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Sir Charles Lanyon DL, JP (6 January 1813 – 31 May 1889) was an English architect of the 19th century. His work is most closely associated with Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Biography
Lanyon was born in Eastbourne, Sussex (now East Sussex) in 1813. His father was John Jenkinson Lanyon, a purser in the Royal Navy, and his mother was Catherine Anne Mortimer.
Following his education, he became an apprentice civil engineer with Jacob Owen in Portsmouth. When Owen was made senior Engineer and Architect of the Irish Board of Works and moved to Dublin, Lanyon followed. In 1835 he married Owen's daughter, Elizabeth Helen. They had ten children, including Sir William Owen Lanyon, an army officer and colonial administrator. Charles Lanyon was county surveyor in Kildare briefly, before moving on to Antrim in 1836. He remained county surveyor of Antrim until 1860 when he resigned from the post to concentrate on private work and other interests.
Lanyon was elected Mayor of Belfast in 1862, and Conservative MP for the city between 1865 and 1868. In 1868 he was also knighted and served on the Select Committee on Scientific Instruction.
He lost his Belfast parliamentary seat in 1868 to William Johnston (the candidate of “Protestant Workingmen”) but continued to 1871 to serve as a Belfast Town councillor. From 1862 to 1886 he was Belfast Harbour Commissioner. He served as Deputy Lieutenant for County Antrim and was appointed High Sheriff of Antrim in 1876. He was also a Justice of the Peace for many years.
His other business interests included being director of the Blackstaff Flax Spinning Company and chairman of several railway companies. He was made director of the Northern Counties Railway in 1870, but resigned in 1887 because of ill-health.
Alongside his business activities he was an active Freemason and served as Provincial Deputy Grand Master of Belfast and North Down between 1863 and 1868, Provincial Deputy Grand Master of Antrim between 1868 and 1883 and Provincial Grand Master of Antrim between 1883 and 1889.
Lanyon lived at 'The Abbey' a grand house in Whiteabbey, which eventually became a sanitorium during World War I and is now part of Whiteabbey Hospital. He died there on 31 May 1889 and is buried in Knockbreda Cemetery. His will is recorded in the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland:
8 August 1889, LANYON, Sir Charles, Effects £53,785 1s 3d. The will (with 5 codiciles) of Sir Charles Lanyon, late of the Abbey, Whiteabbey, Co. Antrim, Knight, to died 31 May 1889 at the same place, was proved at Belfast by John Lanyon of Lisbreen, Fortwilliam Park Belfast, CE Herbert Owen Lanyon or Castletown Terrace, Belfast, Merchant, and Elizabeth Helen Lanyon of the Abbey, Whiteabbey, Spinster.
Famous works
Antrim Coast Road (1832–1842)
The north Antrim coast was difficult to reach for many years. The Irish Commissioners of Public Works promoted the construction of the Antrim Coast Road between 1832 and 1842 by civil engineer William Bald. Lanyon was the County Surveyor for part of this time (1836 to 1842) and would have had a considerable supervisory role. The route runs from Larne up through Ballygalley, Glenarm, Carnlough, Glenariff to Ballycastle. It involved removal of thousands of tonnes of rock using explosives, and building sea walls. Part of this route included the Glendun Viaduct.
Ballymoney Court House (1838)
This building one of Charles Lanyon's earlier buildings was completed in 1838. It cost £1,125, plus £40 for the bench and fitting up. It is made mostly of basalt blocks with brick dressings. The main doorway is surrounded by a thick stone frame. A lot of the window frames and sills are made of brown basalt. Strangely enough it is not currently a listed building.
Frosses Road (1839)
When a road was needed from Ballymena to Ballymoney, the straightest route was over the large Frosses Bog. Lanyon planted 1500 large Scots pine trees in two lines so that the roots would intermingle, and would create a surface for a road to be built.
Glendun Viaduct, Glendun (1839)
This huge arch-shaped viaduct was finally completely built in 1839.
Palm House, Botanic Gardens, Belfast (1840)
The palm house was probably Lanyon's only building of this type. It is a Curvilinear Iron and Glass Structure, and is one of the oldest surviving examples in the world.
St. John's Church, Whitehouse (1840)
This Church of Ireland Church was opened in 1840, by licence. It cost £716.16.0 to build. This was and still is one of the most successful churches in the Carnmoney Parish. It was designed for free by Lanyon who was a member of Carnmoney Parish. At the side of the church Lanyon built a small school hall for £300, which was used as a school until 1930. Then it was used as a NAAFI mess for the troops in the second world war, but it was demolished in 1965 to make way for a new church hall.
St John's, Glynn (1841)
This was built in 1841 for a cost of £800.
Raloo Parish Church, Glenoe (1842)
This church was built in 1842 for the cost of £436.0.0. and was designed to hold the entire population of the village (less than 200).
Gills Almshouses, Carrickfergus (1842)
This was designed to replace the old charity houses in 1842 which were in very bad repair. The front is symmetrical on either sides with black bricks on the edge it is made of normal sandstone, painted white. The Almshouse was not always white. The original sandstone was crumbling away, so it was rendered. This explains why the white walls stand out from the cornerstones instead of the other way around.
Gill's Almshouses: A : 1842; Charles Lanyon, architect. The charitable endowment of Henry Gill who, dying in 1761, bequeathed "to fourteen aged men, decayed in their circumstances, £10 each per annum and also houses and gardens", in Ellis Street (see No. 23a). Later this further block was built facing the harbour. The pretty Tudor revival style is reminiscent of contemporary churches and schools designed by the same architect, then County Surveyor of Antrim. The middle and wing bays of the symmetrical five-bay front project slightly and have tall double-shouldered gables with curious finials like inverted gate posts. Beneath the datestone the central front doorway has a four-centred arch, recessed surround, and a hood moulding with big cabbage-like bosses all dulled by dark paint. The intermediate bays have square windows with plain chamfered frames. Each wing bay has a triple window, the centre light taller than its neighbours, embraced by a label moulding which echoes the stepping of the gables. Single pointed lancets with mouldings akin to that on the front door light the gables. Above the steep tiled roof rise two chimneys with a pair of diagon¬ally set stacks apiece.
Nowadays it appears that the almshouses rival the inmates in their decayed circumstances, for, while the black and white paint-work is tidy, the facade shows an alarming inclination to land at the feet of those who stand in front to admire it. This is a good little build¬ing, adding much to the town's seafront, and worthy of careful renovation. Happily the James Butcher Housing Association is now undertaking this work.
Ulster Institute for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind, Lisburn Road, Belfast (1845)
Lanyon built this large redbrick building on the Lisburn Road, on the site currently occupied by the Medical Biology Centre (MBC), Queen's University of Belfast on which he based Queens College. Unlike Queens, it was not kept well and it was demolished in 1965.
Randalstown Viaducts, Randalstown (1847)
Out of these two bridges, only the taller, newer one is designed by Sir Charles. This one bridge is a 4 arch viaduct.
Queen's University (1849)
Lanyon designed the main building of Queen's University of Belfast in 1849, the design for the central tower was based on Magdalen College in Oxford, and is repeated in the smaller towers. The back of the building is not as intricate as the front, as the college had problems with funding. The building is famous for its Gothic Revival facade and Great Hall.
The main atrium of the Lanyon building houses a marble statue of Galileo. Most notable for his advances in Physics, he was also a deep thinker and Philosopher, resulting in the statue portrayed seated.
The Great Hall underwent an extensive £2.5m renovation in 2002, restoring it to Lanyon's original plans. The restoration was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and the hall was reopened by The Prince of Wales. Lanyon also designed the nearby Union Theological College.
The Abbey, Whiteabbey (1850)
Whiteabbey, a village in the parish of Carnmoney, Barony of Lower Belfast, County of Antrim and province of Ulster, 4 miles (N.) from Belfast on the shore of Belfast Lough; containing 71 houses and 391 inhabitants. It takes its name from an old abbey whose picturesque ruins consist of a chapel, the remains of which denote the early English style of architecture, but at what time or name or by whom founded it is not known.
Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, vol.II, London: S Lewis & Co., 1837, p712
This house was designed and built in 1850 for Richard Davison an MP, on the site of another MP, Samuel Getty, who had a gentleman's cottage on the site. It was named "The Abbey" because it was on the site of an ancient Cistercian Abbey which stood nearby from 1215 to 1925. Its entrance is very like Abbeydene, but with no pillars.
Abbey, the residence of William Getty Esquire, is a spacious and handsome residence, possessing much taste in its style of construction and presenting a handsomely ornamented and stone-finished front. It is situationed in a handsome lawn of about 10 acres, which is well laid out and planted. Abbey was erected in 1835.
Ordnance Survey, Memoirs of Ireland, Parishes of County Antrim, 1, 1838–9
In 1897, the house was purchased by Granville Hotel Company for use as a tuberculosis hydrotherapy centre, employing Sebastian Kneipp's naturopathy technique.
The residence of Sir Charles Lanyon at Whiteabbey near Belfast has been purchased by a syndicate for conversion into a hydropatholic establishment. It stands on 33 acres and in a most picturesque situation.
The Irish Builder, 15 April 1897
Whiteabbey – At Whiteabbey near Belfast, the mansion known as "The Abbey" formerly the seat of Sir Charles Lanyon was purchased by Granville Hotel Company and converted into a Hydro with all the latest improvements. Ranges of baths had been inserted and a new wing will shortly be built.
The Irish Builder, 1 December 1899, p200
The private treatment centre became Whiteabbey Sanatorium during World War 1, then developed into Whiteabbey Hospital in the 1930s, with the construction of the Lanyon Building. It is currently a non-acute medical and surgical hospital.
Crumlin Road Gaol and Courthouse (1848/1850)
Lanyon designed the Crumlin Road Gaol and opposite Courthouse between 1846 and 1850. Built in an innovative style at the time and based on London's Pentonville prison, the design is known as the "radial cellular system", and "The Crum" was the first to be built in Ireland. The building has four separate wings, each one either 3 or 4 stories high. In total there are 640 individual cells which have small windows on the doors, leading to the inspection hall. A tunnel links the gaol to the courthouse on the opposite side of the road. The building is currently derelict. However, due to its historical and architectural significance a major restoration and redevelopment is planned. The two buildings are linked by an infamous tunnel.
People commented that Lanyon's experience with churches and lecture halls had influenced his design for the courthouse. Charles was instructed that the cost should not exceed £16,000 but he tendered £16,500 which was accepted. The building is two storied and in Neo-Palladian classical style. It was enlarged in 1905 when new blocks were added to either side of the façade. It was closed in June 1998 after nearly 150 years of use. It was sold to a private developer, Barry Gilligan in 2003. On 8 February 2004 there was a large fire which broke out in the Courthouse. The building was poorly secured and was used by local youths as a drinking den, but also was an attraction for Northern Ireland urban explorers. On 12 March 2009 the Courthouse was once again set on fire, destroying some of the front offices. Finally, on 15 August 2009, a major fire broke out destroying much of the remainder, and resulting in the building becoming hazardous.
Abbeydene, Whiteabbey (1850)
Abbeydene was built in 1850 for John Finlay, who was a flax and tow merchant. The building is made from gold sandstone, and has a grand front entrance with a tall wooden door and several sandstone pillars. From 1895 until 1915 Edward Robinson of "Robinson and Cleavers" lived here. Abbeydene was originally called Lismara when it was home to Sir Crawford McCullagh, 1st Baronet, renamed in 1948 when it became a nursing home. It was recently renovated and is now a single residence again.
Waringstown Presbyterian Church (1853)
Until 1846 Waringstown was part of the Dromore Presbytery.
At this time the growing population of Presbyterians led to linen merchant John Henning presenting a request that the 80 families in the area be approved as a separate congregation. The service were held in the loft of the weaving factory adjacent to Murray House up the Banbridge Road. Michael McMurray was appointed as the Minister in 1848. He married into the Brown family who provided the site for The Desmesne in the village. In 1851the foundation for the new church in Mill Hill was laid and by 1853 the church was open for worship. The architect chosen to design the church was Ireland's foremost architect, Sir Charles Lanyon
Belfast Custom House
Considered by many to be Belfast's finest architectural feature, Lanyon designed the Custom House in 1857. Built in the Italian Renaissance style, the building features carved statues of Britannia, Neptune and Mercury. Until the 1950s the steps of the building served as Belfast's Speaker's Corner. It was here that trade union leader James Larkin addressed crowds of up to 20,000 people during the 1907 Belfast Dock strike. The writer Anthony Trollope was employed here before finding fame. Today Customs House Square and the adjoining Queen's Square are Belfast City Centre's main venue for free concerts and public events. McHugh's Bar and The Albert Clock are also located here.
Sinclair Seaman's Presbyterian Church
Lanyon designed Sinclair Seaman's Presbyterian Church in 1856. Thomas Sinclair commissioned the church in memory of his father John Sinclair, who was a merchant from Belfast. Located on Corporation Square in Belfast's docks area, locally known as Sailortown, the church has a distinctive maritime theme. The lectern is made in the shape of a ship's prow. It also features a brass wheel and capstan from a World War I wreck, navigation lights from a Guinness barge, and the ship's bell from the pre-World War I battleship HMS Hood.
Castle Leslie
Castle Leslie, situated in Glaslough, County Monaghan, Ireland, was designed by Lanyon in 1870 for John Leslie MP. Leslie was a descendant of Bishop Charles Leslie.
Other works
Other works by Lanyon in Belfast include the Linenhall Library, Belfast Castle, the Palm House at the Belfast Botanic Gardens, Stranmillis House, The Assembly Rooms in Waring Street, the Masonic Hall in Arthur Square and both the Queen's Bridge and Ormeau Bridge. He also designed Falls Road Methodist Church, Divis Street, Belfast, which was opened in 1854 and closed in 1966 when it was replaced by Divis Tower.
Outside of Belfast, Lanyon is famous for planting the Frosses Trees in 1839. Lanyon planted approximately 1,500 Scots Pine trees along the edge of what is now the A26 road, just north of the town of Ballymena. The overhanging trees are a well-known landmark for travellers en route to the north Antrim coast. For safety reasons the majority of the original trees have been cut down, with just 104 remaining.
The Campanile of the University of Dublin, Trinity College, was designed by Lanyon and completed in 1853.
Lanyon designed an extension to the east side of The Royal St. George Yacht Club in Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire) in 1865 which was accepted in principle. However uproar was caused at Committee level by the proposal, and it was rejected in favour of an alternative proposal by E.T. Owen.
Lanyon redesigned Killyleagh Castle and designed Drenagh Estate, bridges, viaducts and mausoleums and over 50 churches in Belfast and throughout Ireland.
Legacy
Alongside William J. Barre, Lanyon is considered Belfast's most important architect of the Victorian era. During this period Belfast was expanding greatly, becoming Ireland's most important industrial city, briefly becoming larger in population than Dublin. Lanyon formed a partnership in 1854 with his former apprentice William Henry Lynn. In 1860 the two incorporated with Charles' son John Lanyon as Lanyon, Lynn & Lanyon, Civil Engineers and Architects. Lanyon, Lynn & Lanyon was dissolved in 1872.
A blue plaque commemorating Lanyon is displayed at his former offices in Wellington Place. The location of Belfast's Waterfront Hall was named Lanyon Place in his honour. The Sir Charles Lanyon Memorial Prize is awarded to a final-year BSc Architecture student from the School of Architecture at Queen's University each year.
References
External links
Belfast Castle
The Linenhall Library
Queen's University
North Belfast Community Action Unit Website – Crumlin Road Gaol
1813 births
1889 deaths
Architects from Sussex
High Sheriffs of Antrim
Architects from Belfast
People associated with Queen's University Belfast
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Belfast constituencies (1801–1922)
UK MPs 1865–1868
Irish Conservative Party MPs
19th-century British architects
Mayors of Belfast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Lanyon |
Omalo () is a principal village in the historical region of Tusheti, Georgia. Administratively, it is part of the Akhmeta District in Kakheti. It lies between the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range and the Pirikita Range of Tusheti. Due to Omalo's high mountain location on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range and the absence of well-maintained roads, it is largely isolated from the rest of Georgia for most of the year. The only access road is through the Abano pass at 2,850 metres (9,350 ft) The fortress of Keselo is a landmark in Zemo (upper) Omalo, this place served as a refuge for locals in wartime.
See also
Kakheti
Keselo
Omalo Ethnographic Museum
References
External links
Pictures of Omalo
Populated places in Kakheti
Tiflis Governorate
Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omalo |
, the story of Oiwa and Tamiya Iemon, is a tale of betrayal, murder and ghostly revenge. Arguably the most famous Japanese ghost story of all time, it has been adapted for film over 30 times and continues to be an influence on Japanese horror today. Written in 1825 by as a kabuki play, the original title was . It is now generally shortened, and loosely translates as Ghost Story of Yotsuya.
History
First staged in July 1825, Yotsuya Kaidan appeared at the Nakamuraza Theater in Edo (the former name of present-day Tokyo) as a double-feature with the immensely popular Kanadehon Chushingura. Normally, with a Kabuki double-feature, the first play is staged in its entirety, followed by the second play. However, in the case of Yotsuya Kaidan it was decided to interweave the two dramas, with a full staging on two days: the first day started with Kanadehon Chushingura from Act I to Act VI, followed by Tōkaidō Yotsuya Kaidan from Act I to Act III. The following day started with the Onbo canal scene, followed by Kanadehon Chushingura from Act VII to Act XI, then came Act IV and Act V of Tōkaidō Yotsuya Kaidan to conclude the program.
The play was incredibly successful, and forced the producers to schedule extra out-of-season performances to meet demand. The story tapped into people’s fears by bringing the ghosts of Japan out of the temples and aristocrats' mansions and into the home of common people, the exact type of people who were the audience of his theater.
Story
As the most-adapted Japanese ghost story, the details of Yotsuya Kaidan have been altered over time, often bearing little resemblance to the original kabuki play, and sometimes removing the ghostly element altogether. However, the base story usually remains the same and recognizable.
(Note: the following summary is of the original 1825 Nakamuraza production. As such, it does not detail the numerous subplots and characters added to the story over the intervening years.)
Act 1
Tamiya Iemon, a rōnin, is having a heated exchange with his father-in-law, Yotsuya Samon, concerning Samon's daughter Oiwa. After it is suggested by Samon that Iemon and his daughter should separate, the ronin becomes enraged and murders Samon. The next scene focuses on the character Naosuke who is sexually obsessed with Oiwa's sister, the prostitute Osode, despite her being already married to another man, Satô Yomoshichi. As this scene begins, Naosuke is at the local brothel making romantic advances toward Osode when Yomoshichi and the brothel's owner, Takuetsu, enter. Unable to pay a fee demanded by Takuetsu, he is mocked by both Yomoshichi and Osode and forcibly removed. Shortly afterwards he kills his former master, whom he mistakes for Yomoshichi, at the precise time of the slaying of Samon. It is at this point that Iemon and Naosuke unite and conspire to mislead Oiwa and Osode into believing that they will exact revenge on the people responsible for their father's death. In return Osode agrees to marry Naosuke.
Act 2
Oume, the granddaughter of Itô Kihei, has fallen in love with Iemon. However, believing herself to be less attractive than Oiwa, she doesn't think Iemon will ever want to become her husband. Sympathizing with Oume's plight, the Itôs scheme to have Oiwa disfigured by sending her a topical poison disguised as a facial cream. Oiwa, unbeknownst to her at the time, is instantly scarred by the cream when she applies it. Upon seeing his wife's ghastly new countenance, Iemon decides he can no longer remain with her. He asks Takuetsu to rape Oiwa so that he will have an honorable basis for divorce. Takuetsu cannot bring himself to do this, so instead he simply shows Oiwa her reflection in a mirror. Realizing that she has been deceived, Oiwa becomes hysterical and, picking up a sword, runs towards the door. Takuetsu moves to grab her but Oiwa, attempting to evade him, accidentally punctures her own throat with the sword's tip. As she lies bleeding to death before a stunned Takuetsu, she curses Iemon's name. Not long after, Iemon becomes engaged to Oume. Act 2 closes with Iemon being tricked by Oiwa's ghost into slaying both Oume and her grandfather on the night of the wedding.
Act 3
The remaining members of the Itô household are annihilated. Iemon kicks Oyumi, the mother of Oume, into the Onbô Canal and Omaki, the servant of Oyumi, drowns by accident. Naosuke arrives in disguise as Gonbei, an eel vendor, and blackmails Iemon into handing over a valuable document. Iemon contemplates his prospects while fishing at the Onbô canal. On the embankment above the canal, Iemon, Yomoshichi and Naosuke appear to fumble as they struggle for possession of a note which passes from hand to hand in the darkness.
Act 4
At the opening Naosuke is pressuring Osode to consummate their marriage, to which she seems oddly averse. Yomoshichi appears and accuses Osode of adultery. Osode resigns herself to death in atonement and convinces Naosuke and Yomoshichi that they should kill her. She leaves a farewell note from which Naosuke learns that Osode was his younger sister. For the shame of this, as well as for the killing of his former master, he commits suicide.
Act 5
Iemon, still haunted by the ghost of Oiwa, flees to an isolated mountain retreat. There he rapidly descends into madness as his dreams and reality begin to merge and Oiwa's haunting intensifies. The act closes with Yomoshichi slaying Iemon out of both vengeance and compassion.
Historical basis
Nanboku incorporated two sensational and real-life murders into Yotsuya Kaidan, combining fact and fiction in a manner that resonated with audiences. The first involved two servants who had murdered their respective masters. They were caught and executed on the same day. The second murder was from a samurai who discovered his concubine was having an affair with a servant. The samurai had the faithless concubine and servant nailed to a wooden board and thrown into the Kanda River.
Popularity
Yotsuya Kaidan'''s popularity is often accounted for by the way it fit the mood of its time, as well as its use of universal themes. The Bunsei era was a time of social unrest, and the repressed position of women in society was severe. The 100 exchange of power for powerlessness was something audiences could relate to. Oiwa went from a delicate victim to a powerful avenger, while Iemon transforms from tormentor to tormented.
Also, Oiwa is much more direct in her vengeance than Okiku, another popular kabuki ghost, and she is much more brutal. This added level of violence thrilled audiences, who were seeking more and more violent forms of entertainment.
In addition, the performance of Yotsuya Kaidan was filled with fantastic special effects, with her ruined face projecting magnificently from an onstage lantern, and her hair falling out in impossible amounts.Yotsuya Kaidan paired the conventions of kizewamono "raw life play", which looked at the lives of non-nobles, and kaidanmono "ghost play".
Ghost of Oiwa
Oiwa is an onryō, a ghost who seeks vengeance. Her strong passion for revenge allows her to bridge the gap back to Earth. She shares most of the common traits of this style of Japanese ghost, including the white dress representing the burial kimono she would have worn, the long, ragged hair and white/indigo face that marks a ghost in kabuki theater.
There are specific traits to Oiwa that set her apart physically from other onryou. Most famous is her left eye, which droops down her face due to poison given her by Iemon. This feature is exaggerated in kabuki performances to give Oiwa a distinct appearance. She is often shown as partially bald, another effect of the poison. In a spectacular scene in the kabuki play, the living Oiwa sits before a mirror and combs her hair, which comes falling out due to the poison. This scene is a subversion of erotically-charged hair combing scenes in kabuki love plays. The hair piles up to tremendous heights, achieved by a stage hand who sits under the stage and pushes more and more hair up through the floor while Oiwa is combing.
Oiwa is supposedly buried at a temple, Myogyo-ji, in Sugamo, a neighborhood of Tokyo. The date of her death is listed as February 22, 1636. Several productions of Yotsuya Kaidan, including television and movie adaptations, have reported mysterious accidents, injuries and even deaths. Prior to staging an adaptation of Yotsuya Kaidan it is now a tradition for the principal actors and the director to make a pilgrimage to Oiwa's grave and ask her permission and blessing for their production. This is considered especially important of the actor assuming the role of Oiwa.
Sadako Yamamura from the film Ring is a clear homage to Oiwa. Her final appearance is a direct adaptation of Oiwa, including the cascading hair and drooping, malformed eye.
Also in Ju-on when Hitomi is watching the television, the television presenter is morphed into a woman with one small eye and one large eye- possibly a reference to Oiwa.
Yotsuya Kaidan and ukiyo-e
Being a popular Kabuki play, Yotsuya Kaidan soon became a popular subject for ukiyo-e artists as well. In 1826, the same year the play opened at Sumiza Theater in Osaka, Shunkosai Hokushu produced The Ghost of Oiwa. She is recognizable by her drooping eyes and partial baldness.
An unusual image featuring a still-living Oiwa was depicted as one of the New Forms of Thirty-Six Ghosts by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi.
Katsushika Hokusai created perhaps the most iconic image of Oiwa, in his series One Hundred Ghost Stories, in which he drew the face of her angry spirit merged with a temple lantern. Shunkosai Hokuei made a visual quotation of Hokusai's design in the illustration above, including Iemon as he turns to meet the apparition, drawing his sword. The lantern scene is a favorite, also being carved into netsuke. This image of Oiwa appears to give Akari Ichijou a cup of tea in her victory pose in the arcade game The Last Blade.
Utagawa Kuniyoshi illustrated the scene at Hebiyama, showing a still-lantern-headed Oiwa coming for Iemon, surrounded by snakes and smoke.
Film adaptations
The first film adaptation was made in 1912, and it was filmed some 18 times between 1913 and 1937. A notable adaptation was Shimpan Yotsuya Kaidan by Itō Daisuke, one of the foremost Japanese directors of his time.
A 1949 adaptation, The New Version of the Ghost of Yotsuya (Shinshaku Yotsuya kaidan), by Kinoshita Keisuke removed the ghostly elements and presented Oiwa as an apparition of her husband's guilty psyche. It was also known as The Phantom of Yotsuya.
The Shintoho studio produced Nobuo Nakagawa's 1959 Ghost of Yotsuya (Tokaido Yotsuya kaidan), which is often considered by critics to be the finest screen adaptation of the story. Toho produced a version of Ghost of Yotsuya in 1965 directed by Shirō Toyoda and starring Tatsuya Nakadai that was released as Illusion of Blood abroad. In 1994, Kinji Fukasaku returned to the Kabuki roots and combined the stories of Chūshingura and Yotsuya Kaidan into the single Crest of Betrayal.
There have also been adaptations on television. Story 1 of the Japanese television drama Kaidan Hyaku Shosetsu was a version of Yotsuya Kaidan, and episodes 1–4 of Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales, a 2006 anime television series, were also a retelling of the story.
By tradition, production crews adapting the story for film or stage visit Oiwa's gravesite in Myogyoji Temple in Sugamo, Toshima-ku, Tokyo to pay their respects, as an urban legend states that injuries and fatalities will befall the cast if they do not.
Some critics have identified loose connections between the story of Oiwa and the plot of the Ju-On films.
See also
Botan Dōrō
Banchō Sarayashiki
Onryō
Obake
Yūrei
Japanese mythology
Vengeful ghost
Macbeth
Notes
References
Addiss, Steven, Japanese Ghosts and Demons, USA, George Braziller, Inc., 1986,
Araki, James T., Traditional Japanese Theater: An Anthology of Plays, USA, Columbia University Press, 1998
Iwasaka, Michiko, Ghosts and the Japanese: Cultural Experience in Japanese Death Legends, USA, Utah State University Press 1994,
Ross, Catrien, Supernatural and Mysterious Japan, Tokyo, Japan, Tuttle Publishing, 1996,
Scherer, Elisabeth, Haunting Gaps: Gender, Modernity, Film and the Ghosts of Yotsuya Kaidan, in: Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 12.1, Winter 2014, Special Issue on "Recognizing Ghosts", pp. 73–88.
External links
田中貢太郎「南北の東海道四谷怪談」& 田中貢太郎「四谷怪談」 online texts of Yotsuya Kaidan'' by Tanaka Kotaro at Aozora Bunko.
Oiwa Inari Tamiya Jinja, a shrine connected to one of Japan’s most famous ghost stories “Yotsuya Kaidan”
Japanese ghosts
Japanese folklore
Kabuki plays
1825 plays
Japanese horror films
Female legendary creatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotsuya%20Kaidan |
Jeffrey David Lageman (born July 18, 1967) is a former American football player and current sports commentator. He played college football at the University of Virginia and was signed as a defensive end by the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL) in the first round of the 1989 NFL Draft. In 1994, he was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars; he retired after an injury in 1998. Though considered small for a defensive lineman, he distinguished himself on the field, recording a total of 47 career quarterback sacks. Following his retirement from sports he went into sports broadcasting in Jacksonville, Florida.
Early life
Lageman was born in Fairfax, Virginia. He attended Park View High School in nearby Sterling. He attended the University of Virginia for college, where he played both linebacker and defensive end for the Virginia Cavaliers football team.
Professional career
Although considered undersized to play defensive end in the NFL, a fact that was pointed out by Mel Kiper Jr. during ESPN's coverage of the 1989 NFL Draft, Lageman was taken in the first round by the New York Jets. Lageman's NFL career spanned 10 seasons, the first six with the Jets, and the final four with the Jacksonville Jaguars. His best year came in 1991 when he made ten quarterback sacks. He made a career total of 47 sacks in the NFL.
In 1995, Lageman was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars in their inaugural year. With Lageman playing a key role, the Jaguars made the 1996 playoffs and upset the Buffalo Bills and the Denver Broncos on the road before losing to the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game.
Lageman's playing career ended on the first game of the 1998 season in Chicago. Although the Jaguars won on a last second touchdown pass from Mark Brunell to Jimmy Smith, they lost Lageman to a torn muscle in his arm. He never played again.
Retirement
During his time in Jacksonville, Lageman, an avid hunter and fisherman, began his broadcasting career with a radio show titled "The Outdoors Show" along with Captain Kevin Faver and Captain Kirk Waltz. After his playing career, Lageman continued his broadcasting career as a football color analyst on Fox television.
By 2001, "The Outdoors Show" had moved from an all-sports station (WBWL-AM) to a 50,000 watt news-talk station (WOKV) and soon after, Lageman joined the play-by-play man Brian Sexton in the booth of the Jaguars Radio Network as the color analyst. He also serves as co-host of the weekly "Jaguars This Week" radio show along with Sexton, Jaguars.com senior writer John Oehser and former Jaguars teammate Tony Boselli, and is a castmember of the weekly television program, Jaguars All Access. Lageman lives in Jacksonville with his wife, Tera Lageman, and their children Taylor and Dylan.
References
External links
Jeff Lageman statistics at DatabaseFootball.com
Living people
1967 births
Sportspeople from Fairfax, Virginia
Players of American football from Fairfax County, Virginia
People from Sterling, Virginia
Sportspeople from Loudoun County, Virginia
American football defensive ends
American football linebackers
Virginia Cavaliers football players
New York Jets players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Jacksonville Jaguars announcers
National Football League announcers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Lageman |
The Tamil units of measurement is a system of measurements that was traditionally used in ancient Tamil-speaking parts of South India.
These ancient measurement systems spanned systems of counting, distances, volumes, time, weight as well as tools used to do so. While modern India uses the metric system International System of Units (Tamil Nadu state included), some of these older day measurement systems, especially those of counting, are still used today.
Other units that have persisted are those of area – the 'ma' (not to be confused with the dollar-cent) and the ‘ground’, both used to measure land and the ‘molam’ which has been relegated to measuring the length of a sandanam garland sold on streets.
There are several similarities between the measurement system used in Tamil Nadu and that used by the Indus Valley civilisation. Recent excavation studies from Keeḻadi reveal existence of an older non-vedic civilisation in Tamil Nadu. New discovery suggest possibilities of source of ancient Indian mathematicians in Tamil Nadu.
Units of time in ancient Tamil history
10 (kuḻigaḷ) = 1 (miy) = 66.6666 millisecond-the time taken by the young human eyes to flap once.
2 (kaṇṇimaigaḷ) = 1 (kainoḍi) = 0.125 second
2 (kainoḍi) = 1 (māttirai) = 0.25 second
6 (miygaḷ) = 1 (ciṟṟuḻi (noḍi)) = 0.40 second-the time taken for a bubble (created by blowing air through a bamboo tube into a vessel 1 (cāṇ) high, full of water) to travel a distance of one (cāṇ).
2 (māttiraigaḷ) = 1 (kuṟu) = 0.50 second
2 (noḍigaḷ) = 1 (viṉāḍi) = 0.80 second-the time for the adult human heart to beat once
2 (noḍigaḷ) = 2 (kuṟu) = 1 (uyir) = 1 second
5 (noḍigaḷ) = 2 (uyir) = 1 (cāṇigam) = 1/2 (aṇu) = 2 seconds
10 (noḍigaḷ) = 1 (aṇu) = 4 seconds
6 (aṇukkaḷ) = 12 (cāṇigam) = 1 (tuḷi) = 1 (nāḻigai-viṉāḍi) = 24 seconds
10 (tuḷigaḷ) = 1 (kaṇam) = 4 minutes
6 (kaṇangaḷ) = 1 (nāḻigai) = 24 minutes
10 (nāḻigaikaḷ) = 4 (cāmam) = 1 (ciṟupoḻutu) = 240 minutes = 4 hours
6 (ciṟu-poḻutugaḷ) = 1 (nāḷ) = 1 day = 24 hours
7 (nāṭkaḷ) = 1 (vāram) = 1 week
15 (nāṭkaḷ) = 1 (aḻuvaluvamam) = 1 fortnight
29 (nāṭkaḷ) = 1 (tingaḷ) = 1 lunar month
2 (tingaḷ) = 1 (perum-poḻutu) = 1 season
6 (perum-poḻutu) = 1 (āṇdu) = 1 year
64 (āṇdukaḷ) = 1 (vaṭṭam) = 1 cycle
64 வட்டம்/cycles = 4096 (āṇdukaḷ) = 1 ōḻi = 1 epoch
Area Measurement
1 (marakkaḷ vitaippatu, seeds required for planting rice) = 8 cents
12 (marakkaḷ vitaippatu) = 100 cents
1 (kuṟuṇi) = 8 cents
1 (patakku) = 16 cents
1 (mukkuṟuṇi) = 24 cents
1 sq (kajam) = cents
1 (vīsam) = 36 sq ft
303 (kuḻi) = 100 cents
1 (kuḻi) = 144 சதுர அடி (144 sq ft = 12 ft x 12 ft)
1 (mā) = 100 (kuḻi)
1 (kāṇi) = 4 (mā)
1 (vēļi) = 5 (kāṇi)
1 தாக்கு (thakku) = 7.56 சதுர அடி (Sq. ft)
In Jaffna, Sri Lanka For House property
1 Parappu = 1 Lacham = 10 Perches
16 Parappu = 1 Acre
Varaku Culture (V.C.)
18 kulies = 1 lacham
16 lachams = 1 acre
Paddy Culture (P.C.)
12 kulies = 1 lacham
24 lachams = 1 acre
Units of ancient trade
Balance weights
Thanga edaihal
4 nel eḍai (நல் எடை) = 1 kuṉṟimaṇi (குன்றிமணி)
2 kuṉṟimaṇi (குன்றிமணி) = 1 māñcāḍi (மஞ்சாடி)
1 māñcāḍi (மஞ்சாடி) = 1 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை)
5 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை) = 1 kaḻañcu (கழஞ்சு)
8 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை) = 1 varāgaṉeḍai (வராகனெடை)
20 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை) = 4 kaḻañcu (கழஞ்சு) = 1 kaqhsu (கஃசு)
80 paṇaveaḍai (பணவெடை)= 16 kaḻañcu (கழஞ்சு)= 4 kaqhsu (கஃசு)= 1 palam (பலம்)
1.5 Kaḻan
cu (கழஞ்சு) = 8 grams or one sovereign/pavun.
The above is not in line with South Indian Inscriptions.
2 kuṉṟima குன்றிமணி = 1 māñcāḍi மஞ்சாடி
20 māñcāḍi மஞ்சாடி = 1 kaḻañcu கழஞ்சு
Ceylon Currency and Coins by H W Codrington page 10 too agrees with 20 māñcāḍi = 1 kaḻañcu.
Porutkal yedaihal
32 kuṉṟimaṇi = 1 varāgaṉeḍai
10 varāgaṉeḍai = 1 palam
40 palam = 1 veesai
1000 palam = 1 kā
6 veesai = 1 tulām
8 veesai = 1 maṇangu
20 maṇangu = 1 pāram.
Grain volume
1 kuṇam = smallest unit of volume
9 kuṇam = 1 mummi
11 mummi = 1 aṇu
7 aṇu = 1 immi
7 immi = 1 uminel
1 sittigai = 7 uminel
360 nel = 1 sevidu
5 sevidu = 1 āḻākku
2 āḻākku = 1 uḻakku
2 uḻakku = 1 uri
2 uri = 1 padi
8 padi = 1 marakkaal (kuṟuṇi)
2 marakkāl (kuṟuṇi) = 1 padakku
2 padakku = 1 tōṇi
3 tōṇi = 1 kalam (= 96 padi)
5 marakkāl = 1 paṟai
80 paṟai = 1 karisai
96 padi = 1 pothi (mōdai)
21 marakkal = 1 Kottai
22 mākāni = 100 g
1 padi = 1800 avarai pods = 12,800 miḷagu seeds = 14,400 nel grains = 14,800 payaṟu grains = 38,000 arisi grains = 115,200 sesame ellu seeds
Fluid volume
5 sevidu = 1 āḻākku
2 mahani = 1 āḻākku (arai kal padi)
2 āḻākku = 1 uḻakku (Kal padi)
2 uḻakku = 1 uri (Arai padi)
2 uri = 1 padi
4 padi= 1 marakkaal
2 marakkāl (kuṟuṇi) = 1 padakku
2 padakku = 1 tōṇi
21 Marakkal = 1 Kottai
Length
1 Koan = (115.8953125 picometre)
10 Koan = 1 Nunnanu (0.1158953125 nanometre)
10 Nunnanu = 1 Aṇu (atom) (1.158953125 nanometre)
8 Aṇu = 1 Kadirtugal (9.271625 nanometre)
8 Kadirtugal = 1 Tusumbu (74.173 nanometre)
8 Tusumbu = 1 Mayirnuni (0.593384 micrometre)
8 Mayirnuni = 1 Nunnmanal (4.74707 micrometre)
8 Nunnmanal = 1 Siru-kadugu (37.976563 micrometre)
8 Siru-kadugu = 1 Yel (303.8125 micrometre or 0.3038125 millimetre)
8 Yel = 1 Nel (2.4305 millimetre)
8 nel = 1 viral = 8^8 aṇu (atom) = 1.9444 centimetre
12 viral = 1 sāṇ = 100 immi= 23.3333 centimetre = 9 inch
2 sāṇ = 1 muḻam = 46.6666 centimetre = 1.5 feet
2 sāṇ = 1 muḻam
2 muḻam = 1 yard = 3 feet = 1 yard
2 yard(yaar) = 1 pāgam
110 pāgam = 1 furlong
8 furlong = 1 mile
5 furlong = 1 kilometre or 1000 metre
625 pāgam = 1 kādam = 5000 sāṇ = 1166.66 metres = 1.167 kilometre
Likeness (Sārttal)
Likeness has attributes of tone, sound, colour and shape for comparison of a given substance with a known standard.
Whole numbers
The following are the traditional numbers of the Ancient Tamil Country, Tamilakam.
Tamil texts also elaborate the following sanskritized version :
1 ONDRU = One = 10 0
10 = PATU = Ten = 10 1
100 = NŌRU = Hundred = 10 2
1,000 = ĀYIRAM = One Thousand = 10 3
10,000 = PATĀYIRAM = Ten Thousand = 10 4
1,00,000 = LATCHAM = Hundred Thousand = 10 5
10,00,000 = PATHU LATCHAM = One Million = 10 6
1,00,00,000 = KODI = Ten Million = 10 7
10,00,00,000 = PATHU KODI = Hundred Million = 10 8
1,00,00,00,000 = ARPUTAM = One Billion = 10 9
10,00,00,00,000 = PATU ARPUTAM = Ten Billion = 10 10
1,00,00,00,00,000 = NIGARPUTAM = Hundred Billion = 10 11
10,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU NIGARPUTAM = One Trillion = 10 12
1,00,00,00,00,00,000 = KUMBAM = Ten Trillion = 10 13
10,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU KUMBAM = Hundred Trillion = 10 14
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = GANAM = One Quadrillion = 10 15
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATHU GANAM = Ten Quadrillion = 10 16
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = KARPAM = Hundred Quadrillion = 10 17
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU KARPAM = One Quintillion = 10 18
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = NIKARPAM = Ten Quintillion = 10 19
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU NIKARPAM = Hundred Quintillion = 10 20
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATUMAM = One Sextillion = 10 21
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU PATUMAM = Ten Sextillion = 10 22
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = SANGGAM = Hundred Sextillion = 10 23
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU SANGGAM = One Septillion = 10 24
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = VELLAM = Ten Septillion = 10 25
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU VELLAM = Hundred Septillion = 10 26
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = ANNIYAM = One Octillion = 10 27
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU ANNIYAM = Ten Octillion = 10 28
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = ARTTAM = Hundred Octillion = 10 29
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATHU ARTTAM = One Nonillion = 10 30
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PARARTTAM = Ten Nonillion = 10 31
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU PARARTTAM = Hundred Nonillion = 10 32
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PŌRIYAM = One Decillion = 10 33
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU PŌRIYAM = Ten Decillion = 10 34
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = MUKKODI = Hundred Decillion = 10 35
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU MUKKODI = One Undecillion = 10 36
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = MAHAYUGAM = Ten Undecillion = 10 37
Malaysian text elaborates the following version
1 ONDRU = One = 10 0
10 = PATU = Ten = 10 1
100 = NŌRU = Hundred = 10 2
1,000 = ĀYIRAM = One Thousand = 10 3
10,000 = PATĀYIRAM = Ten Thousand = 10 4
100,000 = LATCHAM = Hundred Thousand = 10 5
1,000,000 = PATU LATCHAM = One Million = 10 6
10,000,000 = KODI = Ten Million = 10 7
100,000,000 = PATU KODI = Hundred Million = 10 8
1,000,000,000 = NŌRU KODI = One Billion = 10 9
Fractions
1 – ஒன்று – onRu
3/4 = 0.75 – முக்கால் – mukkāl
1/2 = 0.5 – அரை – arai
1/4 = 0.25 – கால் – kāl
1/5 = 0.2 – நாலுமா – nālumā
3/16 = 0.1875 – மும்மாகாணி –mummākāṇi this is called as Mukkhani
3/20 = 0.15 – மும்மா – mummaa
1/8 = 0.125 – அரைக்கால் – araikkāl
1/10 = 0.1 – இருமா – irumā
1/16 = 0.0625 – மாகாணி (வீசம்) – mākāṇi (vīsam)
1/20 = 0.05 – ஒருமா – orumā
3/64 = 0.046875 – முக்கால்வீசம் – mukkāl vīsam
3/80 = 0.0375 – முக்காணி – mukkāṇi
1/32 = 0.03125 – அரைவீசம் – araivīsam
1/40 = 0.025 – அரைமா – araimā
1/64 = 0.015625 – கால் வீசம் – kaal vīsam
1/80 = 0.0125 – காணி – kāṇi
3/320 = 0.009375 – அரைக்காணி முந்திரி – araikkāṇi muntiri
1/160 = 0.00625 – அரைக்காணி – araikkāṇi
1/320 = 0.003125 – முந்திரி – muntiri
3/1280 = 0.00234375 – கீழ் முக்கால் – kīḻ mukkal
1/640 = 0.0015625 – கீழரை – kīḻarai
1/1280 = 7.8125e-04 – கீழ் கால் – kīḻ kāl
1/1600 = 0.000625 – கீழ் நாலுமா – kīḻ nalumā
3/5120 ≈ 5.85938e-04 – கீழ் மூன்று வீசம் – kīḻ mūndru vīsam
3/6400 = 4.6875e-04 – கீழ் மும்மா – kīḻ mummā
1/2500 = 0.0004 – கீழ் அரைக்கால் – kīḻ araikkāl
1/3200 = 3.12500e-04 – கீழ் இருமா – kīḻ irumā
1/5120 ≈ 1.95313e-04 – கீழ் வீசம் – kīḻ vīsam
1/6400 = 1.56250e-04 – கீழொருமா – kīḻ orumā
1/102400 ≈ 9.76563e-06 – கீழ்முந்திரி – kīḻ muntiri
1/2150400 ≈ 4.65030e-07 – இம்மி – immi
1/23654400 ≈ 4.22754e-08 – மும்மி – mummi
1/165580800 ≈ 6.03935e-09 – அணு – aṇu
1/1490227200 ≈ 6.71039e-10 – குணம் – kuṇam
1/7451136000 ≈ 1.34208e-10 – பந்தம் – pantam
1/44706816000 ≈ 2.23680e-11 – பாகம் – pāgam
1/312947712000 ≈ 3.19542e-12 – விந்தம் – vintam
1/5320111104000 ≈ 1.87966e-13 – நாகவிந்தம் – nāgavintam
1/74481555456000 ≈ 1.34261e-14 – சிந்தை – sintai
1/1489631109120000 ≈ 6.71307e-16 – கதிர்முனை –katirmunai
1/59585244364800000 ≈ 1.67827e-17 – குரல்வளைப்படி –kuralvaḷaippiḍi
1/3575114661888000000 ≈ 2.79711e-19 -வெள்ளம் – veḷḷam
1/357511466188800000000 ≈ 2.79711e-21 – நுண்மணல் –nuṇmaṇal
1/2323824530227200000000 ≈ 4.30325e-22 – தேர்த்துகள் –tērttugaḷ
Currency
1 pal (wooden discs/sea shellots) = (approximately) 0.9 grain
8 (or 10 base 8) paṟkaḷ = 1 senkāṇi (copper/bronze) = 7.2 grains(misinterpretted by Roman accounts as 10 base 10 paRkal = 9 grains)
1/4 senkāṇi = 1 kālkāṇi (copper) = 1.8 grains (misinterpretted by Roman accounts as 2.25 grains)
64 (or 100 base 8) paṟkaḷ = 1 KaaNap-pon aka. Kāsu panam(gold) = 57.6 grains
1 Roman dinarium was traded on par with 2 Kāṇappon plus 1 Senkāṇi(=124 grains).
18 Ana = 2.85 Rupee, 16 Ana = 1 Rupee, 1 Ana = 3 Tuṭu, 1/4 Ana = 3/4 (mukkal) tuṭu
Divisions of a Day
சிறுபொழுது (Daily)
1. மாலை (mālai): 6 pm-10 pm
2. இடையாமம் (iḍaiyāmam): 10 pm-2 am
3. வைகறை (vaikaṟai): 2 am-6 am
4. காலை (kālai): 6 am-10 am
5. நண்பகல் (naṇpagal): 10 am-2 pm
6. எற்பாடு (eṟpāḍu): 2 pm-6 pm
Divisions of the Year
பெரும்பொழுது (பெரும்பொழுது என்பது யாது எனில்
பன்னிரு மாதங்களை ஆறாய்ப் பகுத்தது)
1. கார்காலம் (Kārkālam): ஆடி, ஆவணி
2. குளிர்காலம் (Kuḷirkālam): புரட்டாசி, ஐப்பசி
3. முன்பனிக் காலம்(Muṉpaṉik kālam): கார்த்திகை, மார்கழி
4. பின்பனிக் காலம் (Piṉpaṉik kālam): தை, மாசி
5. இளவேனில் (Iḷavēṉil): பங்குனி, சித்திரை
6. முதுவேனில் (Mutuvēṉil) :வைகாசி, ஆனி
See also
Tamil Calendar
References
Sources
3. http://tvaraj.com/2012/03/06/fractions-used-by-ancient-tamils/
Tamil Measurements
Tamil
Obsolete units of measurement
Systems of units
Economic history of Tamil Nadu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%20units%20of%20measurement |
Annibale Maria di Francia, or Hannibal Mary di Francia, (5 July 1851 – 1 June 1927) is a saint venerated by the Catholic Church. He founded a series of orphanages, and the religious congregations of the Rogationist Fathers and the Daughters of Divine Zeal. His feast day is 1 June.
Childhood
Francia was born on 5 July 1851 in Via Santa Maria delle Trombe, the Portalegni area of Messina. His father Francis was a Knight of the Marquises of St. Catherine of Jonio, Papal Vice-Consul and Honorary Captain of the Navy. His mother, Anna Toscano, belonged to the noble family of the Marquises of Montanaro. His brother, Francesco was declared Venerable in 2019. The third of four children, he lost his father when he was only fifteen months old. This experience would profoundly affect his life and made him deeply empathetic towards orphans. At the age of seven he enrolled in the College of St. Nicholas, run by the Cistercian Fathers. He was a devout child. Here under the guidance of his spiritual director, he was introduced to a devout life and he developed such love for the Eucharist that he was allowed to receive Holy Communion daily, something exceptional in those days.
Student
Young Francia proved to be of high intelligence and had a poetic disposition. When he was fifteen years old he continued his studies under the tutelage of the famous Sicilian poet Felice Bisazza. He looked to a brilliant and secure career as a writer and poet but chose the religious life.
He was only seventeen, when as he was at prayer in front of the Blessed Sacrament, he was given the "revelation of Rogate", that is, he deeply felt that vocations in the church only come through prayer. Later on he found in the Gospel the very words of Jesus commanding such prayer: "Beg the harvest master to send out laborers to gather his harvest". (Mt 9:38; Lk 10:2). These words became the main source of inspiration for his life and the charism which led his apostolate.
On 11 July 1909 he wrote to Pope Pius X: "From my youth I have devoted myself to the words of the Gospel: Pray therefore the Lord of the Harvest... In my charitable institutions, orphans, poor, priests and nuns, all pray incessantly to the loving Hearts of Jesus and Mary, to the Patriarch St. Joseph and to the Apostles, that they may provide the Holy Church with numerous and chosen laborers for the harvest of souls".
When, on 8 December 1869 he was given the clerical garb, he soon began putting his talents to work and became a well received preacher. People, especially the simple and those from the lower classes, loved to listen to him because of the clarity of his sermons.
Because of his intense ardor for the Blessed Virgin of Mount Carmel, he sought to enter the Discalced Carmelites. Upon discovering this, Archbishop Giuseppe Guarino discouraged him in his ideas, but encouraged him rather to stay in Avignone to continue working with the poor. For this reason, Francia entered the Third Order Carmelites.
Priest of God and Servant of His People
Once his theological studies were completed he was ordained a priest on 16 March 1878 in the church of the Spirito Santo.
A few months before his ordination, when he was still deacon, he met a poor blind beggar, Francesco Zancone, who "providentially" led him to discover a world unknown to him: "Le Case Avignone" (The Avignone squatters), in the outskirts of Messina. It was to be his new field of apostolate. He defined this as the "spirit of a twofold charity: the evangelization of and the care for the poor". Together with the intuition of the "Rogate", this spirit of charity would be the characteristic of his life.
Anthonian Orphanages
With the blessing of his Archbishop and the encouragement of John Bosco he began an evening school for boys, a day kindergarten for girls from five to eight years old. Then, the girl's orphanage got under way and, on 4 November 1883, the boys' orphanage. He placed them under the patronage of St. Anthony of Padua. Later on all his charitable institutions for poor children will be called "Anthonian Orphanages". He was concerned that in his institutions the children were provided not only with food and prepared for a job, but more importantly that they would receive a solid moral and religious education. After their elementary-grade instruction, the girls were involved in sewing, knitting, and home economics in general. He used to say: "We should love children with tender and fatherly love. This is the secret of secrets to gain them to God".
Thirteen sisters were killed in the earthquake of 1908. Although the boys dormitory collapsed none of the orphans there or at the girls residence lost their lives. Additional orphanages were opened: including one in Bari for orphans of the 1910 cholera epidemic, and one in Altamura for orphans of the First World War.
The monthly periodical entitled "God and Neighbor" was first published in 1908. Having a modest format and a circulation that rose to more than half a million, it spread throughout the five continents. "God and Neighbor," the organ of all the Anthonian orphanages lasted until 1942.
Rogationist Fathers
With the help of those who were his most reliable collaborators - Pantaleone Palma and Francis Vitale - he was able to lay the groundwork of his male congregation, which he named after the Rogate: The Rogationist Fathers of the Heart of Jesus. He perceived that the "Rogate" was the answer to his query. "What are these few orphans we attend to, these few people we bring the good news to, compared to the millions who are lost and abandoned as sheep without a shepherd?...I looked for an answer and I found a complete one in the words of Jesus: "Beg the harvest master to send out laborers to gather his harvest". I concluded then that I had found the secret key to all good works and to the salvation of countless souls" .
Daughters of Divine Zeal
Francia decided to found his own congregation of nuns whom he called Daughters of Divine Zeal, patterned after the inspiration of the Rogate – the expression of the zeal burning in the Sacred Heart of Jesus for the glory of the Father and the salvation of souls. The Institute was given a one-year trial. During that year, he had as a cooperator for his work none other than Melanie Calvat, the famous young shepherdess to whom the Mother of God appeared on the mountain of La-Salette. Melanie remained at the Institute for one year, from September 1897 to September 1898 – a year which, in the words of Francia, was a year of blessing. The trial period was weathered successfully, having a healthy and vigorous effect on the community, and the women's congregation was put on a safe footing.
He was noted for propagating the devotion of the "Servitude of Love" taught by Louis de Montfort and he embodied the spirit of complete abandonment into the hands of Mary. His charity knew no bounds, and it was directed toward all those in need, including priests facing difficulties and cloistered nuns who often are forgotten by benefactors. In Messina they used to say: "This is the house of Fr. Di Francia. Have a seat and you'll get something to eat." People regarded him as a Saint even when he was still alive. Angelo Paino, Bishop of Messina, later gave this testimony about him: "He was considered a Saint by all people. By this I mean people from all walks of life, social status and religious convictions".
Seven Archangels
Francia revealed and prayed the Seven Archangels with the names that are not recognized by the Roman Catholic Church (Jegudiel, Gabriel, Selaphiel, Michael, Uriel, Raphael, and Barachiel).
Death and canonization
On 1 June 1927 Saint Hannibal died in Messina. As soon as the people heard the news of his death they began to say: "Let us go to see the sleeping saint". A few days before the Blessed Virgin Mary had appeared to him and assured him of Her protection, a vision to reward his tender devotion toward him.
Newspapers of the entire region reported with pictures and articles of the funeral and burial. Crowds of thousands came to mourn his passing away. Local authorities quickly released the permit allowing that his body be buried in the church of the "Evangelical Rogation" which Francia himself had built in Messina. It is the only church in the world dedicated to the Gospel's passage: "Pray therefore the Lord of the Harvest". Many of his contemporaries, and among them Luigi Orione, requested that a formal Cause for Canonization be promptly started. But World War II put a temporary stop to the undertaking.
On 21 April 1945 the information stage of the process for Canonization began with the "Diocesan Investigations". All the writings of Saint Hannibal (62 volumes) were examined by a Special Committee of Theologians. The process was formally opened on 14 November 1952, granting Francia the title of Servant of God. In 1979 the Congress of Cardinals voted to begin the formal Cause for Canonization which officially began in Messina on 8 March 1980, at the same time the Eccliastical Tribunal set up a Committee of Historians.
On 21 December 1989 Pope John Paul II promulgated the Decree on the "Heroic Virtues of the Servant of God".
To proceed with the Cause of Canonization, a sign of God, a miracle was needed. On 30 June 1990 the Medical Commission of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints unanimously agreed that the case of Gleida Danese – a young Brazilian girl who was doomed to die because of the rupture of the aorta but who suddenly recovered – had no possible medical explanation. Both the Commission of Theologians on 14 July 1990, and then the Congress of Cardinals and Bishops on 27 July 1990, unanimously agreed upon the miraculous recovery of the girl and found that it was to be attributed to the intercession of the Servant of God, Hannibal Di Francia. Francia was beatified on 7 October 1990 by Pope John Paul II.
He was canonized on 16 May 2004 by Pope John Paul II.
Legacy
Today the religious families founded by Francia are present in the five continents of the world. In the spirit of their Founder, they dedicate themselves to a variety of apostolates. They work in institutions for orphans and abandoned children, schools for deaf and blind, homes for aged and pregnant girls, educational institutions and vocational schools, missions and parishes, religious printing houses and vocation centers which promote the ideals of "Rogate".
The message and the mission of Francia is not only valued among those involved in vocation ministry and those who have at heart the formation of the clergy but also by all those who have come to understand the need of prayer for more vocations in the Church.
Pope Paul VI on 23 January 1964 instituted the "World Day of Prayer for Vocations". Since then, every year, the Popes remind the universal Church that still today salvation comes to us through the work of many and holy ministers of the Gospel and that to obtain them from God we must pray.
On 7 July 2010 Benedict XVI blessed a marble statue of St. Hannibal Mary di Francia (1851-1927), founder of the Congregation of the Rogationist Fathers of the Heart of Jesus and of the Daughters of Divine Zeal. The statue is positioned in an external niche of the Vatican Basilica near the Arch of the Bells.
See also
Our Lady of La Salette
Rogationists
Giuseppe Aveni
References
External links
Saint Hannibal Mary Di Francia Apostle of the Divine Will
Hannibal Mary Di Francia bio
Hannibal Mary Di Francia bio
Address of John Paul II to the Rogationist Fathers, May 16, 1997
Homily of John Paul II, May 16, 2004
1851 births
1927 deaths
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Italian Roman Catholic saints
Sicilian saints
Di Francia
20th-century Christian saints
Religious leaders from Messina
Incorrupt saints
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
Venerated Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale%20Maria%20di%20Francia |
The Cyrillaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas. The family comprises two genera, Cliftonia and Cyrilla, each containing a single species, Cliftonia monophylla and Cyrilla racemiflora. However, additional species of Cyrilla are now often recognized and the genus is in need of taxonomic revision.
In the past, many botanists included a third genus, Purdiaea, in the family, though recent research has shown this genus is better placed in the closely related family Clethraceae.
Fossil record
Fossil Cyrilla and Cliftonia leaves, wood and pollen have been reported from the Neogene Lower Rhine region brown coal. Leaf fragments of Cyrilla have been found frequently in brown coals of central Europe. The Cyrillaceae formed part of the Tertiary bog flora where they constituted an important component of the shrubby vegetation. Among fossil Cyrilla from the Tertiary of Europe is †Cyrilla thomsonii described from the Miocene of Librar, Germany and the Bełchatów, Poland. † Cyrilla hungarica described from the Miocene of Magyaregregy in Hungary.
References
Ericales families
Ericales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillaceae |
The Executioner's Bastion is a bastion situated at Stará baštová Street in the historic center of Košice, Slovakia.
Its name is derived from the fact that the bastion was situated near a medieval executioner's house. It is semicircular building with eight cannon chambers erected around the year 1500. The bastion was converted in the years 1920–1930 to the needs of the East Slovak Museum.
The Memorial House of Francis II Rákóczi is a part of the Executioner’s Bastion. It is a replica of his house in the Turkish exile in Tekirdağ. The exhibition in the memorial house presents relics reminding the life of the last leader of the anti-Habsburg uprising, the history of the replica of his house in Rodosto and the funeral of Rákóczi and his brothers-in-arms in Košice in 1906.
The bronze sculpture of Francis II Rákóczi was unveiled on April 3, 2006 in front of the house.
Buildings and structures in Košice
Rákóczi family
Fortifications in Slovakia
Tourist attractions in Košice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executioner%27s%20Bastion |
Edmund Heath (September 13, 1813 – January 21, 1883) was a Quebec lumber merchant and political figure. He was a Conservative member of the 1st Canadian Parliament representing Pontiac.
He was born in Bristol, England in 1813. He settled in Clarendon township in Lower Canada, where he entered the timber trade. Heath helped found the Bytown and Prescott Railway in 1853. In 1855, he was appointed Crown lands agent at Fort-Coulonge. He also served as major in the Pontiac county militia. He was elected to the 6th Parliament of the Province of Canada representing Pontiac in 1857; he was defeated in the election of 1861. In 1867, he was elected to the House of Commons.
He died at Clarendon in 1883.
References
1813 births
1883 deaths
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Immigrants to Lower Canada
Anglophone Quebec people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Heath |
Bulbophyllum fletcherianum, the tongue orchid, Fletcher's bulbophyllum or Spies' bulbophyllum, is a rare orchid native to southern New Guinea. It prefers sunny rock outcrops or mossy tree branches, but besides being lithophytic or epiphytic, it can also be pseudo-terrestrial. The tongue orchid requires high humidity and moist roots.
It is one of the largest species of orchid in the world, with leaves growing to almost 1.8 meters (6 feet) or even 2.1 meters (7 feet) with a width of up to 30 cm (one foot) from a pseudobulb the size of an orange. The leaf is pendant and can be green, or purple with green edges, and is the largest leaf of any known orchid. It is allied to other large orchid species such as B. phalaenopsis and B. macrobulbon.
The flowers are maroon and spike-shaped, and release an over-powering aroma which attracts blowflies and carrion beetles for pollination. The fragrance of these flowers, like those of B. beccarii, have been compared to a whole herd of dead elephants.
Melbourne Royal Botanic Gardens
The specimen at the Tropical House, Melbourne Royal Botanic Gardens was collected in Papua New Guinea in the early 1970s by a local orchid collector, and is mounted on cork oak. As of 2006, it has flowered just three times: in 1980, 2002, and 2005.
References
fletcherianum
Epiphytic orchids
Orchids of New Guinea
Orchids of Papua New Guinea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbophyllum%20fletcherianum |
X-Men: The 198 is a comic book limited series that was published by Marvel Comics and set in the Marvel Universe shortly after the House of M and Decimation events. The five-issue series began publication in January 2006.
The series focuses on the supporting cast of the X-Men, whose ranks have been severely depleted following Decimation.
Plot
In House of M #7, the Scarlet Witch removes the powers of the overwhelming majority of the world's mutants in an event, eventually called "M-Day". As a reaction, the United States government forms a superhuman-monitoring Office of National Emergency (ONE), and sets up a team of human-piloted Sentinel robots (Sentinel Squad ONE) to monitor the Xavier Institute. X-Men: The 198 revolves around the tension and conflicts of the 198 mutant refugees on the Xavier Institute grounds and the Sentinel Squad ONE. Tensions also rise between X-Men.
Xavier's Mansion Mutant Sanctuary
After the events of Decimation, many of the remaining mutants sought refuge at the Xavier Institute. Due to the suggestion of Erg, they are referred to as The 198. These include the following:
The list excludes Xavier Institute staff members and the remaining student body as well as the Sentinel Squad O*N*E.
The 198 Files
The 198 Files is a database maintained by O*N*E that attempts to classify and provide intelligence on the mutants whose powers remained after M-Day. The one-shot X-Men: The 198 Files is set in the style of a government dossier and sent to O*N*E's deputy director Valerie Cooper. It provides the classification of 134 of the 198 mutants supposedly unaffected by M-Day and was released in January 2006 as a counterpart to the five-part limited series The 198 which shows the conflict of the remaining mutants seeking refuge at the Xavier Institute, and the Sentinel Squad O*N*E.
Bibliography
X-Men: The 198 Files (January 2006)
X-Men: The 198 #1-5 (January–May 2006)
2006 comics debuts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men%3A%20The%20198 |
The Antipodean albatross (Diomedea antipodensis) is a large seabird in the albatross family. Antipodean albatrosses are smaller than wandering albatrosses, and breed in predominantly brown plumage, but are otherwise difficult to distinguish from young wanderers (wandering albatrosses grow lighter in color with age, while the Antipodean stays darker).
Etymology
Diomedea antipodensis breaks into Diomedea referring to Diomedes, whose companions turned to birds, and antipodensis, the Latin form of the Antipodes Islands, where they are found.
Taxonomy
The Antipodean albatross belongs to the order Procellariiformes. Like all members of this order, they have naricorns, tubular nasal passages on their bill. They also have a unique palate with seven to nine bony plates. One of the great albatrosses of the genus Diomedea, it was only distinguished as a subspecies of the wandering albatross in 1992 and recognised by some authorities as a full species in 1998. While not all scientists believe it is a full species, retaining it with the wandering albatross, a 2004 study of the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites of the wandering albatross species complex supported the split. Among the major experts, BirdLife International has split this species, Jim Clements has not yet, and the SACC has a proposal on the table to split it.
Subspecies
There are two sub-species; however there was a study in 1998 that suggested splitting this species, though this was not accepted in a 2004 study.
Description
The Antipodean is large, at in length. Its breeding plumage is brown and white and its juveniles are similar in appearance to the wandering albatross. Breeding females have brown upper parts, and have white vermiculations on their back. Its face, throat, lower breast, and belly are white, and its undertail coverts are brown. Its underwings are also white, but with a dark tip. Breeding males are whiter than females, but not as white as the wandering albatross, and both sexes have a pink bill. The females of the nominate race have a dark brown breast band and the males have a darker cap, tail, and humeral flexure than gibsoni.
Range and habitat
At sea Antipodean albatrosses range across the South Pacific from Australia to as far as Chile, from the Tropic of Capricorn south. The gibsonii seems to range to the east of Auckland Island, and the nominate race ranges to the east to Chile. They breed on the Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands, and Campbell Island.
Behaviour
They feed predominantly on cephalopod and to a lesser extent fish (unlike other albatross species they are not recorded eating any crustaceans), and have been recorded visiting the spawning grounds of the giant cuttlefish off New South Wales. They nest on ridges, slopes, or plateaus, and will build their nest in the open or within patchy vegetation, such as tussock grassland.
Conservation
The IUCN classifies this albatross as Endangered, with an occurrence range of ; although its breeding range is only . A 2007 population estimate numbered between 4,635 and 5,757 breeding pairs on Antipodes Island, 5,800 pairs on the Auckland Islands (Adams Island, Auckland Island, and Disappointment Island), and 10 pair on Campbell Island. There has been 1 pair breeding on Pitt Island, Chatham Islands since 2004. This places the total population at 25,300. Both breeding success (25%) and adult survival rates (80% female & 88% male) have been declining.
Pigs and feral cats are hurting the population on Auckland Island and longline fishing is still impacting them. Recent studies have shown that a rise in Tasman Sea temperature may be impacting gibsoni.
Banding has been an ongoing process, and will continue with satellite tracking of the species. Cattle and sheep have been eradicated from Campbell Island, and all the islands are nature preserves and recently became World Heritage Sites. Cats and pigs need to be removed from the Auckland Islands, the fisheries need to be worked with and the ocean temperature fluctuations need to be studied to help this species survive.
Footnotes
References
External links
Species factsheet - BirdLife International
Holotype photos - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Antipodean albatross
Birds of the Antipodes Islands
Birds of the Campbell Islands
Birds of the Auckland Islands
Antipodean albatross | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodean%20albatross |
Victor Reinganum (1907–1995) was a British artist and illustrator, probably best known for his illustrations on book dustjackets, including the first editions of Muriel Spark's The Ballad of Peckham Rye (1960) and The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961).
Reinganum was born in London, England, on 13 September 1907 and died on 24 January 1995, aged 87.
During 1925–1928, Reinganum studied at Heatherley School of Fine Art and the Académie Julian, Paris, also taking private lessons with Léger. In 1928, he joined Elstree Studios and was an art director there until 1929 when he became a freelance illustrator. He was a prolific contributor to the Radio Times, including the cover of at least one Christmas issue. In 1960 he designed the first Radio Times cover to mark the Eurovision Song Contest.
The book Surrealism in England – 1936 and After (1986) says of him:
References
External links
Diagram (1939) in the Tate Gallery, UK
The Three Graces (1968) in the Paisnel Gallery, London
Victor Reinganum at artprice.com
Victor Reinganum at classiccrimefiction.com
Christmas 1941 issue of Radio Times, page 2, with illustration by Reinganum
1907 births
1995 deaths
Artists from London
English illustrators
British surrealist artists
Alumni of the Heatherley School of Fine Art
Académie Julian alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Reinganum |
List of schools in Edinburgh is a list of schools in the City of Edinburgh council area of Scotland. It lists schools both within Edinburgh itself, and in outlying villages within the local government boundary.
State schools
Primary schools
Within Edinburgh
Abbeyhill Primary School
Balgreen Primary School
Blackhall Primary School
Bonaly Primary School
Broomhouse Primary School
Broughton Primary School
Brunstane Primary School
Bruntsfield Primary School
Buckstone Primary School
Bun-sgoil Taobh na Pàirce
Canaan Lane Primary School
Canal View Primary School
Carrick Knowe Primary School
Castleview Primary School
Clermiston Primary School
Clovenstone Primary School
Colinton Primary School
Corstorphine Primary School
Craigentinny Primary School
Craiglockhart Primary School
Craigour Park Primary School
Craigroyston Primary School
Cramond Primary School
Dalry Primary School
Davidson's Mains Primary School
Duddingston Primary School
East Craigs Primary School
Ferryhill Primary School
Flora Stevenson Primary School
Forthview Primary School
Fox Covert Primary School
Frogston Primary School
Gilmerton Primary School
Gracemount Primary School
Granton Primary School
Gylemuir Primary School
Hermitage Park Primary School
Holy Cross RC Primary School, Newhaven
James Gillespie's Primary School
Juniper Green Primary School
Leith Primary School
Leith Walk Primary School
Liberton Primary School
Longstone Primary School
Lorne Primary School
Murrayburn Primary School
Niddrie Mill Primary School
Oxgangs Primary School
Parsons Green Primary School
Pentland Primary School
Pirniehall Primary School
Preston Street Primary School
Prestonfield Primary School
Roseburn Primary School
The Royal High Primary School
Royal Mile Primary School
Sciennes Primary School
Sighthill Primary School
South Morningside Primary School
St Andrew's Fox Covert RC Primary, Corstorphine
St Catherine's RC Primary School, Liberton
St Cuthbert's RC Primary School, Slateford
St David's RC Primary School, Pilton
St Francis' RC Primary School, Niddrie
St John Vianney RC Primary School, Inch
St John's RC Primary School, Portobello
St Joseph's RC Primary School, Broomhouse
St Mark's RC Primary School, Oxgangs
St Mary's RC Primary School, Bonnington
St Mary's RC Primary School, Leith
St Ninian's RC Primary School, Restalrig
St Peter's RC Primary School, Morningside
Stenhouse Primary School
Stockbridge Primary School
Tollcross Primary School
Towerbank Primary School
Trinity Primary School
Victoria Primary School
Wardie Primary School
Outwith Edinburgh
Currie Primary School, Currie
Dalmeny Primary School
Dean Park Primary School, Balerno
Echline Primary School, South Queensferry
Harmeny Education Trust, Balerno
Hillwood Primary School, Ratho Station
Kirkliston Primary School
Nether Currie Primary School, Currie
Newcraighall Primary School
Queensferry Primary School, South Queensferry
Ratho Primary School
St Margaret's RC Primary School, South Queensferry
Secondary schools
Within Edinburgh
Boroughmuir High School
Broughton High School
Castlebrae Community High School
Craigmount High School
Craigroyston Community High School
Drummond Community High School
Firrhill High School
Forrester High School
Gracemount High School
Holyrood High School Edinburgh
James Gillespie's High School
Leith Academy
Liberton High School
Portobello High School
The Royal High School
St Augustine's High School
St Thomas of Aquin's High School
Trinity Academy, Edinburgh
Tynecastle High School
Wester Hailes Education Centre
Outwith Edinburgh
Balerno Community High School
Currie High School
Queensferry High School, South Queensferry
Special schools
Within Edinburgh
Braidburn Special School
Cairnpark School
Kaimes School
Kingsinch School
Oaklands Special School
Pilrig Park School
Prospect Bank School
Rowanfield School
Royal Blind School
St Crispin's School
Independent schools
Within Edinburgh
Cargilfield Preparatory School (co-ed, day and boarding)
Dunedin School
The Edinburgh Academy (co-ed, day school, all ages)
Edinburgh Rudolf Steiner School
Fettes College (co-ed, all ages, day and boarding)
George Heriot's School (co-ed, day school, all ages)
George Watson's College (co-ed, day school, ages)
Erskine Stewart's Melville Junior School (co-ed)
The Mary Erskine School (girls, senior)
Merchiston Castle School (boys, day and boarding, ages 7–18)
Regius Christian School
The Royal Blind School
St George's School (girls, day and boarding, all ages)
St Mary's Music School (specialist music, co-ed)
Stewart's Melville College (boys, day and boarding, senior)
Outwith Edinburgh
Clifton Hall School, Newbridge (co-ed, day school, all ages)
References
Information as of February 2006 compiled from website UK Schools & Colleges Database, which lists current state (and some independent) schools by council, and also links to websites of individual schools where available.
Edinburgh
Sch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20in%20Edinburgh |
Coregonus albula, known as the vendace or as the European cisco, is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. It is found in lakes in northern Europe, especially Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Russia and Estonia, and in some lakes of Norway, the United Kingdom, northern Germany, and Poland. It is also found in diluted brackish water in the Gulfs of Finland and Bothnia, both of which are in the Baltic Sea.
The length of an adult is normally about . The maximum age is about ten years.
The vendace is traditionally the most important target of freshwater fisheries in parts of Fennoscandia and Russia. Vendace roe is considered a delicacy, which has been granted a PDO status in the Swedish Bothnian Bay archipelago (Kalix löjrom).
Description
The vendace is a slim and streamlined fish with an adipose fin - an additional small fin on the back between the dorsal fin and the tail (caudal fin) which is typical in the salmon family. Its lower jaw is longer than the upper one. It is similar in appearance to both the common whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus sensu lato), whose upper jaw is longer than its lower one, and the peled (Coregonus peled), whose jaws are of equal length. The back is bluish green or brown, the flanks are silvery and the belly white. This fish seldom grows more than long.
Biology
Vendace mainly feed on zooplankton, such as small crustaceans and their larvae, but larger fish also feed on floating insects and fish fry. The fish live in schools made up of large groups of individuals. They lay their eggs on pebbly or sandy ground, some in shallow water and others at depths of down to . The fish mature at a young age and most spawn for the first time in their second year, but a few may breed in their first autumn.
Systematics
The European vendace is very closely related to the Siberian Coregonus sardinella (sardine cisco) and also to C. peled, although phenotypic differences are clear.
Within the vendace, taxonomic subdivisions have been suggested both on geographical grounds and between sympatric ecotypes.
FishBase lists the British populations of vendace as a separate species, Coregonus vandesius, but this distinction is not accepted by all scientists.
Coregonus albula generally breeds in the autumn, but in several North European lakes distinct spring-spawning populations of vendace exist, some of which have been described as separate species: in Sweden, as Coregonus trybomi, and in two lakes of northern Germany, as Coregonus fontanae and Coregonus lucinensis. These populations are sympatric with autumn-spawning vendace and seem to have evolved post-glacially from them independently in each lake.
See also
Cisco
Nanbanzuke
References
albula
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Freshwater fish of Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coregonus%20albula |
Modern Norwegian () is the Norwegian language that emerged after the Middle Norwegian transition period (1350–1536) and Dano-Norwegian. The transition to Modern Norwegian is usually dated to 1525, or 1536, the year of the Protestant Reformation and the beginning of the kingdoms of Denmark–Norway (1537–1814).
In contrast to Old Norse, Modern Norwegian has simplified inflections and a more fixed syntax. Old Norse vocabulary is to a considerable degree substituted by Low German, and this is the main reason why Modern Norwegian, together with contemporary Norwegian in general, Danish and Swedish, is no longer mutually intelligible with Insular Nordic (Icelandic and Faroese), except from some Nynorsk/Høgnorsk and dialect users to a lesser extent.
While Modern Norwegian is a linguistic term with a specific historical meaning, contemporary Norwegian also includes the Dano-Norwegian koiné dialect from Oslo, that evolved into Standard Østnorsk (Standard East Norwegian) and the related official written standard Bokmål. Standard Østnorsk is spoken by a large and rapidly growing minority of Norwegians in East Norway, and Bokmål is by far the most widely used written language, even among users of Modern Norwegian dialects.
In contrast to Nynorsk
The Norwegian linguistic term for Modern Norwegian is nynorsk, literally New Norwegian. Nynorsk is also the name of a Norwegian written standard based on Modern Norwegian dialects, as opposed to Bokmål.
The terms Nynorsk, Modern Norwegian and Contemporary Norwegian are somewhat confusing, because in Norwegian the same term Nynorsk is used for the first two, while Contemporary Norwegian could easily be called moderne norsk (literally Modern Norwegian) in Norwegian.
See also
Language history
Old Norse language
Old Norwegian
Middle Norwegian
Dano-Norwegian
Norwegian language
Orthographies
Dano-Norwegian origin
Bokmål: official written language, based on Dano-Norwegian, but with significant changes. Also known as bogmaal and bogsprog until 1899, when the term riksmål was adopted. Bokmål was re-adopted as the official name in 1929.
Riksmål: unofficial, based on Dano-Norwegian, and pre-1938 Bokmål, but with some modernisation since. It is standardised by Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature. It was also the official name of Bokmål from its introduction in 1899 until the Storting decided to revert to Bokmål in 1929.
Norwegian origin
Høgnorsk: unofficial, based on the original Landsmål and pre-1938 Nynorsk. It has no standardising body, but is promoted by Ivar Aasen-sambandet, which hosts a wiki called Mållekken.
Landsmål: the official name of Nynorsk until 1929, sometimes strictly referring to the original orthography developed by Ivar Aasen.
Nynorsk: official written language, primary based on the West Norwegian Dialects. It has gone through several reforms and differs significantly from its original form.
Norwegian language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Norwegian |
David Novarro is an American television news journalist for WABC-TV in New York City. He is the co-anchor of Eyewitness News @Noon with Shirleen Allicot and the 4 pm newscast with Liz Cho. He is featured on a segment called The Trend on the 4pm newscast.
Novarro returned to WABC-TV in December 2010, he was previously the anchor of Good Day Chicago at WFLD-TV in Chicago.
Novarro anchored the "Ten" newscast at Fox Chicago from 2007 to 2009. He was selected to spearhead the station's expansion into the 10:00 PM time slot after anchoring "Fox News in the Morning"
Novarro and his co-anchor Tamron Hall hosted the morning broadcast for seven years beginning in 2000. David Novarro was recruited to Fox Chicago from WABC-TV in New York where he was the morning weekend anchor and general assignment reporter.
The documentary Cropsey is based on a real life serial killer which was the subject of exclusive reports Novarro first broke on Eyewitness News.
He graduated from New York University. His producer credits include the Morning Show with Regis Philbin at WABC-TV, Two on the Town with Leeza Gibbons and Rob Weller, and a music video show, ''Hot
See also
New Yorkers in journalism
Puerto Rican migration to New York City
References
American television journalists
1959 births
Living people
American journalists of Puerto Rican descent
American male journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Novarro |
Random number generators are important in many kinds of technical applications, including physics, engineering or mathematical computer studies (e.g., Monte Carlo simulations), cryptography and gambling (on game servers).
This list includes many common types, regardless of quality or applicability to a given use case.
Pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs)
The following algorithms are pseudorandom number generators.
Cryptographic algorithms
Cipher algorithms and cryptographic hashes can be used as very high-quality pseudorandom number generators. However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators.
These include:
Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4.
Block ciphers in counter mode. Common choices are AES (which is very fast on systems supporting it in hardware), TwoFish, Serpent and Camellia.
Cryptographic hash functions
A few cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators do not rely on cipher algorithms but try to link mathematically the difficulty of distinguishing their output from a `true' random stream to a computationally difficult problem. These approaches are theoretically important but are too slow to be practical in most applications. They include:
Blum–Micali algorithm (1984)
Blum Blum Shub (1986)
Naor–Reingold pseudorandom function (1997)
Random number generators that use external entropy
These approaches combine a pseudo-random number generator (often in the form of a block or stream cipher) with an external source of randomness (e.g., mouse movements, delay between keyboard presses etc.).
/dev/random – Unix-like systems
CryptGenRandom – Microsoft Windows
Fortuna
RDRAND instructions (called Intel Secure Key by Intel), available in Intel x86 CPUs since 2012. They use the AES generator built into the CPU, reseeding it periodically.
True Random Number Generator using Corona Discharge.
Yarrow
See also
Diceware
Diehard tests – statistical test suite for random number generators
Non-uniform random variate generation
Hardware random number generator
Random number generator attack
Randomness
TestU01 – statistical test suite for random number generators
References
External links
SP800-90 series on Random Number Generation, NIST
Random Number Generation in the GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual
Random Number Generation Routines in the NAG Numerical Library
Chris Lomont's overview of PRNGs, including a good implementation of the WELL512 algorithm
Source code to read data from a TrueRNG V2 hardware TRNG
Computing-related lists
Mathematics-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20random%20number%20generators |
The Great Liakhvi ( Didi Liakhvi, , Styr Lewakhi) is a river in central Georgia, which rises on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in the de facto independent region of South Ossetia and flows into the Kura (Mtkvari). It is long, and has a drainage basin of . The cities of Tskhinvali and Gori lie along the banks of the Great Liakhvi. The river is mainly fed by the melting snows and glacier runoff of the Caucasus Mountains as well as by underground water sources. The Liakhvi reaches its highest water volume in the spring and summer while the lowest volume is recorded in the winter, when some segments of the river freeze over.
The Little Liakhvi is a tributary.
References
Rivers of Georgia (country)
Rivers of South Ossetia
Tributaries of the Kura (Caspian Sea) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Liakhvi |
Trevelyan is a Welsh and Cornish name derived from a place-name which originally meant "farmstead 'trev' or Tref (town in Welsh) of Elyan".
People with the surname
Anne-Marie Trevelyan (born 1969), British Conservative Party politician, Member of Parliament (MP) for Berwick upon Tweed since 2015
Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet, 2nd creation (1807–1886), British civil servant
Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet, 2nd creation (1870–1958), British Member of Parliament
Francis Trevelyan Buckland (1826–1880), English surgeon, zoologist, popular author and natural historian
George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876–1962), British historian and university administrator
Sir George Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet, 1st creation (1707–1768)
Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet, 2nd creation (1838–1928), British statesman and historian, as George Otto Trevelyan
Sir George Trevelyan, 4th Baronet, 2nd creation (1906–1996), British new age spiritualist
Humphrey Trevelyan, Baron Trevelyan (1905–1985), British diplomat and author
John Trevelyan (disambiguation)
Julian Trevelyan (1910–1988), English artist and poet
Julian Trevelyan (pianist) (born 1998), British concert pianist
Laura Trevelyan (born 1968), BBC journalist
Mary Caroline Moorman (1905 - 1994) née Trevelyan, English historian
R. C. Trevelyan (1872–1951), English poet and translator
Raleigh Trevelyan (1923–2014), British author, editor and publisher
Robert Trevelyan (cricketer) (born 1970), English former first-class cricketer
Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan, 6th Baronet, 1st creation (1797–1879)
Walter Trevelyan (1821–1894), English first-class cricketer and barrister
Characters
Alec Trevelyan, a character in the James Bond movie GoldenEye
Dr. Francis Trevelyan, a character in The Spy with a Cold Nose
Dr. Trevelyan, a character in "The Adventure of the Resident Patient" by Arthur Conan Doyle
Captain Trevelyan, a character in The Sittaford Mystery by Agatha Christie
Louis Trevelyan, a character in He Knew He Was Right by Anthony Trollope
Christian Trevelyan Grey, a character in Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James
Kurt Trevelyan, a character in Halo: Ghosts of Onyx by Eric Nylund
Trevelyan, a character who escaped the inundation of the sea when Lyonesse was engulfed
Inquisitor Trevelyan, a potential player character in Dragon Age: Inquisition
Colley Trevelyan, a character in "Sparrows in the Scullery" by Barbara Brooks Wallace
Armand Trevelyan, a character in Isaac Asimov's novella "Profession"
Maxim Trevelyan, character in The Mister by E. L. James.
People with the forename
Trevelyan Richards, coxswain of the RNLI lifeboat during the Penlee lifeboat disaster
Other
Trevelyan baronets
Trevelyan College, Durham, England
Trevelyan, an 1833 novel by Caroline Lucy Scott
Trevelyan's char (Salvelinus colii), a cold-water fish
See also
Louise Trevillyan
Trevelin
Cornish-language surnames
Welsh-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevelyan |
The Scheibe Spatz (German: "Sparrow") is a German glider with a mixed metal and wood construction that was built in 1952 until 1962. Later versions were known as the L-Spatz, the letter L standing for Leistung, which is German for "performance".
Scheibe Flugzeugbau built the Spatz A in 1952. Two years later in 1954 the first L-Spatz 55 was airborne. Three hundred L-Spatz 55s were built in Germany, 155 in France under the name Avialsa A.60 Fauconnet, and 16 in Italy as the Meteor MS-30 L Passero; production was discontinued in 1962.
It is a single-seater cantilever shoulder-winged sailplane with a cruising (max L/D) speed of 45 mph. It has an empty weight of 157 kg and a maximum take-off weight of 269 kg. The single spar wing and tail were constructed using fabric-covered wood, whereas the fuselage consisted of steel tubing covered with fabric.
The L-Spatz 55 has good climbing performance due to light construction. The glide angle is 29:1. The longest known cross-country flight was more than 600 km from Burg Feuerstein, Germany to France.
Many gliding clubs operated the L-Spatz 55, well known for its easy handling, including easy recovery from a spin.
Variants
Spatz A
Certified in 1952 with a 13.20 metre wingspan, 6.19 m length.
Spatz B
Strengthened and improved variant with a 13.20 metre wingspan, 6.19 m length, certified in 1952.
Spatz 55
Certified in 1952 with a 13.20 metre wingspan, 6.25 m length.
L-Spatz
Certified in 1954 with a 15.00 metre wingspan, 6.05 m length.
L-Spatz 55
Certified in 1954 with a 15.00 metre wingspan, 6.25 m length.
L-Spatz III
Certified in 1966 with a 15.00 metre wingspan, 6.25 m length.
Avialsa 60 Fauconnet
Licence production in France.
Meteor MS-30 L-Passero
Licence production in Italy.
Electravia Electro Light 2
Electric aircraft version powered by an electric drive system, with a nose-mounted propeller.
Aircraft on display
Museum für Luftfahrt und Technik
National Soaring Museum
Museum of Military Technique GRYF in Dąbrówka near Wejherowo (Poland)
Specifications (L-Spatz 55)
See also
Notes
References
External links
L-Spatz on sailplanedirectory.com
1950s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Spatz
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheibe%20Spatz |
Leif Øgaard (born 5 January 1952) is a Norwegian chess player. He is the ninth Norwegian to achieve the title of Grandmaster. Øgaard won the Norwegian Chess Championship five times, in 1974, 1975, 1979, 1985 and 1993. He gained his IM title in 1974. In 1981 and 1982, Øgaard won two tournaments at Gausdal, each netting him a GM-norm. His third and final GM-norm was won in the Norwegian team chess championship in 2006–2007, making him the very first person to score 2 GM norms with a 25-year gap in-between as well as one of the oldest players to be awarded the Grandmaster title, since his last norm came when he was already in the mid 60's. The GM title was finally approved at FIDE's presidential board meeting in Tallinn on 22–24 June 2007. Øgaard is a member of the Oslo chess club Oslo Schackselskap.
References
External links
List of winners of the Norwegian Chess Championship
1952 births
Living people
Norwegian chess players
Chess grandmasters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif%20%C3%98gaard |
A Government House is any residence used by governors-general, governors and lieutenant-governors in the Commonwealth and the British Empire. Government Houses serve as the venue for governors' official business, as well as the many receptions and functions hosted by the occupant. Sometimes, the term Government House is used as a metonym for the governor or his office.
While a Government House is the official residence of a viceroy or governor who represents the monarch, many Commonwealth nations now operate without the British monarch as head of state. To avoid confusion, several of these nations refer to their presidential palaces as a State House or President's House.
When King Charles III or a member of the royal family visits a Commonwealth nation, they will often stay at the Government House, which is reported in the Court Circular. This privilege is sometimes extended to other dignitaries, but usually arrangements are made for important non-royal visitors to be accommodated at hotels, or in accommodations provided by their own country's embassy or consulate.
Africa
Bechuanaland, Government House of the Bechuanaland Protectorate
British East Africa, Government House of Kenya
Buganda, Government House of the Uganda Protectorate
Egypt, Consul-General's Residence, Cairo
Gambia, Government House of Gambia
Gold Coast, Osu Castle
Mauritius, Government House of Mauritius, Chateau de Reduit
Nigeria, Government House of Nigeria
Northern Rhodesia, Government House of Northern Rhodesia
Nyasaland, Government House of Nyasaland
Sierra Leone, Government House of Sierra Leone
Southern Rhodesia, Government House of Southern Rhodesia
Bulawayo, Government House, Bulawayo
Sudan, Government House of Sudan
Tanganyika, Government House of Tanganyika
South Africa
South Africa, Government Houses of South Africa
Transvaal Colony, Government House, Pretoria
Cape Colony, De Tuynhuys, Cape Town
Orange Free State, Government House, Bloemfontein
Natal, Government House of Natal
Americas
Atlantic
Bermuda, Government House of Bermuda
Falkland Islands, Government House of the Falkland Islands
Saint Helena, Plantation House and The Castle
Canada
Canada, Government Houses in Canada
Ottawa, Rideau Hall
Quebec City, Citadelle of Quebec
Alberta, Government House of Alberta
British Columbia, Government House of British Columbia
Manitoba, Government House of Manitoba
New Brunswick, Government House of New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador, Government House of Newfoundland & Labrador
Nova Scotia, Government House of Nova Scotia
Ontario, demolished, now uses suites in the Ontario Legislative Building
Prince Edward Island, Government House of Prince Edward Island
Quebec, demolished, now uses suites in the Parliament Building
Saskatchewan, Government House of Saskatchewan
Caribbean and the West Indies
Anguilla, Government House of Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda, Government House of Antigua & Barbuda
Bahamas, Government House of The Bahamas
Barbados, Government House of Barbados, now called the State House after the monarchy was abolished.
Belize, Government House of British Honduras
British Virgin Islands, Government House of the British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands, Government House of the Cayman Islands
Dominica, Government House of Dominica
Grenada, Government House of Grenada
Jamaica, King's House
Montserrat, Government House of Montserrat
Saint Lucia, Government House of Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government House of Saint Vincent & The Grenadines
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government House of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Trinidad and Tobago, Government House of Trinidad and Tobago
Turks & Caicos Islands, Government House of Turks & Caicos Islands
South America
Guyana, Government House of British Guiana
Asia
Burma, Government House, Rangoon
Ceylon, Queen's House
Ceylon, Governor's Pavilion
Ceylon, Queen's Cottage
Hong Kong, Government House of Hong Kong
Malaya, Carcosa and King's House (Carcosa Seri Negara)
Maldives, Government House of Maldives
Singapore, Government House of Singapore
British Indian Empire
Residences of the Viceroy of India
Viceroy's House, New Delhi
Government House, Kolkata
Viceregal Lodge, Shimla
Peterhoff, Shimla
Other government residences
Belvedere Estate, Kolkata
Flagstaff House, New Delhi, official residence of the Commander-in-Chief British Indian Army.
Governor's House, Dhaka
Government House, Darjeeling
Lalitha Mahal, Palace of the Mysore State (guest house) in Mysore
Ajmer-Merwara State, Government House of Ajmer-Merwara in Ajmer
Assam Province, Government House of Assam in Shillong
Balochistan Province, Government House of Balochistan in Quetta
Bengal Presidency, Government House of Bengal in Kolkata
Bihar Province, Government House of Bihar in Patna
Bombay Presidency, Government House of Bombay in Mumbai
Central Provinces and Berar, Government House of Central Provinces & Berar in Nagpur
Coorg State, Government House of Coorg in Kodagu
Eastern Bengal and Assam Province, Government House of Eastern Bengal and Assam in Dhaka
Madras Presidency, Guindy Lodge in Chennai
Northwest Frontier Province, Government House of Northwest Frontier in Peshawar
Orissa Province, Government House of Orissa in Cuttack
Punjab Province, Government House of Punjab in Lahore
Sindh Province, Government House of Sindh in Karachi
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Government House of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in Lucknow
Middle East
Palestine, , Jerusalem
Europe
Cyprus, Presidential Palace, Nicosia
Gibraltar, The Convent
Guernsey, Government House of Guernsey
Isle of Man, Government House of the Isle of Man
Jersey, Government House of Jersey
Malta
Governor's Palace
San Anton Palace
Ireland
Pre-independence, the living arrangements of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland varied according to the social calendar:
The Viceregal Lodge, the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant, Phoenix Park, Dublin.
The State Apartments, Dublin Castle. The "Castle season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant.
After 1922, the Viceregal Lodge served as the official residence of the first two Governors-General of the Irish Free State.
The Governor of Northern Ireland resided in Hillsborough Castle, which is, since 1973, the official residence of the Northern Ireland Secretary.
Pacific
Australia
Australia, Government Houses of Australia
Canberra, Government House (commonly known as Yarralumla)
Sydney, Admiralty House
New South Wales, Government House of New South Wales
Northern Territory, Government House of Northern Territory
Queensland, 1st Government House of Queensland, 2nd Government House of Queensland
South Australia, Government House of South Australia
Tasmania, Government House of Tasmania
Victoria, Government House of Victoria
Western Australia, Government House of Western Australia
New Zealand
New Zealand, Government Houses of New Zealand
Auckland, Old Government House, Government House of Auckland
Wellington, Government House of Wellington
South Pacific
Cook Islands, Government House of the Cook Islands
Fiji, Government House of Fiji
Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Government House of Gilbert & Ellice Islands
Nauru, Government House of Nauru
Niue, Government House of Niue
Norfolk Island, Government House of Norfolk Island
Papua New Guinea, Government House of Papua New Guinea
Pitcairn Islands, Government House of Pitcairn Islands
Solomon Islands, Government House of Solomon Islands
Tonga, Government House of Tonga
Vanuatu, Government House of Vanuatu
Western Samoa, Government House of Western Samoa
See also
Official residence
Government House
List of British Empire-related topics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Houses%20of%20the%20British%20Empire%20and%20Commonwealth |
Tragopogon pratensis (common names Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon, meadow salsify, showy goat's-beard or meadow goat's-beard) is a biennial plant in the family Asteraceae, distributed across Europe and North America, commonly growing in fields (hence its name) and on roadsides. It is found in North America from southern Ontario to Massachusetts; most of England; on the eastern and southern edges of Scotland; and central Ireland but not the coastal edges.
It flowers between June and October and its flowers have a diameter of 3–5 cm. The root and buds are edible, and it has a milky latex.
Description
The plant grows up to tall.
It differs from viper's-grass (Scorzonera humilis) in that viper's-grass has short, pale green bracts, whereas in goat's-beard they are long and pointed.
The lower leaves are 10 to 30 cm long, lanceolate, keeled lengthwise, grey-green, pointed, hairless, with a white midrib. The upper leaves are shorter and more erect. It is the only United Kingdom dandelion type flower with grass like leaves.
The flower heads are 5 cm wide. They only open in the morning sunshine, hence the name 'Jack go to bed at noon'.
The achenes are rough, long beaked pappus radiating outwards interwoven like a spider's web of fine white side hairs (referred to as a "blowball").
Uses
The roots can be boiled and eaten like potatoes.
References
pratensis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragopogon%20pratensis |
Bovis may refer to:
Bovis Homes Group, a national British housebuilding company
Bovis Lend Lease, an international construction management company and subsidiary of Lend Lease Corporation
Bovis Project Management, an national Mexican construction management company, formerly subsidiary of Lend Lease Corporation
Biology
Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis, a mite subspecies
Other
Calculus bovis, niu-huang or ox bezoars, dried gallstones of cattle used in Chinese herbology where they are said to remove toxins from the body
Julian Bovis, a British journalist and award-winning art director | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovis |
is an area within Shibuya ward, one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo.
Introduction
Sendagaya is nestled in an urban green area in Shibuya ward between Shinjuku ward and Shinjuku Gyo-en (Shinjuku Imperial Gardens) to the north (an area in Sendagaya, 6-chōme, is actually located within the gardens). The National Stadium, also known as Olympic Stadium, Tokyo is located immediately to the east, bordering Sendagaya 2-chome. Meiji Shrine and Yoyogi Station are found to the west. Jingumae and Harajuku are directly south. Many important cultural and sporting venues are located in and around Sendagaya.
Sendagaya is a mix of old, new, and incredibly futuristic designs. From Sendagaya Station, the main station in Sendagaya, bustling Shinjuku is a tranquil 10-minute walk away along the Imperial Gardens' western wall. Sendagaya Entrance to the gardens is 2 minutes away from Sendagaya Station.
Sendagaya, particularly 3-chōme, is home to dozens of clothing and accessory design workshops, studios, offices, and fashion related agencies, including the mega-brand Bape. The narrow streets are filled daily with the hustle and bustle of courier companies picking up next season's designs and delivering the finished product.
Theatres
Sendagaya includes several theaters and organizations related to the arts, such as the National Noh Theatre, designed by Hiroshi Oe and completed in 1983. Also, the Kinokuniya Southern Theater, the classical music Tsuda Hall (津田ホール), the Japan Federation of Composers, the Japan Theatre Arts Association, the Japan Association of Music Enterprises, the Tokyo Nikikai Opera Foundation, a troupe of opera singers dedicated to promoting and developing the western music movement, and the Japanese Centre of the International Theatre Institute are located in Sendagaya.
Shrines
A few minutes walk from the station, is the , an oasis of calm with its 300-year-old pine trees. This small shrine is a place of historical importance in Shibuya. Within the shrine, there is a stage for Japanese performing arts and a fujizuka, a replica of Mount Fuji made from stones carried from Mt. Fuji. Fujitsuka were common in Japan during the Edo period and were constructed to allow people to make a symbolic pilgrimage to the sacred Mt. Fuji when travel between domains (han) was not permitted for commoners under most circumstances. This fujitsuka is one of the few that survive in Tokyo.
Sports
A number of sports' complex are found nearby Sendgaya Station including the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo (which actually sits in Shinjuku-ku) built for the 1958 Asian Games and subsequently used for the 1964 Summer Olympics. Near the stadium, are other important venues, such as Meiji Jingu Skate and Curling Rink and Futsal Courts, the Meiji Jingu Stadium used by the Yakult Swallows baseball team, Jingu Secondary Stadium, Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium, and the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium (東京体育館).
Modern Japanese architecture is on display directly in front of Sendagaya Station at the metro gymnasium, which houses an Olympic size swimming pool, as well as a shorter 25m pool; an outdoor oval running track; a weight training room; and large indoor arena (photo opposite). The futuristic designed main arena, half built below ground, which seems to hover over the surrounding area, is used for a number of national and international sporting events, including the WTA Toray Pan Pacific Tennis Championships. The Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, built in 1991, was designed by Japanese architect and Pritzker Prize winner Fumihiko Maki.
Embassies
Embassy of the Congo, Democratic Republic of (Sendagaya 3-chome)
Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco (2-chome)
Education
operates public elementary and junior high schools.
Sendagaya 2-3 chōme and 1-chōme 1, and 11-12 ban are zoned to Sendagaya Elementary School (千駄谷小学校). Sendagaya 4-6 chōme, and 1-chōme 2-10 and 13-36 ban are zoned to Hatomori Elementary School (鳩森小学校). All of Sendagaya is zoned to Harajuku Gaien Junior High School (原宿外苑中学校).
Post-secondary schools in Sendagaya:
Tokyo Design Academy (東京デザイン専門学校) (Sendagaya 3-chome)
Nippon Design College (日本デザイン専門学校) (Sendagaya 5-chome)
Tsuda School of Business (津田スクールオヴビズネス) (Sendagaya 1-chome)
Business and other ventures
NTT DoCoMo Yoyogi Building (Sendagaya 5-chome)
Takashimya Times Square, located at the southern exit of Shinjuku Station (Sendagaya 5-chome)
Kinokuniya Book Store (Sendagaya 5-chome)
Shinjuku Southern Terrace-Opposite Takashimaya Times Square
Japanese Communist Party Central Committee Headquarters (Sendagaya 4-chome)
Gap Japan Head Office (Sendagaya 5-chome)
Japan Shogi Association's headquarters
Transportation
Rail and Subway Stations
JR Sendagaya Station on the Chūō-Sōbu Line (中央総武線) is the neighborhood's main station. Yoyogi Station (JR Yamanote Line (山手線) and Chūō-Sobu) and Shinanomachi Station (信濃町駅)are the JR Chūō-Sobu Line stations on either side of Sendagaya.
The southern half of Shinjuku Station, the world's busiest station, is also located in Sendagaya.
Kokuritsu-Kyōgijō Station (E-25), on the Toei Ōedo Line (都営大江戸線), sits in front of Sendagaya Station.
Kitasandō Station (北参道駅), nearby on Meiji Dōri (明治道り), on the new Fukutoshin Line (副都心線), is run by the Tokyo Metro.
A little further on foot are the stations of Gaienmae (外苑前) in Minato-ku (港区) on the Ginza Line (銀座線), Omotesandō on the Ginza Line, Chiyoda Line (千代田線) and Hanzōmon Line (半蔵門線) and Meiji Jingu (明治神宮) on the (Chiyoda Line).
Also, JR Harajuku on the Yamanote Line can be found nearby.
The Royal Platform (宮廷ホーム), used by the Japanese Imperial Family during special occasions, is located along the Yamanote Line in Sendagaya 3-chome.
Roads
The Shuto Expressway (首都高速道路 Shuto-kōsoku-dōro) passes above Sendagaya running beside the Sobu Line tracks. On/Off ramps for the expressway are in Sendagaya and the neighbouring Shinanomachi area.
Two major urban routes – Meiji Avenue (明治通り (Rt. 305) and Gaien Nishi Avenue (外延西道り) (Rt 418) – run through Sendagaya.
References
External links
Metropolis Travel, Sendagaya (en)
Shibuya City Hall (en)
Neighborhoods of Tokyo
Shibuya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendagaya |
Saint Bystrík (Latin Beztertus Nitriensis, Bestredius, Bestridus, Bestricus, Bistridus, Bistritus; Hungarian Beszteréd, Besztrik, Besztríd; died 1046) was a martyr and the Bishop of the Diocese of Nitra.
Bystrík's bishopric
Bystrík was probably of Slavic or Hungarian origin. The exact place and time of birth of St. Bystrík is unknown, however he seems to have come from aristocratic family who had been Christianised in the mission of Cyril and Methodius before the end of the Great Moravian Empire in 907 AD. He was likely born sometime at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries in the vicinity of Nitra. It is assumed that Bystrík graduated from the St. Hypolita school at Zobor Abbey. The disciples of Cyril and Saint Gorazd were spreading out from Zobor at this time and included Astrik, Prokop, Svorad, Benedict and Maurus.
He lived during the time when the first King of Hungary, Stephen I, undertook the Christianization of the Hungarian clans. Stephen I appointed Bystrík as bishop of Nitra, Kingdom of Hungary (present day Slovakia) around the year 1034.
Martyrdom
According to legend, Bystrík was murdered during the Vatha pagan rising of 1046 near the Danube in present-day Budapest together with bishop Gerard Sagredo () and bishop Buldus (Bőd), as they were en route to Budapest for the coronation of the future king, Andrew I of Hungary.
On September 24, the bishops were attacked by Vatha's mob, who began stoning them. Buldus died immediately. Bystrík, together with bishop Beneta, managed to flee on a boat across the Danube river. Bystrík was mortally wounded by a sword on the Pest river bank by the pagans before they could be rescued by the incoming Andrew I. Bystrík died on September 27, the third day after the attack.
Canonisation
Bystrík was canonised during the reign of King Ladislaus I of Hungary in 1083. The remembrance day of Saint Bystrík falls on September 24. In Hungary, this is the day when St. Gerard Sagredo is celebrated together with his co-martyrs, Saint Bystrík and Saint Buldus.
Veneration
The oldest depiction of the saint dates back to the baroque era and can be found in the a Jesuit publication by Gabriel Hevenesi entitled Ungaricae Sanctitatis Indicia from the year 1692 as Hoffman's copperplate.
Reverence for Saint Bystrík is not very widespread, but there are approximately two dozen of his depictions throughout Slovakia and Hungary, and in Slovak communities in Australia, Canada, Italy, Poland and the United States. Saint Bystrík can be seen on frescos, on glass, bells, as well as on paintings made on wood and fabric.
On September 15, 2006 the first church was devoted to him in Nemce near Banská Bystrica, Slovakia. Another church with a devotion to Saint Bystrík stands in Hajná Nová Ves. Saint Bystrík's House is located in Čičmany.
Iconography
Saint Bystrík is portrayed as a bishop with a book and all attributes that denote the person of a bishop: cope, mitre, crosier, gloves, and ring of the bishop. In his left hand, apart from the book, he often holds a sword that is the symbol of the way he died. Sometimes he is portrayed with a boat, on which he travelled across the Danube river.
Historicity
Bystrík is mentioned not only in records of the Nitra bishopric, but his name appears also in the Vatican Apostolic Archive. The earliest mention of it can be found in the legend of St. Gerard (13th century). Legend describes the events from the time of the Hungarian uprising in 1046 when Bishops Buldu and Bystríka rescue Bishop Benett from the hands of insurgents. Most Hungarian chronicles of later periods which were taken over from the legendary description of the events surrounding the martyrdom of Bishop Gerard included a description of the martyrdom of St. Bystríka. He is also mentioned in the Chronicon Pictum of the 14th century, Buda Chronicle, Chronicle Dubnická, Vienna picture chronicle, Munich chronicle, written in German chronicle of Henry of Mugello and chronicles of John Thuroczius and Antonio Bonfini(1491 - 1496).
Considering the tradition of St. Bystrík as bishop of Nitra is old. The first surviving historical sources proving his involvement in Nitra are the Annales ecclesiastici regni Hungariae by Melchior Inchofer dating from 1644 AD.
According to current historiography, the historicity of Bystrik is uncertain. He could however be historical and may have served King Stephen I sometime around 1034 AD.
References
Further reading
Bystrik Bugan: Svätý Bystrík. Bratislava : Lúč, 2007, (English summary)
Bystrik Bugan: Biskup Bystrík v slovenských dejinách. In: Historical Volume No. 15, 1/2005 (Ján Bobák ed.) Martin : Matica slovenská, 2005, p. 13-25 (German summary)
External links
Saint Bystrík
Paintings of Saint Bystrík
1046 deaths
Hungarian Roman Catholic saints
Slovak Roman Catholic saints
11th-century bishops
11th-century Christian saints
People from Nitra
Medieval Hungarian saints
Medieval Slovakia
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystr%C3%ADk |
The Tower Division was a liberty in the ancient county of Middlesex, England. It was also known as the Tower Hamlets, and took its name from the military obligations owed to the Constable of the Tower of London. The term ‘Hamlets’ probably referred to territorial sub-divisions of the parish of Stepney – and its daughter parishes – rather than to the usual meaning of a small village.
In contemporary terms, the Liberty covered inner East London, the area now administered by the eponymous modern London Borough of Tower Hamlets together with most of the modern London Borough of Hackney (Shoreditch and Hackney proper). The Liberty was seen as synonymous with East London until East London extended further, east of the Lea and into Essex.
The Tower Division was formed sometime in the 17th century but the much older administrative units comprising the area were united in shared military obligations long before this time. The Liberty had judicial and some local government responsibilities, and its military function was unique.
County within a county
The growth of population around the City of London led to the Ossulstone Hundred being divided into four divisions, with each division taking on the role of the hundred. The other three divisions of the hundred were named Finsbury, Holborn and Kensington.
The Tower Division was different from the other divisions in that, as well as taking on hundred responsibilities, it also took on the responsibilities – judicial, civil and military – normally exercised at county level, making the Tower Hamlets a "county within a county", comparable to the Ridings of Yorkshire.
The area had its own Justices of the Peace (JPs), appointed by the Constable of the Tower (as Lord Lieutenant), who administered both judicial and civil functions, mainly through their quarter sessions. The usual civic functions of JPs in England included:
Repair of roads and bridges
Highway diversions
Construction and maintenance of county buildings
Administration of county prisons.
Supervision of public and private lunatic asylums
Supervision of petty sessions
Licensing of public houses
Supervision of the English Poor Laws (pre-1834)
Some responsibilities around the militia
The police
Setting county rates
There is conflicting evidence around the county-level civil responsibilities exercised by the Tower Division; the extent to which the civil autonomy mirrored the military autonomy, and for how long.
Unlike the other divisions, the Tower Division was outside the jurisdiction of the Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex, with the Constable of the Tower exercising lieutenancy powers, usually with the ex-officio title of Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets. This began when the right of the Constable to exact guard duty was extended in 1605 to the raising of a militia, the Tower Hamlets Militia. Counties were the principal way in which military forces were raised and the creation of the liberty and exemption from county based obligations saw East London made a distinct military unit.
The Metropolitan Board of Works was established in 1855 in order to lead on the provision of infrastructure in the capital, and this is likely to have led to a reduced responsibilities for the Tower Hamlets JPs. The area's special status ceased in 1889 with the creation of the County of London, and the creation of a Lord Lieutenant for the new county. The Tower division appears to have persisted as a magistracy area well into the 20th century.
Military function
The Tower of London was normally garrisoned by a small force of Yeoman Warders, but these were supplemented by sometimes large numbers of local Hamlets men, known as Hamleteers. The area also provided the Tower Hamlets Militia, which could be deployed in the field in the event of invasion or rebellion.
There was no peacetime standing army in England until the interregnum , and when regular units were formed they were typically raised from wider geographical districts than the Tower Hamlets; however, the area has provided some examples of regular forces.
Origins
The earliest surviving reference to the inhabitants of the Tower Hamlets having a duty to provide a guard for the Tower of London dates from 1554, during the reign of Mary I. Sir Richard Southwell and Sir Arthur Darcye were ordered by the Privy Council in that year to muster the men of the Hamlets "whiche owe their service to the Towre, and to give commaundement that they may be in aredynes for the defence of the same. This was long before the creation of the Liberty, and as the Hamlets are described as "owing" service there must have been a customary duty long before that date.
Some believe the relationship goes back to the time of the Conqueror, but others suggest it came later in the medieval period when the Hamlets had a higher population. It is thought that duty had its origin in the rights and obligations of the Manor of Stepney which once covered most or all of the Hamlets area, with the Constable of the Tower also having responsibility for the upkeep of the local part of the Thames and Lea.
Tower Hamlets units are recorded as being present at the Tilbury muster in August 1588, when Elizabeth I reviewed the English troops available to face the expected Spanish invasion. It was there that the Queen delivered her famous Tilbury address.
Size of garrison contribution
The size of the Hamleteer contribution to the Tower's garrison seems to have varied greatly. Records from 1610 show a modest 9 men per night on duty, but in 1641, a tight of great tension, 552 Hamleteers are recorded as guarding the Tower on a nine-night rota. The size of the contribution varied according to which area's men were on duty: on one evening Whitechapel provided 45 men, while on another Hackney, Bow, Bromley-by-Bow and Old Ford together provided 85.
English Civil War
Build-up to war
In the lead-up to the war, London and the eastern counties were broadly in sympathy with Parliament and against the King, with the Tower Hamlets being notably ardent in its parliamentary sympathies. This wasn't always a militant radicalism though, as evidenced when the war-weary poor of Stepney, seeking compromise with the King, partially demolished a parliamentarian strongpoint in the Lines of Communication, a ring of parliamentary fortifications around London. Despite this the support for Parliament remained generally robust throughout the coming war.
In the lead up to war, the strategic importance of the Tower, together with its money and munitions meant Charles I was careful to install a Constable of the Tower, John Byron, who was loyal to him. In Late Dec 1641 and early Jan 1642 Byron brought in stores of artillery and otherer armaments, parliament responded by putting a guard, a limited siege, using the City of London Trained Bands (the Tower Hamlets Trained Band garrisoning the Tower were separate from the City of London Trained Bands) under the popular Philip Skippon from 12th January.
Around 20th January, the Constable (with the permission of the King) answered a summons and appeared before a House of Lords committee in Westminster to answer for his build-up of armaments. That night, with the Constable away, Skippon led a force of 500 men of the London Trained Bands under the cover of darkness, to the narrow streets of St Katharines district, by the riverside, just east of the Tower. Skippon and his men approached the Iron Gate, a small now lost feature (its site, on the east bank of the moat, is under the Tower Bridge Approach Road), outside the moat which protected a postern which opened out from the Develin Tower. The Tower was protected by a force of Hamleteers, but Skippon knew the areas political loyalties were with Parliament. Skippon believed he could seize the fortress in a coup de main by persuading the Hamleteers to let his force into the Tower, hold it and thereby transform the strategic and political situation in the capital.
Skippon called on the Sergeant on the Iron Gate to let his men through so that the Tower would fall into Parliament’s hands. The Serjeant would not let them in, and the force waited for some time in the hope that he could be talked round. The Sergeant refused a second attempt to persuade him and Skippon's force dispersed when the Constable returned from parliament just before 10pm. It seemed that the historic local bonds proved more powerful than the highly charged political affiliations of the day. Under normal circumstances Skippon would have been put on trial and executed for his actions, but Parliament swiftly exonerated him.
Before the outbreak of the first English Civil War, parliament had managed to use political pressure to get the King to install a Constable, Sir John Conyers, sympathetic to their cause. Knowing his position in London was weak, the King fled the capital before war broke out in the summer. The Tower proved an extremely valuable asset to Parliament throughout the war.
Hostilities
In the early years of the English Civil War both Parliament and the King relied on local Militias such as that of the Tower Hamlets. Generally speaking these forces were county based and very reluctant to leave their home areas. A notable few organised "Trained Bands" of more highly motivated and reliable men willing to spend more time training – Tower Hamlets had a large Trained Band ready to serve outside the Liberty and this would later be organised into two regiments.
By early 1643, the Tower Hamlets forces, together with those of Westminster and Southwark joined those of the City under the command of Sir Philip Skippon, who had previously tried to get the Tower Hamlets troops to betray the Tower to him before the start of the war. By 1644 The regiment of the Tower Hamlets is estimated to have 2-3000 men, while the strength of the reserve Yellow regiment of the Auxiliaries of the Tower Hamlets is not known.
Under Skippon's leadership, the Tower Hamlets Trained Bands saw action at Basing House (1643), Cropredy Bridge (1644), Newbridge (1644) and on their own territory, when the Yellow regiment fought at Bow Bridge in 1648.
Regimental Flag designs varied but some versions featured the Tower of London's White Tower with the Traitors' Gate watergate in the foreground. The troops wore buff sleeveless jackets to mark them out as a Trained Band, soldiers with higher status and value than ordinary Militia.
Fusiliers
In 1685, during the Monmouth Rebellion, King James II raised a force of infantry from the Tower of London garrison; the Tower Hamlets Militia. The Regiment was formed of two companies of Militia and one of miners and was known as the Ordnance Regiment and was soon renamed the Royal Fusiliers, after the fusil, the type of musket they were equipped with. The Tower Hamlets Militia helped form the Fusiliers and subsequent Tower Hamlets reserve units would come under the organisational wing of the regiment.
The regiment later became known as the 7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers) and The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) before merging with other Fusilier regiments to form the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers in 1968. The modern regiment is headquartered at the Tower of London, where laid up Colours of the regiment are kept. The Fusiliers also maintain a museum at the Tower.
Militia and Volunteers
While most UK militia fell into disuse in the early 19th century, the Tower Hamlets Militia endured, becoming known in the late 19th century as the Tower Hamlets Militia (Queen's Own Light Infantry) and using the White Tower as its cap badge.
An invasion scare of 1857 saw the creation of the Volunteer Force which included both Engineer and Rifle Volunteer Corps and which in the case of the Tower Hamlets supplemented the existing militia.
These Volunteer units were raised by members of the community with the permission of their county's Lord Lieutenant, but as Tower Hamlets was effectively a 'county within a county', having its own Lord Lieutenant (the Constable of the Tower), it raised units in its own right (though in the Tower Hamlets, as elsewhere, not all units raised bore the name of their Lord Lieutenancy area).
A significant number of units were raised, a noteworthy example being the East Metropolitan RVC (11th Tower Hamlets) which was entirely made up of Jewish Volunteers. The profusion of units, some very short lived before being amalgamated or discontinued, makes the lineage of Tower Hamlets units sometimes unclear.
The Cardwell Reforms of 1871 saw the volunteer element of the armed forces re-organised and given more supervision and support from central government. The local engineer unit became known at this time as the 2nd Tower Hamlets (East London) Engineer Volunteers.
The infantry units retained their local identity but became reserve forces attached to a regular regiment, The Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own). The Militia became the 7th Battalion, the 2nd Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Corps became the 9th Battalion and the 1st Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Brigade (THVRB) also joined the regiment but retained its own name. In 1881 these latter two unit became part of the East London Brigade for training and mobilisation purposes but remained part of The Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) regiment.
The 1st Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Brigade (THVRB) used the White Tower as its cap badge at this time and used the Tower of London moat for training and drilling. Machine Gun elements of this unit were sent to the 2nd Boer War and earned a battle honour at Colenso.
In 1904 the 1st Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Brigade (THVRB) was transferred from The Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) regiment to the Royal Fusiliers a historic regiment originally formed in 1685 primarily from Tower Hamlets men.
First World War
In 1908 London's reserve infantry forces were re-organised to form a new London Regiment, though the Tower Hamlets units retained their local identities and traditions and affinities gained while attached to regular regiments. The 4th Bn Royal Fusiliers (previously the 1st Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Brigade) became the 4th Bn while the 9th Bn The Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) (previously the 2nd Tower Hamlets) became the 17th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment (Poplar and Stepney Rifles).
Both these units saw extensive combat in the First World War. The army's need for expansion saw the 4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment "duplicated" to form four battalions (1/4th, 2/4th, 3/4th and 4/4th); while the Poplar and Stepney Rifles were "duplicated" to form the 1/17th, 2/17th and 3/17th. The Tower Hamlets Engineers, by now a part of the wider Royal Engineers and retaining their local identity but not their name, was also heavily involved in the conflict.
In 1926 the Poplar and Stepney Rifles was renamed the 17th London Regiment (Tower Hamlets Rifles).
Second World War
In 1937 the London Regiment was abolished and the Tower Hamlets Rifles were transferred back to The Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) regiment, seeing action in North Africa and Italy.
The increasing importance of aerial warfare saw the former 4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment being transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as an Anti-aircraft artillery unit, the 60th (City of London) AA Brigade, RA (TA). The unit retained its Tower Hamlets identity, if not its name, and saw action on the home front and in continental Europe.
Descendent units of the Tower Hamlets Engineers were also extensively involved in the conflict.
Cold War
After the war the Tower Hamlets units lost their identities through a series of amalgamations.
The longest to bear the local name were the Tower Hamlets Rifles who went through the Second World War as infantry. Both these Tower Hamlets Battalions (9th and 10th) of the Rifle Brigade were amalgamated to form 656th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (Tower Hamlets) TA in 1947 and from 1961-1967 were known as the 300th (Tower Hamlets) Light Air Defence Regiment RA (TA).
In 1967 a further amalgamation saw the loss of local identity in this last Tower Hamlets unit and the last of the Tower Hamlets name in the British Army. Some current British Army units, recruited on a much broader geographical basis, count Tower Hamlets units as part of their historic lineage.
Extent
Various historical sources list different components of the division, but its overall area remained the same. The Metropolitan Police Act 1829 enumerated the "parishes, townships, precincts and places" of the Tower Division for inclusion within the Metropolitan Police District, while the Militia (Tower Hamlets) Act 1796 specified how many men each component should supply to the division's militia.
Notes
Namesakes
Parliamentary Borough
From 1832 to 1885 there was a Parliamentary Borough named "Tower Hamlets", after the Tower Division. From 1832 to 1868 it occupied the same boundaries as the Tower Division, with the best known MP for the area being Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda, a well known shipbuilder and an officer in the 2nd Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Corps. After 1868, population growth saw the constituency split in two; the southern part of the area kept the name Tower Hamlets while Hackney, Shoreditch and Bethnal Green became part of a new Hackney constituency. The southern, Tower Hamlets constituency, persisted until 1885.
Modern Borough of Tower Hamlets
The name "Tower Hamlets" was subsequently used for the modern London Borough of Tower Hamlets created in 1965 from southern areas of the Tower Division.
The Shoreditch and Hackney proper areas of the Tower Division together make up most of the area of the modern London Borough of Hackney.
References
External links
Map of the three divisions: Finsbury, Tower and Holborn Divisions of Ossulstone Hundred (together with the City and Liberty of Westminster later joined with the Holborn division) - note the main administrative divisions were the many parishes (not shown)
Map of the pre-19th century parishes in Tower Division
Hundreds and divisions of Middlesex
History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
History of local government in London (pre-1855) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower%20division |
The Vallée Blanche Cable Car () (), (previously ), is a passenger cable car linking a mountain peak above Courmayeur (Italy) to a peak above Chamonix (France) by passing over the Mont Blanc massif, in the Alps. The engineering was developed by Vittorio Zignoli of Polytechnic University of Turin. No helicopters were used, and all the workers were chosen among locals and alpine guides. After a construction period of four years, it began service in 1958.
The cable car connects the peaks of Aiguille du Midi ( elevation) and Pointe Helbronner ( elevation), over a distance of some . The two peaks have their own cable car system connecting them to their nearby villages. The French Téléphérique de l'Aiguille du Midi connects the peak of Aiguille du Midi to the village of Chamonix, while the Italian Skyway Monte Bianco (Funivie Monte Bianco) connects the peak of Pointe Helbronner to the village of La Palud, just north of Courmayeur.
This tourist attraction spans the valleys between the two peaks, high above the Mont Blanc Tunnel, which carries automotive passenger and freight traffic under the two peaks.
System
The Vallée Blanche Cable Car has fixed track cables (one each direction) carrying 12 groups of 3 small cabins each which are pulled by a haulage rope of in a single loop.
The cabins take some 30 to 35 minutes for the whole distance, including 5 short stops corresponding the stops of the cabins arriving in the stations at either end.
The cabins run from the Aiguille du Midi station ( elevation) across a span of over Vallée Blanche, a glacier and snow valley, to the Gros Rognon station (). The Gros Rognon station is not a passenger station—it contains the counterweights of the fixed cables and the rails bending the horizontal direction of the cables by some 8° to the right.
Beyond the Gros Rognon, the cabins cross the Géant Glacier and snow valley, a span of between supports. Although the cables sag by some , the cabins still have a clearance of some to the glacier underneath.
Between the rocks of the Large and the Small Flambeau, three long steel cables are installed, which take over the role of the cable support (Pylône suspendu / Suspended Support Pillar). During construction, it was decided to build this unique configuration, because the glacier is unsuitable for high tower construction. Between the anchors of these cables at either side, there is a difference in elevation of , resulting in these cables having a horizontal inclination of some 23° to the direction of the tramway.
From this support the cable car runs to Pointe Helbronner ( elevation).
Coordinates
Aigulle du Midi:
Gros Rognon Angle Station:
Hanging Support Structure:
Pointe Helbronner:
Incidents
On 29 August 1961, the cable car was badly damaged when a Republic F-84F Thunderstreak of the French Armée de l'Air tore its hauling cable. Three cars crashed and six people were killed. Pilot Bernard Ziegler landed his damaged plane safely. The upward cable was undamaged, but 81 riders had to wait many hours for rescue.
On September 8, 2016 110 people were stranded when the cable cars stopped. They needed to be evacuated by helicopter.
References
External links
, the cable car operator
Site with pictures and map
Technical description of the cable car
Cable cars in France
Cable cars in Italy
Tourist attractions in Haute-Savoie
Transport in Courmayeur
1958 establishments in France
1958 establishments in Italy
Transport infrastructure completed in 1958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e%20Blanche%20Cable%20Car |
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was a pluricontinental monarchy formed by the elevation of the Portuguese colony named State of Brazil to the status of a kingdom and by the simultaneous union of that Kingdom of Brazil with the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of the Algarves, constituting a single state consisting of three kingdoms.
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed in 1815, following the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil during the Napoleonic invasions of Portugal, and it continued to exist for about one year after the court's return to Europe, being de facto dissolved in 1822, when Brazil proclaimed its independence. The dissolution of the United Kingdom was accepted by Portugal and formalized de jure in 1825, when Portugal recognized the independent Empire of Brazil.
During its period of existence the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves did not correspond to the whole of the Portuguese Empire: rather, the United Kingdom was the transatlantic metropolis that controlled the Portuguese colonial empire, with its overseas possessions in Africa and Asia.
Thus, from the point of view of Brazil, the elevation to the rank of a kingdom and the creation of the United Kingdom represented a change in status, from that of a colony to that of an equal member of a political union. In the wake of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, attempts to compromise the autonomy and even the unity of Brazil, led to the breakdown of the union.
History
Establishment
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves came into being in the wake of Portugal's war with Napoleonic France. The Portuguese Prince Regent (the future King John VI), with his incapacitated mother (Queen Maria I of Portugal) and the Royal Court, fled to the colony of Brazil in 1808.
With the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, there were calls for the return of the Portuguese Monarch to Lisbon; the Portuguese Prince Regent enjoyed life in Rio de Janeiro, where the monarchy was at the time more popular and where he enjoyed more freedom, and he was thus unwilling to return to Europe. However, those advocating the return of the court to Lisbon argued that Brazil was only a colony and that it was not right for Portugal to be governed from a colony. On the other hand, leading Brazilian courtiers pressed for the elevation of Brazil from the rank of a colony, so that they could enjoy the full status of being nationals of the mother-country. Brazilian nationalists also supported the move, because it indicated that Brazil would no longer be submissive to the interests of Portugal, but would be of equal status within a transatlantic monarchy.
By a law issued by the Prince Regent on 16 December 1815, the colony of Brazil was thus elevated to the rank of a Kingdom and by the same law the separate kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves were united as a single State under the title of The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
This united kingdom included the historical Kingdom of the Algarves, which is the present-day Portuguese region of Algarve.
The titles of the Portuguese royalty were changed to reflect the creation of this transatlantic united kingdom. The styles of the Queen and of the Prince Regent were changed accordingly to Queen and Prince Regent of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. The title Prince of Brazil, a title that used to pertain to the heir apparent of the Portuguese Crown, was dropped shortly afterwards, in 1817, being replaced by the title of Prince Royal of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, or Prince Royal for short. A new flag and coat of arms were also adopted for the new State.
Succession of John VI
On 20 March 1816 Queen Maria I died in Rio de Janeiro. Prince John, the Prince Regent, then became King John VI, the second monarch of the United Kingdom, retaining the numbering of Portuguese Sovereigns. After a period of mourning and several delays, the festivities of the acclamation of the new King were held in Rio de Janeiro on 6 February 1818.
On the date of his Acclamation, King John VI created the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa, the only order of knighthood to be created during the United Kingdom era. This Order existed in the United Kingdom alongside the old Portuguese Orders of chivalry and the Order of the Tower and Sword, an ancient Order that had been dormant and that was revived by the Portuguese monarchy in November 1808, when the royal court was already in Brazil. After the dissolution of the United Kingdom, while Brazilian branches of the old Orders of chivalry were created, resulting in Brazilian and Portuguese Orders Saint James of the Sword, of Saint Benedict of Aviz, and of Christ (there was and is also a branch of the Order of Christ maintained by the Holy See: the Supreme Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ), paradoxically, the newer Orders (the recreated Order of the Tower and Sword and the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa) remained in existence as Portuguese Orders only.
John VI's return to Europe
After the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, the King left Brazil and returned to the European portion of the United Kingdom, arriving in Lisbon on 4 July 1821. Before his departure, the King, acceding to requests made by Brazilian courtiers, decided to leave behind his heir apparent, Prince Pedro, the Prince Royal of the United Kingdom. By a decree issued on 22 April 1821, the King invested Pedro with the title of "Regent of Brazil", and granted him delegated powers to discharge the "general government and entire administration of the Kingdom of Brazil" as the King's placeholder, thus granting the Kingdom of Brazil a devolved administration within the United Kingdom.
Accordingly, with the appointment of Prince Royal Pedro as Regent of Brazil, the Brazilian provinces – that in the colonial period were united under a vice-regal administration, and that during the stay of Queen Maria I and King John VI in the American Continent remained united directly under the royal Government – continued, after the return of the King and of the Portuguese court to Europe, united under a central Brazilian Government based in Rio de Janeiro.
Prince Pedro's Regency not only assured the unity of the Brazilian people under one government, but it also enjoyed a high degree of autonomy vis-à-vis the Government of the United Kingdom.
Attempts by the Government in Lisbon to terminate Brazil's home rule and to undermine Brazilian unity would lead to the proclamation of the independence of Brazil and the dissolution of the United Kingdom.
Dissolution of the United Kingdom
Lead-up to the dissolution
The Cortes (the Parliament) assembled in Lisbon in the wake of the Constitutional Revolution of 1820 to draft a Constitution for the United Kingdom was composed of mostly Portuguese delegates. This was so because the Revolution was Portuguese in origin, so that the members of the Cortes were elected in Portugal, and only later a Brazilian delegation was elected and the Brazilian delegates crossed the Atlantic to join the ongoing deliberations. Also, Brazilian representatives were often mistreated and persecuted in the streets by Portuguese citizens who resented the end of colonial rule. On top of that, Brazilians were under-represented in the Cortes.
As for the King, upon his arrival in Lisbon, he behaved as though he accepted the new political settlement that resulted from the Liberal Revolution (a posture he would maintain until mid-1823), but the powers of the Crown were severely limited. A Council of Regency that had been elected by the Cortes to govern Portugal in the wake of the Revolution – and that replaced by force the previous governors that administered the European portion of the United Kingdom by royal appointment – handed back the reins of government to the Monarch on his arrival in Lisbon, but the King was now limited to the discharge of the Executive branch, and had no influence over the drafting of the Constitution or over the actions of the Cortes.
The Constituent Cortes, dominated by a Portuguese majority, included provisions in the Constitution being drafted that referred to the people of the United Kingdom as "the Portuguese Nation". The draft Constitution spoke of "Portuguese citizens of both hemispheres". Apart from including in the Constitution language that was seen as hostile and offensive to Brazilians, the United Kingdom Cortes assembled in Lisbon included in the proposed Constitution that was being drafted provisions that would undermine and that could even lead to the dissolution of the central Brazilian Government based in Rio de Janeiro. The draft Constitution would have maintained the Regency of the Kingdom of Brazil, but it contained provision allowing the United Kingdom Legislature to exclude Brazilian provinces from the jurisdiction of the Regency. Thus, the Government of the United Kingdom in Lisbon would have the power to sever the links between a Brazilian province and the central Brazilian government, submitting this province directly to the Lisbon Government. If enacted, those deliberations of the Cortes would not only undermine Brazilian Home Rule, but they would also endanger the unity of the Brazilian people, as Brazilians would no longer have a central government, a situation that did not exist even in the last centuries of the colonial period. Portuguese deputies in the Cortes even introduced draft legislation that would concretely sever the ties between the central devolved Government of the Kingdom of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro and some provinces in Northeastern Brazil. The Portuguese Cortes also demanded the immediate return of the Crown Prince to Europe.
Brazilian Nationalists reacted, interpreting the actions of the Cortes as an attempt to "divide and conquer". They alleged that once the provisions approved by the Cortes were enacted and enforced, Brazil, although formally remaining a part of the transatlantic monarchy, would be in reality returned to the condition of a Colony. Brazilians feared the breakup of Brazil, with the creation of provinces directly subject to the Lisbon Government.
Also, language in the draft Constitution that would have the effect of including colonies of the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa and Asia as part of the territory of the United Kingdom seemed to confirm that the intention of the Cortes was indeed to reduce Brazil to the position of a colony once again: it was clear that the territories in Africa and Asia would continue to be colonies, and to be subject to economic exploitation and domination by means of restrictions in foreign trade, etc.; but those colonies would now be declared parts of the United Kingdom, meaning that, with the inclusion of the whole of the Portuguese Empire in the United Kingdom, the definition of the United Kingdom itself would change: the United Kingdom would cease to correspond to a transatlantic State that included no colonies but that controlled colonies overseas, and would instead become a State that included colonies in its bosom. This would provide the legal framework for the reintroduction of trade restrictions in Brazil that had been lifted since the arrival of the Royal Family in Brazilian shores.
Notably, several Portuguese politicians wanted to re-introduce to Brazil restrictions in foreign trade that in the previous colonial era had been dubbed euphemistically as the colonial pact: a mercantilist system in which Brazilian products could only be exported to Portugal, and in which Brazilians could only import products from Portugal. This system, which enabled the economic exploitation of the Portuguese Colonies by Metropolitan Portugal, had been abolished in Brazil even before the creation of the United Kingdom. Indeed, the abolition of all the restrictions on foreign trade, and the exclusion of Brazil from the imperialist policy of the colonial pact, had taken place already in 1808, as soon as the Royal Family arrived in Brazil: the first act signed by the Prince Regent after his arrival in Brazil was the decree on the opening of the Brazilian ports to friendly Nations, that enabled Brazilians to import goods from Nations other than Portugal, and to export Brazilian products to the foreign Nations maintaining diplomatic ties with the Portuguese Empire. Now, with the measures being voted by the Cortes assembled in Lisbon, that economic freedom was under threat.
Faced with that scenario, Brazilian independentists managed to convince Prince Pedro to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Cortes, that demanded his immediate return. He thus continued leading a central Brazilian Government as Regent, and further established that no laws, decrees or instructions issued by the Portuguese Cortes or by the central government of the United Kingdom would be obeyed in Brazil without his fiat.
The Prince's decision not to obey the decrees of the Cortes that demanded this return, and instead to stay in Brazil as its Regent was solemnly announced on 9 January 1822, in reply to a formal petition from the city council of Rio de Janeiro. In February 1822 Prince Pedro decided to create an advisory council, composed of representatives elected to represent the several provinces of Brazil, summoning elections to that council. Its first meeting was held on 2 June 1822. Prince Regent Pedro's decree to the effect that laws, decrees and orders from Lisbon would only be carried out in Brazil with his fiat was published in May 1822.
By agreeing to defy the Cortes and stay in Brazil, Prince Pedro assumed the leadership of the Brazilian cause; as a recognition of his leading role, Brazilian independentists offered Pedro on 13 May 1822 the title of "Perpetual Protector and Defender of Brazil"; he rejected the title of Protector, arguing that Brazil did not need one, but assumed the title of "Perpetual Defender of Brazil". By defying explicit orders that demanded his return to Europe, Pedro escalated the events that would lead to the separation of Brazil from the United Kingdom, and hastened the crucial moment of the Proclamation of Independence. As the situation between Brazilians and Portuguese deteriorated, the United Kingdom was doomed to dissolution.
Brazilian independentists argued that Brazil's future should be decided by Brazilians and not by the Lisbon Cortes, and they accordingly demanded the summoning of a National Constituent Assembly for Brazil, separate from the Constituent Cortes assembled in Portugal. Prince Pedro, acting on the advice of his newly convened Council, embraced those demands, and issued a decree on 13 June 1822 summoning elections for a Brazilian Constituent Assembly. Due to the further escalation of tensions between Brazil and Portugal, the elections to that Constituent Assembly would only take place after the Prince himself had proclaimed the independence of Brazil (the Assembly would only convene in 1823, and the independence of Brazil was declared in September 1822, with the establishment of the Empire of Brazil in October 1822).
The Cortes sent troops to Brazil to compel the dissolution of the Prince's Government and to force his return to Portugal as ordered, but, on arrival those troops were commanded by the Prince to return to Portugal. The Portuguese troops in Rio de Janeiro obeyed the Prince Royal and returned to Europe, but in other Provinces fighting erupted between Brazilians and Portuguese.
Proclamation of Independence
News of further attempts of the Portuguese Cortes aimed at dissolving Prince Pedro's Regency led directly to the Brazilian Proclamation of Independence. Accordingly, in 1822, the Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, Prince Pedro, the son of John VI, declared the independence of Brazil, as a reaction against the attempts of the Cortes to terminate Brazilian home rule, and became Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, which spelled the end of the United Kingdom.
The independence of Brazil was proclaimed by Prince Pedro on 7 September 1822. The Proclamation of Independence was made while the Prince was in the Province of São Paulo. He had travelled there to secure the Province's loyalty to the Brazilian cause. He departed the city of São Paulo, the Province's capital, on 5 September, and on 7 September, while on his way back to Rio de Janeiro, he received mail from his Minister José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva and from his wife, Princess Leopoldina (who remained in Rio de Janeiro presiding over the Ministry during Prince Pedro's absence), informing Pedro of further acts by the Cortes aimed at dissolving his Government by force, insisting on his return to Lisbon and attempting to void his later acts as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil. It was clear that independence was the only option left. Pedro turned to his companions that included his Guard of Honor and spoke: "Friends, the Portuguese Cortes want to enslave and pursue us. From today on our relations are broken. No ties can unite us anymore" and continued after he pulled out his blue-white armband that symbolized Portugal: "Armbands off, soldiers. Hail to the independence, to freedom and to the separation of Brazil from Portugal!" He unsheathed his sword affirming that "For my blood, my honor, my God, I swear to give Brazil freedom," and later cried out: "Independence or death!". This event is remembered as "Cry of Ipiranga", because it took place next to the riverbank of the Ipiranga brook. The Prince then decided to return urgently to the city of São Paulo, where he and his entourage arrived in the night of 7 September. There, they announced the news of the Prince's Proclamation, and of Brazil's separation from Portugal, and were met with great popular acclaim.
Less than a month later, on 23 September 1822, the Lisbon Cortes, still unaware of the Brazilian declaration of independence, approved the Constitution of the United Kingdom, that was then signed by the members of the Cortes and presented to the King. Between 23 September and 1 October, the members of the Cortes, including Brazilians that still took part in its deliberations, took oaths to uphold the Constitution. In a solemnity on 1 October 1822, King John VI appeared before the Cortes, made a speech from the Throne declaring his acceptance of the Constitution, swore an oath to uphold it, and signed an instrument of assent that was included in the text of the Constitution after the signatures of the members of the Cortes, declaring that the king had accepted the Constitution and sworn to abide by it. On 4 October, acting as the Cortes had directed, the Portuguese King signed at the Royal Palace of Queluz a Charter of Law promulgating the text of the Constitution and ordering its execution by all his subjects throughout the United Kingdom. This Charter of Law, containing the full text of the Constitution, including the signatures of the members of the Cortes and the King's instrument of assent, was published on the following day, 5 October 1822. Due to the Brazilian secession from the United Kingdom, that Constitution was never recognized in Brazil and was only effective in Portugal.
That the newly independent Brazilian Nation would adopt a constitutional monarchy as its form of Government and that Prince Pedro would be the new State's monarch were obvious facts to all the leaders involved in the process of Brazilian emancipation, but still, for a little more than one month after the 7 September 1822 Proclamation of Independence, Prince Pedro initially continued to use the title of Prince Regent, as he did not want to declare himself monarch, preferring instead to accept the new country's Crown as an offer. This led several local councils to adopt motions and addresses asking the Prince Regent to assume the title of King, or of Emperor (there were no legislatures in the provinces, and also no national legislature existed at that time; the municipal councils were the only existing legislatures, and since the colonial era they had substantial authority). The municipal council of the city of Rio de Janeiro and the other municipal councils of the province of Rio de Janeiro then organized a ceremony of acclamation, with the support of the Prince Regent's Government. The municipal council of Rio de Janeiro voted to instruct its president to offer Prince Pedro the title of Emperor. Then, the Prince's Advisory Council, a body that was not a legislative assembly, but was composed of councillors elected from all Provinces of Brazil to represent its peoples and advise the Prince Regent (the Conselho de Procuradores das Províncias do Brasil or Council of the Representatives of the Provinces of Brazil), advised the Prince Regent to accede to the several requests already presented and to assume the imperial title. On 12 October 1822, Prince Pedro accepted the offer of the new Brazilian Throne and was acclaimed the first Emperor of the independent Empire of Brazil.
Although Portuguese monarchs were not crowned since the 16th century, it was decided by the newly created imperial Government that the Brazilian monarchy, then recently instituted, should adopt different customs, both to differentiate itself from the Portuguese model and to highlight its status as a distinct institution, from a separate and independent country. Thus, it was decided that Emperors of Brazil should be consecrated, anointed and crowned with the full Catholic coronation ritual. Also, in the context of the struggle to sustain the newly declared independence of Brazil, and to seek recognition for the Empire, the religious act of coronation would establish Emperor Pedro I as an anointed monarch, crowned by the Catholic Church. It was regarded that this could improve his legitimacy in the eyes of other Christian monarchies, and it would also confirm the alliance between the newly declared State and the Church in Brazil. Accordingly, the coronation of Emperor Pedro I took place on 1 December 1822.
Recognition of independence
The Brazilian declaration of independence and foundation of the Empire of Brazil led to a War of Independence. The Portuguese initially refused to recognize Brazil as a sovereign state, treating the whole affair as a rebellion and attempting to preserve the United Kingdom. However, military action was never close to Rio de Janeiro, and the main battles of the independence war took place in the Northeastern region of Brazil. The independentist Brazilian forces overpowered the Portuguese forces as well as the few local forces that were still loyal to Portugal, and the last Portuguese troops surrendered in November 1823. Compared to the wars of independence waged by Spanish colonies during the decolonization of the Americas, the Brazilian Independence War did not result in significant bloodshed, although land and naval battles were fought.
The Portuguese military defeat, however, was not followed by swift recognition of the new country's independence. Instead, from 1822 to 1825 the Portuguese Government engaged in heavy diplomatic efforts to avoid the recognition of Brazil's independence by the European Powers, invoking the principles of the Congress of Vienna and subsequent European alliances. Those foreign Nations, however, were keen on establishing trade and diplomatic ties with Brazil. Under British pressure, Portugal eventually agreed to recognize Brazil's independence in 1825, thus allowing the new country to establish diplomatic ties with other European powers shortly thereafter.
In 1824, in the wake of the adoption of the Constitution of the Empire of Brazil on 25 March that year, the United States of America became the first nation to recognize the independence of Brazil and the consequential disbandment of the United Kingdom.
Portugal recognized the sovereignty of Brazil only in 1825. Since a coup d'etát on 3 June 1823 the Portuguese King John VI had already abolished the Constitution of 1822 and dissolved the Cortes, thus reversing the Liberal Revolution of 1820. On 4 January 1824 King John VI issued a Charter of Law confirming as in force the "traditional laws of the Portuguese Monarchy", thus ratifying the restoration of the absolutist régime in Portugal.
There were two Portuguese acts of recognition of Brazilian independence. The first was unilateral and purporting to be constitutive of such independence, the second was bilateral and declaratory.
The first act of recognition was materialized in Letters Patent issued on 13 May 1825, by which the Portuguese King "voluntarily ceded and transferred the sovereignty" over Brazil to his son, the Brazilian Emperor, and thus recognized, as a result of this concession, Brazil as an "Independent Empire, separate from the Kingdoms of Portugal and Algarves".
The second act of recognition was materialized in a Treaty of Peace signed in Rio de Janeiro on 29 August 1825, by means of which Portugal again recognized the independence of Brazil. This Treaty was ratified by the Emperor of Brazil on 30 August 1825, and by the King of Portugal on 15 November 1825, and entered into force in international Law also on 15 November 1825 upon the exchange of the instruments of ratification in Lisbon. On the same date of the signature of the Portuguese instrument of ratification and of the exchange of the ratification documents between the representatives of the two Nations, the Portuguese King also signed a Charter of Law, a statute, ordering the execution of the Treaty as part of the domestic Law of Portugal. The Treaty was incorporated as part of the domestic Law of Brazil by a Decree of Emperor Pedro I signed on 10 April 1826.
The reason why there were two separate acts of recognition of the independence of Brazil is this: in the wake of the Brazilian victory in the War of Independence, the Portuguese king initially attempted to recognize Brazilian independence unilaterally so as to ignore the fact of the Portuguese defeat and transmit the impression that Portugal was being magnanimous. By means of such unilateral concession, Portugal intended to avoid the humiliation of Peace negotiations with its former Colony. King John VI wanted to "save face" by giving the impression that Portugal was voluntarily conceding independence to Brazil, and not just recognizing a fait accompli. Thus the Letters Patent issued on 13 May 1825 ignored the proclamation of 1822 and "granted independence to Brazil" as if it were a concession, that was laced with conditions. Thus, Brazilian independence would result not from the events of 1822, but from the 1825 Letters Patent.
In the 13 May 1825 Letters Patent, King John recited the polity creating acts of his predecessors and of other sovereigns of Europe, recited his own desire to promote the happiness of all the peoples over which he ruled, and proceeded to declare and enact that from thenceforth the Kingdom of Brazil would be an Empire, and that the Empire of Brazil would be separate from the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarves in both internal and foreign affairs; that he, John, therefore took for himself the title of Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal and the Algarves, to which would follow the other titles of the Portuguese Crown; that the title of "Prince or Princess Imperial of Brazil, and Royal of Portugal and the Algarves" would be vested in the heir or heiress presumptive of the imperial and royal Crowns; that since the succession of both the imperial and royal Crowns belonged to his son, "Prince Dom Pedro", he, King John, at once, "by this same act and letters patent", ceded and transferred to Pedro, from thenceforth, of his "own free will", the full sovereignty of the Empire of Brazil, for Pedro to govern it, assuming at once the title Emperor of Brazil, keeping at the same time the title of Prince Royal of Portugal and the Algarves, while John reserved for himself the same title of Emperor, and the position of King of Portugal and the Algarves, with the full sovereignty of the said Kingdoms (of Portugal and the Algarves).
However, such unilateral, constitutive recognition was not accepted by Brazilians, who demanded a declarative recognition of the independence as proclaimed and existing since 1822. The new Brazilian Government therefore made the establishment of peaceful relations and diplomatic ties with Portugal conditional on the signature of a bilateral treaty between the two Nations. Portugal eventually agreed, and a treaty to that effect was signed with British mediation. The treaty between the Empire of Brazil and the Kingdom of Portugal on the recognition of Brazilian independence, signed in Rio de Janeiro on 29 August 1825, finally entered into force on 15 November 1825 upon the exchange of the instruments of ratification in Lisbon.
The Portuguese, however, only accepted to sign the Independence treaty on condition that Brazil agreed to pay reparations for the properties of the Portuguese State that were seized by the new Brazilian State. Brazil desperately needed to establish normal diplomatic relations with Portugal, because other European Monarchies had already made clear that they would only recognize the Empire of Brazil after the establishment of normal relations between Brazil and Portugal. Thus, by a separate convention that was signed on the same occasion as the Treaty on the Recognition of Independence, Brazil agreed to pay Portugal two million pounds in damages. The British, who had mediated the Peace negotiations, granted Brazil a loan of the same value, so that Brazil could pay the agreed sum. The new Nation, therefore, achieved international recognition at a heavy price. As a result of this agreement, Brazil became plunged in debt to Britain, but was able to achieve universal international recognition, both de facto and de jure as an independent State.
Upon recognizing the independence of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, King John VI, by his charter of law of 15 November 1825 changed back the name of the Portuguese State and the Royal Titles to "Kingdom of Portugal" and "King of Portugal and the Algarves" respectively. The title of the Portuguese heir apparent was changed to "Prince Royal of Portugal and the Algarves" by the same edict.
The recognition of Brazilian independence completed the dissolution of the United Kingdom.
By a provision of the Letters Patent of 13 May 1825, confirmed by the Treaty on the Recognition of Independence in spite of the secession of Brazil from the Portuguese Monarchy, the Portuguese King, John VI, was allowed to use for the remainder of his life the honorary title of "Emperor of Brazil", with the caveat that this title was honorary and ceremonial only, and that Pedro I and his successors in the independent Brazilian Crown were the only actual Emperors of Brazil. This honorary title ceased to have effect upon the demise of King John VI on 10 March 1826.
News of the separate convention appended to the Independence Treaty, by which Brazil agreed to pay Portugal financial compensation, angered many Brazilians, who saw this payment as a result of a bad negotiation, especially in view of the Brazilian military victory in the independence war. The grant of the honorary imperial title to the Portuguese King was also not popular with Brazilians. Furthermore, the declaratory language of the Independence Treaty was sufficiently ambiguous, so that Brazilians could claim that the independence declared in 1822 was being recognized, but mention was also made of the 13 May 1825 Letters Patent, so that the Portuguese could claim that the recognition was based on the previous concession. The preamble of the treaty mentioned the concession made by means of the Letters Patent of 13 May 1825; it stated that, by that Letters Patent, the Portuguese King had "recognized Brazil as an independent Empire, and his son Dom Pedro as Emperor", but also stated that, in so doing, the Portuguese monarch was "ceding and transferring of his free will the sovereignty of the said Empire". In the treaty's second article, it was the Brazilian Emperor who agreed that his father, the Portuguese King, should take for himself the honorary life title of Emperor. In the first article of the treaty it was declared that the King of Portugal recognized Brazil as an independent Empire, and as a Nation separate from the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarves, and also recognized his son Dom Pedro as Emperor of Brazil, ceding "of his own free will" to the Brazilian Emperor and his legitimate successors all claims of sovereignty over Brazil. Peace was established between the countries of Brazil and Portugal by the fourth Article.
In spite of the unpopular clauses, and especially of the harsh financial agreement, Brazilian Emperor Pedro I agreed to ratify the treaty negotiated with Portugal as he was keen on resolving the recognition of independence question before the opening of the first legislative session of the Brazilian Parliament (Assembléia Geral or General Assembly) elected under the Constitution adopted in 1824. The first meeting of the new Legislature was set to take place on 3 May 1826, and after a brief delay, that Parliament was indeed opened on 6 May 1826. By that time, the independence question was indeed resolved, as the Independence treaty had been ratified in November 1825 and as the Emperor, still yielding the fullness of legislative authority (that he was to lose upon the first meeting of the Parliament), ordered the execution of the agreement as part of the law of Brazil on 10 April 1826.
Aftermath: resolution of the dynastic entanglement
With the death of the Portuguese King John VI on 10 March 1826, his heir apparent, Brazilian Emperor Pedro I, inherited the Portuguese Crown, and reigned briefly as King Pedro IV. On 20 March 1826 the proclamation of the Brazilian Emperor's accession to the Portuguese Throne was made public by the Portuguese Council of Regency (that had been instituted by King John VI during his final illness, and that was led by the Infanta Isabel Maria, daughter of John VI and Pedro I & IV's sister). With this union of Crowns, the monarchies of Portugal and Brazil were once again briefly united, but there was no thought of a reunification of the two separate States. Accordingly, this brief union of Crowns in the person of Pedro I and IV remained always a personal union only, and not a real union or a rebirth of the United Kingdom.
News of the death of King John VI and of the proclamation of the Brazilian Emperor as King of Portugal reached the Brazilian province of Bahia on 18 April, and official news to that effect reached the Emperor of Brazil and new King of Portugal in Rio de Janeiro on 24 April 1826, shortly after the final settlement of the Brazilian independence question (the decree publishing the text of the Treaty on the Recognition of Independence and ordering its execution as part of the Law of Brazil had just been made public on 10 April 1826). The existence even of the personal union only was seen by Brazilian politicians as dangerous, since it could come to affect the effectiveness of the newly formed country's sovereignty.
Accordingly, steps were taken to put an end to the personal union: Pedro I & IV agreed to abdicate the Portuguese Throne in favour of his eldest daughter, but he also wanted to ensure that her rights would be respected, and he further wanted to restore constitutional monarchy to Portugal. In order to put an end to the Portuguese absolute monarchy, the King-Emperor commissioned the drafting of a new Constitution for Portugal, that was widely based on the Brazilian Constitution. This document was finalized in less than a week.
After issuing a new Constitution for Portugal on 29 April 1826, and as already announced in that Constitution, King-Emperor Pedro abdicated the Portuguese Crown in favour of his daughter, Princess Maria da Glória, on 2 May 1826. Princess Maria da Glória thus became Queen Maria II of Portugal. The document by which the Brazilian Emperor abdicated the Portuguese Crown was signed days before the first meeting of the Parliament established by the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, that assembled for the first time on 6 May 1826. Before his abdication, on 26 April, King Pedro confirmed the Regency of Portugal that had been established by his father during his final illness, and that was led by the Infanta Isabel Maria, his sister. As the new Queen Maria II was still a minor, Portugal would need to be led by Regents during her minority. On 30 April, King Pedro IV set the date for the first legislative elections under the new Portuguese Constitution and appointed Peers of the Realm.
On 12 May 1826, British envoy Charles Stuart left Rio de Janeiro for Portugal carrying with him the acts signed by the Brazilian Emperor as King of Portugal, including the new Portuguese Constitution and his deed of abdication of the Portuguese Crown. On that same date Carlos Matias Pereira left Rio de Janeiro for Lisbon in another ship carrying a second copy of the same documents. Charles Stuart arrived in Lisbon on 2 July 1826 and presented the acts signed by King Pedro IV to the Government of Portugal, including his original deed of abdication of the Portuguese Throne. On 12 July 1826 the Portuguese Government published the new Constitution decreed by Pedro IV; the Portuguese Regency swore on 31 July 1826 an oath to uphold the Constitution, marking its entry into force, and, on 1 August 1826 Queen Maria II was publicly proclaimed as Queen of Portugal, with the Infanta Isabel Maria as Regent. On 4 October the exiled infante Miguel (that had been exiled since attempting to depose his father, and that would later usurp the Portuguese Crown, leading to the Portuguese Civil War of 1828–1834, took in Vienna an oath of allegiance to Queen Maria II and the Constitution). The first Portuguese Cortes to meet under the Constitution were elected on 8 October, and the opening of Parliament took place on 30 October 1826.
Although Pedro's abdication of the Portuguese Crown to Maria II was provided for even in the Constitution issued on 29 April 1826, the original deed of abdication, signed on 2 May 1826 contained conditions; however, those conditions were subsequently waived, as the abdication was later declared final, irrevocable, accomplished and fully effective by a decree issued by Pedro on 3 March 1828, just a few months before Infante Miguel's usurpation of the Throne and the start of the Portuguese Civil War (in accordance with a decree issued on 3 September 1827, Infante Miguel replaced Infanta Isabel Maria as Regent of Portugal on 26 February 1828, and he initially agreed to govern in the name of the Queen, but on 7 July 1828 he had himself proclaimed King with retroactive effect, assuming the title of Miguel I; Maria II would only be restored to the Throne in 1834, at the conclusion of the Civil War). In any event, Pedro's unconditional confirmation of his abdication reinforced the impossibility of a new union between Portugal and Brazil.
Pedro's abdication of the Portuguese Throne led to the separation of the Brazilian and Portuguese monarchies, since the Portuguese Crown was inherited by Queen Maria II and her successors, and the Brazilian Crown came to be inherited by Pedro I's Brazilian heir apparent, Prince Pedro de Alcantara, who would become the future Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Prince Pedro de Alcantara had no rights to the Portuguese Crown because, having been born in Brazil on 2 December 1825, after the Portuguese recognition of the independence of Brazil, he was not a Portuguese national and under the Portuguese Constitution and Laws a foreigner could not inherit the Portuguese Crown.
Still, with Princess Maria da Glória's accession to the Throne of Portugal as Queen Maria II in 1826, the question arose, about whether she should still be regarded as a Brazilian Princess with a place in the order of succession, or whether article 119 of Brazil's Constitution (that prohibited foreigners from succeeding to the Crown) applied to her, so that, as a foreigner, she should be considered excluded from the Brazilian line of succession. The Empire's Constitution limited the Crown of Brazil to Emperor Pedro I and his legitimate descendants, under a male-preference cognatic primogeniture system, but it rendered foreigners incapable of succeeding to the Crown, and it empowered the General Assembly, the Empire's Parliament, to settle any doubts regarding the rights of succession to the Crown. The issue of Queen Maria II's status in the Brazilian line of succession became more pressing once Emperor Pedro II acceded to the Brazilian Throne as a minor in 1831, since the question was no longer only about whether or not the Queen of Portugal had a place in the Brazilian line of succession, but it had now become a question about whether or not she was the heiress presumptive to the Brazilian Crown, that is, the first person in line to succeed to the Brazilian Throne, occupied by her brother Emperor Pedro II. Thus, the Brazilian Parliament had to settle the matter and decide who was the first person in line to the Brazilian Throne, with the corresponding title of Princess Imperial: Queen Maria II of Portugal or Princess Januária of Brazil. Both were minors under Brazilian Law, and since no one in the Brazilian Imperial Family was of age, the Regency of the Empire was discharged by politicians chosen by the General Assembly in accordance with the Constitution. However, the question was all important because, in the event that Emperor Pedro II died before producing descendants, the Crown of the independent Empire of Brazil could end up coming to the Queen of Portugal, thus recreating a personal union between the two monarchies. The question became even more pressing after the conclusion of the Portuguese Civil War (1828-1834), won by Maria II and her liberal supporters in 1834: Maria's uncle, the absolutist claimant Dom Miguel (who had deposed Maria in 1828), was defeated, surrendered his claim to the Portuguese Throne in the Concession of Evoramonte, Maria was restored to the Throne and her constitutional government, now recognized by all foreign Powers as the legitimate one, assumed control of the whole of Portugal. Although the doubt about which of the two Princesses was Emperor Pedro II's heiress presumptive had existed since the abdication of the Brazilian Crown by Pedro I in 1831, Maria II was at the time a deposed Queen, although actively pursuing her claim to the Throne of Portugal. With her victory in the Portuguese Civil War, however, she once again became an actually reigning monarch, and, for the whole Brazilian political establishment, the fact that a foreign Sovereign was heiress presumptive to the Brazilian Crown was highly worrying, as it was seen as detrimental to the independence of the recently established Brazilian Nation. The Regency and Parliament of Brazil wanted to avoid any possibility of a personal union with Portugal being recreated, so as to secure the independence of Brazil. In order to settle that question, the Brazilian General Assembly adopted a statute, signed into law by the Regent on behalf of Emperor Pedro II on 30 October 1835, declaring Queen Maria II of Portugal had lost her succession rights to the Crown of Brazil, due to her condition as a foreigner, so that she and her descendants were excluded from the Brazilian line of succession; ruling that Princess Januária and her descendants were therefore first in line to the Throne after Emperor Pedro II and his descendants, and decreeing that, accordingly, Princess Januária, as the then heiress presumptive of the Brazilian Crown, should be recognized as Princess Imperial.
Thus, the abdication of the Portuguese Crown by Brazilian Emperor Pedro I terminated the brief 1826 personal union and separated the monarchies of Portugal and Brazil, and that abdication, coupled with the exclusion of the new Portuguese Queen, Maria II, from the Brazilian line of succession, broke the last remaining ties of political union between the two Nations, securing the preservation of the independence of Brazil and putting to an end all hopes of the rebirth of a Luso-Brazilian United Kingdom.
Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
See also
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Brazil
Kingdom of the Algarve
Portuguese Empire
History of Portugal (1777–1834)
Empire of Brazil
Realm
Empire
First reign
Bibliography
Monarchy in Brazil Ministry of External Relations, accessed on 8 June 2008.
Elevação do Brasil a Reino Unido a Portugal e Algarves Secretary of Education of Rio de Janeiro, accessed on 8 June 2008.
Reino Unido (1815–1822) Chamber of Deputies of Brazil, accessed on 8 June 2008.
[FERREIRA, Fábio. O general Lecor, os Voluntários Reais, e os conflitos pela independência do Brasil na Província Cisplatina: 1822–1824. Tese (Doutorado) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em História (PPGH) da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF): Niterói, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.historia.uff.br/stricto/td/1408.pdf]
References
External links
Brazil history
Colonial flags of Brazil
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
States and territories established in 1815
1820s disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire
1815 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
States and territories disestablished in the 1820s
Former kingdoms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Kingdom%20of%20Portugal%2C%20Brazil%20and%20the%20Algarves |
Natalie Jackson Mendoza (born 12 August 1976) is an Australian actress. She is best known for her roles as one of the main characters, Jackie Clunes, in the British drama series Hotel Babylon (2006–2008) and as Juno in the horror film The Descent (2005), as well as its sequel, The Descent Part 2 (2009). Mendoza has also performed in various stage productions across the West End and Broadway, including Miss Saigon (role of "Gigi"), Here Lies Love ("Imelda Marcos"), and Spider-Man: Turn Off The Dark ("Arachne").
Life and career
Mendoza was born in Hong Kong in 1976, to mother Robin Jackson, an Australian television personality of German descent, and father Noel Mendoza, a jazz pianist and arranger of Filipino descent. She is one of six artist siblings. She was raised in Sydney, Melbourne, and Hong Kong. She also went to school and trained in London and New York. She performed in many musicals such as Cats, Miss Saigon, The Music of Lloyd Webber Concert Tour (understudying Sarah Brightman), Oh What A Night, 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee, as the lead Frugue girl in Sweet Charity, and took the role of Eponine in the 10th Anniversary Australasian Tour of Les Miserables.
In 1998 Mendoza formed the band Jackson Mendoza with her sister Rebecca. They had No 1 chart success and signed internationally to Virgin Records, releasing two singles that reached the Top 10 music charts in Australia. They disbanded in 2000.
Mendoza appeared in Golden Globe award winning film Moulin Rouge!, as the lead dancer China Doll. After Moulin Rouge! she began working on a solo album in Melbourne and signed a three-picture deal with Miramax. She filmed several US series including Farscape and played Liat in ABC's South Pacific opposite Harry Connick Jr. and Glenn Close.
In 2003 Mendoza returned to England to focus her attention on acting. She trained as an actor at the prestigious Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, training in Classical Theatre. Mendoza appeared on stage in many classical theatre and modern theatre productions, including Coup d'État at MTC, Five Kinds of Silence, The Vagina Monologues, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and The Importance of Being Earnest.
In 2005, Mendoza was cast in a lead role Juno in the film The Descent. The film was directed by Neil Marshall, which has gone on to be a horror cult gem amongst audiences.
In 2006 she performed in the series regular role of Jackie Clunes in the BBC1 British drama series Hotel Babylon. Mendoza appeared in seasons 1-3 of the series.
In 2007 Mendoza guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio dramas Absolution and The Girl Who Never Was. She filmed The Descent 2 sequel and horror film Surviving Evil, which she wrote the title track for, "Alone Again". She workshopped the lead role of Molly in Matthew Warchus' production of Ghost which was based on the original screenplay by Bruce Rubin.
In 2010, Mendoza originated the role of Arachne in the Broadway musical Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark. After playing a handful of preview performances, she was forced to leave after an injury occurred backstage.
Mendoza won her first film festival entry as best director, best writer, and best film at the 72-hour film festival in Los Angeles 2011.
From 2017-2020, Mendoza guest starred in various television productions, including Blue Bloods, Holby City, and McDonald & Dodds.
Mendoza appeared in the Leos Carax-directed musical film Annette, starring Adam Driver and Marion Cotillard.
In 2021, she joined the cast of the musical Moulin Rouge! on Broadway, playing the lead role of Satine.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Actresses from Melbourne
Australian female dancers
Australian expatriates in England
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century Australian women singers
Australian people of Filipino descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20Mendoza |
The Ksani (, , Ĉysandon) is a river in central Georgia, which rises on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in South Ossetia and flows into the Kura (Mtkvari). It is long, and has a drainage basin of . Ksani (both the river and the name) is often associated with the Medieval Georgian Ksani fortress which lies near the confluence of the Ksani and the Mtkvari.
See also
Duchy of Ksani
References
Rivers of Georgia (country)
Rivers of South Ossetia
Akhalgori District
Geography of Mtskheta-Mtianeti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksani |
The Fisher School of Accounting is the accounting school at the University of Florida.
History
In 1977, the School of Accounting was established by the Florida Board of Regents as a separate school within the Warrington College of Business, and was endowed in 1985 by Frederick Fisher. Dr. John Simmons was the founding Director of the Fisher School. The School first conferred degrees in accounting in December 1978 although accounting has existed as a program in some form since 1928.
Rankings
According to the 2020 US News Rankings, The Fisher School of Accounting's undergraduate accounting program was ranked 11th overall nationally amongst private and public universities and the graduate program was ranked 17th overall. The School publishes the Journal of Accounting Literature and is home to the International Accounting and Auditing Center. Fisher School of Accounting graduates' pass rate on the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) exam has been traditionally nearly twice as high as the national average.
In 2017, first-time candidates from The Fisher School held an overall passing rate of 80% on all four parts of the CPA exam, ranking them 8th in the nation out of 264 peer institutions for overall passing rate.
Program
The undergraduate Fisher School of Accounting offers a traditional Bachelor of Science in Accounting.
The graduate school offers a Master of Accounting with concentrations in Auditing and Taxation for students seeking careers as Certified Public Accountants. The completion of the master's degree fulfills the State of Florida's requirements to take the CPA exam. The school offers two combined-degree programs: one leads to the joint awarding of a Bachelor of Science in Accounting and a Master of Accounting, whereas the second partners with the Levin College of Law and offers a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree along with a Master of Accounting.
Additionally, the Fisher School offers a Ph.D program in Accounting to prepare students for a career at academic research institutions. Graduates typically place at a Research I university. The most recent placements include Ohio State University, University of Illinois, University of Connecticut, Arizona State University, and The University of Kentucky, with international placements including The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hanyang University, and The University of Waterloo.
Students
The Fisher School of Accounting has approximately 432 undergraduate and 197 graduate students as of Fall 2018.
Student Outcomes
The majority of undergraduate students graduating from The Fisher School choose to pursue a graduate accounting degree in lieu of working full-time. The Master of Accounting program has boasted a near perfect employment record of 97.5% to 100% of its domestic students since the university began tracking employment outcomes in 2015, with 73% to 80% of the graduating cohort accepting offers from Big Four accounting firms each year. The most common places of employment are based in the South Florida region and the cities of Atlanta, New York City, Tampa, Orlando, and Jacksonville.
Faculty
Gary McGill is the current and longest serving Director of the Fisher School of Accounting. Mr. John Laibson is the Associate Director. Other current faculty include Robert Knechel, the Fisher Eminent Scholar, Stephen Asare, Jenny Tucker, Jesse Boyles, Marcus Kirk, Paul Madsen, Luke Watson, Lisa Hinson, Michael Ricci, Bobby Carnes, Jill Goslinga, Chris Falk, Sonia Singh, Joost Impink, Michael Schadewald, and Ruby Lee. Emeritus faculty include John Simmons, Joel Demski, Doug Snowball, Rashad Abdel-Khalik, Bipin Ajinkya, Chuck McDonald, Dominique DeSantiago, and Debbie Garvin.
References
External links
Official Website
Current Faculty
Rankings
CPA Exam Performance
International Accounting and Auditing Center
Recent Research
Accounting schools in the United States
Colleges of the University of Florida
Educational institutions established in 1977
1977 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%20School%20of%20Accounting |
Margaretha "Gret" Loewensberg (born 17 January 1943) is a Swiss architect and the wife of former Swiss Federal Councillor Moritz Leuenberger.
As an architect, Loewensberg has made a name for herself in particular in the field of domestic architecture. Loewensberg studied architecture at the ETH Zurich and is a member of the SIA (Schweizerischer Ingenieur- und Architektenverein).
External links
Personal Homepage
1943 births
Living people
Architects from Zürich
Swiss women architects
20th-century Swiss architects
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gret%20Loewensberg |
Mike "Milton" McDonald is a session guitarist. He has played with Patricia Kaas, Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe, Spice Girls, S Club 7, Ray Davies, Take That, Robert Palmer, M People, Louise, Mick Jagger, Tina Turner, Atomic Kitten, Hear'Say, Mylène Farmer, and Girls Aloud.
McDonald also played for All Saints, Rick Astley, Jon Anderson, Bryan Adams, Blue, B*Witched, Gary Barlow, Bb Mak, Beverley Knight, Jocelyn Brown, Boyzone, Victoria Beckham, Bellefire, Ed Case, Alice Cooper, Drizabone, Eternal, Five, Eddie Floyd, Gabrielle, Gareth Gates, Geri Halliwell, Gianna Nannini (Italy) Deni Hines, Steve Harley, innosense, Brian Kennedy, Chaka Khan, Ronan Keating, Liberty X, Lulu, Martine Mccutcheon, Mel C, Melissa Mars, 911, Billy Ocean, Alexander O'Neal, Mica Paris, Billie Piper, Roachford, Skin (Skunk Anansie), Lucie Silvas, Sugababes, 3 Blind Mice, Westlife, Bill Wyman, Wet Wet Wet, Yes, Will Young, Eikichi Yazawa and Kumiko Yamashita.
Mike "Milton" McDonald—"Milton" because he came from Milton Keynes — was a member of The Boomerang Gang, who appeared on the London scene in 1984. McDonald left the band in late 1986. He was the second guitarist to Yes offshoot Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe, both on their studio album and on tour. He has subsequently continued with a life of session work, often working with UK pop producers Absolute.
McDonald toured with British pop act Take That between 1992 until their split in 1996, then played for a variety of British, European and Japanese artists before rejoining Take That for their sell-out Ultimate Tour in 2006, and subsequent tours. In 2009 he appeared on Ray Davies’ album The Kinks Choral Collection and featured in the house band for Children In Need Rocks the Royal Albert Hall, playing guitar for Shirley Bassey, Dizzee Rascal, Annie Lennox, Paolo Nutini, Take That, Leona Lewis and Robbie Williams.
Milton McDonald replaced Rob Harris, guitarist for Jamiroquai, for a concert in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on 15 September 2012.
Milton played guitar for the finale of the Radio 2 "Festival in a day" concert alongside Jeff Lynne's ELO, Richard Tandy, Mike Stevens and the BBC Concert Orchestra on Sunday, 14 September 2014.
Together with his wife, Melanie Lewis-McDonald, he is a touring member of Jeff Lynne's ELO, as backing vocals and guitar.
References
External links
Milton's MySpace Site
'Milton' McDonald Discography
Sexe fort Tour 2004-2005, Pianobar Tour - 2002
Alt.music.yes FAQ
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English pop guitarists
English rock guitarists
English male guitarists
English session musicians
People from Milton Keynes
Musicians from Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%20McDonald |
Remineralisation (UK spelling; US remineralization) is the transformation of organic molecules to inorganic forms.
Remineralisation may also refer to:
Bone remodeling (bone metabolism)
Remineralisation of teeth
Rockdust, also known as soil remineralization when applied as a nonsynthetic organic fertilizer
See also John D. Hamaker § Remineralization benefits
See also
Demineralisation
Mineralization (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remineralization%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The 3rd Army (Armata a 3-a Română) was a field army of the Romanian Land Forces active from the 19th century to the 1990s. It fought as part of the German Army Group B during World War II, in Ukraine, the Crimea, and the Caucasus. General Petre Dumitrescu commanded the 3rd Army for much of that time.
World War I
After Romania entered World War I in August 1916 on the side of the Allies, the Third Army defended the border with Bulgaria, while the rest of the Romanian Army engaged in the Battle of Transylvania. When a Bulgarian-German army under August von Mackensen invaded Romania in September 1916, the Third Army made attempts to withstand the enemy offensive at Silistra, Bazargic, Amzacea and Topraisar, but had to withdraw under the pressure of superior enemy forces after the Second Battle of Cobadin. After the Flămânda Offensive, the Third Army was disbanded.
The commanders of the 3rd Army during that time were :
Divisional General Mihail Aslan: 27 August 1916 – 7 September 1916
Divisional General Alexandru Averescu: 7 September 1916 – 7 October 1916
World War II
On 22 June 1941 the 3rd Army comprised the 4th Army Corps (6th and 7th Infantry Divisions), the Cavalry Corps (5th and 8th Cavalry Brigades), the Mountain Corps (1st, 2nd, and 4th Mountain Brigades), two separate artillery battalions, a target acquisition battery, and the Air Forces's 3rd Army Cooperation Command.
For Operation München, in the north, the 3rd Army was reduced only to the Mountain Corps (the 1st, 2nd and 4th Mountain Brigades, 8th Cavalry Brigade and 7th Infantry Division), because the Cavalry Corps (5th and 6th Cavalry Brigades) had been subordinated directly to the German Eleventh Army. In fact the 3rd Army command did not have any operative attributes until 2 July 1941, when the ground offensive started also in the Romanian sector.
In 1942 in the Battle of the Caucasus, the 3rd Army initially consisted of the Cavalry Corps (5th, 6th and 9th Cavalry Divisions) and the 1st Army Corps (2nd Mountain Division and German 298th Infantry Division). The 3rd Army was subordinated to the German 17th Army. It also had 3 observation squadrons assigned to it. However, after reorganization, on 7 August, only the Cavalry Corps remained with it.
Battle of Stalingrad
Along with the Romanian Fourth Army, the Third Army bore the brunt of the Soviet Operation Uranus, which saw the German Sixth Army encircled and destroyed during the Battle of Stalingrad.
The Romanian Third Army, commanded by General Petre Dumitrescu, was transferred from the Caucasus and replaced five Italian and two German divisions between Blij Perekopa and Bokovkaya, with the task of defending a front long, far beyond its capabilities. To make things worse, the Soviets had two bridgeheads over the Don River, at Serafimovich and Kletskaya, which the German High Command ignored, despite repeated requests by General Dumitrescu for permission to eliminate them. At the start of the Soviet offensive in November 1942, the Third Army had a nominal strength of 152,492 Romanian troops and 11,211 German troops, being made up from 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th Corps in a single echelon (1st Cavalry, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th, and 14th Infantry Divisions) from West to East, with 7th Cavalry and 15th Infantry Divisions in reserve. The Long Range Recon (DO-17M) and the 112th Liaison Squadrons (Fleet 10G) were also at its disposal. In November came the German XLVIII Panzer Corps, composed of the 22nd German Panzer Division and the 1st Romanian Armored Division, which also was put in reserve. It also had the 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 8th Motorized Heavy Artillery Regiments and the 41st Independent Motorized Heavy Artillery Battalion. Opposite the 3rd Army was the Southwestern Front, comprising the Soviet 1st Guards Army, 5th Tank Army, and 21st Army, with a force of 5,888 artillery pieces, 728 tanks, and 790 planes.
On 19 November at 0530, in the sector of the Third Romanian Army, a violent artillery barrage battered the entire front line. The weather conditions were harsh: blizzards, snow, , which made close air support impossible. The Soviets assaulted the positions of the 14th Infantry Division with the 5th Tank Army and the junction between the 13th Infantry Division and the 1st Cavalry Division with the 21st Army, with a total of 338,631 men against three weak divisions. The 37mm and 47mm AT guns were useless against Soviet T-34 tanks, so the Romanian troops had to use grenades, anti-tank mines and Molotov cocktails. In the first hours, they managed to delay the advance and destroy some tanks, but later they had to retreat or face encirclement. The Soviets also attacked west of Sarisa Valley and at Raspopinskaya, but were repulsed. In response to the situation that developed south of Kletskaya, the German 48th Panzer Corps was ordered to move towards the Soviet main thrust and shortly afterwards, the 22nd Panzer Division was redirected to the northwest towards Bolsoy and, reaching Petshany, it engaged Soviet armor. By evening, the 1st Romanian Armored Division reached Sirkovsky, making preparations to attack Bolsoy the next day.
In the first day of the offensive, the Soviet forces succeeded in making two large breaches in the defences of the Third Romanian Army: one in the center, wide and deep and one in the right wing, between the Third Romanian Army and the German Sixth Army, 10–12 km wide and 35–40 km deep.
On 20 November, the Soviet armored and motorized forces advanced towards Kalach, with the intention of encircling the 6th Army embroiled in ferocious fighting at Stalingrad. The 22nd Panzer Division, overwhelmed at Petshany by the large number of Soviet tanks, withdrew north to Bol. Donschynka. The Romanian 1st Armored Division, without any available radio contact, tried to advance to Petshany in order to make the junction with the 22nd Panzer Division, but was forced to stop a few kilometers west of Korotovsky by stiff Soviet resistance and numerous counterattacks by Soviet tanks, flowing between the German 22nd and the Romanian 1st, occupying the Varlamovsky and Peralasovsky villages and making the junction with forces coming from Gromsky, thus encircling the 5th Corps. In the 4th Corps' sector, 40 Soviet tanks attacked the 15th Infantry Division but were repulsed by evening with heavy losses. Meanwhile, the 7th Cavalry Division unsuccessfully tried to block the enemy's advance; the right wing of the division, which had fully received the blow, retreated south while the left wing was reassigned to the 9th Infantry Division. Also, the 1st Cavalry Division had to retreat towards Stalingrad and was subordinated to the 6th Army.
At the end of the day, the defensive position of the Third Romanian Army had a 70 km wide gap in the centre. In this pocket were encircled the 1st Armored Division, three infantry divisions (5th, 6th, and 15th), and remains of other two infantry divisions (13th and 14th). The former commander of the 6th Infantry Division, Major General Mihail Lascăr, took command of the troops from the infantry divisions and formed the "General Lascăr" Group (40,000 men). At this point, the command point of the Third Army began moving to Morozovskaya.
On 21 November, the 22nd Panzer Division tried to advance towards Perelasovsky in order to make the junction with the 1st Armored Division and to relieve the "General Lascăr" Group, but failed and was stopped the next day between Bol. Donschynka and Perelasovky. The 1st Romanian Armored Division advanced towards Bol. Donschynka, where it was hoping to find the German division, but the village was under Soviet control and then headed south and, after grim fighting, crossed the Chir River on 25 November.
On 22 November, the encircled "General Lascăr" Group, which had been ordered to resist at any cost, was attacked and transmitted its last message. They had run out of food and each gun had only 40 rounds left and after refusing the Soviet proposal to surrender they were entirely destroyed. Only the 1st Battalion of the 15 Infantry Regiment (6th infantry Division), commanded by Major Gheorghe Răscănescu, succeeded in getting to the Chir River with all its soldiers and equipment. His battalion had managed to prevent the Soviet 8th Cavalry Division from capturing the vital German airfield at Oblivskaya from 26 November to 3 December.
On 23 November, the Soviet troops of the South-Western Front and of the Stalingrad Front met at Kalach-na-Donu, completing the encirclement of the German 6th Army, parts of the Romanian 4th Army, and six other Romanian infantry divisions as well as one cavalry division.
World War II Commanders
Later in the war and postwar
It later fought as part of a Soviet Front after Romania changed sides.
From 1947, all four Armies of Romania were transformed into "Military Regions". The 3rd Military Region was headquartered in Cluj. In 1960 the Military Regions were reorganized in two armies: the 2nd and the 3rd Army. Following the 1980 restructure of the Romanian Army, four armies were once again created from the previous two. The 1989 order of battle of the Third Army was:
3rd Army Command – Craiova with General as Army Commander, had:
2nd Mechanised Division "Mihai Viteazul" (Cat B) – Craiova: with TR-85 and T-34 tanks, TAB-71M and BTR-60PB APCs, ABC-79M and BRDM-2 Recce. Armd. Vehicles, S-60 57mm and Md.1980 30mm AA Guns, M-30 122mm and Md.1981 152mm howitzers, APR-40 122mm MRLs.
18th Mechanized Division "Decebal" (Cat B) – Timișoara with T-55 and T-34 tanks, TAB-71 & BTR-60PB APCs, TABC-79 & BRDM-2 Recce. Armd. Vehicles, S-60 57mm and Md.1980 30mm AA Guns, M-30 122mm and Md.1981 152mm howitzers, APR-21 122mm MRLs, 9K52 Luna-M rocket systems.
7th Tank Brigade – Slatina: with TR-85 tanks, TAB-71M APCs, MLI-84 IFVs, TABC-79 Recce. Armd. Vehicles, Md.1980 30mm AA Guns, M-30 122mm and Md.1981 152mm howitzers, APR-40 122mm MRLs.
5th Mountain Brigade – Alba Iulia.
References
External links
3rd
Romania
Military units and formations of Romania in World War II
Military units and formations disestablished in the 1990s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20Army%20%28Romania%29 |
Joaquin Castro (born September 16, 1974) is an American lawyer and Democratic politician who has represented Texas's 20th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives since 2013. The district includes just over half of his native San Antonio. He currently serves on the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs and the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.
From 2003 to 2013, Castro represented the 125th district in the Texas House of Representatives. While in the state legislature, he served as vice-chair of the Higher Education Committee and was a member of the Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee. He also previously served on other committees, such as County Affairs, Border & International Affairs, and Juvenile Justice & Family Issues.
Joaquin served as campaign chair for his identical twin brother, Julian Castro, during his 2020 presidential campaign.
Early life, education, and early career
Castro was born and raised in San Antonio and attended Thomas Jefferson High School. He was born a minute after his twin brother Julian. He has said that his interest in public service developed at a young age from watching his parents' involvement in political campaigns and civic causes. His father, Jessie Guzman, is a retired mathematics teacher from the Edgewood Independent School District on San Antonio's west side, and his mother, Marie "Rosie" Castro, is a community activist. Jessie and Rosie never married. Castro's mother named him after Rodolfo Gonzales's poem I Am Joaquin. He graduated with honors from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science and communications and earned a Juris Doctor with his twin brother at Harvard Law School. After law school, the brothers both worked for the law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld before starting their own firm in 2005.
Texas House of Representatives
Elections
Castro ran for Texas's 125th House district seat in 2002. In the Democratic primary, he defeated incumbent Representative Arthur Reyna, 64% to 36%. In the general election, he defeated Republican nominee Nelson Balido, 60% to 40%. He was 28 at the time of his election. In 2004, he was reelected unopposed. In 2006, he was reelected to a third term, defeating Balido, 58% to 38%. In 2008, he was reelected to a fourth term unopposed. In 2010, he was reelected to a fifth term, defeating Libertarian Jeffrey Blunt, 78% to 22%.
Committee assignments
County Affairs
Higher Education (Vice Chair)
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence
Oversight of Higher Ed Governance, Excellence & Transparency
U.S. House of Representatives
Elections
In June 2011, Castro announced his candidacy for the newly drawn 's seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was initially set to challenge fellow Democrat and nine-term incumbent Lloyd Doggett, whose home in Austin had been drawn into the district, in the Democratic primary, but on November 28, after Charlie Gonzalez of the neighboring 20th district announced his retirement after seven terms, Castro announced that he would run instead for the 20th district seat. He was unopposed in the Democratic primary, all but assuring him of winning the general election in this heavily Democratic, Hispanic-majority district. At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, he introduced his brother Julián as keynote speaker. In November, Castro defeated Republican nominee David Rosa 64%-34%. becoming only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935.
In 2017, San Antonio Express-News columnist Bruce Davidson questioned Castro's decision not to enter the 2018 U.S. Senate race against Republican incumbent Ted Cruz, a 2016 presidential candidate. Davidson predicted that Castro could have defeated the announced candidate, Beto O'Rourke, representative of Texas's 16th congressional district based in El Paso, for the Democratic nomination. "Castro is said to be ambitious, but will he ever have a better chance to move up than in the Trump-era against Ted Cruz?," Davidson wrote. He added that Texas's other senator, Republican John Cornyn, would have taken advantage of a similar opportunity to run. In 2002, Cornyn, the state's then one-term attorney general, filed to succeed retiring Republican Senator Phil Gramm, while two other Republican hopefuls, Henry Bonilla of Texas's 23rd congressional district and David Dewhurst, the land commissioner and later the lieutenant governor, vacillated and lost their chances to become a senator. Bonilla was defeated for House reelection after redistricting in 2006, and Dewhurst lost the 2012 Republican runoff Senate election to Cruz.
Tenure
Castro was sworn into office on January 3, 2013, becoming a member of the 113th United States Congress. He was chosen as the president of the freshman class of Democrats in the 113th Congress.
In the 114th Congress, House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer named Castro a Chief Deputy Whip. During the 2016 presidential election, Castro served as a surrogate for Hillary Clinton's campaign. He was selected as chair of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus for the 116th Congress.
Castro voted against a House resolution condemning the UN Security Council Resolution 2334, which called Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories a "flagrant violation" of international law and a major obstacle to peace.
On January 12, 2019, Castro introduced and endorsed his twin brother, former HUD Secretary Julián Castro, at the launch rally of Julián's 2020 presidential campaign.
In February 2019, Castro authored House Joint Resolution 46 to overturn Trump's declaration of a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States, under which Trump said he would divert funds from other sources to construct a wall along the U.S. and Mexico border. The bill passed the House by a vote of 245–182 on February 15, and the Senate by a vote of 59–41 on March 15. Trump vetoed the Joint Resolution on March 15.
In August 2019, Castro tweeted the names and employers of 44 San Antonio residents who had given the maximum allowable contribution to Trump's reelection campaign. He said it was "sad to see so many San Antonians" whose "contributions are fueling a campaign of hate that labels Hispanic immigrants as 'invaders'." The information came from publicly available lists published by the Federal Election Commission. Republicans denounced the tweet, saying that such a "target list" invites harassment and could even encourage violence.
In July 2020, following the primary defeat of House Foreign Affairs Committee chairperson Eliot Engel, Castro declared his candidacy for chair. Gregory Meeks also announced his candidacy and Brad Sherman, who defeated former chairperson Howard Berman in a 2012 primary, is expected to run as well.
On January 12, 2021, Castro was named an impeachment manager (prosecutor) for Trump's second impeachment trial.
Castro was among the 46 Democrats who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 in the House.
Committee assignments
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency Subcommittee
National Security Agency & Cyber Subcommittee
Committee on Foreign Affairs
United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere (Ranking Member)
United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Indo-Pacific
Caucus memberships
New Democrat Coalition
Congressional Hispanic Caucus
U.S.-Japan Caucus (Founder)
Bipartisan Congressional Pre-K and Child Care Caucus (Founder)
ASEAN Caucus (Founder)
Personal life
Family
Castro is the son of Jesse Guzman and Rosie Castro and the identical twin brother of Julián Castro, the former mayor of San Antonio and the 16th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; he is one minute younger than Julián. In 2019, Joaquin grew a beard so that people could distinguish him from his brother.
In 2013, Castro became engaged to Anna Flores. Julián Castro made the announcement on his Facebook page. The couple had a daughter in 2013, a son in 2016, and a second daughter in 2022.
Other work and board memberships
While in the Texas Legislature, Castro practiced law in San Antonio. He has also been a visiting professor of law at St. Mary's University and an adjunct professor at Trinity University in San Antonio. He sits on several boards of nonprofit organizations and institutions of higher education, including the National College Advising Corps.
Health
In February 2023, Castro had surgery to remove neuroendocrine tumors and described his prognosis as "good" afterward.
See also
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress
References
External links
Congressman Joaquin Castro official U.S. House website
Joaquin Castro for Congress
|-
|-
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1974 births
21st-century American politicians
American politicians of Mexican descent
Jefferson High School (San Antonio, Texas) alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in Texas
Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
Identical twin politicians
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Texas House of Representatives
Politicians from San Antonio
Stanford University alumni
Texas lawyers
American twins
Julian Castro | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin%20Castro |
State Theatre or State Theater may refer to:
Australia
State Theatre, Adelaide, former cinema in Hindley Street built on the site of the old Wondergraph
State Theatre (Melbourne), a theatre opened in 1984, part of the Arts Centre Melbourne
State Theatre (Sydney), heritage-listed cinema built in the 1920s
United States
California
Golden State Theatre, also known as State Theatre, Monterey
State Theatre (Oroville, California), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Butte County
State Theatre (Los Angeles)
State Theatre (Red Bluff, California)
Delaware
State Theater (Newark, Delaware)
Florida
Hippodrome State Theatre, Gainesville
State Theatre (St. Petersburg, Florida)
State Theatre (Plant City, Florida)
Indiana
Blackstone-State Theater, also known as State Theater, in South Bend
Kentucky
State Theatre (Elizabethtown, Kentucky), NRHP-listed in Hardin County
Louisiana
State Palace Theatre (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Maine
State Theatre (Portland, Maine)
Michigan
State Theatre (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
State Theatre (Bay City, Michigan)
State Theatre (Benton Harbor, Michigan)
The Fillmore Detroit, formerly the State Theatre
State Theatre (Kalamazoo, Michigan)
State Theatre (Traverse City, Michigan)
Minnesota
State Theatre (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Lyric Center for the Arts, formerly the State Theater, in Virginia, Minnesota
New Jersey
State Theatre (New Brunswick, New Jersey)
New Mexico
State Theater (Clovis, New Mexico)
New York
State Theater (Ithaca, New York)
Loew's State Theatre (New York City)
David H. Koch Theater, formerly the New York State Theater, part of Lincoln Center
Landmark Theatre (Syracuse, New York), originally named Loew’s State Theatre
Ohio
State Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)
State Theater (Youngstown, Ohio)
Pennsylvania
State Theatre (Easton, Pennsylvania)
State Theatre (State College, Pennsylvania), a non-profit community theatre
State Theatre Center for the Arts (Uniontown, Pennsylvania)
Virginia
State Theatre (Falls Church, Virginia), a 1936 restaurant and concert venue
Wisconsin
State Theatre (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)
State Theater (Milwaukee), a former movie theater
Other countries
State Theatre (Hong Kong), China
Kaunas State Musical Theatre, Kaunas, Lithuania
State Theatre (Hamilton, New Zealand)
State Jewish Theater (Romania), Bucharest, Romania
State Theatre Košice, Slovakia
South African State Theatre, Pretoria
Turkish State Theatres, with venues in 19 cities
State Cinema, Grays, Essex, England, UK once called Gray's State Theatre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Theatre |
Phat pants, phatties, or phats are a style of pants that are fitted at the waist, but get increasingly wide down the legs, covering the feet entirely due to their width. Phat pants can be made out of a variety of materials, however denim, faux fur, and cotton fabric tend to be the most common. High-end customized phats tend to include UV reflective tape decoration to add a glowing effect. Phat pants are notable for being a visual identifier of those within the rave community. Popular makers of phat pants include Kikwear, UFO, Q-ambient, and JNCO.
Phat pants originated in 1990. A Melbourne raver who could not wear slim pants due to thick legs started making them to fit her frame. Rose to popularity in early 1990s with Tina Borg, Renegade and continued to grow into candy phat pantz in 1995 within the kandi kid community of ravers. Also called B-pants, the trend regained attention in the wake of the 2010s in the form of snowboard pants.
See also
Melbourne Shuffle
Bell-bottoms
Wide leg jeans
References
External links
External links
Dance culture
Trousers and shorts
Jeans by type
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion
Rave | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phat%20pants |
OPG may refer to:
Osteoprotegerin
Office of the Public Guardian (disambiguation)
Office of HM Paymaster General
Online Policy Group
Ontario Power Generation
Open Government Partnership
Optical parametric generator
Orthopantomograph, a panoramic radiograph
Orthopantogram or Panoramic radiograph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPG |
Fariborz Kamkari () is a Kurdish Iranian film director and producer.
Kamkari was born in 1971 in Iran, and studied cinema and theater in Tehran, Iran. He has written several scripts for other Iranian directors, and has produced and directed some short films. In 2002, he wrote and directed his first feature film, Black Tape (edited by Amin Aslani. The film won the top jury prize at Cinequest Film Festival, and was in competition at several other festivals, including the Venice Film Festival.
In 2005, Kamkari wrote and directed The Forbidden Chapter, an Italy-France-Iran co-production.
External links
1971 births
Living people
Iranian film directors
Italian people of Iranian descent
Italian Muslims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariborz%20Kamkari |
Cedros is a coastal area that lies on a peninsula at the South-Western end of the island of Trinidad. Named by Spanish sailors due to the once heavy presence of cedar trees, it is located at the tip of the peninsula which lies mere miles off the coast of Venezuela and is the most southern point in the Caribbean. The main area is known as Bonasse which is of French origin meaning "easy-going."
Cedros is the closest legal point of entry to Venezuelans wishing to enter Trinidad and Tobago.
Economic history
Cedros has historically been a fishing village and coconut grove, producing much of the coconuts for harvest. In the 1800's, several estates were producing cotton but switched to sugar with seven distilleries across several sugar estates in operation with rum being the main export. Activity in Cedros increased due to the introduction of the Gulf Steamer in 1818 which connected Bonasse to the main towns of San Fernando and Port of Spain.
After the Slavery Abolition Act on 1st August 1834, many of the estates went bankrupt in the 1840s which led to the experimentation into other crops such as Bananas, Cotton, Cocoa, Coffee, Corn, Citrus and ground provisions. Coconuts were found to be the most economically successful with the exportation of copra and coconut oil.
The "Hurricane of 1933" measuring 120km/ph destroyed most of the southern peninsula which led to the demise of several estates. Most coconut trees were replanted but was devastated over the decades as they were infected by several types of diseases such as the Cedros Wilt Disease (Hartrot), Bronze Leaf Wilt, Bursaphelenchus cocophilus causing Red Ring disease, and the Red Palm Mite.
Today, small scale coconut harvesting, fishing and light tourism from mainly Venezuelan visitors are the main economic activities. Several estates have been repurposed for private real estate development with many in the area concerned that historical artifacts on these estates would be lost.
The proximity of Cedros to the South American mainland has led to many drug cartels from South America trying to bring their cargoes via the Gulf of Paria into the Caribbean region or though Cedros. As a countermeasure to suppress the drug trade using Venezuela, the Venezuelan government routinely sends gunships to patrol the waters between Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. With Cedros being a key area, countermeasures were done by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago include a jetty for quickly launching boats for drug interdiction and the installation of a 360 Degree Radar at Green Hill, Galfa.
Geography
Widely considered on the island as a rural area, Cedros is considered to be one of the final remaining areas that only a few thousands of years ago attached the island of Trinidad geologically to the South American continent. Cedros is said to still share resemblance to the adjacent Venezuelan coastline 11–12 km across the passage of water known as Boca del Sierpe (Serpent's Mouth).
Villages
Cedros comprises many villages developed and undeveloped, some of which were once thriving coconut and sugar estates: Bonasse (main community), Bamboo, Fullarton, Perseverance, Lochmaben, Columbia, St. Marie, Lans Vieusse (L'Envieusse) and Galfa.
Fullarton Village was named after the British Army Colonel, William Fullarton.
Bonasse Village which occupies the "Union" sugar estate was named after one of its plantation owners Jean Baptiste Bonnasse. Under Spanish rule, Bonasse was comprised off three smaller districts known as the Torre, Consedor, and Quorge.
Columbia Estate was named in honor of Christopher Columbus who docked at Los Gallos Point on 2nd August 1498.
Several streets were named after former estates such as Union Street, St. Marie Road, St. John Road, Fullerton Road, Columbia Road and St. Quintin Road. Other streets were named after the proprietors of the estates such as Gardieu Street and Hughes Street. Some streets were named after British aristocratic figures such as George Street, Charles Street, Henry Street, Edward Street and King Street.
Places of interest
On weekends, persons tend to drive down to Cedros to either bathe in the sea, purchase fish for consumption, enjoy the scenery or to participate in hikes and other nature events. Various groups conduct hikes over various geographical terrain in Cedros and neighboring Icacos at different times in the year. Hikes are usually offered to the public by a public hiking group for a fee.
Cedros Bay
Cedros Bay is a large stretch of beach with coconut trees along the shore of the bay with the villages of Bamboo, Bonasse and Fullerton overlooking the sea. The beach is excellent for walking and exercising while the waters tend to be more muddy than clear.
Green Hill Bunkers
Located at Green Hill in Galfa, the Green Hill Bunkers was once a 300-acre American Military Base built in 1941 during World War II to monitor the Gulf of Paria and the Columbus Channel against German aggression. With the war ending in 1945, the installation was discontinued in 1949.
Mystery Tombs
Located on L'Envieusse Estate are two mystery tombs over 200 years old surrounded by broken Scottish ballast bricks. It was eventually suspected to be the graves of two French planters, Jean and Michel Cavalan.
Mud Volcanoes
Mud volcanoes that exist in Cedros are Columbia, Lam Vierge and the popular Balka Devi which is revered by the local Hindu population.
Manmohansingh Park
Public space located in Bonasse Village overlooking the sea.
Cedros Public Cemetery
Cedros Public Cemetery has simple and elaborate tombs and grave spots. On some of the grave spots, the boundaries of which are marked off by bricks, there is indication of recent maintenance in the white paint. However, there are one or two which have an elaborate gravestone, along with information which has been carved into the tombstone.
It is the practice of holders of grave spots in cemeteries to bury their close relatives one on top of the other with a few feet of dirt between each person after a number of years have passed. Some grave holders rent spots in different parts of the cemetery either as the spaces become available or as the family grows and the spots are used or as the finances of the family changes, whichever comes first. Given the terrain of most areas, it is practical to select spots in different locations to take account of expansion of the cemetery and or the wishes of parents with respect to burial.
Cedros Secondary School
Cedros Composite School is located in "Bonasse Village, Trinidad"
Oil fields
There are shallow onshore oil deposits located in Cedros however, they are currently being explored. The only producing oil field is located in Bonasse that was discovered in 1911.
Cedros Public Library
The Cedros Public Library is located in the Cedros Composite School according to the NALIS website. Thus the Public Library falls under the Authority of the National Library Information System even though it is housed in a school compound. As there has been an expansion in the services which the Public Library offers, some of which are: free internet access on computers for an hour per day for a person, access to books online and access to research facilities once a person joins a Library and signs up for the service, there should be an increase in borrowings from the Cedros area with the availability of services in the Library.
Smelter
In 2005–06, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago led by the then Prime Minister of T&T – Patrick Manning announced an initiative to rapidly industrialize the Cedros area. One of the projects devised for Cedros was the establishment of an Alumina smelter plant which was backed by ALCOA. Residents living in the Cedros area opposed the project. The plant was touted as becoming one of the biggest alumina smelter plants in the world once completed; however, residents in Cedros claimed that ash from the plant could contaminate the local area's soil and may lead to possible respiratory-health issues in the long run. The Smelter project was cancelled in September 2010.
Notable natives of Cedros
Mervyn Malcolm Dymally, Lieutenant Governor of California, 1975–79; and U.S. Representative from California 31st District, 1981–93; delegate to Democratic National Convention from California, 2004.
References
Populated places in Trinidad and Tobago
Beaches of Trinidad and Tobago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedros%2C%20Trinidad%20and%20Tobago |
John Poupore (April 10, 1817 – July 12, 1896) was a Quebec lumber merchant and political figure. He was a Conservative Member of Parliament representing Pontiac from 1878 to 1882. He also represented Pontiac in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1861 to 1874.
He was born in Edwardsburgh (Cardinal) in Upper Canada in 1817 and studied at Potsdam, New York. He later settled at Chichester, where his father became the first mayor. He established his own farm and operated a sawmill in the area. He also served as lieutenant-colonel in the Pontiac county militia. In 1861, he defeated Edmund Heath to become the representative for Pontiac County in the legislative assembly; he was reelected in 1863. He represented the county in the provincial legislative assembly from 1867 until he resigned in 1874. He also served as mayor of Chichester from 1866 to 1867. He was an immigration agent at Quebec City from 1876 to 1878, when he was elected to the House of Commons.
He died at Chichester in 1896 and was buried in Edwardsburgh.
His nephew and son-in-law, William Joseph Poupore, also represented Pontiac provincially and federally.
References
1817 births
1896 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Poupore |
The Disputation of Tortosa was one of the famous ordered disputations between Christians and Jews of the Middle Ages, held in the years 1413–1414 in the city of Tortosa, Catalonia, Crown of Aragon (part of modern-day Spain). According to the Jewish Encyclopedia it was not a free and authentic debate, but was an attempt by Christians to force conversion on the Jews.
Among the participants on the Jewish side were Profiat Duran and Yosef Albo as well as other rabbinic scholars such as Moshe ben Abbas, and Astruc ha-Levi. Each one was a representative of a different community. Vincent Ferrer, later canonised, was an important participant on the Christian side. As a followup of the disputations, in May 1415, a papal bull forbade the study of the Talmud and inflicted all kinds of degradation upon the Jews.
Background
The initiator of the disputation and representative for the Christians was the antipope's personal physician, the Jewish Christian convert Gerónimo de Santa Fe. After his conversion to Christianity, he presented Antipope Benedict XIII with a composition containing topics to contest with his former co-religionists. The aging antipope, who rejoiced at religious debate, jumped at the opportunity to bring the Jews to a disputation. King Ferdinand I of Aragon did not stand in his way, and letters of invitation were sent to the various Jewish communities in 1413. Attempts by the Jews to free themselves of this were not successful.
The Jewish representatives were at a considerable disadvantage—whereas Nahmanides at the Disputation of Barcelona and the Jewish representatives at the Disputation of Paris had been granted immunity, "every Jewish attempt to respond to the Christian charges was met with the threat of the accusation of heresy".<ref>Madeleine Pelner Cosman and Linda Gale Jones (2008). Handbook of Life in the Medieval World. Infobase Publishing.</ref> The disputation was not a free discussion between two parties but took the form of a propaganda attack by the Christian side against Jews, including the use of psychological pressure in the form of intimidation and threats.
Proceedings
Beginnings
At the start of the disputation on February 7, 1413, Geronimo presented the debate's principal points and the prohibition incumbent on the Jews from making any difficulties for Christianity over its course. By his words, since the Jewish faith is close to the Christian faith and since the Pope considers the Jews "lost lambs", he is eager to return them to God more than he is eager to do so with the believers in Islam. The main speaker among the Jewish sages was chosen by turn each day. They were placed under great stress, and at times when they returned to the residence allotted to them arguments erupted over the answers they had provided. Their opponent was always granted the last word.
Geronimo emphasized the Midrashic passages according to which the Messiah had already come. These include the passage which identifies the birthday of the Messiah as the day of the destruction of the Second Temple and the statement in the Talmud that the world will last 6000 years, of which the last two thousand would be the Messianic Age. He also used the midrash of the Pesikta which says that the Messiah will suffer.
The Jews responded via a commentary to the midrashim that relied on both the surface (peshat) and comparative meaning (drash) to remove the messianic sting. They also repeated the statement of Nahmanides in his own disputation that he is not obligated to believe in Aggadah, which led Geronimo to depict them as heretics by their own religion. The Jews also pointed out that, in any case, belief in the Messiah is not the mainstay of Judaism. This point was to appear in an explicit and expanded form in the Sefer ha-Ikkarim ("Book of Fundamental Principles"), which Yosef Albo wrote following the disputation.
Geronimo also utilized the midrashim published by Ramón Martí in his book Pugio Fidei. The Jews claimed these to be fraudulent forgeries and demanded that the original Jewish manuscript in which the midrashim appear be brought before them, but the demand was not granted. The question of whether the midrashim offered by Martí were indeed forgeries has been a controversial one among scholars.
After two weeks of discussion, the head of the Dominican Order summed up, saying that the victory of the Christians is clear and that it was proven with certainty by the Jews' own midrashim that the Messiah has already come. There were thus two possibilities: either the Jewish representatives did not have all their say, or that they are without answer. The Pope summed up and said that, since the Jews change their words from one moment to another, it would be better to hold the disputation in writing. Thus the disputation continued by way of readings of written memoranda through the months of March and April.
The Jews requested a free debate, but they were told that they are not at a debate but at a gathering for indoctrination and inculcation. When they said that a teacher should consider the wishes of the student, they were told that there is no interest in indoctrinating them, only the Jewish masses. As a way of undervaluing themselves, the sages said that mistakes and errors might befall them, but the Law of Moses is forever.
Geronimo insisted on using again and again the midrashim from the Dagger of Faith and to abstain when asked to show the manuscript in which they appear.
Second phase
From May onward the discussion focused on the things the Messiah is supposed to accomplish. The Jews claimed that he is to take the Nation of Israel out of the diaspora and to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem - things Jesus did not do. The Jews' main points were: the Diaspora still exists, even Christianity has not spread everywhere, the nations fight one another, there is no world peace, and people continue to sin. In any case, the Redemption of Israel must be the redemption of the Jews, and that has certainly not occurred. The gentiles cannot be called "Israel" (as opposed to the Church's position).
The Christians forcefully argued that in the midrashim themselves it may be seen that the redemption brought by the Messiah is spiritual, that is, it is atonement for Man and the extrication of the souls from Hell. The Jews responded that for the redemption of souls there is no need for a messiah: observers of mitzvot in every generation achieve salvation in the afterlife without a messiah.
A topic discussed in the disputation is the future abolition of the sacrifices. Geronimo claimed, using among other sources the famous pronouncement of Maimonides, that sacrifices are a psychological substitute for paganism and that sacrifices will eventually be abolished. The Jews maintained that sacrifices will persist in the Messianic Age, and that besides the rational explanations for them there are also mystical ones.
The Jewish religious leaders fiercely rejected the claim that their refusal to accept the religion of Jesus is the reason for the lengthening of the Exile, for if they had accepted the Islamic religion and turned to such nations as the Ottomans, they would also have been freed from bondage.
Third phase
Between August and November there was a recess in the discussions, and a new series of meetings opened in actuality only on January 8, 1414. Only three of the Jewish leaders agreed to continue. Rabbi Yosef Albo asked to return home, yet in the end remained in the city.
The Jews declared that the Christians were making strange use of the midrashim. Even by their reasoning, according to which the midrashim indicate that the Messiah has already come, they certainly do not indicate that he came in the time of Jesus. If so, how can they be used to prove the truthfulness of Christianity?
The Christians responded that they indeed are not obligated to believe in the midrashim, but the Jews, who do believe in them, must conclude from them that the Messiah was already born. The Jews again explained why they thought there was no logic in this claim.
As the discussions on the doctrine of the Messiah continued, Astruc HaLevi emphasized that the word "messiah" in its Jewish and Christian meanings is completely different. Thus, he said, there is no difference of opinion between Jews and Christians over the question of his coming, rather the debate is over what a messiah really is. Afterwards, he nullified the significance of the debate. A failure in the debate cannot prove the failure of the faith, but only the inabilities of the arguer. The Jewish religious leaders are far from their homes and are losing their properties because of this, and their families are being harmed. Their situation is so degraded that no great wisdom is needed to debate them in these conditions.
Geronimo responded that their scared and frightened demeanors in themselves prove that their belief is not true, for on the true faith it is said in the Bible: "I will also speak of Thy testimonies before kings, and will not be ashamed" (Ps. 119:46). The disputation over faith is necessary, and the Jewish leaders must give an accounting for the Torah, which they teach.
Zerachia HaLevi then emphasized that the belief in the Messiah is a principle of faith by which the midrashim must be interpreted. Thus he rejected the attempt to produce arguments against the principle of the Messiah from the midrash, for the interpretation must use the principle of faith to elucidate the midrash, not the reverse.
In April, Geronimo summarized the disputation according to his own understanding, and thus ended the exchange over the matter of the Messiah.
Debate over the Talmud
Discussion turned to a new topic, around which revolved the earlier Disputation of Paris of 1240: "the errors, heresies, defilements, and blasphemies against the Christian religion" found in the Talmud. At this point, the Jews apparently decided that it is better for them to keep quiet, and said that although they are convinced that the sages of the Talmud would know how to defend their words, they do not know how to do so. Yosef Albo and Zerachia HaLevi did not participate in this communication and agreed to respond, but their responses are not known.
Geronimo demanded to burn the Talmud. He used the dispute over the works of Maimonides, which ended with the burning of his books, to justify burning a book even if only a small part of it is heretical.
It seems that most of the Jewish religious leaders reached the conclusion that a continuation of the disputation would exact a heavy cost and that the harm brought in their absence upon their communities and families was intolerable, so they decided to end it at all costs. It is not known what those among them who decided to continue said in the remainder, and in December 1414 the disputation was formally concluded.
Results
Benedict claimed victory and he gave instructions by which all books of the Talmud would be handed over to his functionaries for censorship. Compulsory conversions of the Jews continued, although they were not given official encouragement. However, Jews who were coerced into becoming Christian could, if they wished, return to their own religion. Vincent Ferrer passed through the communities and compelled the Jews to hear his sermons, then took his campaign north to France in 1416; that year a new king, Alfonso V, took to the throne in Aragon, and subsequently reversed all the anti-Jewish legislation of the Ferrer epoch, protecting the Jews and conversos firmly from the start of his reign and rejecting all attacks on them.
Most of the damage caused as a result of the disputation was to morale. Aragon Jewry suffered a hard blow and many of its dignitaries and wealthy converted. The feeling was that the Jews had gotten the worst of it in the confrontation with Geronimo. After the fact, Isaac Abrabanel criticized the weakness of the arguments brought forward by the Jewish religious leaders, but it appears that under their duress, their ability to succeed was more limited.
See also
Disputation of Barcelona (1263)
Disputation of Paris (1240)
History of the Jews in Spain
Converso
Marrano
Allahdad
1910 Shiraz blood libel
Christianity and Judaism
Further readingBen Yehudim le-Notsrim : Yehudim ṿe-Notsrim be-Maʻarav Eropah ʻad reshit ha-ʻet ha-ḥadashah , Tel-Aviv : ha-Universiṭah ha-petuḥah, c1993-1998. Vol. 3 and 5. and
Bobichon, Philippe, Yosef Albo, Sefer ha-‘Iqqarim [« Livre des Principes »], III, 25 : Un chapitre de la controverse judéo-chétienne dans l’Espagne du XVe siècle (texte hébreu traduction, commentaires), Madrid, CSIC, 2015 online
Lasker, Daniel J., Jewish philosophical polemics against Christianity in the Middle Ages, New York 1977
Maccoby, Hyam., Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages, Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1993.
Rauschenbach, Sina, "Joseph Albo, der Messias und die Disputation von Tortosa." In: Medieval Forms of Argument: Disputation and Debate''. Hrsg. Georgiana Donavin, Carol Poster, and Richard Utz. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2002. pp. 53–66.
References
1413 in Europe
1414 in Europe
15th century in Catalonia
15th century in Aragon
Christian antisemitism in the Middle Ages
Criticism of Christianity
Tortosa
Jewish Spanish history
Jewish–Christian debate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation%20of%20Tortosa |
Planet's Edge is a 1992 space science fiction role-playing video game developed by New World Computing with Eric Hyman as the lead designer. The game's plot centers on investigating the sudden disappearance of planet Earth, by venturing out into the universe from a Moon base. There are two main play modes: real-time exploration and combat using various spacecraft, and turn-based exploration, problem solving, and combat on the surface of dozens of planets. The game features a variety of objects, weapons, and missions, though it lacks any detailed experience or stats system for the four characters the player controls.
Plot
Just prior to the start of the game, a mysterious alien spaceship approaches the Earth to conduct an experiment which goes terribly wrong and causes the Earth to disappear into a wormhole trap. A scientific research team based on the Moon determines that the only way to bring the Earth and all its inhabitants back involves recreating this failed experiment. Unfortunately, the experimental apparatus, called the Centauri Drive, has been destroyed in this accident. Nonetheless, Moonbase scientists are able to salvage enough technology from the wrecked alien craft to construct their own rudimentary spaceship. A four-member scientific team commanded by the player is put together to find and obtain the parts necessary to rebuild the Centauri Drive and thereby save the Earth. This is the primary goal of the game.
The story begins in the Solar System, but the fictional setting encompasses over a hundred stars and their associated planets and civilizations in the surrounding galaxy. The game world divides the interstellar space surrounding the Sun into eight sectors characterized by particular alien civilizations possessing varying degrees of technological sophistication. Each of the eight sectors is associated with a particular subplot which must be solved in order to gain access to each of the eight pieces necessary to complete the construction of the Centauri Drive.
Gameplay
The game begins on Moonbase with the player in command of a spaceship crewed by a four-member scientific team. Here the player has the options of allocating available resources to the construction of new spaceships, weapons or other items, or of cloning crew members. Cloning randomly changes the statistical values assigned to the attributes and skills of the four team members commanded by the player; it does not change their identities. These statistics remain constant throughout the game unless the team members are subsequently re-cloned.
Once a spaceship has been outfitted and launched, the player controls it in real-time from an overhead, third-person, perspective by issuing commands to team members selected from a menu. The ship can travel from one solar system to another and can be maneuvered into orbit around various planets. Some planets have useful resources which can be mined from orbit or locations to which the four member team can beam down. Along the way, other alien spaceships may be encountered. Some offer opportunities for trade or obtaining information, but others have piratical or hostile intentions. If combat ensues, it is resolved in an action sequence similar to that found in Starflight or Star Control in which the player must destroy the attacking vessels.
When a planet with a suitable beam-down location is encountered, the four person scientific team may beam down and explore it. The player controls the team members from an overhead isometric view similar to that used in a number of other role-playing video games including Ultima VI. Movement, interaction with objects and non-player characters, and ground combat are all turn-based. Commands are issued to team members via a selection of clickable icons displayed on the screen or hotkeys.
An important aspect of gameplay involves mining planets for resources and acquiring new technology for the purpose of constructing more powerful ships, weapons and armor. These items allow the player to venture successfully into the more technologically advanced sectors and obtain all parts necessary to complete the construction of the Centauri Device.
Development
This game evolved from an effort to develop a computer adaptation of Star Fleet Battles. Following Neal Hallford's work on Tunnels & Trolls: Crusaders of Khazan, he was promoted to designer by New World Computing founder Jon Van Caneghem and was tasked with beginning development on both Planet's Edge and Might and Magic III: Isles of Terra. However, Ron Bolinger was later brought in to complete the design of Might and Magic III so that Hallford could focus his efforts on Planet's Edge'''s story, dialogue and game maps.
Reception
In the July 1992 issue of Computer Gaming World, reviewer Chris Lombardi referred to Planet's Edge as a "solid, charming game with a few lumps in the dough". He commended its "rich story, good play balance and many hours of game play", but also drew attention to a few bugs in the game mechanics and shortcomings in the game's graphics and user interface. In another review published in PC Magazine, Barry Brenesal is generally positive about the game, but considers its "single weak element" to be its handling of ground character movement. On planetary excursions, team members often become separated when the party is traveling through doors or corridors with multiple paths. Reviewer Scott A. May, writing for Compute!, declared the game to be a "minor masterpiece of size, imagination, and diversity of play" marred by a "few rough spots" including "a clumsy, limited character interface" for controlling team members during planetary exploration. The game was also reviewed in 1992 in Dragon #182 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 4 out of 5 stars.
It was nominated in November 1992 for Computer Gaming World'''s role-playing game of the year award because it "reveals new creativity in the types of worlds to be explored and puzzles to be solved."
References
External links
1992 video games
DOS games
FM Towns games
NEC PC-9801 games
New World Computing games
Role-playing video games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by George Sanger
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%27s%20Edge |
The Workplace Relations Act 1996 was an Australian law regarding workplace conditions and rights passed by the Howard government after it came into power in 1996. It replaced the previous Labor Government's Industrial Relations Act 1988, and commenced operation on 1 January 1997. In 2005, the Howard government passed the Workplace Relations Amendment Act 2005 which came into effect on 27 March 2006 and substantially amended the original Act, bringing in the WorkChoices changes to Australian labour law. The Act was repealed on 1 July 2009 by the Fair Work Act 2009 passed by the Rudd Labor Government, and superseded by the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009.
Provisions
The Act provided for the continuation of the existing federal award system which provided a minimum set of terms and conditions for employment. It kept the previous Australian Industrial Relations Commission, which continued to determine federal awards but whose determinations were restricted to consideration of just 20 "allowable award matters", namely:
classification of employees
hours of work
rates of pay
piece rates, tallies and bonuses
various forms of leave (e.g. annual and long service leave)
public holidays
allowances
penalty rates
redundancy pay
notice of termination
dispute settling procedures
stand down provisions
jury service
pay and conditions
Some of its provisions upon first being enacted included:
the introduction of Australian Workplace Agreements, a form of individual contract which can override collective agreements;
expansion of the use of enterprise bargaining agreements;
a reduction of the allowable matters in federal awards to 20;
restrictions on union activity; and
outlawing closed shops.
Associated regulations
The original regulations associated with the Act, the Workplace Relations Regulations 1996, were repealed and replaced with the Workplace Relations Regulations 2006 in order to accommodate the WorkChoices amendments to the Workplace Relations Act 1996 introduced on 27 March 2006. Those regulations were themselves repealed when the Fair Work Act 2009 commenced on 1 July 2009.
References
1996 in Australian law
Australian labour law
Acts of the Parliament of Australia
Minimum wage law
1996 in politics
Industrial agreements
1996 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace%20Relations%20Act%201996 |
Saint-Servan (; often abbreviated as St. Servan; ) is a town of western France, in Brittany, situated 2 miles from the ferry port of Saint-Malo. It is renowned for its shops and restaurants.
History
In June 1758, during the Seven Years' War, British troops captured Saint-Servan as part of the Raid on St Malo. The British burnt 30 privateers and a hundred other ships before they withdrew.
Its population in 1906 was 1,965. A trolleybus service to Saint Malo was introduced that year by Tracteurs Electrique Bretons. They used an electrobus designed by Louis Lombard-Gérin. It followed the route of the existing tramway. Although the route was extended to Paramé in April 1907, the service was scrapped on 5 June 1907.
The commune of Saint-Servan was merged with Paramé, into the commune of Saint-Malo in 1967. Originally, the area was known as Aleth, whose first bishop was the 5th century Saint Malo.
Today, Catholic pilgrims can visit the House of the Cross at Saint-Servan where Saint Jeanne Jugan performed her charitable works for the Little Sisters of the Poor.
Miscellaneous
Louis Duchesne (1843-1922), historian and writer.
Notes
References
Saint-Malo
Former communes of Ille-et-Vilaine
Curiosolitae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Servan |
Emily (Émilie in the original) is a cartoon series broadcast on Antenne 2's Récré A2 block in 1979. The cartoon follows the adventures of Emily, a little girl who wears only red. It is based on the Émilie book series, written and illustrated by Domitille de Pressensé.
Emily has a pet hedgehog named Humphrey (Arthur in the French version). Other characters include Emily's cousins Alexander and Nicholas, her English friend Gregory, her friend Chloe, her little sister Pat (Elise in France), her big brother Stephen and his friends William and Sydney.
The episodes show Emily facing her fears (fear of the dark, bed-wetting, and the hospital), managing relationships (jealousy of her sister), as well as playing and having fun (playing hide-and-seek, going to the circus).
Emily was broadcast in the United States as part of Nickelodeon's preschool series Pinwheel beginning in 1981. A new CGI Émilie series was released in 2012, consisting of 52 episodes.
References
Links and references
IMDB entry on Émilie
1979 French television series debuts
1979 French television series endings
French television shows based on children's books
France 2
French children's animated television series
1970s French animated television series
2012 French television series debuts
2010s French animated television series
Animated television series about children | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20%28TV%20series%29 |
The Gulating Court of Appeal () is one of six courts of appeal in the Kingdom of Norway. The Court is located in the city of Bergen. The court has jurisdiction over the counties of Vestland and Rogaland plus Sirdal Municipality in Agder county. These areas constitute the Gulating judicial district (). This court can rule on both civil and criminal cases that are appealed from one of its subordinate district courts. Court decisions can be, to a limited extent, appealed to the Supreme Court of Norway. There are 33 permanent judges seated on this court. The chief judicial officer of the court () is currently Magni Elsheim (as of 2016). The court is administered by the Norwegian National Courts Administration.
Location
The Court has its seat at in the city of Bergen, the largest city in Western Norway. The courthouse is located next to the Bergen city hall (). Additionally, the Court permanently sits in the city of Stavanger at the Stavanger Court House. The Court may also sit in other places within its jurisdiction as needed.
Jurisdiction
This court accepts appeals from all of the district courts from its geographic jurisdiction. This court is divided into judicial regions () and there is one or more district courts () that belongs to each of these regions.
History
The court has its historical roots originating with the Gulating, one of the first Norwegian legislative assemblies or Þing, which was established before the year 900. This old assembly remained in operation until 1797 when the courts were changed. A new court law went into effect on 1 January 1890 which re-established the Gulating Court of Appeal which included all of Bergen, Søndre Bergenhus, Nordre Bergenhus, and Romsdalen counties. In 1892, some courts were consolidated and this court gained all of the county of Stavanger. On 1 January 1907, all of Trøndelag was added to the court as well, and at that time, the name of the court was changed to Gula- og Frostating Court of Appeal. On 1 July 1936, the northern part of the jurisdiction (Trøndelag and Møre og Romsdal) was separated to become the new Frostating Court of Appeal and the southern part continued as the Gulating Court of Appeal (using the old name again).
See also
Courts of Justice of Norway
References
External links
Bergen Courthouse website
Main site for the courts of Norway
Organisations based in Bergen
Courts of appeal of Norway
1890 establishments in Norway
Courts and tribunals established in 1890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulating%20Court%20of%20Appeal |
Wilfred Shingleton (January 24, 1914 – June, 1983) was an English art director. He enjoyed a distinguished career in the British film industry from his debut in 1937. Some of his early assignments were several George Formby vehicles – hugely popular with wartime audiences.
His career really kicked off into a higher gear in 1947 when he won the Academy Award for his atmospheric sets for David Lean's Great Expectations.
This led to a string of high-profile projects, including Anna Karenina (1948), The African Queen (1951) and Beat the Devil (1953), both for director John Huston, Hobson's Choice (1954) and Tunes of Glory (1960).
He won a BAFTA for the wartime flying epic The Blue Max in 1966, after which he moved seamlessly into the world of TV, working on the stylish hit series The Avengers.
He received an Emmy nomination for the miniseries Holocaust in 1978, winning the award two years later for the TV movie Gauguin the Savage. His last film – for which he received a BAFTA nomination – was the Merchant Ivory film Heat and Dust in 1983.
Selected filmography
The Fortunate Fool (1933)
It's in the Air (1938)
Trouble Brewing (1939)
The Four Just Men (1939)
Great Expectations (1946)
The Cure for Love (1949)
Shadow of the Eagle (1950)
The Rival of the Empress (1951)
The African Queen (1951)
Who Goes There! (1952)
Beat the Devil (1953)
Hobson's Choice (1954)
Carrington V.C. (1955)
Port Afrique (1956)
I was Monty's Double (1958)
The Pure Hell of St. Trinian's (1960)
The Innocents (1961)
The Blue Max (1966)
The Avengers (TV series)(six episodes) (1967)
The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967)
Macbeth (1971)
Endless Night (1972)
The Lady Vanishes (1979)
Eye of the Needle (1981)
Heat and Dust (1983)
External links
1914 births
1983 deaths
Best Art Direction Academy Award winners
Best Production Design BAFTA Award winners
British film designers
English art directors
English film directors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred%20Shingleton |
FANY may refer to:
First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), a British all-female charity formed in 1907
Hwanhee (born 1982), South Korean singer and actor, also known as Fany
Tiffany Hwang (born 1989), of South Korean band Girl's Generation
Nancy Estefania Zamora Garcia
See also
Fanny (disambiguation)
Fannie
Fani (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FANY |
Melbourne Polytechnic, formerly NMIT, is an institute of higher education and vocational education (TAFE) located in Melbourne, Australia that has been operating since around 1910.
In October 2014, the institute was renamed to Melbourne Polytechnic, aided by a $19 million grant from the Victorian Government.
A wide selection of study options in vocational education are offered from short courses, pre-apprenticeships, apprenticeships and traineeships through to certificates, diplomas, advanced diplomas, and onto higher education, tertiary degrees under the Australian Qualifications Framework. In 2013, there were 511 Full Time Equivalent (FTE) teaching staff and 348.5 (FTE) support staff employed by Melbourne Polytechnic delivering over 500 courses. There were 50,203 total enrollments as of November 2014 including 6,284 off-shore students at overseas partner institutions.
Melbourne Polytechnic is the largest provider of primary industry training in Victoria and one of the largest in Australia offering a diverse range of courses from practical short-courses to a Bachelor of Agriculture and Technology focusing on Viticulture, Agronomy and Agribusiness.
Management and organisation structure
Melbourne Polytechnic is managed by a board of eleven directors appointed by the Victorian State Government with the Chief Executive appointed by the board. Recent Chief Executives (CE) appointments have included Brian MacDonald (1988 – March 2012), Dr Andrew Giddy (March 2012 to March 2014), Ron Gauci (March 2014 – April 2015) and Rob Wood (from May 2015 – September 2017). On 20 October 2017, Frances Coppolillo was appointed as Chief Executive.
Currently, the CE has six direct reports comprising Academic Operations; Curriculum Innovation and Teaching Excellence; Student Engagement, International and Community Partnerships; Strategy, Performance and Governance; People and Corporate Services; and Infrastructure, Sustainability and Precincts.
Faculties
Melbourne Polytechnic is structured with four faculties each containing a number of Vocational education and training (VET) Teaching Departments and Higher Education (Master, Bachelor and associate degrees and higher education diploma) programs. During 2014, under the interim CEO leadership of Ron Gauci, the Institute undertook a major restructure reducing the teaching faculties from six to four. An International Office coordinates enrolment and services provided to international students studying at Melbourne Polytechnic. Many of the bachelor's degree courses have associate degrees embedded within them for an interim qualification and exit point after 2 years study.
Courses
Short courses
Short vocational courses are offered in a variety of areas including: Beauty, Drafting, Multimedia, Hospitality, HR, IT, massage, Office Administration, Welding, Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) and Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE), Computer Aided Drafting (CAD), and Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) and Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP). Courses in IELTS – International English Language Testing system – are run from Preston and Collingwood campuses to enhance the English skills of students from non-English speaking backgrounds, particularly international students.
Certificate and diploma courses
As a major vocational education provider in Melbourne Melbourne Polytechnic offers Certificate, Diploma and Advanced Diploma Courses across all Faculties and teaching departments with many of the courses open for international students to enrol.
Degree courses
In 2002 the Victorian Education Minister, Lynne Kosky, announced that TAFEs would be able to offer bachelor's degrees in specialised vocational areas not catered for by universities. Legislation was passed in 2003 and NMIT became the first Victorian TAFE to offer an undergraduate degree in 2004: The Bachelor of Applied Aquaculture course with the first students enrolling at the start of 2005.
Melbourne Polytechnic has since added undergraduate degree courses in Viticulture and Winemaking (2006), Equine Studies (2006), Australian Popular Music (2007), Hospitality Management (2008), Illustration (2008), Accounting (2011), and two in Early Years Education (2011). In 2012 new bachelor's degrees are being launched in Business, Information Technology, and Music Industry.
Associate Degrees are also offered in Accounting, Agriculture and Technology, Business, Early Years Studies, Equine Studies, Illustration, Information Technology, International Business, and International Business Management, Music, Music Industry, Writing and Publishing, and Tertiary Studies.
The 2014 Annual report states that two new master's degree courses have been accredited by the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) for delivery: in Creative Industries, and Practising and Professional Accounting.
Bachelor of Accounting
Bachelor and associate degree program in Accounting started in 2011, with a particular focus on a sustainability and environmental management.
Bachelor of Agriculture and Technology – Aquaculture
The Bachelor of Aquaculture at Melbourne Polytechnic was the first full-time course in applied aquaculture and aquatic environmental management at the bachelor's degree level to be offered by a Victorian TAFE institute. Aquaculture research has included captive breeding of Murray Cod and biodiesel from microalgae as part of this degree program. In 2014 this degree became the Bachelor of Agriculture and Technology, delivered by Melbourne Polytechnic, but accredited by La Trobe University.
Bachelor of Agriculture and Technology – Viticulture and Winemaking
Melbourne Polytechnic has been running wine training at its Epping campus since 1993 and in the Yarra Valley since 1994. The Bachelor of Viticulture and Winemaking degree commenced in February 2006 using the marketing label of Australian College of Wine, established by NMIT in 2001 to enable state-of-the-art training in viticulture, winemaking and hospitality. This label was discontinued in favour of the Northern Estates label, launched in 2010. In 2014 this degree became the Bachelor of Agriculture and Technology, delivered by Melbourne Polytechnic, but accredited by La Trobe University.
Bachelor of Agriculture and Technology – Agronomy, Bachelor of Agriculture and Technology – Agribusiness
The former Bachelor of Agriculture and Land Management degree was reformulated in 2014 as the Bachelor of Agriculture and Technology, delivered by Melbourne Polytechnic, but accredited by La Trobe University. It has majors in Agronomy and Agribusiness.
Bachelor of Built Environment
A new degree in architecture launched in the second semester of 2015.
Bachelor of Business
The Bachelor of Business commenced enrolments in 2012.
Bachelor of Education (Early Years), Bachelor of Early Years Studies
In 2011 the Institute offered 2 Bachelor's degrees in early childhood education: a 4-year Bachelor of Education (Early Years) degree, a 3-year Bachelor of Early Years Studies, and a 2-year associate degree in Early Years Studies. They are the first training courses run by a TAFE Institute in Victoria that has achieved registration with the Victorian Institute of Teaching.
Bachelor of Equine Studies
The degree in Equine studies has been hailed as the first course of its kind in Australia and a forerunner in higher education needed to professionalise the equine industry. Previous courses were only available at the Certificate or Diploma level at a variety of regional TAFEs. The course is based at Melbourne Polytechnic's thoroughbred stud, Northern Lodge, north of Melbourne, which has sold its yearlings for up to $125,000 as part of its commercial activities. Northern Lodge was established in 1993 comprising plus an adjoining property on a long term-lease for the stud farm, training track and a vineyard.
Bachelor of Engineering Technology (Civil)
Civil Engineering bachelor and associate degree course program delivered from 2014.
Bachelor of Hospitality Management
The Bachelor of Hospitality Management commenced in 2008. The course integrates hospitality management and business management, and utilises Melbourne Polytechnic's specialist hospitality industry facilities and resources in conjunction with Hospitality Certificate and Diploma level courses.
Bachelor of Information Technology
The Bachelor of Information Technology commenced enrolments in 2012.
Bachelor of Music
The 3-year bachelor's degree include studies in jazz, classical, pop/rock, and world music and is structured around four strands : music tools and language; music practice; applying music technology and music and culture; and creativity and the music business. The course is taught by musicians and music educators: Eugene Ball and Adrian Sherriff. It joins the other music industry courses at the Certificate, Diploma and Advanced Diploma levels that have been offered by Melbourne Polytechnic since 1986 in sound production, music business, and music performance. Melbourne Polytechnic has also introduced online courses in Songwriting, Arranging and Copyright for musicians which are units in its National Music Training Package.
Bachelor of Music Industry
The three-year Bachelor of Music Industry degree was launched in 2011, with ARIA award-winning musician Greg Arnold as the first academic program head. Students are able to select a major to specialise in including songwriting, sound production or music management.
Associate Degree of Veterinary Nursing
In 2015 Melbourne Polytechnic launched an associate degree of Veterinary Nursing based at the Epping campus, with new Veterinary training facilities. While Veterinary Nursing degrees have been offered for about 14 years in Great Britain, this is the first of its type to be presented in Australia.
Myerscough College in the UK advised upon and reviewed the degree program materials for the course. An agreement with the Lort Smith Animal Hospital in North Melbourne provides clinical placements and an end of course internship program for students.
Master of Creative Industries
The Master of Creative Industries curriculum model is based upon three thematic streams. These are (1) Entrepreneurship and Commercialisation (2), Applied Creative Research and (3) Creative Practice and Interdisciplinarity.
Official/authorised test centres
Melbourne Polytechnic has two official test centres.
IELTS (International English Language Testing System) for IELTS-General and IELTS-Academic English proficiency tests at the Preston campus, with offsite some offsite testing..
Pearson VUE – offering tests in PTE-Academic, CPA, CCNA, ICND1, ICND2, MSCE . Other tests are offered from time to time.
Graduation colours
At the yearly graduation ceremony graduates (Diploma and above) are presented their qualification in academic dress. The Melbourne Polytechnic board approved the following colours to represent the different fields of study (colour samples are approximate):
International partnerships
Melbourne Polytechnic is a global vocational education and training provider and offers qualifications in partnership with institutions in China, Hong Kong, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, The Republic of Korea, India, Pakistan, Columbia and New Zealand. Students graduated in 2009 from NMIT programs at the following partner universities and colleges: Dalian Jiaotong University, Hangzhou Vocational and Technology College, Insurance Professional College, IEN-Start Institute Minjiang University, Jiyuan Vocational College, Luoyang University, Nanchang Hangkong University, Ocean University of China, Shandong Economic University, Sichuan College of Architectural Technology, Suzhou Vocational College, Taiyuan University of Technology, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Yunnan Institute of Information Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhongshan College, Huainan Normal University, Hong Kong Universal Education, Ansan College of Technology, Changshin College, Kunjang College, Suncheon Cheongam College, Saekyung College.
In 2014, 2,617 students graduated from offshore partner institutes in China, Hong Kong and Korea. In 2015, offshore graduates numbered 2,293.
History
The direct antecedents of Melbourne Polytechnic are Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE, and further back in time Preston College of TAFE and Collingwood College of TAFE which amalgamated in 1988. The new organisation was called Northern Metropolitan College of TAFE. Initial campuses were at Preston, Collingwood and Parkville with the Institute developing new campuses at Heidelberg, Greensborough and Epping. Other organisations have sometimes taken the NMIT acronym to mean Northern Metropolitan Institute of Technology, however this has never been an official title.
The Epping Campus was developed and built in 1992. At the time the Institute were planning delivery of part-time, night-time horticulture programs. The Victorian Government, as part of a policy direction, stipulated courses needed to be also delivered in agriculture. From that point NMIT developed the resources to become the pre-eminent agricultural training
organisation in Victoria by 2005.
Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE
A further name change to Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE occurred in 1996, with the NMIT acronym adopted in 1999. Training centres at Eden Park and Yan Yean were developed. In 2002 a campus was opened in Ararat on the site of the Aradale Mental Hospital, and a new training centre at Yarra Glen in the Yarra Valley region. In 2004 the Parkville campus closed and a new campus opened at Fairfield on the site of the Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital.
In 2005 NMIT upgraded its telephone system from a Fujitsu telephone branched exchange to a full internet telephony network at a cost of about A$5 million. To enhance its negotiating power and technical support base for implementing a Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) system, NMIT lead a consortium of regional TAFEs (Gordon Institute of TAFE from Geelong, Bendigo Regional Institute of TAFE, Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE and Wodonga Institute of TAFE) in migrating to the new telephony system.
The first Higher Education graduates from NMIT Bachelor's degree programs were awarded their bachelor's degrees in Applied Aquaculture, Viticulture and Winemaking and Equine Studies at the 2009 NMIT Graduation Ceremony.
In the wake of the shakeup in Government funding to TAFE Victoria in 2012, NMIT is negotiating sale of its Greensborough campus and purchase of Swinburne University's Prahran campus in 2013. In the agreement signed with Swinburne University on 2 August 2013, NMIT will develop the campus as a precinct for creative arts. NMIT plans an initial 60 courses to be run from the campus from 2014. The National Institute of Circus Arts and Gymnastics Australia will remain as tenants on the site.
With the continued delivery of a range of Associate and bachelor's degree programs to complement its vocational education courses, NMIT indicated in 2013 that it is moving toward Polytechnic University status. In August 2013 NMIT and La Trobe University announced the establishment of Melbourne Polytechnic based at Prahan Campus.
Collingwood Technical School
The antecedents of Melbourne Polytechnic date back to a trade skills crisis in Victoria in the initial years of the twentieth century resulting in the passing of the 1910 Education Act No 2301 in the Victorian Parliament. This act allowed the establishment of technical schools.
Collingwood Technical School was established in July 1912 at 35 Johnston street. The bluestone buildings were originally built during the gold rush period in 1853 as the Collingwood Town Hall and Court House. Initial subjects studied included preliminary carpentry and pattern-making, plumbing, engineering, sheet iron work and bricklaying with students studying 2 hours per night, 3 nights a week.
Juniors enrolled at the start of 1913, and the school was classified as a trades school by the Victorian Education Department, offering courses in carpentry, fitting and turning, plumbing, bricklaying and plastering. Two years later electrical wiring and electrical and mechanical engineering were introduced.
During the First World War the school was also used for retraining returning servicemen.
In 1935, the junior school was the largest technical school in Melbourne with 788 enrolments, and with a total enrolment of 1769, but the establishment of Preston Technical School in 1937 reduced subsequent demand.
The school was renamed Collingwood Technical College in 1968.
To address a shortage of skilled gardeners, the college started its horticultural studies program at Parkville in 1979, with an initial 96 apprentices enrolled. The following year, 1980, the new nine-story Otter Street Campus building was completed. The school had 8000 full-time and part-time students enrolled in TAFE courses at Collingwood.
The Minister of Education announced the closure of the school at the end of 1987 citing falling enrolments from 800 in 1963 to 200 in 1985, to 100 in 1987.
Preston Technical School
The Victorian Government opened the Preston Technical School in 1937 on land provided by Preston Council on St Georges Rd, and also supported by Northcote Council. After World War Two substantial expansion occurred with new workshop premises opened in 1947, followed by a Girls' Technical School in the mid 1950s. In 1951 Preston was the largest technical school in Victoria.
The 1950s also saw the introduction of the Preston Diploma School offering tertiary Diploma courses in engineering and science. By 1977 the combined school offered 100 courses. By 1987 the school was known as Preston College of TAFE and had 17,000 students enrolled prior to its amalgamation with Collingwood Technical College in 1988 to form the Northern Metropolitan College of TAFE.
Building B on Preston Campus, that fronts St Georges Road, has been listed on the Victorian Heritage Database for its local historic, aesthetic and social significance to Darebin City. The listing states:
Historically, the school provides evidence of the educational faciliies established to meet the educational needs of the growing municipalities of Northcote and Preston in the Inter-war years. It is also significant as a place that illustrates the development of technical colleges during the inter-war period. It is significant as an example of a school designed under the direction of notable Chief Architect, Percy Everett. Architecturally, the former Preston Technical College is a relatively intact and good example of a substantial Education Department secondary school building from the Inter-war years. The Stripped Classical composition of its east (St Georges Road) elevation is of note, which is layered with materials and embellishment that are found on Moderne and Mediterranean style buildings, creating an interesting hybrid of styles."
Campuses
The institute's main campus and administration is located at Preston on St Georges Road.
Preston
Set on the site of Preston Technical School, this campus offers a variety of courses and facilities, including a Gym and football oval. Courses include information technology, hospitality and tourism, business and office administration, massage and hairdressing. The Hospitality Department runs a Tourism and Hospitality Training Centre which provides training bars, commercial kitchens and a simulated hotel foyer, front desk, hotel suite and the St Georges Restaurant and bistro which is run as a successful commercial venture.
The Centre of Excellence for Students who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing is based at the Preston Campus. The centre was set up in 1993 by the Office of Training and Further Education (OTFE), later renamed Skills Victoria. The Centre's aim is to provide leadership, support and research to the Vocational Education and Training (VET) sector on the needs of Deaf and hard of hearing students in Victoria.
Collingwood
Located in an 8-storey tower in Otter Street, close to Smith Street, the Collingwood campus offers courses in information technology, multimedia, video production, hairdressing and contains the International Students office. A Cafeteria is located on the 3rd floor along with the Level 3 Bistro which hospitality students run during term times. IELTS testing was conducted at Collingwood until 2016, off-site testing is conducted on market demand. The campus also features an industry standard high definition television broadcast studio. The campus temporarily shares its space with the Academy of Design Australia, a privately owned design college belonging to LaSalle College, before its relocation to Oxford Street, Collingwood.
The campus was temporarily closed in October 2022 to be renovated, with an expected opening date in early 2024.
Fairfield
Fairfield Campus is located on the site of the former Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital, and many of the hospital's original buildings converted for student use. Facilities at the Fairfield Campus include photography studios and darkrooms, recording studios and fully equipped computer laboratories. Courses in illustration, visual arts, performing arts, Music Business and horticulture are based at Fairfield.
In 2008 and 2009 work was undertaken in redeveloping the old nurses quarters for student residential accommodation. Yarra House on Fairfield campus was officially opened for residential student accommodation in 2010. A common room is named after Vivian Bullwinkel, an Australian Army nurse and later the Director of Nursing at the Fairfield Hospital.
There is an AIDS Memorial Garden located in parklands adjacent to the campus where the ashes of at least 50 people are scattered. The garden was established on 22 April 1988 as a
place of tranquillity and respite for patients in the AIDS Ward at the former Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital and their families and friends.Fairfield Campus Parkland and AIDS Memorial Garden Management Plan, NMIT website. Retrieved 7 October 2009
Greensborough
The Greensborough Campus has gardens which are developed and maintained by students of the Landscape Gardening course.
The campus was closed in 2013 with management citing declining enrolments at the campus as the reason. Labor leader Daniel Andrews promised to re-open the campus during the 2014 Victorian state election, either by Melbourne Polytechnic or another training provider.
Heidelberg
The Heidelberg campus contains the Manufacturing, Engineering and Building Industry Training Centre which was custom built in 1994. The technologically advanced training facilities provides workshops for each trade area allowing students to learn in an environment similar to real work situations using equipment and fittings donated by industry. The plumbing training facilities are recognised as a national industry benchmark including a plumbing sandpit, simulated house stations and an advanced gas training laboratory.
Melbourne Polytechnic provides the only locksmithing apprenticeship course in Victoria at its Heidelberg campus which attracts students from as far afield as Tasmania, South Australia, the Northern Territory and New Zealand. The Heidelberg Technical Education Centre (TEC), one of four in Victoria, opened at NMIT Heidelberg campus in May 2010.
Epping
The campus was initially developed in 1992 with State Government funding. NMIT has become the largest provider in Victoria of training to the agriculture sector with courses delivered from the Epping Campus located on Melbourne's northern rural fringe. Epping Campus is home to award-winning courses in beef, goat, sheep and grain production. The campus also has welding workshops, a forklift training area, glass houses for herb production, a winery and hosts one of Victoria's few indoor recirculating aquaculture facilities. Students at courses at Epping also use the training facilities of a farm at Yan Yean and Northern Lodge, a 60 hectare horse stud and 8 hectare vineyard at Eden Park.
Green Skills Centre
The Epping campus has been home to Melbourne Polytechnic's centre for Renewable Energy and Sustainability with state-of-the-art facilities for courses in renewable energy. In 2009/2010 a Green Skills Centre of Excellence was constructed on the Campus with $9.5million of Federal Government funding.NMIT announces new $9.5 million training centre for ‘Green Collar’ workers. , Media Release, NMIT website. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009
The building was opened in November 2010 and features green building design; renewable energy sources including Geothermal heat pump for heating and cooling and solar panels (25 kW); Rainwater harvesting and recycling; green concrete with low cement content; and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) timber. Eighty per cent of the construction waste was recycled. The building has a Green Building Council of Australia GreenStar rating of 5 signifying 'Australian Excellence' in sustainable building design. The building is used for a range of courses teaching sustainable practices and technologies including in "carbon trading, solar power and solar water heating, wind power generation, geothermal exchange heating and cooling, blackwater and greywater treatment, rainwater harvesting, waste management and waste recycling, water resources management for horticulture, and agricultural and horticultural land conservation."
Prahran
In the wake of the reduction in Government funding support for the TAFE sector during 2012, Swinburne University of Technology indicated it wished to sell its Prahran and Lilydale campuses. After a period of due diligence, on 2 August 2013, NMIT signed an agreement to effect the transfer of the Prahran Campus from Swinburne University with in-principle state Government agreement, and to develop the site as a creative industries training precinct. As part of the agreement the National Institute of Circus Arts and Gymnastics Australia will remain as tenants on the site. According to NMIT CEO Andy Giddy, a teaching hotel offering student residential accommodation may be incorporated in the campus redevelopment.
Ararat
In November 2002 a new campus and 30 hectare vineyard and 10 hectare olive grove and olive processing facility was opened at the former Aradale Mental Hospital site near Ararat, near the Pyrenees wine region. The campus was established to provide in Victoria a world-class wine and hospitality training facility. The campus accommodates up to 120 students, focusing on practical aspects of Wine Making, Marketing, Vineyard management and Food Processing (wine) subjects for its Certificate, Diploma and bachelor's degree courses.
Rural training centers
Eden Park
Northern Lodge is Melbourne Polytechnic's 320 hectare farm and horse stud at Eden Park located 40 kilometres north of Melbourne in the foothills of Victoria's Great Dividing Range. The farm provides dedicated training for thoroughbred racing and viticulture. Northern Lodge was established in 1993 and includes irrigated pastures, stables, barn, a 1400 metres running track, and other facilities to enable a high standard of thoroughbred training. The first vineyard was planted by students in 1996 which has grown to 10 hectares including the varieties chardonnay, sauvignon blanc, semillon, riesling, pinot noir, shiraz, cabernet sauvignon and merlot.
During 2011 there have been community protests to stop the Eden Park Kangaroo Cull on the Melbourne Polytechnic Eden Park property.Cheryl Balfour, Eden Park roo activists still hopping mad , Whittlesea Leader, 13 September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
Yan Yean
Melbourne Polytechnic operates a fully operational farming property at Yan Yean which is located 25 kilometres north of Melbourne. The 200 hectare property is dedicated to training students in cattle and deer farming, aquaculture and the production of medicinal herbs and essential oils.
Yarra Glen
Melbourne Polytechnic has 12 hectares of Vineyards located at the Yarra Valley Racing Centre, with a 100-tonne winery constructed there in 2003.
Northern Estates wine
In 2001 the Victorian Government provided $7.4 million to NMIT to establish the Australian College of Wine, announcing a new teaching facility with 12 hectares of vines in the Yarra Valley wine region and a new campus and vineyard and olive grove and olive processing facility at the former Aradale Mental Hospital site near Ararat, near the Pyrenees wine region. The College was established to provide in Victoria a world-class wine and hospitality training facility.
Some within the wine industry, such as the Yarra Valley Wine Growers Association, objected to the establishment of the Australian College of Wine, on the grounds that existing institutions: Charles Sturt University at Wagga Wagga in New South Wales, Adelaide University in South Australia and Swinburne University of Technology campus at Lilydale, produced enough graduates for the industry.
The NMIT Australian College of Wine campus at Aradale was officially opened by Education and Training Minister, Lynne Kosky in November 2002. The college accommodates up to 120 students, focusing on practical aspects of Wine Making, Marketing, Vineyard management and Food Processing (wine) subjects for its Certificate, Diploma and bachelor's degree courses.
Melbourne Polytechnic has taught various courses associated with winemaking and viticulture at its Epping campus since 1993 which has a 100 tonne winery a and a licence to market and sell wine. NMIT students planted vines in 1996 at the NMIT owned 470-hectare thoroughbred stud, Northern Lodge, at Eden Park 40 km north of Melbourne. The first vintage was bottled in 1998. The first Gold Medal, for a 2002 Shiraz, was awarded in 2003 at the prestigious Royal Adelaide Wine Show. Numerous wine show awards have since been won for wines produced by NMIT students with the Australian College of Wine.
In 2003 new wineries of 100-tonne at both Eden Park and Yarra Glen and 250-tonne at Aradale were constructed as part of the development of the Australian College of Wine. State and Regional Development Minister John Brumby announced that NMIT would run a $1 billion viticulture training project at Panzhihua University in China's south-west from 2004.
The college was a member of the Grampians Winemakers Association and also was a major sponsor of the annual Grampians Gourmet Food and Wine Festival.
Last mention of the Australian College of Wine was in the 2006 Annual report. The Institute has since stopped marketing under this wine label, instead adopting the Northern Estates wine Label in 2010 when the Institute won a silver medal for a staff/student processed Northern Estates Riesling entered into the 2010 Canberra International Riesling Challenge. The new Northern Estates label was publicly launched at the Cellar Door and Farm Gate event at Southbank Wharf Precinct at Melbourne Food Week during 2010.
Institute awards
2011 – A team of four NMIT cookery students won the Victorian Tafe Cookery Challenge 2010 – Australian Institute of Professional Photography Tertiary Institution of the Year Award
2008 – Australian Institute of Professional Photography Tertiary Institution of the Year Award
2007 Victorian Tourism Awards – Winner of Tourism Education and Training Award, Faculty of Hospitality, Tourism and Personal Services
2006 Best New Centre Award – IELTS Australia
2006 Australian Institute of Professional Photography (AIPP) Tertiary Institute Award
Wines produced by NMIT students have won medals in the Australian Small Winemakers Show, Royal Hobart Wine Show, Royal Melbourne Wine Show, Victorian Wines Show, Royal Adelaide Show.
Alumni
Some of the notable people who have attended NMIT or its antecedents:
Ron Barassi – Australian rules footballer and coach – student at Preston Technical School
Basic shape – folk/pop/indie band whose members attended NMIT music courses
John Englart – citizen journalist
Amy Findlay of Stonefield is a 2010 Music Degree graduate.
Jon Faine – ABC broadcaster
Chris Frangou – Bass player, composer and producer
Frank Gibson – Professor of Biochemistry, Melbourne University, ANU – student at Collingwood Technical College
Neil Harvey – vice-captained Australian cricket team – student at Collingwood Technical School
Bill Lawry – captained Australian cricket team – student at Preston Technical School
Chris Lewis – Circus Oz music director
Arthur Mather (born 1925) cartoonist and novelist – student at Collingwood Technical School
John O'Hagan – Circus Oz music director
Edmond Amendola, David Williams, Adam Donovan – founding members of band Augie March''
Michael Pratt recipient of the George Cross for bravery – student at Preston Technical School
Jasmine Rae – country singer and songwriter
Lou Richards – Australian rules footballer – student at Collingwood Technical School
Ron Richards – Australian rules footballer – student at Collingwood Technical School
Stan Rofe – influential rock'n'roll disc jockey – student at Collingwood Technical School
Tony Spizzica – Australian bass, piano accordion player and music teacher from Elmore in country Victoria
Paul Stoddart – airline magnate – studied at Preston Technical School
Frank Wilkes – politician and Victorian parliamentary Labor leader – student at Preston Technical School
Marcel Yammouni – musical director of Vanessa Amorosi
Deepak Vinayak- Indian Australian Community Leader, Melbourne
References
Australian vocational education and training providers
1912 establishments in Australia
Educational institutions established in 1912
Technical universities and colleges in Australia
TAFE Colleges in Melbourne
Heidelberg, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne%20Polytechnic |
Kay Elizabeth Burley (; born 1960) is an English broadcaster. She is a presenter on Sky News and hosts Kay Burley, the breakfast slot on the channel. She also worked for BBC Local Radio, Tyne Tees Television, and TV-am.
Early life
Born on 17 December 1960, Burley was brought up in Beech Hill, Wigan, Lancashire, the daughter of parents who worked in a cardboard-making factory. She attended Whitley High School (closed 1990).
She began her reporting-career at age 17, working for the Wigan Evening Post and Chronicle.
Broadcasting career
Burley worked for BBC local radio and Tyne Tees Television, before joining TV-am in 1985 as a reporter and occasional newsreader. From 1987, she presented TV-am's first hour, filling in for Caroline Righton and covering for Anne Diamond during their maternity leave.
Burley was recruited by Andrew Neil, and joined Sky Television, launching the Sky One Entertainment Channel in November 1988 with her own documentary, The Satellite Revolution. She moved to the fledgling Sky News in 1988.
She was part of the team that covered the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, on Sky, breaking the news of the princess's death shortly after 5 a.m. on Sunday 31 August 1997. She broke the first UK news of the September 11 attacks, shortly after the first tower had been hit. She fronted Sky News coverage from Sri Lanka following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and subsequent tsunami. In 2005, she was prominent in Sky News's coverage of both the general election and the wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles. In 2013, she fronted the coverage of the birth of Prince George.
Burley is an occasional contributor to the tabloid Sunday Mirror, and in the summer of 2006 appeared occasionally on Channel 5's news bulletins. She has stood in for Iain Dale on his Sunday Politics show on London talk radio station LBC 97.3 and joined LBC Radio on 23 March 2014 along with The Sun's managing editor Stig Abell to present a show from 8 to 11 a.m. on Sundays.
Burley was a contestant for the second series of the ITV reality television show Dancing on Ice, beginning on 20 January 2007. She skated for MacMillan Cancer Care, in memory of her mother, who had died of breast cancer. She gave her appearance fee to the charity. Burley and her partner, Fred Palascak, went out of the show in the fifth week, after competing against actress Clare Buckfield and her partner, Andrei Lipanov. She appeared on the second series of Celebrity Hunted, in 2018.
In September 2018, it was announced that Kay Burley would have her own show on Sky News, The Kay Burley Show.
In September 2019, it was announced that Burley would be moving to breakfast time to host Kay Burley @Breakfast. On 3 October 2019, Burley hosted her final afternoon show on the channel ahead of the first morning slot on 14 October 2019.
On 10 December 2020, Burley was suspended from presenting her eponymous show for six months, because she had breached London's tier 2 coronavirus restrictions. Before then, she had scrutinised those who had broken the rules over the previous six months. On 7 June 2021, Burley returned to the channel with a simple greeting, "it's great to be back", before reporting the news headlines.
Controversies
2008–09
In a 2008 interview with the former girlfriend of serial killer Steve Wright, Burley was criticised for asking her whether, if the couple had enjoyed a better sex life, he would not have committed the crimes.
Images from 2008 show Burley appearing to strangle photographer Kirsty Wigglesworth outside the Naomi Campbell hearing, which a Sky News spokesperson explained by saying "Kay Burley was provoked by a hard hit to the face with a camera." But the Associated Press said: ‘Kirsty is absolutely sure that she’s not the person who bumped Ms Burley with a camera. She was the victim of an unprovoked and inexcusable attack.’
2010–11
In February 2010, Burley apologised to guest Peter Andre who "fought back tears" after she aired comments by Dwight Yorke who criticised Andre after he volunteered to adopt Katie Price's first child (Yorke's son and Andre's stepson) Harvey. Burley wrote in her online blog that Andre consequently "sobbed on my shoulder".
During the 2010 general election, Burley's interview with electoral campaigner David Babbs from 38 Degrees was criticised for "bias and aggressive behaviour". Burley said, in part: Ofcom rejected any complaints over Sky News coverage of the event, despite receiving 2,800 complaints. Burley was subsequently heckled by protestors while reporting from College Green, who continuously chanted "sack Kay Burley", prompting Burley to say "Lots of demonstrators shouting 'fair votes now' – not sure what they mean by that" and "They don't like The Sun, they don't like us, they don't like Rupert".
In September 2010, commenting on the News International phone hacking scandal, part of an exchange between Labour MP Chris Bryant and Burley went viral, whereby Burley asks Bryant to cite information claiming that phone hacking was "endemic" in other newspapers. Bryant did, accusing Burley of being "a bit dim" and saying:
Burley also falsely claimed that if he had changed his PIN, Bryant would not have been hacked. Bryant responded in an article for The Independent, saying that "My PIN had nothing to do with my phone being hacked. Someone phoned Orange, my mobile network provider, and tried to pretend to be me in order to gain access to my voicemails". Bryant has since asked on air for Burley to apologise about the interview.
2012–2015
On 5 October 2012, Burley was accused of insensitivity after she broke the news of the probable death of missing five-year-old April Jones live on air to volunteers who had been assisting in the search for her. The interviewees were unaware that the case had become a murder inquiry.
2015–present
During the 2015 general election, Channel 4 and Ofcom received more than 400 complaints against bias in their treatment against Labour leader Ed Miliband in favour of Conservative leader and Prime Minister David Cameron, including a "town hall" part of the programme which Burley moderated. Burley repeatedly questioned Ed Miliband about his relationship with his brother David, at one point telling him: "Your poor mother".
In June 2015, Burley was criticised through social media for her interview of Nick Varney, the chief executive of Merlin Entertainments. This followed an accident on The Smiler ride at Alton Towers, which led to injuries for 11 of the 16 passengers. Responses to her behaviour dubbed it "disrespectful to everyone involved" and an "outright attack". In response, Burley tweeted "For those concerned I was hard on Alton Towers boss, he'll get over it. Not sure those on his ride will be so quick to recover". Her interview with Varney began a negative reaction over social media, prompting 1,816 complaints to Ofcom and also led to over 55,000 signatures on a petition to have Burley sacked. Ofcom declined to launch a formal investigation into the interview.
In March 2015, Burley repeatedly asked Cerie Bullivant of CAGE how he felt about the beheading of Western hostages by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. When Bullivant left the interview as he believed Burley's question to be "inherently Islamophobic and racist", Burley retorted that it was "nonsense", and told Bullivant to "get over yourself". This prompted 57 complaints to Ofcom, but no action against Burley was taken.
In 2018, during an interview concerning Boris Johnson's remarks about the burqa, Burley drew criticism when she used as an example the lack of visible facial expression of war veteran Simon Weston, who had received severe facial injuries in the Falklands War.
In December 2020, Burley admitted to breaching London's tier 2 coronavirus restrictions when celebrating her 60th birthday. Her actions allegedly included meeting up to nine individuals outside of her household, breaking the 11pm curfew, and socialising inside two restaurants and her own home. Burley was later suspended from Sky News until June 2021, and withdrawn from consideration for the Royal Television Society's journalism awards.
In March 2022, during an interview with two Ukrainian refugees in Dublin, Burley drew criticism for stating that they can "start to build a new life in Dublin, safe in the knowledge that the British people are completely behind you". Dublin is in the Republic of Ireland, so not part of Britain or the UK.
In February 2023, during the disappearance of Nicola Bulley, Burley presented two breakfast programmes on location from St Michael's on Wyre, one of which involved retracing Nicola's last steps in real time whilst providing commentary. In a statement read out by police on 20 February, Nicola's family condemned the actions of Sky News.
In October 2023 Sky News issued a retraction after Burley misquoted Palestinian Ambassador to the United Kingdom Husam Zomlot multiple times as saying "Israel had it coming" which gave a misleading impression that he believed they deserved it. Her false claims resulted in 1,537 Ofcom complaints.
Writing
Burley's first novel, First Ladies, was published on 12 May 2011. The book is an erotic romance set in the media industry, including television news. One reviewer called it a "turgid mess" which is not even bad enough to be good: "Unfortunately, this book, with its dire comic timing, complete absence of irony, pointless digressions, dull plotting and complete lack of any engaging characters, is so mind-numblingly, fist-chewingly awful, that it’s just bad."
Another Burley novel, Betrayal, was published in May 2012.
Personal life
In 2018 Burley participated in Channel 4's Celebrity Hunted and was captured in the penultimate episode.
In an interview with The Telegraph, Burley said she was a keen climber and mountaineer.
Burley is a Roman Catholic.
References
External links
Kay Burley: Biography and Images TV Newsroom
1960 births
Living people
21st-century English novelists
21st-century English women writers
British women television presenters
English television presenters
English women novelists
People from Wigan
Sky News newsreaders and journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%20Burley |
The 2005–06 Romanian first division was a very tight season. Steaua, Rapid and Dinamo were very close in the table, and teams like CFR Cluj and FCU Politehnica Timişoara were competitive in their bids for a position to qualify for the European Cups.
The Romania national team did not go to the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
Divizia A
European Cups
UEFA Champions League
Steaua București
This section will cover Steaua's games from July 27, 2005 until the start of August 23, 2005.
UEFA Cup
Steaua București
This section will cover Steaua's games from September 23, 2005 until today.
Rapid București
This section will cover Rapid's games from July 14, 2005 until today.
Dinamo București
This section will cover Dinamo's games from August 11, 2005 until December 14, 2005.
UEFA Intertoto Cup
CFR Ecomax Cluj
This section will cover CFR Cluj's games from June 18, 2005 until August 23, 2005.
Gloria Bistriţa
This section will cover Gloria's games from June 18, 2005 until July 10, 2005.
Romania national team
This section will cover Romania's games from July 1, 2005 until the start of 2008 European Championship (qualifying).
Seasons in Romanian football
Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306%20in%20Romanian%20football |
Paul Lee Willson (born December 25, 1945) is an American film, television and voice actor well known for many roles, including as Paul Krapence on Cheers.
Early life
He was born in Fairmont, Minnesota, the son of Doris Geraldine and Lee Wilford Willson, and was raised in San Francisco, California. He attended Reed College in Portland, Oregon, where he began performing in improvisational theatre.
Career
Willson has played numerous guest characters on a variety of shows including Laverne & Shirley as Eraserhead in episode "A Date with Eraserhead", and Full House as Stu in episode "Crimes and Michelle's Demeanor" in 1990, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Boston Public, Caroline in the City, The Newsroom and Star Trek: Voyager.
He is perhaps most famous for his repeated guest character of Paul Krapence on the television show Cheers (which he also reprised in an episode of the Cheers spin-off, Frasier). His character was originally called "Gregg" because Paul Vaughn was already playing a character named "Paul" on Cheers.
For five years (1986-1990) he was Garry Shandling's neighbor Leonard Smith on It's Garry Shandling's Show. Willson also appeared on Garry Shandling's The Larry Sanders Show playing Larry's accountant, and the brother of Sid the cue card holder.
He played Ed, a neighbor, in a few episodes of Malcolm in the Middle, and also appeared in an episode of The Golden Girls.
His film appearances include The Pack (1977), The Devonsville Terror (1983), My Best Friend Is a Vampire (1987), Moving (1988), 976-EVIL (1988), Problem Child 2 (1991), Circuitry Man (1990), Plughead Rewired: Circuitry Man II (1994) and the comedy film Office Space (1999) as one of "The Bobs". Willson also appeared on the CBS sitcoms The King of Queens and The Big Bang Theory.
He's also done voice work as Sam Detweiler, T.J.'s father in Disney's Recess and in the 2001 feature film Recess: School's Out. Although primarily recognized for his television work, he has been noted as a "great improv player" by Garry Shandling as a result of their time working together doing improv in the late 1970s. Cheers producer Ken Levine has also acknowledged Willson as "one of the greatest improv artists I have EVER seen."
Since 2012 he has appeared in television ads for Safeco Insurance.
References
External links
1945 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Minnesota
People from Fairmont, Minnesota
Reed College alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Willson |
El Maíllo () is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, in the Autonomous Community of Castilla y Leon, Spain. It is situated some from Salamanca, the provincial capital. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 287 inhabitants. The municipality has an area of . It sits at above sea level. Its postal code is 37261.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Salamanca | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Ma%C3%ADllo |
Bruce Power Limited Partnership is a Canadian business partnership composed of several corporations. It exists (as of 2015) as a partnership between TC Energy (31.6%), BPC Generation Infrastructure Trust (61.4%), the Power Workers Union (4%) and The Society of United Professionals (1.2%). It is the licensed operator of the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, located on the shores of Lake Huron, roughly 250 kilometres northwest of Toronto, between the towns of Kincardine and Saugeen Shores. It is the third-largest operating nuclear plant in the world by capacity.
Bruce Power operates eight nuclear reactors on Lake Huron where it leases the Bruce site from Ontario Power Generation. With those eight units in operation, the facility has a capacity of 5,403 megawatts and typically supplies nearly 30 per cent of the electricity used in Ontario's provincial power grid. Bruce Power became the world's largest operating nuclear facility in 2012, when Units 1 and 2 returned to operation after a multibillion-dollar refurbishment project. This achievement returned the site to full operating capacity for the first time in 17 years.
According to the company, "Bruce Power set a site record for production in 2015, generating 30 per cent of Ontario's electricity at 30 per cent less than the average residential price of power.
Current and planned projects
Bruce Power has invested more than $7 billion in its Bruce A and B facilities to restart and optimize the performance of its nuclear fleet over the last decade and has successfully carried out massive refurbishment and plant life extension projects on all of its operational units. It plans to refurbish Units 3–8 in a $13 billion project, beginning in 2020.
Bruce A Restart
Following the initial Bruce A Restart project (initiated during the British Energy incumbency) to return to service of Units 3 and 4 (completed in 2003/04), Units 1 and 2 underwent a multibillion-dollar refurbishment after years of dormancy. To facilitate this, on Oct. 17, 2005, Bruce Power announced a revision to its structure.
TransCanada Corporation, BPC Generation Infrastructure Trust, the PWU and the Society formed a new partnership, Bruce Power A Limited Partnership (BALP), that will obtain a sublease of the Bruce A facility. Cameco Corporation is not an investor in BALP. TransCanada and BPC will each own a 47.4% interest in BALP and the remaining interest will be owned by the PWU and Society.
During its peak, the Bruce A Restart project was named the largest infrastructure project in Canada, and it was widely considered as one of the most complex engineering challenges Ontario has ever seen.
Safety was also a key component of the Restart initiative for both Bruce Power and its contractors. The project marked an astounding 24 million hours worked without a single acute lost-time injury. For a project this significant, this was a remarkable landmark for the entire industry.
In October 2012, Bruce Power returned Units 1 and 2 to commercial operation just weeks after synchronizing to Ontario's electricity grid for the first time since 1997 and 1995 respectively.
On 3 December 2015, Bruce Power president/CEO Duncan Hawthorne announced that it would spend $13 billion for a major overhaul of six of its Lake Huron reactors, starting in 2020. This is a postponement of a project initially planned for 2016; the change was made because the reactors should not require major work as soon as 2016. Bruce Power will assume any risk of financial overruns. The Ontario government was pleased with that news because the province would not be assuming any financial risk. However, the agreement will require Ontario to pay a higher price for electricity produced by Bruce Power. Naturally, the massive project will provide other benefits. "The agreement makes 23,000 jobs possible and supports an estimated $6.3 billion in annual, local economic development," said Energy Minister Bob Chiarelli.
Bruce Power Alberta
In 2008, Bruce Power applied for a licence to build a nuclear power plant at Cardinal Lake. Chief Executive Officer Duncan Hawthorne travelled to Peace River, Manning and Grimshaw, Alberta to personally inform the communities that Bruce Power had initiated a process to consider building western Canada's first nuclear power plant.
Through an application filed with the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Bruce Power sought approval to prepare a site that could generate 4,000 MW of electricity from two to four reactors that would not produce greenhouse gases or air pollutants. As concerns over climate change continue to grow, the proposal could have seen the first unit ready as early as 2017, pending the successful completion of a full Environmental Assessment (EA) and consultations with the local communities.
As part of the decision-making process, open houses, workshops and community meetings were held and regular newsletters issued to update residents and seek their input across Alberta.
Late in 2011, Bruce Power announced it had decided against advancing the proposal.
Isotope Production System
See also Bruce Nuclear Generating Station#Radioisotope production project
Bruce Power is developing Unit 7 as an Isotope Production System (IPS). In January 2022 it announced completion of a facility to produce Lutetium-177, Lu-177 which is used to produce the medical isotope Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide. The company plans IPSes which would produce other useful isotopes. The Lu-177 will be processed by a partner ITM Isotope Technologies Munich SE (ITM) and marketed with its partner Saugeen Ojibway Nation under the name “Gamzook’aamin Aakoziwin.”
History
Bruce Power was founded as a Limited Liability Partnership in 2001 between British Energy (82.4%), Cameco Corporation (15%), Power Workers' Union and The Society of Energy Professionals. Following the financial difficulties of British Energy in the Fall of 2002, the LLP became a wholly Canadian-owned Limited Partnership on Feb. 14, 2003
In May 2001, Bruce Power became the licensed operator of the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station in Tiverton, Ontario. The concession for operating the station was granted by Ontario Power Generation, one of the five successor companies of the defunct Ontario Hydro. Bruce A and Bruce B are equipped with eight CANDU nuclear reactors (four at each station). The initial four reactors were commissioned at Bruce A between 1977 and 1979, while Bruce B's were added between 1984 and 1987. The Bruce Power site at Tiverton is the world's largest nuclear generating facility.
Since its creation, Bruce Power has successfully restarted all four Bruce A reactors.
On Oct. 7, 2003, Unit 4 returned to the Ontario grid for the first time since 1998, when it was laid up by the site's previous operators. It was then followed by Unit 3 on Jan. 8, 2004.
On Oct. 17, 2005, Bruce Power reached an agreement with the Ontario Power Authority and launched a $4.25 billion investment program to refurbish and restart Bruce A Units 1 and 2. Unit 1 was returned to the grid on Sept. 20, 2012, with Unit 2 following shortly thereafter on Oct. 18, 2012.
Restarting those units boosts Bruce Power's output to 6,300 MW, making Bruce Power the source for about 25 per cent of Ontario's electricity on a typical day.
In 2014, Cameco announced it had agreed to sell its 32% shareholding in Bruce Power to BPC Generation Infrastructure Trust (Borealis Infrastructure) for $450 million. Upon completion of the sale, Borealis will become the majority partner of Bruce Power with 56.1 per cent ownership.
In 2016, Bruce Power started a $13 billion refurbishment program at the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station. According to Bruce Power, this multi-year plan "will generate between 1,500 and 2,500 jobs on site annually – and 18,000 across Ontario directly and indirectly – while injecting up to $4 billion annually into Ontario's economy".
Nuclear Response Team
Bruce Power maintains a small specialized unit namely the Nuclear Response Team (NRT) which carry out tactical response operations in Bruce Power sites. NRT members are permitted to carry and use firearms alongside their powers of arrest.
References
External links
Companies based in Ontario
OMERS companies
Nuclear power companies of Canada
Partnerships
TC Energy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Power |
A float switch is a type of level sensor, a device used to detect the level of liquid within a tank. The switch may be used to control a pump, as an indicator, an alarm, or to control other devices.
One type of float switch uses a mercury switch inside a hinged float. Another common type is a float that raises a rod to actuate a microswitch. One pattern uses a reed switch mounted in a tube; a float, containing a magnet, surrounds the tube and is guided by it. When the float raises the magnet to the reed switch, it closes. Several reeds can be mounted in the tube for different level indications by one assembly.
A very common application is in sump pumps and condensate pumps where the switch detects the rising level of liquid in the sump or tank and energizes an electrical pump which then pumps liquid out until the level of the liquid has been substantially reduced, at which point the pump is switched off again. Float switches are often adjustable and can include substantial hysteresis. That is, the switch's "turn on" point may be much higher than the "shut off" point. This minimizes the on-off cycling of the associated pump.
Some float switches contain a two-stage switch. As liquid rises to the trigger point of the first stage, the associated pump is activated. If the liquid continues to rise (perhaps because the pump has failed or its discharge is blocked), the second stage will be triggered. This stage may switch off the source of the liquid being pumped, trigger an alarm, or both.
Where level must be sensed inside a pressurized vessel, often a magnet is used to couple the motion of the float to a switch located outside the pressurized volume. In some cases, a rod through a stuffing box can be used to operate a switch, but this creates high drag and has a potential for leakage. Successful float switch installations minimize the opportunity for accumulation of dirt on the float that would impede its motion. Float switch materials are selected to resist the deleterious effects of corrosive process liquids. In some systems, a properly selected and sized float can be used to sense the interface level between two liquids of different density.
See also
Float (liquid level)
Fuel gauge
Level sensor
Sight glass
References
Fluid dynamics
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Sensors
Mechanisms (engineering)
Pumps
Switches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float%20switch |
A custard cream is a type of sandwich biscuit popular in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland filled with a creamy, custard-flavoured centre. Traditionally, the filling was buttercream (which is still used in most home-made recipes) but nowadays cheaper fats have replaced butter in mass-produced biscuits. The filling tastes of vanilla and as such is more akin to the taste of custard made with custard powder than egg custard. It is believed that the custard cream biscuit originated in Britain in 1908. Usually, they have an elaborate baroque design stamped onto them, originating in the Victorian era and representing ferns.
Some British and Irish supermarkets produce their own brand versions, with variations including lemon, orange, chocolate, strawberry, coffee, tangerine, rhubarb & custard and coconut flavours. There is a digestive cream version available, in which the biscuit is replaced with a digestive biscuit. In a 2007 poll of 7,000 Britons, 9 out of 10 voted custard creams to be their favourite biscuit. In 2009 it was ranked the eighth most popular biscuit in the UK to dunk into tea. In the same year, a study by Mindlab International listed custard creams as the most likely biscuit to cause injury or harm, scoring a so-called "risk rating" of 5.64.
References
Biscuits
Sandwich cookies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard%20cream |
The judiciary of Norway is hierarchical with the Supreme Court at the apex. The conciliation boards only hear certain types of civil cases. The district courts are deemed to be the first instance of the Courts of Justice. Jury (high) courts are the second instance, and the Supreme Court is the third instance.
Courts
The structure of the courts of justice is hierarchical, with the Supreme Court at the apex. The conciliation boards only hear certain types of civil cases. The district courts are deemed to be the first instance of the Courts of Justice. Jury (high) courts are the second instance and the Supreme Court is the third instance.
Supreme Court
The Supreme Court is Norway's highest court of justice and the instance of appeal for verdicts handed down by courts of a lower level. The court is situated in Oslo. The decisions made here are final and cannot be appealed or complained against. The only exception is for cases that can be brought before the Court for Human Rights in Strasbourg. The King of Norway has sole authority to appoint judges to the country’s Supreme Court and other senior courts. He does so on the advice of the country's Judicial Appointments Board, a body whose members are also appointed by the King.
Interlocutory Appeals Committee
Three of the Supreme Court judges form the Interlocutory Appeals Committee. This committee has to agree that a case is to be brought before the Supreme Court.
Courts of appeal
The country is divided into six appellate districts. Each court of appeal (Norwegian: lagmannsrett) is headed by a senior judge president and each court of appeal has several appellate judges. The courts are:
Borgarting Court of Appeal in Oslo
Eidsivating Court of Appeal in Hamar
Agder Court of Appeal in Skien
Gulating Court of Appeal in Bergen
Frostating Court of Appeal in Trondheim
Hålogaland Court of Appeal in Tromsø
District courts
The district courts (Norwegian: tingrett) are the first instance of the courts of justice. There are 23 district courts.
Conciliation boards
A conciliation board is allocated to each municipality. Each conciliation board consists of three lay members and an equal number of deputies elected or appointed by the municipal council for terms of four years. Conciliation boards mediate between disputing parties and are generally authorised to pronounce a verdict. Conciliation boards resolve the majority of civil disputes, but they do not hear criminal cases and participation in their hearings is voluntary.
Special courts
There are special courts that hear or process issues not covered by the District Courts:
The Industrial Disputes Tribunal: This court deals with cases pertaining to labour legislation, for example wage disputes.
The Land consolidation courts: Their main task is to find acceptable solutions for ownership disputes and issues concerning correct land usage.
Law
The king has the right in the Council of State to pardon criminals after sentence has been passed. This right is seldom used and always by the elected government in the name of the King.
Administration
The Ministry of Justice and Public Security is the government ministry in charge of justice, police and domestic intelligence.
The Norwegian Courts Administration is the government agency responsible for the management and operations of the courts. It is purely an administrative organisation, and does not interfere with the judicial processes nor the appointment of judges or other judicial positions in the court system.
Norwegian prisons are humane rather than tough with emphasis on rehabilitation. At 20% Norway's reconviction rate is among the lowest in the world.
Officers
Judges
The Judicial Appointments Board nominates judges for appointment, who are officially appointed by the Council of State.
Lay judges
In the district courts of Norway, lay judges sit alongside professional judges in mixed courts in most cases. In most cases, two lay judges sit alongside one professional judge. The chairperson may decree that a case have three lay judges sit alongside two professional judges if the workload on that case is high or if there are other compelling reasons. Decisions are made by simple majority.
In the courts of appeal, criminal cases where the maximum penalty is less than six years are tried by a panel consisting of three professional judges and four lay judges.
Lay judges are not considered to be representative of the population. About 75% of lay judges are nominated by the political parties in Norway.
Jurors
Juries were used from 1887 to 2019.
In the Court of Appeals (Lagmannsrett), ten jurors determined the issue of guilt where a penalty of six years or more could be imposed. In complicated and lengthy cases, the number of jurors could be increased to eleven or twelve in case a juror is unable complete the trial. If there were more than ten jurors after the closing arguments, the number was reduced to ten by dismissing jurors by lot. The jury verdict was not final, and the three professional judges could set aside both convictions and acquittals for a retrial in a court of appeal. Retrials would have three professional judges and four lay judges instead of a jury.
Jurors were selected from the lay judge roster for that court of appeal. The municipalities were responsible for assigning people to the roster.
The last case tried before a jury in Norway was the case against Eirik Jensen. The decision of the jury was set aside by the three judges.
See also
Law of Norway
Notes
References
External links
Law of Norway
Government of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary%20of%20Norway |
Enoch George (c. 1767 – 1828) was an American who distinguished himself as a Methodist circuit rider and pastor, as a presiding elder, and as a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1816.
Birth and spiritual re-birth
Enoch was born on March 10, 1767, or 1768 (his family records were destroyed by accident) in Lancaster County, Virginia. As a young person he was under the ministry of the Rev. Devereux Jarratt, a priest of the Church of England, who was one of the most earnest and effective preachers of his time. Enoch was the subject of deep religious impressions early in life. However, his father moved his family to a place where there happened to be no evangelical clergy, such that Enoch became negligent of his religious duties, neglecting the Christian ordinances altogether. After several years, his neighborhood was visited by a Methodist Circuit Rider John Easter, under whose exhortations young Enoch became connected with the little Methodist society established thereby, and again experienced the comforts of religion.
Ordained ministry
Indeed, Enoch was soon called upon to the exercise of public prayer and exhortation. He soon thereafter entered the field of labor as a Preacher, though with great diffidence. The Rev. George was sent by Bishop Francis Asbury to assist in forming a circuit on the headwaters of the Catawba and Broad rivers, in North Carolina. The difficulties were so great there that Enoch wrote Bishop Asbury asking for a transfer to some other field. The good bishop replied that "it was better for him to become inured to hardships while he was young, that when he was old and gray-headed his task would be easy."
In 1790 the Rev. Enoch George was admitted on trial by the Virginia Annual Conference of the M.E. Church. He was ordained, both Deacon and Elder, by Bishop Asbury. Rev. George served for two years as the Junior Preacher on the Caswell Circuit. He then went to South Carolina, where in 1796 he was appointed Presiding Elder of the Charleston District. In 1798, because of impaired health, he temporarily retired from the active work of ministry and traveled to the North. But in 1800 he resumed his labors, and was appointed Presiding Elder of the Potomac District in the Baltimore Annual Conference.
The Rev. George's health failed a second time, and he "located". But again, in 1803, he resumed the work this time with great zeal and success. He was stationed, successively, in Baltimore, Alexandria, and Georgetown, then on the Baltimore and then the Georgetown Districts (as Presiding Elder)
The preacher
Enoch George belonged to the "primitive" school of American Methodist preachers. Though many of these had little or no scholastic advantages, yet some became highly effective preachers of the Gospel, also attaining proficiency in Biblical and theological learning. George was especially distinguished for the fervor and pathos of his pulpit ministry.
Episcopal ministry
After the death of Bishop Asbury, the Rev. Enoch George was elected and consecrated a Bishop of the M.E. Church by the General Conference, May 1816. He served with great zeal and effectiveness for the remaining twelve years of his life. He traveled, chiefly by private conveyance, through all parts of the country. He went as far as the frontier settlements of the west and southwest, usually preaching nearly every day at prearranged appointments. Remarkable manifestations of the influence that attended his preaching were regularly witnessed.
Physical description
Bishop Matthew Simpson wrote of him:
Death and burial
Bishop Enoch George died August 23, 1828, in Staunton, Virginia, and was buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Attribution
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
1760s births
1828 deaths
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
Methodist ministers
Burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Baltimore)
19th-century Methodist bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch%20George |
The Renault Magnum is a heavy-duty truck that was produced by the French Manufacturer Renault Véhicules Industriels and later Renault Trucks (also part of Renault, now Volvo) from 1990 to 2013. The Magnum was available in articulated and rigid configurations, both configurations could be bought with a 6×2 or 4×2 drivetrain. The 6×4 is merely designed for heavy haulage uses.
First launched in 1990, the Magnum was awarded the "International Truck of the Year" in 1991.
The Magnum was featured in Top Gear S12 E01, when Jeremy Clarkson bought one for less than £5,000 in the Top Gear Lorry Challenge.
History
In 1985, Renault presented a prototype truck, the VE 10, with special aerodynamics to reduce fuel consumption.
The truck was launched as the Renault AE (for AErodynamic) in 1990, and notable for being the first modern truck with a completely flat cab floor and for having a mechanically separate cab and engine compartment, resulting in increased comfort inside the cab. The cab was designed by Marcello Gandini. Engines at launch were the AE 380 with a 6-cylinder turbodiesel offering , and the AE500 with a Mack V8 diesel. It was voted Truck of the Year 1991. Since 1997 the truck was marketed as Renault Magnum and the cab was redesigned, and new engines became available. In 1995, the VE 20 prototype was presented, giving a preview of the second generation Magnum.
In 2001, the major facelift was presented, with a new cab designed by Xavier Allard, keeping its characteristic boxed shape and separate engine-cab model.
A few days after the presentation of its totally renewed range, in Lyon, Renault Trucks was getting ready to turn the page on the Renault Magnum. On Wednesday 26 June 2013, the keys to the last Magnum were presented to hauliers Robert Chabbert, at the Bourg-en-Bresse site, with a brand-new Renault Trucks T also present.
Technical data
Engine
The engine is derived from the 13L straight-six engine of the AB Volvo Group. Changes include new engine management and an injection system co-developed with Delphi.
The engine was available in the following configurations:
Transmission
The transmission offered as standard is a ZF servoshift air-assisted 16-speed manual. The Optidrive II 12 speed automated transmission with 4 reverse speeds was offered as an option. This transmission could also be used in manual operation mode.
See also
Renault Trucks
Mack Magnum
References
External links
Review by Peter Shakespeare at "Transport News Network"
Commercial Motor launch article 31 May 1990
Vehicles introduced in 1990
Cab over vehicles
Magnum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%20Magnum |
Lazaropole () is a village in the Municipality of Mavrovo and Rostuša, North Macedonia. Situated on a plateau at Mount Bistra and surrounded by beech and oak forest; at 1,350 m altitude, it is one of the highest settlements in the country.
Culture
The traditional Macedonian folk dance Teškoto is from the area of Lazaropole.
People born in Lazaropole
Isaija Mažovski, painter and writer
, writer
, writer
Demographics
According to the 2021 census, the village had a total of 29 inhabitants, including 28 ethnic Macedonians and one Serb.
Climate
See also
Galičnik
References
External links
Villages in Mavrovo and Rostuša Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaropole |
is a role-playing video game for the Game Boy Color released by Namco on November 10, 2000, selling 136,000 copies. Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon's characteristic genre name is . It is the first sequel in the Tales series, which normally does not have connected storylines. The story begins 205 years after the beginning of Tales of Phantasia.
Due to the limits of the Game Boy, the game uses a battle system called Petit LMBS, a turn-based variation on the Linear Motion Battle System used by the rest of the series. As in normal LMBS, the player controls only one character and does so via button combinations instead of a dialog choice, while party members are computer-controlled. A remake of the game was later released on PlayStation Portable called Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon X.
About the name
Attempts to convert the title into full English are difficult because has no convenient English substitute. Its meaning is the act of becoming [something else] completely, similar to the definition for the word "metamorphosis". Its use in the title is a reference to Mel and Dio's ability to become anything they can dress up as.
Storyline
The story begins when what appears to be a shooting star lands in the mountains. The narrator describes the player (referred to in second person) finding a pair of twin babies in the light and becoming their adoptive parent. By default, the boy is named , and the girl is named .
The story skips ahead thirteen years to 4408 by the Aselia Calendar. (The narration notes that Dio is energetic, Mel is level-headed, and both of them are mysteriously powerful.) Dio enters with a strange creature that followed him home from the mountains. He and Mel decide to keep it as a pet and name it based on the sound it makes ("krr"). Kruelle begins as a green bipedal creature who is roughly waist-high, but it is actually a shape-shifter whose forms change based on its power and mood.
Mel and Dio start to go about their day as normal when they are suddenly visited by a winged woman who introduces herself as Norn and says that the two of them have a doomed destiny. With little else in the way of explanation, she sends them to meet Arche, the only surviving time warrior made famous by the events in Tales of Phantasia.
Arche, whose age of 223 years is possible only because she is a half-Elf, now lives in a pink heart-adorned tower which Mel and Dio must climb. When they arrive at the top, Norn startles Arche by appearing and requests Arche's assistance in preparing a trial that will test the strength of Mel and Dio's hearts and bodies.
After proving themselves in combat against Arche, Mel and Dio return to their house, where Norn enchants a painting of the sun to work as a time portal to the year 4203. Mel and Dio are sent to Euclid to speak with Claus so that he will tell them about the war with Dhaos that happened in Tales of Phantasia. He gives the popular version of the story, reminds them that history is biased, and then tells them what really happened: Dhaos waged war against users of magitechnology because they were foolishly depleting the world's Mana supply. Mel and Dio also gain words of wisdom from the spirits Sylph, Undine, Efreet, and Gnome after defeating them in combat.
Norn enchants their painting of a moon to allow them to travel to 4306, so that they can meet Chester, Cress, and Mint. At Norn's request, Chester tells them why he now runs an orphanage, which is because such disadvantaged children may turn to an immoral lifestyle and wrongly attempt to justify their actions by blaming others. He says he doesn't want anymore children to be like that and, getting emotional, accidentally mentions that he used to be such a child himself. He gives them directions to Maxwell since Cress isn't around at the time.
After another test of combat, Maxwell gives Mel and Dio a lecture in the concepts of time and space. He says that possibilities create parallel worlds, and going back in time to do something differently from how it was supposed to happen will just cause a person to end up in a different parallel world. Thus, it's impossible to change history.
They finally meet Cress, who relates the shock he felt at learning the truth behind Dhaos's motives. He says he does not regret his actions in opposing Dhaos but regrets that he had only been able to see from his own point of view, not realizing until it was too late that, from Dhaos's people's perspective, he was the destroyer of their last hope. After that, they meet Mint, who rejects being called a great healer by Norn because she can heal people's bodies but not their hearts. She tells Mel and Dio that living for others, even just one person, brings happiness. They fight with Gremlin Lair, who tells them good and evil are two halves of the same thing and cannot be separated, and Aska, who tells them to believe in their own potential. They can only continue their quest and meet Luna by helping others a few times. When they get home, a mysterious figure temporarily appears to tell them its foolish to reject evil because being human means being evil; to stop being evil is to stop being human.
Norn converts a painting of a star into a portal to 4354 so that they can meet Suzu and later asks Suzu to tell Mel and Dio what she gained by meeting Cress and the others. Suzu says that she was a child in both body and heart back then and learned that meeting and separating from various people was what it meant to become an adult. As Mel and Dio start to leave, Suzu stops them to question Kruelle about its motive. She then realizes that Kruelle must have a reason for its actions and agrees to stop asking. Kruelle spends this conversation mewing in confusion.
Mel and Dio are tested in combat by Volt and Shadow, the latter of which tells them about the balance between light and darkness. The mysterious figure appears again to tell them light and dark cannot be separated and that stifling one's own evil will cause one to have a twisted heart. Mel and Dio go on to be tested by Origin and Pluto. The mysterious figure appears again to tell them that everything is meaningless.
Norn congratulates them on completing the spirits' trial and warps them to 4506, where Arche congratulates them as well. A few days later, Norn asks them if they understand why they exist. They say no, and there's an earthquake as Norn opens a cave to the north. Going to the cave, Mel and Dio are accompanied by aggressive copies of themselves who claim to be their "true selves." Norn says there's no such thing as a true self and sends the first Mel and Dio to the land of the dead via a painting of a cloud.
While there, they are tested in combat by FenBeast (Fenrir Beast), Flambelk (Flamberge), Jestorna, Ishlant, Big Eye, and finally Dhaos to learn the truth about their past:
They were Meltia and Dios Bundy, citizens of a country on Derris-Kharlan called , which was at war with another small country. When they were 27, Meltia was a scientist in charge of creating a magitechnology (magic science, MysTek) weapon. She brushes aside the moral implications of creating such a powerful weapon of mass destruction because she feels that the search for knowledge is more important than anything else. Meanwhile, Dios is a soldier. He reports to their adoptive father General Bundy that their country is losing, and delivers a message from Dhaos, the leader of another country, warning them to stop the war because of all the innocent people dying. The general insists on ignoring the message, and when Dios reminds him of the great power Dhaos's country has, the general forces his obedience by reminding him that he would have died had not the general adopted him, saying he has a duty to give his life for his country.
As Dios predicted, the enemy country defeats Palace Gudra. After receiving his final order from the dying general, Dios runs to Meltia's lab. Meltia is wounded and dies shortly after he arrives. Dios goes to the computer and discovers that the magitechnology weapon is still functional. In compliance with the general's last order, he fires it at the enemy. The firing immediately kills 150,000 people and dooms the rest of the planet by devastating the mana supply. Norn appears to Dios and says that she is the guardian of the dying Kharlan Tree. She decides to resurrect Dios and Meltia as babies and send them to another planet so that she can judge whether or not they are inherently evil. If it turns out they are evil, she'll kill them.
Elsewhere, Dhaos, who had previously been relieved that the war ended without his country using force, now realizes that the Kharlan Tree is dying. He decides to travel to another planet in search of a mana seed of another Kharlan Tree. Later he finds Yggdrasill, the tree on Tales of Phantasia world, but realizes that magitechnology is depleting this planet's mana as well. He's shocked to experience an inner voice telling him to kill the offenders and acknowledges that as his hidden voice of evil.
Back in the present, Mel and Dio are able to continue through the cave in which they met their alternate selves. They see scenes of the Tales of Phantasia heroes suffering with their problems while their alternate selves comment. Chester is reminiscing about his dead sister Ami, and Meltia wonders whether he runs an orphanage for others' sake or for his own sake. Claus is worried about becoming too much like his own father, whom he hated for being too involved in research to spend time with family, and Milard comforts him. Dios notes the similarities between love and hate, but asks who those without parents are supposed to emulate. Arche, who has a long life span, misses all her human friends, especially Chester, and Dios says that separation is too painful, so one might as well never become attached to someone anyway. Suzu is shown being forced to kill her parents, and Meltia says no one understands the darkness in Suzu's heart, perhaps not even Suzu herself. Cress is giving his support (and love) to Mint, who is recovering from illness, and Dios criticizes her because she is needed by many people and doesn't understand what it means to be unloved.
Near the end of the cave, Mel and Dio fight Meltia and Dios, who remind them that this violates the principles of cause and effect and creates a paradox because they've killed their past selves. They become one with their dark sides again.
Finally, Kruelle walks out in front of them and reveals that it has been Norn the whole time. As their final test, Mel and Dio must defeat Norn in battle. After they win, Norn says that the flow of time will correct them. They are once again reborn and their adoptive parent (the player) finds them as babies again.
References
External links
Bandai Namco's Website for Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon
2000 video games
Game Boy Color games
Game Boy Color-only games
Japan-exclusive video games
Kōsuke Fujishima
Phantasia, Tales of
Telenet Japan games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Motoi Sakuraba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales%20of%20Phantasia%3A%20Narikiri%20Dungeon |
The Tooheys New Cup, or TNC, was a rugby union competition established by the New South Wales Rugby Union (NSWRU) in 2002. Played in the second half of the rugby season after the Super 12 competition was completed, it was intended as a stepping stone between the existing grade rugby (see Shute Shield) and Super Rugby competitions. The Tooheys New Cup ran for five seasons before it ceased to exist, with the short-lived Australian Rugby Championship taking its place in the second half of the rugby season of 2007. From 2008 onwards, an extended Shute Shield covered the entire season.
Open to the existing twelve grade clubs, the TNC featured Super Rugby players not on international duty and the occasional Wallaby. In seasons 2004-2005 the Canberra Vikings competed in the Tooheys New Cup, in the 2005-2006 & 2007 the Central Coast Waves & Illawarra Warriors took part in addition to the Sydney-based sides.
Tooheys New Cup Grand Finals
2002 - Eastwood 19 Sydney University 15
2003 - Eastwood 29 Randwick 14
2004 - Randwick 35 Eastwood 22
2005 - Sydney University 41 Eastwood 5
2006 - Sydney University 16 Randwick 10
Tooheys New Cup Teams
Eastern Suburbs RUFC
Eastwood Rugby Club
Gordon RFC
Manly RUFC
Northern Suburbs Rugby Club
Parramatta Two Blues
Penrith Emus Rugby
Randwick Rugby Club
Southern Districts Rugby Club
Sydney University Football Club
Warringah Rugby Club
West Harbour RFC
See also
New South Wales Rugby Union
Shute Shield
External links
Cup history from NSWRugby.com
Rugby union competitions in New South Wales
2002 establishments in Australia
Sports leagues established in 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooheys%20New%20Cup |
Gatelawbridge is a hamlet in the region of Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It is situated two and a half miles east of Thornhill and near the gorge Crichope Linn. The origin of the name is unknown though in the past the locals called it Gateley Bridge, so perhaps it takes its name from a type of bridge over the Cample River in the centre of the settlement. The river divides the parishes, with all those east of the river being in Closeburn Parish, and those west of the river being in Morton Parish.
The African explorer Joseph Thomson lived in Gatelawbridge from the age of 10 until leaving for Edinburgh. He attended the secondary school Morton Academy in Thornhill (now Wallace Hall), making the journey each day on his pony called Donald. His father was the quarry master and presumably that is where his interest in rocks began. He studied geology at the University of Edinburgh. After graduating he was engaged on several explorations in East and North Africa. He discovered the Thomson's Falls in Kenya and the Thomson's gazelle is named after him. He was known to be a kind and very fair man, who refused to beat his bearers in Africa when they did wrong, preferring to dock their wages instead. This however was quite unpopular at the time with the bearers who at one point went on strike and left him. He became ill due to infections picked up on his travels and died a young man.
His friends erected a fine monument to him which stands next to the school in Thornhill.
Gatelawbridge is the site of several Red Sandstone quarries opened in the 19th century that were once linked by rail to the G&SWR main line near Cample village. They are now largely disused. The sandstone derived from a huge sand dune which extended from Gatelawbridge through Locharbriggs to Annan. This sandstone is the building material of much of Dumfriesshire, and was exported to America where it was used to build the famous 'brownstones' of New York.
The hamlet has seen a lot of growth recently with several new houses being constructed.
See also
Deil's Dyke - A linear earthwork.
References
External links
Video 'Crichope Linn - Sir Walter Scott, Elves and Covenaters
Villages in Dumfries and Galloway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatelawbridge |
Alain Baxter (born 26 December 1973) is a Scottish former alpine skier who was formerly a professional specialising in the slalom discipline. He is best known for failing a drug test after finishing third in the men's slalom of the 2002 Winter Olympics, resulting in him being controversially stripped of the bronze medal; he would have become the first British person to win an Olympic medal in a skiing event. The use of a nasal inhaler purchased in the US had led to the presence of a banned substance in Baxter's urine. He was allowed to return to competition, although his appeal to have the medal reinstated failed. He competed in FIS events from 1991 to 2009 and became known as "The Highlander". In the World Cup events, he achieved eleven top-fifteen finishes and four top-ten results.
Background
Baxter was born on 26 December 1973 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He is the son of Iain and Sue Baxter, who were both British Ski Team members. Baxter's father named him after Alan Breck Stewart, a character from the Robert Louis Stevenson novel Kidnapped, who was a rebellious Highlander. The French spelling led some to believe he was named after the 70s French skiing star Alain Penz. At 16 years of age, he was selected to the British Alpine Ski Team in 1991. Baxter's first 10 years of competition were achieved without him having access to any significant funding. Austrian journalists gave him the sobriquet "The Highlander". He steadily worked his way through the world rankings, making the top 100 in time for the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics. At Nagano he straddled a gate and was disqualified, having been 15th-fastest at the checkpoint just before.
His best result in World Cup was 4th at Åre 11 March 2001 and he had three other top 10 finishes in 2001. In 2001, at Wengen he finished seventh in the World Cup Slalom, the best performance by a Britain at the Swiss resort.
Ahead of the Olympics, ski technology was developing rapidly and Baxter's sponsor Head, was struggling to keep up the progress made by other ski manufacturers.
Salt Lake City Olympics
In the Salt Lake City Olympics of 2002, Baxter made British Olympic history on 23 February by becoming the first British skier to win a medal (Bronze) in alpine skiing. In the men's slalom, Baxter was in eighth place in the first run, then rose to third after the second run. Before the competition he had dyed his hair in the pattern of the Saltire cross of St Andrew: the flag of Scotland. The British Olympic Association (BOA) ordered him to remove the political symbol, but the blue dye he used to try to obliterate the white saltire was a different shade, and the saltire pattern could still clearly be seen when he won his medal.
Medal controversy
On 1 March, as he was leaving the Olympic village to return home, Baxter was informed by the BOA that a sample he submitted had tested positive for a restricted substance. Baxter returned home to Aviemore to a hero's welcome and a parade around the town in an open top bus. On 5 March the BOA released a statement on his behalf, revealing that he had failed a drugs test, with his urine having tested positive for the prohibited substance, methamphetamine. Baxter stated that he had not knowingly ingested, and that he would not make any further statement until the IOC's inquiry and disciplinary commissions ruled on his case. After the first sample tested positive, a disciplinary stage was expected to follow and the British Olympic Association offered their support. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) held a private two-day hearing in Lausanne, where Baxter would be able to speak, with the outcome expected the following week. On 21 March, Baxter held a press conference in London, where he offered an explanation that he believed a nasal inhaler that he had used had been the cause of the positive test. the IOC announced the decision of their executive board that Baxter was disqualified and was told to return his medal. Baxter returned the medal, for it to be awarded to Austrian Benjamin Raich.
Urine tests
Baxter had provided a urine sample immediately after the race on 23 February. Initial reports were that his urine sample contained a trace amount of methamphetamine, a banned stimulant. The BOA formally asked the IOC to carry out a split test on Baxter's sample on the basis that there are two forms of the drug. The more advanced tests showed that the substance present was levomethamphetamine, a levorotary isomer of methamphetamine, which has no significant stimulant properties. Baxter later proved the source of levomethamphetamine was from a Vicks inhaler that he had used in the United States. He had been unaware that the contents were different from those found in the UK version. The International Ski Federation accepted his explanation and on 2 June announced they would require him to serve a ban of 3 months, on the basis that this was a first offence of unintentionally using a prohibited substance. This sanction meant he would miss the first month of the 2002–3 World Cup season and an appeal was lodged in late June.
International Ski Federation appeal
The British Ski and Snowboard Federation appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and the case was heard on 30 September 2002. The appeal was successful and his ban was overturned. This gave the Baxter camp great hope for the next appeal to have his medal returned.
Olympic appeal
The British Olympic Association assisted with, and publicly funded, an appeal against the loss of his medal. In October 2002 his medal appeal was heard by the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne. The basis of the appeal was that the form of methamphetamine in the USA Vicks levomethamphetamine is an inactive isomer of methamphetamine. The CAS and the IOC agreed that he had not intentionally ingested the substance. Under the strict liability doctrine, athletes are liable if they inadvertently take any form of potentially performance-enhancing substance, and a large number of athletes have lost medals as a result. Cold cures and other over-the-counter medicines are the most common sources of trace levels of amphetamines and other stimulants. His appeal rested on whether levAmphetamine was performance-enhancing, Vicks and other expert witnesses explained that it was a decongestant, and had negligible stimulant properties. Dr Don Catlin maintained that the banned list did not specify isomers so all forms were on the banned list and the strict liability doctrine applied. This was particularly controversial since 100 US athletes who won 19 medals tested positive for stimulants at his laboratory, and were cleared to continue competing, and Dr. Catlin was named as part of a 3-man committee that routinely allowed US Olympians such as Carl Lewis to continue competing despite failing drugs tests. The vast majority of athletes named in Wade Exum's papers tested positive for stimulants found in over-the-counter cold medicines. Most were cleared after explaining that they had taken the substances inadvertently.
The Baxter Appeal team headed by Professor Arnold Beckett, a former member of the IOC medical commission, thought Dr Catlin's position was "inconsistent". He stated, "The things we are being told about in the USA make me very angry, particularly in relation to Alain Baxter's case. He did not take a banned substance, as levAmphetamine was not on the list, but it was Dr Catlin's evidence which the appeal committee believed."
The court upheld the IOC's decision to disqualify Baxter. The CAS judgement found that "The panel is not without sympathy for Mr Baxter, who appears to be a sincere and honest man who did not intend to obtain a competitive advantage in the race." Nevertheless, they found that his offence had been committed and as such would not reinstate the medal. In December 2002, Raich received the bronze medal.
Return to competition
In 2004 Baxter won his seventh British Slalom title, a record that was unequalled until Dave Ryding also won a seventh title in 2016.
While his form never quite reached the same heights as they did in Salt Lake City, Alain Baxter remained the highest ranked and most recognisable male alpine skier in the UK. He was well respected by the more established skiing nations and his talent was the best the UK had produced.
He competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin, where he finished 16th in the slalom.
In 2008, facing ongoing difficulties for funding, he posed naked for photographer Trevor Yerbury to produce a "tastefully nude" calendar. Affected by a chronic back injury, he announced his retirement from competitive skiing in April 2009, age 35.
Following retirement from competition, Baxter runs a ski shop near Glasgow. In February 2014 an online petition was launched to return his medal.
Other sports
He is also a keen player of shinty, and turned out for Kincraig Shinty Club when that club was still active.
Baxter won the 2005 British Superstars event, defeating Du'aine Ladejo who had edged Baxter out for the 2003 title.
After announcing his retirement from downhill skiing in 2009, Baxter decided to try track-cycling. He had some assistance from the Scottish Institute of Sport's talent transfer programme. Baxter made his debut on a track bike racing at Manchester Velodrome on 5 December 2009, at part of the Revolution (cycling series) - Season 6. He set himself a goal of racing in the Commonwealth Games in 2010 which he unfortunately did not achieve.
In 2015, Baxter took part in Red Bull Crashed Ice racing events in Belfast and Quebec as part of a Scottish side. He qualified for the final in Quebec but withdrew from the final after sustaining broken ribs.
Family
His brother, Noel Baxter is also an alpine skier. His cousin Lesley McKenna is a leading professional snowboarder and winner of two World Cups.
Baxter married businesswoman Sheila Dow in 2006, after the two met at Finlay Mickel's wedding the previous year. They have three children.
Honours
In 2014, the decision was taken to name a housing development in Aviemore "Baxter's Court" in his honour.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
People from Badenoch and Strathspey
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Great Britain
Scottish male alpine skiers
Doping cases in alpine skiing
Scottish sportspeople in doping cases
Shinty players
Competitors stripped of Winter Olympics medals
Sportspeople from Highland (council area)
Sports scandals in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20Baxter |
Chandra Crawford (born November 19, 1983) is a Canadian cross-country skier who has competed since 2001 at the age of 16. Prior to this, she was a biathlete for five years. She was born in Canmore, Alberta, Canada.
Career
On February 22, 2006, she became the surprise gold medal winner in the women's cross-country sprint at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Video of her circulated on the Internet as she sang "O Canada", the Canadian national anthem, from the medals podium. Then-CBC commentator Brian Willams said of the event: "If you're ever standing on top of the podium, this is how you sing our national anthem."
She won her first World Cup gold medal in her home-town of Canmore in January 2008 in the sprint event, followed by a second gold in Lahti, Finland, in March 2008. She finished the 2008 World Cup season ranked seventh in the sprint and 23rd overall.
Crawford placed 44th in the freestyle sprint during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. On March 27, 2014, she retired from competitive skiing.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
1 medal – (1 gold)
World Championships
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
2 victories – (2 )
5 podiums – (4 , 1 )
Team podiums
2 podiums – (2 )
Career highlights
Women's cross-country 1.1 kilometre sprint
Silver – 2011 World Cup, Rogla, Slovenia
Gold – 2008 World Cup, Lahti, Finland
Gold – 2008 World Cup, Canmore, Alberta
Silver – 2007 NorAm Cup, Mont-Sainte-Anne, Quebec
Bronze – 2006 Tour de Ski, Munich, Germany
Gold – 2006 Winter Olympics, Turin, Italy
Bronze – 2006 World Cup, Davos, Switzerland
Gold – 2005 Canadian Championships, Prince George, British Columbia
Silver – 2004 Under-23 World Championships, Soldier Hollow, Utah, U.S.
Women's cross-country team relay
Bronze – 2004 Under-23 World Championships, Soldier Hollow, Utah,
Honors
In 2018, Crawford was inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Canadian female cross-country skiers
Canadian female biathletes
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic cross-country skiers for Canada
People from Canmore, Alberta
Sportspeople from Alberta
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
21st-century Canadian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra%20Crawford |
Lisbon Region (, ) is one of the seven NUTS II designated regions of Portugal, which coincides with the NUTS III subregion Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The region covers an area of 3001.95 km2 (the smallest region on mainland Portugal) and includes a population of 2,815,851 inhabitants according to the 2011 census (the second most populated region in Portugal after the Norte region), a density of 1039 inhabitants/km2.
Considered as representing the Lisbon Metropolitan Region. It is a region of significant importance in industry (light and heavy), services, and it is highly urbanized. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 73.3 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 36% of Portugal's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 30,200 euros or 100% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 92% of the EU average.
History
Prior to 2002, the area was included within the NUTS II region of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (that also included three other subregions). Before 2015, the region was divided into two NUTS III subregions: Grande Lisboa and Península de Setúbal.
NUTS II region and area of intervention of the CCDRLVT
"Despite the territorial configuration for statistical purposes (National Statistical System in Portugal), in force since 2002, matching the NUTS II the Lisbon, Region Greater Lisbon (AML) - composed only NUTSIII Greater Lisbon and Setúbal Peninsula - the area of intervention of the CCDRLVT - Steering Committee and Regional Development, abbreviated to CCDR - (the Lisbon and the Tagus Valley), continues to be composed of 5 NUTSIII (Sub-regions: Greater Lisbon, Setúbal Peninsula, Middle Tagus, and Lezíria West Coast).
For the Regional Funds, management responsibilities under the policy of the European Union in Portugal, this regions it's the region of Lisbon that consists of Grande Lisboa and Península de Setúbal, for regional planning (Run, monitor and evaluate, at regional level, policies on environment, nature conservation, land management and city) the region is called Lisbon and the Tagus Valley (LVT), composed by 5 NUTSIII (Sub-regions: Greater Lisbon, Setúbal Peninsula, Middle Tagus, and Lezíria West Coast)."
Municipalities
References
Notes
Sources
External links
CCDR-LVT Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
NUTS 2 statistical regions of Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon%20Region |
George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington (2 May 1675 – 2 August 1758) was an English peer and landowner, who amassed a fine collection of silver.
Life
Born at Mere Hall, Cheshire, on 2 May 1675, the second son of Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington, by Mary Langham, daughter of Sir James Langham Bt, of Cottesbrooke, he was known by the courtesy title of Lord Delamer before succeeding to the family titles upon his father's death in 1694.
Apart from being a renowned collector of silver plate, he received the appointment of Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire, another nobleman being nominated to discharge the duties during his minority.
In 1739, he wrote, Considerations upon the Institution of Marriage, with some thoughts concerning the force and obligation of the marriage contract, wherein is considered how far divorces may or may not be allowed, By a Gentleman. Humbly submitted to the judgment of the impartial.
It is an argument in favour of divorce on the ground of incompatibility of temper.
From other sources we learn that he had been convinced of the advisability of admitting this as a sufficient reason by his own unhappy experiences.
Luttrell states that the lady had a fortune of £40,000, and Philip Bliss, in a manuscript note in a copy of Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, now in the British Museum, adds:
Of the earl and his lady there is an unflattering description in a letter by Mrs. Bradshaw, printed in Letters to and from Henrietta, Countess of Suffolk (1824), i. 97:
Besides his pamphlet on divorce the earl was the author of a letter to the writer of the "Present State of the Republic of Letters", vindicating his father from the reflections against him in Burnet's History of his own Time.
Warrington died on 2 August 1758, and was buried in the Booth Chapel, the family vault, at Bowdon Church, 3 miles (4.8 km) from Dunham Massey Hall.
Family
In 1702, Lord Warrington married Mary Oldbury, daughter of Sir John Oldbury, a City merchant, of St Dunstan's in the East, by his wife, Mary Bohun. Mary, Countess of Warrington, died in 1740, having given birth to an only child,
their daughter and heiress, Lady Mary Booth, who married in 1736 Henry Grey, 4th Earl of Stamford, who inherited the estates in Cheshire and Lancashire.
Upon his death, the earldom of Warrington became extinct, whilst the other family titles of Baron Delamer and the baronetcy, created in 1611, devolved upon his cousin, Nathaniel Booth.
Their only daughter, Lady Mary Booth, became the Countess of Stamford upon marrying Henry Grey, 4th Earl of Stamford, and she inherited all the Booth estates, including Dunham Massey Hall and Staley Hall.
Their son, George Grey, 5th Earl of Stamford, was recreated in 1796 Earl of Warrington in addition to the Stamford title, the family being known as Earls of Stamford and Warrington (until the death in 1905 of the dowager Countess Katharine, widow of George Grey, 7th Earl of Stamford).
See also
Booth baronets
Dunham Massey Hall
Peter Archambo
References
Attribution
Sources
Collins Peerage
Burkes Peerage (1970 edition), q.v. Stamford, E
The BBC – George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington, 16 April 2012
George Booth (1675–1758), 2nd Earl of Warrington, BBC Paintings
THE ARMS OF BOOTH QUARTERING OTHERS, FOR GEORGE, 2ND EARL OF WARRINGTON (1675–1758), Christie's
External links
www.burkespeerage.com
www.nationaltrust.org.uk
1675 births
1758 deaths
George
Earls of Warrington (1690 creation)
3
People from the Borough of Cheshire East | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Booth%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Warrington |
The McMaster Faculty of Health Sciences is one of six faculties at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The faculty was established in 1974 to oversee the School of Nursing, the School of Medicine, and Graduate programs in health sciences. Today, the Faculty of Health Sciences oversees 5,000 students, 770 full-time faculty, more than 1,800 part-time faculty, and 28 Canada Research Chairs. The faculty is well known for running the most competitive medical and undergraduate program in Canada. The MD program at McMaster University Medical School receives 5000 applications for 203 positions. The BHSc program at McMaster University receives over 3500 applications for 160 positions annually and was ranked the most competitive undergraduate program in Canada by Yahoo Finance in 2016. The faculty was ranked 25th in the world in the 2015 Times Higher Education World Rankings in the Clinical, Pre-Clinical and Health category.
Programs
The faculty currently houses the following programs:
Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine
School of Nursing
School of Rehabilitation Science
Midwifery Education Program
Physician Assistant Education Program
Bachelor of Health Sciences
Graduate Program in Biochemistry
Graduate Program in Medical Sciences
Graduate Program in Global Health
Graduate Program in Health Management
Graduate Program in Neuroscience
Masters in Public Health
Health Policy PhD Program
Integrated Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences
Facilities
The faculty currently operate a number of facilities on the McMaster's main campus and around Ontario for both education and research. The faculty also operates its own library at the university, known as the Health Sciences Library. The Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, which houses the faculty's medical school also houses more than 250 scientists and McMaster's medical institutes including, the Centre for Function Genomics, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Institute for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Research, Robert E. Fitzhenry Vector Laboratory, Centre for Asthma and Allergy Research (Allergen), the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care and North American Headquarters for West Nile studies.
The faculty also operate two regional campuses in St. Catharines, Ontario and Kitchener, Ontario. The campus in Kitchener, known as the Waterloo Regional Campus, shares facilities with the Health Sciences Campus of the University of Waterloo. The campus in St. Catharines is located at Brock University's Niagara Health and Bioscience Research Complex. Approximately 30 medical students in each year of the program attend each campus. Those who apply to McMaster's School of Medicine are asked to rank their site choice (Hamilton, Niagara Region, Waterloo Region) from first to third, or no preference. Offers of admission to the medical school are made from a rank list irrespective of geographical preference. Subsequent to filling the positions, registrants to the class are offered a position based on their preference and geographical background. The offers given out by McMaster are bound to the assigned site.
The faculty is also currently affiliated with two major academic hospital systems, Hamilton Health Sciences and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton. Combined, the two faculties operate ten hospitals in the Hamilton area, each used as teaching hospital by the faculty. Norfolk General Hospital is the latest hospital to be affiliated with the faculty, becoming an affiliated teaching hospital with the university in 2009.
Reputation
In the 2012 Times Higher Education rankings of clinical, pre-clinical, and health universities, the university ranked 16th in the world and 2nd in Canada, behind Mcgill University. The faculty was placed 82nd in the world and fourth in the country in the U.S. News & World Report university rankings for life sciences and biomedicine. In the field of clinical medicine and pharmacy, the ARWU in 2010 ranked the program 51st–75th in the world and third in Canada. In the 2016 Times Higher Education rankings of clinical, pre-clinical, and health universities, the university ranked 27th in the world, and 3rd in Canada, with University of Toronto taking 1st in Canada and 11th in the world, whereas Mcgill University took 2nd in Canada and 20th in the world.
Research
In 2010, the university was ranked by High Impact Universities 25th out of 500 universities—second in the country—for research performance in the fields of medicine, dentistry, pharmacology, and health sciences. For five years in a row, McMaster has ranked second in Canada for biomedical and health care research revenues. In 2008–2009, Faculty investigators were overseeing $133 million a year in research, much of that research conducted by scientists and physicians who teach in the medical school. For its 2010 rankings, HEEACT ranked McMaster 26th in the world and second on a national scale for scientific papers in clinical medicine. The Faculty of Health Sciences operates several research institutes, including the Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, the DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, and the Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute. In November 2010, researchers at the Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute turned clumps of human skin into blood cells, which may help alleviate the shortage of blood donors. A portion of Albert Einstein's brain is preserved and held for medical research at the McMaster brain bank. Researchers there have identified differences in his brain that may relate to his genius for spatial and mathematical thinking.
Notes and references
External links
Tour of the Faculty of Health Sciences
Evidence Based Medicine - British Medical Journal
McMaster University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMaster%20Faculty%20of%20Health%20Sciences |
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is the common collective name for human betaherpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human betaherpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B). These closely related viruses are two of the nine known herpesviruses that have humans as their primary host.
HHV-6A and HHV-6B are double-stranded DNA viruses within the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily and of the genus Roseolovirus. HHV-6A and HHV-6B infect almost all of the human populations that have been tested.
HHV-6A has been described as more neurovirulent, and as such is more frequently found in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. HHV-6 (and HHV-7) levels in the brain are also elevated in people with Alzheimer's disease.
HHV-6B primary infection is the cause of the common childhood illness exanthema subitum (also known as roseola infantum or sixth disease). It is passed on from child to child. It is uncommon for adults to contract this disease as most people have had it by kindergarten, and once contracted, immunity arises and prevents future reinfection. Additionally, HHV-6B reactivation is common in transplant recipients, which can cause several clinical manifestations such as encephalitis, bone marrow suppression, and pneumonitis.
A variety of tests are used in the detection of HHV-6, some of which do not differentiate the two species.
History
During 1986, Syed Zaki Salahuddin, Dharam Ablashi, and Robert Gallo cultivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS and lymphoproliferative illnesses.
Short-lived, large, refractile cells that frequently contained intranuclear and/or intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were documented. Electron microscopy revealed a novel virus that they named Human B-Lymphotropic Virus (HBLV).
Shortly after its discovery, Ablashi et al. described five cell lines that can be infected by the newly discovered HBLV. They published that HSB-2, a particular T-cell line, is highly susceptible to infection. Ablashi's pioneering research concluded by suggesting that the virus name be changed from HBLV to HHV-6, in accord with the published provisional classification of herpes viruses.
Years later, HHV-6 was divided into subtypes. Early research (1992) described two very similar, yet unique variants: HHV-6A and HHV-6B. The distinction was warranted due to unique restriction endonuclease cleavages, monoclonal antibody reactions, and growth patterns.
HHV-6A includes several adult-derived strains and its disease spectrum is not well defined, although it is thought by some to be more neurovirulent. HHV-6B is commonly detected in children with roseola infantum, as it is the etiologic agent for this condition. Within these two viruses is a sequence homology of 95%.
In 2012, HHV-6A and HHV-6B were officially recognized as distinct species.
Taxonomy
HHV-6A and HHV-6B were recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) as distinct species in 2012. Human Roseoloviruses include HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7.
Herpesvirus was established as a genus in 1971 in the first report of the ICTV. This genus consisted of 23 viruses among 4 groups. In 1976, a second ICTV report was released in which this genus was elevated to the family level — the herpetoviridae. Because of possible confusion with viruses derived from reptiles, the family name was changed in the third report (1979) to herpesviridae. In this report, the family Herpesviridae was divided into 3 subfamilies (alphaherpesvirinae, betaherpesvirinae and gammaherpesvirinae) and 5 unnamed genera; 21 viruses were recognized as members of the family.
In 2009, the order Herpesvirales was created. This was necessitated by the discovery that the herpes viruses of fish and molluscs are only distantly related to those of birds and mammals. Order Herpesvirales contains three families, the Herpesviridae, which contains the long-recognized herpesviruses of mammals, birds, and reptiles, plus two new families — the family Alloherpesviridae which incorporates herpes viruses of bony fish and frogs, and the family Malacoherpesviridae which contains viruses of molluscs.
As of 2012, this order currently has 3 families, 4 subfamilies (1 unassigned), 18 genera (4 unassigned) and 97 species.
Structure
The diameter of an HHV-6 virion is about 2000 angstroms. The virion's outer portion consists of a lipid bilayer membrane that contains viral glycoproteins and is derived from that of the host. Below this membrane envelope is a tegument which surrounds an icosahedral capsid, composed of 162 capsomeres. The protective capsid of HHV-6 contains double stranded linear DNA.
During maturation of HHV-6 virions, human cell membranes are used to form viral lipid envelopes (as is characteristic of all enveloped viruses). During this process HHV-6 utilizes lipid rafts, which are membranous microdomains enriched by cholesterol, sphingolipids, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Early researchers suspected that HHV-6 virions mature in the nucleus; some even incorrectly published this, as they generalized and applied to HHV-6 what was known about other viruses. However, researched published in 2009 suggests that the HHV-6 virus utilizes trans-Golgi-network-derived vesicles for assembly.
Genome
The genetic material of HHV-6 is composed of linear (circular during an active infection), double stranded DNA which contains an origin of replication, two 8–10 kb left and right direct repeat termini, and a unique segment that is 143–145kb.
The origin of replication (often labeled as "oriLyt" in the literature) is where DNA replication begins. The direct repeat termini (DRL and DRR) possess a repeated TTAGGG sequence, identical to that of human telomeres. Variability in the number of telomeric repeats is observed in the range of 15–180. These termini also contain pac-1 and pac-2 cleavage and packing signals that are conserved among herpesviruses.
The unique segment contains seven major core gene blocks (U27–U37, U38–U40, U41–U46, U48–U53, U56–U57, U66EX2–U77, and U81–U82), which is also characteristic of herpesviruses. These conserved genes code for proteins that are involved in replication, cleavage, and packing of the viral genome into a mature virion. Additionally, they code for a number of immunomodulatory proteins. The unique segment also possesses a block of genes (U2–U19) that are conserved among HHV-6, HHV-7, and Cytomegaloviruses (the betaherpesviruses). A number of the unique segment genes are associated with, for instance, the HCMV US22 family (). The table below outlines some of their known properties.
Genes
Viral entry
HHV-6 receptor
When an extracellular HHV-6 virion comes across human cells, it encounters the human receptor protein cluster of differentiation 46 (CD46), which plays a role in regulating the complement system. The CD46 protein possesses a single variable region, as a result of alternative splicing. As such, at least fourteen isoforms of CD46 exist, all of which bind HHV-6a.
The extracellular region of CD46 contains four short consensus repeats of about 60 amino acids that fold into a compact beta-barrel domain surrounded by flexible loops. As has been demonstrated for CD46 with other ligands, the CD46 protein structure linearizes upon binding HHV-6. While their precise interaction has not yet been determined, the second and third SCR domains have been demonstrated as required for HHV-6 receptor binding and cellular entry.
HHV-6 receptor ligand
Mori et al. first identified the gene product gQ1, a glycoprotein unique to HHV-6, and found that it forms a complex with gH and gL glycoproteins. They believed that this heterotrimer complex served as the viral ligand for CD46. Soon thereafter, another glycoprotein named gQ2 was identified and found to be part of the gH/gL/gQ1 ligand complex, forming a heterotetramer that was positively identified as the viral CD46 ligand. The exact process of entry is not yet well understood.
Salivary glands
The salivary glands have been described as an in vivo reservoir for HHV-6 infection.
Leukocytes
Researchers conducted a study to show that T cells are highly infectable by HHV-6.
Nervous system
During the year 2011, researchers at the National Institutes of Health attempted to elucidate the then unknown method whereby HHV-6a gains entry into the nervous system. As such, they autopsied the brains of around 150 subjects. When various anatomical regions were assayed for their viral load, olfactory tissues were found to have the highest HHV-6 content. They concluded that these tissues are the entry point for HHV-6a.
The results above are consistent with those of previous studies that involved HSV-1 (and a number of other viruses), which also disseminates into the CNS through olfactory tissue.
Researchers also hypothesized that olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a group of specialized glial cells found in the nasal cavity, may have a role in HHV-6 infectivity. They suspected this association as a result of OECs having properties similar to those of astrocytes, another type of glial cell that was previously identified as being susceptible to HHV-6 infection. Research continued by infecting OECs in vitro with both types of HHV-6. Ultimately, only OECs in which HHV-6a was used tested positive for signs of de novo viral synthesis, as is also characteristic of astrocytes.
Cellular activity
Once inside, two outcomes have been described: active and inactive infections.
Active infection
Active infections involve the linear dsDNA genome circularizing by end to end covalent linkages. This process was first reported for the herpes simplex virus. Once circularized, HHV-6 begins to express what are known as "immediate early" genes. These gene products are believed to be transcription activators and may be regulated by the expression of viral micro RNAs. Subsequent expression of "early genes" then occurs and activates, for instance, viral DNA polymerases. Early genes are also involved in the rolling circle replication that follows.
HHV-6's replication results in the formation of concatemers, which are long molecules that contain several repeats of a DNA sequence. These long concatemers are then cleaved between the pac-1 and pac-2 regions for packaging of the genome into individual virions.
Inactive infection
Not all newly infected cells begin rolling circle replication. Herpesviruses may enter a latent stage, inactively infecting their human host. Since its discovery in 1993, this phenomenon has been found among all of the betaherpesviruses.
Other betaherpesviruses establish latency as a nuclear episome, which is a circular DNA molecule (analogous to plasmids). For HHV-6, latency is believed to occur exclusively through the integration of viral telomeric repeats into human subtelomeric regions. Only one other virus, Marek's disease virus, is known to achieve latency in this fashion. This phenomenon is possible as a result of the telomeric repeats found within the direct repeat termini of HHV-6's genome.
The right direct repeat terminus integrates within 5 to 41 human telomere repeats, and preferentially does so into the proximal end of chromosomes 9, 17, 18, 19, and 22, but has also occasionally been found in chromosomes 10 and 11. Nearly 70 million individuals are suspected to carry chromosomally integrated HHV-6.
A number of genes expressed by HHV-6 are unique to its inactive latency stage. These genes involve maintaining the genome and avoiding destruction of the host cell. For instance, the U94 protein is believed to repress genes that are involved in cellular lysis (apoptosis) and also may aid in telomeric integration. Once stored in human telomeres, the virus is reactivated intermittently.
Reactivation
The specific triggers for reactivation are not well understood. Some researchers have suggested that injury, physical or emotional stress, and hormonal imbalances could be involved.
Researchers during 2011 discovered that reactivation can positively be triggered in vitro by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Once reactivation begins, the rolling circle process is initiated and concatemers are formed as described above.
Interactions
Human herpesvirus 6 lives primarily on humans and, while variants of the virus can cause mild to fatal illnesses, can live commensally on its host. It has been demonstrated that HHV-6 fosters the progression of HIV-1 upon coinfection in T cells. HHV-6 upregulates the expression of the primary HIV receptor CD4, thus expanding the range of HIV susceptible cells. Several studies also have shown that HHV-6 infection increases production of inflammatory cytokines that enhance in vitro expression of HIV-1, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-8. A more recent in vivo study shows HHV-6A coinfection to dramatically accelerate the progression from HIV to AIDS in pigtailed macaques.
HHV-6 has also been demonstrated to transactivate Epstein–Barr virus.
Epidemiology
Age
Humans acquire the virus at an early age, some as early as less than one month of age. HHV-6 primary infections account for up to 20% of infant emergency room visits for fever in the United States and are associated with several more severe complications, such as encephalitis, lymphadenopathy, myocarditis and myelosuppression. The prevalence of the virus in the body increases with age (rates of infection are highest among infant between 6 and 12 months old) and it is hypothesized that this is due to the loss of maternal antibodies in a child that protect him or her from infections.
There are inconsistencies with the correlations between age and seropositivity: According to some reports there is a decrease of seropositivity with the increase of age, while some indicate no significant decline, and others report an increased rate of seropositivity for individuals age 62 and older. After primary infection, latency is established in salivary glands, hematopoietic stem cells, and other cells, and exists for the lifetime of the host.
Geographical distribution
The virus is known to be widespread around the world. An HHV-6 infection rate of 64–83% by age 13 months has been reported for countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and Taiwan. Studies have found seroprevalence varying "from approximately 39 to 80% among ethnically diverse adult populations from Tanzania, Malaysia, Thailand, and Brazil." There are no significant differences among ethnic groups living in the same geographical location or between sexes. While HHV-6B is present in almost all of the world's populations, HHV-6A appears to be less frequent in Japan, North America, and Europe.
Transmission
Transmission is believed to occur most frequently through the shedding of viral particles into saliva. Both HHV-6B and HHV-7 are found in human saliva, the former being at a lower frequency. Studies report varying rates of prevalence of HHV-6 in saliva (between 3–90%), and have also described the salivary glands as an in vivo reservoir for HHV-6. The virus infects the salivary glands, establishes latency, and periodically reactivates to spread infection to other hosts.
Vertical transmission has also been described, and occurs in approximately 1% of births in the United States. This form is easily identifiable as the viral genome is contained within every cell of an infected individual.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of HHV-6 infection is performed by both serologic and direct methods. The most prominent technique is the quantification of viral DNA in blood, other body fluids, and organs by means of real-time PCR.
Clinical significance
The classical presentation of primary HHV-6b infection is as exanthema subitum (ES) or "roseola", featuring a high temperature followed by a rash. However, one study (1997) indicated that a rash is not a distinguishing feature of HHV-6 infection, with rates similar to non-HHV-6 infections (10–20% of febrile children in both groups). HHV-6 infections more frequently present with high temperatures (over 40C), at a rate of around two thirds compared to less than half in the non-HHV-6 patients. Similarly significant differences were seen in malaise, irritability, and tympanic membrane inflammation.
Primary infection in adults tend to be more severe.
Diagnosis for the virus, particularly HHV-6B, is vital for the patient because of the infection's adverse effects. Symptoms that point to this infection, such as rashes, go unnoticed in patients that receive antibiotics because they can be misinterpreted as a side-effect of the medicine. HHV-6B is known to be associated with the childhood disease roseola infantum, as well as other illnesses caused by the infection. These include hepatitis, febrile convulsions, and encephalitis. Children who have exanthema subitum, caused by an HHV-6B infection, experience fevers lasting 3 to 5 days; rashes on the torso, neck, and face; and sometimes febrile convulsions, however, the symptoms are not always present together. Primary infections in adults are rare since most occurrences are in children. When the infection does occur for the first time in an adult the symptoms can be severe.
The virus periodically re-activates from its latent state, with HHV-6 DNA being detectable in 20–25% of healthy adults in the United States. In the immunocompetent setting, these re-activations are often asymptomatic, but in immunosuppressed individuals there can be serious complications. HHV-6 re-activation causes severe disease in transplant recipients and can lead to graft rejection, often in consort with other betaherpesviridae. Likewise in HIV/AIDS, HHV-6 re-activations cause disseminated infections leading to end organ disease and death. Although up to 100% of the population are exposed (seropositive) to HHV-6, most by 3 years of age, there are rare cases of primary infections in adults. In the United States, these have been linked more with HHV-6a, which is thought to be more pathogenic and more neurotropic and has been linked to several central nervous system-related disorders.
HHV-6 has been reported in multiple sclerosis patients and has been implicated as a co-factor in several other diseases, including chronic fatigue syndrome, AIDS, and temporal lobe epilepsy.
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disorder of the nervous system that results in demyelination of axons in the brain and spinal cord. The first study to specifically investigate HHV-6-related demyelination appeared in the literature during 1996, when a previously healthy 19-month-old child developed acute encephalopathy. Levels of myelin basic protein were elevated in his cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting that demyelination was occurring. This link was almost forgotten, until four years later when an MS-related study was published showing an HHV-6 prevalence of 90% among demyelinated brain tissues. In comparison, a mere 13% of disease-free brain tissues possessed the virus.
The molecular mimicry hypothesis, in which T cells are essentially confusing an HHV-6 viral protein with myelin basic protein, first appeared around this time. Early on in the development of this hypothesis (2002), Italian researchers used the HHV-6a variant along with bovine myelin basic protein to generate cross-reactive T cell lines. These were compared to the T cells of individuals with MS as well as those of controls, and no significant difference was found between the two. Their early research suggested that molecular mimicry may not be a mechanism that is involved in MS.
Several similar studies followed. A study from October 2014 supported the role of long-term HHV-6 infection with demyelination in progressive neurological diseases.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating illness, the cause of which is unknown. Patients with CFS have abnormal neurological, immunological, and metabolic findings.
For many, but not all, patients who meet criteria for CFS, the illness begins with an acute, infectious-like syndrome. Cases of CFS can follow well-documented infections with several infectious agents. A study of 259 patients with a "CFS-like" illness published shortly after HHV-6 was discovered used primary lymphocyte cultures to identify people with active replication of HHV-6. Such active replication was found in 70% of the patients vs. 20% of the control subjects (). The question raised but not answered by this study was whether the illness caused subtle immune deficiency that led to reactivation of HHV-6, or whether reactivation of HHV-6 led to the symptoms of the illness.
Subsequent studies employing only serological techniques that do not distinguish active from latent infection have produced mixed results: most, but not all, have found an association between CFS and HHV-6 infection.
Other studies have employed assays that can detect active infection: primary cell culture, PCR of serum or plasma, or IgM early antigen antibody assays. The majority of these studies have shown an association between CFS and active HHV-6 infection, although a few have not.
In summary, active infection with HHV-6 is present in a substantial fraction of patients with CFS. Moreover, HHV-6 is known to infect cells of the nervous system and immune system, organ systems with demonstrable abnormalities in CFS. Despite this association, it remains unproven that reactivated HHV-6 infection is a cause of CFS.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common thyroid disease and is characterized by abundant lymphocyte infiltrate and thyroid impairment. Recent research suggests a potential role for HHV-6 (possibly variant A) in the development or triggering of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Pregnancy
The role of HHV-6 during pregnancy leading to inflammation in the amniotic cavity has been studied.
Infertility
HHV-6A DNA was found in the endometrium of almost half of a group of infertile women, but in none of the fertile control group. Natural killer cells specific for HHV-6A, and high uterine levels of certain cytokines, were also found in the endometrium of the infertile women positive for HHV-6A. The authors suggest that HHV-6A may prove to be an important factor in female infertility.
Cancer
Many human oncogenic viruses have been identified. For instance, HHV-8 is linked to Kaposi's sarcoma, the Epstein–Barr virus to Burkitt's lymphoma, and HPV to cervical cancer. In fact, the World Health Organization estimated (2002) that 17.8% of human cancers were caused by infection. The typical methods whereby viruses initiate oncogenesis involve suppressing the host's immune system, causing inflammation, or altering genes.
HHV-6 has been detected in lymphomas, leukemias, cervical cancers, and brain tumors. Various medulloblastoma cell lines as well as the cells of other brain tumors have been demonstrated to express the CD46 receptor. Viral DNA has also been identified in many other non-pathological brain tissues, but the levels are lower.
The human P53 protein functions as a tumor suppressor. Individuals who do not properly produce this protein experience a higher incidence of cancer, a phenomenon known as Li-Fraumeni syndrome. One of HHV-6's gene products, the U14 protein, binds P53 and incorporates it into virions. Another gene product, the ORF-1 protein, can also bind and inactivate P53. Cells expressing the ORF-1 gene have even been shown to produce fibrosarcomas when injected into mice.
Another product of HHV-6, the immediate early protein U95, has been shown to bind nuclear factor-kappa B. Deregulation of this factor is associated with cancer.
Optic neuritis
HHV-6 induced ocular inflammation has been reported three times. All three were reported in elderly individuals, two during 2007 and one during 2011. The first two were reported in Japan and France, the most recent one in Japan.
These were believed to have occurred as a result of a reactivation, as anti-HHV-6 IgM antibody levels were low.
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Epilepsy of the mesial temporal lobe is associated with HHV-6 infection. Within this region of the brain exists three structures: the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common form of chronic epilepsy and its underlying mechanism is not fully understood.
Researchers consistently report having found HHV-6 DNA in tissues that were removed from patients with MTLE. Studies have demonstrated a tendency for HHV-6 to aggregate in the temporal lobe, with the highest concentrations in astrocytes of the hippocampus.
However, one group of researchers ultimately concluded that HHV-6 may not be involved in MTLE related to Mesial Temporal Sclerosis.
Liver failure
The virus is a common cause of liver dysfunction and acute liver failure in liver transplant recipients, and has recently been linked to periportal confluent necrosis. Furthermore, HHV-6 DNA is often detectable only in the biopsy tissues as DNA levels fall below the level of detection in blood in persistent cases.
Treatment
There are no pharmaceuticals approved specifically for treating HHV-6 infection, although the usage of Cytomegalovirus treatments (valganciclovir, ganciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet) have shown some success. These drugs are given with the intent of inhibiting proper DNA polymerization by competing with deoxy triphosphate nucleotides or specifically inactivating viral DNA polymerases.
Finding a treatment can be difficult when HHV-6 reactivation occurs following transplant surgery because transplant medications include immunosuppressants.
References
External links
Betaherpesvirinae
Viruses articles needing expert attention
Unaccepted virus taxa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20herpesvirus%206 |
The 58th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, took place on 12 February 2005 and honoured the best films of 2004.
The Aviator won Best Film, Best Supporting Actress for Cate Blanchett, Best Production Design, and Best Makeup and Hair. Jamie Foxx and Imelda Staunton won Best Actor and Best Actress for Ray and Vera Drake, respectively. Vera Drake also won Best Director for Mike Leigh and Best Costume Design. My Summer of Love, directed by Paweł Pawlikowski, was voted Outstanding British Film of 2004.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
77th Academy Awards
30th César Awards
10th Critics' Choice Awards
57th Directors Guild of America Awards
18th European Film Awards
62nd Golden Globe Awards
25th Golden Raspberry Awards
9th Golden Satellite Awards
19th Goya Awards
20th Independent Spirit Awards
10th Lumières Awards
16th Producers Guild of America Awards
31st Saturn Awards
11th Screen Actors Guild Awards
57th Writers Guild of America Awards
Sources
http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1018223,00.html Aviator leads BAFTAs with 14 nominations
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4260957.stm Aviator wins Best Film
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4261145.stm Stars on Red Carpet
058
2004 film awards
2005 in British cinema
February 2005 events in the United Kingdom
2005 in London
2004 awards in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
Great Southern Bank (formerly Credit Union Australia or CUA) is a customer-owned bank based in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. As of 2013, it is the largest Credit Union in Australia. It provides banking and insurance services to 420,000 customers in 2021.
Overview
Great Southern Bank is a mutual bank. It is Australia's largest customer-owned banking organisation with over 40 branches located around Australia, largely on the east coast. The contact centres are located in Sydney and Melbourne. It is also a member of the Customer Owned Banking Association (COBA), adhering to a Customer Owned Banking Code of Practice
Great Southern Bank has two fully owned subsidiary companies – CUA Health Ltd (Health Insurance) and Credicorp Insurance Ltd (consumer credit insurance). On 26 May 2021, it was announced that CUA Health Ltd would be sold to HBF.
History
The earliest precursor to Great Southern Bank was officially founded in 1946. It was created through the amalgamation of several small Queensland-based credit unions in the 1940s and had around 180 members in total. Since then, through the joining of more than 171 credit unions , it has become the biggest customer-owned bank in Australia.
Timeline
Recent recognition/awards
Forbes – Worlds Best Banks 2022
Canstar – Customer-Owned Institution of the Year winner 2022
Canstar – Savings 2022
Sponsorship
Principal partner – Brisbane Heat Cricket team
Major sponsor – Carlton AFL team
See also
Banking in Australia
List of banks in Australia
List of banks in Oceania
References
External links
Official website
Banks established in 1946
Credit unions of Australia
Australian companies established in 1946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Southern%20Bank |
A sight glass or water gauge is a type of level sensor, a transparent tube through which the operator of a tank or boiler can observe the level of liquid contained within.
Liquid in tanks
Simple sight glasses may be just a plastic or glass tube connected to the bottom of the tank at one end and the top of the tank at the other. The level of liquid in the sight glass will be the same as the level of liquid in the tank. Today, however, sophisticated float switches have replaced sight glasses in many such applications.
Steam boilers
If the liquid is hazardous or under pressure, more sophisticated arrangements must be made. In the case of a boiler, the pressure of the water below and the steam above is equal, so any change in the water level will be seen in the gauge. The transparent tube (the “glass” itself) may be mostly enclosed within a metal or toughened glass shroud to prevent it from being damaged through scratching or impact and offering protection to the operators in the case of breakage. This usually has a patterned backplate to make the magnifying effect of the water in the tube more obvious and so allow for easier reading. In some locomotives where the boiler is operated at very high pressures, the tube itself would be made of metal-reinforced toughened glass. It is important to keep the water at the specified level, otherwise the top of the firebox will be exposed, creating an overheat hazard and causing damage and possibly catastrophic failure.
To check that the device is offering a correct reading and the connecting pipes to the boiler are not blocked by scale, the water level needs to be “bobbed” by quickly opening the taps in turn and allowing a brief spurt of water through the drain cock.
The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors recommends a daily testing procedure described by the American National Standards Institute, chapter 2 part I-204.3 water level gauge. While not strictly required, this procedure is designed to allow an operator to safely verify that all parts of the sight glass are operating correctly and have free flowing connections to the boiler necessary for proper operation.
Failure
The gauge glass on a boiler needs to be inspected periodically and replaced if it is seen to have worn thin in the vicinity of the gland nuts, but a failure in service can still occur. Drivers are expected to carry two or three glass tubes, pre-cut to the required length, together with hemp or rubber seals, to replace the tubes on the road. Familiarity with this disquieting occurrence was considered so important that a glass would often be smashed deliberately while a trainee driver was on the footplate, to give him practice in fitting a new tube. Although automatic ball valves are fitted in the mounts to limit the release of steam and scalding water, these can fail through accumulation of limescale. It was standard procedure to hold the coal scoop in front of the face while the other hand, holding the cap for protection, reached to turn off the valves at both ends of the glass.
Reflex gauges
A reflex gauge is more complex in construction but can give a clearer distinction between gas (steam) and liquid (water). Instead of containing the media in a glass tube, the gauge consists of a vertically oriented slotted metal body with a strong glass plate mounted on the open side of the slot facing the operator. The rear of the glass, in contact with the media, has grooves moulded into its surface, running vertically. The grooves form a zig-zag pattern with 90° angles. Incident light entering the glass is refracted at the rear surface in contact with the media. In the region that is contact with the gas, most of the light is reflected from the surface of one groove to the next and back towards the operator, appearing silvery white. In the region that is in contact with the liquid, most of the light is refracted into the liquid causing this region to appear almost black to the operator. Well-known makes of reflex gauge are Clark-Reliance, IGEMA, TGI Ilmadur, Penberthy, Jerguson, Klinger, Cesare-Bonetti and Kenco. Due to the caustic nature of boiler anti-scaling treatments ("water softeners"), reflex gauges tend to become relatively rapidly etched by the water and lose their effectiveness at displaying the liquid level. Therefore, bi-colour gauges are recommended for certain types of boiler, particularly those operating at pressure above 60 bar.
Bi-colour gauges
A bi-colour gauge is generally preferred for caustic media in order to afford protection to the glass. The gauge consists of a vertically oriented slotted metal body with a strong plain glass to the front and the rear. The front and rear body surfaces are in non-parallel vertical planes. Behind the gauge body are light sources with two quite different wavelengths, typically red and green. Due to the different refraction of the red and green light, the liquid region appears green to the operator, while the gas region appears red. Unlike the reflex gauge, the glass has a plane surface which it does not need to be in direct contact with the media and can be protected with a layer of a caustic-resistant transparent material such as silica. Well-known manufacturers of the highest quality Bi-Colour Level Gauges are Clark-Reliance, Klinger, FPS-Aquarian, IGEMA and Quest-Tec
Magnetic indicator
In a magnetic indicator is a float on the surface of the liquid contains a permanent magnet. The liquid is contained in a chamber of strong, non-magnetic material, avoiding the use of glass. The level indicator consists of a number of pivoting magnetic vanes arranged one above the other and placed close to the chamber containing the float. The two faces of the vanes are differently coloured. As the magnet passes up and down behind the vanes it cause them to rotate, displaying one colour for the region containing the liquid and another for the region containing gas. Magnetic indicators are stated in various manufacturers' literature to be most suitable for very high pressure and / or temperature and for aggressive liquids.
History
The first locomotive to be fitted with the device was built in 1829 by John Rastrick at his Stourbridge works.
Modern industrial sight glass
Industrial observational instruments have changed with industry itself. More structurally sophisticated than the water gauge, the contemporary sight glass — also called the sight window or sight port — can be found on the media vessel at chemical plants and in other industrial settings, including pharmaceutical, food, beverage and bio gas plants. Sight glasses enable operators to visually observe processes inside tanks, pipes, reactors and vessels.
The modern industrial sight glass is a glass disk held between two metal frames, which are secured by bolts and gaskets, or the glass disc is fused to the metal frame during manufacture. The glass used for this purpose is either soda lime glass or borosilicate glass, and the metal, usually a type of stainless steel, is chosen for desired properties of strength. Borosilicate glass is superior to other formulations in terms of chemical corrosion resistance and temperature tolerance, as well as transparency.
Fused sight glasses are also called mechanically prestressed glass, because the glass is strengthened by compression of the metal ring. Heat is applied to a glass disc and its surrounding steel ring, causing a fusion of the materials. As the steel cools, it contracts, compressing the glass and making it resistant to tension. Because glass typically breaks under tension, mechanically prestressed glass is unlikely to break and endanger workers. The strongest sight glasses are made with borosilicate glass, because of the greater difference in its coefficient of expansions.
See also
Fuel gauge
Fusible plug
References
External links
Reflex Gauge, Flat Glass or Transparent Gauge, and Ported Gauge, FPS-Aquarian
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Measuring instruments
Volumetric instruments
Mechanical engineering
Glass applications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight%20glass |
The Bistra (, is a massif in North Macedonia. The massif has several summits higher than 2,000 metres, with the highest being Medenica at 2,163 metres above sea level.
Limestone erosion on the mountain has created limestone fields. In the limestone region of the Bistra, there are fourteen limestone fields: Tonivoda, Govedarnik, Bardaš, Sultanica, Solomunica, Suvo Pole, Small and Big Brzovec, Čukni Topanica, Lower and Upper Poljce, Tri Bari, Tri Groba and Lazaropole.
Much of the mountain's area lies within the boundaries of the Mavrovo National Park.
References
Two-thousanders of North Macedonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistra%20%28mountain%29 |
Popular Liberalism (Liberalismo Popolare, LP), subsequently known also as Houses of the Citizen (Case del Cittadino, CdC), was a liberal faction within Forza Italia, a political party in Italy.
The group was basically composed of those Liberals (former members of the Italian Liberal Party, PLI) who formed the Union of the Centre in 1993, after the PLI's dissolution, took part to the Pole of Freedoms/Pole for Freedoms coalition and finally joined Forza Italia in 1999, continuing its activity through the association Liberal Union of the Centre (Unione Liberale di Centro, ULdC). The LP faction was founded in 2003 by six Forza Italia's MPs: three former Liberals (Alfredo Biondi, Raffaele Costa and Valter Zanetta) and three former Christian Democrats with a liberal streak (Roberto Rosso, Renzo Patria and Benedetto Nicotra) and had circles all around Italy, especially in Piedmont, home-region of Costa, Zanetta, Rosso and Patria.
Leadership
Secretary: Raffaele Costa
President: Alfredo Biondi
References
External links
Official website
Forza Italia factions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Liberalism |
Esja (often Esjan, with the feminine definite article) is a mountain situated in the south-west of Iceland, about ten kilometres north of Iceland's capital city Reykjavík.
Esja is not a single mountain, but a volcanic mountain range, made from basalt and tuff.
Etymology
The name is likely related to an archaic word, , meaning rock flake or carving stone.
In the Kjalnesinga saga, there is a rich widow among Irish settlers named Esja, but it is likely that the woman's name is derived from the mountain and not vice versa.
Esja can be used as a given name in Iceland.
Formation
Esja was built up at the end of the Pleistocene with the beginning of the Ice Age. During the warm periods lava flowed, and in the cold periods ridges of tuff were built up under the glacier. The western part of the mountain range is the oldest (about 3.2 million years) and the eastern part is the youngest (about 1.8 million years). The movements of the plate boundaries cutting diagonally through Iceland are continually pushing the strata to the west and away from the active volcanic zone. Intrusions, i.e. large magma channels coming from the old central volcanoes at Kjalarnes and Stardalur , found entrances into the strata. The result was a series of large lava fields, one above the other, which the Ice Age glacier ground down. It left only the highest summits, like the mountain ranges of Esja or Akrafjall .
Physical features
The easternmost summits of the mountain range, called Móskarðshnúkar , are of an unusually light colour. An Icelandic writer in the 19th century, so goes the story, hoped to see the sun there after a long period of rain. But when he looked closer, it was only the mountaintops with their colours. In reality, it is the rhyolite stone, often to be found in Icelandic nature near old (and also active) central volcanoes.
Hiking and climbing
Within easy reach of the capital, Esja is a very popular recreation area for hikers and climbers. The best known hiking paths lead to the summits Þverfellshorn (780 m) and Kerhólakambur (851 m). Þverfellshorn is also easily accessible by public transport.
The path is divided into sections, marked with signs along the way. Each sign gives an indication of the difficulty of the path ahead with a grade system ranging from 1 boot (easy) to 3 boots (challenging). At the third sign experienced climbers can choose to climb directly to the peak, instead of following the path which goes off to the right. After approximately 6.6 kilometers of walking and 597 meters altitude gain is a big rock called Steinn . It is here that most inexperienced climbers choose to go down again, as the path becomes increasingly difficult from there.
The highest point, at 914 m, is called Hábunga . From Þverfellshorn, reaching Hábunga requires another three-kilometer trek northeast, across a rocky plateau with no directional signs or clear path. As of August 2011, Hábunga was marked only by a large cairn with a wooden stick at the top.
There is danger of avalanches in wintertime. The last fatality was in 2020.
References
Mountains of Iceland
Volcanoes of Iceland
Pliocene volcanoes
Pleistocene volcanoes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esja |
The Czech Cup (), officially known as the MOL Cup for sponsorship reasons, is the major men's football cup competition in the Czech Republic. It is organised by the Czech Football Association.
The Czech Cup was first held in 1961. The winner would then face the winner of the Slovak Cup in the Czechoslovak Cup final. This competition was discontinued in 1993, after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent states (Czech Republic and Slovakia).
The winner gains entry to the following season's UEFA Europa League.
Finals of the Czech Cup
Performance by club
Historical names
1993–2000 – Pohár Českomoravského fotbalového svazu (Pohár ČMFS)
2000–2002 – Raab Karcher Cup
2002–2009 – Pohár Českomoravského fotbalového svazu (Pohár ČMFS)
2009–2012 – Ondráškovka Cup
2012–2014 – Pohár České pošty
2014–2015 – Pohár Fotbalové asociace České republiky (Pohár FAČR)
2015–now – MOL Cup
See also
Czechoslovak Cup
Czech Women's Cup
References
Football Cup at ČMFS website
League321.com – National cup results.
External links
Czech Republic – List of Cup Finals, RSSSF.com
Czech Cup summary – Soccerway
National association football cups
Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech%20Cup |
Suzanne Bing (10 March 1885 – 22 November 1967) was a French actress. She was a founding member of Jacques Copeau's Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier in Paris during the first season 1913-14. Later she worked with the troupe in New York from 1917–19 and again in Paris, 1920-24.
Early life and formative years
Suzanne Bing was born in Paris in the 2nd arrondissement. When Bing joined the Vieux-Colombier in 1913, she came to the company with some experience in the artistic circles of Paris.
She married the composer Edgard Varèse on 5 November 1907 after spending two years at the Paris Conservatoire de Musique et de Déclamation where vocal training was more important than acting. She spent several years in Berlin where Varèse tried to make a living. After their daughter, Claude, was born in October 1910, she continued to act in various venues in Paris. But by 1913 Varèse and Bing decided they should pursue their respective careers, and they separated. The marriage was not annulled until 1965.
At the Vieux-Colombier
During the first season of the Vieux-Colombier in Paris, Bing played several important roles, the most critically acclaimed of which was her Viola in an adaptation of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, (Nuit des rois). When war broke out in August 1914, the second season was cancelled as most of the men either volunteered or were called up for service.
Bing continued her collaboration with Copeau as he pursued his concept for a school for actors where his ideals of respect for the text and an acting style freed of rhetorical flourishes common during the era would be taught to young people drawn to a vocation in the theater. Bing, with her own acting experience and training, was an invaluable source of knowledge and support for Copeau. Their first efforts took place in November 1915 with a group of children ranging in age from six to fourteen years.
Bing worked as an assistant to Copeau during these sessions, sometimes replacing him in his absence. Her ability to work with the youngsters in a relaxed and playful atmosphere contributed to the success of this undertaking and helped Copeau in his understanding of various techniques, such as improvisation and music-based movement, that he would incorporate later into a more elaborate curriculum.
After Copeau was excused from military service because of illness, the professional and intimate lives of Bing and Copeau became increasingly intertwined, as she worked with him to establish some basic guidelines for a school. They collaborated on a translation of Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, finished in 1916. In March 1917, while Copeau was in New York City for a series of lectures, Bing gave birth to their son, Bernard.
To New York and back
During the two-year stint of the Vieux-Colombier at the Garrick Theatre on 35th Street in New York City, Bing reprised the role of Viola in Nuit des rois, and seven other roles ranging from Elise in Molière's L’Avare to Astolphe in Alfred de Musset's Barberine during the first season and some thirteen roles in the second season, including Cherubin in Le Mariage de Figaro of Beaumarchais, Mélisande in Maurice Maeterlinck's Pelléas et Mélisande, and Mrs. Helseth in Henrik Ibsen's Rosmersholm.
In a review, the magazine The Nation wrote on 29 March 1919: "Suzanne Bing seems to be a flame of inspiration to the group, and one comes to look for her, in however humble a capacity, in almost every performance, ..."
More importantly she continued to collaborate with Copeau on his idea of a school for young actors. She participated in activities at the Children's School founded by Margaret Naumberg, Waldo Frank's wife, who put into practice many of the concepts of Maria Montessori. During the summer of 1918, while the troupe of the Vieux-Colombier was lodged at the New Jersey estate of Otto H. Kahn, she and Marie-Hélène (later Mme Dasté), known as "Maiène", Copeau's oldest child, began to construct masks and work on activities that included movement and masks.
Upon their return to Paris in 1919, Copeau did not immediately re-open the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier, but the desire to open a school for actors remained ever-present. Again Suzanne Bing played an important role in both areas. The theater began its season with Shakespeare's Winter's Tale on 9 February 1920 in the Copeau/Bing adaptation and acting classes for a group of adults began on 1 March under the direction of Copeau and Bing. When it became obvious that a suitable locale for a theater school was not available, Bing started lessons with youngsters between the ages of fourteen and eighteen the following December in space above the theater. For the next four years, she shared her talents between the theater and her young charges at the École du Vieux-Colombier, which now had its own space several blocks from the theater and a full-blown program of studies.
Although Copeau thought it best to protect his students from the influence of the professional theater, he did allow them to participate to critical acclaim in a production of André Gide's Saul in which they played masked demons. Bing's work with her students was put on display in an adaptation of a Noh play, Katan, which they presented in 1924 before an astonished Copeau and Harley Granville-Barker.
The "Copiaus" and the Compagnie des Quinze
Abruptly at the end of the 1924 season, Copeau disbanded his theater company and, with those actors who were willing and some of the students from the school, moved to Burgundy. Thus began a fascinating saga in the countryside that was to last some five years. The motley group of some thirty-five students and actors first settled in Morteuil and then finally in Pernand-Vergelesse, a village not far from Beaune, deep in the wine-producing area of Burgundy. With the school abandoned because of a lack of funds in 1925, this odd mixture of actors and students, along with Copeau's nephew, Michel Saint-Denis, slowly formed themselves into a troupe that relied on the development of characters of their creation they developed through improvisation and mask work. The concept of a New Comedy that Copeau had developed much earlier during the war years came to fruition here with Bing, Maiène, St-Denis and Jean Dasté, who would soon become Copeau's son-in-law (he married Maiène). The masked characters, reminiscent of the commedia dell'arte, became part of their repertoire as they played in pieces written expressly for them by Copeau or that resulted from their improvisations. As they traveled from village to village putting on their plays in town squares, led by actors in costume and carrying banners, accompanied by drums and music, Burgundians began calling them the "Copiaus". The name soon marked them as progeny of Copeau's concept of the theater—a theater reduced to its essence.
Bing's influence here is not difficult to discern. Her interest in improvisation and masks grew into a devotion both to the development of her former students, Maiène, Jean Dasté, Etienne Decroux, Jean Dorcy, and to the continuation of the concepts of Copeau, the man they all called "patron." As the transition from student actor to professional took place under Bing's aegis, they developed new techniques based on their improvisations and mask work. The result was that the students of the École du Vieux-Colombier became themselves teachers and professional actors devoted to a well-honed craft.
In 1929 this small group left Burgundy for Paris to establish the Compagnie des Quinze, under the direction of Michel Saint-Denis. Their first production, Noé, written for the company by André Obey, was produced on the stage of the Vieux-Colombier in 1931. All the training of the actor's instruments—body and voice—along with the highly developed use of the mask were put on display in this work in which most of the actors played masked animal characters.
Later life and legacy
Although not working directly in the theater under Copeau, Bing continued her collaboration with him on a translation of the tragedies of Shakespeare published in 1939. She, like many theater actors of her generation, tried her hand at the art of the film in Le Calvaire de Cimiez (1934). Illness drained her energies, but not her spirit. Even during World War II, when she was forced to wear the hated star despite her conversion to Catholicism, she maintained her dignity. Although set up in a retirement home, by Copeau in 1947, she continued to work, giving elocution lessons and readings to foreign students at the Sorbonne. The French translations of the comedies of Shakespeare, her last collaboration with Copeau, were published in 1952.
She remained throughout her life the most ardent believer in Copeau's concepts of the theater. Without her it is unlikely that the École du Vieux-Colombier would have achieved its many successes, as can be seen in the influence her students exercised in the world of the theater between the two wars and after. She helped transform the formation of the actor in France—a tradition carried on subsequently by Jacques Lecoq and Ariane Mnouchkine.
Suzanne Bing died 1967 in Neuilly-sur-Seine.
Further reading
Bing, Bernard: Le Souvenir de Suzanne Bing, in Revue d'histoire du théâtre, 1983(1); Paris: Société d'Histoire du Théâtre, 1983. ISSN 0035-2373.
References
Main references:
Donahue, T. J.: Improvisation and the Mask at the Ecole du Vieux-Colombier: The Case of Suzanne Bing, in Maske und Kothurn 44(1-2), pp. 61 – 72.
Gontard, D. (ed.): Le Journal de bord des Copiaus. Paris: Éditions Seghers, 1974.
Sicard, C. (ed.): Registres VI: L’École du Vieux-Colombier. Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 2000. .
Online references:
External links
Entre deux jardins - Le Vieux Colombier, documentary of France 3, 2004/05. In French. URL last accessed July 18, 2006.
La compagnie des Quinze; in French. URL last accessed July 18, 2006.
Picon-Vallin, B.: Le théâtre japonais sous le regard de l’Occident; in French. URL last accessed July 18, 2006.
1885 births
1967 deaths
French stage actresses
20th-century French actresses
French film actresses
Actresses from Paris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne%20Bing |
Liga Veneta Repubblica (Łiga Vèneta Republica, Venetian Republic League, LVR) is a Venetist political party in Veneto, Italy. The party maintains a mildly separatist position and campaigns for the self-government of Veneto.
The party's founder and long-time leader is Fabrizio Comencini.
The LVR emerged in 1998 as a split from Liga Veneta (LV), the "national section" of Lega Nord in Veneto. Originally named Liga Veneta Repubblica, it changed its name to Veneti d'Europa (after the merger with Future Veneto in 2000) and Liga Fronte Veneto (after the merger with Fronte Marco Polo in 2001). It finally assumed again the original title in 2007.
In 2000 the party included eight regional councillors, three deputies and four senators (all LV defectors).
History
Foundation and early years
In September 1998, after some clashes with Umberto Bossi, Fabrizio Comencini, national secretary of Liga Veneta (LV) since 1994, tried to lead the party out of Lega Nord (LN), a federation of regional parties. This move was opposed by Bossi's loyalists and he was finally expelled from the party and replaced by Gian Paolo Gobbo as leader of the LV.
Subsequently, seven out of eight members of LV–LN's group in the Regional Council of Veneto (Fabrizio Comencini, Ettore Beggiato, Alessio Morosin, Mariangelo Foggiato, Alberto Poirè, Michele Munaretto and Franco Roccon) left the party and launched Liga Veneta Repubblica (LVR), which was initially intended to be the legal continuation and legitimate heir of the LV. Another councillor, Adriano Bertaso of North-East Union, who had earlier left the LN, joined the party for a while. Comencini's followers represented the more Venetist and separatist wing of the LV, while the people who remained in the LN were mainly fiscal federalists and Padanists. The former were also keen on an alliance with the centre-right Pole of Freedoms coalition in Veneto in support of President Giancarlo Galan, with whom Comencini signed a pact in August 1999.
Despite the entity of the split among elects, most voters of the LV remained loyal to Gobbo and Bossi. In the 1999 European Parliament election the LVR won 3.5% of the vote in Veneto: a good result for a new party, but far less than the LV, which gained a disappointing 10.7% though, and far less than expected. However, the LVR had some local strongholds: San Bonifacio (20.9% over LV's 7.0% in 1998), Schio (11.8% over 11.1% in 1999), Arcole (44.1% over 6.0% in 1999), Camisano Vicentino (21.6% over 5.9% in 1999), Creazzo (15.5% over 14.7% in 1999), Chiuppano (34.8% and elected mayor in 1999), Monticello Conte Otto (14.6% over 7.2% in 1999), Resana (24.6% over 7.8% in 1999), Spresiano (62.2% over 9.1% and elected mayor in 1999) and Torri di Quartesolo (15.8% in 1999).
For the 2000 regional election the LV entered an alliance with the Pole of Freedoms that excluded the LVR. The party, whose name was changed to Veneti d'Europa, won 2.4% (0.6% under the threshold needed), due to the presence of another Venetist party, Fronte Marco Polo (1.2%), and an electoral recovery of the LV (12.0%). The name Veneti d'Europa (Venetians for Europe) was chosen as the LVR merged with Future Veneto, member of the Autonomists for Europe, a federation of splinter groups from the LN.
Liga Fronte Veneto and split
In 2001 the party, at the time led by the Venetist historian Beggiato, was merged with Fronte Marco Polo into the new Liga Fronte Veneto. Giorgio Vido was elected national secretary and Comencini national president. In 2001 general election Bepin Segato, a separatist activist in jail for having opposed Italian national unity, was a party candidate for the Senate. Despite gaining more than 5.6% of the votes in Veneto (mainly disgruntled voters of the LN, after the alliance with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia) and more than 10% in several single-seat constituencies, the party was not able to elect any representative to the Italian Parliament.
In 2003 Beggiato replaced Vido as national secretary in a time when the party was not represented in the institutions and was shrinking in popular support. In 2004 Beggiato tried to lead the party into North-East Project (PNE), even if PNE leader Giorgio Panto wanted LFV members to join not as a party but as individuals. Comencini ruled out the idea, that would have meant giving up the party's identity. After a tumultuous congress, a group led by Beggiato, Foggiato and Munaretto switched to PNE, while Comencini was elected national secretary and Morosin national president.
During this time, the party did occasionally better than the LV in local elections. This was the case of Cittadella in 2002 (14.9% over 5.5%) and San Bonifacio in 2004 (17.8% over 4.7%): in both cases, LFV candidates, Massimo Bitonci and Silvano Polo respectively, were elected mayors in run-offs. Bitonci, who re-joined the LV, was re-elected in 2007, while Polo did not stand for re-election and the LFV supported the defeated centre-left candidate.
Decline and more splits
In the 2005 regional election the party supported the centre-left candidate for president, Massimo Carraro, winning only 1.2% of the vote, while PNE won 5.4% (16.1% in the Province of Treviso), and being excluded again from the Regional Council. For the 2006 general election Comencini forged an alliance with The Union coalition led by Romano Prodi, but voters seemed to not like the idea and the party stopped at 0.7%.
In the 2007 provincial election of Vicenza, the LFV supported Giorgio Carollo, along with parties both from the centre-left and the centre-right: Veneto for the EPP, Italy of Values, UDEUR, Christian Democracy. Carollo scored 9.9%, while the LFV took only 1.6%, compared with 2.3% of PNE and 19.0% of the LV, whose candidate Attilio Schneck was elected President by a landslide. Soon after the election the party returned to its original name, Liga Veneta Repubblica, under which it ran in the 2008 general election.
In October 2008 the LVR signed a coalition pact with North-East Project (PNE) and Venetian Agreement (IV) for the next municipal, provincial and regional elections "in order to provide an adequate representation to the Venetian people, in line with what happens in Europe, from Scotland to Catalonia, from Wales to Brittany, where federalist, autonomist and independentist parties, who respond uniquely to their territory, see their popular support increasing." However, in the 2009 provincial and municipal election the LVR chose to support the candidates of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), having its best result in the Province of Padua (1.6%).
For the 2010 regional election, after having formed Veneto Freedom (VL) with other Venetist parties, the party finally chose to support Antonio De Poli (UDC) for President under the banner of North-East Union (UNE), along with UNE, PNE and IV. This decision caused two splits: the more independentist wing, led by Silvano Polo, joined the new Party of the Venetians (PdV) and the left-wing minority faction, led by Bortolino Sartore and Giorgio Vido, formed a new party called Liga Veneto Autonomo (LVA) in support of Giuseppe Bortolussi, the centre-left candidate. In the election the list won 1.5% of vote, with peaks of 1.9% and 1.8% in the provinces of Treviso and Belluno, and Mariangelo Foggiato (PNE) was elected to the Council. The LVA, which was able to present its list only in the Province of Vicenza, one of LVR's strongholds, won 1.1% of the vote there, that is to say a big share of the votes (1.6%) the LVR gained in 2005.
In the 2013 general election the LVR obtained 0.7% of the vote regionally, 1.2% in its stronghold of Vicenza.
Independence We Veneto
In July 2013 the LVR joined Let Veneto Decide, a loose cross-party committee for a referendum on Veneto's independence (see Venetian nationalism#Recent developments), along with Stefano Valdegamberi (the regional councillor who presented bill 342/2013 on the referendum), Venetian Independence (IV, the party which had envisioned the campaign), Veneto State (VS), Raixe Venete, Veneto First, other Venetist groups and individuals.
In March 2014 the party was a founding member of United for Independent Veneto, a more structured federation of Venetist and separatist parties, including also VS, Independent Venetians (VI) and Valdegamberi's Popular Future (FP). In July 2014 the coalition was transformed into "We Independent Veneto" (NVI), after the entry of other parties, notably including North-East Project and Chiavegato for Independence.
After the exit of Chiavegato and his group from the alliance and their alignment with Alessio Morosin's IV, the remaining parties of NVI formed a joint list for the 2015 regional election named Independence We Veneto (INV), a sort of re-edition of 2010's North-East Union, but with a separatist platform and in support of Luca Zaia, incumbent President of Veneto and candidate of the LV–LN. In the election, the list won 2.7% of the vote (0.2% more than IV) and Antonio Guadagnini of VS was elected regional councillor in the provincial constituency of Vicenza.
In May 2017 Comencini and other INV leaders were briefly members of Great North (GN), a liberal and federalist party.
Sometime in 2018 Comencini stepped down as secretary, being replaced by Gianluigi Sette and becoming president instead.
In the 2019 local elections the LVR stood with its own lists in San Bonifacio, Negrar and Arzignano.
Back with Liga Veneta
For the 2020 regional election the party entered in alliance with the LV for the first time since the 1998 split. In the election, the LV sponsors three lists, its own, Luca Zaia's personal list and the "Venetian Autonomy List", whose logo is the LVR's one with minor modifications, especially "List" instead of "Liga" and the "Autonomy" banner in the lower part, along with LVR's acronym. The LVR obtained 2.4% of the vote, electing Tomas Piccinini to the Regional Council.
Popular support
The electoral results of the party in Veneto in the regional and general elections for the Senate since 1999 are shown in the chart below.
Electoral results
Regional Council of Veneto
Italian Parliament
European Parliament
Leadership
National secretary: Fabrizio Comencini (1998–2000), Ettore Beggiato (2000–2001), Giorgio Vido (2001–2003), Ettore Beggiato (2003–2004), Fabrizio Comencini (2004–2018), Gianluigi Sette (2018–present)
National president: Mariangelo Foggiato (1998–1999), Donato Manfroi (1999–2000), Fabrizio Comencini (2000–2004), Alessio Morosin (2004–2007), Gian Pietro Piotto (2009–2018), Fabrizio Comencini (2018–present)
References
Sources
Francesco Jori, Dalla Łiga alla Lega. Storia, movimenti, protagonisti, Marsilio, Venice 2009
Ezio Toffano, Short History of the Venetian Autonomism, Raixe Venete
External links
Official website
Political parties in Veneto
Political parties established in 1998
Venetian nationalism
European Free Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga%20Veneta%20Repubblica |
The South Armagh Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) operated during the Troubles in south County Armagh. It was organised into two battalions, one around Jonesborough and another around Crossmaglen. By the 1990s, the South Armagh Brigade was thought to consist of about 40 members, roughly half of them living south of the border. It has allegedly been commanded since the 1970s by Thomas 'Slab' Murphy who is also alleged to be a member of the IRA's Army Council. Compared to other brigades, the South Armagh IRA was seen as an 'independent republic' within the republican movement, retaining a battalion organizational structure and not adopting the cell structure the rest of the IRA was forced to adopt after repeated intelligence failures.
As well as paramilitary activity, the South Armagh Brigade has also been widely accused of smuggling across the Irish border. Between 1970 and 1997 the brigade was responsible for the deaths of 165 members of British security forces (123 British soldiers and 42 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers). A further 75 civilians were killed in the area during the conflict, as well as ten South Armagh Brigade members. The RUC recorded 1,255 bombings and 1,158 shootings around a radius of ten miles from the geographic centre of South Armagh in the same period.
1970s
South Armagh has a long Irish republican tradition. Many men in the area served in the Fourth Northern Division of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence (1919–21) and, unlike most of the rest of the Northern Ireland IRA, on the republican side in the Irish Civil War (1922–23). Men from the area also took part in IRA campaigns in the 1940 and 1950s.
At the beginning of the Northern Ireland Troubles in August 1969, rioters, led by IRA men, attacked the RUC barracks in Crossmaglen, in retaliation for the attacks on Catholic/nationalist areas in Belfast in the Northern Ireland riots of August 1969. After the split in the IRA in that year, the South Armagh unit sided with the Provisional IRA rather than the Official IRA. The following August, two RUC constables were killed by a car bomb in Crossmaglen.
However, the IRA campaign in the area did not begin in earnest until 1971. On 7 August of that year, Harry Thornton, a 29-year-old sewage worker from South Armagh was shot and killed by the British Army while staying in a car outside Springfield Road base in Belfast, he and his coworker Arthur Murphy having been mistaken for gunmen. Murphy was lightly wounded and arrested by the RUC. The incident caused outrage among South Armagh residents, provided the IRA with many new recruits and created a hostile climate where local people were prepared to tolerate the killing of security force members.
During the early 1970s, the brigade was mostly engaged in ambushes of British Army patrols. In one such ambush in August 1972, a Ferret armoured car was destroyed by a 600 lb landmine, killing one soldier. There were also frequent gun attacks on foot patrols. Travelling overland in South Armagh eventually became so dangerous that the British Army began using helicopters to transport troops and supply its bases - a practice that had to be continued until the late 1990s. According to author Toby Harnden, the decision was taken shortly after a Saracen armoured vehicle was destroyed by a culvert bomb near Crossmaglen, on 9 October 1975. Subsequently, the British Army gave up the use of roads to the IRA in South Armagh. IRA volunteer Éamon McGuire, a former Aer Lingus senior engineer, and his team claim that they were responsible for getting the British Army "off the ground and into the air" in South Armagh. He was identified as the IRA's chief technical officer by the Central Intelligence Agency. Another noted IRA commander at that time was the commanding officer of the first battalion, Captain Michael McVerry. He was eventually killed during an attack on the RUC barracks in Keady in November 1973. Around this time IRA engineers in South Armagh pioneered the use of home-made mortars which were relatively inaccurate but highly destructive.
In 1975 and 1976, as sectarian violence increased in Northern Ireland, the South Armagh Republican Action Force, allegedly a cover-name for the South Armagh Brigade, carried out two attacks against Protestants. In September 1975 they attacked an Orange lodge in Newtownhamilton, killing five members of the lodge. Then, in January 1976, after a series of loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) attacks on Catholic civilians in the border areas (including the Reavey and O'Dowd killings the previous day), the group shot and killed ten Protestant workmen in the "Kingsmill massacre" near Bessbrook. The workers' bus was stopped and the one Catholic worker taken aside before the others were killed. In response, the British government stated that it was dispatching the Special Air Service (SAS) to South Armagh, although the SAS had been present in the area for many years. While loyalist attacks on Catholics temporarily declined afterwards and many Protestants became more reluctant to help the UVF, the massacre caused considerable controversy in the republican movement.
By the end of the 1970s, the IRA in most of Northern Ireland had been restructured into a cell system. South Armagh, however, where the close rural community and family connections of IRA men diminished the risk of infiltration, retained its larger "battalion" structure. On 17 February 1978 the commander of the 2nd Battalion Royal Green Jackets, Lieutenant Colonel Ian Corden-Lloyd, was killed and two other soldiers injured when the Gazelle helicopter he was travelling in was attacked by an IRA unit near Jonesborough. At that moment, a gun battle was taking place on the ground between British soldiers and members of the South Armagh Brigade. The helicopter crashed while taking evasive manoeuvres after being fired at from the east side of Edenappa road. Corden-Lloyd's subordinates had been accused of brutality against Catholic civilians in Belfast in 1971. In August 1979, a South Armagh unit killed 18 soldiers in the Warrenpoint ambush. This was the biggest single loss of life inflicted on the British Army in its deployment in Northern Ireland (Operation Banner).
A number of South Armagh IRA members were imprisoned by the end of the 1970s and took part in the blanket protest and dirty protest in pursuit of political status for IRA prisoners. Raymond McCreesh, a South Armagh man, was among the ten republican hunger strikers who died for this goal in the 1981 hunger strike. The South Armagh Brigade retaliated for the deaths of the hunger strikers by killing five British soldiers with a mine that destroyed their armoured vehicle near Bessbrook.
1980s
During the mid-1980s, the brigade focused its attacks on the RUC, killing 20 of its members between 1984 and 1986. Nine of these were killed in the February 1985 Newry mortar attack. Three months later, a further four RUC officers were killed by a 900 lb roadside bomb at Killean, County Armagh.
In 1986, the British Army erected ten hilltop observation posts in South Armagh. These bases acted as information-gathering centres and also allowed the British Army to patrol South Armagh more securely. Between 1971 and the erection of the hilltop sites in the mid-1980s (the first in 1986), 84 members of the security forces were killed in the Crossmaglen and Forkhill areas by the IRA. After this, 24 security force personnel and Lord Justice Gibson and his wife were killed in the same areas, roughly a third of the previous yearly rate.
In March 1989, two senior RUC officers were killed in an ambush near Jonesborough. Chief Superintendent Harry Breen and Superintendent Bob Buchanan were returning from a meeting with the Garda Síochána in the Republic of Ireland, where they had been discussing a range of issues including ways of combating IRA attacks on the cross-border rail link, when they were ambushed. This incident was investigated by the Smithwick Tribunal into alleged collusion between the IRA and the Gardaí. As the divisional commander for South Armagh, Breen was the most senior policeman to have been killed during the Troubles.
South Armagh became the most heavily militarised area in Northern Ireland. In an area with a population of 23,000, the British Army stationed around 3,000 troops in support of the RUC to contain an unknown number of paramilitaries.
1990s
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the IRA elsewhere in Northern Ireland found that nine out of ten planned operations were aborted. However, the South Armagh Brigade continued to carry out varied and high-profile attacks in the same period. By 1991, the RUC acknowledged that no mobile patrols had operated in South Armagh without Army support since 1975.
On 30 December 1990, Sinn Féin member and IRA volunteer, Fergal Caraher, was killed by Royal Marines near a checkpoint in Cullyhanna. His brother Michael Caraher, who was severely wounded in the shooting, later became the commander of one of the South Armagh sniper squads.
These squads were responsible for killing seven soldiers and two RUC members until the Caraher team was finally caught by the Special Air Service in April 1997. The South Armagh Brigade also built the bombs that were used to wreck economic targets in London during the 1990s, specially hitting the financial district. The truck bombs were sent to England by ferry. On 22 April 1993, the South Armagh IRA unit took control of the village of Cullaville near the border with the Republic, for two hours, making good use of dead ground. The fact that the IRA executed the action despite the presence of a British Army watchtower nearby, caused outrage among British and Irish parliamentary circles.
The South Armagh Brigade was by far the most effective IRA brigade in shooting down British helicopters during the conflict. They carried out 23 attacks on British Army helicopters during the Troubles, bringing five down on separate occasions: the Gazelle shot down in February 1978 near Jonesborough, a Lynx in June 1988, a second Lynx in February 1991,. while in 1994 another Lynx and an RAF Puma were shot down in March and July respectively. The shooting down of the Lynx in 1994 during a mortar attack on Crossmaglen barracks is regarded by Toby Harnden as the most successful IRA operation against a helicopter in the course of the Troubles. A sustained machine gun attack against a helicopter was filmed by a Dublin television crew in March 1991 outside Crossmaglen Health Center. There was no reaction from British security although the RUC/Army base was just 50 yards away. The only successful IRA attack against an Army helicopter outside South Armagh was carried out by the East Tyrone Brigade near Clogher, County Tyrone, on 11 February 1990. By 1994, the only way for the British army to travel safely across South Armagh and some border areas of Tyrone and Fermanagh was on board troop-carrying Chinook helicopters.
Timeline: South Armagh Sniper Operations
16 March 1990 - First use of the Barrett M82 sniper rifle in Northern Ireland by the South Armagh Brigade sniper teams. A British soldier suffered minor head injures when a bullet pierced his helmet on Castleblaney Road, County Armagh.
27 August 1992 - An unsuccessful attack was launched by a sniper on a British Army patrol at Carran Road, Crossmaglen, County Armagh.
28 August 1992 - British soldier Paul Turner was shot dead by a sniper in the main square of Crossmaglen, County Armagh. He was taking up position in the main square of the town when he was hit in the chest by a single bullet fired by an IRA sniper some 250 yards away. He was the first person killed by one of the South Armagh sniper teams.
25 February 1993 - RUC officer Jonathan Reid was shot dead by a sniper while on joint British Army and RUC foot patrol in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. He was taking cover at the side of a road. When he stood up he was hit by a single bullet which struck him in the chest.
17 March 1993 - British soldier Lawrence Dickson was shot dead by a sniper in Forkhill, County Armagh. The patrol were in pursuit of a man who had been acting suspiciously when a single high velocity shot was fired by a sniper who is believed to have been in a nearby vehicle. The bullet hit the soldier in the side and he died a short time later. Another British soldier unsuccessfully returned fire.
3 April 1993 - A British soldier was shot and injured by the IRA near Crossmaglen, South Armagh.
26 June 1993 - British soldier John Randall was shot dead by an IRA sniper near Newtownhamilton, County Armagh. He had been patrolling a field when the sniper fired a single high-velocity shot from the back of a stationary vehicle which hit Randall in the stomach.
17 July 1993 - British soldier Kevin Pullin was shot dead by a sniper while on foot patrol, Carran Road, Crossmaglen, County Armagh.
31 July 1993 - A British Army mobile checkpoint was fired at by an IRA sniper at Newtownhamilton, County Armagh. The British patrol manning the checkpoint returned fire. There were no injuries on either side.
2 November 1993 - RUC officer Brian Woods died two days after being shot by an IRA sniper while at an RUC Vehicle Check Point (VCP), Upper Edward Street, Newry, County Down. A single shot hit him in the neck
2 December 1993 - British soldier Paul Garrett was shot dead by a sniper while on foot-patrol, Victoria Street, Keady, County Armagh. He was hit in the stomach by a single bullet fired from a nearby hill.
30 December 1993 - British soldier Daniel Blinco (22) Grenadier Guards was shot dead by an IRA sniper while on foot-patrol while passing Murtaghs Pub, North Street, Crossmaglen, County Armagh.
25 July 1994 - A British soldier was shot and wounded by the IRA in Crossmaglen, County Armagh.
12 February 1997 - A British soldier was shot dead by a sniper near the British Army base in Bessbrook, County Armagh. Lance Bombardier Stephen Restorick was the last British soldier to be killed in Northern Ireland during Operation Banner.
29 March 1997 - An RUC officer was badly wounded when he was shot by a sniper outside Forkhill joint security base, County Armagh. This was the last action of the IRA Armagh Sniper teams.
16 April 1997 - A group of sixteen undercover SAS members restrained four IRA members, part of one of the two sniper teams which operated in South Armagh and gave them to the RUC, after tracking the IRA men to a farm complex. The owner of the farm was also arrested.
Dates in bold indicate a death by a sniper.
Ceasefires and the peace process
The IRA ceasefire of 1994 was a blow to the South Armagh Brigade, in that it allowed the security forces to operate openly in the area without fear of attack and to build intelligence on IRA members. When the IRA resumed its campaign in 1996-97, the South Armagh IRA was less active than previously, although one of the sniper teams killed one soldier and seriously wounded an RUC constable. But the snipers also lost a number of their most skilled members, such as Mícheál Caraher, who were arrested and imprisoned just weeks before the second ceasefire. The capture of the sniper team was the single major success for the security forces in South Armagh in more than a decade, and was arguably among the most important of the Troubles, but by then, the IRA and Sinn Féin had achieved huge political gains towards their long-term goals. The last major action of the brigade before the last IRA ceasefire was a mortar attack on Newtownhamilton RUC/Army barracks, on 12 July 1997. The single Mk-15 mortar bomb landed short of the perimeter fence.
In 1997, several members of the South Armagh Brigade, based in Jonesborough and Dromintee, following Michael McKevitt, left the Provisional IRA because of its acceptance of the Mitchell Principles of non-violence at a General Army Convention in October of that year and formed a dissident grouping, the Real IRA, which rejected the peace process. Their discontent was deepened by Sinn Féin's endorsement of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. Most of the South Armagh IRA stayed within the Provisional movement, but there were reports of the brigade aiding the dissidents in different actions before the signing of the agreement, among them the bombings of Moira and Portadown, and mortar attacks on a security base at Forkhill and a watchtower at Glassdrumman. The Omagh bombing of August 1998, a botched Real IRA operation which killed 29 civilians, was prepared by dissident republicans in South Armagh. Thomas Murphy and the leadership of the IRA in the area have allegedly since re-asserted their control, expelling dissidents from the district under threat of death. Michael McKevitt and his wife Bernadette were evicted from their home near Dundalk. IRA members in South Armagh ceased co-operating with the RIRA after the Omagh bombing.
After the Provisional IRA announced its intention to disarm and accept peaceful methods in July 2005, the British government announced a full demilitarisation plan which included the closing of all British Army bases in South Armagh by 2007. The normalisation process, negotiated under the provisions of the Good Friday Agreement in exchange for the complete decommissioning of IRA weaponry, was one of the main goals of the republican political strategy in the region.
Since the army wind-down in 2007, security in the area is the sole responsibility of the Police Service of Northern Ireland.
Smuggling activities
Senior IRA figures in South Armagh, notably Thomas Murphy, are alleged to have been involved in large-scale smuggling across the Irish border and money-laundering. Other alleged illegal activities involve fraud through embezzlement of agricultural subsidies and false claims of property loss. In 2006, the British and Irish authorities mounted joint operations to clamp down on smuggling in the area and to seize Thomas Murphy's assets. On 22 June 1998 a deadly incident involving fuel smuggling took place near Crossmaglen, when former Thomas Murphy employee Patrick Belton ran over and killed a British soldier attempting to stop him while driving his oil tanker through a military checkpoint. Belton was shot and injured by other members of the patrol, but managed to flee to the Republic. He was later acquitted of any charges, but he eventually agreed in 2006 to pay €500,000 for cross-border smuggling. Some sources claim that the smuggling activities not only made the South Armagh brigade self-sustained, but also provided financial support to most of the IRA operations around Northern Ireland. The IRA control over the roads across the border in South Armagh enabled them to impose 'taxes' on every cross-border illegal enterprise.
South Armagh Memorial Garden
A memorial garden was unveiled on 3 October 2010 in the village of Mullaghbawn, near Slieve Gullion mountain, with the names of 24 members of the South Armagh Brigade who died from different causes over the years inscribed upon a marble monument, along a bronze statue of Irish mythological hero Cú Chulainn. Martin McGuinness, then deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, gave the main oration, while Conor Murphy, then Minister for Regional Development, introduced the families of the dead IRA members. The unveiling involved a large republican parade which failed to comply with the procedures of the Parades Commission. A Police Service of Northern Ireland spokesman confirmed that an investigation was underway, but also stated that both Sinn Féin Ministers and everyone attending the parade were unaware that "the proper paperwork hadn't been submitted".
See also
Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997
Provisional IRA East Tyrone Brigade
Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade
Provisional IRA Derry Brigade
References
The Troubles in County Armagh
Military history of County Armagh
Provisional Irish Republican Army Brigades
1969 establishments in Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional%20IRA%20South%20Armagh%20Brigade |
Pererius may refer to:
Benedict Pereira (1535–1610), Spanish Jesuit philosopher, theologian, and exegete
Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676), French Millenarian theologian and formulator of Pre-Adamite theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pererius |
Július Jakoby (born as Gyula Jakoby, Košice, Kingdom of Hungary, 28 March 1903 – Košice, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, 15 April 1985) was a Slovak painter of Hungarian ancestry. Jakoby was a prominent figure of Slovakia's modernist art.
His image is that of a loner, living on the fringe of society, struggling for survival at the start of his career. His work is deeply tied to the small town atmosphere of Košice and its people, whose macrocosm can be seen in most of his works. In formal terms his work reflects secessionist expressionism and symbolism of Konštantín Kövári-Kačmárik and the Hungarian symbolism of Károly Férenczy and József Rippl-Rónai.
The works of Július Jakoby are exhibited in Slovak national gallery, National Gallery in Prague and Hungarian National Gallery and in many Slovak art museums and private collections. The biggest collection of his work is held in East Slovak Gallery in Košice.
His achievements are commemorated by a statue in the centre of his hometown of Košice, where he spent most of his life.
References
External links
Hundred Years of Artistic Solitude. Thoughts on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of Gyula Jakoby’s Birth (in Hungarian)
Artist profile on Artportal
Works held in Slovak art collections
Artists from Košice
1903 births
1985 deaths
20th-century Hungarian painters
Hungarian male painters
Czechoslovak painters
20th-century Hungarian male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlius%20Jakoby |
The Clubs of Reformist Initiative (Circoli di Iniziativa Riformista) was a social-democratic faction within Forza Italia, a political party in Italy.
Its members were mainly former members of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), a centrist social-democratic party which had been a minor but influential political force in Italy between 1947 and 1994. Its leader was Senator Carlo Vizzini, a former minister and erstwhile leader of the PSDI. The goal of the faction was to unite all members of Forza Italia who came from either that party or the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). When Forza Italia was merged into The People of Freedom in 2009, Vizzini launched European Reformists, a social-democratic think tank, which replaced the Clubs.
External links
Official website of Carlo Vizzini
Forza Italia factions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubs%20of%20Reformist%20Initiative |
In automotive and aerospace engineering, a fuel gauge is an instrument used to indicate the amount of fuel in a fuel tank. In electrical engineering, the term is used for ICs determining the current State of Charge of accumulators.
Motor vehicles
As used in vehicles, the gauge consists of two parts:
The sending unit - in the tank
The indicator - on the dashboard
The sending unit usually uses a float connected to a potentiometer, typically printed ink design in a modern automobile. As the tank empties, the float drops and slides a moving contact along the resistor, increasing its resistance. In addition, when the resistance is at a certain point, it will also turn on a "low fuel" light on some vehicles.
Meanwhile, the indicator unit (usually mounted on the dashboard) is measuring and displaying the amount of electric current flowing through the sending unit. When the tank level is high and maximum current is flowing, the needle points to "F" indicating a full tank. When the tank is empty and the least current is flowing, the needle points to "E" indicating an empty tank; some vehicles use the indicators "1" (for full) and "0" or "R" (for empty) instead.
The system can be fail-safe. If an electrical fault opens, the electrical circuit causes the indicator to show the tank as being empty (theoretically provoking the driver to refill the tank) rather than full (which would allow the driver to run out of fuel with no prior notification). Corrosion or wear of the potentiometer will provide erroneous readings of fuel level. However, this system has a potential risk associated with it. An electric current is sent through the variable resistor to which a float is connected, so that the value of resistance depends on the fuel level. In most automotive fuel gauges such resistors are on the inward side of the gauge, i.e., inside the fuel tank. Sending current through such a resistor has a fire hazard and an explosion risk associated with it. These resistance sensors are also showing an increased failure rate with the incremental additions of alcohol in automotive gasoline fuel. Alcohol increases the corrosion rate at the potentiometer, as it is capable of carrying current like water. Potentiometer applications for alcohol fuel use a pulse-and-hold methodology, with a periodic signal being sent to determine fuel level decreasing the corrosion potential. Therefore, demand for another safer, non-contact method for fuel level is desired.
Moylan arrow
Since the early 1990s, many fuel gauges have included an icon with a fuel pump and an arrow, indicating the side of the vehicle on which the fuel filler is located. The use of the icon and arrow was invented in 1986 by Jim Moylan, a designer for Ford Motor Company. After he proposed the idea in April 1986, the 1989 Ford Escort and Mercury Tracer were the first vehicles to see it implemented. Other automotive companies noticed the addition and began to incorporate it into their own fuel gauges.
Aircraft
Magnetoresistance type fuel level sensors, now becoming common in small aircraft applications, offer a potential alternative for automotive use. These fuel level sensors work similar to the potentiometer example, however a sealed detector at the float pivot determines the angular position of a magnet pair at the pivot end of the float arm. These are highly accurate, and the electronics are completely outside the fuel. The non-contact nature of these sensors address the fire and explosion hazard, and also the issues related to any fuel combinations or additives to gasoline or to any alcohol fuel mixtures. Magneto resistive sensors are suitable for all fuel or fluid combinations, including LPG and LNG. The fuel level output for these senders can be ratiometric voltage or preferable CAN bus digital. These sensors also fail-safe in that they either provide a level output or nothing.
Systems that measure large fuel tanks (including underground storage tanks) may use the same electro-mechanical principle or may make use of a pressure sensor, sometimes connected to a mercury manometer.
Many large transport aircraft use a different fuel gauge design principle. An aircraft may use a number (around 30 on an A320) of low voltage tubular capacitor probes where the fuel becomes the dielectric. At different fuel levels, different values of capacitance are measured and therefore the level of fuel can be determined. In early designs, the profiles and values of individual probes were chosen to compensate for fuel tank shape and aircraft pitch and roll attitudes. In more modern aircraft, the probes tend to be linear (capacitance proportional to fuel height) and the fuel computer works out how much fuel there is (slightly different on different manufacturers). This has the advantage that a faulty probe may be identified and eliminated from the fuel calculations. In total this system can be more than 99% accurate. Since most commercial aircraft only take on board fuel necessary for the intended flight (with appropriate safety margins), the system allows the fuel load to be preselected, causing the fuel delivery to be shut off when the intended load has been taken on board.
Fuel Gauge ICs
In electronics there are different ICs available, which control the current State of Charge of accumulators. These devices are also called "Fuel Gauge".
See also
Float switch
List of auto parts
List of vehicle instruments
Sight glass
External links
Explanation of operation of double coil moving iron indicators
Notes
Fuel containers
Fuel technology
Vehicle parts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel%20gauge |
The river Elliðaár (, "Elliði's river") is situated in the Reykjavík area in the south-west of Iceland. Two small rivers have their source in the volcanic mountain range of Bláfjöll and stream down to Elliðavatn lake at the eastern suburban border of the city, its outlet forming the river. On their way, they pass through the nature reserve area of Heiðmörk.
On its way to the sea, which is reached in the Elliðavogur bay in Reykjavík, not far from the open-air folk museum of Árbæjarsafn in Árbær, the river cascades over several small waterfalls, within the boundary of the city.
The river is an excellent place to fish salmon.
The valley
The valley Elliðaárdalur is one of the green recreational areas of Reykjavík with hiking and bicycle paths. There is also a swimming pool, a small ski lift and horse riding facilities in the valley. Since the beginning of the 20th century, this has been a reforestation area with birch, fir and pine trees planted.
Very interesting and varied bird life is found in the valley including swans and 8 different species of ducks. All together, 60 species of birds can be found here. Many song birds such as that of the thrush can be heard.
In 1921, the second hydroelectric power station in Iceland was constructed here and is still in use, the first being situated in the nearby town of Hafnarfjörður. A museum in the power station tells the story of the electrification of Reykjavík.
The base of the valley is a lava field dating from a volcanic eruption 4500 years ago in the Bláfjöll mountains some 25 km away from the city.
References
Rivers of Iceland
Geography of Reykjavík | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli%C3%B0a%C3%A1r |
Aimee Echo (né Rodrigues; born March 27, 1970) is an American singer and ashtanga yoga teacher. She rose to prominence as the singer of Human Waste Project, who she fronted between 1994 until the band's dissolution in 1998. Afterwards, she became the frontwoman of theSTART, which she co-founded with her husband Jamie Miller, and its side project Normandie.
Personal life
Echo is a practitioner and authorized teacher of ashtanga yoga. She began practicing Yoga with Noah Williams and Kimberly Flynn in Los Angeles in 1999. She travelled to India annually beginning in 2007 to study with Sri K. Pattabhi Jois, his grandson R. Sharath, and daughter Saraswati at KPJAYI. She received authorization to teach Ashtanga Yoga from R. Sharath in 2010. She is a graduate of the Institute for Integrative Nutrition, a certified health coach, and a certified massage therapist. She was a primary teacher at Jois Yoga. She is the owner of Ashtanga Yoga Long Beach. She is married to Jamie Miller, drummer of Bad Religion, and lives in Zaferia, Long Beach.
Discography
Human Waste Project
theSTART
Guest appearances
Red Hot Chili Peppers - One Hot Minute (1995)
Dave Navarro - Rhimorse (EP) (1995)
Cradle of Thorns - Download This! (1996)
Tura Satana - All Is Not Well (1997)
Coal Chamber - Chamber Music (1999)
Papa Roach - Infest (2000)
Snot - Strait Up (2000)
Professional Murder Music - Professional Murder Music (2001)
Look What I Did - Minuteman for the Moment (2005)
Teddybears - "Punkrocker" & "Yours to Keep" (2007) - live including Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and appearance on Last Call with Carson Daly
Street Drum Corps - We Are Machines (2008)
Night Horse - Perdition Hymns (2010)
References
1970 births
Living people
Singers from California
American women rock singers
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimee%20Echo |
The Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East (), abbreviated as UAECNE, is an autonomous body of Armenian Evangelical churches comprising 25 congregations throughout Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Iran, Iraq and Australia.
History
Origin
Beginning in the second decade of the 19th century as an indigenous reform movement within the Armenian Apostolic Church, it developed into an independent community in 1846 in Istanbul to become known as the Armenian Evangelical Church and in subsequent decades registered a membership of 60,000 throughout the Ottoman Empire. After the First World War, when the Armenian population was devastated and the remnant deported from its historic homeland in what is now called Turkey, the Union was reorganized in Syria and Lebanon. The Union is composed of autonomous congregations. Its organizational pattern is a kind of modified congregationalism. The annual convention of the Union is the highest authority, presided by Rev. Megerdich Karageozian. The central committee of 12 members, elected at the convention, acts as an administrative body supervising and coordinating the activities of the member churches and church related institutions.
From its inception, the Armenian Evangelical Church has stressed the importance of education. It now operates more than 20 schools, four of them being high schools and also owns the only university in the diaspora: Haigazian University, member of the Association of International Colleges and Universities-Europe Inc., with an enrollment of 650 students. It operates four conference centers in Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey. Together with the Arabic-speaking Evangelical churches, the Union owns and operates a secondary school in Aleppo and the Near East School of Theology in Beirut (the latter also supported by foreign missionary agencies). With the Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Catholic Catholicossates it operates the old people's homes in Aleppo and Beirut, and a sanatorium in Azounieh, Lebanon.
It has developed ecumenical ties with several churches and fraternal relations with the Armenian Evangelical Union of North America, the Armenian Evangelical Union of France and the Armenian Evangelical Union of Armenia. In spite of grave problems of emigrations and persecution, the Union continues to function with a growing awareness of its mission in its territories.
The church is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches
Establishment
The Lebanon-based Armenian Evangelical Union of the Near East, established in 1924, is one of the oldest among the five Unions that comprise the Armenian Evangelical Church. It is a union of over two dozen churches and congregations in seven countries in the Middle East and one church in Australia, as the origin of the Sydney church is traced back to Lebanon and Syria. Each member church in the Union is independent in its internal affairs; however, certain Union-wide functions are centralized, such as the screening of candidates for the ministry. New recruits study at the Near East School of Theology, and at Haigazian University.
Unlike those in other parts of the world, the Armenian Evangelicals in Lebanon, as part of the Evangelical Denomination of Lebanon [Taefa Protestant], are one of the officially recognized communities in the country’s sectarian political system.
“The Denomination has wide cooperation with the Armenian Evangelical community and is much closer to the Armenian milieu,” says Rev. Megerdich Karageozian, President of the Near East Union, “but legally and formally we are part of the Evangelical Denomination of Lebanon.”
The Denomination is guaranteed one seat in the Lebanese Parliament. From 1972 to 2000s the “Protestant MP” had been an Armenian. In the past Antranik Manoogian, Nourjan Demirjian, and Abraham Dedeyan served as MPs; currently Edgard Traboulsi represents the interests of all the Evangelicals in Lebanon...
“An estimated five percent of Armenians in Lebanon are Evangelicals,” says Rev. Karageozian. “Currently that is probably around 5-6,000 members.”
Over the last two decades, thousands have left Lebanon depleting the human and financial resources of the church. Especially during the Lebanese Civil War, “50 percent of our congregation emigrated,” says Rev. Karageozian.
The Union closed two schools in Zahleh and Tripoli due to lack of students and difficult financial conditions and two other schools in Beirut; including The Armenian Evangelical Guertmenian School in 2015. But the community continues to educate around 1,350 students (as of 17/18 school year) in Four Secondary and One Middle School in Lebanon, with help from endowment funds.
Before the beginning of the war, the Evangelical schools had more than 5,000 students in their schools. “The economic well-being of the population has been disrupted because of the war and emigration.” He explains that the community expects the Union to provide scholarships and cover the cost of every student who attends their schools. “In the past, a $100 scholarship meant a lot, but today an upper class student costs about $2000,” he explains.
But the pride of the Armenian Evangelical Church is the Haigazian University, the only higher education institution in the Diaspora.
Presidents
Rev. Megerdich Karageozian (1998-current)
Rev. Dr. Hovannes Karjian (1992-1998)
Rev. Dr. Hovannes Aharonian (1972-1985)
Member churches of the Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East
Australia
Armenian Evangelical Uniting Church of Sydney
Cyprus
Armenian Evangelical Fellowship of Cyprus (Nicosia)
Egypt
Armenian Evangelical Church of Alexandria
Greece
Armenian Evangelical Church of Kokkinia
Armenian Evangelical Church of Dergouty
Iran
Sourp Hovhannes Armenian Evangelical Church of Tehran
Hokeshounch Armenian Evangelical Church of Tehran
Shnorhali Armenian Evangelical Church of Tehran
Iraq
Armenian Evangelical Church of Baghdad
Lebanon
Armenian Evangelical Church of Anjar
Armenian Evangelical Church of Ashrafieh
First Armenian Evangelical Church
Armenian Evangelical Emmanuel Church of Amanos
Nor Marash Armenian Evangelical church
Syriac Evangelical Church of Jdeideh
Syria
Martyrs' Church, Aleppo
Bethel Church, Aleppo
Emmanuel Church, Aleppo
Church of Christ, Aleppo
Syriac Evangelical Church of Aleppo
Armenian Evangelical Church of Damascus
Armenian Evangelical Church of Homs
Holy Trinity Church, Kessab
Armenian Evangelical Church of Ekizolouk, Kessab
Armenian Evangelical Church of Keorkuneh, Kessab
Armenian Evangelical Church of Karadouran, Kessab
Turkey
Armenian Evangelical Church of Gedikpaşa, Kumkapı, Istanbul
Armenian Evangelical Church of Beyoğlu, Istanbul
Institutions, Instrumentalities and Offices
Ք.Ջ. երիտասարդաց (Christian Endeavor Union)
ՔՋԱԿ, Armenian Christian Endeavor Summer Camp (KCHAG)
Haigazian University
Centers for the Armenian Handicapped of Lebanon
Community Councils of Lebanon and Syria
Constitution Committee
Educational Councils of Syria and Lebanon
Publications Office
AREVIG Day Care Center for Armenian Retarded Children, Aleppo (ecumenical)
Bethel Polyclinic, Aleppo
CAHL - Armenian Elderly Home
External links
UAECNE Official Website
Educational Council of the Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East (UAECNE)
Directory of Armenian Evangelical Churches, Institutions, Pastors and Christian Workers Worldwide
UAECNE Facebook Page
References
Armenian Evangelical Church
Members of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches
Members of the World Council of Churches
Christian organizations established in 1924
Reformed denominations in Asia
Evangelical denominations in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20of%20the%20Armenian%20Evangelical%20Churches%20in%20the%20Near%20East |
The Research Defence Society was a British scientific society and lobby group, founded by Stephen Paget, in 1908, to fight against the anti-vivisectionist "enemies of reason" at the beginning of the 20th century. At the end of 2008, after being active for 100 years, it merged with the communications group Coalition for Medical Progress to form the advocacy group Understanding Animal Research.
The Research Defence Society's aim was to disseminate information about, and to defend the use of, research involving animals, including animal testing. It represented the interests of 5,000 researchers and institutions. Its sources of funding changed over the hundred years that the society was active, and included individuals, government the pharmaceutical industry and universities. The organisation's literature stated that it was funded by its members, including medical scientists, doctors, veterinarians, pharmaceutical companies, research institutes, universities, and charities that support medical research.
Its last executive director was Dr. Simon Festing, who became CEO of Understanding Animal Research.
One campaign to demonstrate the support for animal research within the scientific and medical community was the co-signing of a petition in support of the use of animals in research called Declaration on Animals in Medical Research. The declaration was signed in 1990, and a modified version in 2005. Over 700 scientists, of whom 500 were British, signed the declaration in the first month, including three Nobel laureates, 190 Fellows of the Royal Society and the Medical Royal Colleges and over 250 academic professors.
Notes
References
Understanding Animal Research website (the RDS site no longer exists)
Woods, Richard & Ungoed-Thomas, Jonathan. "A campaigning hero", Sunday Times, February 26, 2006
Animal testing in the United Kingdom
Vivisection
Organizations established in 1908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Defence%20Society |
Donald Hanks McMorran RA FRIBA FSA (3 May 1904 – 6 August 1965) was an English architect who is known today for his sensitive continuation of the neo-Georgian and classical tradition in the period after the Second World War. His buildings include halls of residence at the University of Nottingham, Wood Street Police Station in the City of London, public housing schemes around London, the South Block extension to the Old Bailey and civic buildings in Exeter and Bury St Edmunds.
Early life and education
Donald Hanks McMorran was born in 1904 in Wallasey, Cheshire. His parents, William Edwin McMorran and Edith McMorran (née Hanks) originally came from north London. The family moved back to London and Donald was educated at Harrow County Grammar School. He studied under H. Farquharson in 1921.
Career
In 1925 McMorran was admitted to the Royal Institute of British Architects as the RIBA Pugin Student. From 1927 to 1935, McMorran worked as assistant to the architect Vincent Harris.
After 1935, McMorran went into private practice. Initially he set up with Horace Farquharson as Farquharson McMorran. Subsequently, McMorran went into partnership with fellow architect George Whitby. After World War II, the architectural firm McMorran & Whitby were responsible for some buildings of distinction which were influenced by the work of Harris and Sir Edwin Lutyens. Among their noted works are Devon County Hall in Exeter (1957-64); the extension to the Shire Hall in Bury St Edmunds (1968); Cripps Hall, Lenton Hall and the social sciences block at the University of Nottingham; Wood Street Police Station in the City of London; and the South Block extension to the Old Bailey.
In the early 1960s, McMorran & Whitby were commissioned to design a new library headquarters as part of a wider civic buildings estate on Raingate Street in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Due to the historic setting and proximity to the ancient Bury St Edmunds Abbey, a more conservative historicist design was specified. The New Classical-style Suffolk Record Office is today a Grade II listed building and is noted for its central lantern and original interior fittings.
McMorran was the architect of a number of housing estates around London, including the Lammas Green housing estate at Sydenham Hill, London (1957, now Grade II listed); estates in Hampstead, Poplar, Sydenham and Richmond upon Thames. His work on the Holloway Estate on Parkhurst Road Estate in Islington, London (1950s) is especially noted, and one of the apartment blocks there, McMorran House, bears his name.
McMorran was elected as an associate member of the Royal Academy of Art in 1955, before being elected as a full member in 1962.
McMorran was a Master of the Art Workers Guild in 1956. His work is characterised by carefully chosen materials, well-detailed and handsomely proportioned facades with minimal classical detail, showing the influence in particular of the work of John Soane.
There is also a strong sense of aesthetic opposition to the bulk of the Modern Movement work of the same period. McMorran was, however, not narrow-minded in his attitude to the Modern Movement, and as assessor in the City of London's Golden Lane housing competition he awarded first place to the young Modernists, Chamberlin, Powell and Bon.
Donald McMorran served as Treasurer at the Royal Academy from January 1965 until his death later that year at Dorking, Surrey.
Noted buildings
Hammersmith Police Station (1939)
Wood Field housing estate, Hampstead (1947-9)
Barn Field housing estate, Hampstead (1947-9)
Holloway Estate, Islington, London (1950s)
Phoenix School, Tower Hamlets (1951-52)
Lammas Green housing estate, Sydenham Hill, London (1955-7)
100 Pall Mall, London (with Duke & Simpson, 1956-58)
Devon County Hall, Exeter (1957-64)
University of Nottingham
Cripps Hall and Lenton Hall (halls of residence) (1957-9)
Social sciences and Education block (1960-1)
Crescent House and the Shakespeare Public House, Golden Lane Estate, City of London (1958-62)
Wood Street Police Station, City of London (1963-6)
Suffolk Record Office, Bury St Edmunds (1963-5)
New Shire Hall, Bury St Edmunds (1965)
South Block of the Central Criminal Court (Old Bailey), City of London (1965)
References
Sources
A. Peter Fawcett & Neil Jackson, Campus critique: the architecture of the University of Nottingham Nottingham: University of Nottingham, 1998
Royal Academicians
1904 births
1965 deaths
People educated at Harrow High School
20th-century English architects
Masters of the Art Worker's Guild
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
British neoclassical architects
People from Wallasey
New Classical architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20McMorran |
We Reformers (Noi Riformatori) was a social-democratic association connected to New Centre-Right (NCD), a political party in Italy.
Francesco Colucci is the president of the association, while his son Alessandro, a regional minister of Lombardy, is its national secretary.
The faction was organized in 2005 within Forza Italia, the centre-right party created by Silvio Berlusconi, as We Blue Reformers (Noi Riformatori Azzurri). It was composed basically of those former members of the Italian Socialist Party who believed that the best way to defend their social-democratic tradition (after the disappearance of their party in 1994 and the alleged new hegemony over the centre-left exercised by former Communists, turned Democrats of the Left in 1991), was to rally under the banner of Forza Italia. When this party was merged into The People of Freedom (PdL) in 2009, We Reformers subsequently joined it too.
In November 2013 We Reformers left the PdL and joined NCD.
References
External links
Official website
Organisations associated with The People of Freedom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Reformers |
Rugby union in Australia has a history of organised competition dating back to the late 1860s. Although traditionally most popular in Australia's rugby football strongholds of New South Wales, Queensland and the ACT, it is played throughout the nation.
The principal competition in Australian rugby is Super Rugby, which is a multi-national competition across the South Pacific. Australia enters five teams: the Reds of Queensland, the Waratahs of New South Wales, the Brumbies of the Australian Capital Territory, the Western Force of Western Australia and the Melbourne Rebels of Victoria.
Currently there is no nationwide domestic competition for rugby union in Australia following the disbandment of the National Rugby Championship in 2020. Competitions below the level of Super Rugby are traditional capital city competitions, such as the Shute Shield of Sydney, Queensland Premier Rugby of Brisbane, the ACTRU Premier Division in Canberra, and Perth's Fortescue Premier Grade. These city-based competitions have traditionally formed the highest level of domestic competition for the sport in Australia.
The national governing body of Rugby Australia launched a new top-level women's 15s competition known as Super W in 2018 featuring five clubs branded as state/territorial teams—the ACT, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia.
The men's national team are the Wallabies, who have won the Rugby World Cup twice, in 1991 and in 1999. The women's national team are the Wallaroos achieving a best result of third place in 2010 during the Women's Rugby World Cup.
Rugby union holds the match attendance record of any football code in New South Wales (109,874), Western Australia (61,241) and the Australian Capital Territory (28,753).
Australia has also achieved success in numerous Rugby Sevens tournaments with the women's sevens team winning the Rugby World Cup Sevens once in 2009, winning gold at the 2016 Olympics, and winning the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series three times. While the men's sevens team has been runners-up twice in the Rugby World Cup Sevens.
History
19th century
Accounts of rugby being played in the Colony of New South Wales date back to the 1840s. Some settlers would have been familiar with earlier forms of the game even before it was formally codified at Rugby School in 1845.
Rugby arrived in the Colony of Victoria as early as the 1850s. Tom Wills founder of Australian rules was of the rugby school and attempted to introduce the code into Melbourne schools in 1858 before settling on a compromise of rules. Variations of rugby were played by clubs south of the Yarra, including possibly South Yarra as early as 1858. In 1860 J. B. Thompson published the Rugby Rules (along with the Victorian and Eton Rules) in the widely distributed The Victorian Cricketer's Guide.
The Rugby code was introduced to schools in Sydney from the early 1860s. Players familiar with the game from the Sydney schools, along with increased arrivals from England and elsewhere, soon led to organised club football commencing in Sydney. Rugby games were being played at Sydney University in the 1860s.
The first rugby union club to be established in Australia was Sydney University's in 1864. In 1869, Newington College was the first Australian school to play rugby in a match against the University of Sydney. A decade after the first club was formed, a body called the Southern Rugby Union was formed as a result of a meeting at the Oxford Hotel in Sydney, a Sydney competition was established, which was administered from the England Rugby headquarters at Twickenham. The first competition commenced in Sydney the following year in 1875 with 6 teams.
Prominent southern Melbourne football clubs including Albert Park and South Melbourne strongly advocated for rugby rules throughout the 1860s and 1870s, however this did not meet favour with the more powerful clubs in the colony.
The earliest record of rugby games being played in the Colony of Queensland was in 1876.
The 'Waratah' Rugby Club invited Australian rules football club, the Carlton Football Club to play two matches, one under rugby rules and one under Australian rules. On Saturday 23 June, 3,000 spectators watched Waratah beat Carlton at rugby at the Albert Cricket Ground in Redfern. In the return leg, Carlton defeated Waratah under Australian rules.
The first inter-colonial game occurred on 12 August 1882, when players from the four Queensland clubs (who played both rugby and Australian rules football) travelled to NSW. NSW won by 28 points to 4 at the Association Ground (later to be renamed the Sydney Cricket Ground) in front of 4,000 spectators. Later that same year, the Southern Rugby Union undertook its inaugural tour of New Zealand, winning four of its seven matches.
On 2 November, in 1883, the Northern Rugby Union was formed as the rugby body in Queensland after a meeting at the Exchange Hotel. As a result of the formation of the new body, several prominent grammar schools took up rugby as opposed to Melbourne Rules. The following year, a New Zealand party went to Australia and the first club competition was held in Queensland. In 1888 the Melbourne Rugby Union was formed in Victoria. In 1892, the rugby bodies in Australia dropped Southern and Northern from their titles, adopting New South Wales and Queensland respectively. That year the first British and Irish Lions tour was carried out. Although unsanctioned by official bodies in Europe, the 21-man squad went to both Australia and New Zealand.
In 1899, the national team of Australia played their first match, and the Hospital's Cup became an annual competition in Queensland.
1900s to 1940s
Australia played its first test against New Zealand in 1903 in front of a crowd of 30,000 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. In 1907, Australia again played New Zealand, at the same venue as the 1903 match, with crowd numbers reaching 50,000. This figure would not be surpassed again in Australian rugby union until after the game turned professional.
The British Isles team visited Australia in 1904 and 1908, and at the 1908 Summer Olympics, the Australian team defeated England to win the gold medal in rugby. That same year, the New South Wales Rugby League broke away from the NSWRU, with the Queensland Rugby League following suit from the QRU in 1909.
An event that was to greatly shape rugby union's future in Australia was the onset of World War I in 1914. Rugby competitions were suspended due to an overwhelmingly high percentage of rugby players enlisting to serve in the Australian Imperial Force.
The enlistment of rugby players was so quick and extensive that, by 1915, a Sydney newspaper reported: "According to figures prepared by Mr W. W. Hill, secretary of the New South Wales Rugby Union, 197 out of 220 regular first grade players are on active service, or 90 percent."
Weakened by the loss of its players to the war effort, the Queensland Rugby Union was dissolved in 1919. It was not until 1928 that the union was re-formed and the Brisbane clubs and Great Public Schools returned to playing the rugby union code.
In 1931, Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe, as Governor of New Zealand, donated a sporting trophy called the Bledisloe Cup for competition between Australia and New Zealand. The first game was held that year at Eden Park, though the official start of the competition is disputed between that game and the 1932 New Zealand tour to Australia.
Until the late 1940s, the administration of the Australian team, including all tours, was handled by New South Wales, being the senior union. A national body, the Australian Rugby Football Union was formed at a conference in Sydney in 1945, acting initially in an advisory capacity only, and in 1949 was formally constituted and joined the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB), representing Australia.
Apparently Australian rugby union then existed in a state of suspended animation until the 1980s.
1980s to present
In 1987, the first ever Rugby World Cup was held in both Australia and New Zealand, as a result of both the respective rugby bodies putting forth the idea to the IRB. Australia was defeated by France in the semifinal stage.
The 1991 Rugby World Cup took place in Europe, and saw Australia defeat England 12-6 in the Final, winning their first world cup after having triumphed over their fierce rivals New Zealand in the semifinal.
With rugby union becoming an openly professional sport in 1995, after more than a century of a professed amateur status, major changes were seen in both the club and international game. The Super 12 rugby competition was born that year. The tournament involved 12 provincial sides from three countries; New Zealand, South Africa and Australia. Australia entered three sides into the competition; ACT Brumbies, Queensland Reds and the New South Wales Waratahs. The year also saw the first Tri Nations Series, between the three Super 12 countries.
In 1999, the Bledisloe Cup match between Australia and New Zealand was staged at the Homebush Olympic Stadium, now known as ANZ Stadium. The game attracted a then world record crowd for a rugby union match of 107,042 to see Australia win with its greatest margin over New Zealand by 28–7. In 2000 this record was raised again when a crowd of 109,874 witnessed the 'Greatest ever Rugby Match'. New Zealand took an early lead of 24-nil after 11 minutes only to see Australia draw level at 24 all by half time, and the match was decided by a Jonah Lomu try to finish in favour of New Zealand by 39–35.
The Wallabies were champions of the 1999 Rugby World Cup in Wales, claiming their second Webb Ellis Cup trophy. In doing this, Australia became the first team to win multiple world cups.
The year 2003 saw the staging of the Rugby World Cup in Australia. The fifth Rugby World Cup was held in various Australian cities from October to November in 2003. Matches were played all across the country, in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Canberra, Adelaide, Perth, Townsville, Gosford, Wollongong and Launceston. The tournament was hailed as a huge success, an estimated 40,000 international spectators travelled to Australia for the event, some estimations said that a $100 million may have been injected into the Australian economy. The Australian Rugby Union said that revenues exceeded all expectations, the tournament surplus was estimated to be at $44.5 million. The hosting of the World Cup in Australia also saw an increase in Super 12 crowds and junior participation. In 2005, to celebrate a decade of professional rugby union in Australia, the Wallaby Team of the Decade was announced.
Organisation
Rugby union in Australia is governed by Rugby Australia, which is a member of World Rugby (WR). There are constituent state and territory unions with the New South Wales Rugby Union and Queensland Rugby Union traditionally being the dominant members, reflecting the games higher status in these states. However, every state and territory in Australia is represented by their respective union, and in recent years, the ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union has elevated itself to competitive equality with NSW and Queensland—though not in governance, as NSW and Queensland have more representatives on the ARU board than the other state and territorial unions. Rugby Australia was formed in 1949 as the Australian Rugby Union; before this time the NSWRU was responsible for international fixtures for Australian teams.
Rugby Union Players Association
Past and present professional Australian rugby players are represented by the Rugby Union Players Association.
Participation
In 2000, figures from World Rugby (then the IRB) show there were just over 38,000 registered adult rugby union players in Australia, of which the states of New South Wales and Queensland accounted for 82.3% of all senior players. The highest participation rate was 0.8%, in the Australian Capital Territory.
The Rugby Au Annual Report 2019 records participation figures for club XV as 85,059 and club 7s as 32,119 resulting in a total club rugby participation figure of 117,178.
Rugby in Australia has enjoyed traditional support within inter-school competitions with the first school match being played by Newington College against Sydney University in 1869. Major rugby playing independent school sports associations include Great Public Schools Association of Queensland, Associated Southern Colleges, Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales, Combined Associated Schools and Independent Schools Association (Australia). The most renowned of these competitions in New South Wales being the GPS involving The King's School, St Ignatius' College, Riverview and St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill.
Whilst regularly positioned as an exclusively private school sport, 61% of schools delivering Rugby programs in 2018 were government schools. In a concerted effort to build game awareness and increase club participation opportunities, Rugby AU has engaged in a National Schools Strategy to grow school based XV participation (to link with local clubs) that saw five new XV competitions launched in 2019 alone for students attending 17 non-traditional Rugby schools. As at 2019, the total number of school students playing either XV or 7s rugby was almost 60,000.
Australian Schools representative sides have been selected since 1969 with that year's team having toured South Africa. The Australian Schools Rugby Union is an independent incorporated association run by volunteer members of the teaching profession and supporters who believe rugby has a unique ethos and benefits that contribute to the broader education of young people. The association first ran the Australian Schools Championship in 1975 and since then some 170 schools representatives have gone on to play for the Wallabies with countless more representing their State or playing professionally across the world.
The popularity of Rugby for women has been growing steadily in recent years following increased visibility of women's pathways and representative teams such as Buildcorp Wallaroos and national 7s teams. As at 2019, females account for approximately 27% of total playing participation.
National teams
Wallabies
The Wallabies is Australia's national rugby union team. Australia has won the World Cup on two occasions, in 1991 against England in England, and then again in 1999 in Wales against France. The team plays in green and gold, which have traditionally been Australia's sporting colours. Australia has been playing internationals since 1899, when they played a visiting British Isles team on 24 June, defeating them by 13 points to 3.
The Wallabies play in the Southern Hemisphere's principal international competition. From 1996 through 2011, this was the Tri Nations, also involving the New Zealand All Blacks and the South Africa Springboks. Since 2012, the tournament has been renamed The Rugby Championship and features the Argentina Pumas.
The rivalry with the New Zealand All Blacks is considered the marquee rivalry for the game of Rugby in Australia and the teams contest the Bledisloe Cup on an annual basis. The biggest crowd for a Bledisloe match was 109,874 in Sydney.
In addition to participating in The Rugby Championship, the Wallabies host Northern Hemisphere sides in the "July Window" such as France, England, Ireland etc., and tour to the Northern Hemisphere in the "November Window". Whilst the July Window will usually see a series of test matches played against one foreign team such as the 2021 French three-test-tour, the end of year tours will generally see a number of one-off games against different national sides. End of year tour games above the three required by World Rugby can generate as much as $1.5 million in revenue for Rugby AU.
Wallaroos
The women's team, the Wallaroos have been playing international rugby since 1994, and have competed at four Women's Rugby World Cups. Their best finish was third in 2010.
Other representative teams
Australia A
Australia A is a team of players who are being developed as future Wallaby players. They play matches against touring teams as well as compete in the Pacific Nations Cup.
Sevens
Australia also has a successful sevens team which competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series, Rugby World Cup Sevens and the Commonwealth Games. They have won the Hong Kong Sevens event on five occasions, and are also a "core team" that participates in all rounds of the Sevens World Series.
The country has hosted one leg of the Sevens World Series in each season since 2006–07. From 2007 through 2011, the Adelaide Sevens was held in that city in March or April. Starting with the 2011–12 season, the Australian leg moved to the Gold Coast and was renamed the Gold Coast Sevens. In addition, the event moved to November, becoming the first tournament of each season. The tournament moved to October beginning in the 2012–13 season, but remained the season opener through 2014–15. Since the 2015–16 series, the event has been held in Sydney, and is now fourth on the series schedule.
Women's Sevens
The women's sevens team were champions of the inaugural Women's World Cup Sevens in 2009. They have also been a core team in the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series since its inaugural 2012–13 season, and won the gold medal for inaugural Olympic sevens tournament at Rio de Janeiro in 2016.
Age-level representation
Australia also has an under 21 side, an under 20 side, an under 19 side and a schoolboys team.
Competitions, tournaments and tours
International tournaments
Rugby World Cup
Australia co-hosted the first Rugby World Cup, along with New Zealand in 1987. It acted as host for the second time in 2003. Australia has won twice, in 1991 and 1999.
Tri Nations and The Rugby Championship
The Tri Nations Series was an annual tournament held between Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa from 1996 through 2011. With Argentina's entry into the tournament in 2012, the competition has been renamed The Rugby Championship.
Bledisloe Cup
The Bledisloe Cup is a trophy introduced by the Governor General of New Zealand, Lord Bledisloe, in 1947 to honour the rivalry between New Zealand and Australia. The Cup is awarded to the winner of each annual series of test matches played. Matches played at Rugby World Cups do not count towards the competition.
End-of-year tests
The Australian rugby team annually plays a test series against other squads, either at home acting as host nation to visiting teams, or touring overseas.
Rugby's domestic presence in Australia
When Australia became one of the world's best sides in the 1980s, the team was largely drawn from the NSW Waratahs and Queensland Reds. The ACT Brumbies had become another strong province by the 1990s and joined the Super 12 competition with the Waratahs and Reds in 1996, playing against the top rugby provinces from New Zealand and South Africa. The Western Force, based in Perth, joined the competition in 2006 when it expanded to become the Super 14, and the Melbourne Rebels were added when it became Super Rugby in 2011.
The strongholds of the game are still in New South Wales and Queensland where rugby football, initially rugby union and later rugby league, has been the dominant code since the 1880s. Rugby was introduced to other cities and regions at around the same time but Melbourne rules (now Australian football) was preferred in the southern states. Rugby union had a diminished national profile for many decades after rugby league became the more popular football code in Sydney and Brisbane prior to the first world war. The game gradually expanded its reach again after the second world war, and rugby union was re-established in most areas of the country by the 1970s, however rugby league is by far the more dominant code in NSW, Victoria and Queensland.
Super Rugby
After many changes in format, Super Rugby now involves five Australian sides (Queensland Reds, New South Wales Waratahs, ACT Brumbies, Melbourne Rebels, and Western Force), along with 5 New Zealand sides and two Pacific Island teams. The reigning champions are a New Zealand side the Crusaders.
Prior to the creation of professional Super Rugby in 1996, there were a number of other Oceania-African competitions that featured representative teams from both Queensland and New South Wales, such as the Super 10 competition, which Queensland won twice. Before that there was the South Pacific Championship, also known as the Super 6. State teams have been playing each other since the late 1800s, when Queensland first took on New South Wales in Sydney. The Australian Provincial Championship (APC) was also played in 2006, featuring the Australian Super 14 teams.
National Rugby Championship
In late 2013, Rugby Australia (then known as the Australian Rugby Union) announced plans to launch a new domestic competition to be known as the National Rugby Championship (NRC) with the goal of bridging the gap between club rugby and Super Rugby. Originally expected to involve 10 teams, and ultimately unveiled in March 2014 with nine teams, the NRC began play in August 2014, with the season running through to November. The inaugural NRC teams included four in NSW, two in Queensland and one each in Canberra, Melbourne and Perth. After the 2016 season, one of the NSW teams was dropped from the competition and was replaced by the Fijian Drua, an effective developmental side for the Fiji national team. The competition was disbanded in 2020.
The country's previous attempt to launch a national domestic competition came in 2007 in the form of the Australian Rugby Championship (ARC). It included eight teams in all, with a geographic distribution almost identical to that of the first three seasons of the NRC, with the exception of one fewer NSW team. The aim of the competition, scheduled to run from August finishing in October with the final, was similar to that of the NRC. The ARU scrapped the competition for the 2008 season due to the union suffering an A$4.7 million loss.
Club competitions
Each major city and many country areas support club rugby competitions in Australia. The club competitions in NSW and Queensland are the oldest and most prestigious. The NSWRU runs the Shute Shield, the highest level in New South Wales along with also running the NSW Country Championships played by regional representative teams from country areas in NSW. Similarly the QRU runs the Queensland Premier Rugby competition, which is the top Brisbane club competition, as well as the Queensland Country Championships for representative teams in the major regions of greater Queensland. All other states also run their own club competitions of varying strength, but the NSW and Queensland competitions have historically been regarded as the major domestic competitions below Super Rugby and are now the major level below the NRC.
Television coverage
The Nine Network owns the broadcast rights to the majority of major Australian and Southern Hemisphere competitions and airs them on through streaming service Stan, as well as providing select coverage on its free-to-air television channels.
Within the first year of the new deal, Super Rugby games were regularly gathering more than 120 000 on 9Gem and Stan Sport had more than 250 000 subscribers. The Super Rugby AU Final between Queensland and the ACT pulled more than 1.3 million viewers across all platforms. Rugby Australia Chairman Hamish McLennan hailed it as a turning point for the sport. 2023 figures are 71,000 for Round 1 of Super Rugby 2023.
Free-to-air on Nine
The Rugby Championship (Wallabies home matches and Bledisloe cup matches)
Wallabies internationals
Super Rugby Pacific (select matches)
Shute Shield (select matches)
Queensland Premier Rugby (select matches)
Stan Sport
The Rugby Championship (all matches)
Six Nations
Wallabies internationals
New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina home internationals
Super Rugby Pacific
Super W
Super Rugby Aupiki
Mitre 10 Cup
Currie Cup
Shute Shield
Queensland Premier Rugby
WA Premier Grade
July and November Internationals
Premiership Rugby
Japan Rugby League One
Other content
BeIN Sports
Six Nations
England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, France and Italy home internationals
European Rugby Champions Cup
RugbyPass
United Rugby Championship
See also
Sport in Australia
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Rugby.com.au
FOX Sports Australia rugby section | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%20union%20in%20Australia |
Stephen Spurr (born 9 October 1953) is an independent consultant and expert in UK and international education. From 2014 to August 2019, he was the Global Education Director of Inspired, an international education network of over 60 premium K-12 schools on five continents. A British teacher, classicist, and academic, from 2005 to 2014 he was the Head Master of Westminster School.
Prior to that he was headmaster of Clifton College (2000-2005) and House Master and Head of Classics at Eton College (1984-2000). Before Eton he was a university academic, lecturing on Greek and Roman literature, history and archaeology.
Education
Spurr was educated at The King's School, Canterbury and Sydney Grammar School. He studied classics at the Universities of Sydney and Oxford, culminating in a DPhil degree in Ancient History from Oxford. He was awarded a postgraduate Fellowship at Harvard University, the Ancient History Prize and Cooper and Pelham Scholarships at Oxford, and a Rome Scholarship at the British School at Rome.
Views
In 2004, Spurr stated that A-level exams may fail talented pupils, especially in the Humanities; and Westminster consequently switched to Cambridge Pre-U exams in 9 subjects, which he described as "so much more stimulating to teach and learn" and much better preparation for study at university. He has also always been a great proponent of scientific education. In another two subjects, his Westminster pupils followed International A-levels, which, together with the Pre-Us, enable comparison with the best schools world-wide, since Spurr aims to educate pupils not only for a successful entrance to top ranked universities but also to become engaged global citizens of the future. While working for Inspired, he also came to appreciate the value of the IB curriculum. From 2006 to 2013 Spurr was the Chairman of ISEB, the board that produces and regulates the Common Entrance examination, with emphasis on breadth of knowledge, academic integrity, and rigour. According to Tatler magazine, Spurr also believes in academic research for its own intrinsic sake.
At Eton, Clifton and Westminster, he consistently looked to identify and encourage academically ambitious pupils in the state sector, through extensive fund-raising for bursary programs and by establishing the Eton-Harlesden Summer School in 1986, the Clifton Summer School in 2001 and, in his last year as head master at Westminster, he set up the Harris-Westminster Sixth Form Academy, a joint project between Westminster School and the Harris Federation, which opened in 2014 and was judged Outstanding in its first Inspection by Ofsted.
He has always considered that British education needs to take careful notice of the best international standards. This is a theme on which he has given talks in the UK, Italy, Singapore, the US and China - where he linked Westminster school with Beijing No 4, one of the top academic schools in Beijing. Developing his belief in the growing importance of international education, on leaving Westminster he joined Inspired as Group Education Director in September 2014 helping the company to grow successfully from its original base of 4 schools in South Africa to (when he retired from Inspired to set up his own consultancy in August 2019) 64 schools and 46,000 students on five continents. He is a governor of the Royal Ballet School and of Tonbridge School. As an independent educational consultant, he speaks and advises regularly on the future of education, combining the best of traditional British pedagogy with the highest international standards and the latest advances in digital learning.
Personal life
In 1982, Spurr married Susanna Armani in Rome and they have a son and a daughter.
Scholarship
In addition to articles, interviews and talks on education, and to scholarly books and articles, particularly in Latin literature and Roman History, and publications in the field of Egyptology (while at Eton he was also curator of the Myers Museum of Ancient Egyptian Art), Spurr is known as a translator of Italian, and was awarded a Times Literary translation prize in 1991.
References
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Schoolteachers from Kent
Living people
People from Sydney
Head Masters of Westminster School
Headmasters of Clifton College
University of Sydney alumni
People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
People educated at Sydney Grammar School
1953 births
Teachers at Eton College | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Spurr |
Peter Hacks (21 March 1928 – 28 August 2003) was a German playwright, author, and essayist.
Hacks was born in Breslau (Wrocław), Lower Silesia. Displaced by World War II, Hacks settled in Munich in 1947, where he made acquaintance with Thomas Mann and Bertolt Brecht. Hacks then followed Brecht to East Berlin in 1955. However, a continued cooperation between him and Brecht did not arise. From 1960 Hacks worked as a dramaturge at the Deutsches Theater (DT) in Berlin.
When the staging of his play "Die Sorgen und die Macht" (1962) sparked criticism from officials, he gave up his position as a dramaturge at the DT and lived again as a freelance writer.
His success on the world stage – most notably with "Ein Gespräch im Hause Stein über den abwesenden Herrn von Goethe" (A Discussion in the Stein Home about the Absent Mr. Goethe) – led to his literary acceptance within GDR and West-Germany.
Hacks was a communist and supported the East German government's 1976 expatriation of the singer Wolf Biermann. His correspondence with the communist historian Kurt Gossweiler has been published.
He won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis.
Hacks died in Groß Machnow.
Together with his wife Hacks used the pseudonym Saul O’Hara through which they could write and publish boulevard comedies (Risky Marriage).
Publications
With Kurt Gossweiler, in: Am Ende verstehen sie es: Politische Schriften 1988–2003. (Edited by André Thiele.) Berlin: Eulenspiegel, 2005.
Der Schuhu und die fliegende Prinzessin, fairy-tale, base for an opera by Udo Zimmermann
References
External links
Peter Hacks at Internet Off-Broadway Database
1928 births
2003 deaths
Writers from Wrocław
People from the Province of Lower Silesia
East German writers
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Heinrich Mann Prize winners
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
German male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German-language poets
German male poets
20th-century German male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Hacks |
Dibromoethane can refer to either of two isomeric organobromides with the molecular formula C2H4Br2:
1,1-Dibromoethane (ethylidene dibromide)
1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)
See also
Dibromoethene | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibromoethane |
Grande Lisboa () or Greater Lisbon is a former Portuguese NUTS III subregion integrated in the Lisboa Region. It was abolished at the January 2015 NUTS 3 revision. It is part of the historical Estremadura Province. It includes the capital and prime city of Portugal, Lisbon (Lisboa in Portuguese). It is the main economical subregion of the country. It covers 1,376 km2 and it is the most populous and most densely populated Portuguese subregion (2,042,477 inhabitants and 1,483.6 inhabitants/km2).
Overview
In spite of getting the name Grande Lisboa, the subregion did not take the entire area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, because it does not include the municipalities on the South bank of the Tagus river estuary, known as Península de Setúbal, which the term at times also applied to.
The area is bordered in the North by the Centro Region, in the West by the Atlantic Ocean, in the East by the Ribatejo region and in the South by the Tagus River estuary.
This subregion is the leading services center for the entire country and it also has a large industrial output. It is served by the busiest Portuguese airport, an international harbor and an extensive network of highways, and mass transportation, like commuter, regional and international railways.
Municipalities
The main urban centers are Lisboa, Amadora, Algueirão-Mem Martins, Agualva-Cacém, Queluz and Odivelas.
References
External links
Former NUTS 3 statistical regions of Portugal
Lisboa Region
Geography of Lisbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande%20Lisboa |
Jacqueline Cooper (born 6 January 1973) is an Australian motivational speaker and retired freestyle skier.
Skiing career
Cooper started skiing aerials at age 16 and was on the Australian team for 20 years. During her career she had many injuries, including a shattered knee, elbow, hip, shoulder and a broken back.
She finished in sixteenth place at the 1994 Winter Olympics and crashed out of the qualification round at the 1998 Winter Olympics. At the Salt Lake Winter Games in 2002, the three-time world champion was a favourite to win gold, but a training accident the week before those games shattered her knee. Teammate Alisa Camplin would win the gold for Australia.
Cooper made her comeback at the 2004 Mount Buller World Aerials, two and a half years after her Salt Lake accident. She won the silver behind fellow Australian Lydia Lassila (née Ierodiaconou). After having a long time off competition, she performed double somersaults, rather than her trademark triples.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Cooper entered the final as the favourite, having recorded a world record 213.56 in the qualification round, but she crashed on both jumps.
Cooper won 24 World Cup gold medals, claiming her fifth World Cup title in Inawashiro, Japan.
Cooper was selected for the 2010 Winter Olympics, the first Australian woman to make five Olympic teams, summer or winter.
She finished fifth in that competition. Fellow Australian Lydia Lassila took the gold medal.
Television appearances
In 2023, Cooper was a contestant on the Australian reality television show The Summit and was eliminated in the third episode by Brooke Kilowsky.
Personal life
Cooper is the mother of three. Her eldest daughter was diagnosed with coeliac disease when at two years old. Cooper is a volunteer ambassador for Coeliac Victoria and Tasmania.
References
External links
Jacqui Cooper official website
Australian female freestyle skiers
Living people
1973 births
Olympic freestyle skiers for Australia
Freestyle skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sportswomen from Victoria (state)
Skiers from Melbourne
People educated at Firbank Girls' Grammar School
Participants in Australian reality television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqui%20Cooper |
Deadlock: Planetary Conquest is a turn-based strategy computer game by Accolade. The game was officially released in 1996. The story revolves around eight races' struggle for control over the planet Gallius IV, which came to a deadlock.
Tommo purchased the rights to this game and digitally publishes it through its Retroism brand in 2015.
Background
Expeditions sent by the governments of eight races came to orbit around Gallius IV. An armed conflict ensued as each race was determined to capture the planet for its own purposes. To avoid an intergalactic war, as well as to prevent the disputed planet from being accidentally destroyed by the space fleets battling around it, a treaty called The Compact of Gallius IV was signed by seven of the eight races. Each of the seven would deploy five hundred lightly armed colonists to the planet, who would then each begin developing a colony. No restrictions were put on weapons developed and used by the colonies, as opposed to the colonists only being allowed to bring laser pistols with them. The colony to drive all others off the planet's surface, or to construct a pre-set number of cities, would claim the planet for its leaders. The recently discovered and neutral Tolnans serve as advisers to everyone, while the Skirineen operate the local black market.
Reception
Deadlock sold above 100,000 units in its initial two months, and was a commercial success.
Sequel
The sequel, Deadlock II: Shrine Wars, offered slight changes in gameplay, less ability to micromanage, identical graphics, and a single-player campaign. The game interface also changed significantly.
References
External links
1996 video games
4X video games
Accolade (company) games
Classic Mac OS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
Science fiction video games
Time Warner Interactive games
Tommo games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock%3A%20Planetary%20Conquest |
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