welsh princes, establishing effective hegemony; when Richard returned he was determined to restrain Rhys. Shortly thereafter, the murder of Einion (himself recently returned from Crusade) by Gwalter, his own brother, lead to military intervention by the Sheriff of Hereford (William de Braose); when Rhys opposed this, the king had the excuse he needed to suppress the power of Deheubarth. Local Norman magnates were provided with troops by the king, to invade lands under the sway of Deheubarth; Roger Mortimer was the magnate who attacked Maelienydd, and by 1200 had conquered it. In that year, Roger granted a charter of liberties to Cwmhir Abbey.
Maelgwn and his brother, Hywel, found refuge in Gwynedd. Maelgwn died in exile, two years later.
Gwyneddian hegemony
In 1210, Hywel, and Maelgwn's eldest son, Madog, came to an accommodation with Roger Mortimer. However, two years later, they murdered William de Mora, so King John had them executed (by hanging) at Bridgnorth. Maelgwn's remaining sons – Cadwallon and Maredudd – inherited the land, and vengefully became vassals of Gwynedd, the dominant state in North Wales, ruled by Llywelyn Fawr. In 1230, Ralph Mortimer, Roger's son and heir, married Llywelyn's daughter. Ten years later, however, following the repudiation of the Treaty of Gwerneigron by Llywelyn's son and successor, Dafydd, Ralph invaded Maelienydd. In 1242, he constructed Cefnllys Castle at the former site of Dineithon.
In 1247, the grievances of Gwynedd were settled by the Treaty of Woodstock. Two years later, Maelgwn's grandsons (Maredudd ap Maelgwn, and Hywel ap Cadwallon, not to be confused with the hanged Hywel), petitioned the king to be restored to part of Maelienydd – Ceri; despite the advice of the king's advisors, who pointed out Maredudd and Hywel's past support for Gwynedd's rebellion, this seems to have been granted.
Nevertheless, a few years later the subsequent Gwyneddian prince, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (grandson of Llywelyn Fawr), became aggrieved by Henry III's suggestion of adjusting the Treaty of Woodstock to provide for Llywelyn's younger brother, who had now reached adulthood. Llywelyn attacked the Perfeddwlad, which was held by Henry's son, Edward. Henry's problems with his barons (eventually leading to the Second Barons' War) prevented him from fully resisting Llywelyn's campaign, so Llywelyn took advantage by expanding Gwynedd's power even further. In 1262 Maelienydd fell to Llywelyn.
In 1275, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd married Eleanor de Montfort, the daughter of Henry's greatest enemy. Aggrieved by this, Edward, the new king, declared Llywelyn a rebel, and in 1277 attacked Gwynedd with an enormous army. Llywelyn was forced to agree, by the Treaty of Aberconwy, to limit his authority to Gwynedd alone. Maelienydd was given to Llywelyn Fawr's other grandson, Roger Mortimer, the son of Ralph; this hence became a Marcher Lordship, outside of either English or Welsh law; Maredudd's son, Madog, however, was confirmed in possession of Ceri, which was detached from Maelienydd as a distinct Marcher Lordship. Madog's son married Einion o r Porth's granddaughter.
In 1282, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd again attacked Edward's lands, and was subsequently killed in Buellt, while attacking the local castle; his headless body was buried in Cwmhir Abbey. As the forces of Ceri had sided with Llywelyn, Ceri was declared forfeit, and handed to Roger. Strictly speaking, however, Ceri was not the last part of Ferlix to be dominated by the family of Elystan Glodrydd. In the 15th century, the descendant and heir of Roger Mortimer, Richard Plantagenet, appointed Ieuan ap Philip as castellan of Cefnllys; Ieuan was a scion of the Cadogan family, and thus a direct male descendant of Elystan Glodrydd, by a cadet branch
Fate
In 1277, Elfael had been acquired by the Tosny family, apart from the area around Radnor, which had been given to Roger Mortimer (in right of his wife, Maud de Braose, heir of Philip de Braose). By the 15th century, the Tosny lordship had been inherited by Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso, whose grandson, Henry, married Richard Plantagenet's granddaughter, and heir, Elizabeth of York. Ferlix was therefore re-united when Maelienydd, Radnor, and the rest of Elfael, was inherited by Henry and Elizabeth's son, King Henry VIII. Following Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts, Ferlix became the main part of Radnorshire. The name survives for the general area.
Subdivisions
Maelienydd was subdivided into four commotes:
Dinieithon
Ceri
Rhiwallt
Buddugre
References
R. R. Davies (1987) Conquest, coexistence and change: Wales 1063 – 1415 (Clarendon Press)
W. H. Howse (1949) Radnorshire (E.J. Thurston)
External links
Elystan Glodrydd & Rhwng Gwy a Hafren: http://www.elystan.co.uk
Mortimer History: The Welsh Marches: https://mortimerhistory.com/medieval-mortimers/chapter-2/
History of Powys
Cantrefs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelienydd |
This is a list of radio stations in Pakistan.
Azad Jammu & Kashmir
Balochistan
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
Gilgit Baltistan
Islamabad Capital Territory
AM
FM
Internet
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
AM
FM
Radio Tehzeeb FM91.6 (www.radiotehzeeb.com)
Punjab
AM
FM
Sindh
AM
FM
Internet
See also
Mass media in Pakistan
Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC)
Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority
List of Pakistani television channels
References
Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20radio%20channels%20in%20Pakistan |
Asunafo South District is one of the six districts in Ahafo Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Asunafo District in 1988, until the southern part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 12 November 2003 (effectively 17 February 2004) to create Asunafo South District; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Asunafo North District, which it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status on 29 February 2008 to become Asunafo North Municipal District. The district assembly is located in the western part of Ahafo Region and has Kukuom as its capital town.
List of settlements
Sources
District: Asunafo South District
19 New Districts Created , November 20, 2003.
References
Districts of Ahafo Region
States and territories established in 2003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunafo%20South%20District |
The 501st Combat Support Wing is an administrative support wing of the United States Air Force, based at RAF Alconbury, United Kingdom. It is one of three wings located in the United Kingdom as components of the Third Air Force and United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa (USAFE).
Units
the 501st Combat Support Wing is made up of the following units:
422nd Air Base Group (RAF Croughton, United Kingdom)
420th Air Base Squadron (RAF Fairford, United Kingdom)
420th Munitions Squadron (RAF Welford, United Kingdom)
422nd Air Base Squadron
422nd Civil Engineer Squadron
422nd Communications Squadron
422nd Medical Squadron
422nd Security Forces Squadron
423rd Air Base Group (RAF Alconbury, United Kingdom)
421st Air Base Squadron (RAF Menwith Hill, United Kingdom)
423rd Civil Engineer Squadron
423rd Communications Squadron
423rd Force Support Squadron
423rd Medical Squadron
423rd Security Forces Squadron
426th Air Base Squadron (Sola Air Station, Norway)
History
510st Bombardment Group
The first predecessor of the 501st Wing was activated on 1 June 1944 as the 501st Bombardment Group at Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas for training with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. Its components were the 21st, 41st and 485th Bombardment Squadrons. In August, the 501st Group and its squadrons moved to Harvard Army Air Field, Nebraska and began to equip with Superfortresses. The group completed its training and departed for the Pacific on 7 March 1945.
The group was equipped with the Bell Aircraft manufactured B-29B, which was designed to save weight by removing all of the guns and sighting equipment used on other B-29s, except the tail gun, allowing the B-29B to fly a little higher and a little further. The B-29B also had two new radar units installed, the AN/APQ-7 Eagle radar for bombing and navigation and the AN/APG-15 for aiming the tail gun. These two radar units gave the B-29B a distinctive shape as the APQ-7 antenna appeared as a small wing under the fuselage, between the two bomb bay doors and the APG-15 added a ball shaped antenna to the tail of the aircraft below the tail guns.
The group arrived at its combat station, Northwest Field on Guam on 14 April 1945. It flew its first combat mission on 19 June 1945, attacking Japanese fortifications on Truk. Later that month, on 26 June, it flew its first mission attacking a target in Japan. For the remainder of the war, the 501st operated principally against the enemy's petroleum industry on Honshu. These attacks included missions against the Maruzen oil refinery at Shimotso, the Utsobo oil refinery at Yokkaichi and the petroleum center at Kawasaki during the week beginning on 6 July 1945. For its performance on these missions, the group was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation.
Following V-J Day, the group dropped supplies to Allied prisoners of war in Japan, Korea, Manchuria and China. It remained at Northwest Field until May 1946, when it became non-operational, and was inactivated there on 10 June 1946.
701st Tactical Missile Wing
The second predecessor of the wing is the 701st Tactical Missile Wing, which was activated on 15 September 1956 at Hahn Air Base, West Germany. The first tactical missile wing in the U.S. Air Force when activated, it replaced the 7382d Guided Missile Group (Tactical), which United States Air Forces in Europe had established at Hahn on 1 February 1956. The 70at controlled three tactical missile groups in Germany, each with one missile squadron of TM-61 Matador missiles and a support and maintenance squadron. In turn, the wing was inactivated on 18 June 1958 and replaced by the 38th Tactical Missile Wing.
501st Tactical Missile Wing
The 701st was redesignated as the 501st Tactical Missile Wing on 11 January 1982 and consolidated with the 501st Bombardment Group. It was activated on 1 July 1982, at RAF Greenham Common, England, to operate the Gryphon (BGM-109G) Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM). The 501 TMW was inactivated on 31 May 1991 after ratification of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty resulted in decommissioning of the BGM-109G. The USAF's first GLCM wing when it stood up, it was the also the last GLCM wing to be inactivated.
501st Combat Support Wing
The unit was redesignated the 501st Combat Support Wing on 22 March 2005 and activated on 12 May 2005 at RAF Mildenhall, England, to manage and support geographically separated USAF units, installations and activities in the United Kingdom not directly supporting operations at RAF Mildenhall or RAF Lakenheath. Effective 1 May 2007, it relocated to RAF Alconbury.
The 501 CSW currently oversees and supports four Air Base Groups operating a total of eleven installations and operating locations in the U.K. and Norway; the 420th Air Base Group at Royal Air Force (RAF) Fairford and RAF Welford; the 421st Air Base Group at RAF Menwith Hill; the 422d Air Base Group at RAF Croughton; and the 423d Air Base Group at RAF Alconbury, including RAF Molesworth, RAF Upwood and Sola Air Station (what the USAF calls Stavanger Air Base) in Norway. The 501st CSW also serves as the administrative agent for NATO in the U.K.
RAF Fairford and RAF Welford house the 420th Air Base Group. Their mission is to receive, bed-down and sustain munitions to enable U.S. and NATO forces to conduct full-spectrum flying operations from USAFE's only bomber-forward operating location. RAF Fairford is a forward operating location for the Boeing B-52, the B-1 and the B-2 bomber aircraft. It also assists in U-2 aircraft deployment, deployed operations training and serves as an alternate landing site for the U.S. Space Shuttle. RAF Fairford annually hosts the world's largest military airshow called the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT); typically held in July.
RAF Welford comprises 806 acres and is bordered by a 31,680 foot fence-line. They are home to the U.S. Air Forces in Europe's second largest munitions hub. The installation currently maintains 15,000 bombs; over a $160 million stockpile.
RAF Menwith Hill houses the 421st Air Base Group. Their mission is to ensure a full range of base support services for an installation populace of 4,500 military, civilians, contractors and their families. The group hosts 10 multi-national, multi-service, multi-agency units performing U.S. and U.K. cryptologic missions and provides base mission support to RAF Menwith Hill. Menwith Hill Station serves as an integral part of the UKUSA intelligence network serving U.K., U.S. and their allied interests.
RAF Croughton houses the 422nd Air Base Group whose mission is to provide installation support, services, force protection, and worldwide communications across the entire spectrum of operations. The group is the premier global communication provider in the U.K. and supports NATO, U.S. European Command, U.S. Central Command, Air Force Special Operations Command, U.S. Department of State operations and Ministry of Defense operations. The group sustains more than 450 C2 circuits; and supports 25 percent of all European Theater to continental United States (CONUS) communications.
RAF Alconbury houses the 423rd Air Base Group whose mission is to provide mission support services to the Joint Intelligent Operations Center Europe (JIOCEUR) Analytic Center (commonly known as the Joint Analysis Center), NATO's Intelligence Fusion Center, and the RAF Alconbury, RAF Molesworth and RAF Upwood and Stavanger Air Base (Norway) communities. RAF Alconbury is also home to the 501st CSW headquarters staff and hosts a community of 6,000 individuals associated with more than 15 multi-service and multi-national units.
RAF Upwood houses the medical and dental facilities for the RAF Alconbury, RAF Molesworth, and RAF Upwood communities.
Sola Air Station ("Stavanger Air Base" to the USAF) in southern Norway is also under the 501st CSW and houses the 426th Air Base Squadron. The squadron mission is to provide base-level support to 220 U.S. service members and their families at NATO's Joint Warfare Center. The squadron also supports "Operating Location-A" in Oslo, Norway, shipping for $50 million war readiness material and $900 million U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy equipment.
In total, the 501st CSW has almost 2,600 U.S. military and civilian employees directly assigned, including non-appropriated fund employees. There are also 117 U.K. personnel who work directly for the wing in appropriated and non-appropriated positions and more than 180 U.K. Ministry of Defence Police, Defense Schools and our many tenant units along with family members and retirees who reside in the United Kingdom.
2007-08 leadership issues
The 423d Air Base Group commander, Col. Robert G. Steele, was dismissed from his position on 18 January 2008 by the 501 CSW commander after only 6 months in command. The reason Col. Kimberly Toney gave was "I lost confidence in Col. Steele's ability to lead the group." No criminal charges were filed against Col. Steele. The group commander of RAF Croughton, Col. John Jordan, was brought in to dually command the group at RAF Alconbury. The 501 CSW commander acknowledged the period was a "Painful challenge" and the 501 CSW commander (Col. Kimberly Toney) made a statement in an interview to the Stars and Stripes newspaper that indicated the members of the 423rd ABG "blame themselves" for the sacking of Steele.
Move to RAF Fairford
In December 2022, the wing's new headquarters at RAF Fairford was unveiled during a ribbon cutting ceremony. The first elements are due to relocate there during the summer of 2023.
Lineage
501st Bombardment Group
Established as the 501st Bombardment Group, Very Heavy on 25 May 1944
Activated on 1 June 1944
Inactivated on 10 June 1946
Consolidated with the 701st Tactical Missile Wing as the 501st Tactical Missile Wing on 11 January 1982
501st Combat Support Wing
Established as the 701st Tactical Missile Wing on 3 August 1956
Activated on 15 September 1956
Inactivated on 18 June 1958
Redesignated 501st Tactical Missile Wing and consolidated with the 501st Bombardment Group on 11 January 1982
Activated on 1 July 1982
Inactivated on 31 May 1991
Redesignated 501st Combat Support Wing on 22 March 2005
Activated on 12 May 2005
Assignments
Second Air Force, 1 June 1944
XXI Bomber Command, 14 Apr 1945 (attached to 315th Bombardment Wing after 15 April 1945)
315th Bombardment Wing (later 315th Composite Wing), 19 June 1945
Twentieth Air Force, 15 May–10 June 1946
Twelfth Air Force, 15 Sep 1956
United States Air Forces in Europe, 1 January–18 June 1958
Third Air Force, 1 July 1982 – 31 May 1991
Third Air Force, 12 May 2005
United State Air Forces in Europe, 1 November 2005
Air Command Europe, 18 November 2005
Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe), 1 Dec 2006 – present
Components
Groups
422nd Air Base Group, 12 May 2005 – present
423rd Air Base Group, 12 May 2005 – present
501st Combat Support Group, 1 October 1982 – 31 May 1991
501st Security Police Group, 22 November 1983 – 8 April 1988
585th Tactical Missile Group (Bitburg Air Base, Germany), 15 September 1956 – 18 June 1958
586th Tactical Missile Group, 15 September 1956 – 18 June 1958
587th Tactical Missile Group (Sembach Air Base, Germany), 15 September 1956 – 18 June 1958
Squadrons
11th Tactical Missile Squadron, 1 October 1982 – 31 May 1991
21st Bombardment Squadron, 1 June 1944 – 10 June 1946 (not operational after c. 21 May 1946)
41st Bombardment Squadron, 1 June 1944 – 10 June 1946 (not operational after c. 21 May 1946)
485th Bombardment Squadron, 1 June 1944 – 10 June 1946 (not operational after c. 21 May 1946)
501st Comptroller Squadron, c. 1987 – 31 May 1991
501st Tactical Missile Maintenance Squadron, 1 October 1982 – 31 May 1991
Stations
Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas, 1 June 1944
Harvard Army Air Field, Nebraska, 22 Aug 1944
Fort Lawton, Washington, 10–17 March 1945
Hawaii, 25–30 March 1945
Northwest Field, Guam, 14 April 1945 – 10 June 1946
Hahn Air Base, Germany, 15 September 1956 – 18 June 1958
RAF Greenham Common, England, 1 July 1982 – 31 May 1991
RAF Mildenhall, England, 12 May 2005
RAF Alconbury, England, 30 Sep 2007 – present
Commanders
Capt Harry L. Young, 27 Jun 1944
Lt Col Arch G. Campbell, Jr., 6 Jul 1944
Col Boyd Hubbard, Jr., 11 Aug 1944
Col Vincent M. Miles, Jr., 15 Apr – 20 May 1946
Not manned, 21 May – 10 Jun 1946
Lt Col Robert F. Zachmann 15 Sep 1956
Col Theodore H. Runyon 7 Jan 1957 – 18 Jun 1958
Col Robert M. Thompson, 1 Jul 1982
Col John Bacs, 25 Jan 1985
Col William E. Jones, 2 June 1987
Col Richard P. Riddick, 21 Jul 1988
Col Wendell S. Brande, 7 Jan – 31 May 1991
Col Blake F. Lindner, 12 May 2005
Col Kimberly K. Toney, 21 Jun 2007
Unit Decorations and Honors
Distinguished Unit Citation (Japan) 6 – 13 Jul 1945
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Streamers: Air Offensive, Japan Eastern Mandates, Western Pacific
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award: 15 Sep 1956 – 30 Apr 1958, 1 Jul 1982 – 30 Jun 1984, 1 Jul 1987 – 31 May 1989, 1 Jun 1989 – 31 May 1991
References
Notes
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Official website
Wings of the United States Air Force | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501st%20Combat%20Support%20Wing |
Old St Paul's (formerly St Paul's Pro-Cathedral) is a historic site, a city landmark (tourist attraction) and a wedding and event venue in the heart of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. The building served a dual role as the parish church of Thorndon and the pro-cathedral (provisional cathedral) of the Diocese of Wellington of the Anglican Church between 1866 and 1964. It exemplifies 19th-century Gothic Revival architecture adapted to colonial conditions and materials, and stands at 34 Mulgrave Street, Pipitea, close to Parliament Buildings.
History
George Selwyn, the first Bishop of New Zealand, purchased part of the site of the church in 1845 and Governor George Grey added to it in 1853, at which time the land stood on a prominent cliff-top overlooking Wellington harbour. Agreement to build the church was reached by 1861 and the Reverend Frederick Thatcher, then vicar of St Paul's, Thorndon, was engaged as the architect.
The foundation stone was laid by Governor Grey on 21 August 1865. The building work was executed by John McLaggan and a team of eight carpenters, and the church was consecrated by Bishop Abraham on 6 June 1866.
Soon after the church opened, it became apparent that it was unstable in high winds, and so the south transept, designed by Christian Julius Toxward, was added in 1868. Later additions included the north transept and north-aisle
extension, also by Toxward, in 1874; the moving of the chancel five metres to the east and the addition of minor north and south transepts to the design of George Fannin in 1876; the choir vestry in 1882, probably designed by Toxward; and extension of the baptistry as designed by Frederick de Jersey Clere in 1891. Thatcher’s original wooden shingle roof was replaced with corrugated iron in 1895, and subsequently with Welsh slates in 1924.
In 1964 the Diocese of Wellington moved to the new St Paul's Cathedral nearby. After a significant battle to prevent its demolition, Old St Paul's was purchased by the New Zealand Government in 1967, and subsequently restored by the Ministry of Works under the guidance of Peter Sheppard.
Architecture
Old St Paul's is built in a Gothic Revival style, albeit with a subdued effect due to the limited resources available. It is constructed from New Zealand native timbers, with stunning stained-glass windows. The interior has been likened to the upturned hull of an Elizabethan galleon, with exposed curving rimu trusses and kauri roof sarking.
Photo gallery
Current situation
Old St Paul's is now managed by Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga. While no longer used as a parish church, it remains consecrated, and is a popular venue for weddings, funerals and other services. In 2016 a celebration service of evensong was held in the cathedral to commemorate 150 years since it was consecrated.
The flags displayed in the nave include the ensigns of the Royal Navy, the New Zealand Merchant Navy and the United States Marine Corps (second division), which was stationed in Wellington during World War II. The church retains close links with the New Zealand Defence Force.
Some of the walls and columns of Old St Paul's are decorated with memorial plaques, including many dedicated to those who fought and died in World War I. There is a plaque in memory of Wellington historian John Beaglehole, most famous for his biography of explorer James Cook, but who also played a significant role in the fight to save Old St Paul's from demolition.
Old St Paul's was closed from May 2019 until July 2020 for seismic strengthening work.
References
External links
A selection of © photos taken during the architectural Restoration
Historical website about the church
Wellington
Religious buildings and structures in Wellington City
Frederick Thatcher church buildings
Wooden churches in New Zealand
Gothic Revival church buildings in New Zealand
Carpenter Gothic church buildings
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in the Wellington Region
Listed churches in New Zealand
1860s architecture in New Zealand
Churches in Wellington City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20St%20Paul%27s%2C%20Wellington |
Renewable energy plays an important and growing role in the energy system of the European Union. The Europe 2020 strategy included a target of reaching 20% of gross final energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020, and at least 32% by 2030. The EU27 reached 22.1% in 2020, up from 9.6% in 2004, but declined to 21.8% in 2021. These figures are based on energy use in all its forms across all three main sectors, the heating and cooling sector, the electricity sector, and the transport sector.
The main source of renewable energy in 2019 was biomass (57.4% of gross energy consumption). In particular, wood is the leading source of renewable energy in Europe, far ahead of solar and wind. In 2020, renewables provided 23.1% of gross energy consumption in heating and cooling. In electricity, renewables accounted for 37.5% of gross energy consumption, led by wind (36%) and hydro-power (33%), followed by solar (14%), solid biofuels (8%) and other renewable sources (8%). In transport, the share of renewable energy used reached 10.2%.
The share of renewable energy has grown in all member states since 2004. The leading state was Sweden, with 60% of its energy provided by renewable sources in 2020, followed by Finland (43.8%), Latvia (42.1%), and Austria (36.5%). The lowest proportion was recorded in Malta (10.7%), followed by Luxembourg (11.7%), Belgium (13.0%), and Hungary (13.85%).
The renewable energy directive enacted in 2009 lays out a framework for individual member states to share the overall EU-wide 20% renewable energy target for 2020.
Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU's energy dependence and in meeting targets to combat global warming.
The directive sets targets for each individual member state taking into account the different starting points and potentials. Targets for renewable energy use by 2020 among different member states varies from 10% to 49%. 26 EU member states met their national 2020 targets. The sole exception was France, which had aimed for 23% but only reached 19.1%. In 2021, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Romania dropped below their 2020 target. In 2023, energy costs increased for 83% of EU enterprises, and by more than 25% for 68% of EU firms. Electricity rates in the European Union are typically three times higher than in the United States for example. Companies therefore increased their investment in energy efficiency, and spending in energy efficiency has increased to 51%. 78% of EU enterprises have implemented energy-saving measures in response to changes in the energy markets.
Policy
The Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992 set an objective of promoting stable growth while protecting the environment. The Amsterdam Treaty of 1997 added the principle of sustainable development to the objectives of the EU. Since 1997, the EU has been working towards a renewable energy supply equivalent to 12% of the total EU's energy consumption by 2010.
The Johannesburg Summit in 2002 failed to introduce the radical changes targeted for ten years after the Rio Summit. No specific goals were set for the energy sector, which disappointed many countries. While the EU had proposed an annual increase in the use of renewable energy at a rate of 1.5% worldwide until 2010, Johannesburg's action plan did not recommend such a "substantial" increase, with no concrete goals nor dates being set. The EU was unwilling to accept this result and with other nations formed a group of "pioneer countries" that promised to establish ambitious national or even regional goals to achieve global targets. The Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition (JREC) has a total of more than 80 member countries; the EU members, Brazil, South Africa and New Zealand amongst them.
In the European Conference for Renewable Energy in Berlin in 2004, the EU defined ambitious goals of its own. The conclusion was that by 2020, the EU would seek to obtain 20% of its total energy consumption requirements with renewable energy sources. Up until that point, the EU had only set targets up to 2010, and this proposal was the first to represent the EU's commitment up to 2020.
Renewable energy directives and targets
In 2009, the Renewables Directive set binding targets for all EU Member States, such that the EU will reach a 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 and a 10% share of renewable energy specifically in the transport sector. By 2014, the EU realized a 16% share of energy from renewable sources with nine member states already achieving their 2020 goals. By 2018, this had risen to 18% with twelve member states meeting their 2020 targets early.
Article 4 of the Renewables Directive required Member States to submit National Renewable Energy Action Plans by 30 June 2010. These plans, to be prepared in accordance with the template published by the commission, provide detailed roadmaps of how each Member State expects to reach its legally binding 2020 target for the share of renewable energy in their final energy consumption.
Member States must set out the sectoral targets, the technology mix they expect to use, the trajectory they will follow and the measures and reforms they will undertake to overcome the barriers to developing renewable energy. The plans are published by the EC upon receipt in the original language, allowing public scrutiny. The commission will evaluate them, assessing their completeness and credibility. In parallel, the plans will be translated into English. In addition, the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands was contracted by the European Environment Agency to create an external database and quantitative report of the reports received so far.
In 2014, negotiations about EU energy and climate targets until 2030 were initiated. Whilst seven Central and Eastern European member states had already met their 2020 targets by 2016 (amongst the eleven EU wide), a small number of others are likely to attempt to slow down the transformation process. The key parts of the European renewable energy targets agreement set in 2014 are as proposed by a Shell lobbyist in October 2011. Shell is the sixth biggest lobbyist in Brussels, spending between €4.25-4.5m a year lobbying the EU institutions. Agreement has no binding targets for member states on energy efficiency or renewable energy.
On 30 November 2016, the Commission presented a proposal for a revised Renewable Energy Directive to ensure that the target of at least 27% renewables in the final energy consumption in the EU by 2030 is met and to ensure that the EU is a global leader in renewable energy.
Links to climate policy
Underlying many of the EU's energy policy proposals is the goal to limit global temperature changes to no more than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, of which 0.8 °C has already taken place and another 0.5–0.7 °C (for total warming of 1.3-1.5 °C) is already committed. 2 °C is usually seen as the upper temperature limit to avoid 'dangerous global warming'. However some scientists, such as Kevin Anderson, professor of energy and climate change in the School of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Civil Engineering at the University of Manchester and former director of the Tyndall Centre, the UK's leading academic climate change research organisation, have argued that to be consistent with the science, 1 °C is a more accurate threshold for "dangerous" climate change.
Initiatives
Specific EU renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives includes:
BUILD UP
The Covenant of Mayors is a cooperative network of mayors and local authorities working to implement energy initiatives.
Sustainable Energy Europe Campaign
CONCERTO
ManagEnergy
Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE)
U4energy is an initiative funded under the IEE programme to improve energy consumption in schools and their local communities.
Eco-innovation
Member states
Croatia
One of the earliest Hydro-electric projects in the world and Europe's first Hydro electric power plant was built in Croatia near town of Sibenik in 1895, some 127 years ago, ever since Croatian energy strategy was based on Hydroelectric power generation, which today accounts for more than half of Croatia's power generation. Other sources of renewable energy in Croatia are Solar with 109MW of installed power in use and with further 350MW of solar generating power to be added to the grid in 2022 and 2023 with rurther 330MW to be added in 2024 and 2025. Croatia hopes to meet its 2030 renewable energy targets well ahead of schedule in 2025. with 109MW of Solar, 1400MW of Hydroelectric and 671MW Wind energy already commissioned, Croatia hopes to add further 1500MW of renewable energy to the power grid by or in 2025, increasing its Solar generation to 770MW, Hydroelectric to 1700MW and Wind to 1270MW. Croatia meets EU renewable energy targets, currently Croatia is in top 5 nations in the EU in terms of renewable energy target with renewable energy accounting for majority of energy power generation in Croatia. By 2023 Croatia hopes to install further 1500MW of Solar and Wind capacity increasing renewable energy share in Croatia energy mix to over 80% of energy produced in Croatia through renewable energy sources, reaching its 2050 renewable energy strategy 20 years ahead of schedule.
Croatia aims to reduce emissions by 45% by 2030 and phase out coal by 2033. However, the shift to a low-carbon economy will need significant expenditures in new energy infrastructure and additional renewable energy resources. Croatia established a 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan to attain its aim. The national policy targets for a 36.4% renewable energy share by 2030, as well as major investment in the energy industry, including hydropower, wind farms, solar photovoltaic facilities, and hydrogen energy.
Korlat is home to Croatia's largest wind farm, which consists of 18 wind turbines with a total installed capacity of 3.6 megawatts. The power station generates around 170 gigatonnes of electricity each year. That equates to around 1% of Croatia's yearly electricity use and energy for over 50 000 families. Five small solar photovoltaic facilities (totaling 22 megawatts) are being built in Croatia's southern counties of Split-Dalmatia, Zadar, Istria, and Primorje-Gorski Kotar - the projects initiated in 2022, backed by the European Investment Bank, are expected to save 66 kilotons of emissions per year and 28.8 gigatonnes of electricity per year.
France
In July 2015, the French parliament passed a comprehensive energy and climate law that includes a mandatory renewable energy target requiring 40% of national electricity production to come from renewable sources by 2030.
In 2016, renewable electricity accounted for 19.6% of France's total domestic power consumption, of which 12.2% was provided by hydroelectricity, 4.3% by wind power, 1.7% by solar power and 1.4% by bio energy.
Germany
In 2014, Germany's share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption increased by 1.4% to 13.8%. In 2004, renewables accounted for only 5.8% or about the same share as for the Netherlands in 2014 (5.5%).
In 2016, net generated electricity from renewable sources accounted for about 33.9%. Compared to the previous year, biomass, solar and wind changed their production by +4.8%, -3.1% and -1.7%, respectively, while weather permitting hydro power decreased by 10.3%. Wind and solar combined generated more energy than nuclear in 2016 (see pie-chart). Nuclear decreased production by 7.7%, while electricity generation from natural gas, brown and hard coal changed by +50.2%, -3.3% and -5.8%, respectively.
In April 2023 Germany shutdown its last three nuclear reactors, completely halting the production of nuclear power.
Italy
In 2014, 38.2% of Italian electric energy consumption came from renewable sources (in 2005 this value was 15.4%), covering 16.2% of the total energy consumption of the country (5.3% in 2005).
Solar energy production accounted for almost 9% of the total electric consumption in the country in 2014, making Italy the country with the highest contribution from solar energy in the world.
Lithuania
In 2016 Renewable energy in Lithuania constituted 28% of the country's overall electricity generation. The majority of renewable energy in Lithuania is from biofuel. The principal source of electricity from renewable resources is from hydropower.
Lithuania has many yet undeveloped renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, geothermal energy, municipal waste, and biomass. The amount of biomass per capita in Lithuania is one of the highest in the European Union and it is estimated that in 2020 Lithuania will be the first in the EU according to the quantity of available biomass for biofuel production. The projected production of biofuels by 2020 is 0.25 tons per capita.
Portugal
In 2010, more than 50% of all yearly electricity consumption in Portugal was generated from renewable energy sources. The most important generation sources were hydroelectric (30%) and wind power (18%), with bioenergy (5%) and photovoltaic solar power (0.5%) accounting for the rest. In 2001, the Portuguese government launched a new energy policy instrument – the E4 Programme (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies), consisting of a set of multiple, diversified measures aimed at promoting a consistent, integrated approach to energy supply and demand. By promoting energy efficiency and the use of endogenous (renewable) energy sources, the programme seeks to upgrade the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy and to modernize the country's social fabric, while simultaneously preserving the environment by reducing gas emissions, especially the CO2 responsible for climatic change. As a result, in the five years between 2005 and 2010, energy production from renewable sources increased 28%.
In January 2014, 91% of the monthly needed Portuguese electricity consumption was generated by renewable sources, although the real figure stands at 78%, as 14% was exported.
The renewable energy produced in Portugal fell from 55.5% of the total energy produced in 2016 to 41.8% in 2017, due to the drought of 2017, which severely affected the production of hydro electricity. The sources of the renewable energy that was produced in Portugal in 2017 were Wind power with 21.6% of the total (up from 20.7% in 2016), Hydro power with 13.3% (down from 28.1% in 2016), Bioenergy with 5.1% (same as in 2016), Solar power with 1.6% (up from 1.4% in 2016), Geothermal energy with 0.4% (up from 0.3% in 2016) and a small amount of Wave power in the Azores. 24% of the energy produced in the Azores is geothermal.
Portugal had the second largest photovoltaic power station in the world, which was completed in December 2008. The complex, called Amareleja photovoltaic power station, covers an area of 250-hectare. The 46-megawatt solar power plant produces enough electricity for 30,000 homes and saves more than 89,400 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions. Also in production since January 2007, the Serpa solar power plant with an installed capacity 11MW, covers an area of 60-hectare, produces enough energy for 8,000 homes and saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions. These solar parks are approximately 30 km apart.
In 1999, Central de Ondas do Pico, one of the first Wave power centers in the world, started to work in the Pico Island, in the Azores. It has a capacity of 400 KW.
Spain
Spain as a whole has the target of generating 30% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources by 2010, with half of that amount coming from wind power. In 2006, 20% of the total electricity demand was already produced with renewable energy sources, and in January 2009 the total electricity demand produced with renewable energy sources reached 34.8%.
Some regions of Spain lead Europe in the use of renewable energy technology and plan to reach 100% renewable energy generation in few years. Castilla y León and Galicia, in particular, are near this goal. In 2006 they fulfilled about 70% of their total electricity demand from renewable energy sources.
Through the use of nuclear power, two autonomous communities in Spain managed to fulfill their total 2006 electricity demand free of CO2 emissions: Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha.
In 2005, Spain became the first country in the world to require the installation of photovoltaic electricity generation in new buildings, and the second in the world (after Israel) to require the installation of solar hot water systems.
Energy Community countries
Also the Contracting Parties of the Energy Community, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo*, North Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and Ukraine implement the Directive 2009/28/EC since September 2012. The shares for the Contracting Parties were calculated based on the EU methodology and reflect an equal level of ambition as the targets fixed for EU Member States. The targets for the share of renewable energy in Contracting Parties in 2020 are the following: Albania 38%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 40%, Kosovo* 25%, North Macedonia 28%, Moldova 17%, Montenegro 33%, Serbia 27% and Ukraine 11%. The deadline for transposing the Directive 2009/28/EC and the adoption of the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) was set for 1 January 2014.
With the Decision 2012/03/MC-EnC and the acceptance of binding targets Contracting Parties can participate in all cooperation mechanisms. This means in particular that statistical transfers of renewable energy for the purposes of target achievement will be possible independently from physical flow of electricity. In addition, the decision lays down a number of adaptations to the rules for statistical transfers and joint support schemes between the Contracting Parties and EU Member States to ensure the original objectives of the RES Directive are preserved.
Renewable energy sources
Bioenergy
Biomass
Biomass is material from plants or animals such as wheat stalks, yard waste, corn cobs, manure, wood or sewage. In 2017, solid biomass was the main type of bioenergy in the EU, accounting for 70% of bioenergy production. In 2016, bioenergy was the leading source of renewable energy in the European Union, at 59.2% of gross energy consumption, most of which was used for heating and cooling (74.6%), followed by electricity generation (13.4%) and biofuels (12.0%). Biomass is burned both for heating and electrical generation, often in the form of pellet fuel. In many member States, wood was the single most important source of renewable energy, such as in Latvia (29%), Finland (24%), Sweden (20%), Lithuania (17%) and Denmark (15%). The European Union has established sustainability criteria for biomass to be counted towards renewable energy targets. The EU subsidises wood energy to incentivise its use over oil and natural gas, and consumes more wood pellets than any other world region.
Wood pellets are sourced from grinded trees extracted from forests in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, the Baltic states and the southeastern United States. Some of the forests belong to natural protected areas such as the ones located in northern Romania. Although in Europe wood is considered a zero-emissions fuel and a renewable energy, this has been considered controversial and scientists have urged policy-makers to stop treating wood as a green source of energy in order to reduce the cutting down of trees.
Biofuel
Biofuels offer an alternative plant-based solution to rising problems regarding geological fuel sources. Chemically, biofuels are alcohols produced by fermenting raw materials from starch and sugars. While complete substitution is not yet common in Europe, countries like Germany have been using E10 fuel consisting of 10% ethanol since 2011. E10 fuels have replaced the previous E5 fuel, containing 5% ethanol.
Although this may seem like a slight increase in ethanol use, this progression reflects a more progressive Europe as improvements are being made based primarily upon environmentally conscious efforts, rather than geopolitical or economic pressures.
Geothermal
The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of geyser steam to extract boric acid from volcanic mud in Larderello, Italy.
European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC) promotes geothermal energy in the European Union.
Wind power
Research from a wide variety of sources in various European countries shows that support for wind power is consistently about 80% among the general public.
Installed Wind power capacity in the European Union totalled 93,957 megawatts (MW) in 2011, enough to supply 6.3% of the EU's electricity.
9,616 MW of wind power was installed in 2011 alone, representing 21.4% of new power capacity.
The EU wind industry has had an average annual growth of 15.6% over the last 17 years (1995-2011).
A 2009 European Environment Agency report, entitled Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential confirms wind energy could power Europe many times over.
The report highlights wind power's potential in 2020 as three times greater than Europe's expected electricity demand, rising to a factor of seven by 2030.
An EWEA report overviewing 2009 data estimated that 230 gigawatts (GW) of wind capacity will be installed in Europe by 2020, consisting of 190 GW onshore and 40 GW offshore.
This would produce 14-17% of the EU's electricity, avoiding 333 million tonnes of per year and saving Europe €28 billion a year in avoided fuel costs.
In 2018 wind energy generated enough electricity to meet 14% of the EU's electricity demand. Denmark had the highest share of wind (41%) in Europe, followed by Ireland (28%) and Portugal (24%). Germany, Spain and the UK follow with 21%, 19% and 18% respectively. Out of the EU's total electricity consumption of 2,645 TWh in 2018, onshore wind contributed 309 TWh (12%) and offshore wind contributed 53 TWh (2%), bringing the total contribution of wind energy to 362 TWh (14%). The energy comes from a total onshore wind capacity of 160 GW and a total offshore wind capacity of 18.5 GW, with an average capacity factor of 24%.
Solar energy
Photovoltaic solar power
Description: PV solar power are solar modules that are used to generate electricity.
2012 17.2 GW of PV capacity were connected to the grid in Europe, compared to 22.4 GW in 2011; Europe still accounted for the predominant share of the global PV market, with 55% of all new capacity in 2012.
2004 79% of all European capacity was in Germany, where 794 MWp had been installed. The European Commission anticipated that Germany may have installed around 4,500 MWp by 2010.
2002, The world production of photovoltaic modules surpassed 550 MW, of which more than the 50% was produced in the EU. Within 15 years even a small country in Europe might expect to exceed this amount in domestic installations.
Concentrated solar power
Description: CSV power can generate either heat or electricity according to the type used. One advantage of concentrated solar power (CSP) is the ability to include thermal energy storage to provide power up to 24 hours a day.
2015 The first commercial application of a new form of CSP called STEM will take place in Sicily . This has generated considerable academic and commercial interest internationally for off-grid applications to produce 24 hour industrial scale power for mining sites and remote communities in Italy, other parts of Europe, Australia, Asia, North Africa and Latin America. STEM uses fluidized silica sand as a thermal storage and heat transfer medium for CSP systems. It has been developed by Salerno-based Magaldi Industries.
2012 By year end in the European Union, 2,114 MWp had been installed, mainly in Spain. Gemasolar, in Spain, was the first to provide 24‑hour power.
Solar heating and cooling
Description: Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide space or water heating.
2016 At present the EU is second after China in the installations.
2010 If all EU countries used solar thermal as enthusiastically as the Austrians, the EU's installed capacity would already be 91 GWth (130 million m2 today, far beyond the target of 100 million m2 by 2010, set by the White Paper in 1997).
2008 The research efforts and infrastructure needed to supply 50% of the energy for space and water heating and cooling across Europe using solar thermal energy was set out under the aegis of the European Solar Thermal Technology Platform (ESTTP). Published in late December 2008, more than 100 experts developed the strategic research agenda (SRA), which includes a deployment roadmap showing the non-technological framework conditions that will enable this ambitious goal to be reached by 2050.
2007 ESTIF's minimum target is to produce solar heating equivalent to 5.600.000 tons of oil (by 2020). A more ambitious, but feasible, target is 73 million tons of oil per year (by 2020)
2005 Worldwide usage was 88 GWthermal . Growth potential is enormous. Solar heating in the EU was equivalent to more than 686.000 tons of oil.
Wave power
Description:Wave power is used to generate electricity.
2008 The world's first commercial wave farm is located at the Aguçadoura Wave Farm near Póvoa de Varzim in Portugal. The farm which uses three Pelamis P-750 machines was officially opened in by the Portuguese minister for the economy.
2007 Funding for a wave farm in Scotland using four Pelamis machines was announced on 20 February by the Scottish Executive. The funding of just over £4 million is part of a £13 million funding package for marine power in Scotland. The farm, is to be located at the European Marine Test Centre (EMEC) off the coast of Orkney and will have an installed capacity of 3MW.
Hydrogen fuel
The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, FCH JU, is a public private partnership supporting research, technological development and demonstration activities in fuel cell and hydrogen energy technologies in Europe. Its aim is to accelerate the market introduction of these technologies. The HyFLEET:CUTE is a project bringing together many partners from industry, government, academic and consulting organisations. It is intended that 47 hydrogen powered buses will operate in regular public transport service in 10 cities on three continents. Many of the HyFLEET:CUTE project partners have been involved in previous hydrogen transport projects, most notably the CUTE, ECTOS and STEP projects.
Economics
Jobs
The renewable energy industry have offered new work opportunities in the EU during 2005–2009.
Employment in the renewable energy industry has however fallen every year since 2011, reaching 34,300 jobs in 2016, according to annual data from the International Renewable Energy Agency. IRENA says economic crises and adverse policy conditions led to reduced investments in renewable energy in the EU.
In 2012, the use of intermittent renewable energy caused, according to the German newspaper Der Spiegel, increasing electricity prices and grid instability induced power outages, created by renewable energy usage. It is also claimed by German heavy industry spokesmen that this has forced their industries to close, move overseas, and resulted in the loss of German heavy industry jobs.
Fuel costs
In 2010 renewables avoided €30bn in imported fuel costs. In 2010 EU supported renewable energy with €26bn.
Statistics
Installed wind power capacity
Photovoltaics
As of the end of 2013, cumulative capacity of solar PV accounted for almost 79 gigawatts and generated more than 80 terawatt-hours in the European Union. Including non-EU countries, a total of 81.5 GW had been installed. Although Europe has lost its leadership in solar deployment, the continent still accounts for about 59 percent of global installed photovoltaics. Solar PV covered 3 percent of the electricity demand and 6 percent of the peak electricity demand in 2013. Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems account for more than 99 percent of the overall capacity, while stand-alone photovoltaic power system have become insignificant.
Source: EUROBSER'VER (Observatoire des énergies renouvelables) Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2014
Solar heating
Biofuels
See also
List of renewable energy topics by country and territory
Climate change in Europe
Desertec
Economy of the European Union
EKOenergy ecolabel for energy
Energy Cities
Energy Community
Energy efficiency in Europe (study)
European Commissioner for Environment, Oceans and Fisheries
Eugene Green Energy Standard
Energy policy of the European Union
European Renewable Energy Council
European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
Fraunhofer Society
Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme
Renewable Energy Directive 2018
REN21
Transport in the European Union
EurObserv'ER
References
External links
Eurostat - Statistics Explained - Renewable energy statistics
Europe's Energy Portal European platform for energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
ManagEnergy, for energy efficiency and renewable energies at the local and regional level.
Reegle: Information Gateway For Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency
All EurObserv'ER barometers - The state of renewable energies in Europe
Organizations
European Renewable Energy Council
European Forum for Renewable Energy Sources "Members of Parliament for a Sustainable Energy Future"
European Federation of Regional Energy and Environment Agencies (FEDARENE).
European Future Energy Forum
European Commission-Energy
Further reading
Joanna Krzeminska, Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives? An Assessment of National and Community Rules, Yearbook of European Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, Nov. 2007, p. 125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20the%20European%20Union |
The Confederation Building serves as the home of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. It is located on Confederation Hill overlooking Newfoundland and Labrador's capital city, St. John's. The brick- and concrete-clad building has 11 stories and is tall. It was completed in 1960 at a cost of $9 million to replace the Colonial Building. A lantern is located at the top of the copper roof of the central tower and acts as a beacon when turned on at night.
In 1982, construction began on the West Block extension, a modern 7-storey structure, which is a six-storey building, with a gross floor area of . The original building is now considered the East Block of the Confederation Building. A third building on the legislature campus is the Service Building Annex a two-storey building housing a day care centre and garage for some provincial government vehicles.
Complex
The complex consists of two buildings that house most departments of the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. It also contains the provincial legislature, and offices for elected members.
East Block
The original and tallest of the two buildings.
It is home to these provincial government departments, agencies, and offices:
Office of the Premier
Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador
Department of Finance
Department of Justice and Public Safety
House of Assembly
Office of the Official Opposition
Office of the Third Party
Government Members Office
Protocol Office
Cabinet Secretariat
Communications and Consultation Branch
Hansard Office
House of Assembly Broadcast Centre
West Block
Opened in 1985, this building is to the west of the East Block and contains most other provincial government departments, and various offices and agencies:
Department of Immigration, Skills and Labour
Department of Education
Department of Health and Community Services
Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts and Recreation
Department of Environment and Climate Change
Department of Children, Seniors and Social Development
Department of Transportation and Infrastructure
Department of Municipal and Provincial Affairs
Digital Government and Service NL
Office of Public Engagement
Center for Learning and Development
Policy Innovation and Accountability Office
Office of Women and Gender Equality
Disability Policy Office
Off site
Remaining departments of the provincial government are located in other offices in St. John's:
81 Kenmount Road - Department of Children, Seniors and Social Development
Petten Building, Strawberry Marsh Road - Department of Fisheries, Forestry and Agriculture
Industry, Energy and Technology Building, 50 Elizabeth Avenue - Department of Industry, Energy and Technology
Howley Building, Higgins Line - Department of Industry, Energy and Technology, Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Municipalities
40 Higgins Line - Office of the Chief Information Officer
Sir Brian Dunfield Building, 50 Mundy Pond Road - Public Service Commission
Argyle Building, Portugal Cove Rd - Research and Development Corporation
25 Hallett Crescent - Fire and Emergency Services
2 Canada Drive - Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner
Statues and landmarks at the Legislature
A number of statues and landmarks are located near the building:
Statue of Gaspar Corte-Real - located southeast of the building
Statue of John Cabot - located at the foot of the steps at the East Block
Statue of Sir Wilfred Grenfell
An enamel-coated metal coat of arms of Newfoundland and Labrador donated by businessman Paul J. Hohnson in 2000 is surrounded by a Gothic Revival stone lookout located in front of the East Block
the flag of Canada, flag of Newfoundland and Labrador, and the British Union Jack fly in front of the building
See also
Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador
Memorial University of Newfoundland
References
Buildings and structures in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Legislative buildings in Canada
Government buildings completed in 1960
General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation%20Building%20%28Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%29 |
Ali Dilem (born 1967 in El Harrach, Alger Province) is an Algerian cartoonist. On 11 February 2006, he was sentenced to one year in jail and a 50,000 dinar fine by an Algerian court for a dozen cartoons printed in the newspaper Liberté in 2003 depicting President Abdelaziz Bouteflika.
See also
Imprisonment of Mohamed Benchicou, director of Le Matin
External links
"Cartoonist Ali Dilem given one-year jail sentence", Reporters Without Borders, 2006-02-17
1967 births
Algerian cartoonists
Living people
People from El Harrach
Kabyle people
Fatwas
21st-century Algerian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Dilem |
KWIZ (96.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Santa Ana, California, and broadcasting to the Los Angeles-Orange County area. KWIZ airs a Spanish Christian radio format branded as "Vision Latina 96.7 FM". It is currently owned by the Universal Church with studios and offices are on West 5th Street in Santa Ana. The transmitter is off East Glen Albyn Lane in Orange, California.
KWIZ is not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to broadcast in the HD Radio hybrid format, yet the HD Radio Guide indicates that KWIZ broadcasts on one HD channel.
History
96.7 FM signed on as KVOE-FM in 1947, simulcast with KVOE (1480 AM, now KVNR). The two stations were owned by Voice of the Orange Empire, Inc., Ltd. They were Mutual Broadcasting System and Don Lee Network affiliates. The studios were on East 5th Street in Santa Ana. On July 1, 1954, KVOE-AM-FM changed their call signs to KWIZ and KWIZ-FM, but still under the same ownership.
Ernest and Franc Spencer sold Voice of the Orange Empire in 1965 to the Davis Broadcasting Company. By 1970, KWIZ-FM had separate programming. The AM station aired a full service middle of the road format of popular music, news and information. The FM had an automated easy listening format, which would change to soft adult contemporary music in the mid-1980s.
Liberman acquired KWIZ-AM-FM in 1987. In 1990, KWIZ-FM began carrying Los Angeles Dodgers games in Korean, and on March 10, 1991, it flipped to a full-time Korean format, brokered from Radio Korea. In 1993, after another brokering deal, KWIZ-FM flipped to Vietnamese as "Little Saigon Radio."
Other brokered programming deals soon followed. In addition to religious and ethnic talk shows, KWIZ-FM also was home to several niche format music programs, including reggae, alternative rock and surf rock. At night, the station's time was leased to "Renegade Radio," a dance music/techno music format hosted by DJ Racer and former MARS-FM DJ Mike "Fright" Ivankay. Renegade Radio also broadcast MARS-FM music director Swedish Egil's syndicated Groove Radio program, which later became a full-time local electronica format at KACD/KBCD.
In January 1997, Liberman switched the AM and FM services, making the FM a Spanish-language station and the AM aimed at Vietnamese-Americans. While Liberman has three FM stations in the Los Angeles market playing contemporary Regional Mexican music, KWIZ specialized in classic Mexican hits from past decades.
On January 1, 2023, the station dropped its Spanish ranchera oldies format as new owners flipped the station to Spanish Christian programming known as "Vision Latina 96.7". Since then, it has been operated by Universal Church under an LMA. Two months later on March 1, Universal Church made plans to purchase KWIZ outright from Estrella Media for $8 million. The purchase was consummated on May 16, 2023.
References
External links
FCC History Cards for KWIZ
WIZ
Radio stations established in 1947
WIZ
1947 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWIZ |
KPVS and KLUA are commercial radio stations in the island of Hawaiʻi, broadcasting to the Hilo and Kailua-Kona areas on 95.9 MHz FM and 93.9 MHz FM, respectively. The two stations simulcast as The Beat, a rhythmic CHR format.
On April 1, 2016, the simulcast adopted its present format, at the time retaining the "Native FM" name.
References
External links
PVS
Hawaiian-music formatted radio stations
Radio stations established in 1991
1991 establishments in Hawaii
Rhythmic contemporary radio stations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPVS |
HMMS may refer to:
Hartford Magnet Middle School, a former name of Hartford Magnet Trinity College Academy in Hartford, Connecticut
Hidden Markov Model, a type of statistical model
Hope Mills Middle School in Hope Mills, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMS |
Buccaneer was a board game published in Britain by Waddingtons between the 1930s and 1980s.
Board design
The game board depicts the sea, broken into squares. Around the edges are ports, some owned by players, others being "free ports". At the centre is Treasure Island, upon which are
placed semi-realistic looking treasures: diamonds, rubies, pearls, gold bars, and rum barrels.
Evolution of design
1930s
The 1938 version of the game had a roll up canvas board (packaged in a tube) and a playing area of 25 x 25 squares, the Treasure Island in the middle spanning 5 x 5 squares. Complete sets of this version are now very rare and in good condition can sell for more than £100 (UK pounds - as of 2010). This version had 9 rum barrels and 6 of each of the other treasure items.
1950s
The game has been revised over the years. A major revision in 1958 saw the playing area change to a folding board with a square cut out for a plastic tray insert as Treasure Island. The island shrank to 4 x 4 squares and the playing area to 24 x 24 squares. However, the 1958 continued to be a 6 player game.
At least three versions of the game appeared in this format, the 'small box' version with all the pieces and cards in a small box and a separate board which was made quite thick and heavy, then there came the 'large box' version where the box now contained the folded board. Both versions used the same basic graphics until these were replaced by the 'blue box' version with excited Pirates finding a treasure chest displayed on the cover. A box insert now came with 'Treasure island' graphics, palm trees etc.
1960-70s
Important changes in the late 1960s-1970s saw the number of players fall from 6 to 4. The playing area shrank from 24x24 squares to 20x20 squares, ports were relocated or lost, and treasure available was reduced to 5 of each type.
Game play
The players each have a ship which they can sail to Treasure Island and pick up a "Chance Card." These cards contain instructions, either bad ("You are blown to Cliff Creek") or good ("Take treasure up to 5 in total value"). The treasure is placed inside the plastic ship, which can contain up to two treasures, and the player can sail back to home port to unload the treasure, or trade treasure and crew at the other ports.
Players can attack other players' ships during the game and capture their treasure or crew. The number of spaces a player can move and outcomes of battles are decided on the crew cards held in the hand of each player.
In all versions since "1958 version" (and perhaps earlier) the winner was the first to collect 20 points worth of treasure.
Treasure table
Other versions
The US version of the game was called Trade Winds and used slightly different rules and board additions. The winning condition was not changed, gathering treasure worth 20 points at the players home port.
To coincide with the recent Pirates of the Caribbean movies, a special Pirates of the Caribbean edition of Buccaneer was launched in 2006.
Reviews
Games & Puzzles
References
External links
Describes various editions, with links to PDF rules
Descriptions of various editions
Board games introduced in 1938
Board games about history
Waddingtons games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer%20%28game%29 |
The Nokia 6170 was one of the clamshell phone series from Nokia.
Description
It comes with a VGA camera (640x480) with 2x and 4x electronic zoom, push to talk and speakerphone.
It has a built-in WAP web browser, and supports Java ME. It has 2.3 MBs integrated memory that can't be extended (and some elements that ship inside the phone's file system are impossible to delete).
The phone supports IRDA but not Bluetooth, and can send and receive multimedia messages of up to 100 KBs in size.
The phone has a metallic look and spots a small colour screen on the outside of the clamshell.
The European version 6170 RM-47 supports 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz radios, while the U.S. version 6170b RM-48 supports 850 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz radios.
It was the successor of Nokia 6102i and succeeded by the Nokia N71 which was released in June 2006.
References
6170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%206170 |
Marie of Prussia may refer to:
Marie of Prussia (1579–1649), daughter of Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia and the wife of Margrave Christian of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
Marie of Prussia, daughter of Prince Wilhelm of Prussia and wife of King Maximilian II of Bavaria
Princess Marie of Prussia (1855–1888), daughter of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia; wife of Prince Henry of the Netherlands and Prince Albert of Saxe-Altenburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20of%20Prussia%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Carl Steenstrup (1934 – 11 November 2014)) was a Danish japanologist.
Carl Steenstrup is known for translating several works of Japanese literature, mostly those relating to the historical development of Bushido, Japanese Feudal Law, and the Kakun (House Codes) of famous Samurai Leaders Hōjō Shigetoki and Imagawa Ryoshun. Steenstrup's dissertation at Harvard University was entitled Hôjô Shigetoki (1198–1261) and his Role in the History of Political and Ethical Ideas in Japan.
He was a civil servant for the Danish Government from 1952 to 1985 and Professor of Japanese History at Munich University (1985 to 2000). From 1971 to 1972 he was a lecturer in Nordic languages for Tōkai University in Tokyo, Japan. After his retirement, he lectured at Humboldt University in Berlin, and the Government Academy of Law and Economics in Irkutsk.
Curriculum vitae
Candidatus Juris, University of Copenhagen (1957)
Master of Arts in Japanese, University of Copenhagen (1971)
PhD in Japanese History, Harvard University (1977)
PhD in Japanese History, University of Copenhagen (1979)
Career
Public Administration—Denmark (1952–1985)
Lecturer, Tôkai University—Tokyo, Japan (1971–72)
Librarian, Asia Collection, upper librarian, Abt.ltr. in daen. wiss (1972–83)
Senior Fellow, Japanese—The Scandinavian Institute for Asia Research, Copenhagen (1983–85)
Associate Professor of Japanese History at University of Munich (1985–2000)
Lecturer, Humboldt University in Berlin
Lecturer, Government Academy of Law and Economics in Irkutsk. (Sept. 2000 to July 2001)
Books
Hôjô Shigetoki (1198-1261) and his Role in the History of Political and Ethical Ideas in Japan, London 1979. (the author's Harvard University dissertation)
A History of Law in Japan until 1868, (Brill, 2nd ed. 1996)
Of Japan and History, Copenhagen 1980.
Shintô, Copenhagen 1982.
Japan 1850–1980, Copenhagen 1982.
Hojo Soun's Twenty-one Articles: the code of conduct of Odawara Hojo' MN 29: 3 (Autumn, 1974), 283–303. [Hôjô Sôun 北条早雲 (1432–1519), Trans. of Sôunjidono nijûichi kajô 早雲寺殿廿一箇条 ("Twenty-One Articles by Lord Sôun")
Steenstrup, Carl. " [ ] ." Acta Orientalia XXXVI (Copenhagen, 1974). [Translations of first buke kakun (warrior family precept, see above), "The Letter to Nagatoki" (Rokuhara Sagami no kami no shisoku wo oshiuru ... jô 六波羅相模守ノ教子息 ... 状), written between 1237 and 1247, pp. 417–38. Reference in Streenstup 1977, MN 32:1
Publications
Imagawa Ryôshun. Imagawa-jô [also called Gusoku Nakaaki seishi jôjô 愚息仲秋制詞條々 and Imagawa heikisho 今川壁書]. Trans. by Carl Steenstrup, in "The Imagawa Letter: A Muromachi Warrior's Code of Conduct Which Became a Tokugawa Schoolbook." 28:3 (1973) ("Articles of Admonition by Imagawa Ryôshun to His Son Nakaaki") Attributed to Imagawa Sadayo 今川貞世 or Ryôshun 了俊 (1325–1420).
"Hojo Shigetoki's Letter of Instruction to his Son Nagatoki," trans. "The Letter to Nagatoki" (Rokuhara Sagami no kami no shisoku wo oshiuru ... jô 六波羅相模守ノ教子息 ... 状), written between 1237 and 1247, pp. 417–38. Acta Orientalia 36 (1974)
Hôjô Shigetoki. Gokurakuji-dono go-shôsoku.極楽寺殿御消息 ("The Gokurakuji Letter") by Hôjô Shigetoki 北条重時 (1198–1261)Trans. by Carl Steenstrup, in "The Gokurakuji Letter: Hôjô Shigetoki's Compendium of Political and Religious Ideas of Thirteenth-Century Japan." 32:1 (1977)
Steenstrup, Carl. "Sata Mirensho: A Fourteenth-Century Law Primer." MN 35: 4 (Winter, 1980), 405–435. [Compiled in Kamakura sometime between 1319 and 1322. Trans. of Sata Mirensho 沙汰未練書 ("A Book for Those Unskilled in Legal Matters") from p. 408.
Shintô, Copenhagen 1982.
Japan 1850–1980, Copenhagen 1982.
"The 'Deities of Evil' or magatsuhi no kami in Kojiki and After." Acta Orientalia 45,(1984)
“Law Code Versus Political Change in China and Japan” International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations, Comparative Civilizations Review, Number 16, (Fall 1987)
"Reason and borders of the human rights in the Japanese understanding", Walter Schweidler, Hrsg.: Human rights and public spirit - western and eastern way?, Sank Augustin: Academia publishing house (1998)
A review of "The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan." by Eiko Ikegami in Journal of Japanese Studies 22:2 (1996)
Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu: The Origins of Dual Government in Japan Review by Carl Steenstrup, JJS 27.1 (Winter 2001)
"Historical Jurisprudence", Kracht and Rütterman, eds., Grundriss der Japanologie (Harrassowitz, 2001), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz publishing house (2001), vii, 650 S. (IZUMI. sources, studies and materials for the culture of Japan. Edited by Klaus Kracht, Bd. 7)
The Munakata Clan Code of 1313. How a Clan of Hereditary Shrine Priests with Warrior Status Modernized Their Rule and Survived in Power Japonica Humboldtiana (2003).
A review of "Emperor and Aristocracy in Japan, 1467–1680: Resilience and Renewal." By Lee Butler. Harvard University Asia Center, Cambridge, Mass., 2002. Journal of Japanese Studies 30:1 (2004)
References
1934 births
Living people
Japanologists
Linguists from Denmark
Japanese–English translators
Danish historians
Danish civil servants
Harvard University alumni
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
People from Vaasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Steenstrup |
Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky are literary translators best known for their collaborative English translations of classic Russian literature. Individually, Pevear has also translated into English works from French, Italian, and Greek. The couple's collaborative translations have been nominated three times and twice won the PEN/Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize (for Tolstoy's Anna Karenina and Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov). Their translation of Dostoevsky's The Idiot also won the first Efim Etkind Translation Prize.
Richard Pevear
Richard Pevear was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, on 21 April 1943. Pevear earned a B.A. degree from Allegheny College in 1964, and a M.A. degree from the University of Virginia in 1965. He has taught at the University of New Hampshire, The Cooper Union, Mount Holyoke College, Columbia University, and the University of Iowa. In 1998, he joined the faculty of the American University of Paris (AUP), where he taught courses in Russian literature and translation. In 2007, he was named Distinguished Professor of Comparative Literature at AUP, and in 2009 he became Distinguished Professor Emeritus. Besides translating Russian classics, Pevear also translated from the French (Alexandre Dumas, Yves Bonnefoy, Jean Starobinski), Italian (Alberto Savinio), Spanish, and Greek (Aias, by Sophocles, in collaboration with Herbert Golder). He is also the author of two books of poems (Night Talk and Other Poems, and Exchanges). Pevear is mostly known for his work in collaboration with Larissa Volokhonsky on translation of Russian classics.
Larissa Volokhonsky
Larissa Volokhonsky () was born into a Jewish family in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg, on 1 October 1945. After graduating from Leningrad State University with a degree in mathematical linguistics, she worked in the Institute of Marine Biology (Vladivostok) and travelled extensively in Sakhalin Island and Kamchatka (1968-1973). Volokhonsky emigrated to Israel in 1973, where she lived for two years. Having moved to the United States in 1975, she studied at Yale Divinity School (1977-1979) and at St Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (1979-1981), where her professors were the Orthodox theologians Alexander Schmemann and John Meyendorff. She completed her studies of theology with the diploma of Master of Divinity from Yale University. She began collaboration with her husband Richard Pevear in 1985. Larissa Volokhonsky translated from English into Russian "For the Life of the World" by Alexander Schmemann (RBR,Inc, 1982) and "Introduction to Patristic Theology" by John Meyendorff (RBR,Inc, 1981) Both translations are still in print in Russia. Together with Richard Pevear she translated into English some poetry and prose by her brother, Anri Volokhonsky (published in: Modern Poetry in Translation, New series. Ed. Daniel Weissbort. Vol 10, Winter 196, Grand Street,Spring 1989, ed. Ben Sonnenberg). Together with Emily Grossholz, she translated several poems by Olga Sedakova (Hudson Review, Vol. 61, Issue 4, Winter 2009). Volokhonsky is mostly known for her work in collaboration with Richard Pevear on translation of Russian classics.
Collaboration
Volokhonsky met Pevear in the United States in 1976 and they married six years later. The couple now live in Paris and have two trilingual children.
Pevear and Volokhonsky began working together when Pevear was reading Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov and Volokhonsky noticed what she regarded to be the inadequacy of the translation by David Magarshack. As a result, the couple collaborated on their own version, producing three sample chapters which they sent to publishers. They were turned down by Random House and Oxford University Press but received encouragement from a number of Slavic scholars and were in the end accepted by North Point Press, a small publishing house in San Francisco who paid them a $1,000 advance. It went on to win a PEN/Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize. Their translation of Anna Karenina won another PEN/BOMC Translation Prize. Oprah Winfrey chose this translation of Anna Karenina as a selection for her "Oprah's Book Club" on her television program, which led to a major increase in sales of this translation and greatly increased recognition for Pevear and Volokhonsky. Their translation of Dostoevsky's The Idiot won the first Efim Etkind Translation Prize awarded by the European University of St. Petersburg.
The husband-and-wife team works in a two-step process: Volokhonsky prepares her English version of the original text, trying to follow Russian syntax and stylistic peculiarities as closely as possible, and Pevear turns this version into polished and stylistically appropriate English. Pevear has variously described their working process as follows:
"Larissa goes over it, raising questions. And then we go over it again. I produce another version, which she reads against the original. We go over it one more time, and then we read it twice more in proof."
"We work separately at first. Larissa produces a complete draft, following the original as closely as possible, with many marginal comments and observations. From that, plus the original Russian, I make my own complete draft. Then we work closely together to arrive at a third draft, on which we make our 'final' revisions."
Volokhonsky and Pevear were interviewed about the art of translation for Ideas, the long running Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC) radio documentary. It was a 3-part program called "In Other Words" and involved discussions with many leading translators. The program was podcast in April 2007. Their translation of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace was published on 16 October 2007 by Alfred A. Knopf. It was the subject of a month-long discussion in the "Reading Room" site of The New York Times Book Review. On October 18, 2007, they appeared at the New York Public Library in conversation with Keith Gessen to celebrate the publication.
Their translation of Svetlana Alexievich's book The Unwomanly Face of War: An Oral History of Women in World War II was published in 2017.
Reception
Pevear and Volokhonsky have won awards for their translations and garnered a lot of critical praise. Writing in the Los Angeles Times, professor of Slavic languages and translator Michael Henry Heim praised their Fyodor Dostoevsky translations, stating "the reason they have succeeded so well in bringing Dostoevsky into English is not that they have made him sound bumpy or unnatural but that they have managed to capture and differentiate the characters' many voices." George Woodcock, a literary critic and essayist, wrote in The Sewanee Review that their Dostoevsky translations "have recaptured the rough and vulgar edge of Dostoevsky's style... [T]his tone of the vulgar that [made] Dostoevsky's writings... sometimes so poignantly sufficient and sometimes so morbidly excessive... [They have] retranslat[ed] Dostoevsky into a vernacular equal to his own." In 2007, critic James Wood wrote in The New Yorker that their Dostoevsky translations are "justly celebrated" and argued that previous translators of Leo Tolstoy's work had "sidestepp[ed] difficult words, smooth[ed] the rhythm of the Russian, and eliminat[ed] one of Tolstoy's most distinctive elements, repetition," whereas Pevear and Volokhonsky's translation of War and Peace captured the "spirit and order of the book." Literary critic Harold Bloom admired Pevear and Volokhonsky's translations of Russian classics, writing in his posthumously published book The Bright Book of Life: Novels to Read and Reread that he is "among their thousands of grateful debtors."
However, their work has not been without negative criticism. Writing in The New York Review of Books in 2016, the critic Janet Malcolm argued that Pevear and Volokhonsky "have established an industry of taking everything they can get their hands on written in Russian and putting it into flat, awkward English". Some translators have voiced similar criticism, both in Russia and in the English-speaking world. The Slavic studies scholar Gary Saul Morson has written in Commentary that Pevear and Volokhonsky translations "take glorious works and reduce them to awkward and unsightly muddles". Criticism has been focused on the excessive literalness of the couple's translations and the perception that they miss the original tone of the authors.
Their 2010 translation of Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago met with adverse criticism from Pasternak's niece, Ann Pasternak Slater, in a book review for The Guardian, but earned praise for "powerful fidelity" from Angela Livingstone, a Ph.D. and translator who has translated some of Pasternak's writings into English, in The Times Literary Supplement.
Bibliography
Translations credited to Pevear and Volokhonsky
Fyodor Dostoevsky
The Brothers Karamazov (1990)
Crime and Punishment (1992)
Notes from Underground (1993)
Demons (1994)
The Eternal Husband and Other Stories (1997)
A Nasty Anecdote
The Eternal Husband
Bobok
The Meek One
The Dream of a Ridiculous Man
The Idiot (2002)
The Adolescent (2003)
The Double (2005)
The Gambler (2005)
Notes from a Dead House (2015)
Svetlana Alexievich
The Unwomanly Face of War (2017)
Mikhail Bulgakov
The Master and Margarita (1997)
Nikolai Gogol
The Collected Tales (1998)
Dead Souls (1996)
"The Inspector" With Richard Nelson (2014)
Nikolai Leskov
The Enchanted Wanderer: and Other Stories (2013)
Boris Pasternak
Doctor Zhivago (2010)
Alexander Pushkin
Novels, Tales, Journeys: The Complete Prose of Alexander Pushkin (2016)
Boris Godunov, Little Tragedies, and Others: The Complete Plays (2023)
Leo Tolstoy
What Is Art? (1996)
Anna Karenina (2000)
War and Peace (2007)
The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Other Stories (2009)
Hadji Murat (2012)
Anton Chekhov
Selected Stories of Anton Chekhov (2000) - 30 short stories in total.
The Complete Short Novels (2000)
The Cherry Orchard (2015) With Richard Nelson
Uncle Vanya with Richard Nelson, premiered 10 February 2018 at Old Globe Theater,
The Seagull (2017) with Richard Nelson
Three Sisters (2020) with Richard Nelson
Ivanov (2022) with Richard Nelson
Fifty Two Stories (2020) - 52 previously untranslated stories
Ivan Turgenev
A Month in the Country (2012) With Richard Nelson
Mother Maria Skobtsova
Essential Writings (2002)
Translations credited to Pevear
Alain
The Gods (1974)
Jose Vincente Ortuño
Bitter Roots (1978)
Jacques Mercier
Ethiopian Magic Scrolls (1979)
Yves Bonnefoy
Poems 1959-1975 (1985)
Early Poems 1947-1959 (1991) - co-translated with Galway Kinnell
Alberto Savinio
Childhood of Nivasio Dolcemare (1987)
Signor Dido: Stories (2014)
Samuil Marshak
The Pup Grew Up! (1989) - illustrated by Vladimir Radunsky
Hail to Mail (1990) - illustrated by Vladimir Radunsky
Sophocles
Aias (Ajax) (1999) - co-translated with Herbert Golder
Alexandre Dumas
The Three Musketeers (2006)
Olga Medvedkova
Going Where (2018)
Pevear's book Translating Music (2007) contains his translation of Alexander Pushkin's poem "The Tale of the Preacher and His Man Bumpkin" ().
Pevear commented in the introduction of his translation of The Three Musketeers () that most modern translations available today are "textbook examples of bad translation practices" which "give their readers an extremely distorted notion of Dumas' writing."
Notes
Sources
External links
Pevear at American University of Paris (Archive)
American University of Paris page on Pevear
Resume from University of Bologna website
John Biguenet, "Better a Live Sparrow than a Stuffed Owl", a conversation with Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Tin House N°63, Spring 2015.
Living people
French–English translators
Russian–English translators
Italian–English translators
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Russian expatriates in France
Russian expatriates in Israel
Translators of Boris Pasternak
Translators of Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Translators of Leo Tolstoy
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Pevear%20and%20Larissa%20Volokhonsky |
In epistemology, the Münchhausen trilemma is a thought experiment intended to demonstrate the theoretical impossibility of proving any truth, even in the fields of logic and mathematics, without appealing to accepted assumptions. If it is asked how any given proposition is known to be true, proof in support of that proposition may be provided. Yet that same question can be asked of that supporting proof, and any subsequent supporting proof. The Münchhausen trilemma is that there are only three ways of completing a proof:
The circular argument, in which the proof of some proposition presupposes the truth of that very proposition
The regressive argument, in which each proof requires a further proof, ad infinitum
The dogmatic argument, which rests on accepted precepts which are merely asserted rather than defended
The trilemma, then, is the decision among the three equally unsatisfying options. Karl Popper's suggestion was to accept the trilemma as unsolvable and work with knowledge by way of conjecture and criticism.
Name
The name Münchhausen-Trilemma was coined by the German philosopher Hans Albert in 1968 in reference to a trilemma of "dogmatism versus infinite regress versus psychologism" used by Karl Popper. It is a reference to the problem of "bootstrapping", based on the story of Baron Munchausen (in German, "Münchhausen") pulling himself and the horse on which he was sitting out of a mire by his own hair. Like Munchausen, who cannot make progress because he has no solid ground to stand on, any purported justification of all knowledge must fail, because it must start from a position of no knowledge, and therefore cannot make progress. It must either start with some knowledge, as with dogmatism, not start at all, as with infinite regress, or be a circular argument, justified only by itself and have no solid foundation, much like the absurdity of Münchhausen pulling himself out of the mire without any independent support. In contemporary epistemology, advocates of coherentism are supposed to accept the "circular" horn of the trilemma; foundationalists rely on the axiomatic argument. The view that accepts infinite regress is called infinitism.
Agrippa's Trilemma
It is also known as Agrippa's trilemma or the Agrippan trilemma after a similar argument reported by Sextus Empiricus, which was attributed to Agrippa the Skeptic by Diogenes Laërtius. Sextus' argument, however, consists of five (not three) "modes".
Fries's trilemma
Popper in Logic of Scientific Discovery mentions neither Sextus nor Agrippa, but instead attributes his trilemma to German philosopher Jakob Friedrich Fries, leading some to call it Fries's trilemma as a result.
Jakob Friedrich Fries formulated a similar trilemma in which statements can be accepted either:
dogmatically
supported by infinite regress
based on perceptual experience (psychologism)
The first two possibilities are rejected by Fries as unsatisfactory, requiring his adopting the third option. Karl Popper argued that a way to avoid the trilemma was to use an intermediate approach incorporating some dogmatism, some infinite regress, and some perceptual experience.
Albert's formulation
The argument proposed by Hans Albert runs as follows: All of the only three possible attempts to get a certain justification must fail:
All justifications in pursuit of "certain" knowledge have also to justify the means of their justification and doing so they have to justify anew the means of their justification. Therefore, there can be no end, only the hopeless situation of infinite regression.
A circular argument can be used to justify by its mock impression of validity and soundness, but this sacrifices its usefulness (as the conclusion and premise are one and the same, no advancement in knowledge has taken place).
One can stop at self-evidence or common sense or fundamental principles or speaking ex cathedra or at any other evidence, but in doing so, the intention to install 'certain' justification is abandoned.
An English translation of a quote from the original German text by Albert is as follows:
Here, one has a mere choice between:
An infinite regression, which appears because of the necessity to go ever further back, but is not practically feasible and does not, therefore, provide a certain foundation.
A logical circle in the deduction, which is caused by the fact that one, in the need to found, falls back on statements which had already appeared before as requiring a foundation, and which circle does not lead to any certain foundation either.
A break of searching at a certain point, which indeed appears principally feasible, but would mean a random suspension of the principle of sufficient reason.
Albert stressed repeatedly that there is no limitation of the Münchhausen trilemma to deductive conclusions. The verdict concerns also inductive, causal, transcendental, and all otherwise structured justifications. They all will be in vain.
Therefore, certain justification is impossible to attain. Once having given up the classical idea of certain knowledge, one can stop the process of justification where one wants to stop, presupposed one is ready to start critical thinking at this point always anew if necessary.
This trilemma rounds off the classical problem of justification in the theory of knowledge.
The failure of proving exactly any truth as expressed by the Münchhausen trilemma does not have to lead to dismissal of objectivity, as with relativism. One example of an alternative is the fallibilism of Karl Popper and Hans Albert, accepting that certainty is impossible, but that it is best to get as close as possible to truth, while remembering our uncertainty.
In Albert's view, the impossibility to prove any certain truth is not in itself a certain truth. After all, one needs to assume some basic rules of logical inference to derive his result, and in doing so must either abandon the pursuit of "certain" justification, as above, or attempt to justify these rules, etc. He suggests that it has to be taken as true as long as nobody has come forward with a truth which is scrupulously justified as a certain truth. Several philosophers defied Albert's challenge; his responses to such criticisms can be found in his long addendum to his Treatise on Critical Reason and later articles.
See also
References
Further reading
Hans Albert, Treatise on Critical Reason, Princeton University Press, 1985, chap. I, sect. 2.
For Hans Albert's scientific articles see List of Publications in Hans Albert at opensociety.de
External links
1968 neologisms
Baron Munchausen
Dilemmas
Foundationalism
History of logic
Justification (epistemology)
Skepticism
Thought experiments in philosophy
Concepts in epistemology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen%20trilemma |
Hanur is a major taluk in Chamrajnagar district of Karnataka State, India. Hanur Taluk is the centre for the famous tourist spots in karnataka.
Economy
Hanur is a commercial centre for many nearby villages like Ramapura, Lokkanahalli, Bylore, Odeyarpalya, Martalli, Ajjipura, Bandalli, Cowdalli, Mangala, Kamagere, and Singanalluru.
Education
Eklavya Model Residential School
Natural Resources
Hanur is one of the wealthiest places of the Chamarajanagara district. It is rich with natural resources like granite, agricultural products which include sugar cane, jowar and coconut. The place is surrounded by hills and is located at the heart of the terrain. It has a rich culture with diversified people.
Tourism
It is the centre for famous tourist spots such as:
Male Mahadeshwara Betta (M. M. Hills)
Hogenakkal Falls
Mutthathi
Tibet colony(Odeyara Palya)
B. R. Hills
Shivanasamudra Falls (Garanchukki and Barachukki)
Madya RanganathaSwamy Temple (Shivanasamudra)
Nagamale Trekking (M M Hills)
Ponnachi Hills Trekking
Mekedat Gorge
Transportation
Hanur is connected with Kollegala and Bengaluru, Mysore, chamrajnagara, shivamoga by Buses Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation by Hanur KSRTC bus stand. And SH 79 pass through this taluk buses are available to Mysuru and Bengaluru . Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation buses also connects Coimbatore,salem, Mettur, erode by bus service.Devotees visiting Male Mahadeshwara Betta (MM hills) Hindu temple from Kollegala side take route via Hanur.
Temples and festivals
Hanur has Sri Bettalli Maramma Temple and Sri Mysuru Maramma Festival. The people celebrate this festival in March every year.
References
Cities and towns in Chamarajanagar district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanur |
Demand-chain management (DCM) is the management of relationships between suppliers and customers to deliver the best value to the customer at the least cost to the demand chain as a whole. Demand-chain management is similar to supply-chain management but with special regard to the customers.
Demand-chain-management software tools bridge the gap between the customer-relationship management and the supply-chain management. The organization's supply chain processes are managed to deliver best value according to the demand of the customers. DCM creates strategic assets for the firm in terms of the overall value creation as it enables the firm to implement and integrate marketing and supply chain management (SCM) strategies that improve its overall performance. A study of the university in Wageningen (the Netherlands) sees DCM as an extension of supply chain management, due to its incorporation of the market-orientation perspective on its concept.
Demand-driven supply network
A Demand-driven supply network (DDSN) is one method of supply-chain management which involves building supply chains in response to demand signals. The main force of DDSN is that it is driven by customers demand. In comparison with the traditional supply chain, DDSN uses the pull technique. It gives DDSN market opportunities to share more information and to collaborate with others in the supply chain.
DDSN uses a capability model that consist of four levels. The first level is Reacting, the second level is Anticipating, the third level is Collaborating and the last level is Orchestrating. The first two levels focus on the internal supply chain while the last two levels concentrate on external relations throughout the Extended Enterprise.
In a demand-driven chain, a customer activates the flow by ordering from the retailer, who reorders from the wholesaler, who reorders from the manufacturer, who reorders raw materials from suppliers. Orders flow backward, up the chain, in this structure.
Many companies are trying to shift from a build-to-forecast to a build-to-order discipline. The property of being demand-driven is one of degree: Being "0 percent" demand-driven means all production/inventory decisions are based on forecasts, and so, all products available for sale to the end user is there by virtue of a forecast. This could be the case of fashion goods, where the designer may not know how buyers will react to a new design, or the beverage industry, where products are produced based on a given forecast. A "100 percent" demand-driven is one in which the order is received before production begins. The commercial aircraft industry match to this description. In most cases, no production occurs until the order is received.
Competitive advantages
To create sustainable competitive advantages with DDSN, companies have to do deal with three conditions: Alignment (create shared incentives), Agility (respond quickly to short-term change) and Adaptability (adjust design of the supply chain).
Misconceptions
There are five commonly-made misconceptions of demand driven (DDSN):
Companies might think they are demand driven because they have a good forecast of their company.
They have implemented lean manufacturing.
They have great data on all their customers.
They think it is a technology project and the corporate forecast is a demand visibility signal.
They have a better view of customers demand.
An important component of DDSN is DDM ("real-time" demand driven manufacturing). DDM gives customers the opportunity to say what they want, where and when.
Demand-driven execution
Demand-chain management is the same as supply chain management, but with emphasis on consumer pull vs. supplier push. The demand chain begins with customers, then funnels through any resellers, distributors, and other business partners who help sell the company's products and services. The demand chain includes both direct and indirect sales forces. Customers demand is hard to detect because out of stock situations (OOS) falsify data collected from POS-Terminals. According to studies of Corsten/Gruen (2002, 2008) the OOS-rate is about 8%. For products under sales promotion OOS rates up to 30% exist. Reliable information about demand is necessary for DCM therefore lowering OOS is a main factor for successful DCM.
Corsten and Gruen describe key factors for lowering OOS-rates:
Data accuracy
Forecast and order accuracy
Order quantity
Replenishment
Capacity (time supply)
Capacity (Packout) and Planogram Compliance
Shelf Replenishment
Implementation of system supported processes leads to the new technology Extreme Transaction Processing described by Gartner Research. This technology allows to process the huge amount of data (POS, RFID) in real time providing information for store managers, shelve managers and the supply chain.
According to studies of Ayers, in order to find appropriate methods which fitting different kinds of companies, the first thing companies should do is to assess their progress toward achieving world-class levels of supply chain management. In order to raise demand-driven levels, companies need to undertake a systematic effort that has three elements:
Shortening process lead-time: Overall lead-time is composed of individual cycle-times for multiple processes. This step involves shortening the cycle-time at each step in the critical path processes from the point of purchase to the start of production for the entire supply chain.
Adopting flow model economics: Flow model economics encompass low-cost ways to vary mix and volume. Lean manufacturing is a discipline that has the same goals as flow economics.
Replacing forecasts with demand: This step requires efficient sharing of information up and down the chain. An ideal is for all partners to have access to the level of real-time sales as well as the business rules to react.
Demand-driven supply-chain assessment
Companies must have an appropriate performance-measurement system to be applied on a regular basis to identify areas to be improved in order to establish a sustainable continuous improvement process. According to Dale and Ritchie, to use self-assessment process is very important. The self-assessment will allow organizations to discern its strengths and gaps, and define improvement actions linked to the business planning process. There are some necessary criteria for a successful self-assessment process:
Gaining commitment and support from all levels of staff
Action being taken from the previous self-assessment
Incorporation of self-assessment into the business planning process
Not allowing the process to be "added on" to employees existing workload
Developing a framework for performance monitoring
The importance of supply chain and operations audit process which represents a fundamental step to support improvement projects. According to study of Salama, the core element of audits is the diagnostic stage and that no audit can be considered successful unless it really provides a thorough understanding of how the constituent elements of an organization interact with one another (e.g., people, processes and technologies), that is the interactions which constrain the system, and how these interactions are reflected on the market-driven performance. The provided a set of features and requirements for an audit methodology that can be considered when developing a DDSC assessment:
Quick/Accurate – The methodology should be based on tools, steps and an"engine" which were designed to deliver a result as accurate as possible in the shortest time possible.
Not invasive – The methodology should be built in order to require the least possible effort from organization's resource.
Scalable – The methodology should be scalable.
Avoid bias/theoretically grounded – The methodology should be built in a way to reduce possible bias in the diagnostic stage, while exploiting the knowledge that people who daily work in an organization have on their processes.
Stimulate consensus building – The stimulation of consensus building can be achieved in different ways.
Transparent – All tools and steps used in the methodology should be clearlyd escribed in all parts. No "secret engine" is behind the methodology
See also
Demand chain
Supply chain
Supply network
References
Further reading
Beyond CRM: The Critical Path to Successful Demand Chain Management
The Handbook for Becoming Demand Driven
Supply chain management
Customer relationship management
Demand management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand-chain%20management |
n+1 is a New York–based American literary magazine that publishes social criticism, political commentary, essays, art, poetry, book reviews, and short fiction. It is published three times each year, and content is published on its website several times each week. Each print issue averages around 200 pages in length.
Overview
n+1 began in late 2004, the project of Keith Gessen, Benjamin Kunkel, Mark Greif, Chad Harbach, Allison Lorentzen and Marco Roth. The magazine is described by Gessen as "like Partisan Review, except not dead". It was launched out of a feeling of dissatisfaction with the current intellectual scene in the United States, with the editors citing The Baffler, Hermenaut, and the early years of Partisan Review as inspiration for their magazine. Each of those magazines embodied the age where the "little magazine" was a veritable institution and a major center of innovation in arts and politics.
Their outlook is most frequently summed up by the last lines of their first issue where the editors proclaimed: "it is time to say what you mean". Yet in the third issue, critic James Wood responded to criticism of his negative criticism and, singling out this quote from issue 1, stated: "The Editors had unwittingly proved the gravamen of their own critique: that it is easier to criticize than to propose."
The name n+1, conceived in a moment of frustration, comes from an algebraic expression. "Keith and I were talking", Harbach recalls, "and he kept saying, 'Why would we start a magazine when there are already so many out there?' And I said, jokingly, 'N+1'—whatever exists, there is always something vital that has to be added or we wouldn't feel anything lacking in this world."
Position
Their mission is somewhat informed by critical theory, to which they readily admit the attraction and limitations. In an article on theory, the editors said: "The big mistake right now would be to fail to keep faith with what theory once meant to us."
Their stance embraces theory but keeps a careful distance from the academicization of theory: "Theory is dead, and long live theory. The designated mourners have tenure, anyway, so they'll be around a bit. As for the rest of us, an opening has emerged, in the novel and in intellect. What to do with it?" In this vein, they make frequent references to the Frankfurt School, often criticize the commodification of culture, and speak positively of writers such as Don DeLillo.
Content
Each issue of n+1 opens with a section called The Intellectual Situation, which criticizes aspects of the current intellectual scene. For example, in the first issue, they called McSweeney's a "regressive avant-garde"; in Issue 18, the editors criticize "the Rage Machine" in which "tech corporations beg you to say your piece for the sake of content-generation, free publicity, hype, and ad sales". They have also criticized The New Republic, The Weekly Standard, and literary figures such as Dale Peck. This is followed by a short Politics section. Most of each issue consists of fiction and essays. Issues then close with a review section, which consists of reviews of books, intellectual figures, and pop phenomena.
Critical response
The magazine has received mixed criticism to date. Generally, n+1 detractors decry the editors' youth and perceived elitism. As the magazine is purportedly an effort to engage a generation in a struggle against the current literary landscape, such elitism seems counterintuitive to the ideals upon which the magazine was founded. The New Criterion critically asked, "is your journal really necessary?" and accused them of exaggerating their own importance. The Times Literary Supplement wryly satirized Kunkel's quote, "We're angrier than Dave Eggers and his crowd", and compared that quote against their third issue's unsigned article about and titled "Dating". Literary editor Gordon Lish has called the magazine a "crock of shit".
Others have appreciated these very qualities, writing favorably of the boldness of the project itself and the sincerity and enthusiasm of its contributors. Critic A. O. Scott of The New York Times commented on this in a feature article on the new wave of young, intellectual publications in a September 2005 issue of The New York Times Magazine, saying that n+1 was trying to "organize a generational struggle against laziness and cynicism, to raise once again the banners of creative enthusiasm and intellectual engagement" and that it had a feel that was "decidedly youthful, not only in [its] characteristic generational concerns — the habit of nonchalantly blending pop culture, literary esoterica and academic theory, for instance, or the unnerving ability to appear at once mocking and sincere — but also in the sense of bravado and grievance that ripples through their pages". In a review of Gessen's novel All the Sad Young Literary Men, Joyce Carol Oates referenced the author's founding of "the spirited intellectual literary journal n+1".
Vox described that magazine as "Deliberately anachronistic like an artisanal pickle shop, but with a cosmopolitan flair — like a pickle shop that also sells kimchi."
Books
n+1 Research Branch Small Books Series
Beginning in 2006, with the publication of PS 1 Symposium: A Practical Avant-Garde, n+1 introduced the n+1 Research Branch Pamphlet Series, later known as the n+1 Research Branch Small Books Series. This self-published series expands on the concerns of the magazine, and focuses on topics as disparate as "life and reading" in early adulthood, feminism, hipster culture, and the collapse of America's financial system. There are six titles in the series in addition to A Practical Avant-Garde: What We Should Have Known: Two Discussions, What Was the Hipster: A Sociological Investigation, The Trouble is the Banks: Letters to Wall Street, No Regrets: Three Discussions, and "Buzz", a play by Benjamin Kunkel. No Regrets, comprising conversations among women writers about their reading, was praised by NPR as "intimate and erudite", but The New Republic, gathering its own panel of women staff writers, criticized the book's discussion of a so-called "secret canon" as being insular.
The Financial Crisis and Occupy
Diary of a Very Bad Year
In addition to the Research Branch's The Trouble is the Banks, the n+1 has published several works concerning the financial crisis and the Occupy movement. In 2010, n+1 collaborated with Harper Perennial to publish Diary of a Very Bad Year: Confessions of an Anonymous Hedge Fund Manager, a series of one-on-one interviews between Gessen and "a very charming, very intelligent" member of the finance industry that explore the origins and effects of the financialization of the economy. Some sections of the book had been published online and in the magazine from 2007 to 2010. New York Times book reviewer Dwight Garner called the book "thoughtful, funny and unpretentious"—"an urbane if frazzled chronicle of shock and despair".
With direction from Astra Taylor and Sarah Leonard, n+1 built on this discussion of the financial crisis and its fallout with the publication of the Occupy! Gazette, "a semi-regular, forty-page tabloid newspaper inspired by the Occupy movement". The Gazette featured interviews and panels, as well as firsthand reporting from Occupy demonstrations around the United States. n+1 ultimately published four issues of the Occupy! Gazette, in addition to one special issue published in May 2014, "Free Cecily!", which covered the arrest and trial of Occupy organizer and protester Cecily McMillan.
In 2011, in collaboration with Verso, n+1 published Occupy! Scenes from an Occupied America, edited by Astra Taylor and Keith Gessen, along with "editors from n+1, Dissent, Triple Canopy and The New Inquiry". The book featured commentary from Taylor, Mark Greif, Nikil Saval, and Rebecca Solnit, alongside reprinted remarks made at Zucotti Park by Judith Butler and Slavoj Žižek. Taylor, Greif, Gessen, and others contributed segments entitled "Scenes from an Occupation," which reported the day-to-day conditions at Occupy Wall Street; "Scenes from Occupied Atlanta" and "Scenes from Occupied Boston", among others, reported from their respective locations around the country. London School of Economics professor Jason Hickel praised the book for its timeliness and "moments of excellent insight", but noted that the speed with which "Occupy!" was published limited the depth of its analysis.
Co-publishing
Faber and Faber
n+1, in 2014, initiated a publishing partnership with Farrar, Straus and Giroux subsidiary Faber and Faber. The first publication, MFA vs NYC:Two Cultures of American Fiction, explores fiction's gravitation toward the academy in over a dozen essays from writers including David Foster Wallace, George Saunders, Elif Batuman, and Fredric Jameson. The editor of MFA vs NYC, Chad Harbach, introduces the book with his essay of the same title from Issue 10 of the magazine. The New York Times praised it as a "serious, helpful and wily book," citing the various and intimate insights into the writing world that the book provides, from its "excellent miniature portraits of Frank Conroy and Gordon Lish" to "its gossip and confessional essays". MFA vs NYC has inspired various responses throughout the literary world, notably Junot Diaz's essay in The New Yorker, "MFA vs POC". There are two additional books in the Faber and Faber series: Happiness, an anthology of selected works from the first ten years of n+1, published in September 2014; and City by City, a collection of some previously published pieces from n+1's online series of the same name (2015).
Contributors
Well known contributors include:
Elif Batuman
Andrea Long Chu
Mark Greif
Alexander Kluge
Benjamin Kunkel
Sam Lipsyte
Pankaj Mishra
Nikil Saval
Astra Taylor
James Wood
See also
List of literary magazines
Lingua Franca
Footnotes
External links
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Literary magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2004
Magazines published in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%2B1 |
A Corvette leaf spring is a type of independent suspension that utilizes a fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) mono-leaf spring instead of more conventional coil springs. It is named after the Chevrolet Corvette, the American sports car for which it was originally developed and first utilized. A notable characteristic of this suspension configuration is the mounting of the mono-leaf spring such that it can serve as both ride spring and anti-roll spring. In contrast to many applications of leaf springs in automotive suspension designs, this type does not use the spring as a locating link. While this suspension type is most notably associated with several generations of the Chevrolet Corvette the design has been used in other production General Motors cars, as well as vehicles from Volvo Cars and Mercedes-Benz Sprinter van. Fiat produced cars with a similar configuration, using a multi-leaf steel spring in place of the FRP mono-leaf spring.
Design
The leaf-spring suspension configuration is independent, because the movement of one wheel is not determined by the position of the other. Control arms are utilized to define the motion of the wheel as the suspension is compressed. The usual coil springs are replaced with a single FRP spring, which spans the width of the car. As in independent suspension systems using coil springs, and unlike the common leaf-spring supported Hotchkiss rear axle, the suspension kinematics are defined only by the control arms.
As in a coil-spring suspension design, the FRP mono-leaf spring supports the weight of the vehicle. However, the FRP leaf springs differ from steel coils and traditional steel multi-leaf springs in a number of significant ways. The FRP plastic springs have 4.3–5.5 times the strain energy storage per weight, compared to steel. This results in a lighter spring for a given application. The single FRP mono-leaf front spring used on the fourth-generation Corvette is 33 percent of the weight of an equivalent set of coil springs. Comparing FRP to conventional steel leaf springs in similar applications, the weight saved is even greater. The third-generation Corvette offered an optional FRP mono-leaf spring as an alternative to the standard multi-leaf steel spring, the steel spring being replaced by a FRP spring. Volvo claims a weight savings of by using a FRP spring in the rear suspension of its second-generation XC90, compared to designs using coil springs.
The relative sliding movement of the leaves of a multi-leaf steel spring results in stiction-based hysteresis with respect to spring compression. This stiction reduces suspension compliance and can compromise both ride quality and handling. Lacking individual leaves, the mono-leaf spring avoids stiction.
FRP springs are advertised as having exceptional cycle life and corrosion resistance. A GM test comparing the third-generation Corvette springs found that failure of the multi-leaf steel springs was likely after 200,000 full-travel cycles. The replacement FRP leaf spring showed no loss of performance after two million full cycles.
Packaging is cited as both an advantage and disadvantage of the transverse FRP leaf spring, as compared to coil springs, depending on the application. The FRP spring is typically set low in the suspension, resulting in a low center of gravity. It also allows manufacturers to avoid tall spring mounts, thus resulting in a flatter load floor about the suspension. James Schefter reports that, as used on the C5 and later Corvettes, the use of OEM coilover damper springs would have forced the chassis engineers to either vertically raise the shock towers or move them inward. In the rear this would have reduced trunk space. In the front this would have interfered with engine packaging. The use of the leaf spring allowed the spring to be placed under the chassis, out of the way, while keeping the diameter of the shock-absorber assembly to that of just the damper, rather than damper and spring. However, in other applications, such as race car designs, the need to span the width of the vehicle resulted in significant design limitations. Coil and torsion springs present better packaging options for racing applications. FRP springs also have limited availability and selection as compared to coil springs. Higher cost has also been cited as a disadvantage, when comparing FRP springs to coil springs on production road cars.
Properties
An advantage of the FRP transverse leaf springs—when supported with widely spaced, pivotable mounts—is the ability to replace the anti-roll bar. Typically springs that provide a sufficient ride rate need a supplemental spring (the anti-roll bar) to increase the suspension roll rate. The coupling of the two sides of the transverse leaf spring across the vehicle results in an anti-roll bar like behavior. Corvette engineers have cited this property as enabling the use of a lighter anti-roll bar, and even eliminating the rear anti-roll bar on some versions of the seventh generation Corvette.
When either wheel is deflected upward, the center span of the spring (the portion between the pivotable mounts) deflects downward. If both wheels deflect upward at the same time (for example, when hitting a bump in the road) the center section bends uniformly between the pivot mounts. In a roll, only one wheel is deflected upwards, which tends to form the center of the spring into an S-shaped curve. The result is that the wheel rate of one side of the suspension depends on the displacement of the other side. The extent to which the spring acts as an anti-roll bar depends on the distance between the pivot mounts and their rigidity.
A simplified flat, rectangular spring illustrates this principle. Deflecting the right side of the spring results in the left side rising. By comparison, a rigid central mount (2nd and 3rd generation Corvettes and other cars) shows no movement on one side when the other is deflected.
Applications
A number of manufacturers have produced vehicles or concepts utilizing independent front or rear suspensions supported by transverse leaf springs that have an anti-roll effect.
Chevrolet Corvette: C4 1984–1996 (front only, centrally mounted rear spring did not have the anti-roll effect), C5–C7, 1997–2019 (front and rear).
General Motors W platform cars: first generation (Lumina, Grand Prix, Regal, Cutlass Supreme).
General Motors E platform cars: (Eldorado, Toronado, Riviera, Reatta, Allante).
Volvo 960 (from model year 1995) renamed to S90 (sedan)/V90 (wagon) from model year 1997 to 1998.
Volvo V90 and Volvo XC90 (second generation).
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter vans (front only, Hotchkiss in rear).
Opel GT: 1969–1973 (Front only), Trailing arm with coil springs, panhard bar (Rear).
Smart ForTwo Mk1-Mk3 (used with MacPherson Struts).
Volkswagen 1-litre car, prototype.
Indigo 3000, a Swedish made, low volume roadster. Due to the anti-roll properties of the transverse leaf-spring, the car does not employ a separate front anti-roll bar.
Fiat 128, which used a similar system with a more traditional multi-leaf steel spring but configured with two pivots to provide the anti-roll effect.
Some later models of Triumph Spitfire and Triumph GT6 used rear transverse steel leaf springs with anti-roll pivot mounts.
Transverse leaf spring and solid axle front suspension of early Ford cars.
Recent patents and related research
Several automotive companies have filed patents for suspension designs using a transverse composite leaf-spring supported in a fashion similar to that of the Corvette.
Ford Global Technologies, 2006, patent #7029017, Wheel suspension for a motor vehicle with a transverse leaf spring.
Porsche AG, 2000, patent # 6029987, Front Axle for a Motor Vehicle. Describes a strut suspension system supported by a transverse leaf-spring system largely the same as that used by the Corvette. The Porsche patent mentions the beneficial stabilizing effects of this arrangement.
Honda, 1992, Transverse leaf spring type suspension patent #5141209.
DaimlerChrysler, 2004, patent #6811169, Composite Spring Design that also Performs the Lower Control Arm Function for a Conventional or Active Suspension System.
ZF released a concept rear suspension design, in October 2009, using a composite spring-based rear suspension. The strut-based suspension uses a transverse leaf spring to function as both ride and anti-roll spring. The ZF concept differs from the system used on the Corvette by using the leaf spring as one of the suspension links.
See also
Leaf spring
References
Automotive suspension technologies
Springs (mechanical)
Chevrolet Corvette | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette%20leaf%20spring |
Mukteswaram is a village located in Ainavilli Mandal, Konaseema Delta, Amalapuram revenue division in Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is situated near the River Gautami-Godavari, a tributary to the Godavari. Mukteswaram is one of the three important Ferry points for Kotipalli-Mukteswaram and the other two being; Bodasakurru-Pasarlapudi and Sakhinetipalli-Narasapuram in the Konaseema region. Mukteswaram is 60 km from Kakinada.
References
Villages in Konaseema district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukteswaram |
Josiah Clark Nott (March 31, 1804March 31, 1873) was an American surgeon, anthropologist and ethnologist. He is known for his studies into the etiology of yellow fever and malaria, including the theory that they are caused by germs, and for his espousal of scientific racism.
Nott, who owned slaves, used his scientific reputation to defend the institution of slavery. He claimed that "the negro achieves his greatest perfection, physical and moral, and also greatest longevity, in a state of slavery". Nott was influenced by the racial theories of Samuel George Morton (1799–1851), one of the inspirators of physical anthropology. Morton collected hundreds of human skulls from around the world and tried to classify them. Morton had been among the first to claim that he could judge the intellectual capacity of a race by the cranial capacity (the measure of the volume of the interior of the skull). A large skull meant a large brain and high intellectual capacity, and a small skull indicated a small brain and decreased intellectual capacity. By studying these skulls he came to the conclusion of polygenism, that each race had a separate origin.
Early life and education
Nott was born on March 31, 1804, in the U.S. state of South Carolina. He was the son of the Federalist politician and judge Abraham Nott. He received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1827 and completed his post-graduate training in Paris. He moved to Mobile, Alabama in 1833 and began a surgical practice.
Career
Nott took up the theory that malaria and yellow fever were caused by parasitic infections with "animalcules" (microorganisms), earlier held by John Crawford. In his 1850 Yellow Fever Contrasted with Bilious Fever he attacked the prevailing miasma theory.
He is often credited as being the first to apply the insect vector theory to yellow fever, then a serious health problem of the American South. However, unlike his contemporary Louis-Daniel Beauperthuy, he did not actually go so far that to suggest that mosquitos in fact spread the germs. In fact, he explicitly acknowledged that he did not know how the "animalculae might be communicated through the air or directly to individuals".
Nott lost four of his children to yellow fever in one week in September 1853.
Morton's followers, particularly Nott and George Gliddon (1809–1857) in their monumental tribute to Morton's work, Types of Mankind (1854), carried Morton's ideas further and claimed and backed up his findings, which supported the notion of polygenism, which claims that humanity originates from different ancestral lineages and is the ancestor of the multiregional hypothesis.
In their book, Nott and Gliddon argued that the races of mankind each occupied distinct zoological provinces and did not originate from a single pair of ancestors; they both believed God had created each race and positioned each race in separate geographic provinces. The doctrine of zoological provinces outlined in Types of Mankind did not allow for "superiority" of one type of race over another; each type was suited to its own province, and was superior within its own province. Nott claimed that because races were created in different provinces, that all race types must be of equal antiquity. However Nott and other polygenists, such as Gliddon, believed that the biblical Adam means "to show red in the face" or "blusher"; since only light skinned people can blush, the biblical Adam must be of the Caucasian race.
Nott persistently attacked the scientific basis of the Bible and also rejected the theory of evolution by claiming that the environment does not change any organism into another, and also rejecting common descent. Nott believed monogenism was "absurd" and had no biblical or scientific basis. He pointed to excavations in Egypt that depicted animals and humans as they looked today to refute monogenism and evolution. According to Nott, the monuments and artifacts found in Egypt show us that the "White, Mongolian and Negro existed at least five thousand years ago." Nott claimed that proved beyond dispute that each race had been created separately.
Nott claimed that the writers of the Bible had no knowledge of any races except themselves and their immediate neighbors and that it does not concern the whole of the earth's population. According to Nott, there are no verses in the Bible that support monogenism and that the only passage used by the monogenists Acts 17:26, "And [he] hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation;" was interpreted by them wrongly since the "one blood" of Paul's sermon included only the nations that he knew existed, which were local.
In 1856, Nott hired Henry Hotze to translate Arthur de Gobineau's An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853–55), a founding text of "biological racism" that contrasts with Boulainvilliers (1658–1722)'s theory of races, and Nott provided an appendix with his most recent results. Gobineau subsequently complained that Hotze's translation had ignored his comments on "American decay generally and slaveholding in particular".
In 1857, Nott and Gliddon again co-edited a book, Indigenous Races of the Earth. That book built upon the arguments in Types of Mankind that linked anthropology with "scientific" studies of race to establish a supposed natural hierarchy of the races. The book included chapters from Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury, J. Atkin Meigs, and Francis Polszky, letters from Louis Agassiz, Joseph Leidy, and A.W. Habersham.
Charles Darwin opposed Nott and Gliddon's polygenist and creationist arguments in his 1871 The Descent of Man, arguing for a monogenism of the human species. Darwin conceived the common origin of all humans (aka single-origin hypothesis) as essential for evolutionary theory. Darwin cited Nott and Gliddon's arguments as an example of those classing the races of man as separate species; Darwin disagreed and he concluded that humanity is one species.
Nott was a founder of the Medical College of Alabama, established in Mobile in 1858, and served as its professor of surgery. In 1860 he successfully appealed to the state legislature for a monetary appropriation and a state charter for the school. During the American Civil War, he served as a Confederate surgeon and staff officer. During the early years of the war, he served as director of the Confederate General Army Hospital in Mobile; later, he served in the field as medical director on the staffs of Brig. Gen. Daniel Ruggles and Gen. Braxton Bragg, and as hospital inspector. He lost both of his remaining sons to the war. Upon his own death in 1873, he was interred at Magnolia Cemetery in Mobile.
Honors
A building at the University of Alabama was named Nott Hall in honor of Nott for his work at the predecessor Medical College of Alabama. It attracted controversy in 2016, with several student groups petitioning the building to be renamed or an educational plaque to be added because of Nott's open racism even by the standards of his era. On August 5, 2020, his name was removed from the building, which was renamed Honors Hall.
Evolving views on race of the Egyptians
While originally believing that the Egyptians were purely Caucasian, the authors of Types of Mankind (1854) modified their views based on excavations from earlier dynasties. In their view, the earliest Egyptians were neither Caucasian or Negro but an intermediate Negroid type. However, they still believed that pure Negroes existed in Egypt only as slaves:
"But, while it must be conceded that Negroes, at no time within the reach even of monumental history, have inhabited any of Egypt, save as captives; it may, on the other hand, be equally true, that the ancient Egyptians did present a type intermediate between other African and Asiatic races; and, should such be proved to have been the case, the autocthones of Egypt must cease to be designated by the misnomer of "Caucasian."
In the 19th century the word "Negro" is reserved only for people who display the highest degree of stereotypical black African characteristics, with the suffix oid in "Negroid" making the word literally mean "Negro like". From the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica "It is most convenient, however, to refer to the dark-skinned inhabitants of this zone by the collective term of Negroids, and to reserve the word Negro for the tribes which are considered to exhibit in the highest degree the characteristics taken as typical of the variety."
Samuel Morton addressed several letters to George Gliddon and stated that he modified many of his old views on ancient Egypt believing them to be similar to Barabra but not Negro.
Works
Nott, Josiah Clark. Yellow Fever contrasted with Bilious Fever — Reasons for believing it is a disease sui generis — Its mode of Propagation — Remote Cause — Probable insect or animalcular origin, &c. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, volume 4 (1848), pp. 563–601.
Nott, Josiah Clark. Sketch of the Epidemic of Yellow Fever of 1847, in Mobile. The Charleston Medical Journal and Review, volume 1 (1848), pp. 1–21 Excerpt, PBS, The Great Fever.
Nott, Josiah Clark. Two Lectures on the Connection between the Biblical and Physical History of Man, Delivered by Invitation, from the Chair of Political Economy, Etc., of the Louisiana University, in December, 1848. (1848)
Nott, Josiah Clark. An Essay on the Natural History of Mankind, Viewed in Connection with Negro Slavery Delivered Before the Southern Rights Association, 14 December 1850. (1851)
Nott, Josiah Clark, George R. Gliddon, Samuel George Morton, Louis Agassiz, William Usher, and Henry S. Patterson. Types of Mankind: Or, Ethnological Researches : Based Upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and Upon Their Natural, Geographical, Philological and Biblical History, Illustrated by Selections from the Inedited Papers of Samuel George Morton and by Additional Contributions from L. Agassiz, W. Usher, and H.S. Patterson. (1854)
Nott, Josiah Clark, George Robins Gliddon, and Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury. Indigenous Races of the Earth; Or, New Chapters of Ethnological Inquiry; Including Monographs on Special Departments. (1857)
See also
Scientific racism
Craniometry
References
Notes
Further reading
Keel, Terence. (2018). Divine Variations: How Christian Thought Became Racial Science. Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press.
Peterson, Erik L. (2017). "Race and Evolution in Antebellum Alabama: The Polygenist Prehistory We'd Rather Ignore." In: C.D. Lynn et al. (eds)., Evolution Education in the American South, 33–59. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/978-1-349-95139-0_2.
External links
1804 births
1873 deaths
19th-century American physicians
American anthropologists
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Race and intelligence controversy
Proponents of scientific racism
University of Alabama faculty
American slave owners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah%20C.%20Nott |
AS9100 is a widely adopted and standardized quality management system for the aerospace industry.
It was released in October, 1999, by the Society of Automotive Engineers and the European Association of Aerospace Industries.
AS9100 replaces the earlier AS9000 and fully incorporates the entirety of the current version of ISO 9001, while adding requirements relating to quality and safety.
Major aerospace manufacturers and suppliers worldwide require compliance and/or registration to AS9100 as a condition of doing business with them.
History
Prior to development of AS9100 standards for Quality Management Systems, the U.S. military applied two specifications to supplier quality and inspection programs, respectively, MIL-Q-9858A Quality Program Requirements, and MIL-I-45208A Military Specification: Inspection System Requirements. For years these specifications had represented the basic tenets of the aerospace industry. However, when the U.S. government adopted ISO 9001, it withdrew those two quality standards. Large aerospace companies then began requiring their suppliers to develop quality programs based on ISO 9001.
AS9000 (1997) Aerospace Basic Quality System Standard
As aerospace suppliers soon found that ISO 9001 (1994) did not address the specific requirements of their customers, including the DoD, NASA, FAA, and commercial aerospace companies including Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, GE Aircraft Engines and Pratt & Whitney, they developed AS9000, based on ISO 9001, to provide a specific quality management standard for the aerospace industry.
Prior to the adoption of an aerospace specific quality standard, various corporations typically used ISO 9001 and their own complementary quality documentation/requirements, such as Boeing's D1-9000 or the automotive Q standard. This created a patchwork of competing requirements that were difficult to enforce and/or comply with. The major American aerospace manufacturers combined their efforts to create a single, unified quality standard, based on ISO 9001:1994, resulting in AS9000. Upon the release of AS9000, companies such as Boeing discontinued use of their previous quality supplements in preference to compliance with AS9000.
AS9100 (1999)
Although AS9000 satisfied immediate needs, it was recognized that OEMs operate globally—a trend that would only increase, so a global standard was needed. The new standardized document, called 9100, was still based on ISO 9001:1994(E), although it was published separately by each country's aerospace association or standards body (AS9100 in the U.S). AS9100 added 55 aerospace industry specific amplifications and requirements to ISO 9001:1994.
AS9100 Revision A (2001), Model for Quality Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installation and Servicing
During the rewrite of ISO 9001 for the year 2000 release, the AS group worked closely with the ISO organization. As the year 2000 revision of ISO 9001 incorporated major organizational and philosophical changes, AS9000 underwent a rewrite as well. It was released as AS9100 to the international aerospace industry at the same time as the new version of ISO 9001.
AS9100A was actually two standards referenced in one publication: Section 1 defines an updated QMS model aligned with the updated ISO 9001:2000 publication while Section 2 defines a legacy model aligned with ISO 9001:1994. Organizations that in the year 2001 were operating a QMS based on ISO 9001:1994 were permitted to conform to Section 2 with the expectation that they would then transition their QMS to Section 1.
AS9100 Revision B (2004), Quality Management Systems – Aerospace Requirements
As the period for transition from the 1994 to 2000 standards passed, AS9100B was released in 2004 as an administrative revision to delete Section 2 of the Revision A standard.
AS9100 Revision C (2009), Quality Management System – Requirements for Aviation, Space and Defense Organizations
The update of AS9100 from revision B to C is largely to address the following question: “Our supplier is repeatedly late on delivery and failing to meet our requirements, how is it possible that they still have their AS9100 certificate?” That is, the AS9100C changes are driven by repeated delivery of non-conforming product and repeated late delivery by organizations that held AS9100A/B certifications. Those organizations had documented controls that conformed to the standard, however, there were insufficient processes in place to assure effectiveness of those controls. The response in this AS9100 revision is to elevate the requirements for Risk Management and to make Risk Management an integrated theme throughout the standard.
A major challenge to AS9100B-compliant organizations was the new AS9100 auditing standards defined in AS9101 Revision D, which eliminates the clause-based compliance checklist and requires organizations to provide evidence of effectiveness of their systems and processes.
Summary of Changes between AS9100B and AS9100C:
Greater Emphasis on Risk Management
Introduces “Special Requirements”
Introduces “Critical Items”
Measure: Requirements conformance
Measure: Delivery performance
Adopt Proven Product Development Processes
Eliminate “recurring corrective actions”
AS9100 Revision C was released in January, 2009, with considerable delay in application of the new version in audits, largely due to the delay in the release of AS9101 Revision D and auditor training to the increased auditing rigor of that update.
AS9100 Revision D (2016), Quality Management System – Requirements for Aviation, Space and Defense Organizations
The update of AS9100 from revision C to D includes the full text of ISO 9001:2015. In addition to aligning the structure of the aviation, space and defense requirements to the new structure of ISO 9001:2015, the following key changes were implemented:
Product Safety was added in a new clause and in other areas
Counterfeit Parts Prevention was added in a new clause and in other areas (this was already in place in the AS9110 and AS9120 standards)
Risk clause was merged with the new ISO 9001 risk requirements along with an increased emphasis on risks in operational processes
Awareness clause was added with reinforced requirements for awareness of individual contribution to product and service quality and safety along with ethical behavior
Human Factors are included as a consideration in nonconformity management and corrective action
Configuration Management was clarified and improved to address stakeholder needs
AS9100 Revision D was released in September 20, 2016 with a certificate transition period aligned with the ISO 9001:2015 transition.
See also
AS9000
AS9110
ISO 9001
IAQG
JIS Q 9100(Japan)
External links
IAQG Published Standards
Quality Digest Article on AS9100
NIST Overview
References
Aviation standards
Quality control
1999 introductions
Quality management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS9100 |
Briony Behets (born 1952) is an English-born Australian former actress who found fame acting in Australian television soap operas of the 1970s and 1980s.
Early life
Behets' was born in London, United Kingdom, her father worked as a civil engineer, which took him around the world and as a result much of Behets' childhood was spent abroad in Germany, Africa and Sierra Leone before returning to England. At age 17 she was accepted into the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, studying there for two years. After completing the course she travelled to the United States as part of a student exchange project, working there as a nightclub dancer.
Career
Behets travelled to Australia, aged 19, to take a regular role in comedy series Birds in the Bush (1972), and decided to stay in the country when production ceased on the series after 13 episodes.
Behets subsequently enjoyed several high-profile television roles in Australia. She was an original cast member of soap opera Number 96 playing Helen Eastwood in 1972 but her character was written out of the serial after only a few months. She was subsequently a member of the original cast of another adult soap The Box starting in 1974 and her role in that series lasted 14 months. After leaving The Box she appeared for a short stint in Bellbird before taking an ongoing role in the school-based teen soap Class of '75.
Behets was also a longtime weather presenter on ATV-10 Melbourne's news bulletins during the mid-1970s. She also acted in television guest starring roles in Australian drama series, including Homicide, Matlock Police, Bluey, Cop Shop, The Young Doctors and Chopper Squad, also in the 1970s. In 1979 in the women's prison soap opera Prisoner she portrayed Susan Rice, the unbalanced wife of a popular celebrity.
Film roles included the joint lead with Judy Morris in The Trespassers (1976) for which she was nominated for a Best Actress Award, Raw Deal (1977), Inside Looking Out (1977), Long Weekend (1978).
Later TV guest roles included A Country Practice and The Flying Doctors in the 1980s. Later soap roles included appearances in Possession as the mother of a spoiled child actor; Neighbours as Amanda Harris the mother of regular character Jane Harris; and in E Street as Margaret Bennett, popular character Lisa Bennett's mother, for 6 months, in 1989. She acted in the feature film Cassandra in 1986.
Starting in 1990, she was a regular lead in the Granada Television soap Families. Into the 2000s, she continued acting in Australian television series and miniseries.
In 1996, Behets guest starred on the American television series Murder, She Wrote, Season 12, Episode 20, titled "Southern Double-Cross".
In the 2000s she also guest starred in some US drama series such as JAG. She returned to Neighbours in July 2008, in another role as Kate Newton a romantic interest for Harold Bishop (Ian Smith). She had also starred alongside Ian Smith in Neighbours 21 years earlier in 1987 when she played a different character. Her latest role saw her as a regular on The Saddle Club series three as the second actor to portray Mrs. Reg.
Selected filmography
Film
Television
Stage/theatre
Don's Party (1975)
Private Lives (1976)
It's Ralph (1992)
References
External links
1952 births
Actresses from London
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
English film actresses
English soap opera actresses
English television actresses
Living people
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
English emigrants to Australia
20th-century Australian actresses
20th-century English actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
21st-century English actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briony%20Behets |
The Eye Creatures (a.k.a. Attack of the Eye Creatures [mistakenly written in the credits as Attack of Eye Creatures]) is a 1967 American made-for-television comedy horror science fiction film about an invasion by a flying saucer and its silent, shambling alien occupants.
The Eye Creatures, an Azalea Pictures film, was directed by B-movie director/producer/auteur Larry Buchanan and starred John Ashley. The screenplay was developed by uncredited writers Robert J. Gurney Jr. and Al Martin from the short story "The Cosmic Frame" by Paul W. Fairman (also uncredited). The film was a color remake of the 1957 black and white American International Pictures film Invasion of the Saucer Men, intended to fill out a package of AIP films released to television.
Plot
A military briefing film shows a hovering flying saucer resembling a domed yo-yo as the narrator describes how the military's "Project Visitor" has been tracking it and anticipates it will land in the central United States. After the briefing, Lt. Robertson reports to the base near the expected target where he berates his subordinates for their habit of using the monitoring equipment to spy on teenagers making out in the woods. One of the teens sees an object land nearby and tells his friends at a local bar, including Stan Kenyon. Stan and his girlfriend Susan Rogers later accidentally hit one of the multi-eyed, lumpy greyish-white aliens from the ship with his car, so they drive off to call the police. Out in the woods, they are forced to use the phone of a grumpy local codger who resents the "smoochers" who use his property as a lovers' lane, frequently threatening them with a shotgun.
Meanwhile, one of two drunken drifters new in town comes across the dead creature and decides to put it on exhibition as part of his latest get-rich-quick scheme. When he returns to the site after excitedly rushing home to tell his buddy Mike, other aliens arrive, scaring him and causing a deadly heart attack. When the police finally investigate, they assume that Stan has run over the drifter and arrest the young man, refusing to believe his crazy story.
Having overheard the bar conversation about the UFO, Lt. Robertson reports to his commander, who reluctantly authorizes a cordon around the saucer. They eventually accidentally blow up the spaceship and congratulate themselves for their effective defense, not realizing that the creatures were not in their craft and are still roaming the woods.
Easily escaping from the police, Stan and Susan meet up with the dead drifter's friend Mike and the three of them attempt to prove the alien danger to the community. Mike is cornered and attacked by the angry creatures, but Stan and Susan manage to flee and accidentally discover the monsters explode when exposed to bright light. Unfortunately, after the autopsy shows that the victim earlier died from an alcohol-induced heart attack and that Stan had not killed him, the police want nothing more to do with him and refuse to help. The teenagers then gather their friends together and drive out to the clearing where they left Mike. Surrounding the aliens with their cars, the teens use their headlights to evaporate the remaining creatures. Mike survives his attack, and Stan and Susan resume their interrupted plans to elope.
Cast
John Ashley as Stan Kenyon
Cynthia Hull as Susan Rogers
Warren Hammack as Lt. Robertson
Chet Davis as Mike Lawrence
Bill Peck as Carl Fenton
Ethan Allen as Old Man Bailey
Charles McLine as Detective
Nathan Wyle as Colonel Harrison
Tony Huston as Sergeant
Jonathan Ledford as Cpl. Culver
Production
Buchanan had made Free, White and 21 (1963), which was distributed by AIP. They hired the director to make a series of low-budget color remakes of 1950s AIP films, of which this was the first. Buchanan later called them "my wretched remakes".
The movie was shot in 16 mm over several weeks in Dallas, Texas on a budget of $40,000 (some sources say less than $25,000). John Ashley was imported from Hollywood, but the rest of the cast were locals. Ashley has stated that his salary took up more than half the budget.
Most of the film was shot just outside Dallas at Cielo, a ranch owned by wealthy businessman Gordon McLendon. Ashley was the only professional actor, with the rest of the cast coming from local Dallas theaters. Ashley claimed that the film ranks "with some of the worst all-time horror films ever made... the monster looked like something out of the Michelin tire ad", but said it was a professional operation and that Buchanan treated him very well.
Larry Buchanan later recalled:
We got John Ashley on the weekend that his wife Deborah Walley said goodbye to him. And here I am with him on the set the next morning; he was in bad shape. Deborah had gone over to Arkansas on an AIP publicity junket for one of those "Beach Party" things, and John asked me if he could fly up and see her. I said, "John, we just started!" I sat down with him and worked it out, I shot around him for two days while he tried to reconcile with her. It didn't work. But it did work for me in that when he came back, he worked his tail off. I told him he had to make a break— he had a little money— and go as far away from Deborah as he could get. And we talked long into the night, about shooting, casting and making movies. I don't think we ever stopped on that picture. We would work all day and talk all night. And then he
went off to Manila and began making those Bamboo-girl pictures and made a fortune.
Filming took two weeks. "Buchanan was a nice guy and it was a real 'at ease' pace," said Ashley. "We just kind of worked until we felt like, 'Okay, that's enough.' It was a very small crew and quite well organized - Buchanan had it together."
The film's title screen contained a notable error. In keeping with a frequent practice of B-movie re-release retitling, the phrase "Attack of the" was superimposed on top of the original title, which already included "The", producing the redundant title Attack of Eye Creatures. AIP didn't even bother to fix it.
Reception
Diabolique magazine said Ashley does "solid leading man work, grounding an outlandish premise, though by now he was far too old to play a teenager." Film historian and critic Stuart Galbraith IV wrote that the film's production "fails on every level," that the performances are "mostly terrible," and that director "Buchanan's sledgehammer approach to comedy is painful." Critic Dave Sindelar wrote that the film was "flabbily directed" and was "a hopeless muddle of scenes that show either gross incompetence or gross carelessness".
Mystery Science Theater 3000
Film-mocking television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 featured the oddly-titled print of the film, Attack of Eye Creatures, in a 1992 season 4 episode. In the MST3K version Joel riffs Rick Astley's song "Never Gonna Give You Up". Years later, the snippet surfaced on YouTube as "The first Rickroll". In the Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode featuring this film, Joel Robinson sarcastically suggested that "some eye creatures […] are born with tight acrylic wool-blend turtleneck sweaters from Chess King". Crow T. Robot also mocked, "If you're ever in a fight with an eye creature, keep in mind that his head is simply draped casually over his shoulders and should be no trouble to knock off". [...] "Get ready to give chase to an injured eye creature; as you can see, he's wearing his Jack Purcell athletic shoes"! Crow even pointed out a shot featuring a common monster-film goof: "The eye creatures […] were also unfortunate enough to have evolved with heavy-duty zippers running up their backs". Their riffing produced the fan-favorite phrase "They just didn't care", which was later applied to other features viewed on the show.
See also
List of American films of 1967
References
Zontar the Thing from Venus/The Eye Creatures DVD, 2005, UPC 014381233025
Mystery Science Theater 3000, episode #418 (Attack of the Eye Creatures)
External links
1967 films
1967 horror films
1967 television films
Remakes of American films
1960s English-language films
1960s science fiction films
American International Pictures films
1960s science fiction horror films
1960s monster movies
American horror television films
Horror film remakes
American science fiction television films
American science fiction horror films
Films directed by Larry Buchanan
1960s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Eye%20Creatures |
Tangri may refer to:
Tangri (god) or Tengri a Turkic pagan celestial chief divinity who personifies Heaven
Tengrism, the religion centred on the deity
Tangri river, a seasonal river in Haryana, India
Jyotica Tangri, Indian singer
Nina Tangri, Indian-Canadian politician
Roger Tangri (born 1941), British professor of political science
Sandra Schwartz Tangri (1936–2003), American feminist psychologist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangri |
Al-Askari Shrine, the Askariyya Shrine (, , meaning "Resting Place of the Two Imams Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari") or the Al-Askari Mosque is a Shia Muslim mosque and mausoleum in the Iraqi city of Samarra from Baghdad. It is one of the most important Shia shrines in the world. It was built in 944. The dome was destroyed in a bombing by Sunni extremists in February 2006 and its two remaining minarets were destroyed in another bombing in June 2007, causing widespread anger among Shias and instigation of the Iraqi Civil War between the country's Shia and Sunni factions. The remaining clock tower was also destroyed in July 2007. The dome and minarets were repaired and the mosque reopened in April 2009.
The 10th and 11th Shī'īte Imams, 'Alī al-Hādī ("an-Naqī") and his son Ḥasan al-'Askarī, known as al-'Askariyyayn ("the two Askarīs"), are buried in the shrine. Housed in the mosque are also the tombs of Ḥakīma Khātūn, sister of 'Alī al-Hādī; and Narjis Khātūn, the mother of Muḥammad al-Mahdī. Adjacent to the mosque is another domed commemorative building, the Serdab ("cistern"), built over the cistern where the Twelfth Imam, Muḥammad al-Mahdī, first entered the Minor Occultation or "hidden from the view"—whence the other title of the Mahdi, the Hidden Imam.
History
The Imams 'Alī al-Hādī ("an-Naqī") and Haṣan al-'Askarī lived under house arrest in the part of Samarra that had been Caliph al-Mu'tasim's military camp (Askar al-Mu‘tasim, hence an inmate of the camp was called an Askarī). As a result, they are known as the Askariyyayn. They died and were buried in their house on Abī Ahmad Street near the mosque built by Mu'tasim. A later tradition attributes their deaths to poison.
Nasir ad-Din Shah Qajar undertook the latest remodelling of the shrine in 1868, with the golden dome added in 1905. Covered in 72,000 gold pieces and surrounded by walls of light blue tiles, the dome was a dominant feature of the Samarra skyline. It was approximately in diameter by high.
Bombings
2006 attack
On 22 February 2006, at 6:55 am local time (03:55 UTC) explosions occurred at the shrine, effectively destroying its golden dome and severely damaging the shrine. Several men belonging to Iraqi insurgent groups affiliated with Al-Qaida, one wearing a military uniform, had earlier entered the mosque, tied up the guards there and set explosives, resulting in the blast. Two bombs were set off by five to seven men dressed as personnel of the Iraqi Special Forces who entered the shrine during the morning.
Time magazine reported at the time of the 2006 bombing that:
2007 attack
At around 8 am on 13 June 2007, operatives belonging to al-Qaeda in Iraq destroyed the two remaining golden minarets flanking the dome's ruins. No fatalities were reported. Iraqi police reported hearing "two nearly simultaneous explosions coming from inside the mosque compound at around 8 am". A report from state-run Iraqiya Television stated that "local officials said that two mortar rounds were fired at the two minarets".
Reopening
In late 2007, the Iraqi government conducted a contract with a Turkish company to rebuild the shrine. The Iraqi government later cancelled the contract due to delays by the Turkish company. As of April 2009, the golden dome and the minarets have been restored and the shrine reopened to visitors.
Notable burials
Ali al-Hadi – 10th Imam
Hasan al-Askari – 11th Imam
Hakima Khatun – Daughter of the 9th Imam
Narjis – Wife of the 11th Imam
Gallery
See also
Bab al-Saghir
Damage to Baghdad during the Iraq War
Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia
Holiest sites in Shia Islam
Jannat al-Mu'alla
Jannatul Baqi'
References
Further reading
Abstract (characteristic of Smithsonian feature articles): "In 2006, sectarian violence engulfed Iraq after terrorists destroyed the Mosque of the Golden Dome, built on a site sacred to Shiites for 1,100 years. Today, Sunnis and Shiites are working together to restore the shrine and the war-torn city."
ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2006/2007: Iraq, Askariya Shrine
External links
Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Records of Samarra Expeditions, Shiite Shrine Complex Collections Search Center, S.I.R.I.S., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Series 7: Records of Samarra Expeditions, 1906–1945 Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Images of the destruction: before and after
BBC picture gallery
BBC video
NYT picture gallery
Alaskariyain holy shrine official page
Disappointment in Samarra
Shia mosques in Iraq
Mosques in Iraq
Shrines in Iraq
Mausoleums in Iraq
Tourist attractions in Iraq
Buildings and structures in Samarra
Religious buildings and structures completed in 944
Safavid architecture
10th-century mosques
Shia shrines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Askari%20Shrine |
Lot One Shoppers' Mall is a shopping mall serving Choa Chu Kang New Town, Singapore. It was built in 1996 and is managed by CapitaMall Trust. It is located next to Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT and the Choa Chu Kang Bus Interchange.
History
Developed by City Developments Limited, Lot One was completed in August 1996 as the first major shopping mall in Choa Chu Kang. Like a typical suburban mall that time, it featured a Shaw Theatres cinema, an NTUC FairPrice supermarket, a Seiyu (now BHG) department store, the Choa Chu Kang Public Library, a Cathay bowling alley, a video games arcade, a Food Junction food court and slightly over 100 specialty shops.
In 2005, the mall was sold to CapitaLand Ltd.
In July 2007, the mall underwent its first renovation works, such as adding a four-storey retail extension and reconfiguring the shops in the mall. During this period, the food court was relocated from Basement 1 to Level 4, and the public library relocated from Level 3 to Level 4, taking over the former bowling alley. The arcade was re-allocated to a smaller space at Level 5 from Level 4. A roof garden, incorporating a wet and dry playground, was added during the final phase of the renovation. Renovation works were completed in November 2008.
In 2019, the cinema and library were closed for extensive renovation works, in which the cinema had its number of screens doubled to meet the needs of moviegoers in the area, while the library had its space expanded to include more content. Both of them reopened in September and October 2021 respectively. In 2023, BHG closed its store in Lot One.
References
External links
CapitaLand
Shopping malls in Singapore
Choa Chu Kang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%20One |
The PSA Prepayment Model is a prepayment scale developed by the Public Securities Association in 1985 for analyzing American mortgage-backed securities. The PSA model assumes increasing prepayment rates for the first 30 months after mortgage origination and a constant prepayment rate thereafter. This approximates real-world experience that during the first few years, mortgage borrowers:
Are less likely to relocate to a different home,
Are less likely to refinance into a new mortgage, and
Are less likely to make extra payments of principal.
The standard model (also called "100% PSA") works as follows: Starting with an annualized prepayment rate of 0.2% in month 1, the rate increases by 0.2% each month, until it reaches 6% in month 30. From the 30th month onward, the model assumes an annualized prepayment rate of 6% of the remaining balance. Each monthly prepayment is assumed to represent full payoff of individual loans, rather than a partial prepayment that leaves a loan with a reduced principal balance.
Variations of the model are expressed in percent, e.g., "150% PSA" means a monthly increase of 0.3% in the annualized prepayment rate, until the peak of 9% is reached after 30 months. The months thereafter have a constant annualized prepayment rate of 9%.
1667% PSA is roughly equivalent to 100% prepayment rate in month 30 or later.
References
Mortgage-backed security
Fixed income analysis
Financial models | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA%20prepayment%20model |
Thuckalay or Thakkalai is a town in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. Thuckalay comes under the Padmanabhapuram Municipality, and is the administrative headquarters of Kalkulam Taluk. The Revenue Divisional Office is located in Mettukadai.
The nearest railway station is located in Eraniel, which is approximately 5 km from Thuckalay. The nearest Airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport (TRV), which is (51 km) from Thuckalay.
Thuckalay is one of the major towns, among Kuzhithurai, Marthandam, and Nagercoil which are on the national highway that connects Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala and Kanyakumari.
Thuckalay is (17 km) from Nagercoil. Nagercoil is the headquarters for Kanyakumari District. And (34 km) from Kanyakumari also known as Cape Comorin.
Thuckalay bus stand is the commercial centre of Thuckalay where restaurants, bakeries, and retail stores are located. Mettukadai, Manali, Old Bus Stand, Kumaracoil,
Thuckalay bus terminal has government-run buses, and private mini buses connecting to all the places in Kanyakumari District. It also has buses connecting Thiruvananthapuram, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Ooty, Trichy, and Chennai.
The Private Omnibuses stop either at the Sub Collectorate office near Mettukadai or opposite to Police station in front of L.V. Press. There are daily private omnibuses to Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, and Hyderabad.
Thuckalay is famous for Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, which is situated in Villavor panchayat, Padmanabhapuram Palace, Vattakottai, APMA and makkaipalayam jumma Masjid, Murugan temple of Kumarakoil, and Saint Eliyasiar holy church.
Thuckalay is a hub for travellers around the region as it is on the National Highway and connects all over the district, Tamil Nadu state, Kerala state, and other southern states.
History
Thuckalay is a part of Padmanabhapuram, which was once the capital of the historic Indian state of Travancore.
Education
The Thuckalay Government Higher Secondary School is the largest Government Educational institution in the region. There are also institutions such as the Amala Convent, which is run by a local church and an international school.
The Salvation Army Nursery and primary school and Tucker Girls Hostel, which is run by an International Christian Charity Organisation "The Salvation Army".
Religious
Churches:
CSI Church, The Salvation Army Church, St. Eliyas Church, Horeb Panavilai CSI Church and Full Gospel Pentecostal Church.
Temples:
Sivan Temple, Nagaraja Temple, Perumal Temple, Mutharamman temple Devi Temple and other community temples
Mosques:
Masjid Makkai Palayam,APMA Jumma Masjid.
Health services
Kanyakumari district's headquarters hospital is located near Mettukada. There are also privately run hospitals and clinics.
Tourism
The Padmanabhapuram Palace is located 1 km from Thuckalay. The palace is built in the Travancore architectural style, containing 17th and 18th-century murals and underground passages.
The Dutch commander Eustachius De Lannoy was buried in the nearby Udayagiri Fort, situated near the Padmanabhapuram palace. It is built of massive granite blocks around an isolated hillock, high enclosing an area of almost . The original fort was said to have been destroyed by Raja Raja Chola. The fort was rebuilt in 1741-1744 during the reign of Marthanda Varma, under the supervision of De Lannoy, a Belgian General who served as the chief of the Travancore Army for 37 years. He died on 1 June 1777 at the age of 62 and was buried within the fort. His tomb is marked out by a stone cross with inscriptions in both Latin and Tamil.
Peerappa Dargha
There is a shrine "Peer Mohamed Oliyullah Dargha" at Thuckalay named in honour of the philosopher and Tamil poet Peer Mohamed Appa, born in Tenkasi in the Tirunelveli District. After spending some time in spiritual pursuits in Peermedu of Kerala State, he came to live at Thuckalay. He was an intimate of the Kings of the Chera dynasty, and it is said that he laid the foundation stone for the Padmanabhapuram Granite Fort.
His birthday is celebrated every year on a grand scale on the full moon day in the Arabic month of Rajab. Both the people of Kerala and Tamil Nadu attend the celebrations on large numbers irrespective of their caste, creed and religion. The Tamil Nadu government declared a one-day local holiday for the function.
Kumara Kovil
Located 3 km away from Thuckalay, Kumarakovil is the site of the Murugan temple dedicated to the Hindu god Murugan where daily rituals and regular festivals take place.
References
Notes
Source
History of temple 'Velimalai Kumarakoil Thala Varalaru' written by Shri Annalar Adigal.
Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district
Kanyakumari | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuckalay |
Camden Lock is a small part of Camden Town, London Borough of Camden, England, which was formerly a wharf with stables on the Regent's Canal. It is immediately to the north of Hampstead Road Locks, a twin manually operated lock. The twin locks together are "Hampstead Road Lock 1"; each bears a sign so marked. Hawley Lock and Kentish Town Lock are a short distance away to the east; to the west is a long level pound (also known as tract or reach) — it is to the next lock.
History
Regent's Canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament obtained on 13 July 1812, for a canal from Paddington to Limehouse. When the directors first met, they had decided that all locks would be paired, so that some of the water from a lock emptying could be used to fill the adjacent chamber. Water saving was an important factor, as they knew that water supply would be problematic. Colonel William Congreve, a military engineer who was later knighted, proposed the use of hydropneumatic boat lifts instead of locks. Various designs of a similar nature had been tried in the early 19th century, notably at Mells on the Dorset and Somerset Canal and at Tardebigge on the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, but none had proved successful. Congreve's design used two water-filled caissons, which were moved up and down by hand, assisted by compressed air trapped beneath the tanks. With no working examples of such lifts, the directors were understandably cautious, but following an engineer's report, decided that Maudslay & Co should build a prototype at Camden Town. There were a number of technical problems, with the canal company blaming Maudslays for poor design, and Maudslays blaming the canal company for changing the original design and failing to maintain the structure. Congreve's claim that it could be operated in just three minutes was never proved, and in 1818, the directors decided to cut their losses, and reverted to using paired locks. The lift was sold at auction in November 1819, and the 13 lots raised just £404.
Construction of the canal was overseen by architect John Nash, with James Morgan acting as supervising engineer. Hampstead Road Locks were built between 1818 and 1820, with the chambers made of brick and stone coping along the top. The two locks are arranged side by side, with an island platform between them. Each chamber has two gates at both ends, and they have been Grade II listed since 1992 (this is the initial, most common category of listing). They were the first of 12 pairs of similar locks which dropped the level of the canal by to reach Limehouse Basin. The transfer of water between the chambers made operation of the locks more complex, and so they were permanently manned during the heyday of the canal, with lock-keepers working a shift system to provide 24-hour cover. As the use of the canal declined, in part due to railway competition, manning levels were reduced, and padlocks were used to prevent operation of the locks at the weekends. Following the end of commercial traffic and the growth of leisure boating, the locks reverted to operation by boat crews, and in order to prevent flooding caused by incorrect operation of the paddles, in the 1980s most of the pairs were converted to single locks, by replacing the lower gates of one chamber with a fixed weir. Hampstead Road Lock is the only one where both chambers have been retained, although they are now emptied conventionally. In November 2013, the locks were fully drained for maintenance; the public were invited for the weekend of the 16th and 17th of that month to see the infrastructure for themselves.
The lock is to the west of the Camden High Street road bridge. When the canal was built, the road was carried over it by a brick bridge, but this was found to be inadequate, and was replaced by a cast iron girder bridge in 1878. The cost was met by the St Pancras Vestry and the Metropolitan Board of Works, and the bridge, which has brick abutments with stone coping, carries a plaque recording this fact. Like the lock, it is Grade II listed. At the south-east corner of the lock is a building dating from 1815, which was originally constructed to house air compressors for Congreve's boat lift. It was subsequently used as the lock keeper's cottage, and by 2010 had become a Starbucks coffee shop. The building was extended in 1975, when it was also stuccoed, and a crenellated parapet was added. To the west of the lock is a cast iron roving bridge, dating from the early or mid-19th century. It had wrought iron tension stays when built, but these were replaced by steel cables in the late 20th century, when the deck was also replaced. The towpath is on the northern bank of the canal at this point, and is carried over the entrance to a dock which formed part of Camden Goods Depot by a cast iron single span bridge with stone capped abutments. It was constructed by J Deeley and Co, of Newport in Monmouthshire between 1848 and 1856. The granite setts which form the approach ramps were taken up and relaid in 1978.
Camden Goods Depot
Camden Goods Depot was the London freight terminus of the London and Birmingham Railway, the first inter-city railway to reach London. Robert Stephenson was the engineer in charge of the project, and he picked the site for the goods depot so that direct interchange with the Regent's Canal was available, from where freight could reach the London docks. A site on the north bank of the canal was obtained from Lord Southampton in January 1837, and the goods depot was completed in 1839. Major features were a stationary winding engine house, which was used to pull trains up the incline from to Camden, a shed for stabling of locomotives, 18 coke ovens which were used to make smokeless fuel, two goods sheds, stables for 50 horses, a wagon repair shop, and various ancillary buildings. Much of the site was supported on brick vaults. Pickfords, the public carrier, built a warehouse on the south bank of the canal in 1841. It was designed by William Cubitt, was extended in 1846, and was the first rail, road and canal interchange building in Britain, being linked to the goods depot by a wooden railway bridge over the canal.
In 1846, the London and Birmingham Railway merged with several other railway companies to become the London and North Western Railway (LNWR). Just prior to the merger, they decided to build their own interchange facilities, rather than using Pickfords, and this was carried out by the LNWR. Semple's Wharf, on the north bank of the canal, was purchased, and the towpath bridge was built by 1846. A basin and dock were built once the sale of the wharf was completed in 1847, and a new rail link to the goods depot was added. As part of this expansion, two new engine sheds were built, one to the north of the tracks for goods locomotives, and one to the south for passenger locomotives. The southern shed was demolished in 1966, but the northern one, known as the Roundhouse, is Grade II* listed. A second wooden railway bridge crossed the canal to the former Pickfords warehouse.
Following the construction on lines to link to the East India and West India Docks in 1851, which became the North London Railway in 1853, further upgrading of the goods depot was necessary to cope with the volumes of traffic. This took place between 1854 and 1856, and included the enlargement and realignment of the canal basin. When completed, it was with railway tracks on both sides running to the edge of the canal. Four new stable blocks were built next to the Hampstead Road, and the complex was linked to the marshalling yards by the Eastern Horse Tunnel. A Western Horse Tunnel was also built to link the goods depot to new stables near the present Gloucester Avenue, to the west of the mainline tracks. In 1864, the LNWR built a new goods shed, at the time the largest in the country, and in 1876, additional stables were built to the north of Gloucester Avenue. Access to the Western Horse Tunnel was by a set of horse stairs, which have survived. The LNWR good shed was enlarged in 1931, but subsequently demolished. The goods depot closed around 1980, and many of the stables were demolished in 2000. The Interchange Warehouse was remodelled in 1989, to become offices, and further restoration work occurred in 2007, when some of the later additions were removed. It is now known as The Interchange.
Despite some demolition, the complex of buildings, which includes parts of the goods depot, the winding engine house, the Roundhouse, the eastern portal of Primrose Hill railway tunnel, and the canal, represent one of the most important groupings of 19th-century transport infrastructure to have survived in Britain. The survival of the horse tunnel and stairs shows the importance of horse-drawn transport in the developing railway system.
Camden Lock
Commercial traffic on the Regent's Canal had almost ceased by the late 1960s, and the area had become run down. Much of the industry had moved away, partly as a result of the passing of the Clean Air Act 1956, but also helped by government grants to encourage companies to move away from the city. The area around Hampstead Road Locks was populated by disused warehouses, derelict land and a towpath which desperately needed some repairs to be made. In addition, the area was blighted by the proposed London Motorway Box, which would have seen much of the canal culverted, and a sliproad built over the site of the locks. To the north of the lock was a wharf, owned by British Waterways, but rented out to Dingwall's since 1946. The company made packing cases, but their business had been hit by the change to containers, and in 1971 they decided to sell up. They had about ten years left on a 25-year lease.
The lease was bought by Northside Developments, a limited company which had been formed by Bill Fulford and Peter Wheeler, and had previously been involved in turning large houses into flats in south London. Their proposal for the yard was to create workshops, where people worked and sold their produce. They also hoped the development would include a restaurant and cinema. They approached Camden Council, who had wanted to bulldoze the whole area, and persuaded them that some of the heritage assets were worth saving. Northside were advised against including a market in their planning application by the council, and in April 1972 received planning permission for a temporary development, lasting three years, by which time the outcome of the motorway scheme would be known. With such a short lease, funding the scheme had its problems, and several joint companies were created to divide the investment into smaller packets. The plans included workshops, restaurants, sculpture studios, a snack bar, a mooring area for canal boats, and an office. The lease was soon extended to run until 1980, but Northside were refused permission to run a market on Saturdays in the yard and on Commercial Place, the road from which access to the site was gained.
On a very limited budget of £5,000, Northside set about converting the existing buildings into craft workshops. No new buildings were erected, as the whole area was still scheduled for demolition. By mid-1972, parts of the West Yard were ready to be used as workshops, and businesses began to occupy them. An official opening was held on 4 April 1973, with the Mayor of Camden presiding, and this was followed by a three-day display of work by the fifty people who were by then occupying the workshops. Plans for the motorway were dropped soon afterwards. Northside then obtained a development lease, but applications to demolish and replace many of the buildings were successfully resisted by a tenants' association, formed by the craft workers. Newspapers reported the conflicts, and the publicity drew in visitors from a much wider area.
The towpath through the area of Hampstead Road Locks was upgraded and a formal opening was held on 20 May 1972. The next major development was Dingwall's Dance Hall, which occupied the former warehouse used by the packing case company and opened in June 1973. It featured live music, and in order to stay open until 2am, the terms of the licence required an entrance fee to be charged, which was set at 50 pence by the licensing authority. Regular customers included David Hockney, Lucian Freud and George Melly, and it soon became well known as a venue for punk rock bands. Northside next obtained permission to run a Saturday antiques market in January 1974. It would run through the summer months of that year only, with a maximum of 60 stalls, set out in the yard and in a corrugated iron shed. When it opened, there were 12 stallholders, but this soon increased to 30. Better access to the canal towpath was created by knocking a hole in the wall that separated it from the East Yard. The towpath from London Zoo to Camden High Street was then opened for public access, following a campaign by the Regent's Canal Group.
The market was a success, and within a year Northside had obtained permission to extend it to Sundays and Bank Holidays. Soon there were two restaurants on the site, and the range of goods for sale on the stalls became much wider. In the 1976 Conservation Awards run by The Times newspaper and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, the market came joint third. By the early 1980, the market consisted of nearly 200 stalls, which were occupied by around 100 regular stallholders and many temporary ones. It attracted around 11,000 visitors each weekend. In addition, there were 39 businesses based in the craft workshops. Northside now decided that it was time to change the name of the access road from Commercial Place. The area had been known informally as Camden Lock for some time, and so they campaigned for it to become Camden Lock Place. Despite objections from the fire brigade, the Greater London Council eventually sanctioned the name change, and from then on, the site was marketed as Camden Lock. It became a venue for events, including a five-week Festival of Entertainment, a Clock Festival, and Gerry Cottle's Circus was also booked. British Rail carried out repairs to the railway bridge over Chalk Farm Road in the mid-1980s, and when the work was completed, the hoardings were not replaced. After long negotiations, Northside were granted permission to paint the bridge in 1989, and employed mural artist John Bulley to paint the words Camden Lock in giant letters on the superstructure, together with representations of two painters, painting the letters.
Development
By the late 1980s, Camden Lock was attracting increasing numbers of foreign tourists to the market. In the early days, the emphasis had been on hand-crafted goods, but there was a steady increase in mass-produced goods on sale, and some concern locally that Camden Town would be taken over by tourists, and lose its local amenities. Some of the craft units had become retail shops, and there was a problem with the large amount of litter that the market produced. Northside's lease only ran to the end of the 1980s, and so they proposed a £10 million redevelopment, jointly managed by UK Land Limited. They promised new shops, a new pub, and a new market yard, which would be open throughout the week, rather than just at weekends. The plans included a Victorian style retail hall, which would provide indoor accommodation for some of the market. A four-storey building was erected, fronting Chalk Farm Road, and the space between it and Dingwalls, which had been the site of the original market in the 1970s, was covered by a glazed cast iron and brick structure the designs for which were based on a Victorian gas showroom. Dingwalls Dance Hall was refurbished, and a comedy club was built in the East Yard.
The second phase of redevelopment began after the bridge sign had been painted. In January 1990 the mural was awarded an environment award by the Evening Standard, which declared it to be "a credit to London". Despite the increased timescales and costs of doing so, Northside attempted to redevelop the East Yard without closing the market, in order to retain its vibrancy. The work was completed by the summer of 1991, and although there were detractors and accusations of commercialism, it proved to be a success. Some 10 million people were visiting the various Camden markets each year, generating a turnover of an estimated £50 million. During the week, trade in the market hall was slow, as few market traders wanted to be there all week, but Northside suggested that the traders form small co-operatives, and offered discounts for those that did so. This resulted in all of the traders being there at the weekends, but them taking it in turns to look after groups of stalls during the week.
The former Dingwalls yard is now known as Camden Lock Market, and is one of a group of five markets in the vicinity which are collectively called Camden Market. It is a busy market which attracts many visitors, and with music venues, cafes and canal towpath walks, it has become one of London's most popular tourist destinations. There are a number of art installations in the area, including a large cut-steel sculpture by English artist Edward Dutkiewicz in the square beside the lock.
Culture
Mentions
Camden Lock was well known in the UK as the address of TV-am's Breakfast Television Centre, the former ITV Breakfast Television franchisee in the 1980s and early 1990s. The address was often displayed on screen for the purpose of correspondence.
The main spaceship in the British television science fiction sitcom Hyperdrive, which was screened in 2006 and 2007, is called HMS Camden Lock.
The Italian band Modena City Ramblers wrote a song "Notturno, Camden Lock", with a lyric relating to Camden town where one of the band members lived, on their 1998 album "Raccolti".
In 2005, Kate Winslet appeared in a television commercial for American Express, strolling around Camden Lock. It was part of a campaign called "My Life, My Card", and in the commercial, Winslet referred to many of the events that have occurred to the characters she has played in films.
The American band Small Town No Airport, who were based in Massachusetts, recorded a song titled "Camden Locke" on their self-titled 1992 release. The song's lyrics included the line "I met a girl down at Camden Locks she was selling pictures that she drew with chalks...".
Camden Lock is one of many landmarks in this area of London to have a corresponding structure underground in Lawrence Leonard's fantasy novel for children, The Horn of Mortal Danger (1980).
The Russian band Aquarium mentions Camden Lock in its song "Garçon Number Two".
In series 3 of British television comedy The League of Gentlemen, Legz Akimbo Theatre Company member Phil and his friend Tish stroll around Camden Lock. Tish comments "Camden's such a rip off, I love it".
The Japanese rock duo B'z re-recorded the song "Guitar Kids Rhapsody" from their second album Off the Lock. The song is referred to as "Camden Lock Style" because the music video for the re-recorded version was shot in and around Camden Lock.
Artwork
Camden and the Lock have become known for artwork in recent years. Banksy and King Robbo are both known to have used the wider Camden area to display graffiti. It was also the site of an ongoing feud between the two artists, which lasted from 2009 until 2014.
Transport
Camden Lock mooring point
The London Waterbus Company waterbus service operates from Camden Lock, heading westwards around Regent's Park, calling at London Zoo and ending at Little Venice. Three of the four boats in use in 2016 were historic vessels on the National Register of Historic Ships.
Towpath route
The canal tow path is open to pedestrians and cyclists, offering a direct route to Camden Lock from East London, Paddington and West London.
Public transport links
The nearest London Underground stations are and , both on the Northern line. The nearest London Overground station is Camden Road station.
Bibliography
References
See also
Camden Town London website – News about the Camden Markets and Camden Town
Camden Town Online – (established 1996)
Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system
Camden Town
Geography of the London Borough of Camden
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden
Locks on the Regent's Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden%20Lock |
Northpoint City, formerly known as Northpoint Shopping Centre, is a suburban shopping mall in Yishun, Singapore. Located opposite Yishun MRT station, the mall houses the Nee Soon Central Community Club, Yishun Public Library as well as the Yishun Bus Interchange, which forms part of the Yishun Integrated Transport Hub (ITH).
The mall was first built in 1992, and was renovated and expanded in 2010. It susbeqeuently underwent a second renovation and expansion from 2017 to 2018. It is currently the largest shopping mall in northern Singapore. The centre has a combined net lettable area of at least and houses more than 400 tenants.
History
Northpoint City was originally called the Northpoint Shopping Centre, having been first constructed in November 1992 as the first suburban mall to be built in the northern heartlands of Singapore. Cold Storage, Swensen's and Giordano were one of the first few outlets to open in the Northpoint Shopping Centre.
Renamed and expanded
In July 2017, Northpoint Shopping Centre was renamed as Northpoint City, with the existing building becoming its north wing. The south wing of the mall was opened in December 2017, integrating Northpoint City with the Yishun Integrated Transport Hub (ITH) and Nee Soon Central Community Club. It was the first time in Singapore that different public facilities were integrated in this manner. A 920-unit condominium called the North Park Residences was also constructed atop Northpoint City.
Yishun Public Library reopened on 3 February 2018, located at the fourth level of the North Wing. A linkway to the South Wing from the MRT station was also constructed.
Facilities
The two wings of Northpoint City are connected via an underground garden at in the basement.
Notable tenants include Cold Storage, Harvey Norman, Popular, Timezone, UNIQLO, Kopitiam, Anytime Fitness, NTUC FairPrice, Yishun Public Library and Krispy Kreme.
Transport
Northpoint City is directly connected to the Yishun Integrated Transport Hub (ITH), which includes Yishun MRT station and Yishun Bus Interchange.
Gallery
See also
List of shopping malls in Singapore
References
External links
Shopping malls in Singapore
Yishun
1992 establishments in Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northpoint%20City |
Walcher (died 1080) was bishop of Durham and earl of Northumbria.
Walcher may also refer to:
Surname
Achim Walcher (born 1967), Austrian cross-country skier
Jacob Walcher (1887–1970), German politician
Josef Walcher (1954–1984), Austrian alpine ski racer
Kathleen Walcher (fl. 2003–2006), American politician
Rocky Walcher (born 1961), American golfer
Given name
Walcher of Malvern (died 1135), prior of Great Malvern
See also
Walcheren | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcher%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Manifest may refer to:
Computing
Manifest file, a metadata file that enumerates files in a program or package
Manifest (CLI), a metadata text file for CLI assemblies
Events
Manifest (convention), a defunct anime festival in Melbourne, Australia
Manifest (urban arts festival), put on by Columbia College Chicago, in Illinois, US
Film and television
Manifest: The Chryzinium Era, a 2017 American short film
Manifest (TV series), a 2018 American drama series
"Manifest" (Luke Cage), a television episode
Music
Albums
Manifest (Amaranthe album), 2020
Manifest (Impaled Nazarene album), 2007
Manifest (Linda Sundblad album), 2010
Manifest!, by Friends, 2012
Manifest, by Chessie, 2008
Songs
"Manifest", by Andrew Bird from My Finest Work Yet
"Manifest", by the Fugees from The Score
"Manifest", by Gang Starr from No More Mr. Nice Guy
"Manifest", by Sepultura from Chaos A.D.
"Manifest", by Starset from Divisions
Other uses
Manifest (transportation), a document listing the cargo, passengers, and crew of a vehicle
Manifest, Louisiana, US, an unincorporated area
Democracy Manifest, Queensland police incident
See also
Manafest, Canadian musician
Manifesta, a European contemporary arts biennale
Manifestation (disambiguation)
Manifesto (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest |
The Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus (; ; abbreviated RCJ) is a religious congregation of priests and brothers founded by St. Hannibal Mary Di Francia (1851–1927) on May 16, 1897. The word "rogationist" comes from the Latin rogate which means "pray".
The spirituality of the congregation is centered on the words of Jesus Christ in the Gospels: "The harvest is rich but the workers are few. Pray, therefore, to the Lord of the harvest that He may send workers into His harvest" (Matthew 9:37–38; Luke 10:2).
Hence, they carry out the mission of:
praying for vocations to the priestly and consecrated life in the Church and propagating this prayer worldwide.
caring and promoting the human and spiritual welfare of orphans, needy children and the poor.
Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus
The Congregation of the Rogationists originated in Italy and spread to several other countries in Europe, United States, Mexico, Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Rwanda, India and the Philippines, among others. In the United States the Rogationists established their first community in 1967 assuming parish work in Mendota, California. At present, there are three Rogationist communities in California. Their houses are in Sanger, Van Nuys and in North Hollywood.
Daughters of Divine Zeal
Mother Mary Nazarene Majone was born in Italy in 1869. At 16 she entered the congregation that was newly founded by Fr. Hannibal. M. Di Francia, with the special mission to answer the command of Jesus; "Rogate-Pray the Lord of the Harvest..." She lived this with remarkable humility in prayer and effective witnessing among the poor, the orphans, the outcasts, the needy... She was a Mother, Teacher, Friend and Servant of all. She died in 1939 at the age of 70. Her life was marked with faithfulness to God, to the people entrusted to her care, to the Congregation where she became the "cornerstone"-the Co-foundress. The process of her beatification started in 1989.
Vocation and apostolate
As an expression of their charism, the Rogationists dedicate their lives in the apostolate in favor of the poor. In various places throughout the world, the Congregation has established orphanages, health and nutrition centers, schools for the deaf and dumb, technical-vocational schools, scholarship programs for poor children, centers for professional management, centers for relief and assistance, parishes and oratories
"I feel a bond of holy friendship with everyone on earth either of my religion or another, rich or poor, employer or worker, humble and needy people or high aristocracy. I have seen a brother and my Lord in everyone of them. The most beautiful things I have desired for me in this life and the next, I have desired equally for all."
-St. Hannibal Di Francia
Fr. Hannibal House (social service center)
Fr. Hannibal House is a non-profit Catholic organization provides emergency help to people in need, regardless of race, religion or national origin. It provides the people of Sanger and the neighboring communities emergency assistance such as: food, clothing, medicine, limited rent and utilities assistance, overnight lodging, gasoline etc.
Fr. Hannibal House operates under the guidelines established by the Board of Directors.
The support for Fr. Hannibal House comes from the community organizations and churches, St. Mary's Parish of Sanger, the City of Sanger, United Way, County of Fresno, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), local merchants, St. Vincent de Paul Society of Sanger, the Rogationist Charities and from various donors and benefactors
See also
St. Elizabeth Church and School (Van Nuys)
References
External links
Rogationist of the Heart of Jesus Italian
Rogationist of the Heart of Jesus English
1897 establishments in Italy
Catholic orders and societies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogationists |
Tamamo-no-Mae (, , also ) is a legendary figure in Japanese mythology. One of the stories explaining the legend comes from Muromachi period genre fiction called otogizōshi. In the otogizōshi Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese Emperor Konoe (who reigned from 1142 through 1155).
Legends
Stories of Tamamo-no-Mae being a legendary fox spirit appear during the Muromachi period as otogizōshi (prose narratives), and were also mentioned by Toriyama Sekien in Konjaku Hyakki Shūi. Edo period folklore then conflated the legend with similar foreign stories about fox spirits corrupting rulers, causing chaos in their territories.
In the story told by Hokusai, formed in the Edo period, the nine-tailed fox first appeared in China and possessed Daji, a concubine of the Shang dynasty's last ruler King Zhou. She enchanted the king and brought on a reign of terror that led to a rebellion that ended the Shang dynasty. The fox spirit fled to Magadha of Tianzhu (ancient India) and became Lady Kayō (), concubine of the crown prince Banzoku (; based on Indian tales of Kalmashapada the man-eater), causing him to cut off the heads of a thousand men. It was then defeated again, and fled the country. The same fox returned to China around 780 BC and was said to have possessed Bao Si, a concubine of the Zhou dynasty King You. It was again chased away by human military forces.
The fox stayed quiet for some period. Then she appeared in Japan as Tamamo-no-Mae, the most favoured courtesan of Emperor Toba. She was said to be a most beautiful and intelligent woman, being able to answer any question asked. She caused the Emperor to be extremely ill and was eventually exposed as a fox spirit by the astrologer Abe no Yasuchika, who had been called to diagnose the cause of the Emperor's poor health. A few years later, the emperor sent Kazusa-no-suke () and Miura-no-suke () to kill the fox in the plains of Nasu.
In the 1653 Tamamo no sōshi (), an addendum was added to the story describing that the spirit of Tamamo-no-mae embedded itself into a stone called the Sesshō-seki. The stone continually released poisonous gas, killing everything that touched it. The stone was said to have been destroyed in the Nanboku-chō period by the Buddhist monk Gennō Shinshō (), who exorcised the now-repentant fox spirit. He held a Buddhist memorial service after the deed, allowing the spirit to finally rest in peace.
The stone split in two on March 5, 2022. Cracks in the stone had been seen several years before the split, possibly allowing rainwater to penetrate and weaken it, so it is highly likely that the stone cracked naturally. Some humorously speculated that this had freed Tamamo-no-Mae, and social media in Japan predicted that dark forces had been released.
Notes
References
External links
Literature featuring anthropomorphic foxes
Japanese folklore
Kitsune (fox)
Female legendary creatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamamo-no-Mae |
Bernard Rhodes is a designer, band manager, studio owner, record producer and songwriter who was integral to the development of the punk rock scene in the United Kingdom from the middle 1970s. He is most associated with two of the UK's best known and influential punk bands, the Sex Pistols and The Clash. According to John Lydon, Rhodes was responsible for discovering him in the Kings Road and arranging the audition which led to his joining the Sex Pistols. Rhodes introduced Joe Strummer to Mick Jones and Paul Simonon, who with Keith Levene then formed The Clash.
Rhodes was an important force behind The Clash not only managing their business but also guiding their marketing and creative direction. Disagreement with the group about direction led to his sacking by the Clash in 1979. Rhodes meantime continued with other successful signings to his label Oddball Productions and major record companies. In 1981 singer Joe Strummer demanded his return to the Clash or he would quit the group.
Rhodes nurtured and managed other bands including Subway Sect, The Specials, Dexys Midnight Runners, Jo Boxers, The Lous, The Black Arabs, Twenty Flight Rockers, and Watts from Detroit. During this period Rhodes built and operated from his Camden studio Rehearsal Rehearsals, in what became Camden Market. The area around the studio became a well known hangout for punks and contributed to the growth of Camden as a hip area.
He is also known in Brazil for his friendship with Supla and baptising the band "Brothers of Brazil".
Early life
Rhodes was raised in Stepney, east London. He says he never knew his father. He was placed in a Jewish orphanage in South London where he remained until he was 15. His mother worked long hours for Huntsman's tailors in Saville Row making suits for people like Cary Grant and later Hawes & Curtis where Rhodes' friend John Pearse who co-owned Granny Takes a Trip was her apprentice.
In the early 1960s Rhodes and Pearse shared a flat at 68 Hamilton Terrace, St Johns Wood, London. Mick Jagger, Marc Bolan, musician Mickey Finn, the Small Faces and Guy Stevens (who Rhodes later brought in to produce The Clash) were regular visitors.
Early career
Towards the late 1960s Rhodes won a Design Council award for a children's educational toy he designed using newly developed plastic techniques. In the early 1970s Rhodes had a shop in the Antiquarius Market, Chelsea selling his hand printed silk screen designs on shirts and T-shirts, plus a selection of rare vintage reggae records.
During this period he became re-acquainted with an old friend, Malcolm McLaren and his girlfriend Vivienne Westwood who were operating out of Let It Rock boutique at 430 Kings Road. Finding they shared a similar philosophy, Rhodes and McLaren went into business collaborating on the T-shirts which were sold in the shop. Westwood wanted to expand the sleeveless T-shirt clothing line and Rhodes was an ideal colleague with his silk screen printing skill and whose 'complex meandering discourse threw up many new ideas'. The T-shirt 'You're Gonna Wake Up One Morning and Know What Side of The Bed You've Been Lying On' was created and printed by Rhodes and uses his handwriting. McLaren explained that Rhodes' idea was 'to create a dialogue'. Rhodes has described the difference between himself and McLaren: 'Malcolm [McLaren] likes to titillate but I get down to substance'.
Sex Pistols
By 1975, SEX had become a hangout for a bunch of teenagers from whom the Sex Pistols would emerge. Rhodes took the group under his wing while McLaren was in New York looking after the New York Dolls. Original Sex Pistols member Glen Matlock describes Rhodes' contribution as making them understand the importance of being clear cut. "He (Rhodes) had a real ability for making people decide exactly what they were trying to do." John Lydon states that he was wearing a 'I Hate Pink Floyd' T-shirt when he was spotted by Rhodes on the Kings Road. Rhodes insisted he meet McLaren, Steve Jones and Paul Cook in the local Roebuck pub that evening. After this get-together, Rhodes had Lydon come back to the shop to audition for the role of singer. As a result, Lydon became lead singer of the group.
Lydon says that Rhodes 'was important to me in so many ways... He would indicate to me where the problems with the Pistols would be in the future. He would sow a seed and then wait to see if I would pick up on it.'
The Clash
After his offer to co-manage Sex Pistols was rejected by McLaren, Rhodes was instrumental in The Clash's formation in 1976. Mick Jones was wearing one of Rhodes' Wake Up T-shirts when he approached Rhodes after a Sex Pistols gig thinking he was a keyboard player. They started talking about groups and the relationship was the starting point for what would eventually become The Clash.
Strummer credits Rhodes as his mentor, stating "He constructed The Clash and focused our energies and we repaid him by being really good at what we did". Rhodes told them to write about social issues occurring at the time, i.e., the housing problems, lack of education, dead-end futures. Strummer said that Rhodes was the only one who understood how one should go about getting known.
Paul Simonon stated that Rhodes "set up the whole punk scene basically. He saw how non-musicians like myself and John (Lydon) could contribute". Rhodes called his friend Guy Stevens in, to produce the Polydor recordings in 1977. The group later used Stevens to produce London Calling. He also sought out Lee 'Scratch' Perry to produce the single "Complete Control".
On 25 January 1977, Rhodes signed The Clash to CBS Records with CBS Records UK chairman Maurice Oberstein who promised to allow the group to do what they wanted on record and CBS would promote it. After a couple of albums, including their first, which Rhodes helped produce with Mickey Foote, he felt the group were drifting away from their street ideals and they parted company in late 1978.
1979–1981
From his Rehearsal Rehearsals studio, Rhodes nurtured and managed groups Subway Sect, The Specials, Dexys Midnight Runners, The Black Arabs and other musical projects. The intro to The Specials' version of "Gangsters" released in 1979 begins with the line: "Bernie Rhodes knows: don't argue!". Dexys Midnight Runners' single "Dance Stance" was released in 1979 on the Oddball Productions label owned by Rhodes. He later signed the group to EMI Records.
The first album by Subway Sect, What's the Matter Boy, was produced by Rhodes and released by Oddball in 1980. Rhodes also introduced the idea of using a Burundi drum beat to Malcolm McLaren who gave it to Adam Ant. This led to the sound of Kings of the Wild Frontier (1980) by Adam and the Ants.
Club Left
During the late seventies he opened Club Left in Wardour Street Soho. Club Left performances included Dig Wayne, Anne Pigalle, Tom Cat, Lady Blue, Johnny Britton, Sade, Bananarama, Georgie Fame and Slim Gaillard. The regular house band was Vic Godard and the Subway Sect.
Sean McLusky said that Rhodes gave him a break at Club Left in 1981 and then got a deal and success for his band JoBoxers, who enjoyed mainstream success on both sides of the Atlantic with their single "Just Got Lucky". McLusky says, "Bernard never got the credit for things that were his. He has been the undefined force".
Return to the Clash
Strummer said if Rhodes did not come back and manage the Clash he would quit. Once back, Rhodes decided to remix "Magnificent 7". A 12" single dance remix "Magnificent Dance" was released on 12 April 1981. Production was credited to 'Pepe Unidos', a pseudonym for Strummer, Rhodes and Paul Simonon. Pepe Unidos also produced "The Cool Out", a re-mix of "The Call Up".
Bond's, NYC
Mick Jones said 'Bernie came back on the scene because people thought that we'd gotten out of control and the first thing he wanted to do was book us for seven nights in New York'. The residency at Bond International Casino in the first two weeks of June 1981 was organised by Rhodes on his return as manager of The Clash. Support acts included Grandmaster Flash, The Sugarhill Gang, Dead Kennedys, Bad Brains, Texan bad boy Joe Ely, Lee Perry and Funkapolitan. Rhodes states that it was because of these Bonds NYC shows that the public became more interested in hip hop. 'I endeavoured to get these guys on like Grandmaster Flash, not that most of the audience liked them but that led to a helluvalot'. The record company were not behind the triple album Sandinista! recorded in Rhodes's absence but Kosmo Vinyl states that with the Bonds NYC residency, The Clash 'clawed their way back into the Premiership'.
Jones’ sacking
Paul Simonon states that Rhodes was not aware he and Joe were going to sack Mick Jones nor was he in favour of that action. (The sacking took place in 1983). However Simonon says Jones did not know this until the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction after Joe Strummer's death.
This is England
The Clash's last album, Cut the Crap (1985), (originally Out of Control) was produced by Rhodes under the name of 'Jose Unidos'. He also co-wrote all of the songs with Strummer.
The standout track, “This Is England”, was co-written by Strummer and Rhodes and described by Strummer as the 'last great Clash song'. Critic Samuels Lennox described it as a "tuneful, beautifully crafted overview of social decay in England, where political philosophies joust for hegemony while the country sinks into ignominious decline and millions of youths turn to the dole." In 2017, the journalist Bill Wyman praised Rhodes' production, writing that his "sound collage and the gentle, troubled synth lines undergird the song unerringly, and for once the group-shouted chorus, though still over-loud, conveys some wan meaning."
The song has inspired many other artists, including Shane Meadows who used the title for his movie and TV show centering on young skinheads and Oi! punks in England in the 1980s, in reference to the Cut the Crap song.
Watts
In 1990, Rhodes relocated from Los Angeles to Atlanta, Georgia where Doug Watts, lead singer of the band Naked Truth, asked him for help. Rhodes brought in a new bass player and rehearsed the band over several months. He independently produced the album 'Green with Rage', and secured a deal for the band with Sony Records.
Recent
In 2014 Rhodes designed a range of biker T-shirts for Lewis Leathers, Britain's oldest motorcycle clothing company.
In May 2016, the British Library invited him to give a talk entitled Me, Punk and the World as part of its Punk 1976-78 exhibit.
Rhodes launched the website cancerclash.com in June 2022 to ‘dynamically demystify the world of cancer’ and provide a cultural space to deal with the impact of the disease. Rhodes was diagnosed with cancer in 2016.
References
Sources
Books
Jucha, Gary. The Clash FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Clash City Rockers. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2016.
Popoff, Martin. The Clash: All the Albums, All the Songs. London: Voyageur Press, 2018.
Films and documentaries
Web, journals and magazines
Related articles
Further reading
External links
The Clash
English music managers
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
English Jews
People from Stepney
Living people
1944 births
Fashion designers from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Rhodes |
Criticism of atheism is criticism of the concepts, validity, or impact of atheism, including associated political and social implications. Criticisms include positions based on the history of science, philosophical and logical criticisms, findings in both the natural and social sciences, theistic apologetic arguments, arguments pertaining to ethics and morality, the effects of atheism on the individual, or the assumptions that underpin atheism.
Carl Sagan said he sees no compelling evidence against the existence of God. Theists such as Kenneth R. Miller criticise atheism for being an unscientific position. Analytic philosopher Alvin Plantinga, Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of Notre Dame, argues that a failure of theistic arguments might conceivably be good grounds for agnosticism, but not for atheism; and points to the observation of a fine-tuned universe as more likely to be explained by theism than atheism. Oxford Professor of Mathematics John Lennox holds that atheism is an inferior world view to that of theism and attributes to C.S. Lewis the best formulation of Merton's thesis that science sits more comfortably with theistic notions on the basis that men became scientific in Western Europe in the 16th and 17th century "[b]ecause they expected law in nature, and they expected law in nature because they believed in a lawgiver." In other words, it was belief in God that was the "motor that drove modern science". American geneticist Francis Collins also cites Lewis as persuasive in convincing him that theism is the more rational world view than atheism.
Other criticisms focus on perceived effects on morality and social cohesion. The Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire, a deist, saw godlessness as weakening "the sacred bonds of society", writing: "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him". The father of classical liberalism, John Locke, believed that the denial of God's existence would undermine the social order and lead to chaos. Edmund Burke, an 18th-century Irish philosopher and statesman praised by both his conservative and liberal peers for his "comprehensive intellect", saw religion as the basis of civil society and wrote that "man is by his constitution a religious animal; that atheism is against, not only our reason, but our instincts; and that it cannot prevail long". Pope Pius XI wrote that Communist atheism was aimed at "upsetting the social order and at undermining the very foundations of Christian civilization". In the 1990s, Pope John Paul II criticised a spreading "practical atheism" as clouding the "religious and moral sense of the human heart" and leading to societies which struggle to maintain harmony.
The advocacy of atheism by some of the more violent exponents of the French Revolution, the subsequent militancy of Marxist–Leninist atheism and prominence of atheism in totalitarian states formed in the 20th century is often cited in critical assessments of the implications of atheism. In his Reflections on the Revolution in France, Burke railed against "atheistical fanaticism". The 1937 papal encyclical Divini Redemptoris denounced the atheism of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, which was later influential in the establishment of state atheism across Eastern Europe and elsewhere, including Mao Zedong's China, Kim's North Korea and Pol Pot's Cambodia. Critics of atheism often associate the actions of 20th-century state atheism with broader atheism in their critiques. Various poets, novelists and lay theologians, among them G. K. Chesterton and C.S. Lewis, have also criticised atheism. For example, a quote often attributed to Chesterton holds that "[h]e who does not believe in God will believe in anything".
Definitions and concepts
Atheism is the absence of belief that any gods exist, the position that there are no gods, the proposition that God does not exist, or the rejection of belief in the existence of gods.
Deism is a form of theism in which God created the universe and established rationally comprehensible moral and natural laws but does not intervene in human affairs through special revelation. Deism is a natural religion where belief in God is based on application of reason and evidence observed in the designs and laws found in nature. Christian deism refers to a deist who believes in the moral teachings but not the divinity of Jesus.
Arguments and critiques of atheism
The last 50 years has seen an increase in academic philosophical arguments critical of the positions of atheism arguing that they are philosophically unsound. Some of the more common of these arguments are the presumption of atheism, the logical argument from evil, the evidential argument from evil, the argument from nonbelief and absence of evidence arguments.
The Presumption of Atheism
In 1976, atheist philosopher Antony Flew wrote The Presumption of Atheism in which he argued that the question of God's existence should begin by assuming atheism as the default position. According to Flew, the norm for academic philosophy and public dialogue was at that time for atheists and theists to both share their respective "burdens of proof" for their positions. Flew proposed instead that his academic peers redefine "atheism" to bring about these changes:
Flew's proposition saw little acceptance in the 20th century though in the early 21st century Flew's broader definition of atheism came to be forwarded more commonly. In 2007, analytic philosopher William Lane Craig's described the presumption of atheism as "one of the most commonly proffered justifications of atheism". In 2010, BBC journalist William Crawley explained that Flew's presumption of atheism "made the case, now followed by today's new atheism" arguing that atheism should be the default position. In today's debates, atheists forward the presumption of atheism arguing that atheism is the default position with no burden of proof and assert that the burden of proof for God's existence rests solely on the theist.
The presumption of atheism has been the subject of criticism by atheists, agnostics and theists since Flew advanced his position more than 40 years ago.
Criticism of the presumption of atheism
The agnostic Analytic Philosopher Anthony Kenny rejected the presumption of atheism on any definition of atheism arguing that "the true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism" adding "a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated, ignorance need only be confessed".
Atheist philosopher Kai Nielsen criticized the presumption of atheism arguing that without an independent concept of rationality or a concept of rationality that atheists and theists can mutually accept, there is no common foundation on which to adjudicate rationality of positions concerning the existence of God. Because the atheist's conceptualization of "rational" differs from the theist, Nielsen argues, both positions can be rationally justified.
Analytic philosopher and modal logician Alvin Plantinga, a theist, rejected the presumption of atheism forwarding a two-part argument. First, he shows that there is no objection to belief in God unless the belief is shown to be false. Second, he argues that belief in God could be rationally warranted if it is a properly basic or foundational belief through an innate human "sense of the divine". Plantinga argues that if we have the innate knowledge of God which he theorizes as a possibility, we could trust belief in God the same way we trust our cognitive faculties in other similar matters, such as our rational belief that there are other minds beyond our own, something we believe, but for which there can be no evidence. Alvin Plantinga's argument puts theistic belief on equal evidential footing with atheism even if Flew's definition of atheism is accepted.
University of Notre Dame philosopher Ralph McInerny goes further than Plantinga, arguing that belief in God reasonably follows from our observations of the natural order and the law-like character of natural events. McInerny argues that the extent of this natural order is so pervasive as to be almost innate, providing a prima facie argument against atheism. McInerny's position goes further than Plantinga's, arguing that theism is evidenced and that the burden of proof rests on the atheist, not on the theist.William Lane Craig wrote that if Flew's broader definition of atheism is seen as "merely the absence of belief in God", atheism "ceases to be a view" and "even infants count as atheists". For atheism to be a view, Craig adds: "One would still require justification in order to know either that God exists or that He does not exist".
Like the agnostic Anthony Kenny, Craig argues that there is no presumption for atheism because it is distinct from agnosticism:
Forty years after Flew published The Presumption of Atheism, his proposition remains controversial.
Other arguments and critiques
William Lane Craig listed some of the more prominent arguments forwarded by proponents of atheism along with his objections:
"The Hiddenness of God" is the claim that if God existed, God would have prevented the world's unbelief by making his existence starkly apparent. Craig argues that the problem with this argument is that there is no reason to believe that any more evidence than what is already available would increase the number of people believing in God.
"The Incoherence of Theism" is the claim that the notion of God is incoherent. Craig argues that a coherent doctrine of God's attributes can be formulated based on scripture like Medieval theologians had done and "Perfect Being Theology"; and that the argument actually helps in refining the concept of God.
"The Problem of Evil" can be split into two different concerns: the "intellectual" problem of evil concerns how to give a rational explanation of the co-existence of God and evil and the "emotional" problem of evil concerns how to comfort those who are suffering and how to dissolve the emotional dislike people have of a God who would permit such evil. The latter can be dealt with in a diverse manner. Concerning the "intellectual" argument, it is often cast as an incompatibility between statements such as "an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God exists" and "the quantity and kinds of suffering in the world exist". Craig argues that no one has shown that both statements are logically incompatible or improbable with respect to each other. Others use another version of the intellectual argument called the "evidential problem of evil" which claims that the apparently unnecessary or "gratuitous" suffering in the world constitutes evidence against God's existence. Craig argues that it is not clear that the suffering that appears to be gratuitous actually is gratuitous for various reasons, one of which is similar to an objection to utilitarian ethical theory, that it is quite simply impossible for us to estimate which action will ultimately lead to the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure in the world.
T.J. Mawson makes a case against atheism by citing some lines of evidence and reasoning such as the high level of fine-tuning whereby the life of morally sentient and significantly free creatures like humans has implications. On the maximal multiverse hypothesis, he argues that in appealing to infinite universes one is in essence explaining too much and that it even opens up the possibility that certain features of the universe still would require explanation beyond the hypothesis itself. He also argues from induction for fine tuning in that if one supposed that infinite universes existed there should be infinite ways in which observations can be wrong on only one way in which observations can be right at any point in time, for instance, that the color of gems stay the same every time we see them. In other words, if infinite universes existed, then there should be infinite changes to our observations of the universe and in essence be unpredictable in infinite ways, yet this is not what occurs.
Helen De Cruz argues there are two general positions of atheistic arguments: "global" which "denies the existence of any god" and "local" which "denies the existence of a particular concept of God" such as polytheism, pantheism, monotheism, etc. She states that most evidential arguments against theism assume local, not global atheism, and that as such, numerous theistic arguments are not ruled out. She argues that the widespread beliefs in various god configurations and religious experiences provide evidence against global atheism.
Amanda Askell argues that our capacity to be and rationalize prudence along with the acceptance of Pascal's Wager provide prudential objections to atheism.
C. Stephen Evans argues that our normative propensities for our natural persistence to commit to be moral and our ability to generate value in a supposedly absurd world, offer normative objections to atheism. He also argues that it is appropriate for God to make the process whereby one come to know him, to require moral and spiritual development.
Atheism and the individual
In a global study on atheism, sociologist Phil Zuckerman noted that though there are positive correlations with societal health in many countries where the atheist population is significantly high, countries with higher number of atheists also had the highest suicide rates compared to countries with lower numbers of atheists. He concludes that correlation does not necessarily indicate causation in either case. Another study found similar trends. A 2004 study of religious affiliation and suicide attempts, concluded: "After other factors were controlled, it was found that greater moral objections to suicide and lower aggression level in religiously affiliated subjects may function as protective factors against suicide attempts".
According to William Bainbridge, atheism is common among people whose social obligations are weak and is also connected to lower fertility rates in some industrial nations. Extended length of sobriety in alcohol recovery is related positively to higher levels of theistic belief, active community helping and self-transcendence. Some studies state that in developed countries health, life expectancy and other correlates of wealth tend to be statistical predictors of a greater percentage of atheists, compared to countries with higher proportions of believers. Multiple methodological problems have been identified with cross-national assessments of religiosity, secularity and social health which undermine conclusive statements on religiosity and secularity in developed democracies.
Morality
The influential deist philosopher Voltaire criticised established religion to a wide audience, but conceded a fear of the disappearance of the idea of God: "After the French Revolution and its outbursts of atheism, Voltaire was widely condemned as one of the causes", wrote Geoffrey Blainey. "Nonetheless, his writings did concede that fear of God was an essential policeman in a disorderly world: 'If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him', wrote Voltaire".
In A Letter Concerning Toleration, the influential English philosopher John Locke wrote: "Promises, covenants, and oaths, which are the bonds of human society, can have no hold upon an atheist. The taking away of God, though but even in thought, dissolves all". Although Locke was believed to be an advocate of tolerance, he urged the authorities not to tolerate atheism because the denial of God's existence would undermine the social order and lead to chaos. According to Dinesh D'Souza, Locke, like Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky after him, argued that "when God is excluded, then it is not surprising when morality itself is sacrificed in the process and chaos and horror is unleashed on the world".
The Catholic Church believes that morality is ensured through natural law, but that religion provides a more solid foundation. For many years in the United States, atheists were not allowed to testify in court because it was believed that an atheist would have no reason to tell the truth (see also discrimination against atheists).
Atheists such as biologist and popular author Richard Dawkins have proposed that human morality is a result of evolutionary, sociobiological history. He proposes that the "moral zeitgeist" helps describe how moral imperatives and values naturalistically evolve over time from biological and cultural origins. Evolutionary biologist Kenneth R. Miller notes that such a conception of evolution and morality is a misunderstanding of sociobiology and at worst it is an attempt to abolish any meaningful system of morality since though evolution would have provided the biological drives and desires we have, it does not tell us what is good or right or wrong or moral.
Critics assert that natural law provides a foundation on which people may build moral rules to guide their choices and regulate society, but does not provide as strong a basis for moral behavior as a morality that is based in religion. Douglas Wilson, an evangelical theologian, argues that while atheists can behave morally, belief is necessary for an individual "to give a rational and coherent account" of why they are obligated to lead a morally responsible life. Wilson says that atheism is unable to "give an account of why one deed should be seen as good and another as evil". Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, outgoing Archbishop of Westminster, expressed this position by describing a lack of faith as "the greatest of evils" and blamed atheism for war and destruction, implying that it was a "greater evil even than sin itself".
According to William Lane Craig, in a world without God people are living in a state where evil is completely unregulated and also permissible, while at the same time good and self-sacrificing people would live in an unrewarded state where noble deeds lose their virtue and are rendered valueless.
Atheism as faith
According to some critics, atheism is a faith in itself as a belief in its own right, with a certainty about the falseness of religious beliefs that is comparable to the certainty about the unknown that is practiced by religions.<ref>David Limbaugh, "Does atheism require more faith?," Townhall.com, April 20, 2004
Stanley Fish, "Atheism and Evidence," Think Again, The New York Times, June 17, 2007
DHRUV K. SINGHAL, "The Church of Atheism,", The Harvard Crimson, December 14, 2008
Norman L. Geisler and Frank Turek, I Don't Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist," Crossway Books, March 01, 2004, 447 Pages,
John F. Haught, God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens, Westminster John Knox Press, December 31, 2007, 156 pages, , page 45</ref> Activist atheists have been criticized for positions said to be similar to religious dogma. In his essay Dogmatic Atheism and Scientific Ignorance for the World Union of Deists, Peter Murphy wrote: "The dogmatic atheist like the dogmatic theist is obsessed with conformity and will spew a tirade of angry words against anyone who does not conform to their own particular world view". The Times arts and entertainment writer Ian Johns described the 2006 British documentary The Trouble with Atheism as "reiterating the point that the dogmatic intensity of atheists is the secular equivalent of the blinkered zeal of fanatical mullahs and biblical fundamentalists". Though the media often portrays atheists as "angry" and studies show that the general population and "believers" perceive atheists as "angry", Brian Meier et al. found that individual atheists are no more angry than individuals in other populations.
In a study on American secularity, Frank Pasquale notes that some tensions do exist among secular groups where, for instance, atheists are sometimes viewed as "fundamentalists" by secular humanists.
In his book First Principles (1862), the 19th-century English philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer wrote that as regards the origin of the universe, three hypotheses are possible: self-existence (atheism), self-creation (pantheism), or creation by an external agency (theism). Spencer argued that it is "impossible to avoid making the assumption of self-existence" in any of the three hypotheses and concluded that "even positive Atheism comes within the definition" of religion.
In an anthropological study on modernity, Talal Asad quotes an Arab atheist named Adonis who has said: "The sacred for atheism is the human being himself, the human being of reason, and there is nothing greater than this human being. It replaces revelation by reason and God with humanity". To which Asad points out: "But an atheism that deifies Man is, ironically, close to the doctrine of the incarnation".
Michael Martin and Paul Edwards have responded to criticism-as-faith by emphasizing that atheism can be the rejection of belief, or absence of belief.
Catholic perspective
The Catechism of the Catholic Church identifies atheism as a violation of the First Commandment, calling it "a sin against the virtue of religion". The catechism is careful to acknowledge that atheism may be motivated by virtuous or moral considerations and admonishes Catholics to focus on their own role in encouraging atheism by their religious or moral shortcomings:
(2125) [...] The imputability of this offense can be significantly diminished in virtue of the intentions and the circumstances. "Believers can have more than a little to do with the rise of atheism. To the extent that they are careless about their instruction in the faith, or present its teaching falsely, or even fail in their religious, moral, or social life, they must be said to conceal rather than to reveal the true nature of God and of religion.
Historical criticism
The Bible has criticized atheism by stating: "The fool has said in his heart, There is no God. They are corrupt, they have done abominable works, there is none that does good" (Psalm 14:1). In his essay On Atheism, Francis Bacon criticized the dispositions towards atheism as being "contrary to wisdom and moral gravity" and being associated with fearing government or public affairs. He also stated that knowing a little science may lead one to atheism, but knowing more science will lead one to religion. In another work called The Advancement of Learning, Bacon stated that superficial knowledge of philosophy inclines one to atheism while more knowledge of philosophy inclines one toward religion.
In Reflections on the Revolution in France, Edmund Burke, an 18th-century Irish philosopher and statesman praised by both his conservative and liberal peers for his "comprehensive intellect", wrote that "man is by his constitution a religious animal; that atheism is against, not only our reason, but our instincts; and that it cannot prevail long". Burke wrote of a "literary cabal" who had "some years ago formed something like a regular plan for the destruction of the Christian religion. This object they pursued with a degree of zeal which hitherto had been discovered only in the propagators of some system of piety... These atheistical fathers have a bigotry of their own; and they have learnt to talk against monks with the spirit of a monk". In turn, wrote Burke, a spirit of atheistic fanaticism had emerged in France.
Atheism and politics
The historian Geoffrey Blainey wrote that during the 20th century atheists in Western societies became more active and even militant, expressing their arguments with clarity and skill. Like modern Christians, they reject the idea of an interventionist God and they argue that Christianity promotes war and violence. However, Blainey notes that anyone, not just Christians, can promote violence, writing "that the most ruthless leaders in the Second World War were atheists and secularists who were intensely hostile to both Judaism and Christianity. Later massive atrocities were committed in the East by those ardent atheists, Pol Pot and Mao Zedong. All religions, all ideologies, all civilizations display embarrassing blots on their pages".
Philosophers Russell Blackford and Udo Schüklenk have written: "By contrast to all of this, the Soviet Union was undeniably an atheist state, and the same applies to Maoist China and Pol Pot's fanatical Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia in the 1970s. That does not, however, show that the atrocities committed by these totalitarian dictatorships were all the result of atheist beliefs, carried out in the name of atheism, or caused primarily by the atheistic aspects of the relevant forms of communism". However, they do admit that some forms of persecutions such as those done on churches and religious people were partially related to atheism, but insist it was mostly based on economics and political reasons.
Historian Jeffrey Burton Russell has argued that "atheist rulers such as Lenin, Hitler, Stalin, Mao Zedong and Pol Pot tortured, starved and murdered more people in the twentieth century than all the combined religious regimes of the world during the previous nineteen centuries". He also states: "The antitheist argument boils down to this: a Christian who does evil does so because he is a Christian; an atheist who does evil does so despite being an atheist. The absolute reverse could be argued, but either way it's nothing but spin. The obvious fact is that some Christians do evil in the name of Christianity and some atheists do evil in the name of atheism".
William Husband, a historian of the Soviet secularization has noted: "But the cultivation of atheism in Soviet Russia also possessed distinct characteristic, none more important than the most obvious: atheism was an integral part of the world's first large-scale experiment in communism. The promotion of an antireligious society therefore constitutes an important development in Soviet Russia and in the social history of atheism globally".
Early twentieth century
In Julian Baggini's book Atheism: A Very Short Introduction, the author notes: "One of the most serious charges laid against atheism is that it is responsible for some of the worst horrors of the 20th century, including the Nazi concentration camps and Stalin's gulags". However, the author concludes that Nazi Germany was not a "straightforwardly atheist state", but one which sacralized notions of blood and nation in a way that is "foreign to mainstream rational atheism," whereas the Soviet Union was "avowedly and officially an atheist state" – this being not a reason to think that atheism is necessarily evil, though it is a refutation of the idea that atheism must always be benign as "there is I believe a salutary lesson to be learned from the way in which atheism formed an essential part of Soviet Communism, even though Communism does not form an essential part of atheism. This lesson concerns what can happen when atheism becomes too militant and Enlightenment ideals too optimistic".
From the outset, Christians were critical of the spread of militant Marxist‒Leninist atheism, which took hold in Russia following the 1917 Revolution and involved a systematic effort to eradicate religion.Alan Bullock; Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives; Fontana Press; 1993; pp.412Martin Amis; Koba the Dread; Vintage; 2003 In the Soviet Union after the Revolution, teaching religion to the young was criminalized. Marxist‒Leninist atheism and other adaptations of Marxian thought on religion enjoyed the official patronage of various one-party Communist states since 1917. The Bolsheviks pursued "militant atheism". The Soviet leaders Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin energetically pursued the persecution of the Church through the 1920s and 1930s. It was made a criminal offence for priests to teach a child the faith. Many priests were killed and imprisoned. Thousands of churches were closed, some turned into temples of atheism. In 1925, the government founded the League of Militant Atheists, a "nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism" whose pro-atheism activities included active proselytizing of people's personal beliefs, sponsoring lectures, organizing demonstrations, printing and distribution of pamphlets and posters.
Pope Pius XI reigned from 1922 to 1939 and responded to the rise of totalitarianism in Europe with alarm. He issued three papal encyclicals challenging the new creeds: against Italian Fascism, Non abbiamo bisogno (1931; 'We do not need to acquaint you); against Nazism, Mit brennender Sorge (1937; "With deep concern"); and against atheist Communism, Divini Redemptoris (1937; "Divine Redeemer").
In Divini Redemptoris, Pius XI said that atheistic Communism being led by Moscow was aimed at "upsetting the social order and at undermining the very foundations of Christian civilization":
In Fascist Italy, led by the atheist Benito Mussolini, the Pope denounced the efforts of the state to supplant the role of the Church as chief educator of youth and denounced Fascism's "worship" of the state rather than the divine, but Church and state settled on mutual, shaky, toleration.RJB Bosworth; Mussolini's Italy; Penguin; 2005; p. 263
Historian of the Nazi period Richard J. Evans wrote that the Nazis encouraged atheism and deism over Christianity and encouraged party functionaries to abandon their religion. Priests were watched closely and frequently denounced, arrested and sent to concentration camps. In Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, the historian Alan Bullock wrote that Hitler, like Napoleon before him, frequently employed the language of "Providence" in defence of his own myth, but ultimately shared with the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin "the same materialist outlook, based on the nineteenth century rationalists' certainty that the progress of science would destroy all myths and had already proved Christian doctrine to be an absurdity". By 1939, all Catholic denominational schools in the Third Reich had been disbanded or converted to public facilities. In this climate, Pope Pius XI issued his anti-Nazi encyclical, Mit Brennender Sorge in 1937, saying:Pius XI died on the eve of World War II. Following the outbreak of war and the 1939 Nazi, and subsequently Soviet, invasion of Poland, the newly elected Pope Pius XII again denounced the eradication of religious education in his first encyclical, saying: "Perhaps the many who have not grasped the importance of the educational and pastoral mission of the Church will now understand better her warnings, scouted in the false security of the past. No defense of Christianity could be more effective than the present straits. From the immense vortex of error and anti-Christian movements there has come forth a crop of such poignant disasters as to constitute a condemnation surpassing in its conclusiveness any merely theoretical refutation".
Post-war Christian leaders including Pope John Paul II continued the Christian critique. In 2010, his successor, the German Pope Benedict XVI said:
British biologist Richard Dawkins criticised Pope Benedict's remarks and described Hitler as a "Catholic" because he "never renounced his baptismal Catholicism" and said that "Hitler certainly was not an atheist. In 1933 he claimed to have 'stamped atheism out'". In contrast, historian Alan Bullock wrote that Hitler was a rationalist and a materialist with no feeling for the spiritual or emotional side of human existence: a "man who believed neither in God nor in conscience". Anton Gill has written that Hitler wanted Catholicism to have "nothing at all to do with German society". Richard Overy describes Hitler as skeptical of all religious beliefAlan Bullock; Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives; Fontana Press; 1993; pp.413 Critic of atheism Dinesh D'Souza argues that "Hitler's leading advisers, such as Goebbels, Heydrich and Bormann, were atheists who were savagely hostile to religion" and Hitler and the Nazis "repudiated what they perceived as the Christian values of equality, compassion and weakness and extolled the atheist notions of the Nietzschean superman and a new society based on the 'will to power'".
When Hitler was out campaigning for power in Germany, he made opportunistic statements apparently in favour of "positive Christianity".Paul Berben; Dachau: The Official History 1933-1945; Norfolk Press; London; 1975; ; p. 138 In political speeches, Hitler spoke of an "almighty creator".Hitler, Adolf (1999). Mein Kampf. Ralph Mannheim, ed., New York: Mariner Books, pp. 65, 119, 152, 161, 214, 375, 383, 403, 436, 562, 565, 622, 632–633. According to Samuel Koehne of Deakin University, some recent works have "argued Hitler was a Deist". Hitler made various comments against "atheistic" movements. He associated atheism with Bolshevism, Communism and Jewish materialism. In 1933, the regime banned most atheistic and freethinking groups in Germany—other than those that supported the Nazis. The regime strongly opposed "godless communism" and most of Germany's freethinking (freigeist), atheist and largely left-wing organizations were banned. The regime also stated that the Nazi Germany needed some kind of belief.Norman H. Baynes, ed., The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922-August 1939. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942, p. 378–386.William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p234-240
According to Tom Rees, some researches suggest that atheists are more numerous in peaceful nations than they are in turbulent or warlike ones, but causality of this trend is not clear and there are many outliers. However, opponents of this view cite examples such as the Bolsheviks (in Soviet Russia) who were inspired by "an ideological creed which professed that all religion would atrophy [...] resolved to eradicate Christianity as such". In 1918, "[t]en Orthodox hierarchs were summarily shot" and "[c]hildren were deprived of any religious education outside the home". Increasingly draconian measures were employed. In addition to direct state persecution, the League of the Militant Godless was founded in 1925, churches were closed and vandalized and "by 1938 eighty bishops had lost their lives, while thousands of clerics were sent to labour camps".
After World War II
Across Eastern Europe following World War II, the parts of Nazi Germany and its allies and conquered states that had been overrun by the Soviet Red Army, along with Yugoslavia, became one-party Communist states, which like the Soviet Union were antipathetic to religion. Persecutions of religious leaders followed.Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; p.566 & 568 The Soviet Union ended its truce against the Russian Orthodox Church and extended its persecutions to the newly Communist Eastern bloc. In Poland, Hungary, Lithuania and other Eastern European countries, Catholic leaders who were unwilling to be silent were denounced, publicly humiliated or imprisoned by the Communists. According to Geoffrey Blainey, leaders of the national Orthodox Churches in Romania and Bulgaria had to be "cautious and submissive".
Albania under Enver Hoxha became in 1967 the first (and to date only) formally declared atheist state, going far beyond what most other countries had attempted—completely prohibiting religious observance and systematically repressing and persecuting adherents. The right to religious practice was restored in the fall of communism in 1991. In 1967, Hoxha's regime conducted a campaign to extinguish religious life in Albania and by year's end over two thousand religious buildings were closed or converted to other uses and religious leaders were imprisoned and executed. Albania was declared to be the world's first atheist country by its leaders and Article 37 of the Albanian constitution of 1976 stated: "The State recognises no religion, and supports and carries out atheistic propaganda in order to implant a scientific materialistic world outlook in people".David Binder, "Evolution in Europe; Albanian Leader Says the Country Will Be Democratized but Will Retain Socialism," The New York Times, May 14, 1990
In 1949, China became a Communist state under the leadership of Mao Zedong' Chinese Communist Party. China itself had been a cradle of religious thought since ancient times, being the birthplace of Confucianism and Daoism. Under Communism, China became officially atheist, and though some religious practices were permitted to continue under state supervision, religious groups deemed a threat to order have been suppressed—as with Tibetan Buddhism since 1959 and Falun Gong in recent years. During the Cultural Revolution, Mao instigated "struggles" against the Four Olds: "old ideas, customs, culture, and habits of mind". In Buddhist Cambodia, influenced by Mao's Cultural Revolution, Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge also instigated a purge of religion during the Cambodian genocide, when all religious practices were forbidden and Buddhist monasteries were closed.Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Cambodia: Religion; accessed 10 November 2013 Evangelical Christian writer Dinesh D'Souza writes: "The crimes of atheism have generally been perpetrated through a hubristic ideology that sees man, not God, as the creator of values. Using the latest techniques of science and technology, man seeks to displace God and create a secular utopia here on earth". He also contends:
And who can deny that Stalin and Mao, not to mention Pol Pot and a host of others, all committed atrocities in the name of a Communist ideology that was explicitly atheistic? Who can dispute that they did their bloody deeds by claiming to be establishing a 'new man' and a religion-free utopia? These were mass murders performed with atheism as a central part of their ideological inspiration, they were not mass murders done by people who simply happened to be atheist.
In response to this line of criticism, Sam Harris wrote:
The problem with fascism and communism, however, is not that they are too critical of religion; the problem is that they are too much like religions. Such regimes are dogmatic to the core and generally give rise to personality cults that are indistinguishable from cults of religious hero worship. Auschwitz, the gulag and the killing fields were not examples of what happens when human beings reject religious dogma; they are examples of political, racial and nationalistic dogma run amok. There is no society in human history that ever suffered because its people became too reasonable.
Richard Dawkins has stated that Stalin's atrocities were influenced not by atheism, but by dogmatic Marxism and concludes that while Stalin and Mao happened to be atheists, they did not do their deeds "in the name of atheism". On other occasions, Dawkins has replied to the argument that Hitler and Stalin were antireligious with the response that Hitler and Stalin also grew moustaches in an effort to show the argument as fallacious. Instead, Dawkins argues in The God Delusion: "What matters is not whether Hitler and Stalin were atheists, but whether atheism systematically influences people to do bad things. There is not the smallest evidence that it does".
Historian Borden Painter assessed Dawkins' claims on Stalin, atheism and violence in light of mainstream historical scholarship, stating that Dawkins did not use reliable sources to reach his conclusions. He argues: "He omits what any textbook would tell him: Marxism included atheism as a piece of its secular ideology that claimed a basis in scientific thinking originating in the Enlightenment". D'Souza responds to Dawkins that an individual need not explicitly invoke atheism in committing atrocities if it is already implied in his worldview as is the case in Marxism.
In a 1993 address to American bishops, Pope John Paul II spoke of a spreading "practical atheism" in modern societies which was clouding the moral sense of humans and fragmenting society:
Journalist Robert Wright has argued that some New Atheists discourage looking for deeper root causes of conflicts when they assume that religion is the sole root of the problem. Wright argues that this can discourage people from working to change the circumstances that actually give rise to those conflicts. Mark Chaves has said that the New Atheists, amongst others who comment on religions, have committed the religious congruence fallacy in their writings by assuming that beliefs and practices remain static and coherent through time. He believes that the late Christopher Hitchens committed this error by assuming that the drive for congruence is a defining feature of religion and that Daniel Dennett has done it by overlooking the fact that religious actions are dependent on the situation, just like other actions.
Atheism and science
Early modern atheism developed in the 17th century and Winfried Schroeder, a historian of atheism, has noted that science during this time did not strengthen the case for atheism.Schroeder, Winfried. Ursprunge des Atheismus: Untersuchungen zur Metaphysik- und Religionskritik des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. Tubingen: Frommann- Holzboog, 1998. Pg 79-80, 291, 297-302 In the 18th century, Denis Diderot argued that atheism was less scientific than metaphysics. Prior to Charles Darwin, the findings of biology did not play a major part in the atheist's arguments since it was difficult to argue that life arose randomly as opposed to being designed. As Schroeder has noted, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries theists excelled atheists in their ability to make contributions to the serious study of biological processes. In the time of the Enlightenment, mechanical philosophy was developed by Christians such as Isaac Newton, René Descartes, Robert Boyle and Pierre Gassendi who saw a self-sustained and autonomous universe as an intrinsically Christian belief. The mechanical world was seen as providing strong evidence against atheism since nature had evidence of order and providence, instead of chaos and spontaneity. However, since the 19th century both atheists and theists have said that science supports their worldviews. Historian of science John Henry has noted that before the 19th century science was generally cited to support many theological positions. However, materialist theories in natural philosophy became more prominent from the 17th century onwards, giving more room for atheism to develop. Since the 19th century, science has been employed in both theistic and atheistic cultures, depending on the prevailing popular beliefs.
In reviewing the rise of modern science, Taner Edis notes that science does work without atheism and that atheism largely remains a position that is adopted for philosophical or ethical, rather than scientific reasons. The history of atheism is heavily invested in the philosophy of religion and this has resulted in atheism being weakly tied to other branches of philosophy and almost completely disconnected from science which means that it risks becoming stagnant and completely irrelevant to science.
Sociologist Steve Fuller wrote: "Atheism as a positive doctrine has done precious little for science". He notes: "More generally, Atheism has not figured as a force in the history of science not because it has been suppressed but because whenever it has been expressed, it has not specifically encouraged the pursuit of science".
Massimo Pigliucci noted that the Soviet Union had adopted an atheist ideology called Lysenkoism, which rejected Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution as capitalist propaganda, which was in sync with Stalin's dialectic materialism and ultimately impeded biological and agricultural research for many years, including the exiling and deaths of many valuable scientists. This part of history has symmetries with other ideologically driven ideas such as intelligent design, though in both cases religion and atheism are not the main cause, but blind commitments to worldviews. Lysenkoism reigned over Soviet science since the 1920s to the early 1960s where genetics was proclaimed a pseudoscience for more than 30 years despite significant advances in genetics in earlier years. It relied on Lamarckian views and rejected concepts such as genes and chromosomes and proponents claimed to have discovered that rye could transform into wheat and wheat into barley and that natural cooperation was observed in nature as opposed to natural selection. Ultimately, Lysenkoism failed to deliver on its promises in agricultural yields and had unfortunate consequences such as the arresting, firing, or execution of 3,000 biologists due to attempts from Lysenko to suppress opposition to his theory.
According to historian Geoffrey Blainey, in recent centuries literalist biblical accounts were undermined by scientific discoveries in archaeology, astronomy, biology, chemistry, geoscience, and physics, leading various thinkers to question the idea that God created the universe at all. However, he also notes: "Other scholars replied that the universe was so astonishing, so systematic, and so varied that it must have a divine maker. Criticisms of the accuracy of the Book of Genesis were therefore illuminating, but minor". Some philosophers, such as Alvin Plantinga, have argued the universe was fine-tuned for life. Atheists have sometimes responded by referring to the anthropic principle.
Physicist Karl W. Giberson and philosopher of science Mariano Artigas reviewed the views of some notable atheist scientists such as Carl Sagan, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Jay Gould, Stephen Hawking, Steven Weinberg and E. O. Wilson which have engaged popular writing which include commentary on what science is, society and religion for the lay public. Giberson and Artigas note that though such authors provide insights from their fields, they often misinform the public by engaging in non-scientific commentary on society, religion and meaning under the guise of non-existent scientific authority and no scientific evidence. Some impressions these six authors make that are erroneous and false include: science is mainly about origins and that most scientists work in some aspect of either cosmic or biological evolution, scientists are either agnostic or atheistic and science is incompatible and even hostile to religion. To these impressions, Giberson and Artigas note that the overwhelming majority of science articles in any journal in any field have nothing to do with origins because most research is funded by taxpayers or private corporations so ultimately practical research that benefit people, the environment, health and technology are the core focus of science; significant portions of scientists are religious and spiritual; and the majority of scientists are not hostile to religion since no scientific organization has any stance that is critical to religion, the scientific community is diverse in terms of worldviews and there is no collective opinion on religion.
Primatologist Frans de Waal has criticized atheists for often presenting science and religion to audiences in a simplistic and false view of conflict, thereby propagating a myth that has been dispelled by history. He notes that there are dogmatic parallels between atheists and some religious people in terms of how they argue about many issues.
Evolutionary biologist Kenneth R. Miller has argued that when scientists make claims on science and theism or atheism, they are not arguing scientifically at all and are stepping beyond the scope of science into discourses of meaning and purpose. What he finds particularly odd and unjustified is in how atheists often come to invoke scientific authority on their non-scientific philosophical conclusions like there being no point or no meaning to the universe as the only viable option when the scientific method and science never have had any way of addressing questions of meaning or lack of meaning, or the existence or non-existence of God in the first place. Atheists do the same thing theists do on issues not pertaining to science like questions on God and meaning.
Theologian scientist Alister McGrath points out that atheists have misused biology in terms of both evolution as "Darwinism" and Darwin himself, in their "atheist apologetics" in order to propagate and defend their worldviews. He notes that in atheist writings there is often an implicit appeal to an outdated "conflict" model of science and religion which has been discredited by historical scholarship, there is a tendency to go beyond science to make non-scientific claims like lack of purpose and characterizing Darwin as if he was an atheist and his ideas as promoting atheism. McGrath notes that Darwin never called himself an atheist nor did he and other early advocates of evolution see his ideas as propagating atheism and that numerous contributors to evolutionary biology were Christians.
Oxford Professor of Mathematics John Lennox has written that the issues one hears about science and religion have nothing to do with science, but are merely about theism and atheism because top level scientists abound on both sides. Furthermore, he criticizes atheists who argue from scientism because sometimes it results in dismissals of things like philosophy based on ignorance of what philosophy entails and the limits of science. He also notes that atheist scientists in trying to avoid the visible evidence for God ascribe creative power to less credible candidates like mass and energy, the laws of nature and theories of those laws. Lennox notes that theories that Hawking appeals to such as the multiverse are speculative and untestable and thus do not amount to science.
Physicist Paul Davies of Arizona State University has written that the very notion of physical law is a theological one in the first place: "Isaac Newton first got the idea of absolute, universal, perfect, immutable laws from the Christian doctrine that God created the world and ordered it in a rational way". John Lennox has argued that science itself sits more comfortably with theism than with atheism and "as a scientist I would say... where did modern science come from? It didn't come from atheism... modern science arose in the 16th and 17th centuries in Western Europe, and of course people ask why did it happen there and then, and the general consensus which is often called Merton's Thesis is, to quote CS Lewis who formulated it better than anybody I know... 'Men became scientific. Why? Because they expected law in nature, and they expected law in nature because they believed in a lawgiver.' In other words, it was belief in God that was the motor that drove modern science".
Francis Collins, the American physician and geneticist who lead the Human Genome Project, argues that theism is more rational than atheism. Collins also found Lewis persuasive and after reading Mere Christianity came to believe that a rational person would be more likely to believe in a god. Collins argues: "How is it that we, and all other members of our species, unique in the animal kingdom, know what's right and what's wrong... I reject the idea that that is an evolutionary consequence, because that moral law sometimes tells us that the right thing to do is very self-destructive. If I'm walking down the riverbank, and a man is drowning, even if I don't know how to swim very well, I feel this urge that the right thing to do is to try to save that person. Evolution would tell me exactly the opposite: preserve your DNA. Who cares about the guy who's drowning? He's one of the weaker ones, let him go. It's your DNA that needs to survive. And yet that's not what's written within me".
Dawkins addresses this criticism by showing that the evolutionary process can account for the development of altruistic traits in organisms. However, molecular biologist Kenneth R. Miller argues that Dawkin's conception of evolution and morality is a misunderstanding of sociobiology since though evolution would have provided the biological drives and desires we have, it does not tell us what is good or right or wrong or moral.
New Atheism
In the early 21st century, a group of authors and media personalities in Britain and the United States—often referred to as the "New Atheists"—have argued that religion must be proactively countered, criticized so as to reduce its influence on society. Prominent among these voices have been Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett and Sam Harris.
One critic of New Atheism has been the American-Iranian religious studies scholar Reza Aslan. In a New York interview in 2014, Aslan argued that the New Atheists held an "often comically simplistic view of religion that gave atheism a bad name" and continued:
Professor of comparative studies Jeff Nall argues that the New Atheists provide a foundation that is embedded in errors and fallacies for "fundamentalist atheists". He asserts that fundamentalist atheism seeks to eradicate religion and anoint atheism, based on three major fallacies: firstly, an intellectual tunnel vision and failure to accurately examine religious belief honestly in favour of labelling religion as violent, averse to critical debate, scientific development, tolerance, and social advancement; secondly, treating fundamentalist forms of religion as the root of all evil and as the norm on all religion; and, thirdly, intellectual intolerance toward religious thought and belief.
Professor of anthropology and sociology Jack David Eller believes that the four principal New Atheist authors—Hitchens, Dawkins, Dennett and Harris—were not offering anything new in terms of arguments to disprove the existence of gods. He also criticized them for their focus on the dangers of theism as opposed to the falsifying of theism, which results in mischaracterizing religions, taking local theisms as the essence of religion itself and for focusing on the negative aspects of religion in the form of an "argument from benefit" in the reverse.
Professors of philosophy and religion Jeffrey Robbins and Christopher Rodkey take issue with "the evangelical nature of the new atheism, which assumes that it has a Good News to share, at all cost, for the ultimate future of humanity by the conversion of as many people as possible". They find similarities between the new atheism and evangelical Christianity and conclude that the all-consuming nature of both "encourages endless conflict without progress" between both extremities. Sociologist William Stahl notes: "What is striking about the current debate is the frequency with which the New Atheists are portrayed as mirror images of religious fundamentalists". He discusses where both have "structural and epistemological parallels" and argues that "both the New Atheism and fundamentalism are attempts to recreate authority in the face of crises of meaning in late modernity".
The English philosopher Roger Scruton has said that saying that religion is damaging to mankind is just as ridiculous as saying that love is damaging to mankind. Like love, religion leads to conflict, cruelty, abuse and even wars, yet it also brings people joy, solitude, hope and redemption. He therefore states that New Atheists cherry-pick, ignoring the most crucial arguments in the favour of religion, whilst also reiterating the few arguments against religion. He has also stated that religion is an irrefutable part of the human condition, and that denying this is futile.
American religious studies scholar David Bentley Hart criticized New Atheism in Atheist Delusions for being “as contemptible as any other form of dreary fundamentalism” because it “consists entirely in vacuous arguments afloat on oceans of historical ignorance, made turbulent by storms of strident self-righteousness.” Of the leading New Atheists, Hart has the most respect for Daniel Dennett, but concludes that “Dennett’s argument consists in little more than the persistent misapplication of quantitative and empirical terms to unquantifiable and intrinsically nonempirical realities" and "sustained by classifications that are entirely arbitrary.”
Richard Dawkins ...does not hesitate, for instance, to claim that "natural selection is the ultimate explanation for our existence." But this is a silly assertion and merely reveals that Dawkins does not understand the words he is using. The question of existence does not concern how it is that the present arrangement of the world came about, from causes already internal to the world, but how it is that anything (including any cause) can exist at all.
In The Experience of God (2013), Hart primarily makes the case that most criticisms of theism by the New Atheists do not apply to the God of classical theism but instead to a deistic deity conceived of much later in history. Along the way, Hart covers many other specific topics including extended critiques of Daniel Dennett's philosophy of mind and an outline of logical failures in The Selfish Gene'' by Richard Dawkins.
See also
References
Criticism of religion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism%20of%20atheism |
General elections were held in South Africa on 7 July 1943 to elect the 150 members of the House of Assembly. The United Party of Jan Smuts won an absolute majority.
Although the United Party was victorious, special wartime circumstances such as soldiers on active service being allowed to vote and Smuts's status as an international statesman probably exaggerated the depth and level of attachment to the United Party.
The elections might also have understated Afrikaner support for nationalist policies, as many newly urbanised Afrikaners had not registered as voters. In addition, the infighting between the various Afrikaner political factions reduced their support during the election. However, this election was the beginning of the rise of D. F. Malan as the dominant spokesman for Afrikanerdom, which would come to fruition in the 1948 elections.
Background
There were significant changes to the South African party system, during the 1938-1943 Parliament.
The United Party split in 1939, over the issue of South Africa's participation in the Second World War. The Prime Minister since 1924, General J. B. M. Hertzog, advocated neutrality. The then Deputy Prime Minister, General Jan Smuts, supported South African involvement in the war. The cabinet were evenly split on the issue, which had to be resolved by a Parliamentary vote.
Smuts won the vote in the House of Assembly. He was then called upon to form a government. A wartime coalition ministry was appointed. The Smuts cabinet included pro-war members of the United Party, as well as the leaders of the Dominion and Labour parties.
Hertzog and some of his followers left the United Party and created the People Party (VP - Volksparty). This group merged with the Purified National Party (GNP - Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party), to form the Reunited National Party (HNP - Herenigde Nasionale Party). Hertzog was the first leader of the new party, from January 1940, but later in the year Hertzog resigned after falling out with his new colleagues and some of his followers then formed the Afrikaner Party.
Another Nationalist politician and former cabinet minister, Oswald Pirow, formed the New Order. This was at first a faction within the GNP, but later became a new far right party.
Native representative members
The first term of the (white MPs) elected to represent black voters, from special electoral districts in Cape Province under the Representation of Natives Act 1936, expired on 30 June 1942. These seats were not vacated by a dissolution of Parliament, so they were not contested at the 1943 general election for the 150 general roll seats.
The three representative seats were filled by elections on different dates in the second half of 1942 (19 August 1942, 26 October 1942 and 29 October 1942). Three Independent MPs were returned. The term of these members expired on 30 June 1948 (the first 30 June to fall after five years from the date of election).
Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the eighth delimitation report of 1942, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1937) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.
The above table does not include the three native representative seats in Cape Province, which were not included in the delimitation of the general roll seats under the South Africa Act 1909.
Results
By province
References
Keesing's Contemporary Archives
Smuts: A Reappraisal, by Bernard Friedman (George, Allen & Unwin 1975)
South Africa 1982 Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, published by Chris van Rensburg Publications
The South African Constitution, by H.J. May (3rd edition 1955), Juta & Co
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
July 1943 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%20South%20African%20general%20election |
Budu (Jawi: بودو; , , ) is an anchovies sauce and one of the best known fermented seafood products in Kelantan and Terengganu in Malaysia, the Natuna Islands (where it is called or ), South Sumatra, Bangka Island and Western Kalimantan in Indonesia (where it is called rusip), and Southern Thailand. It is mentioned in A Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay language, With a Preliminary Dissertation, Volume 2, By John Crawfurd, published in 1852.
History
It is traditionally made by mixing anchovies and salt in a ratio ranging from 2:1 to 6:1 and allowing the mix to ferment for 140 to 200 days. It is used as a flavouring and is normally eaten with fish, rice, and raw vegetables.
It is similar to the in Philippines, in Indonesia, in Burma, in Vietnam, or in Japan, Colombo cure in the Indian subcontinent, in China, and in Korea.
The fish product is the result of hydrolysis of fish and microbial proteases. The flavor and aroma of budu are produced by the action of proteolytic microorganisms surviving during the fermentation process. Palm sugar and tamarind are usually added to promote a browning reaction, resulting in a dark brown hue. The ratio of fish to salt is key to the final desired product. Different concentrations of salt influences the microbial and enzymatic activity, resulting in different flavours. The microorganisms found during budu production are generally classified as halophilic. The microorganisms play important roles in protein degradation and flavour and aroma development.
Budu is a traditional condiment among the ethnic Malays of east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in the state of Kelantan and Terengganu. Budu has been declared a Malaysian heritage food by the Malaysian Department of National Heritage. Even ethnic Chinese in Kelantan are involved in budu production. Anchovy and its products like budu are high in protein and uric acid, thus not recommended for people with gout. The uric acid content in anchovies, however, is lower than that in tuna.
Budu made from anchovy sauce has shown potential as an anti-cancer agent. As a food sourced from fish it also has potential as brain food.
A powdered form of budu was developed by a Politeknik Kota Bharu (PKB) student in 2011. This allows for easier storage and transport as it is lighter and less prone to bottle breakage.
See also
References
External links
Kehebatan budu Kelantan
The Unique Cina Kampung, The Star online
Malaysian condiments
Malay cuisine
Fish sauces
Umami enhancers
Kelantan
Dried fish
Anchovy dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budu%20%28sauce%29 |
Ian Anthony Robertson (born 25 January 1946 in Footscray, Victoria) is a former Australian rules footballer in the VFL and currently a football commentator.
Robertson was born in Footscray and recruited to the Carlton Football Club from Dalyston after the Footscray Football Club refused a request for a trial with the club. Robertson debuted in 1967 with the Blues and was a solid midfielder.
The fact that he was taken from Footscray's recruitment zone became an issue two years into Robertson's career, when the Bulldogs asked for their rights to him as a player. Ken Greenwood was cleared to the Bulldogs from Carlton and the dispute was resolved.
In 1968, 1970 and 1972, Robertson was a member of Carlton's premiership sides and was a serviceable player. He had played 125 games and kicked 86 goals for Carlton between 1966 and 1974, before moving to Footscray (in an ironic twist) late in 1974, only notching up 4 games and 1 goal.
In the 1980s Robertson became a Football commentator for the Seven Network, continuing this role until 2001 when the Seven Network lost the rights. He was signed with Fox Footy Channel in 2002 but left the network midway through the 2002 season for unknown reasons. In 2004 he was a radio commentator for 95.5 K-Rock in Geelong.
References
1946 births
Australian rules football commentators
Carlton Football Club players
Carlton Football Club premiership players
Living people
Western Bulldogs players
Oakleigh Football Club players
Oakleigh Football Club coaches
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
VFL/AFL premiership players
People from Footscray, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Robertson%20%28Australian%20rules%20footballer%29 |
Francis Colacurcio Sr. (June 18, 1917 – July 2, 2010) was an American mobster and boss of the Seattle crime family known for running strip clubs in Seattle, Washington. He was a subject of ongoing federal investigations into organized crime in the city and was suspected of being an organized crime boss.
Early life
Born to immigrant parents from southern Italy, Colacurcio was the eldest of nine children, and worked on his father's vegetable farm in Seattle. He dropped out of school before completing the eighth grade and started a produce-hauling business. Colacurcio later worked as a butcher, farm hand, truck driver, and pulp mill worker. By age 18, he had opened his first trucking company.
In 1943, Colacurcio was convicted for having sex with an underage girl. He served more than a year at the Monroe State Reformatory (now known as the Washington State Reformatory).
Career
In the 1950s, Colacurcio entered the jukebox, cigarette, and vending machine businesses. Business rivals claimed that he used threats to control the trade. With money earned from these businesses, Colacurcio started investing in bars, restaurants, and clubs. To avoid trouble obtaining liquor licenses, Colacurcio had relatives and associates front as the business owners. In 1957, he was subpoenaed to testify before the U.S. Senate Rackets Committee. Although Colacurcio never testified, Committee Counsel Robert F. Kennedy did question him about his alleged racketeering activities in Seattle.
In the 1960s, Colacurcio acquired more interests in restaurants and nightclubs. In 1962, he opened a beer garden at the Seattle World's Fair.
In 2003, law enforcement launched a criminal investigation in the Seattle area known as "Strippergate." The investigation focused on Frank Sr, Frank Jr., and former Washington Governor Albert Rosellini for bribing members of the Seattle City Council. In 2005, both Frank Sr. and Frank Jr. were indicted, but in February 2006 the judge dismissed the charges. Rosellini was not charged in the investigation.
In March 2006, the FBI started a multi-agency task force to investigate alleged organized crime, racketeering, and cold case murders tied to Frank Sr. In April 2006, the state supreme court reinstated money laundering and political corruption charges from Strippergate charges against Frank Sr. and Frank Jr.
On June 2, 2008, local police and federal agents raided Frank Sr.'s home in Lake Forest Park, the Talents West offices, and multiple strip clubs in three counties.
On June 30, 2009, Frank Sr., Frank Jr., and four associates were indicted by a federal grand jury on racketeering and other charges stemming from years-long investigations into allegations of prostitution and money laundering.
Junior, 48, pleaded guilty to a racketeering-conspiracy charge in June 2010. In exchange, federal prosecutors agreed to dismiss fourteen other charges. He was sentenced in September to a year in jail and fined $1.3 million.
Death
In declining health, Colacurcio died at the age of 93 of heart failure, on July 2, 2010, at the University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle; he was buried at Acacia Memorial Park in Lake Forest Park.
References
Jim Brunner and Steve Miletich. The end of "Strippergate"?. January 23, 2008. The Seattle Times
External links
1917 births
2010 deaths
American people convicted of tax crimes
American gangsters of Italian descent
Businesspeople from Seattle
20th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Colacurcio |
Matthew Charles Fryatt (born 5 March 1986) is an English football coach and former professional footballer, who played as a striker. He is the U15s coach at Walsall.
Fryatt holds the record for fastest goal ever scored by a Leicester City player when he scored after 9 seconds in a 2–1 defeat by Preston North End on 15 April 2006. He broke two further records during his time at Leicester in the 2008–09 season: firstly, becoming the first player in 42 years to score 20 goals before Christmas, and secondly, being the first in 83 years to hit hat-tricks in successive matches.
Club career
Walsall
Born in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, Fryatt rose through the ranks at youth level at Walsall. He made his first team debut as a substitute in a 3–1 League Cup second round defeat to Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium on 24 September 2003, replacing Steve Corica after 67 minutes. His first appearance in The Football League came on 14 October, starting in a 1–1 away draw against Watford in the First Division.
On 18 December 2003, Fryatt moved to Third Division Carlisle United on loan for a month to gain vital first team experience. He made his debut for the Cumbrians two days later, starting in a 2–0 win over Torquay United at Brunton Park, and scored his first professional goal on 3 January 2004, the winner as his team came from behind to win 2–1 against Boston United, heading in Brendan McGill's cross for the bottom-ranked club. Twelve days later, Fryatt's loan was extended by another month, and he returned to Walsall on 23 February after playing ten games. On 20 March, he scored his first goal for the Saddlers, in the first two minutes of a 2–1 win at Preston North End, but the season ended with relegation to League One.
Fryatt began the 2004–05 season with a 12th-minute penalty to open a 3–2 win over West Midlands neighbours Port Vale on 7 August. A week later he netted two – including another penalty – in a 5–3 loss at Oldham Athletic. He scored 15 goals in 36 appearances across the season, including a hat-trick in a 4–3 win over Huddersfield Town on 29 January 2005, being assisted on the winner by player-manager Paul Merson. On 12 March, he scored within seven seconds of the start of a home match against AFC Bournemouth, who won 2–1 nonetheless. He also collected the goal of the season and the player of the season awards at Walsall at the end of the season.
Nottingham Forest made a £850,000 offer for him on 17 August 2005, which was rejected by Walsall because it was "derisory." On 24 August, Merson believed Birmingham City and Sunderland would bid for Fryatt. Despite signing a 12-month extension to his existing contract on 27 September, Fryatt was told by the club they would not block a transfer to a bigger club. On 13 December 2005, Fryatt said he expected to be sold by the end of the 2005–06 season. A concrete offer was made by Danish club Odense Boldklub, which was managed by Bruce Rioch, but Fryatt had no intention of moving to Denmark. He scored 18 goals in his final season at Walsall.
Leicester City
Fryatt signed a three-and-a-half year deal with Leicester City for an undisclosed fee on 9 January 2006, while Walsall would receive a share of the profit should he be sold in future. He was handed the number 12 shirt, which he also wore at Walsall. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 14 January, scoring his first goal in a 2–1 defeat to Cardiff City on 21 January. On 6 February 2006, Fryatt admitted he was a bit shocked when manager Craig Levein was sacked within 16 days of his arrival, after a run of poor results. Nonetheless, he still believed he made the right move from Walsall, even if Leicester suffer relegation. He also pleaded to the board of directors to allow caretaker boss Rob Kelly to remain as manager until the end of the season. Fryatt scored a total of six league goals, helping Leicester avoid relegation. He ended their last home game of the season with a 1–0 win over Plymouth Argyle on 22 April.
Fryatt was picked by the BBC as Leicester's key player for the 2006–07 season, remarking that he "has the attitude and talent to play in the Premiership". However, he was plagued with injuries during that season, suffering an ankle injury in October 2006 which sidelined him for over two weeks. Fryatt was further frustrated by a foot problem during the second half of the season, forcing him to use an insole in his boots to take some pressure away from his ankle. Despite playing 34 competitive games, he scored only four goals, one of them in a 4–3 FA Cup defeat by Fulham. Fryatt nonetheless attracted interest from Wolves in July 2007, whose £2 million bid was turned down by then-manager Martin Allen because "the offer was nowhere near high enough."
His form worsened in the 2007–08 season, scoring only two goals in 30 league games and receiving one red card as Leicester were relegated from the Championship. One goal he did contribute however, gave Leicester a shock victory over Aston Villa in the League Cup on 26 September 2007. He was even the transfer loan target of Nottingham Forest, Leeds United and Crewe Alexandra.
2008–09 season
Fryatt made a positive start to the 2008–09 season, scoring five goals in four league games, earning him a nomination for League One player of the month for August. By November 2008, then-teammate Paul Dickov told Fryatt he thinks "he might have 20 goals by Christmas." He went on to score 20 goals before Christmas, the first Leicester player since Derek Dougan 42 years earlier to do so. On 29 November, he scored a hat-trick in a 3–2 FA Cup win over Dag & Red, and another against Southend on 6 December. In doing so he became the first Leicester player since Arthur Chandler 83 years earlier to hit hat-tricks in successive matches. Fryatt said he was having the best season of his career with the club on 13 January 2009.
Fryatt's superb form in the first half of the season attracted numerous transfer rumours in January 2009. Initially linked with a move to Crystal Palace, he was also wanted by Derby County and Preston North End. Paul Dickov felt Leicester should do everything possible to keep Fryatt, while chairman Milan Mandarić was hopeful he would commit himself to the club. Although Fryatt refused to comment on his future in November, he signed a new three-and-a-half-year deal on 23 December 2008.
He was awarded the League One player of the month for December on 13 January 2009, and the League One player of the year on 29 March. In February 2009, manager Nigel Pearson said he had total faith in Fryatt and no one, including fans should "doubt his ability." Fryatt went on to score his 30th and 31st goals against Southend on 18 April to secure the club's promotion as champions. He was named in the League One PFA Team of the Year together with teammates Jack Hobbs and Matt Oakley on 26 April 2009. At Leicester's end of season awards evening, Fryatt was voted by his teammates as players' player of the season, however he lost out to Steve Howard in the player of the season award and also to Andy King who won the young player of the year award. He ended the last game of the season by scoring his 32nd goal against Crewe on 2 May. Fryatt was also joint top scorer in the FA Cup that season with four goals.
2009–10 season
The BBC Sport remarked on 6 August that Fryatt's "progress in the Championship could also be key to City's chances." He was strongly linked with a move to Hull City that month, which manager Nigel Pearson denied, saying he's "a very important member of our squad and we want to keep hold of our best players." Fryatt missed much of pre-season due to a hernia operation and leg infection. Nonetheless, he scored three goals in the opening five games of the 2009–10 season, equalling his tally during the club's doomed Championship campaign two seasons ago. Fryatt also helped Leicester to their first league win over Blackpool in 43 years on 12 September, scoring a match-winning double.
On 6 February 2010, Fryatt assisted Dyer's goal against Blackpool in a 2–1 win, helping Leicester to their first away victory at Bloomfield Road in 73 years. On 9 February however, he suffered a broken jaw after colliding with Brian Stock in a 0–0 draw against Doncaster Rovers, and was taken to a hospital in an ambulance. Ruled out for eight weeks, he had undergone surgery at Leicester Royal Infirmary, spending the night there before being transferred to a private hospital. He returned to action as a second-half substitute in a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough on 2 May 2010. He scored his last goal of the season against Cardiff City on 12 May, while Leicester lost the Championship play-off semi-final 4–3 on penalties. Fryatt finished the season as top goalscorer, just ahead of Martyn Waghorn with 13 goals.
Hull City
2010–11
He entered contract negotiations with Hull City in December 2010.
It was reported in the national media on 30 December 2010 that a £1.2–million deal had been agreed for Fryatt to move to the KC Stadium, but that the deal would not be completed before Leicester City played Hull City on 1 January 2011. The £1.2 million deal was confirmed on Hull City's official website prior to the Leicester game. Fryatt made his debut as a substitute against Portsmouth on 3 January 2011. He scored on his debut coming off the bench to give the Tigers the lead. On 15 January, he scored his second goal, a penalty, in the 2–0 win over Barnsley at the KC Stadium. On 5 February 2011, in the Humber derby against Scunthorpe United, Fryatt scored a hat-trick, his first for Hull and the third of his career. On his 25th Birthday, Fryatt scored his 100th career league goal and his 7th since joining the club in the 1–0 victory over Nottingham Forest at the City Ground. On 16 April, he scored a brace against Doncaster Rovers at the KC Stadium.
2011–12
He scored his first goal of the 2011–12 season against Ipswich Town at Portman Road on 13 August 2011, resulting in a 1–0 win. On 1 October 2011 against Cardiff City at the KC Stadium, Fryatt exchanged passes with Martin Pusic down the left before carrying the ball into the box, dropping his shoulder to get past a defender and finishing low past David Marshall at the near post. On 22 October 2011 against Watford at the KC Stadium, an error in the Watford box left the ball loose for Fryatt to fire home from close range. On 1 November 2011 against Barnsley at the Oakwell Stadium, Dele Adebola chested the ball down nicely into the path of Fryatt and the striker fired home into the bottom corner from the edge of the area. On 19 November 2011, against Derby County at Pride Park, Liam Rosenior advanced from right back all the way to the edge of the Derby box before feeding Matty Fryatt. He had beaten the offside trap and finished confidently past Frank Fielding. On 26 November 2011, against Burnley at the KC Stadium, Cameron Stewart received the ball tight to the left touchline, beat Kieran Trippier for skill and pace before crossing low for Matty Fryatt to finish from close range at the near post. A break-away started by Paul McKenna, passed through Robert Koren and fed to Fryatt resulted in the striker blasting home his second goal of the game, although Grant in the Burnley goal will surely have been disappointed with his attempts to keep the shot out. On 3 December 2011, against Leicester City at the KC Stadium, Cameron Stewart's persistence allowed him to poke a ball through to Aaron Mclean and although he should have got his shot away sooner, it didn't matter as he was brought down by Leicester captain Matt Mills. The referee pointed to the spot and the defender was promptly sent off. Fryatt stepped up to take the penalty and confidently beat Kasper Schmeichel. On 17 April 2012, Fryatt got his second hat-trick for the Tigers in the 3–1 home victory over Barnsley, the fourth in his overall career.
2012–13
During Hull's opening fixture in the League Cup against Rotherham United, Fryatt picked up a serious Achilles injury. A series of injections were used to try and speed up the healing process, but these proved unsuccessful. It was later confirmed that Fryatt's season was over and he was looking to be fit for the following pre-season. On 21 March, Hull City manager Steve Bruce told the Hull Daily Mail that Fryatt could make a return to action in the middle of April, just in time for the final games of the season. He made his return on 13 April coming on as a substitute in the 89th minute against Ipswich Town. Hull City won the game 2–1. Fryatt made another cameo appearance in the following game at Molineux, before starting the next two games.
Loan to Sheffield Wednesday
On 27 September 2013, Fryatt joined Sheffield Wednesday on a 28-day emergency loan. Fryatt's first goal for the Owls came at Brighton & Hove Albion, when he took a right-footed shot from the centre of the box to beat Tomasz Kuszczak. Fryatt's second goal was an equalising volley in the 1–1 draw at Barnsley, his fifth and final appearance during his loan. On 29 October, Fryatt's loan was extended for a second month until 30 November. Fryatt celebrated his loan extension with a brace at home to Reading on 2 November.
2013–14 season
On 28 December 2013, Fryatt scored his first Premier League goal, in a 6–0 home win against Fulham.
On 13 April 2014, he scored Hull's second goal in their 5–3 FA Cup semi-final win against Sheffield United at Wembley Stadium. On 17 May 2014, he started in the 2014 FA Cup Final against Arsenal.
Nottingham Forest
On 9 June 2014, Fryatt signed for Nottingham Forest on a three-year deal. Fryatt scored his first goal in the club's third game against Bournemouth on 19 August 2014.
Fryatt was released by Forest at the end of the 2016–17 season, having not played a game for the club for over two years due to injury.
Fryatt retired from football on 8 February 2018, due to a long-standing Achilles injury. In June 2020, it was announced that Fryatt was suing Nottingham Forest, claiming that his career was ended prematurely due to negligence by the club in treating his injury.
In December 2020, Nottingham Forest Football Club confirmed that the legal claim brought by Fryatt and his solicitor, Barrington Atkins, had been amicably settled.
International career
Fryatt made his debut for the England U19 team on 9 September 2004 against Republic of Ireland, coming on as a half-time substitute and assisting a goal in a 2–0 win. He went on to star in the 2005 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, scoring four goals in five games, including a hat-trick against Serbia and Montenegro.
Coaching career
Fryatt is currently coaching the U15 team at Walsall.
Career statistics
Honours
Leicester City
League One: 2008–09
Hull City
Championship runner-up: 2012–13
FA Cup runner-up: 2013–14
Individual
League One Player of the Year: 2008–09
PFA Team of the Year: 2008–09 League One
Walsall Player of the Year: 2004–05
Notes
References
External links
Matty Fryatt profile at Hull City A.F.C.
Profile and stats at FoxesTalk
1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Nuneaton
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Walsall F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Walsall F.C. non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty%20Fryatt |
In computer graphics, relief mapping is a texture mapping technique first introduced in 2000 used to render the surface details of three-dimensional objects accurately and efficiently. It can produce accurate depictions of self-occlusion, self-shadowing, and parallax. It is a form of short-distance ray tracing done in a pixel shader. Relief mapping is highly comparable in both function and approach to another displacement texture mapping technique, Parallax occlusion mapping, considering that they both rely on ray tracing, though the two are not to be confused with each other, as parallax occlusion mapping uses reverse heightmap tracing.
See also
Shaded relief
References
External links
Manuel's Relief texture mapping
3D computer graphics
Texture mapping | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief%20mapping%20%28computer%20graphics%29 |
Malcolm Alker (born 4 November 1978) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played as a . He spent his entire professional career with the Salford City Reds, making over 350 appearances between 1997 and 2010. He also served as the club's captain for many years.
Background
Malcolm Alker was born in Wigan, Greater Manchester, England.
Career
Alker started his junior career with Orrell St James before moving to Wigan St Patricks. He joined the Salford Reds in May 1997, and he made his début later that year against the Sheffield Eagles.
In 2000, Alker captained Salford City Reds for the first time at the age of 21 in the absence of regular captain Darren Brown.
Alker played his entire professional rugby league career at Salford City Reds. He has represented Lancashire and England.
Alker reached his testimonial year with Salford City Reds in 2006. His testimonial match took place during the 2007 pre-season against the Wigan Warriors, which the Warriors won 20–15.
In January 2009, Alker was stripped of the club captaincy following a breach of club rules during their pre-season training camp in Jacksonville, Florida. He was re-appointed as captain two months later.
In August 2010, Alker announced that he would be retiring at the end of the season, but would remain at the club in a coaching role.
In March 2011, it was announced that head coach Shaun McRae would be taking sick leave, with Alker jointly taking charge of coaching duties alongside fellow assistant Phil Veivers and Director of Football Steve Simms during his absence. In April 2011, Alker filed a complaint against Salford after being dismissed from a training session. After failing to come to an agreement, the club announced that Alker would be "taking time away from the club to undergo surgery on his neck".
Personal life
In 2012, Alker released his autobiography, The Devil Within. In the book, Alker admitted use of cocaine and banned growth hormones during his playing days.
Alker was sentenced to four years imprisonment on 12 January 2018 for the armed robbery of a KFC restaurant and a Tesco Express store in Wigan on 31 October 2017.
References
External links
(archived by web.archive.org) Salford profile
Super League profile
ĎŔƑ "My life in rugby league: Malcolm Alker" interview at TotalRL.com
Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org
1978 births
Living people
21st-century English criminals
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Rugby league players from Wigan
Rugby league hookers
Salford Red Devils captains
Salford Red Devils players
Wigan St Patricks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Alker |
Sean Rutgerson (born 9 February 1978) is the head coach of the United States and a former professional rugby league footballer. His primary position was as , but he also played in the . Over his career, Rutgerson played for the North Sydney Bears and the Canberra Raiders in the Australian National Rugby League, Salford City Reds in the Super League and the Jacksonville Axemen in the AMNRL.
Playing career
Rutgerson started his professional career in Australia with the North Sydney, where he played. After two years at North Sydney, he moved to the Canberra Raiders where he spent four years and scored his first try at the top level.
He signed for Salford City Reds in 2004 and played three seasons in Super League. He then moved to the US, where he played for the Jacksonville Axemen and also took on a coaching role at the club.
In the 2000 Rugby League World Cup Rutgerson represented South Africa. In all three games for South Africa, Rutgerson started in the , rather than his typical position as .
Coaching
Rutgerson was appointed assistant coach of the USA national team under Brian McDermott in 2015, eventually taking over from McDermott as head coach in 2018.
References
External links
Salford Squad Profile: Sean Rutgerson
Salford City Reds Website Homepage
1978 births
Living people
Australian expatriate rugby league players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Australian people of South African descent
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league players
Canberra Raiders players
Expatriate rugby league players in the United States
Jacksonville Axemen coaches
Jacksonville Axemen players
North Sydney Bears players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby league props
Rugby league second-rows
Salford Red Devils players
South Africa national rugby league team players
United States national rugby league team coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Rutgerson |
Wyler's is a food and beverage brand established by Wyler's Company in 1931. The brand is now owned by Kraft Heinz for bouillon and dry soup mixes and by The Jel Sert Company for powdered drink mixes.
History
The spouses Silvain and Arma Wyler established Wyler's Company in 1931 selling its first product, chicken bouillon cubes. Wyler's began manufacturing bouillon cubes in Chicago in the 1940s and developed bouillon powder, dry soup mixes and powdered drink mixes in the 1950s.
Borden acquired Wyler's Company in 1961.
The Wyler's powdered drink business was sold to Lipton in 1986. Jel Sert bought the Wyler's powdered drink business from Lipton parent Unilever in 1994.
When Borden exited the food business in 2001, it sold the Wyler's bouillon and dry soup business to H. J. Heinz Company. H. J. Heinz Company would merge with Kraft Foods in 2015, creating Kraft Heinz.
References
External links
(Food brand)
(Drink brand)
Heinz brands
Jel Sert brands
Food product brands
Drink brands
Products introduced in 1931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyler%27s |
Simon Finnigan (born 8 December 1981) is a rugby league coach and former player who was most recently the head coach of the Widnes Vikings in Betfred Championship and was previously head coach at Newcastle Thunder and an assistant coach at the Toronto Wolfpack. An Ireland international , he played in the Super League for the Widnes Vikings, Salford City Reds, Bradford Bulls and the Huddersfield Giants, and in the Championship for the Leigh Centurions.
Background
Simon Finnigan was born in Warrington, Cheshire, England, he grew up in Australia, playing for the Penrith Panthers junior teams before joining Widnes Vikings in 2003.
Club career
Finnigan played three season in Super League for Widnes Vikings, before leaving following the club's relegation at the end of the 2005 Super League season. He subsequently joined Salford City Reds, where he played for two seasons before again leaving when the club was relegated at the end of the 2007 Super League season. He signed for Bradford Bulls in September 2007 and stayed for one year before joining Huddersfield Giants in 2009. He rejoined Widnes Vikings in 2011, before finishing his career with Leigh Centurions in 2013. He announced his retirement from the sport in January 2014.
Representative
He was named in the Ireland training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and the Ireland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.
He was again named in the Ireland squad for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup, and made two appearances in the tournament, his final rugby league match being Ireland's defeat against Australia.
Statistics
Club career (Super League)
Representative career
Coaching career
After retiring as a player, Finnigan moved into coaching become assistant coach at the Toronto Wolfpack. In 20219 he became head coach of Newcastle Thunder then in League 1, the third tier of rugby league in the United Kingdom.
Finnigan was appointed the head coach of the Widnes Vikings in the Championship (the second tier) in November 2020 but left the club in April 2022 by "mutual consent".
References
External links
Toronto Wolfpack profile
Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org
(archived by web.archive.org) Bradford Bulls profile
(archived by web.archive.org) Ireland profile
1981 births
Living people
Bradford Bulls players
English rugby league players
English people of Irish descent
Huddersfield Giants players
Ireland national rugby league team players
Irish rugby league players
Leigh Leopards players
Newcastle Thunder coaches
Rugby league locks
Rugby league players from Warrington
Rugby league second-rows
Salford Red Devils players
Toronto Wolfpack coaches
Widnes Vikings coaches
Widnes Vikings players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Finnigan |
Ian Sibbit (born 15 October 1980), also known by the nickname of "Sibs", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played as a second row.
Sibbit signed for Salford in 2004 from the Warrington Wolves having also played for Melbourne Storm. He also went on to play for Bradford Bulls.
Bradford Bulls
He signed a two-year deal with the Bradford Bulls for 2011's Super League XVI. He is not seen as a direct replacement for Steve Menzies but is seen as a back-up player. Statistics do NOT include pre-season friendlies.
2011 - 2011 Season
Sibbit appeared in two of the four pre-season games. He played against Halifax and Wakefield Trinity Wildcats.
Ian featured in Round 1 and 2 against Leeds Rhinos and Wigan Warriors. His next game would be in Round 4 (Wakefield Trinity Wildcats) the in Round 5 (Huddersfield Giants). Sibbit then appeared in Round 9 (Hull F.C.). Ian featured in three consecutive games from Round 12 (Catalans Dragons) to Round 14 (Hull Kingston Rovers). He appeared in another three consecutive game between Round 17 (St. Helens) and Round 19 (Leeds Rhinos). Sibbit then featured in Round 24 (Hull Kingston Rovers) until Round 26 (Crusaders). He also featured in the Challenge Cup games against Halifax and Wigan Warriors. He scored a try against Halifax.
2012 - 2012 Season
Sibbit featured in three of the four pre-season friendlies. He played against Castleford Tigers, Dewsbury Rams and Hull FC.
Ian featured in two consecutive games from Round 1 (Catalans Dragons) to Round 2 (Castleford Tigers). He missed Rounds 3-15 and Round 4–5 in the Challenge Cup due to an injury. He featured in two consecutive games from Round 16 (Castleford Tigers) to Round 17 (St. Helens). He was injured for Rounds 18–27. Sibbit announced his retirement from the game on 5 September 2012.
References
External links
Salford City Reds profile
(archived by web.archive.org) Reds profile
Salford City Reds Media Guide 2009
1980 births
Living people
Bradford Bulls players
England Knights national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Melbourne Storm players
Rugby league players from Wigan
Rugby league second-rows
Salford Red Devils players
Warrington Wolves players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Sibbit |
Upasana (Sanskrit: उपासना ) literally means "worship" and "sitting near, attend to". It refers to the worship of, or meditation on, formless things, such as Absolute Self, the Holy, the Atman (Soul) Principle, distinguishing meditative reverence for an internalized and intellectual concept from earlier forms of physical worship, actual sacrifices and offerings to Vedic deities.
The term also refers to one of three (, parts) of Vedas, one that focuses on worship or meditation. The other two parts of Vedas are called Aranyakas and Upanishads, sometimes identified as (, ritualistic sacrifice section) and (, knowledge, spirituality section).
Etymology
The root of the Sanskrit word Upasana is up and asana (from as), which means "to sit close to someone, waiting on someone with reverence". Oldenberg explained Upasana from its root Upās-, in German as Verehren, or "to worship, adore, revere", with the clarification that in Vedic texts this adoration and reverence is at formless things, such as Absolute Self, the Holy, the Atman (Soul) Principle. These texts offer the concept of Upasana to distinguish meditative reverence for an internalized and intellectual concept from earlier forms of physical worship, actual sacrifices and offerings to Vedic deities. Schayer offered a different perspective, stating Upasana in Vedic context is closer to the German word Umwerben or Bedrängen, or courting and pressing on metaphysical Soul, the Absolute Self (the Brahman) with hopes and petitions. Schayer further states that Upasana was a psychological act as well as a procedure, which etymologically was further developed by Renou.
Meditation and identification
In one contemporary context, Upasana means methods of worship (Bhakti), usually of meditative kind. Werner translates it as "meditation", while Murty translates it as "steadfastness of mind in the thing meditated upon". Upasana is also sometimes referred to as Puja. However, a formal Puja is just one type of worship in Indian philosophy. Paul Deussen translates upasana as "meditation" and "worship", depending on the context.
The concept of Upasana developed a large tradition in Vedanta era. Edward Crangle, in his review, states that Upasana in Vedic text initially developed as a form of "substitute sacrifice", where symbolic meditation of the Aranyakas practice, instead of actual sacrifice ritual, offered a means to gain the same merit without the sacrifice. Over time, this idea shifted from meditating about the ritual, to internalization and meditation of the ideas and concepts associated. This may have marked a key evolution in Vedic era, one from ritual sacrifices to one contemplating spiritual ideas.
It flowered into the meaning of an intense kind of systematic meditation and identification. Adi Shankara described Upasana as a kind of dhyana -- meditation "about someone or something, consisting of continuous succession of comparable basic concepts, without interspersing it with dissimilar concepts, that proceeds according to the scriptures and on idea enjoined in the scriptures." It is a state of concentration where "whatever is meditated upon" is completely identified, absorbed with self, and unified with as one identifies self consciousness with one's body. The two become one, "you are that". The "someone or something" in Upasana can be a symbolic deity or an abstract concept, states Shankara. Upasana entails more than mere concentration or sitting in dhyana; it is being one with god, which manifests as "be a god", and by "being a god, he attains the god," living this identity with god in daily life.
Classification of texts
In other contexts, Upasana refers to a part of the Vedic era texts relating to worship or meditation. The first parts of Vedas, composed the earliest, relate to sacrificial rituals. The second parts are Upasana-kanda, and the last parts relate to abstract philosophy and spirituality which are popularly called the Upanishads.
Vedic literature, including Upasana Karunakar, is neither homogeneous in content nor in structure. Multiple classifications have been proposed. For example, the early part of Vedas with mantras and prayers called Samhitas along with the commentary on rituals called the Brahmanas together are identified as the ceremonial , while rituals and metaphoric-rituals part called Aranyakas and knowledge/spirituality part Upanishads are referred to as the .
In some cases, the Upasana chapters are embedded inside the Aranyakas. For example, in Rig Veda, the first five of its books are called Aitareya Aranyaka. The 2nd and 3rd books are theosophical, and the first three sections of the 2nd book are called Prana Upasana (literally meaning, "worship of the vital energy"). The last three sections of the 2nd book constitute the Aitareya Upanishad. The 3rd book of Rig Veda refers to Samhita Upasana (literally meaning, "unified form of worship"). Rig Veda has many books, and it includes many more Upasanas and Upanishads. Other Vedas follow a similar structure where they offer sections on rituals and action (Aranyakas), worship and deity oriented bhakti (Upasanas), as well as philosophical and abstract spirituality sections (Upanishads).
See also
Aranyaka
Veda
Upanishad
Bhakti
Puja
References
Further reading
Klaus G Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, , Chapter 3
Hindu philosophical concepts
Vedas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upasana |
The West Harbour Rugby Football Club is a team in the Shute Shield, the premier club rugby union football competition in New South Wales. The club is based in Concord in the Inner West of Sydney, and plays home matches at Concord Oval. Concord holds a place in rugby history as a venue for the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987. West Harbour's major sponsor is Burwood RSL and post match functions are held at Club Burwood. In 2020, the Pirates would play out of Drummoyne Oval as Concord Oval being NRL club Wests Tigers' training ground, the venue was deemed off limited for people in excess of the "bubble".
Club information
Uniform colours: Black, White and Red
Premiership Titles: 2 titles: 1902, 1929
Club history
Beginnings
West Harbour R.F.C. was founded in 1900 as Western Suburbs D.R.U.F.C after an amalgamation between Burwood and Concord rugby clubs. The club originally fielded only two grade teams but still won the Sydney Premiership at its third attempt in 1902. Since then the club has won one other championship in 1929.
The Club’s name was changed to Western Suburbs to satisfy municipal aldermen when it sought a lease on St Lukes Oval, later Concord Oval. Western Suburbs’ boundaries were far-reaching in its early days because the club could draw on players from Concord to the Harbour, south to Port Hacking, north to the Parramatta River, and west to the Blue Mountains. When Parramatta, St George, Drummoyne, Gordon and Eastwood joined the competition these boundaries were reduced.
Between the Wars
Western Suburbs enjoyed a golden era after the war when Secretary Francis Joseph Herlihy co-opted Tom.S.R (Iron Guts) Davis, Larry Wogan, and Charlie Rea to help lift the club’s fortunes. They built a playing strength that enabled Western Suburbs to figure prominently in the competition for years and to win the competition in 1929
The brothers Geoff (1929) and Keith Storey (1936) entered international football from Western Suburbs followed by Sid King (1929), M.R.Blair (1931), T.S.Lawton (1929), A.Thorpe (1929), P.K.Collins (1937), R.L.F.Kelly (1936), R.E.M.McLaughlin (1936), T.P.Pauling (1936), and Cecil Ramalli (1938). Phil Hardcastle was an established Test player when he joined the club from Easts in 1948.
Relegation and Promotion
Western Suburbs were unceremoniously relegated to the second division in 1952 and fared poorly until promoted back into 1st Division in 1966. It was at this point that the club’s fortunes changed when Rufus Miahere joined as 1st Grade coach in 1970. Miahere began with seven wins in 1971 and eight wins in 1972. In 1973 he lifted the Club back to the glory it had enjoyed in the 1930s by winning 17 matches in a row. Western Suburbs won the Club Championships that year and the season was flawed only by a loss to Randwick in the Grand Final. That year Laurie Monaghan became the Club’s first test player since World War II, followed shortly after by one of Sydney’s true Rugby characters, Mick Ellem.
The Club was once again relegated to 2nd Division in 1980 and then promoted back to 1st Division in 1981. In 1982, the Club had discussions with the Sydney Rugby Union regarding the upgrade of Concord Oval. The Club made a donation of $250,000 to the NSWRU, which allowed the State Government to provide a further $1 million and saw Concord Oval transformed into a world class rugby venue, which in 1987 saw more than 25,000 people attend the World Cup semi-final match between Australia and France.
Resurgence and Professionalism
The 1980s and '90s saw a resurgence in the Club’s strength. Stephen James represented Australia in a number of Test series from 1986 and Fili Finau wore the green and gold on a French Tour in 1993.
In 1995, the Club changed its name to the West Harbour Rugby Football Club to more truly reflect the Club’s location in the inner west of the harbour city. In 1997, Fili Finau once again represented Australia, this time against New Zealand in the Bledisloe Cup. Jason Madz and Fili Finau also featured prominently for the NSW Super 12 side during this period.
Steve Devine represented NSW and Australia U/21s and played with the Waratahs before signing a Super 12 contract with the Auckland Blues. Steve was then selected as a member of the All Blacks eventually playing 13 tests for New Zealand. Pierre Hola capped off a fine 2001 season by being selected in the Tongan national team and was a member of the Tongan 2003 World Cup Squad.
In 2000/01 Des Tuiavii played for the ACT Brumbies before taking up a NSW Waratahs contract for the 2002/03 seasons. Des won both the Sydney Morning Herald’s Player of the Year and the NSWRU Ken Catchpole Medal in 2001 and played his 100th 1st Grade game for West Harbour in 2003. Des finished a remarkable 2003 season by playing for the Samoan side in the 2003 World Cup.
In the early to mid 2000s, West Harbour had a number of players in the NSW Waratah and Junior Waratah squads including Lote Tuqiri, Timana Tahu, Chris O’Young and Elia Tiqiri all represented the Waratahs in 2004. Chris Siale and Rodney Blake represented the Australia U/21 side in the IRB Championships in Scotland. Both subsequently signed Super 12 contracts.
Seven West Harbour players Penny Anderson, Louise Ferris, Charmain Smith, Debby Hodgkinson, Tui Ormsby, Nyree Osieck, Pearl Palaialii represented the Australian Wallaroos at the Women’s Rugby World Cup in Spain in 2002. Debby Hodgkinson was named the SMH “Player of the Year” for the 2004 season.
The Current Era
Since 2010, the Club’s fortunes have been mixed with periods of strong success and frustrating disappointments. With a seemingly transient playing population and a number of successive short term presidents and coaches, the Club has lacked a great deal of stability and has seen a high turnover of players.
The tenure of experienced coach, Tod Louden, which came to an end at the culmination of the 2018 season saw another mass exodus of players. Yet the Club’s newly appointed board acted quickly to engage long time club man, Mark Gudmenson, as Head Coach, who in turn was successful season in bringing a sense of stability to the Club for the 2019 season driven by a competitive 1st Grade team.
West Harbour is leaving Concord Oval in the 2020 season for two years as Canada Bay Council build a new state of the art stadium. The Club will be playing its home matches at Drummoyne Oval for the next two years, after which time West Harbour will return to Concord Oval, which will be the envy of the eleven Clubs in the Shute Shield.
Representatives
Overall 48 players who have played for the Club have gone on to represent the Wallabies, along with the large number of Wallabies and Wallaroos representative players. Due to the diverse nature of West Harbour Rugby Club, 36 players have gone on to represent other nations in international rugby including Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, New Zealand, the Philippines, Malta, Croatia and Lebanon.
89 players have been selected for representative honours with the New South Wales Waratahs and many others have played with other Super Rugby franchises.
International representatives
Stanley Wickham
Warden Clarrie Prentice
Larry Wogan
Clarence S. Prentice
Thomas S. R. Davies
Roger Barton
Thomas S. Lawton
George McKay
John W. Shute
Reginald E. Lane
Alexander Armstrong
Hugh Buntine
Harry W. Bryant
P. Bruce Judd
Sid King
Geoff Storey
Malcolm R. Blair
Harold Bartley
Eric Bardsley
John O'Donnell
George Gordon
Alan Thorpe
P. K. Collins
Russell L. F. Kelly
R. E. M. Bill McLaughlin
Thomas P. Pauling
Keith Storey
Paul K. Collins
Cecil Ramalli
Phil Hardcastle
James Walsh
Geoffrey Vaughan
Barry Stumbles
Laurence Monaghan
Michael Ellem
Stephen L. K. James
Anthony Daly
Michael Foley
Fili Finau
W. K. (Bill) Young
Lote Tuqiri
Matthew J Dunning
Rodney Blake
Timana Tahu
James O'Connor
Salesi Ma'afu
Scott Sio
Taqele Naiyaravoro
Allan Alaalatoa
Former players who have represented other nations
Fergus Keogh, (Ireland)
Tali Kavapalu, (Tonga)
Watisoni Nasalo, (Fiji)
Zoran Prijic, (Yugoslavia)
Richard Moriarty, (Wales)
Paul Moriarty, (Wales)
Vili Ala'alatoa, (Samoa)
Fetaiaki Langi, (Tonga)
Fua Veiru, (Samoa)
Dan Parks, (Scotland)
Steve Devine, (New Zealand)
Pierre Hola, (Tonga)
Des Tuiavi'i, (Samoa)
Campese Ma'afu, ()
Sitiveni Mafi, ()
Matthew Jarrett, ()
Ben Abood, ()
Elias Sarkis, ()
Jason Khoury, ()
Anthony Manassa, ()
Ben Volavola, ()
Zac Guildford, ()
Wayne Ngaluafe, ()
Sione Tau, ()
Daniel Ricky Kucia, ()
David Lolohea, ()
Albert Tuisue, ()
Ned Rush Stephenson, ()
Michael Ala'alatoa, ()
Current Super Rugby players
Salesi Ma'afu, (Brumbies)
Sam Wykes, (Western Force)
Rory Sidey, (Waratahs)
Alofa Alofa, (Waratahs)
Cameron Orr, (Melbourne Rebels)
Jack Debreczeni, (Chiefs)
Michael Ala'alatoa, (Crusaders)
Allan Alaalatoa, (Brumbies)
Tiaan Swanepoel, (Lions)
References
Sources
External links
Club's 2022 Stadium Announcer
Rugby union teams in Sydney
Rugby clubs established in 1900
1900 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Harbour%20RFC |
Laddering is an investment technique that requires investors to purchase multiple financial products with different maturity dates.
Benefits
Laddering avoids the risk of reinvesting a large portion of assets in an unfavorable financial environment. Each "rung" of the ladder is a bond of a specific maturity date and the "height" of the ladder is the difference between the shortest maturity bond and the longest maturity bond. The more rungs in the ladder (10 or more is recommended), the better the diversification, the more stable the yield, and the higher the average yield. For example, a person has both a 2015 matured CD and a 2018 matured CD. Even if the interest rate is low in 2015 when one certificate is to be renewed, half of the income is locked in until 2018.
Laddering can free up capital as needed. A person may purchase a shorter term bond in the event that he needs the capital soon to fund his children's tuition while purchasing other longer term bonds that mature later as retirement spending with a more favorable rate, assuming the economy is experiencing a normal yield curve during this time.
Laddering can also be used as an overall retirement planning approach for all retirement investments. The idea is to separate CDs, cash, bonds, annuities, and others into different "ladders" (or "buckets" or "baskets") depending on when the asset is expected to be liquidated to fund the retirement revenue stream. Low-risk assets are used at the start of retirement (and usually have an expected lower rate of return, due to lacking a risk premium). Higher-risk assets would be placed in a basket used at the end of retirement.
This strategy is useful for a diversified portfolio, with other assets in the stock market etc. Generally an initial investment of $10,000-$20,000 is required in order to purchase 5-10 bonds with different maturities for a specific timeline.
IPO laddering
Laddering also describes a process where, in order to purchase shares at a given price, investors must also agree to purchase additional shares at a higher price. This artificially inflates the price of the stock and allows insiders to buy at the lower price, with a guarantee that they will be able to sell at a higher price. This practice has resulted in investigations of national and global banks by the SEC after the stock market collapse.
References
Investment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddering |
CISV may refer to:
Centro Italiano Studi Vessillologici (Italian Centre of Vexillological Studies)
CISV International formerly known as Children's International Summer Villages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CISV%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Palisades Tahoe Aerial Tram (originally called the Squaw Valley Aerial Tramway) is a long aerial tramway at the Palisades Tahoe ski resort in Olympic Valley, California. It was inaugurated in 1968, and was called the Cable Car. At its opening, it was the largest tramway in the world, built by an Austrian company Garaventa. It carries passengers from the Base Camp at 6,200 feet (1,889m) elevation to High Camp at 8,200 feet (2,499m) elevation. The tram operated operates year-round.
Pioneer Ski Area of America
Pioneer Ski Area of America is a California Historical Landmark No. 724 Located at Palisades Tahoe Aerial Tram in Placer County.
The historical marker at Palisades Tahoe Aerial Tram reads:
The VIII Olympic Winter Games of 1960 commemorated a century of sport skiing in California. By 1860 the Sierra Nevada-particularly at the mining towns of Whiskey Diggings, Poker Flat, Port Wine, Onion Valley, La Porte, and Johnsville, some 60 miles north of Squaw Valley-saw the first organized ski clubs and competition in the western hemisphere.
California Registered Historical Landmark No.724
Plaque placed by the California State Park Commission in Cooperation with the California Historical Society and the Organizing Committee, VIII Olympic Winter Games, February 14, 1960. Rededicated by Squaw Valley Ski Corporation, February 1996.
Plumas-Eureka State Park also have a Pioneer Ski Area of America marker for Johnsville Ski Area, Plumas, California Historical Landmark 723.
1978 disaster
During a blizzard in 1978 a car carrying 44 passengers became dislodged from one of the two cables. It fell 75 feet before the second cable halted its fall, causing the car to bounce back up.
The cable that had become disconnected sprung upwards, and broke its connection to the tower. The 17 ton cable fell downwards slicing into the car as in bounce on the first cable, instantly killing three passengers. The final casualties were 4 killed and 22 injured.
See also
Funitel
Palisades Tahoe
VIII Olympic Winter Games
California Historical Landmarks in Placer County
References
Aerial tramways in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Placer County, California
Transportation buildings and structures in California
1968 establishments in California
Olympic Valley, California
Tram accidents
Transport disasters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades%20Tahoe%20Aerial%20Tram |
The grey-headed lapwing (Vanellus cinereus) is a lapwing species which breeds in northeast China and Japan. The mainland population winters in northern Southeast Asia from northeastern India to Cambodia. The Japanese population winters, at least partially, in southern Honshū.
This species has occurred as a vagrant in Russia, the Philippines, Indonesia, New South Wales, Australia and Sri Lanka, as well as Sweden and England.
Description
The grey-headed lapwing is 34–37 cm long. It has a grey head and neck, darker grey breast band and white belly. The back is brown, the rump is white and the tail is black. This is a striking species in flight, with black primaries, white under wings and upper wing secondaries, and brown upper wing coverts.
Adults of both sexes are similarly plumaged, but males are slightly larger than females. Young birds have the white areas of plumage tinged with grey, a less distinct breast band, and pale fringes to the upperpart and wing covert feathers. The call of the grey-headed lapwing is a sharp chee-it.
Behaviour
This species nests from April to July in wet grassland, rice fields and marshland edges. It winters in similar habitat and is then gregarious. It feeds in shallow water on insects, worms and molluscs.
References
Hayman, Marchant and Prater, Shorebirds
Robson, Craig A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand
Vanellus
Birds of Japan
Birds of Manchuria
Articles containing video clips
Birds described in 1842
Taxa named by Edward Blyth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed%20lapwing |
"Ziggy Stardust" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie for his 1972 concept album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. Co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott, he recorded it at Trident Studios in London in November 1971 with his backing band the Spiders from Mars—comprising Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey. Lyrically, the song is about Ziggy Stardust, a bisexual alien rock star who acts as a messenger for extraterrestrial beings. The character was influenced by English singer Vince Taylor, as well as the Legendary Stardust Cowboy and Kansai Yamamoto. Although Ziggy is introduced earlier on the album, this song is its centrepiece, presenting the rise and fall of the star in a very human-like manner. Musically, it is a glam rock song, like its parent album, and is based around a Ronson guitar riff.
Since its release, "Ziggy Stardust" has received widespread acclaim from music critics, with the majority praising its story, guitar riff and the band's performance. The song has since been included on lists of Bowie's greatest songs, and by some as one of the greatest songs of all time. Rolling Stone ranked it number 282 on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2010. The track is also one of four of Bowie's songs included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. Bowie performed the song frequently on the Ziggy Stardust and 1978 Stage tours, and again during his tours in the 2000s.
The song was covered by the English gothic rock band Bauhaus in 1982; their version peaked at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart. While Bowie's original recording was never released as a single, a live version from 1972 was released as a single in France in 1994 to promote the bootleg album Santa Monica '72. The song has since appeared on multiple compilation albums and has been remastered several times, including in 2012 for its 40th anniversary; this remaster was included in the box set Five Years (1969–1973) in 2015.
Composition
Bowie wrote "Ziggy Stardust" and fellow album track "Lady Stardust" "within days" of each other in early 1971. According to biographer Nicholas Pegg, it was registered with Bowie's publisher Chrysalis as early as April 1971, before the recording sessions for Hunky Dory (1971). Bowie recorded an acoustic demo of the track between February and March 1971 at Radio Luxembourg's studios in London, around the same time he recorded "Moonage Daydream" and "Hang On to Yourself" with his band Arnold Corns. This demo was released as a bonus track on the Rykodisc CD release of Ziggy Stardust in 1990. The demo also appeared on the Ziggy Stardust – 30th Anniversary Reissue bonus disc in 2002.
The album version was recorded at Trident Studios in London on 11 November 1971. Co-produced by Ken Scott, Bowie recorded it with his backing band known as the Spiders from Mars—comprising Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey. Musically, it is a glam rock song, like its parent album, that is based around a riff containing both tonic and dominant chords (the latter with a "hammered 4th"), followed by a "shifting-bass run" from C to A minor, thereby going back to the root. Biographer Marc Spitz describes the riff as "instantly recognisable and primal but complex." While Ronson plays the main riff on an electric guitar, Bowie plays an acoustic twelve-string guitar, which is mixed beneath the electric. A second electric guitar riff, inspired by the American rock band the Byrds, what Doggett calls a "jingle-jangle", is also present but almost buried in the mix. Richard Cromelin of Rolling Stone notes the "faint ring" of 1970's The Man Who Sold the World on the track—"stately, measured, fuzzily electric." Bowie begins his vocals, which Doggett describes "like a meteor from a distant galaxy", with "the phrase that defines his hero: 'Ziggy played guitar'." The song ends with a reprise of the same line, but Bowie holds the note "defiantly"; once his voice slides away, and Ronson enters on guitar, sliding away in the same vein. Doggett describes the final seconds: "Then, after one of the most perfectly judged pauses ever captured on vinyl, there was "Suffragette City"."
Lyrics
The song describes Bowie's alter ego Ziggy Stardust, a rock star who acts as a messenger for extraterrestrial beings. The character was inspired by English rock 'n' roll singer Vince Taylor, whom Bowie met after Taylor had a breakdown and believed himself to be a cross between a god and an alien, though Taylor was only part of the character's blueprint. Bowie's allusions to Taylor include identifying himself as a "leper messiah". Other influences included the Legendary Stardust Cowboy and Kansai Yamamoto, who designed the costumes Bowie wore during the tour. Bowie told Rolling Stone that the name "Ziggy" was "one of the few Christian names I could find beginning with the letter 'Z'". He later explained in a 1990 interview for Q magazine that the Ziggy part came from a tailor's shop called Ziggy's that he passed on a train, and he liked it because it had "that Iggy [Pop] connotation but it was a tailor's shop, and I thought, Well, this whole thing is gonna be about clothes, so it was my own little joke calling him Ziggy. So Ziggy Stardust was a real compilation of things."
On the album, the Ziggy Stardust character is introduced directly on the third track, "Moonage Daydream". However, "Ziggy Stardust" is the central piece of the narrative of the album, presenting a complete "birth-to-death chronology". Both "Ziggy Stardust" and fellow album track "Lady Stardust" offer vastly different portraits of Ziggy. According to the author Peter Doggett, "Lady Stardust" presents an unfinished tale with "no hint at a denouement beyond a vague air of melancholy", while "Ziggy Stardust" shows Ziggy's rise and fall in a very human manner. O'Leary notes that the song's narrator is not definitive: it could be an audience member retrospectively discussing Ziggy, it could be one of the Spiders or even the "dissociated memories" of Ziggy himself. Ziggy has several rock star characteristics: drug use, an enormous cock, and the "too-wasted-to-leave-the-room pallor." He plays guitar "left hand", which Doggett and Pegg believe is inspired by American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, along with the lines "jiving us that we were voodoo" and "killed" by "the kids". Ziggy is "well-hung" and has a "snow-white tan", which Pegg believes suggests the "coked-up sexuality of Iggy Pop's stage persona." Pegg also notes the presence of Lou Reed of the Velvet Underground in the line "came on so loaded man". He also describes himself as "the Nazz", which was the American comedian Lord Buckley's nickname for Christ (as in "Nazarene"), as well as the name of several former backing bands for Todd Rundgren and Alice Cooper; Cooper had also fronted a group known as the Spiders in 1965. Doggett notes the similarity between the story of Jesus and Ziggy: the story of Jesus ended in death, and is followed by "a mysterious afterlife, acolytes, skeptics, and all the other paraphernalia associated with the premature demise of modern-day icons", mentioning the likes of Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Hendrix, Elvis Presley, John Lennon and Kurt Cobain. According to Pegg, the line "making love with his ego" most likely refers to Jim Morrison and Mick Jagger, but believes "the list of applicants is still growing." The line "Ziggy sucked up into his mind" reprises the line "your laughter is sucked in their brains" from the Hunky Dory track "Queen Bitch".
Release and reception
"Ziggy Stardust" is the ninth track on the Bowie's fifth studio album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, released on 16 June 1972 by RCA Records. The original recording was never released as a single, but a live version recorded at Santa Monica Civic Auditorium during the Ziggy Stardust Tour was released as a single in France and the United States in 1994 to promote the bootleg album Santa Monica '72 (1994). This version was accompanied by a video compiled from live footage shot at Dunstable Civic Hall on 21 June 1972 which, according to Pegg, offers "fascinating glimpses of an early Ziggy show in action." In the wake of Bowie's death in 2016, the song peaked at number 86 on the Portuguese AFP chart, number 75 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 and at number 17 on the US Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart.
Since its release, "Ziggy Stardust" has received widespread acclaim from music critics, with the majority praising its story, guitar riff and the band's performance. In a review for Ziggy Stardust on release, Richard Cromelin of Rolling Stone praised Bowie's imagery and storytelling, calling it some of his most "adventuresome" up to that point. Ned Raggett of AllMusic noted the song's restraint compared to other songs on the album: "Rather than being one of the album's quick, stone-cold rockers, it's measured, takes its time, is as acoustic as it is electric." Raggett described the band's performance as "crisp and explosive" praising Ronson's guitar work, believing his riffs and their distortion could "signal ... where rock could go as any of Hendrix's big hits." He also complimented Bowie's vocal performance and called the song a "total classic." Ultimate Classic Rock ranked "Ziggy Stardust" second on their list of the ten best glam rock songs of the 1970s, behind "20th Century Boy" by T. Rex, which was written by Marc Bolan, one of the influencers of Ziggy Stardust. The same publication, on their list of Bowie's ten best songs, listed "Ziggy Stardust" at number six, praising Ronson's guitar hook, writing, "[it] gives the song as much of its personality as Bowie's lyrics do." Ian Fortnam of Classic Rock ranked every track on the album from worst to best placing the song at number four, praising its storytelling, Ronson's guitar work and Bowie's vocal performance. In 2018, NME, on their list of Bowie's 40 greatest songs, ranked "Ziggy Stardust" at number 20, calling Ronson's guitar riff one of rock's greatest. Rolling Stone described the song as "one of rock's earliest, and best, power ballads." In 2010, the song ranked at number 282 on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Ultimate Classic Rock placed the song on their list of the top 200 songs of the 1970s, writing that as the centrepiece of Bowie's "greatest album", "in a way, it's also Bowie's story turbocharged through the cosmos, ready for whatever the decade offered him." The song is one of four of Bowie's songs included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll.
Live versions and subsequent releases
Bowie recorded the song for the BBC radio programmes Sounds of the 70s: John Peel and Bob Harris on 11 and 18 January 1972, respectively. On 16 May 1972, he played the song again on Sounds of the 70s: John Peel, which was broadcast a week later on 23 May 1972. The 18 January and 16 May recordings were released on the Bowie at the Beeb album in 2000, while the 11 January recording is included on the album BBC Sessions 1969–1972 (Sampler).
Bowie performed the song throughout the Ziggy Stardust Tour (1972–1973), and it can be heard on Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture (1983) and Live Santa Monica '72 (2008).
Performances from the 1978 Stage tour have been released on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018). Despite having vowed in 1990 never to perform the track again, it was often the closing number on Bowie's 2002 Heathen Tour. Buckley calls his renditions during this tour "heart-stopping". Bowie also performed the song at the 2000 Glastonbury Festival, released in 2018 on the album Glastonbury 2000, and on his 2003 Reality Tour. A performance from that tour is included on the 2010 A Reality Tour DVD and the album of the same title.
Since its release, "Ziggy Stardust" has appeared on numerous compilation albums, including Changesonebowie (1976), Changesbowie (1990), The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 (1997), Best of Bowie (2002), Nothing Has Changed (2014) and Legacy (2016). The song, along with the entire Ziggy Stardust album, has been remastered multiple times, including in 1990 by Rykodisc, and in 2012 for its 40th anniversary. The 2012 remaster and a 2003 remix by producer Ken Scott were included in the box set Five Years (1969–1973) in 2015.
Personnel
Personnel per Kevin Cann and Chris O'Leary.
David Bowievocals, twelve-string acoustic guitar, producer
Mick Ronsonelectric guitar, rhythm guitar
Trevor Bolderbass guitar
Mick Woodmanseydrums
Ken Scottproducer, engineer, mixing
Charts
Certifications
Bauhaus version
The English gothic rock band Bauhaus recorded a version of "Ziggy Stardust" as their eighth single. The band idolised Bowie, with drummer Kevin Haskins recalling in his book Bauhaus Undead: The Visual History and Legacy of Bauhaus their first time meeting the late singer-songwriter while on the set of the 1983 gothic horror film The Hunger, in which Bowie starred: "We were all very big fans of Bowie and, like many musicians of the post-punk era, Bowie's performance of "Starman" on Top of the Pops, was a significant and profound turning point in our lives. So to say that we were excited was somewhat of an understatement." In the film, the band performed their 1979 song "Bela Lugosi's Dead" in a nightclub where Bowie's character was present. Following filming, the group met Bowie in person. He lit a cigarette for Haskins who described being completely starstruck. Bowie also told the band, along with about 20 extras, the reasons he chose the songs he recorded for his 1973 album Pin Ups.
According to AllMusic's Dave Thompson, the band were "killing some downtime" at Trident Studios in London when members Haskins and Daniel Ash began an impromptu jam of "Ziggy Stardust" as a "joking tribute" to "the artist with whom virtually every critic in the land had now compared Bauhaus." Tapes were running and once they heard the track, they were "absolutely enthralled" and decided to include it during their upcoming BBC session for John Peel. Bauhaus subsequently recorded their version of "Ziggy Stardust" at a session in 1982. Their version has been categorised as gothic rock and post-punk. The group filmed a music video for their cover in August 1982 at the Roundhouse under Camden Market in London. Directed by Mick Calvert, it features the band performing a full "mock-gig" with complete backline and "riotous" fans. Ned Raggett of AllMusic praised Bauhaus' rendition of "Ziggy Stardust", calling it a "nuclear-strength take" on the original.
Bauhaus' version was released as a single in October 1982 by Beggars Banquet Records in 7" and 12" format (as BEG 83 and BEG 83T, respectively). The B-side was a cover of English musician Brian Eno's "Third Uncle", from his 1974 album Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy), which was recorded at the same radio session as "Ziggy Stardust". The 12" single featured an original, "Party of the First Part", and a live cover of the 1967 Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man". The single peaked at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart, earning the band an appearance on the television programme Top of the Pops. The single's success propelled their 1982 album The Sky's Gone Out to number four on the UK Albums Chart, becoming the band's biggest hit. This recording later appeared on the group's 1989 album Swing the Heartache: The BBC Sessions. Another studio take, featuring elements of Bowie's 1973 song "Cracked Actor", was released on the 2009 reissue of their 1981 album Mask.
Track listings
7" single
"Ziggy Stardust" (Bowie)3:08
"Third Uncle" (Eno)5:11
12" single
"Ziggy Stardust" (Bowie)3:08
"Party of the First Part" (Bauhaus)5:22
"Third Uncle" (Eno)5:11
"Waiting for the Man" (live) (Lou Reed)5:31
Charts
References
Sources
1972 songs
1982 singles
1994 singles
Bauhaus (band) songs
David Bowie songs
Songs written by David Bowie
1970s ballads
Rock ballads
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Songs about rock music
Songs about musicians
Songs about fictional male characters
Songs about planets
Fiction set on Mars
Beggars Banquet Records singles
RCA Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy%20Stardust%20%28song%29 |
Lila Morillo (born Lila Rosa Bozo Morillo on August 14, 1940 in Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan actress and singer. She is popularly known as La Diva de Venezuela, La Reina del Cocotero and also as La Maracucha de Oro.
Biography
Lila was born in Maracaibo. She was born to Silvestre de Jesús Bozo Bozo (1914-2013) and Ana Magdalena Morillo de Bozo (1920-2017) She moved to Caracas with her family to try her luck in show business. She made her debut in 1955 as a singer next to Mario Suárez with whom she made her first record.
In 1963 she made her acting debut in the film Isla de sal which also helped launch her music career Later, she participated in other films and also ventured into television by starring in the telenovela María Mercé, La Chinita in 1970 where she starred alongside Carlos Cámara. She obtained another starring role in the telenovela La doña produced by RCTV.
Personal life
At a young age, she met José Luis Rodríguez "El Puma" who became a singer and actor himself. They got married, and the couple had two daughters Liliana Morillo and Lilibeth Morillo. In the 1970s, Lila and her husband became paparazzi fodder all the way to the 1980s, appearing on covers of multiple gossip magazines in Latin America. The couple had a highly publicized divorce in 1986 after 20 years of marriage. In 2020, she made headlines after endorsing then US president and Republican candidate Donald Trump for re-election.
Filmography
Telenovelas
Pablo y Alicia (1969)
María Mercé, La Chinita (1970)
La doña (1972)
Iliana (1977)
Macarena (1992)
Viva la Pepa (2002)
Cosita rica (2004)
Film
Isla de sal (1964)
References
External links
Lila Morillo Discography
1940 births
Living people
Illeists
People from Maracaibo
Venezuelan television actresses
20th-century Venezuelan women singers
20th-century Venezuelan actresses
21st-century Venezuelan actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila%20Morillo |
Ali Al Shargawi () is a leading Bahraini poet, lyricist and playwright whose work has been translated into English, German, Bulgarian, Russian, Kurdish, and French. Born in Manama in 1948, he started publishing his poetry in 1968, and quickly gained prominence in Arab newspapers and magazines.
His involvement in the theatre began when he joined the Awal Theatre Company, the oldest theatre group in Bahrain. In 2002, he was awarded Best Play in Bahrain's Theatrical Authorship Competition and was a recipient of the Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa Medal in 2001 and the Competence Medal in 2002.
x () is a Bahraini.
Biography
Ali bin Ahmed bin Jassim Al Shargawi was born in 1948 in the capital of Manama. He obtained his high school diploma in 1967 and an undergraduate degree from the Institute of the Humanities in Iraq in 1971 before attending further schooling in the United Kingdom in 1981. In the early 1970s, he joined the Bahrain Writers Association, for which he often published and administrated, including several sessions as president beginning in 1980. A member of the Awal Theatre Company, he has participated in literary festivals and conferences such as the Mirbad Poetry Festival, Jerash Festival, Jenadriyah, and the Cairo International Book Fair. He is a member of the Arab Writers Union.
Work
Kamil Salman Al-Juburi writes that “in his poetry, there is a mystical flow through important experiences of homeland, prison, sea, and imprisonment, and he is rich in material and generous in phrase.” First publishing his poetry in 1968, he has seen his work featured in local and Arab newspapers and magazines and translated into other languages (including English, German, Bulgarian, Russian, Kurdish, and French). He has also translated British, Canadian, and Hindi poetry in addition to writing plays for children and adults.
Personal life
He is married to fellow poet Fathiya Ajlan, with whom he has two sons. In April 2016, he was hospitalized for coronary artery disease.
Publications
Poetry collections in Modern Standard Arabic:
الرعد في مواسم القحط البحرين (“Thunder in the Seasons of Bahrain’s Drought”, 1975)
نخلة القلب (“Heart of Palm”, 1981)
تقاسيم ضاحي بن وليد الجديدة البحرين (“Taqsim for the Birth of a New Bahrain”, 1982)
هي الهجس والاحتمال (“Obsession and Possibility”, 1983)
رؤيا الفتوح البحرين (“Vision of the Conquest of Bahrain”, 1983)
المزمور 23 (لرحيق المغنّين شين) (“Psalm 23: For the Nectar of Shin Singers”, 1983)
للعناصر شهادتها أيضا أو المذبحة البحرين (“The Elements Also Testified, or the Bahrain Massacre”, 1986)
مشاغل النورس الصغير البحرين (“Bahrain’s Small Seagull Concerns”, 1987)
ذاكرة المواقد البحرين (“Memory of Bahrain’s Hearths”, 1988)
مخطوطات غيث بن اليراعة البحرين (“The Manuscripts of Ghaith bin Al-Yara’a”, 1990)
واعربـاه البحرين (“Bahrain Expresses”, 1991)
مائدة القرمز البحرين (“The Crimson Table of Bahrain”, 1994)
الوعله بيروت (“Alwaa Beirut”, 1998)
كتاب الشين البحرين (“The Shin Book of Bahrain”, 1998)
من اوراق ابن الحوبة بيروت (“From the papers of Ibn Al-Hobah, Beirut”, 2001)
Poetry collections in Bahraini Arabic:
أفا يا فــلان (“Ava, So-and-so”, co-written with Fathiya Ajlan 1983)
أصداف البحرين (“Bahraini Shells”, 1994)
بر وبحر، مواويل (“Land and Sea”, mawwal, 1997)
لولو ومحار، الجزء الأول (“Lulu and Oysters”, Part 1, 1998)
سواحل صيف (“Summer Shores”, 2000)
برايح عشق (“Great Love”, 2001)
حوار شمس الروح (“Sun-Soul Dialogue”, 2001)
لولو ومحار (“Lulu and Oysters”, Part 2, 2001)
البحر لا يعتذر للسفن (“The Sea Does Not Apologize to the Ships”, 2011)
Plays:
مفتاح الخير (“The Key to Virtue”, children’s, 1984)
الفــخ (“The Trap”, children’s, 1989)
الأرانب الطيبة (“Kind Rabbits”,children’s, 1990)
بطوط (“Donald”, 1990)
الســمؤال (“The Question”, 1991)
ثلاثية عذاري (“Triple Excuse”, 1994)
خور المدعي (“Khor Al-Madai” or “The Prosecutor’s Creek,” Bahraini Arabic, 1995)
البرهامة (“Brahma”, 2000)
تراجيديا المحرق (“The Tragedy of Muharraq”, 2012)
Poetry collections for children:
أغاني العصافير البحرين (“Bird Songs of Bahrain”, 1983)
شجرة الأطفال (“A Child’s Tree”, 1983)
قصائد الربيع (“Spring Poems”, 1989)
الاصابع (“Fingers”, 1991)
الأرجوحة (“Swing”, 1994)
اغاني الحكمة (“Songs of Wisdom”, 1996)
العائلة (“The Family”, 2000)
اوبريت يد الغضب (“Operetta Hand Fury”, 2000)
الأمنيات (“Wishes”, 2002)
See also
Theatre of Bahrain
Literature of Bahrain
Culture of Bahrain
National Theatre of Bahrain
References
External links
Ali Shargawi website
1948 births
Living people
People from Manama
20th-century Bahraini poets
Bahraini dramatists and playwrights
Bahraini lyricists
21st-century Bahraini poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Al%20Shargawi |
Golden Mosque can refer to:
Sunehri Masjid, Lahore
Sunehri Masjid (Chandni Chowk)
Sunehri Masjid (Red Fort)
Al-Askari Mosque in Iraq
Masjid Al-Dahab in the Philippines
Dian Al-Mahri Mosque in Indonesia
Mosque disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Mosque |
The Éclaireurs Neutres de France (Neutral (= interreligious) Scouts of France, ENF) is a non-aligned French Scouting association, founded in 1947 by Marcel Lepage and serving 3,000 to 4,000 members of both genders.
The association has no political or religious involvement and is open to all without distinction of religion or race and respects the convictions of everyone. ENF is not a coeducational or mixed organisation although coeducation is accepted for the Cub Scouts, it has two distinct sections for girls and boys.
History
Some sources argue that the ENF is a spinoff from another French Scouting association, the Éclaireurs de France. The ENF claims on their website that this would be a statement in contradiction with its founding principles of openness and mutual respect.
Although, initially a traditional Scouting association, it has evolved to adapt itself to modern life and standards of health and safety imposed by French Ministry of Youth and Sports, from which it has an official approval.
Memberships and affiliations
On the national level, the association is a member of the Conférence Française de Scoutisme.
Since 2000 a number of smaller associations joined the ENF for official approval, some of them religious:
Europa Scouts (Catholic)
Scouts et Guides Saint Louis (Catholic)
Scouts et Guides de Riaumont (Traditionalist Catholic, with connections to the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter).
Thus the association has changed from a single organization to a kind of federation of differing Scouting organizations with different spiritual backgrounds which is unique for French Scouting.
Sections
The association is organised in three age branches:
ages 8 to 11: The pack (Cubs), light blue shirt, dark blue short and beret with the cub insignia
ages 12 to 16: The troop (Scouts), khaki shirt, dark blue short or trousers and brown smokey-bear hat for boys, white shirt and dark blue smokey-bear hat for girls
ages 17 and onwards: The clan (Rovers), dark blue shirt for boys and same as Scouts for girls, the tie is a tartan
See also
Scouting in France
External links
Official website
Non-aligned Scouting organizations
Scouting and Guiding in France
Youth organizations established in 1947
1947 establishments in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89claireurs%20Neutres%20de%20France |
The Flying Eleven is an Australian boat designed as a high performance racing skiff suitable for 12- to 18-year-olds. High performance sailing is fast becoming the goal of a great many dinghy sailors with the appearance of 49ers as an Olympic class.The Flying Eleven is a logical step in the transition between junior classes such as the Manly Junior or Sabot and prepares young sailors for classes such as Cherubs, 420s, 470s, 29ers, Moths, 13s or even 49ers.
History
The F11 started in 1964. The main classes available for training young sailors were the VJ, MJ, Moth, Heron and it appeared there was an opening for a class with:
Comparable speed to the VJ
No hiking boards
More leg room
Main, jib and spinnaker
Light weight for transporting
A crew of two
Ease of building and
The possibility of dad getting his foot in occasionally
The acceptance campaign then started and three different "models" of the Flying Eleven were taken to different clubs each weekend and sailed in all weathers. These three models were called the Open Sailer, the Self Drainer, and the Fully Decked Model. The fully decked model did not appeal to the go-fast boys and, although the self drainer was popular, the VJ self drainer was well established therefore the emphasis was put on a boat which, firstly, had to be expertly sailed to stay afloat and, secondly, would serve as a trainer for the open skiff classes — so the open sailer it had to be.
During the 1965–66 season Sans Souci Club accepted the F11 as a class, other clubs slowly followed and the NSW Fll Association was formed in 1967. After trying various types of additional buoyancy, such as side tanks, the lines were redrawn and a complete set of plans issued to the Association, covering hull, sails, centreboard and rudder.
The early F11s were not as attractive or sophisticated as today - the clew of the genoa was 16" above the gunwale — the mainsail hung from one full length top batten, with some short leech battens, all battens were made of cane, and the venturis, which were tube and box type with corks, would today be regarded as museum pieces.
Since then, there have been many updates to the Flying 11 to ensure that it remains attractive to young sailors. For example, most Flying 11s are now made of fibreglass foam sandwich, rather than wood. The most recent of these updates is the allowance for carbon-fibre masts and carbon-fibre foils in the class specifications.
Competition
Typical National Championships have around 100 boats competing. Since 2005, these have been held in NSW, Tas and QLD.
2005: Sydney Harbour 95 boats
2006: Belmont 16' Skiff Sailing Club 72 boats
2007: Nedlands Yacht Club in Perth 43 boats
2008: Manly 74 boats
2009: Eden 53 boats
2010: Tamar YC, Tasmania 70 boats
2011: Belmont 103 boats
2012: Port Stephen 87 boats
2013: St George SC, Sydney 81 boats
2014: Port Stephen 83 boats
2015: Royal Queensland Yacht Squadron 67 boats
2016: Belmont 68 boats
2017 Royal Yacht Club of Tasmania 44 boats
Typical NSW State Titles also have around 100 boats
High-profile sailors to come from the class:
In recent years: Olivia Price (Olympic Silver), Natasha Bryant (1st 29er Youth Worlds), Byron White(2nd 29er Youth Worlds), Andrew Chapman(18fters, sailmaker), Josh McKnight(Moth World winner), Jacqui Bonnitcha, Joe Turner, James Dorron (Dual 16 ft Skiff National Champion), John Winning, Kylie Mara, Nathan Outteridge(Olympic Gold), Iain Jensen, Nicky Souter(Women's Match World, Gold)
Over the years: Adam Beashel, Craig Ferris, James Spithill, Jonathan Bonnitcha, Malcolm Page(Olympic Gold, twice), Michael Coxon(sailmaker), Nathan Wilmot, Stephen McConaghy(boat builder) .
References
External links
Flying Eleven Association of Australia
Flying 11 Association Constitution and Class Measurements
Dinghies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20Eleven |
The Shute Shield, known as the Charter Hall Shute Shield, is a semi-professional rugby union competition in Sydney, Australia. It is the premier club competition in New South Wales. The Shute Shield is awarded to the winning team from the Sydney premiership grand final held at the end of the club rugby season.
History
Club-based rugby football began some time before 1865. The Sydney University Football Club began in 1863 (although this date is questioned by some historians) and is the oldest existing football club outside the British Isles. The first recorded rugby season in Australia was in 1865 with Sydney University, Sydney Football Club and the Australian Club reported as playing games.
On 24 June 1874, a meeting was held between ten prominent football clubs to create a governing body to administer the game within New South Wales. The Southern Rugby Football Union was formed. The first task of the Union was to decide on a set of rules for all clubs to adhere to. Clubs were given "senior" or "junior" status which could change from season to season. Although a governing body had now been formed, there was no centrally controlled competition until many years later.
The Sydney Rugby Premiership
Initially, a competition was loosely arranged by the Union where the clubs were in charge of organising their own matches. This would result in clubs not playing the same teams or the same number of teams. A "Premier Club of the Colony" was declared by the Union at an end of year meeting. It was not necessarily given to the team that had the best results on the field. Results mattered, but other criteria may have also been used. What these were are not known.
The year 1880 saw the Southern Rugby Football Union endure the first splintering of the football code in Australia. It was during this season that a newspaper "war" began. Discussions centred around the merits of Rugby Football, British Association Football (Soccer) and the Victorian game (Aussie Rules Football). As a result of these heated discussions, an association was formed under the Victorian rules with two strong clubs formed to play the game. No sooner than the dust had settled and another association was formed under the British Association rules. Despite this new competition, Rugby Football held sway as the premier code in Sydney.
In 1883, the Gardiner Challenge Cup was introduced with a mixture of "senior" and "junior" clubs competing. Foundation clubs included Redfern, Sydney University, Wallaroo, Newtown, Burwood, Oriental, Glebe, Balmain, St. Leonards, Parramatta, Arfoma and Paddington. The first Cup was won by Redfern who were undefeated. At the beginning of the season, a proposal was put to the Southern Rugby Union to change the rules determining how a game was decided. Prior to the 1883 season, a game was decided by the number of goals scored. The amendment that was successfully passed by the Union declared that games would be decided by number of points scored. A try was awarded 2 points, a conversion was 3 points and a goal kicked from the field of play 4 points.
Within a few years of the Gardiner Cup beginning, the Premiership had developed to become a more structured competition with a centralised list of fixtures and rounds. An official ladder was produced and maintained with points given for wins, draws and byes. By the 1890s a finals system was introduced to assist in determining the premiership winner.
The Sydney Rugby Premiership came under the control of the Metropolitan Rugby Union, a branch of the New South Wales Rugby Football Union (formally the Southern Rugby Football Union), in 1897.
The District Competition
As early as 1893 it had been suggested to change the current structure of the premiership to a district-based formula. In early 1900, a meeting of the Metropolitan Rugby Union was held and a recommendation to establish district football in the coming season was made. Eight clubs competed in the inaugural season: Balmain, Glebe, Newtown, South Sydney, North Sydney, Western Suburbs, Eastern Suburbs and Sydney University. The first district competition was won by Glebe who were successful in all three grade competitions.
It was during this period, in 1907, that the supremacy of the Sydney Rugby Premiership was threatened. The imminent arrival of a professional football team from New Zealand sparked heated discussion about professionalism and compensation pay for lost time at work. In August of that year, the New South Wales Rugby Football League was formed. During the following season, a professional league competition was begun. Over the next few years, players switched across to the professional competition resulting in crowd numbers falling at Union matches.
Despite this, the district competition continued to run, rebuilding its supporter base, until the outbreak of World War 1 with the last season held during 1914. With the outbreak of war, competition was suspended.
The Return of the Premiership
At the conclusion of the war, the Sydney Rugby Premiership was recommenced. With the competition returning under the control of the NSW Rugby Football Union, only six clubs competed: Cambridge, Eastern Suburbs, Glebe-Balmain, Manly, Sydney University and YMCA. The competition remained as a district-based premiership until approximately the 1940s.
The Shute Shield
The Shute Memorial Shield was struck in honour of the late Robert Elliott Stewart Shute, who died on 6 June 1922, aged 23, following a match at Manly Oval. Shute enlisted in April 1917 and served as a gunner in 30th Battery, Field Artillery A.I.F. during World War One.
On his return to Australia, Shute took up his engineering studies at the University of Sydney and joined the Sydney University rugby club as a front row forward in the first XV. Of Shute's death from a fractured skull and cerebral haemorrhage, the Sydney Morning Herald, Wednesday 7 June 1922 reported:
As a result of injuries received while playing at Manly in the Rugby football match between the team which toured New Zealand and the Next 15, Robert Elliott Shute, a front row forward in the latter team, died at a private hospital at Manly yesterday morning. The accident occurred during the latter portion of the first spell of the match. Shute secured the ball and when tackled fell heavily. He was removed to a private hospital, where it was ascertained that he was suffering from cerebral hemorrhage. Without recovering consciousness he died at 6am. A former pupil of Sydney Grammar School, Shute, who was 23 years of age, was a third year student at Sydney University and he played for the University first fifteen. He served in the AIF for four years.
The University club had the shield made following his death and donated it in 1923 to the NSWRFU to be used as a perpetual trophy for the Sydney first grade competition.
In 1966, the Sydney Rugby Union was formed to administer the running of Sydney rugby including the Shute Shield.
The Shute Shield marked its 100th year in 2022.
The NSW Championship
In late 1986, the Sydney Rugby Union (SRU) approved a new competition structure for the Shute Shield. The SRU were concerned about the falling number of clubs involved in the lower divisions. The new structure involved distributing all teams in the three competitions evenly across three new divisions with some teams earning the right to play for the premiership in the first division.
The clubs that made up first division were opposed to the new structure and sought the opportunity to form a breakaway competition affiliated directly with the NSWRFU. This resulted in the formation of a 10 club competition called the NSW Championship, while the remaining lower division clubs remained with the SRU Championship. Both competitions ran during the 1987 and 1988 seasons.
For the 1989 season, the NSW Championship clubs returned to the SRU and the Shute Shield.
In 1992, the NSW Rugby Union again took over the administration of the Shute Shield competition. In 2011, the SRU took control of the competition once again.
Toohey's New Cup and the Australian Rugby Championship
From 2002 through 2006 the Toohey's New Cup was run to fill the void between Grade Rugby and Super Rugby in Australia. This became the Sydney Premiership competition, with the Shute Shield becoming the First Grade pre-season competition. However, in 2004 the Shute Shield was awarded to the Second Grade competition.
In 2007 the Toohey's New Cup was merged into the Shute Shield to become the Toohey's New Shute Shield when an attempt at an Australian wide domestic rugby competition, the Australian Rugby Championship, was started. The Australian Rugby Championship only lasted the one season.
Shute Shield Clubs
Current clubs
Promotion/relegation from Sydney rugby premiership
After Eastwood joined the premiership in 1947, the following 11 clubs competed in the Sydney rugby premiership:
Drummoyne, Eastern Suburbs, Eastwood, Gordon, Manly, Northern Suburbs, Parramatta, Randwick, St George, Sydney University, Western Suburbs.
After the 1951 season, Western Suburbs were relegated to the Sydney Sub-Districts competition.
The premiership became the 1st division when a 2nd division was created in 1962.
In 1966, Western Suburbs and University of NSW were promoted to 1st division from the 2nd division.
In 1971, Warringah and Port Hacking were promoted to 1st division from the 2nd division.
In 1976, Hornsby and Macquarie University were promoted to 1st division from the 2nd division.
After the 1978 season, the Sydney Rugby Union reduced the 1st division to 10 teams, but introduced automatic annual promotion and relegation between the 1st and 2nd divisions.
The following changes occurred for the following seasons.
1979 Relegated clubs – Hornsby, Macquarie University, Port Hacking, St George, Drummoyne, Sydney University
1980 Promoted clubs – Sydney University, St George. Relegated clubs – University of NSW, Western Suburbs.
1981 Promoted clubs – Western Suburbs, Hornsby. Relegated clubs – Eastern Suburbs, Eastwood.
1982 Promoted clubs – Eastern Suburbs, Eastwood. Relegated clubs – Hornsby, Northern Suburbs.
1983 Promoted club – Port Hacking. Relegated club – Sydney University.
1984 Promoted club – Sydney University. Relegated club – Eastern Suburbs.
1985 Promoted club – Eastern Suburbs. Relegated club – St George.
1986 Promoted club – St George. Relegated club – Port Hacking
Automatic promotion and relegation ended after the 1986 season.
In 1989, Southern Districts took the place of St George (who had merged with Port Hacking to form the new club).
In 1990 Northern Suburbs were promoted to 1st division.
In 1991 Drummoyne were promoted to 1st division.
Before the 1992 season, Hornsby took legal action against the Sydney Rugby Union seeking promotion in place of Drummoyne but failed, at least partly because the NSWRU had taken over the running of the Sydney rugby premiership for the 1992 season.
The 2nd division ended after the 1992 season, with the NSWRU merging the 2nd division into the NSW Suburban RU competition.
In 1995 Drummoyne were dropped from the Sydney (now NSWRU) premiership and Canberra, Newcastle and Penrith were added.
In 2000 Newcastle were dropped from the NSWRU premiership.
In 2001 Canberra were dropped from the NSWRU premiership.
In 2004 Canberra were re-admitted to the NSWRU premiership.
In 2006 Canberra were dropped from the NSWRU premiership.
In 2007 Illawarra (Illawarriors) were admitted to the NSWRU premiership, but played only that season.
In 2018, a few rounds into the season, Penrith were dropped from the (again) Sydney rugby premiership.
In 2020, Penrith and Hunter (formerly Newcastle) Wildfires were re-admitted to the Sydney rugby premiership.
Ahead of the 2022 season, Penrith were dropped again from the Sydney rugby premiership.
Former clubs
Below is a list of some of the clubs that have once competed in the Sydney rugby premiership.
The following clubs also played in the Sydney premiership in the period after 1900:
Cambridge (1919)
YMCA (1919, 1923-1929)
Mosman (1920)
GPS Old Boys (1921-1924)
Petersham (1922)
Police (1929)
Illawarra (Illawarriors) (2006 pre-season Shute Shield, 2007 Toohey New Cup)
Note: The Sydney premiership became the 1st division when a 2nd division was added for 31 seasons from 1962-1992.
Media coverage
From 1957 until 2014, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation had broadcast the Match of the Day from the Shute Shield competition in NSW/ACT every Saturday afternoon and replayed nationally on Tuesday mornings. The ABC ended its 57-year partnership with the competition at the completion of the 2014 season, following the Australian Government's decision to cut funding to the national broadcaster.
On 17 March 2015, Sydney Rugby formally announced that the Seven Network would become the new free-to-air Match of the Day broadcasters of the Shute Shield in NSW, commencing on 21 March on 7TWO showing a match between Eastern Suburbs and Gordon. The Prime Network broadcasts to regional areas of NSW. This agreement has since been renewed, with the current contract running through the 2024 season.
On November 9, 2020, Nine Network confirmed their broadcast deal with Rugby Australia, giving them the rights to the Shute Shield. Beginning in 2021, 4 games a season will be televised live on one of Nine's free-to-air channels. The remainder of the games will be broadcast live on streaming service Stan.
Competition format
The competition format currently involves an 18-week round-robin competition which is followed by a three-week play-off series culminating in a grand final. The playoffs are contested by the top six placed teams following the round-robin. The first week of the play-offs sees 1st play 6th, 2nd play 5th and 3rd play 4th. The lowest two losers are eliminated and the three winners plus the highest ranked loser proceed to week 2 of the play-offs. The two winners from week 2 proceed to the Grand Final in week 3.
Premiership results
Up until 1886, the premiers were declared by the Union at an end-of-year meeting. It is not clear how the premiership was decided at these meetings.
From 1886 to 1889, the season consisted of a round of games organised as a round-robin, with the premiership awarded to the team who finished the season at the top of the ladder. However, in 1887 there was a final to decide the premier.
In 1890 and 1891, there was a final played after a round robin.
From 1892–1898, after the round-robin first round, there were knockout competitions held to determine the winners of the RAS Shield and the SCG Trophy, with the results counting for premiership points and with the premiership awarded to the team who finished the season at the top of the ladder. In 1899 the results of the knockout matches did not count for premiership points.
From 1900 onwards, the season consisted of either one or two rounds of round-robin games. The premiership was awarded to the team who finished the season at the top of the ladder. After 1907 there was a final played in some years after the round-robin.
In 1919 and 1920, the premiership returned to the previous structure of a round-robin. Again, the premiership was awarded to the team who finished the season at the top of the ladder.
From 1921, there was a final played in some years after the round robin.
From 1932, the premiership was decided by a Grand Final.
For 1987-88 a NSW Championship existed alongside the Shute Shield. The first grade teams played for the rebel NSW Championship, while the Shield contained clubs from the lower grades.
In 2000 a challenge shield in the name of Sir Roden Cutler VC was introduced, with the holders to defend it each time they play a ‘home’ game. It was initially awarded to Eastwood in recognition of their Shute Shield win in 1999.
From 2002 to 2006, the Shute Shield was awarded for a pre-season competition.
The Premier Club of the Colony
The Gardiner Challenge Cup
The Royal Agricultural Society Shield & The Sydney Cricket Ground Trophy
The District Premiership
The Shute Shield
The NSW Championship
The Sydney Rugby Premiership
Sir Roden Cutler VC Shield (Commenced 2000)
Arthur Roden Cutler (1916-2002) was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry in Syria in 1941 during WW11, knighted in 1965 after many diplomatic postings and is the longest-serving Governor in the history of NSW.
Introduced at the beginning of the 2000 season, this trophy honours a great supporter of the game of Rugby. The Shield was initially held by Eastwood (1999 premiers) and is defended at each home game by the current holder
The number in brackets is the number of successful defenses of the Shield
n.b. records are very incomplete (2000-2009) and will be progressively updated
Individual awards
Ken Catchpole Medal
Fairfax/Herald Cup
See also
Australian club championship rugby union
List of Australian club rugby union competitions
New South Wales Rugby Union
New South Wales Waratahs
List of oldest rugby union competitions
Notes
References
External links
Sports competitions in Sydney
Rugby union competitions in New South Wales
Recurring sporting events established in 1923
1923 establishments in Australia
Sports leagues established in 1923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shute%20Shield |
David Tickle (born 6 September 1959) is a British record producer and engineer. As a producer, he is noted for his work with Split Enz, and in Canada, for his mid-1980s work with Red Rider, Platinum Blonde and Gowan. He later produced Joe Cocker, The Divinyls "I Touch Myself", and was signed to produce the international hit for 4 Non Blondes "What's Up?". As an engineer or mixer, Tickle worked on best-selling albums by Blondie and U2. As a mixing engineer, he worked on several hit 1980s releases by Prince.
Early career
Tickle was born on 6 September 1959 in Guildford, Surrey, the only son of a university professor father and an artistic mother. By his own account, he was mixing Red Buddha concerts at the age of 16, and mixed three singles for pop-rock quartet Liverpool Express, which achieved modest success on the UK Singles Chart in 1976 and 1977.
Through a friend he was introduced to New Zealand band Split Enz and laid down some tracks with them in a Manchester studio in early 1978.
He was hired soon after by Terry Melcher for a job at Ringo Starr's Ring O' Records label, and appointed the in-house engineer for the label's newly-acquired recording facility, Startling Studios, at Tittenhurst Park, John Lennon's former house and studio near Ascot, Berkshire. Tickle helped convert the studio from 16- to 24-track and lived on-site, later telling one interviewer "It was a great mansion, an 82-acre house, I was the only one to live there full time. I lived like a lord. Cooks, maids, the whole thing".
At Startling Studios, Tickle produced a further session with Split Enz, recording "I See Red", a punk-influenced single that became a hit in Australia and New Zealand. Although the band was keen to have Tickle produce their third album, Frenzy, they were overruled by their Australian management, who wanted a more experienced producer, and American Mallory Earl was drafted in. The band always regretted the decision, sensing Earl's work had failed to reach the levels of intensity and creativity their earlier sessions with Tickle had achieved.
Mike Chapman
In 1978, Tickle responded to an advertisement offering work for "the best engineer in England, money no object". The ad had been placed by noted producer Mike Chapman, whose run of hits in Britain was almost over and who was by now working in New York with Blondie on their breakthrough Parallel Lines album.
Tickle was hired as a trainee producer and contributed mixing and engineering duties to Chapman's first US hits: Blondie's "Heart of Glass", The Knack's "My Sharona" and Exile's "Kiss You All Over". The experience provided Tickle with even more skills as a pop/rock producer.
Split Enz
In October 1979, Tickle reconvened with Split Enz, this time in Melbourne, Australia, to record what would become their breakthrough, multi-platinum album, True Colours, which included the single "I Got You". In the wake of their unsatisfying Frenzy album, the band was adamant their next record would be a Tickle production. As recording progressed and Tickle's strategy became clearer – creating more space in their sound over resolute drum tracks – the band became convinced the album would be a turning point. In his history of the band, Mike Chunn says:
By mid-1980, Tickle was back in Melbourne to record a follow-up to True Colours.
According to the radio documentary Enzology, Tickle particularly clashed heads with Tim Finn. In an interview for the program, Tickle said that in the wake of "I Got You"'s success, Finn sought greater involvement in the engineering process.
Early to mid-1980s
Tickle never worked with Split Enz again, though he did produce the Practical Jokers album for The Swingers, the band formed by Split Enz co-founder Phil Judd. (Judd, however, was not a member of Split Enz while Tickle was their producer.) The Swingers' album included the major Australian/New Zealand hit single "Counting The Beat".
In 1981, Tickle was hired by the Stiff label to remix the single "Is Vic There?" by London new wave cult band Department S. He produced a fatter, slicker pop sound.
Later in the 1980s, Tickle produced hit singles and albums for several Canadian acts. Production credits during this era include Canadian and US chart hits by Red Rider (including "Human Race"), the first album by Platinum Blonde, which featured the Canadian hit singles "Doesn't Really Matter" and "Not In Love", and two albums by Gowan, which featured his Canadian top-10 hits "A Criminal Mind" and "Moonlight Desires" and "Strange Animal".
During that same era, Tickle began a long-running working relationship with Prince, for whom he would work as engineer and mixing engineer, co-producing portions of six albums, and as live sound engineer on Prince's "Purple Rain" tour.
We'd start with the drum machine and I wouldn't leave the studio until it was mixed. That could be 24, 48 hours, and on a couple of occasions we got into about 72, 76 hours. - David Tickle
Tickle was also involved in the recording of the new material. He worked front-of-house sound for the Purple Rain tour and mixed some of the singles taken from the soundtrack. As with Susan Rogers, that was the first time he had been involved in a Prince album from its inception.
“There was no clear objective with what the next album was going to be,” says Tickle. “It wasn’t like it started out and it was gonna be this specific focus. Prince would literally write a song a day and every three days or so we would go and do a full production on something. If you listen to the album, there’s actually quite a difference in the context of the songs themselves, and even in production and sonic value. That’s because when you worked with Prince what happened was he would say, ‘David. I’ve got a song. Get a studio’ - maybe after a show one night, or we may have a couple of days off. We'd start with the drum machine and I wouldn't leave the studio until it was mixed. Right from the first bass drum being printed. That could be 24, 48 hours, and on a couple of occasions we got into about 72, 76 hours. Without going to sleep. That was his thing. You go in, you start it, and you don't leave until it's done. And that moment in time is encapsulated.”
“Some of it is raggedy,” says Tickle. “It doesn’t sound like it was done super high end in a studio, particularly at that time, when a lot of stuff was very pristinely recorded. That’s why everything is so unique. We’d go in, do a song and once it was done, we’d leave it.”
“They had more input,” agrees David Tickle. “Prince would put down a drum machine, do some kind of guide vocal, because he may not have figured out all of his vocal moves yet, then say to Wendy and Lisa, ‘Hey, you go and put background vocals on this’ and we'd build the thing up for him.”
Relationship with Crowded House
Despite the problems with Split Enz, Neil Finn made tentative plans to use Tickle again, this time as an engineer, on the first Crowded House album, which began recording in 1985. Ultimately, the album was produced by Mitchell Froom at a studio selected by Tickle, with Tickle receiving a higher payment than Froom in recognition of his experience. No fewer than five engineers were used on the album, but Tickle himself was not one of them. He did not engineer any of the finished album, and his name does not appear in the album credits or the extensive "thanks to" section.
Later work
Tickle continued to work as a producer during the late 1980s and 1990s, with credits on albums by Joan Armatrading, Belinda Carlisle, Toni Childs, and Joe Cocker among others. He was producer of the Divinyls' hit 1991 single "I Touch Myself".
Tickle was signed to produce the 4 Non Blondes 1993 hit "What's Up?" and is credited on the track, but Linda Perry has since spoken about rejecting Tickle's work on the track and taking over production on it herself.
Tickle engineered all the studio tracks at A&M Studios, Los Angeles, of the best-selling U2 album Rattle and Hum (1988), and mixed The Police's archival 1995 album Live!.
David is married to well known Model Actress and Bass Player Kate Elizabeth Tickle and they have two sons Jaxon and Daniel. They reside in England and Los Angeles.
Recent work
In 2000, Tickle built the 120-track Avalon Studios at Kauai, Hawaii, where he mixed many 5.1 surround DTS records notably The Police's Greatest Hits album, Sting's ...Nothing Like the Sun and Ten Summoner's Tales, Sheryl Crow's album The Globe Sessions, and John Hiatt's album Bring the Family.
Productions
Albums produced by David Tickle include:
4 Non Blondes: Bigger, Better, Faster, More! (1992)
Adam Ant: Wonderful (1995)
Joan Armatrading: What's Inside (1995)
Barney Bentall and the Legendary Hearts: Barney Bentall and the Legendary Hearts (1988)
Belinda Carlisle: A Woman and a Man (1996)
Toni Childs: Union (1988)
Joe Cocker: Night Calls (1991)
Eric Johnson: Tones (1986)
Gowan: Strange Animal (1985), Great Dirty World (1987)
Platinum Blonde: Standing in the Dark (1983)
Red Rider: Neruda (1983), Breaking Curfew (1984)
Ellen Shipley: Breaking Through the Ice Age, (1980)
Split Enz: True Colours (1980), Waiata (1981)
Larisa Stow: Moment by Moment (1999)
The Swingers: Practical Jokers (1981)
Tito & Tarantula: "Strange Face (of Love)" from Tarantism (1997)
El Último de la Fila: Astronomía razonable (1993)
References
Books
External links
David Tickle Productions
David Tickle at AllMusic
English record producers
English audio engineers
1959 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Tickle |
Jean-Pierre Van Rossem (29 May 1945 – 13 December 2018) was a Belgian stock market guru, economist, econometrician, convicted fraudster, author, philosopher, public figure, politician, and member of the Belgian and Flemish Parliaments.
Life and career
Van Rossem studied economics at the Ghent University in 1963–67. With his final term paper De omloopsnelheid van het geld : theoretische begripsbenadering en praktische toepassing in België (English: The velocity of money: Theoretical approach to understanding and practical applications in Belgium) he won the International Scholarship of Flanders-prize and was able to study two years of econometrics under Nobel Prize winner Lawrence Klein at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Moneytron
Van Rossem became famous as a stock market guru with Moneytron, an investment company that could offer apparently endless returns. His customers included the moneyed of Europe, including the Belgian royal family.
Van Rossem also claimed that he had developed a model that could predict the stock market and beat the capitalist system. He invested for the very wealthy and accumulated 860 million dollars for himself. At his most successful, Van Rossem owned a yacht, The Destiny, 108 Ferraris and two Falcon 900 aircraft. Later everything was sold to pay debts. He also printed false shares.
In 1991, he was sentenced to five years in prison for fraud; according to him, it was "a way to fuck the system." In prison, he wrote a personal diary, Gevangenisboek (English: Prison Book), which was later published.
Formula One
Van Rossem sponsored and later became the majority owner of a Formula One team in 1989, Moneytron Onyx, which placed 10th of the 21 teams. The biggest success he achieved with his team was third place at the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix with driver Stefan Johansson. The team signed an agreement with Porsche to use the V12 that Footwork then went on to use. However the deal was cancelled when Van Rossem announced the deal on Belgian television prior to the initial announcement. That night he made the news again, as he'd driven his Porsche to town square and set fire to it.
ROSSEM
In 1991, Van Rossem founded his own libertarian protest party ROSSEM, according to many, to gain political immunity, because of his problems with the Belgian Courts. The name of the party stood for ‘Radicale Omvormers en Sociale Strijders voor een Eerlijker Maatschappij’ ('Radical Reformers and Social Warriors for a Fairer Society'). Under the slogans ‘Geen gezwijn, stem libertijn’ ('No nonsense, vote libertine') & 'Geen gezeik iedereen Rijk' ('No whining, everybody rich'), ROSSEM got 3.2% of the votes, or 3 seats in the Belgian Federal Parliament in the Parliamentary elections of 24 November 1991. Rossem himself had a seat in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives from November 1991 to May 1995 and the Flemish Parliament from January 1992 to May 1995.
In 2014 he went back to the elections with his party ROSSEM but lost with only 0.3% of the votes for the Belgian Federal Parliament and 0.2% for the Flemish Parliament.
Controversies
At the swearing-in ceremony of King Albert II before both houses of Parliament in 1993, he shouted "Vive la république d'Europe, vive Julien Lahaut!" (English: "Long live the republic of Europe, long live Julien Lahaut!"), a reference to communist leader Julien Lahaut, who had shouted "Vive la république!" in 1950 when King Baudouin took the oath, and was assassinated a week later. Van Rossem was republican.
In 2004, Van Rossem was a guest on the Dutch television show Het Grote Complot – De Wereld Verklaard and offended the Dutch prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende by calling him a "dick".
In popular culture
Jean-Pierre Van Rossem had cameo roles in the comics series The Adventures of Nero by Marc Sleen, more specifically the albums Nerorock and De Man van Europa. Around the same time he was also featured in his own celebrity comics series, scripted by himself and drawn by Erik Meynen.
Other information
Van Rossem claimed to have met Osama bin Laden in 1988 at the Bahrain Middle East Bank in Saudi Arabia.
In 2002 the politician Wim Verreycken compared ROSSEM, along with the murder of Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn, as political stunts during a meeting of the Belgian Senate.
Slot Car Racing and JP Van Rossem: Van Rossem put an extraordinary amount of time into slot car racing, including hosting major races in Europe and the United States, where he covered all costs of flying top-rated racers to his races. He bought a raceway in Chicago where he put on races called "The Worlds" in 1988 and 1989. Thousands of dollars were given in prizes, including two Pontiac Fieros.
Bibliography
Hoe genezen we onze zieke ekonomie? (1979, Metodika)
Moneytron: How the system works (1989)
Is Outperformance of Security Markets Possible with Modern Econometrics? (1990)
Staat in staat van ontbinding (1990, Houtekiet)
Proces in duplo (1990, Houtekiet)
Mister Junkie & Sister Morphine (1991, Houtekiet)
Sonate voor een blauwe vuurtoren (1991, Houtekiet)
Libertijns Manifest (1991)
Libertijnse Breekpunten: wat willen Libertijnen (1992)
Een dode zwaan in Tann (1992)
De schat van de Arme Klavers (1992, Loempia)
Hoe word ik stinkend rijk?: Van Rossems beleggings – en belastinggids editie 1993 (1992)
Wie vermoordde André Cools? (1993, Loempia)
Hoe kom ik van de grond? : Van Rossems Sex – en Bordelengids (1993)
De nacht van Christus-Koning (1996)
Gevangenisdagboek (1999, Van Halewyck)
De dag van de nachtschade (2000, Van Halewyck)
Brigitte, of Het hart van de engel (2001)
De maquette : verslag (2002)
De onkuise kuisheid van de Boccaccio : studie van het postmoderne nachtleven (2002)
Crisis: Hoe lossen we het op? (2009, Lampedaire)
De engel in de duivel (2009, Lampedaire)
Belgisch uranium voor de eerste Amerikaanse en Russische atoombommen (2011, Van Halewyck)
Literature
Martine Vanden Driessche, L'Anversois – Jean-Pierre Van Rossem (Marabout, Alleur 1990). With the paragraph (p. 40) describing how he disturbed the lectures of Professor M.A.G. Van Meerhaeghe.
Filmography
(This list is not Complete.)
References
Digital-archive
1945 births
2018 deaths
Belgian non-fiction writers
Politicians from Bruges
Belgian libertarians
Libertair, Direct, Democratisch MEPs
Libertair, Direct, Democratisch politicians
Belgian republicans
Belgian comics writers
Flemish writers
Sportspeople from Bruges
Belgian motorsport people
Writers from Bruges
Members of the Belgian Federal Parliament
Businesspeople from Bruges
20th-century Belgian criminals
Political scandals in Belgium
Political controversies in Belgium
Formula One team owners
Confidence tricksters
Belgian fraudsters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Van%20Rossem |
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