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Fuck Off! is an EP by American rapper Shaggy 2 Dope inspired by the success of "Fuck Off!", the rapper's first solo single. "Fuck Off!", the single, was released on November 22, 1994 through Psychopathic Records. Written by Insane Clown Posse, it was recorded at Pulsar Sound Studio and produced by Mike E. Clark.
Copies of the single sported a cover drawn by Shaggy 2 Dope himself; the same artwork would be used on the Fuck Off! EP's cover.
Copies of the single also contained a booklet with an advertisement for a Shaggy solo LP titled Shaggs The Clown. After sampling problems and numerous delays, however, the album was eventually scrapped.
Track listing for the single
Personnel
Joseph "Shaggy 2 Dope" Utsler – lyrics, vocals, cover art
Joseph "Violent J" Bruce – lyrics
Mike E. Clark – programming, engineering, producer
Fuck Off! EP
After the release of the eponymous single, Fuck Off! was repackaged as an extended play in 1994, containing the single's main track and flipside track and two additional tracks. A reissue of the EP was released in late 1999. Another reissue of the EP was released on July 22, 2003, which peaked at No. 42 on the US Billboard Independent Albums chart. The EP was reissued again for a vinyl edition on November 29, 2019.
Track listing for the EP
Charts
Release history
References
External links
1999 debut EPs
1994 debut singles
Shaggy 2 Dope albums
Psychopathic Records EPs
Songs written by Violent J
Songs written by Shaggy 2 Dope
Albums produced by Mike E. Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuck%20Off%21 |
(, "southern land" or "southern territories") is a historical political term referring to varying areas in the southern part of what was the Kingdom of Hungary. In present-day usage, it often refers to the Vojvodina region of Serbia.
In the Middle Ages, like the names Alvidék ("lower land") and Végvidék ("borderland"), referred to the Hungarian counties (Verőce, Pozsega, Szerém, Bács, Torontál, Temes, Keve) and vassal banates (Macsó, Ózora, Só, Szörény) beyond the Danube and the Sava.
By the 18th and 19th centuries, referred only to Bácska and Banat. After the 1920 dismemberment of Hungary, the meaning was further narrowed to only those areas of the former Kingdom of Hungary attached to the newly formed Yugoslav state. In the Second World War, the Yugoslav areas occupied and annexed by Hungary (Bačka, part of Baranja, Međimurje, and Prekmurje) were in some Hungarian sources called "az anyaországhoz visszatért délvidéki területek" ("the southern territories returned to the motherland"). Banat, divided between Romania and German-occupied Serbia was no longer considered part of the concept.
In contemporary usage, has several uses. It can refer to the imprecisely defined area of Serbia's northern Pannonian Basin including Vojvodina, the Belgrade region, and the Mačva plain as well as eastern Croatia (Baranja and western Syrmia). Sometimes the term is used (especially by irredentist) in the narrow sense of Vojvodina, although it has largely been replaced by Vajdaság, the Hungarian name for Vojvodina. " Hungarians" (délvidéki magyarok) can refer to Hungarians in Vojvodina or, in a larger sense, to both the Vojvodina Hungarians and Hungarians of Croatia.
See also
Greater Hungary
Upper Hungary
Lower Hungary
Délvidék football team
References
Historical regions in Croatia
Historical regions in Hungary
Historical regions in Serbia
Historical regions in Romania
Medieval history of Vojvodina
Vojvodina under Habsburg rule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k |
Lydia Lassila (née Ierodiaconou) (born 17 January 1982) is an Australian Olympic freestyle skier gold medalist who competed in the 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympic Games. She is the 2010 Olympic champion and the 2014 bronze medalist in aerials.
On 20 October 2010, Lassila was awarded the prestigious 'The Don' award by the Sport Australia Hall of Fame, which recognised her ability to inspire as well as her achievements during 2010, including her gold medal performance at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games.
Personal life
Lydia Lassila (née Ierodiaconou) was born 17 January 1982 in Melbourne, Australia. She is of Greek-Cypriot and Italian descent. Her mother is Italian and her father Cypriot.
Lassila completed her primary schooling at Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Primary School in Sunshine, Victoria, and completed her secondary education at Methodist Ladies' College, Melbourne and Westbourne Grammar School. She completed a bachelor's degree in Applied Science (Human Movement) at RMIT University. She is married to Lauri Lassila, a Finnish former professional freestyle skier, whose career included placing 2nd in moguls at the FIS Freestyle Skiing World Championships in 1999. She gave birth to her first son in 2011 after winning gold at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. Her second son was born in 2015 after the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics where she claimed bronze. In 2020, they moved from Lorne, Victoria, to Kittilä, Finnish Lapland, near to the Levi fell.
Career
In June 2005, Lassila suffered a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and underwent knee reconstruction using an allograft. This allowed for a faster recovery and a swift return to the slopes in time for the start of the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in February.
During the second qualifying round of the Torino aerials competition, Lassila's knee collapsed on impact after she attempted to land a difficult jump, re-rupturing her ACL and forcing her to withdraw. However, taking inspiration from compatriots and teammates Jacqui Cooper and Alisa Camplin, both of whom have suffered similar knee injuries, the then 24-year-old Lassila vowed to return to the sport when she recovered.
Lassila made her comeback to World Cup competition 16 months later in China in December 2007, collecting a silver medal in her first event.
She ended the 2007/08 season ranked second in the World Cup standings, and then went on to win her first World Cup title in the following 2008/09 season.
2010 Winter Olympics
At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Lassila won gold in the aerials, getting Australia's second gold medal for the games after snowboarder Torah Bright won gold in the halfpipe, also at Cypress Mountain. This medal was also the second gold for an Australian in the aerials at all Winter Olympic Games, after Alisa Camplin in 2002. There was a lot of pressure and hype from the Australian press for Lassila to do well as world number one. She was in second position after the first jump of the final, before posting the highest scoring second round jump. The leader after the first jump, Xu Mengtao, had the last jump, but scored more than 25 points below Lassila's second jump to fall down the rankings into sixth, due to a failed landing. Lassila had a combined score of 214.74, beating second placed Li Nina with 207.23 points. Australian team-mates Jacqui Cooper and Elizabeth Gardner finished 5th with 194.29 and 12th with 86.70 respectively.
2014 Winter Olympics
Lassila achieved a bronze medal in the Freestyle Skiing Women's Aerials event. Her jump was a quad-twisting triple somersault. If she had 'landed' it she would have been the first woman to do so, but she landed hard and 'slapped' down on her back on landing. Her score for the aerial was 72.12. Lassilas' prior jumps were scored at 95.76 and 99.22.
Return to competition
At the beginning of 2017, Lassila returned to competition in a bid to return to the Winter Olympics for 2018. On 3 February 2017 she won her first World Cup event since 2014, clinching a close fought victory ahead of Kiley McKinnon (USA) and Xu Mengtao (CHN) at Deer Valley. She then went on to obtain the second and the third World Cup wins at the end of February in Minsk and in the beginning of March 2017 in Moscow.
Awards
Apart from her sporting medals, Lassila has also received other honours and awards:
2010 Australian Institute of Sport 'Athlete of the Year'
2010 Sport Australia Hall of Fame, 'The Don' Award
2010 Governor's Award for the Victorian Sportsperson of the Year
2010 Victorian Female Athlete of the Year- Kitty McEwan Award
2010 Ski and Snowboard Australia Athlete of the Year
2023 - Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductee
Film/Television
Lydia is the subject of a feature documentary film called The Will To Fly that chronicles her life and sport pursuits. The film was released in Australia in 2016 to much critical acclaim. In 2022, Lassila joined Seven Network's commentary team for the 2022 Winter Olympics.
Australian Survivor
In 2018, Lassila appeared as a contestant on Australian Survivor: Champions vs. Contenders, competing in the fifth season of the competitive reality television series Australian Survivor as part of the Champions tribe. In the beginning of the game, Lassila dominated in challenges, winning for her tribe in many instances. Lassila made very strong relationships in the game, notably with fellow contestants Mat Rogers and Shane Gould. Come the merge, Lassila was seen as a physical threat by many contestants and was voted out in 12th place.
In 2020, Lassila returned to appear on Australian Survivor: All Stars, being eliminated via a fire challenge against opposing tribe member Phoebe Timmins on Day 18.
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Australian female freestyle skiers
Australian people of Greek Cypriot descent
Australian people of Italian descent
Olympic freestyle skiers for Australia
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Sportswomen from Victoria (state)
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People educated at Methodist Ladies' College, Melbourne
Skiers from Melbourne
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
People from Sunshine, Victoria
RMIT University alumni
Survivor (franchise) contestants
Participants in Australian reality television series
Australian expatriates in Finland
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia%20Lassila |
Power is a play by the British playwright Nick Dear. It is set in the court of King Louis XIV of France. It deals with the intrigue and tension of the court and explores the events and ideas that led Luis XIV to take full control of government and become an absolute monarch.
The play is essentially a drama, but also contains a great deal of comedy and innuendo.
Power was first performed by the Royal National Theatre at the Cottesloe Theatre on July 3, 2003, and the original cast was:
Jean-Baptiste Colbert – Stephen Boxer
Anne of Austria – Barbara Jefford
Nicolas Fouquet – Robert Lindsay
Louise de la Valliere – Hattie Morahan
Louis XIV – Rupert Penry-Jones
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans – Jonathan Slinger
Henriette d'Angleterre – Geraldine Somerville
More recently, Power was performed by the Putney Arts Theatre Company at Putney Arts Theatre in February 2006, and the Lace Market Theatre in Nottingham between 17 and 22 July 2006. Power was premiered in the Finnish National Theatre (Kansallisteatteri) 6 September 2006. It has also been produced at theatres in Portugal (Teatro Municipal de Almada), Poland and Hungary.
External links
The Portuguese production of Power
British plays
2003 plays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20%28play%29 |
The Midland Railway 700 Class was a large class of double framed 0-6-0 freight steam locomotives designed by Matthew Kirtley for the Midland Railway. They were in the power classification 1F.
Early withdrawals
Six locomotives - nos. 271/9, 1007/31/52/3 - were withdrawn from service between 1903 and 1905.
Fifty more were sold in 1906 to the Italian State Railway, Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS), where they formed FS Class 380; they had been ordered by one of the constituents of the FS, the Rete Mediterranea. They were meant to fill a gap of usable locomotives after the nationalization of the Italian railways. They were intended to remain in service for a few years; however, some of them remained active into the 1920s.
Numbering
After the Midland Railway's 1907 renumbering scheme, the numbers were:
2592–2671, 2674–2711 and 2713–2867
Numbers 2672/3 were members of the 480 Class; no. 2712 was a member of the 240 Class, which had been given a number in the wrong series as the result of a clerk's error.
Accidents and incidents
On 3 December 1892, locomotive No. 871 was hauling a freight train that crashed at Wymondham Junction, Leicestershire, severely damaging the signal box.
Military service
78 locomotives of the class were loaned to the War Department during the First World War and were used by the Railway Operating Division of the Royal Engineers for military duties in France. A further three were selected to go but instead were loaned to the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) between December 1917 and February 1920 The locomotives allocated were 2707–11/13–88 of which 2783–85 were sent to the LSWR. The remainder went to France at various dates in 1917 before being returned to the MR in 1919–20. All returned to service with the MR except 2765, which was scrapped at Derby in 1920 after suffering broken frames during its time with the ROD.
One engine, 2717, was cut off in No man's land during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 and was subsequently captured by the German army during Operation Michael. The Germans salvaged the engine and used it on their military railway in the Brussels area. Recovered after the war, the engine was returned to the MR.
See also
Locomotives of the Midland Railway
Notes
References
0700
0-6-0 locomotives
Railway Operating Division locomotives
Dübs locomotives
Kitson locomotives
Neilson locomotives
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1869
Scrapped locomotives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland%20Railway%20700%20Class |
Raja Pemaisuri Bainun Bridge or Sungai Dinding Bridge is the fifth longest river bridge in Malaysia. It is located in Dinding River on Dinding Bypass (Federal Route 60) near Lumut, Manjung district, Perak. The bridge is 1.2 km (1.246 m) in length, of which 930 m is over Dinding River. Its 13 arches represent states in Malaysia and is decorated with lights that change from colour to colour.
History
Constructed began on 19 August 1997 by the Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) and HMS Perunding Sdn Bhd. and was completed in 2000. It was officially opened on 30 April 2001 by the 34th Sultan of Perak, Almarhum Sultan Azlan Shah and the bridge was officially named Jambatan Raja Pemaisuri Bainun after Tuanku Bainun of Perak.
See also
Perak
Lumut
Bridges completed in 2000
Bridges in Perak | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja%20Pemaisuri%20Bainun%20Bridge |
Lille railway station or Lille station may refer to:
Lille-Europe station (), the international and TGV station in Lille, France
Lille-Flandres station (), the main railway station in Lille, France
Lille-Saint-Sauveur station (), a former goods station that has been converted into an event and exhibition space | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille%20railway%20station |
Transmission of plant viruses is the movement of plant viruses between organisms.
Background
Viruses are known to infect both plant cells and animal cells. Since viruses are obligate intracellular parasites they must develop direct methods of transmission, between hosts, in order to survive. The mobility of animals increases the mechanisms of viral transmission that have evolved, whereas plants remain immobile, and thus plant viruses must rely on environmental factors to be transmitted between hosts.
Natural transmission between plant hosts
The structural differences between plant and animal cells have resulted in a variety of transmission routes being exploited, enabling the virus to be passed between different host plants. The main difference, from the point of view of a virus, is the cell wall. This forms a tough barrier between the intracellular components and the extracellular environment, which has to be penetrated. These differences, combined with the fact that plants are immobile, have resulted in plant viruses relying on the wind and soil to transmit seeds as well as vectors. Vectors either transmit the virus propagative transmission, which results in an amplification of the virus by replication within the cells of the vector, or non-propagative transmission which simply carries the virus between the plants without viral replication. Common vectors include bacteria, fungi, nematodes, arthropods and arachnids.
Furthermore, human intervention, including grafting and experimental mechanical damage, physically damages the cell wall, contributes to the array of transmission routes. The virus commonly uses these methods to be passed from one host to another. However, the virus is dependent upon physical damage, generated naturally by the wind and feeding of vectors or by human intervention.
Transmission between plant cells
Viral infections often develop into systemic infections as a means of transmission. The virus often infects many tissues, if not the whole plant, where it can continue to replicate. There are a variety of methods the virus can use to spread throughout the organism but the most common route use the vascular system, otherwise known as the xylem and phloem, and the plasmodesmata, which interconnect adjacent cells.
Nevertheless, the rigidity of the cell wall of plant cells, not only poses a problem for transmission of the viruses between different plant hosts, but also acts to prevent viral transmission between cells. Consequently, the virus must modify the plasmodesmata as they, themselves, are too large to fit through the small and tightly regulated plant structure. There are again a variety of mechanisms used for this, which have evolved for different viruses. The main mechanisms involve expressing proteins which coat the virus and interact with the structure of the plasmodesmata. The array of proteins expressed by the different viruses may act differently but all achieve a similar goal, passage between adjacent cells.
External links
MicrobiologyBytes: Plant viruses
Vectors of Plant Viruses
Descriptions of Plant Viruses
Virology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20of%20plant%20viruses |
William Simpson may refer to:
Politicians
William T. Simpson (1886–1980), New York politician
William Dunlap Simpson (1823–1890), Governor of South Carolina from 1879
William John Simpson (1851–1901), journalist and political figure in Quebec
Others
William Simpson (teacher), first headmaster (1823–1828) of Bootham School
William Simpson (artist) (1823–1899), Scottish war artist and correspondent
William Simpson (portrait artist) (1818–1872), an African American artist and civil right activist in the 19th century
William Simpson (judge) (1894–1966), Australian Supreme Court judge
William Simpson (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1900s and 1910s
William Simpson (trade unionist) (1920–2001), Scottish trade unionist and political activist
W. Douglas Simpson (William Douglas Simpson, 1896–1968), Scottish architecture and archaeology academic and writer
William Gayley Simpson (1892–1991), American racial activist and author
William Henry Simpson (c. 1840–1873), South Australian jockey
William Hood Simpson (1888–1980), US general who commanded the US Ninth Army in Europe in World War II
William James Simpson (born 1954), Australian academic
William John Ritchie Simpson (1855–1931), Scottish physician and specialist in tropical medicine
William Kelly Simpson (1928–2017), American professor emeritus of Egyptology and archaeology
William R. Simpson (born 1966), Alaskan chemist
See also
Will Simpson (disambiguation)
Bill Simpson (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Simpson |
The National Academy of Performing Arts (; abbreviated as NAPA) is a performing arts school located at Hindu Gymkhana in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. NAPA was established in 2005 as an institution to conserve and teach performing arts and music.
Departments
Music At NAPA, the students of music derive benefit from being taught by a faculty consisting of practicing musicians, musicologists and visiting maestros. They will also have the opportunity to enrich their repertoire of compositions and styles by tutelage under many teachers.
Theatres Arts The Theatre Arts department will offer students academic courses in all aspects of the theatre as well as practical exploration and the opportunity to present their work before an audience.
Make up NAPA has also introduced lessons in Make up.
Faculty
Chairman
Zia Mohyeddin is the current Chairman of NAPA. He was asked by Pervez Musharraf, then the President of Pakistan, to establish and lead a national institution for arts and music. Besides being the founder and chairman of NAPA, he has impeccable credentials. Trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he has spent a lifetime dedicated to the theatre, films and television, appearing in many local and foreign productions. He has also performed in numerous Broadway and West End plays. He has also produced and directed extensively.
Notable teachers
Arshad Mehmood, Director Programmes and Administration.
Besides Mohyeddin and Mahmud, NAPA has some of the most well known theatre icons and teacher-performances in Asia, including:
Talat Hussain
Head of Department Theatre Studies, curriculum consultant and founder of Napa Repertory Theatre
Rahat Kazmi is the
Khalid Ahmed (acting teacher)
Nafees Ahmad (sitar teacher)
Bashir Khan (tabla teacher)
Salamat Hussain (Flute Teacher)
Arsalan Pareyal (Guitar Teacher)
Shehzad Ghias Shaikh
Alumni
Paras Masroor 1st batch theatre arts
Rabab Hashim 1st batch theatre arts
Relocation
In December 2018, The Supreme Court of Pakistan had directed the Sindh government to shift NAPA
to another location from this Hindu Gymkhana building but, as of 11 February 2020, compliance to this directive could not be made and NAPA was still functioning there.
See also
National College of Arts
The Hindu Gymkhana
Theatre of Pakistan
Music of Pakistan
References
External links
National Academy of Performing Arts (NAPA)
2005 establishments in Pakistan
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Universities and colleges in Karachi
Art schools in Pakistan
Dance schools in Pakistan
Film schools in Pakistan
Music schools in Pakistan
Arts in Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Karachi
British colonial architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Academy%20of%20Performing%20Arts |
Bunn-O-Matic Corporation is an American manufacturer of dispensed beverage equipment (including coffee and tea) headquartered in Springfield, Illinois with a plant in Creston, Iowa. The company was founded in 1957 by George R. Bunn, who designed his own versions of equipment that had been in existence for nearly fifty years: paper coffee filters (Bunn's version had a flat bottom and fluted sides) and pour-over drip coffee brewers. Today, the corporation's products are sold under the BUNN and Bunn-O-Matic brands. The company's home coffeemakers are used throughout the United States and Canada, but the company's primary customers are institutional foodservice providers worldwide. The company introduced their first automatic drip-brew coffee maker in 1963. The company introduced their first drip brewer for the home market in 1972. The current president and CEO is Arthur H. Bunn.
Bunn is the American distributor of the Tiger Super Automatic Espresso Machine made by Thermoplan AG. The company also sells a coffee pod brewer system similar to Keurig K-Cups.
On June 26, 2020, a Bunn plant in Springfield, Il became the scene of a workplace shooting in which an employee fatally shot three coworkers before fleeing and committing suicide at another location. The motive remains unclear, according to police.
Products and Services
Bunn-O-Matic offers a wide range of commercial and domestic food products and accessories.
The commercial sector includes several products for brewing and dispensing coffee, espresso, tea, juice, hot chocolate, water, and a variety of filters for appliances. It is common to find touch screens and USB ports for programming on commercial models.
The company also makes various home and domestic coffee makers under the Speed Brew and Heat N' Brew families.
Bunn provides specialty foods for order or pick-up at Pease's Stores, including steaks, soups, and snacks.
References
External links
Coffee appliance vendors
Springfield, Illinois
Companies based in Sangamon County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunn-O-Matic%20Corporation |
Crichope Linn or Crichop Linn, originally Creehope is a gorge and waterfall near Gatelawbridge in Dumfries and Galloway, southern Scotland. Linn is the Scots language word for waterfall. The etymology of the names 'Cree' or 'Crich' may derive from Gaelic for 'Boundary' and 'Hope' from the Scots for 'a valley among hills,' an apt description.
The Glen and linn
It is over deep and is formed from the action of the stream, Crichope Burn, on the soft red sandstone that underlies much of the area. The gorge was long believed to harbour supernatural beings, and a natural rock cell, the "Elf's Kirk" (long since broken up for building stone), stood at its entrance where elves, the supernatural inhabitants of the linn were once said to congregate. A natural archway on the footpath along the side of the gorge bears many 18th and 19th century inscriptions, supposedly including one by Robert Burns.
The Ordnance Survey gives a few place names such as the 'Souter's Seat' and 'Burley's Leap' near by. Hell's Cauldron lies below the falls. The 'Gullet Spout' is marked further up the glen.
Once entered via a stone arch the glen in the 19th century had an extensive path network with several bridges crossing over the Crichope Burn at convenient places or where the view was most spectacular such as at 'Burley's Leap'. The red sandstone abutments of one of the bridges still lie in the Crichope Burn before the red sandstone gorge is reached. The paths are no longer maintained and in several places the route is hazardous.
Covenanters
In the 17th century, Covenanters used Crichope Linn as a hiding place and a natural seat in the form of a chair acquired the name 'Sutors Seat' after a shoemaker who once hid here. Probably as a result of a visit to the linn, Walter Scott is said to have been charmed by it and chose it as the lair of John Balfour of Burleigh in Old Mortality.
Eminent visitors
Sir Walter Scott had explored the glen whilst visiting his brother who was taught at the nearby Wallace Hall School in Closeburn and mentioned the graffiti left by some of the many visitors. The glen inspired a local poet, the Rev. William Haining, in the early 1900s :
The famous author Thomas Carlyle made many visits, living in the area at Craigenputtock House for several years and marrying Jane Welsh at Templand Farm near Dalgarnock. He wrote some verses describing the genius loci of the glen :
{| cellpadding=10 border="0" align=center
|-
| bgcolor=#f4f4f4|
"Cloistered vault of living rocks,
Here have I my darksome dwelling,
Working, sing to stones and stocks;
Where beneath my waves go welling.
Beams flood-borne athwart me cast
Arches see, and aisles moist gleaming;
Sounds for aye my organ blast,Grim cathedral, shaped in dreaming.
|}
Robert Forsyth published his popular five volume work "Beauties of Scotland" in 1805 in which, following his visit, he describes the "..very beautiful cascade by falling over a precipice of about 80 to 90 feet in height and perpendicular.''"
Robert Burns who knew the area well as a local and as a customs and excise officer, lived for a time at near by Ellisland Farm and is said to have carved his initials here.
See also
Cleeves Cove
References
External links
Video 'Crichope Linn - Sir Walter Scott, Elves and Covenanters
Video 'Crichope Linn - Devil's Cauldron, Burley's Leap and the Souter's Seat.
Video footage of abseiling in Crichope Linn
Landforms of Dumfries and Galloway
Canyons and gorges of Scotland
Waterfalls of Dumfries and Galloway
Robert Burns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crichope%20Linn |
The Near East School of Theology (NEST), located in Beirut, Lebanon, is an interdenominational Reformed Protestant theological seminary serving Christian churches of the Middle East and North Africa, and also educates international students who have a special interest in Biblical and Islamic studies in a Middle Eastern context or those especially interested in the Ancient churches.
History
The Near East School of Theology, formed in 1932 by the merger of the School for Religious Workers in Beirut and the School of Religion in Athens, is built upon a history of evangelical theological education in the Near East which goes back to 1835. In that year, Rev. William Thompson, later the author of The Land and the Book, founded in Beirut the first Protestant Seminary in the area. In 1843 the Seminary moved to Abey, in the mountain not far south of Beirut, under the leadership of Dr. Cornelius Van Dyck, translator of the Bible into Arabic. It offered classes in both theology and general education.
Out of the Abey Seminary grew, in 1866, the Syrian Protestant College, now the American University of Beirut. With the founding of the College, it was decided that the seminary pursue only theological studies, while the College be responsible for general studies. The Seminary had several locations in the subsequent years and, in 1905, moved back to Beirut .
In 1912, under Principal F. E. Hoskins, Colton Hall – a gift of Mr. Milton Colton of Jenkintown, Pennsylvania – was constructed on a piece of land near the center of the city and became the home of the N.E.S.T. until 1971.
In the meantime, as early as 1839, theological education was being offered in the area which is now Turkey, under the leadership of the Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, in Bebek and later in Marzifoon, Marash and Harput. However, because of the events which befell the Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire during World War I, these seminaries were closed and consolidated in the establishment of the School of Religion in Istanbul, with the Rev. Fred Goodsell as President. After the catastrophe of Izmir in 1922, the Armenian and Greek students of the School, together with Professor Loutfi Levonian, moved to Athens. In 1925, the Istanbul branch of the school was closed and the institutions were combined in the School of Religion in Athens.
In 1930, missionaries in the Near East, seeking to strengthen theological education in the area, proposed to unite the theological institutions in Athens and Beirut. In the spring of that year, after a period of negotiations between the Syria Mission (Presbyterian) and the Near East Mission (Congregational), an agreement was reached for the two schools to merge and form the new Near East School of Theology in Beirut. The merger was consummated on November 11, 1932, with Gaius Greenslade as Principal and Loutfi Levonian as Dean.
Following World War II, the two American Boards were joined by the National Evangelical Synod of Syria and Lebanon, the Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East (1945), the Diocese of Jerusalem of the Episcopal Church (1950) and the Lutheran Church in Jordan (1967).
In 1971, the School moved to its new home: a modern, well equipped building, two blocks to the south of the American University of Beirut in Ras Beirut. The credit for this considerable achievement must go above all to the late President Hovhannes Aharonian, who, from 1959 and until his retirement in 1978, presided over the destiny of the School, and had served in other capacities for many years prior to that. On the occasion of his retirement, the Reverend Aharonian was named Honorary President.
The events of recent years in Lebanon have left their mark on the whole society and on every institution in the country. The N.E.S.T. too was adversely affected, especially through the loss of teaching faculty and the reduction of the student body to a third of its pre-war size. Nevertheless, the School was able to keep its doors open all through the troubles and is now attempting to rebuild its student body and to reach out in new directions. The first sign of this renewal is perhaps the revised curriculum for all degree programs which is included in this catalog, and was implemented as of October, 1991. The new curriculum is an attempt at updating the course offerings and the requirements in the various degree programs so as to meet the changes in the situation of the churches in this region, as well as to keep in line with the ecumenical renewal in theological education worldwide.
Near East School of Theology has published Theological Review, a semi-annual journal, since 1978.
Profile
The NEST is an undergraduate and graduate theological seminary of some 40 students and seven full and two part-time faculty. The seminary offers the following programs: B.A. in Christian Education; B.Th. with emphasis in pastoral studies; B.Th. in Christian Education; M.A.C.E., a graduate program for educational ministries; M.Div. for Pastoral ministry; S.T.M., a post graduate research degree; and the S.T.M. in Ministry established jointly with McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago.
The seminary is housed in a modern building with classrooms, offices, faculty and student lounges, dining facilities, sanctuary and chapel, coffee shop, dormitory rooms for 50 students, six faculty apartments and a gymnasium and theater which are under construction. The library contains 42,000 volumes in Arabic, Armenian, English, French and German.
Church relationship
The NEST is under the auspices and support of four mainline Protestant Evangelical churches in the Middle East, the National Evangelical Synod of Syria and Lebanon, the Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East, the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East of the Anglican Communion, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land. These four local churches jointly sponsor the N.E.S.T. and enjoy the full cooperation and support of Associate Members, all of whom are represented on the Board of Managers.
See also
Protestantism in Lebanon
References
External links
Official website
Reformed church seminaries and theological colleges
Schools in Lebanon
Education in Beirut
Universities in Lebanon
Protestantism in Lebanon
Educational institutions established in 1932
Organisations based in Beirut
1932 establishments in Mandatory Syria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near%20East%20School%20of%20Theology |
Blue Leach is a video director. He is the winner of the 2009 TPI Video Director of the Year Award. He has recently directed shows for the Taking Back the Cities Tour for Snow Patrol. Other recent projects include R.E.M., directing the live album R.E.M. Live their first ever 2 CD/DVD in a career spanning 27 years for them. Linkin Park's "Road to Revolution: Live at Milton Keynes" which was filmed on 29 June 2008 at the National Bowl, Milton Keynes was the band's biggest Projekt Revolution show to date. Depeche Mode Touring the Angel Concert DVD Touring the Angel: Live in Milan was also directed by him. Blue's other projects have included The Prodigy, Beck, Paul Weller, Marilyn Manson, Manic Street Preachers, to name a few.
Director credits
Eric Clapton 'Slowhand at 70' film for cinema and DVD, TV www.examinationproductions.com
Linkin Park – "Projekt Revolution" (live)
Snow Patrol – "The Lightning Strike"
Snow Patrol – "Just Say Yes"
Peter Gabriel – "New Blood Live in London"
Pet Shop Boys – "Pandemonium Tour"
Pet Shop Boys – "All Over the World"
References
External links
Splinter Films
Living people
Music video directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Leach |
Invariant-based programming is a programming methodology where specifications and invariants are written before the actual program statements. Writing down the invariants during the programming process has a number of advantages: it requires the programmer to make their intentions about the program behavior explicit before actually implementing it, and invariants can be evaluated dynamically during execution to catch common programming errors. Furthermore, if strong enough, invariants can be used to prove the correctness of the program based on the formal semantics of program statements. A combined programming and specification language, connected to a powerful formal proof system, will generally be required for full verification of non-trivial programs. In this case a high degree of automation of proofs is also possible.
In most existing programming languages the main organizing structures are control flow blocks such as for loops, while loops and if statements. Such languages may not be ideal for invariants-first programming, since they force the programmer to make decisions about control flow before writing the invariants. Furthermore, most programming languages do not have good support for writing specifications and invariants, since they lack quantifier operators and one can typically not express higher order properties.
The idea of developing the program together with its proof originated from E.W. Dijkstra. Actually writing invariants before program statements has been considered in a number of different forms by M.H. van Emden, J.C. Reynolds and R-J Back.
See also
Eiffel (programming language)
Notes
Formal methods
Programming paradigms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant-based%20programming |
The Northland Emergency Services Trust (NEST) is an emergency air rescue service in Whangarei, New Zealand. The Trust is supported by contributions from local sponsors, individuals, families, businesses and organisations.
History
The concept for the Northland Emergency Services Trust was conceived at a public meeting called at the request of the Auckland Surf Club in 1988. The meeting discussed the idea of having a rescue helicopter in Northland for three months over the summer period.
Joyce Ryan, who was the Mayor of Whangarei at the time, asked those present if they thought the money that was being asked for, to run the service for three months, seemed fair. After discussion, the St John contingent said: “We can do the same job for the same money, but for the whole year.”
Since then, NEST transported the first patient on Tuesday 15 November 1988 and has since carried more than 20,000 passengers.
In 1988, when NEST began, its first emergency helicopter was a Bell 206 – which is a basic single pilot, one engine and one patient rescue helicopter.
In 1991, the Bell Jet Ranger was replaced with a more powerful Eurocopter Squirrel emergency helicopter and in 1994 the Squirrel was replaced with a twin-engine MBB/Kawasaki BK 117.
In 1997, the first Sikorsky S-76 emergency helicopter was acquired, the fleet has expanded to include a total of 3 rescue helicopters, with two of the S76 A's retired after the introduction of two C++ models.
Helicopters
NEST currently operate 3 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters (Helimed-2, Helimed-4, and Helimed-5) in Search and Rescue, Medevac, and Hospital transfer roles from its base next to St John's ambulance centre, adjacent to Kensington Park. NEST's current fleet includes one S76 A model (ZK-IAL), and two S76 C++ models, (ZK-HQO and ZK-HQC), the latter which were acquired in 2018. There have been several helicopter upgrades since the formation of NEST in 1988, including a Bell 206B Jetranger, a Eurocopter Squirrel, and a MBB/Kawasaki BK 117.
The Northland Rescue Helicopter has a longer range (3hrs 10mins standard or 5hrs 30mins with a spare tank fitted), is faster (155 knots) and has more room inside than any other rescue helicopter in New Zealand. Its operational range covers a radius of from its base, making it suitable for all of Northland, extending south beyond Auckland, and offshore work. The helicopters are set up to allow two pilots, two patients on horizontal stretchers and four medical support staff to occupy the cabin.
Fundraising
Funds for NEST are collected through annual appeals, sponsored by Northpower and Top Energy.
External links
NEST Homepage
NEST Youtube Page
Charities based in New Zealand
Air ambulance services in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland%20Emergency%20Services%20Trust |
Jadestone Group was a video game developer based in Stockholm, Sweden. It specialised in mobile and online games and was best known for Championship Manager Online (or CM-Online) alongside partner Eidos Interactive. On February 2, 2010, Jadestone Group announced Championship Manager Online would close on April 30, 2010 and that the decision was made by the games' owners Eidos Interactive.
Selected games
E-sports series - Windows
DiceArena - online
GamArena - online
Kodo - Mobile
Sea O'Fortune - Mobile
Spirits - Nokia N-Gage
Dirk Dagger and the Fallen Idol - N-Gage 2.0
CM-Online - online
Zeebo Family Pack - Zeebo
Dirk Dagger and the Nuclear Zeppelin - N-Gage 2.0
References
External links
Jadestone corporate website
Jadestone Group profile from MobyGames
Companies based in Stockholm
Defunct video game companies of Sweden
Video game development companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadestone%20Group |
Timmy Torres (born September 21, 1967, in Fresno, California), professionally known as Timmy T, is a freestyle performer and musician. Timmy T had a Billboard Hot 100 #1 single with "One More Try" in 1991.
Career
Timmy T started out in the 1980s in small rap groups in Fresno, but felt that he would rather do dance music. He purchased a Moog synthesizer and a Roland TR-808 drum machine at a pawn shop, and recorded his first single, "Time After Time", in his garage. He originally recorded the song for his girlfriend and after his girlfriend liked it he decided getting that single pressed on vinyl. He rode his motorcycle to a local Fresno radio station to ask them to play his song. After the DJ played the song, there were many calls requesting who was performing that song. The DJ recommended that Timmy T take his record to radio stations in Los Angeles for more exposure. After Los Angeles pop station Power 106 played the record, it received airplay from several more stations throughout the country including Hot 97 in New York. Timmy got a record deal with Quality Records, and "Time After Time" went on to peak at #40 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.
His next single "What Will I Do", made it to #96 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.
He released another single at the end of 1990, the ballad "One More Try", which proved to be much more successful than his first single, selling over a million copies and climbing to the top of the Billboard charts the following year. The success of the single drove the album, also named "Time After Time," to the #46 spot on the Billboard 200 albums chart.
He recorded his first album Time After Time, featuring the title track (his first single), "What Will I Do", "One More Try", and "Over and Over". None of the singles from his second album, All For Love, reached the charts, however his song "Over You" was featured in the motion picture The Raffle in the company of Elton John. The other singles of the second album were "Cry a Million Tears" and a cover of the song originally by Eric Carmen "Boats Against the Current". A year after the release of his second album, he distanced himself from the spotlight to focus on the birth of his son.
In 2018 he appeared on the Tosh.0 "Web Redemption Reunion Spectacular", singing "One More Try".
As of 2019, Timmy T was still performing along with other freestyle acts from the late 80s and early 90s.
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Music videos
See also
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
References
External links
American freestyle musicians
American male pop singers
American rappers of Mexican descent
Musicians from Fresno, California
1967 births
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
Rappers from California
Hispanic and Latino American rappers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmy%20T |
Hafez Ibrahim (, ; 1871–1932) was a well known Egyptian poet of the early 20th century. He was dubbed the "Poet of the Nile", and sometimes the "Poet of the People", for his political commitment to the poor. His poetry took on the concerns of the majority of ordinary Egyptians, including women’s rights, poverty, education, as well as his criticism of the British Empire and foreign occupation.
He was one of several Egyptian poets who revived Classical Arabic poetry during the latter half of the 19th century. While still using the classical Arabic system of meter and rhyme, these poets wrote to express new ideas and feelings unknown to the classical poets. Hafez is noted for writing poems on political and social commentar.
Early life
Hafez was born in 1872 in Dayrut, in Egypt. His father was an Egyptian engineer and his mother was Turkish. After his father’s death, at the age of four, Hafez was sent to live with his maternal uncle in Tanta where he received his primary school education. He then moved to Cairo to live with his mother and an uncle, where he completed his secondary education. After his mother died, Hafez moved back to Tanta and worked alongside Egyptian Nationalist lawyer Mohamed Abou Shadi; here, he discovered numerous literary books and became familiar with prominent leaders of the Egyptian National Movement.
Career
In 1888, Hafez attended the Military Academy and graduated three years later as a lieutenant. He was then appointed by the Ministry of Interior, and, in 1896, he was deployed to Sudan as part of Egypt’s Sudan campaign. There, Hafez and several of his colleagues were involved in a rebellion against the mistreatment of the Sudanese, whereupon Hafez was court-martial-ed and sent back to Egypt.
By 1911, Hafez was appointed the head of the literary section in the Dar al Kutub al Masriyah (the Egyptian National Library), and the Minister of Education bestowed upon him the title "Bey" which provided Hafez with financial stability. Thereafter, he began to devote more time to literature and poetry. Hafez joined a circle of neo-classical artists of modern Arab poetry, such as Ahmad Shawqi and Mahmoud Samy El Baroudy, in imitating the Arabic classical writing style of meter and rhyme.
Works
Many poems were written by Hafez, for example:
Albasūka al-dimāʾ fawq al-dimāʾ, ألبسوك الدماء فوق الدماء (They've dressed you in blood upon blood).
Yā sayyidī wa imāmī, يا سيدي و إمامي (O master and imam).
Shakartu jamīl ṣunʿikum, شكرت جميل صنعكم (I've thanked your favor).
Maṣr tatakallam ʿan nafsihā, مصر تتكلم عن نفسها (Egypt talks about herself).
Lī kasāʾ anʿam bihi min kasāʾ, لي كساء أنعم به من كساء (I've a dress, and what an excellent dress).
Qul li-l-raʾīs adāma Allāh dawlatahu,قل للرئيس أدام الله دولته (Tell the President that God has extended the life of his state).
Translation of Les Misérables by Victor Hugo, 1903
Memorials
There is a statue of Hazef, sculpted by Faruq Ibrahim, on the Gezira Island.
See also
List of Egyptian writers
References
Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. New York: Warner Books, 1991. .
African poets
People from Asyut
Egyptian male poets
Egyptian nationalists
Egyptian military personnel
1870s births
1932 deaths
Egyptian people of Turkish descent
French–Arabic translators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez%20Ibrahim |
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Binga District (Binga District) is a district of Zimbabwe in southern Africa. It is located in Matabeleland North just south of Kariba Lake, across the lake from Zambia It lies along the southern Zambezi Escarpment.
The Tonga people inhabit the area.
Boundaries
Binga District is an area of land bounded by a line drawn from;
a point on the Zimbabwe-Zambia international boundary at map reference 35KPM098348 on the 1:50 000 Map Sengwa Sound 1628C3, Edition 2, southwards direct to a point on the former Sengwa River course at map reference 35KPM114145 on the 1:50 000 Map Chiwa 1728A1, Edition 2;
thence proceeding generally southwards up the Sengwa River to the eastern boundary of Chizarira National Park,
thence generally southwest-wards along the eastern boundaries of Chizarira National Park and Busi Communal Land and westwards along the south- eastern boundary of Dandanda Communal Land;
thence generally westwards along the boundaries of Dandanda Communal Land to its westernmost point;
thence southwards along the westernmost boundary of Dandanda Communal land; thence eastwards along the northern boundary of Lubimbi Communal land up to the northernmost beacon of remainder of Lot 4 Karna Block;
thence generally south-westwards along the northern-western boundaries of Remainder of Lot 4 Karna Block and Lot 7A Karna Block up the westernmost beacon of Lot 7 A Karna Block;
thence proceeding generally westwards along the northern boundaries of Lot 8 Karna Block and the Remainder of Karna Block to exclude them up the intersection by the Shangani River;
thence up the Shangani River to a point at a map reference 35KNK259556 on the 1:50 000 Map Kamativi 1827A3, edition 1,
thence proceeding generally north-westwards to a point at map reference 35KNK249563 on the 1: 50 000 Map Kamativi 1827A3, Edition 1;
thence proceeding generally northwards along the western and north-western boundaries of Lubimbi Communal Land to a point at map reference 35KNK315618 on the 1:50 000 Map Kamativi 1827A3, Edition 1;
thence generally north-westwards along the south-western and western boundaries of Manjolo Communal Land to the southern boundary of Kavira Forest Land,
thence westwards along the southern boundary of Kavira Forest Land to the Gwayi River,
thence generally northwards down the Gwayi River to the Zimbabwe-Zambia international boundary;
thence north-eastwards along the Zimbabwe- Zambia international boundary to the starting point.
Administrative divisions, constituencies and people
There are twenty-one wards in the district, which is divided into two parliamentary constituencies: Binga North Constituency with twelve wards and South Binga Constituency with nine wards. The separate constituencies were created in 2008. Joel Gabuza is MP for Binga South while Prince Dubeko Sibanda presides over Binga North.
Among the areas in Binga North Constituency are: Chizarira, Siabuwa, Cheete, Siansundu, Siantula, Mujere and Manjolo.
Settlements
The town of Binga is the largest settlement. It lies on the south eastern shore of Lake Kariba. Most of it was constructed to rehouse the BaTonga people whose homeland was flooded by the creation of the Kariba reservoir in the late 1950s. The Chibwatatata Hot Springs lie near the town at what is known as Rest Camp area. It is a prime tourist area and was previously a shrine for local Tonga people under the leadership of one Maalila. Maalila was possessed by mpande (muzimu wamvula). He led rainmaking ceremonies at the hot springs. There are also settlements under the following areas and chiefs:
Economy and development
Binga District is a rural district that is significantly underdeveloped, with only gravel roads, which are car hostile especially during the rainy season. It is also one of the most sparsely populated districts of the country.
Binga District is famous for its growing of cannabis, known locally as dagga or mbanje. The consumption of cannabis in the Binga District has been described as traditional since pre-colonial times, and is considered by people from without to be an integral part of the Tonga culture. However, it must be pointed out that consumption of cannabis is often considered a devious pursuit especially, since 1955, in light of federal laws to control the importation, exportation, production, possession, sale, distribution and use of dangerous drugs, despite its use as a traditional medicine. There is a wrong impression among people from the rest of Zimbabwe that people from Binga are legally entitled to plant, harvest, process and smoke cannabis freely.
Stereotypes against Tonga people
Recently, the ministry of primary and secondary education of Zimbabwe has been caught offside following the publication of a secondary level textbooks for the new subject of Total Heritage Studies. It was immediately gathered that some of the contents was seen as reinforcing stereotypes held against Tonga people. For instance, the authors Mashaar S and BB Matseketsa plagiarized Tongan Kingdom courtship and passed it as Zimbabwe Tonga culture without verification and in another section they insinuate that Tonga culture accepts incest as a marriage enhancing activity. All this had been disputed by Tonga people and many have seen the new subject and content as carelessly written or is meant promote Shona supremacy. While the issue is still undergoing debate, indications are that Tonga people will petition the Permanent Secretary in the ministry of education for the retraction of the approved textbook and allowing native Tonga input.
Notes and references
Districts of Matabeleland North Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binga%20District |
The Sangam period or age (, ), particularly referring to the third Sangam period, is the period of the history of ancient Tamil Nadu, Kerala and parts of Sri Lanka (then known as Tamilakam) dating back to c.6th century BC. It was named after the legendary Sangam academies of poets and scholars centered in the city of Madurai which are believed to be mythical.
In Old Tamil language, the term Tamilakam (Tamiḻakam, Purananuru 168. 18) (Tamil:தமிழகம், புறநானூறு 168. 18) referred to the whole of the ancient Tamil-speaking area, corresponding roughly to the area known as southern India today, consisting of the territories of the present-day Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh, parts of Karnataka and northern Sri Lanka also known as Eelam.
History
According to Tamil legends, there were three Sangam periods, namely Head Sangam, Middle Sangam and Last Sangam period. Historians use the term Sangam period to refer the last of these, with the first two being legendary. It is also called the last Sangam period (), or third Sangam period ().
The Sangam literature is thought to have been produced in three Sangam academies of each period. The evidence on the early history of the Tamil kingdoms consists of the epigraphs of the region, the Sangam literature, and archaeological data. The period between 600 BC to 300 AD, Tamilakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties of Pandya, Chola and Chera, and a few independent chieftains, the Velir.
Literary sources
There is a wealth of sources detailing the history, socio-political environment and cultural practices of ancient Tamilakam, including volumes of literature and epigraphy.
Culture
The Sangam Tamils enjoyed a high degree of cultural life. Their interests in education, literature, music, dance, drama and festivals have been described in the Sangam literature.
Society
The fourfold vedic system of caste hierarchy did not exist during sangam period. The society was organised by occupational groups living apart from each other.
See also
History of Tamil Nadu
Tolkappiyam
Purananuru
Paripaatal
List of Sangam poets
Warring states
Three Kingdoms
References
Bibliography
A. L. Basham, The Wonder that was India, Picador (1995)
P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar, History of the Tamils from the earliest times to 600 AD, Madras, 1929; Chennai, Asian Educational Svcs. (2001) .
Ancient India
Tamil history
Ancient Tamil Nadu
4th-century disestablishments in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam%20period |
Objetivo Fama (sometimes abbreviated as OF, Spanish for Target: Fame) is a Puerto Rican singing talent contest that aired for over six years on WLII, the Univision outlet in Puerto Rico; and on Telefutura in the mainland United States. It is produced by Ender Vega and Soraya Sánchez ES Television.
The program was loosely inspired by the late Puerto Rican singing talent contest and variety show, Voces en Función, and the Spanish reality show, Operación Triunfo. Twenty or so contestants are "bunkered" in a studio/house where they will live together for several months while participating in a weekly show where one of them is eliminated, en route to find a "young star". The winner of the show gets a record deal from Univision Music Group. The show aired for six years, starting in 2004, and finishing in 2009.
Contestants were evaluated by a panel of judges, and viewers had the opportunity to vote on who they wanted to stay or leave the competition. Also, during the week they were assisted by singing and dancing teachers, stylists, costume designers, personal trainers, etc. in the studio/house to help them shape and improve their talent and image. The show was often said to be the Spanish version of American Idol, although technically speaking, the official Spanish version of that show is Latin American Idol.
History
The show ran for six season, from 2004 to 2009.
Judges and hosts
Judges
Roberto Sueiro (2004–2009) is a Puerto Rican artist and entertainment attorney. As a teenager, he sang with several rock bands and wrote songs while studying in the University of Florida. He finished law studies at the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico. He continued studies in intellectual property and music rights at New York University where he received a master's degree in law, in 1992. He then released four albums under the pseudonym of Byron. He reached the Billboard lists and won several awards. He also delved into producing and was one of the conceptual creators of Son By Four. He is currently practicing law in the field of entertainment and intellectual property, where he has represented several renowned artists. He was the only judge featured during all seasons of Objetivo Fama.
Hilda Ramos (2004-2007, 2009) is a Puerto Rican soprano that has become one of the most sought opera singers in the world since her debut in 1989 with the Puerto Rican Symphonic Orchestra. In 1993, she won the first prize at the Metropolitan Opera Auditions in Puerto Rico and was one of the finalists of the regional auditions in New Orleans. She has performed around the world in places like Israel, Rome, Geneva, and the United States among others. She has performed at numerous world-known operas to much acclaim. In 2002, she debuted in New York City, invited by Regina Resnik. In 2004 and 2005 she collaborated as a teacher in Objetivo Fama, and in 2006 debuted as one of the judges. She remained as part of the judge panel until 2008, where she declined to dedicate time to her singing career. Ramos returned in 2009, to be judge of the last edition of OF.
Fernando Allende (2006–2008) is a Mexican singer, actor, producer and director. He has acted in several soap operas in Spain, Mexico, and Latin America. Allende has traveled the world and lived in London for several years. In 2001 he moved to Puerto Rico where Allende has retaken his career as an actor and director. Allende also studied law at the Universidad La Salle in Mexico. He performs regularly as a mariachi and continues producing local films. In 2006 he was selected not only as one of the three judges but also as the President of the Jury.
Lissy Estrella (2005) is a Puerto Rican singer. She served as a judge only for the second season.
Jimena (2008) is a Mexican singer. She is serving as a judge on the fifth season.
Abraham Velásquez (2009) is a Puerto Rican Christian inspirational singer. He served as a judge in substitution of Fernando Allende who resigned to work as a TV producer and film director.
Guest judges are sometimes brought in. Some of the most common are singer/host Charytín, and some radio hosts from Univision Radio.
Hosts
The first season of Objetivo Fama was hosted by Nicaraguan singer Luis Enrique, while the second one was co-hosted by Mexican actor/singer Víctor Noriega and Puerto Rican model/host Yizette Cifredo.
For the third season, Mexican singer Yuri was chosen as host, and she quickly became a favorite of the audience. She remained with the show until the end of the fourth season, when she was fired. She was replaced by entertainer Charytín Goyco during the season finale. Goyco had already served as guest host and judge during several episodes of the show.
The sixth and final season was hosted by Puerto Rican singer and host Gisselle.
Auditions
Before the show season starts, auditions are held at several places in Puerto Rico and the United States to pick the finalists that will be featured in the show. These are evaluated by the show's producers which included music directors Gabriel Ferri and Angelo Torres. When the 20 contestants are selected, they are moved to Puerto Rico where the studio/house is located. For its last season, the producers reduced the number of contestants from 20 to 16. Also, like the first season, all contestants were from Puerto Rico.
Studio/House
The studio/house were the contestants live during the course of the show was located in the San Juan Metropolitan Area. It was administered, directed and managed by Puerto Rican singer, Lunna.
Weekly Shows
During the first two years, the weekly show was held at the Teatro del Parque in Santurce, its third year in Caguas Performing Arts Center in the city of Caguas, Puerto Rico. However, the fourth season moved to the Guaynabo Performing Arts Center in the city of Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. The show usually starts with a big performance involving all the contestants in one song-and-dance number. Then, each contestant performs the song they had received and rehearsed during the week. Performances can vary from duos, trios, to single performances. Between participations, each contestant is interviewed and clips of the weeks' happenings are shown.
After each presentation, each contestant is evaluated by the three judges. At the end of the show, the judges announce which contestants are "threatened" to leave the studio/house. Viewers then have one week to call and "save" their favorite contestant. The show closes with a performance by a guest artist.
Acceso Total
Literally translated as Total Access, this section follows every weekly show with interviews with contestants and judges. This special show began during the third season (2006) following the weekly show. It is hosted by José Figueroa and Liza Lugo.
Sin Editar
Loosely translated as Unedited, this is another weekly show where they follow the contestants lives at the studio/house and their rehearsals during the week. It also includes interviews and questions from the audience. In 2007, it was hosted by Daniela Droz. In the fifth season (2008), the show also included evaluations of each contestant past presentation from a former judge, Hilda Ramos, and was hosted by Yizette Cifredo.
Season synopses
2004: First season
See Objetivo Fama (season 1) for more information
This season was hosted by Nicaraguan singer Luis Enrique, and Puerto Rican singer, actress and host Daniela Droz. It featured only Puerto Rican contestants aged 18 and older.
The winner of the show was Janina Irizarry (also known as simply Janina), but several of the contestants have released their own albums having different levels of success. As of 2007, Janina has released two successful albums.
Early on the show, one of the contestants, Encarnita "Kany" García, suffered a car accident, which forced her to abandon the competition. She was in intensive care for some time and recovered. She has turned since into a much-sought composer-songwriter. She wrote a song for Janina's first album. García in 2007 released her first album Cualquier Día, which includes the number 1 hit "Hoy Ya Me Voy". With the success of the album, she received praise from music critics, and many awards including two Billboard Latin Music Awards and two Latin Grammy Awards for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Album. The album has been a success in Puerto Rico, the United States, and Latin America.
Charlie Rodríguez was the first contestant of the show to release his own album and has also become a successful composer. He is currently working in his second album.
After the show, Luis Montes, Elliot Suro and Daniel Rodríguez joined Puerto Rican boy band MDO. They released an album titled Otra Vez which peaked some music charts in Latin America. Their follow-up, Sabe A Tí, was released in 2008.
Both finalists (Sheila and Ektor) have recorded albums. Ektor is currently working with producers Luny Tunes for his next album.
Zania Salas has turned into a producer of shows at Nickelodeon.
2005: Second Season
See Objetivo Fama (season 2) for more information
This season was hosted by Mexican actor/singer, Víctor Noriega and Puerto Rican celebrity, Yizette Cifredo, and expanded the format to include international contestants.
The winner of the show was Dominican singer, Anaís Martínez, but - like the first season - several of the contestants have already launched their own musical careers. Anaís is widely considered to be the most successful winner of the show.
Carlos Rubén Salazar was disqualified from the competition when he abandoned the house to see a girlfriend (one of the show dancers). He is the brother of the first finalist, Azucena. They have been working together on several musical projects, even playing at the White House in an activity in 2006. Azucena released her first album in 2008.
Two of the other finalists, Jayro Rosado and Esteban, have released albums in the island and Jayro Rosado is currently a backup singer for Romeo Santos and is currently on tour with him. Another of the finalists, Rodolfo Castera, has worked hosting several events on the island and is currently finishing acting classes. Rosangela Abreu recorded a duet with famous Salsa singer, Gilberto Santa Rosa. Both Esteban and Rosangela auditioned for the 2007 season of Latin American Idol but Rosangela was the only one chosen to finish in third place.
Wenceslao Navarro has continued to work with his band and has released an album after the competition finished. Tairon Aguilera has dedicated himself to songwriting. He has written several songs for some of his fellow competitors of the show from past and future seasons, in January 2011 Tairon released his first album cd called "Tatuaje" in which he is the producer along with DJ gus.
Emilio Acevedo is one of the singers of a merengue group called Zone D' Tambora, produced by Elvis Crespo.
In early 2007 the husband of Carmen Rivera was killed when he apparently intervened in a bar fight.
2006: Third Season
See Objetivo Fama (season 3) for more information
This season was hosted by Mexican singer Yuri and directed by Marcelo Gama.
The winner of the show was Cuban Marlon Fernández, but several of the contestants have started their own musical careers not only singing but also in theatre.
During the show, Soledad Sosa was disqualified when she left the studio/house with her husband. She alleged that she couldn't stand being away from her husband. Shortly after, she got pregnant but had a miscarriage.
Ediberto Carmenatty was also disqualified when a medical condition forced him to do so. He has since recovered and is currently living in Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Also, Gustavo and Jenilca started a relationship during the show. Gustavo is currently working on an album while also preparing for some acting projects. Jenilca is promoting her album, "Jenilca" and her first single "Enamorada de Ti".
Arquímides & Mary Ann Acevedo have released successful albums in the island. Acevedo also married merengue singer, Guillermo Torres, who is about 20 years older.
Helen Ochoa and Melanie Figueroa started working on a project called "Dos Destinos". However, Figueroa's complications with her condition of lupus forced her to abandon the project. Ochoa has continued with the project and plans to release an album in early 2007. Figueroa is currently recovering.
2007: Fourth Season
See Objetivo Fama (season 4) for more information.
This season was again hosted by Mexican singer, Yuri and directed by Marcelo Gama. The winner of the show was Puerto Rican Juan Vélez.
Unlike previous seasons, this one opened in Los Angeles, California on February 3, with a pre-show where they presented the 30 semi-finalists chosen on the auditions through the United States and Puerto Rico. The 20 winners were announced and given a chance to perform.
The season officially opened on February 10. The weekly shows were aired from the Centro de Bellas Artes of Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, alongside the new building of the Univision station in Puerto Rico. So far, the judges agree that the competitors of this season are more consistent than in past ones.
Sin Editar, the weekly show where they follow the contestants lives at the studio/house and their rehearsals during the week, this year was broadcast every Friday, and hosted by Daniela Droz.
One of the highlights so far is the relationship started between Juan Vélez and Erica Gonzaba. On March 17, they had a chance to perform the song "Devuélveme la Vida" from Antonio Orozco together, which garnered them much praise and applause from both the judges and the audience. Vélez, winner of the show, had the chance to perform the song together with Orozco himself in the finale.
This season's finale emerged as the highest rated program in the history of Univision Puerto Rico, and USA Telefutura television broadcast stations.
After the show, finalists Juan, Iván, and Víctor have all released successful albums. Juan sold out several shows at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center in San Juan, and had a concert at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum.
2008: Fifth Season
See Objetivo Fama (season 5) for more information
This fifth season was hosted by Yuri and directed by Marcelo Gama. The winner of the show was Mexican Cristina Eustace. It featured returning judges Roberto Sueiro and Fernando Allende. Mexican singer Jimena will replace Hilda Ramos. Still, Ramos has been featured weekly in the show Sin Editar offering her critics to the contestants.
The 20 final contestants were officially announced on February 2, 2008, during a show at the Puerto Rico Convention Center and the show officially began on February 9, 2008. A few days before, contestant Lorenzo Mendez was disqualified from the show because he was already signed to a record label. Ronny Mercedes was selected to replace him.
The first show featured special presentations from Los Super Reyes and last year winner, Juan Vélez.
On May 14, 2008, four days before the final show of the season, host Yuri announced that she had been fired from the show. Charytín will replace her for the final show. At the same time, the credibility of the show was questioned after a video mentioning the four finalists with two weeks of anticipation surfaced on YouTube. The video was prepared by PepsiCo as a promotion for a contest. The producers of the show have denied giving them any information about votes and results.
2009: Sixth Season (The Farewell)
See Objetivo Fama (season 6) for more information.
In late 2008, it was announced that the sixth season would be the last. It was dubbed Objetivo Fama: La Despedida (Target Fame: The Farewell). The show featured Roberto Sueiro and Hilda Ramos as returning judges, while Christian singer Abraham would be the third judge, replacing Fernando Allende. This last season featured only 18 Puerto Rican contestants, like the first season, as opposed to the other seasons which had contestants from other countries.
This last season was hosted by singer Giselle. The winner was Fabián Torres, who ended up victorious with a 42.43 percent of the votes on the final show held on Sunday, May 17, 2009.
Television ratings
Since its first years, Objetivo Fama has had the acceptance of Puerto Rican audiences. In 2005, the season finale of the second season was the #1 show of the night, garnering ratings of above 35 during its run, with its nearest competition being at 11. Further ratings revealed that the finale was also the most watched show of April 2005.
The season finale for the third season of Objetivo Fama, held in May 2006, also ended up #1 with the audience. In April 2007, the show dominated the ratings in Puerto Rico with 34.6, with related shows like Acceso Total and Sin Editar also doing well.
In January 2008, two special editions of Objetivo Fama that served as a preamble of the fifth season ended up in the first two places of the television ratings of January 2008. The show remained at the top of the ratings as the season went on, ranking at #2 during February 2008 and #1 in March and April of the same year. The show Acceso Total also ended up at the top finishing at #7. The rankings for the month of May 2008 also revealed that 7 of the Top 10 shows were related to Objetivo Fama.
The show's final season also received good ratings, finishing #1 during April (with 24.3) and May 2009.
The ratings for each season finale have been:
Musical impact
Various contestants of Objetivo Fama have gone on to have successful musical careers, winning musical awards and having success on various record charts. Contestants like Anaís Martínez and Cristina Eustace have been nominated to Latin Grammy Awards, while Anaís, Marlon Fernández, and Juan Vélez have been nominated for Billboard Music Awards. Season 1 contestant Kany García has been perhaps the most successful artist from the show, despite being the first contestant eliminated. She has gone on to record three successful albums and has been nominated to 2 Grammy Awards and 6 Latin Grammy Awards, winning two of them.
See also
Similar shows
Operación Triunfo
American Idol
Pop Idol
Star Search
La Academia
Voces en Función
Past winners
2004: Janina (Puerto Rico)
2005: Anaís (Dominican Republic)
2006: Marlon (Cuba)
2007: Juan (Puerto Rico)
2008: Cristina (Mexico)
2009: Fabian (Puerto Rico)
References
External links
Univision Official Page
UniMás original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetivo%20Fama |
Tudor Olimpius Bompa is a sports scientist. He is a Professor Emeritus at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He is married to Tamara Bompa, who is an associate lecturer at York University.
Background
Tudor Olimpius Bompa was born on December 23, 1932 in the town of Năsăud, in Bistrița-Năsăud County, Romania. He attended his first school classes in his hometown, and in 1949 he moved to the Sports School in Cluj-Napoca. During his junior years, he was part of the national athletics team, and won several silver and bronze medals at the National Championships, in the pentathlon, javelin and discus competitions.
In his teens, Bompa played competitive soccer and competed in sprint and pentathlon. After an ankle injury, he swapped to rowing, which he found difficult as it is an endurance sport rather than a strength sport that he had been used to through his track and field career. At the 1958 European Rowing Championships, he won a silver medal in the coxed four event.
He attended the courses of the Institute of Physical Culture and Sports, a prestigious sports academy in the Romanian capital city, Bucharest, which he graduated at the age of 24, in 1956. Between 1956 and 1970, he served as Director of the Central Army House Sports Club, as an assistant professor at the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara and the University of Bucharest, and as Athletic Director at Politehnica Timișoara Sports Club. Starting in 1960, he laid the foundations of new training methods for performance athletes, which were first published in the journal "Studies and Research" Politehnica University of Timișoara.
In 1970 Bompa emigrated to Canada, where he attended Masters studies at York University, in Toronto, between 1972 and 1974. In 1975 enrolled in the doctoral studies program at State University of New York at Buffalo, graduating with a Ph.D. degree in 1979 with thesis "Mechanical analysis of the action of the arms". He was also conferred a Ph.D. degree by the Free University of Brussels, in Belgium.
Honors
Bompa has received 23 honors in 21 countries, including Life-Long Achievements Awards, NSCA, in Las Vegas, 2014.
He has also received the title of Doctor Honoris Causa, Politehnica University of Timișoara, 2017. His most prominent book, Periodization:Theory and Methodology of Training has been voted Year Book, 2018, a best seller, and Best Sports Science Book of 2018.
Books
Bompa has published 19 books; some of them have been translated into 22 languages, and have sold over one million copies.
The Cyclist's Training Bible — published 1996 — 13 editions
Periodization Training for Sports — published 1999 — 8 editions
Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training — published 1994 — 6 editions
Serious Strength Training – published 1998 — 7 editions
Total Training for Young Champions – published 1999 — 2 editions
Periodization in Rugby – published 2008 — 4 editions
Theory And Methodology Of Training: The Key To Athletic Performance – published 1983 — 3 editions
Periodization Of Strength: The New Wave In Strength Training
Conditioning Young Athletes – published 2015 — 2 editions
Power Training for Sport: Plyometrics for Maximum Power Development – published 1994 — 3 editions
Total Hockey Conditioning: From Pee Wee To Pro – published 1999 — 3 editions
Fitness And Body Development Exercises
週期化運動訓練
Musculacion. Entrenamiento avanzado
Total Training For Coaching Team Sports: A Self Help Guide
Periodización del entrenamiento deportivo (Deportes nº 24)
From Childhood to Champion Athlete – published 1995
References
Living people
Academic staff of York University
Romanian male rowers
Romanian sports coaches
Methodology
Sports scientists
1932 births
People from Năsăud
University at Buffalo alumni
Vrije Universiteit Brussel alumni
Romanian emigrants to Canada
European Rowing Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor%20Bompa |
A fool is an English dessert. Traditionally, fruit fool is made by folding puréed stewed fruit (classically gooseberries) into sweet custard. Modern fool recipes often skip the traditional custard and use whipped cream. Additionally, a flavouring agent such as rose water may be added.
Etymology
Why the word "fool" is used as the name of this fruit dessert is not clear. Several authors derive it from the French verb meaning "to crush" or "to press" (in the context of pressing grapes for wine), and Alan Davidson argues that it is 'reasonable to suppose that the idea of mashed fruit was there from the start' but also points out that Norfolk fool, contained no fruit. but this derivation is dismissed by the Oxford English Dictionary as baseless and inconsistent with the early use of the word. The name trifle was also originally applied to the dish, with the two names being used, for a time, interchangeably. In the late 16th century a trifle was 'a dish composed of cream boiled with various ingredients' Davidson suggests that this is 'also the description one could give of a fool'. In support for this theory, Davidson quotes John Florio from his dictionary of 1598: 'a kinde of clouted cream called a fool or a trifle'.
History
'Foole' is first mentioned as a dessert in 1598, made of 'clouted creame' although the origins of gooseberry fool may date back to the 15th century. The earliest recipe for fruit fool dates to the mid-17th century. The soft fruits used in fools in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were often boiled and pulped before being mixed with the cream. It was considered the most 'prudent' way to eat fruit at the time as there was a fear that fruit was unhealthy and so it was felt necessary to boil fruit to a pulp to make it safe. Fruit fools and creams, argues food historian C. Anne Wilson, 'succeeded the medieval fruit pottages. They were based on the pulp of cooked fruits beaten together with cream and sugar. Gooseberries, and later orange juice combined with beaten eggs, were made up into fools.' The cream in earlier fools was often left unwhipped. The process of whipping cream before forks were adopted in the late 17th century was long and difficult. The eggs used in many earlier fool recipes became less common, and now most fools are made without them.
Variations
Originally, the most common fruit ingredient in fools was gooseberries, although other fruits and berries are known from early recipes, e.g., apples, strawberries, rhubarb and raspberries. Modern recipes may include any seasonal fruit readily found. In Anglo-Indian cuisine, mango fool is a popular variation.
Norfolk fool is an old local variation of the fruit fool, often containing minimal or no fruit. It is seasoned with spices, such as mace and cinnamon, and thickened with eggs and boiled.
The original recipe can be found in ''The Accomplisht Cook by Robert May 1660:
See also
Compote
Crème brûlée
Eton mess
Trifle
List of desserts
List of fruit dishes
Panna cotta
Pavlova (food)
Smoothie
References
External links
British desserts
English cuisine
Custard desserts
Types of food
Fruit dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit%20fool |
Liga Veneta (; ; abbr. LV), whose complete name is (), is a regionalist political party active in Veneto.
The LV, whose ideology combines Venetian nationalism and support for fiscal federalism, was established in 1979 and was the first party of its kind in northern Italy, predating Umberto Bossi's Lega Lombarda by five years. The LV was one of the founding "national" sections of Lega Nord (LN) in 1991 and has been the regional section of Lega per Salvini Premier (LSP) in Veneto since 2020.
In the 2010 regional election the LV was by far the largest party in Veneto with 35.2% of the vote and LV's Luca Zaia, who was supported also by The People of Freedom, was elected President of Veneto with 60.2%. In the 2015 regional election the LV, which fielded also a "Zaia list" improved its tally to 40.9% and Zaia, who counted also on the support of some minor parties, was re-elected with 50.1%. In the 2020 regional election the LV's two lists improved again their tally to 61.5% and Zaia was re-elected by a landslide 76.8% of the vote.
The party's secretary is Alberto Stefani.
History
Early years (1978–1989)
Liga Veneta was promoted in 1978 by Franco Rocchetta, a Venetian philologist who had been speaking of a "Venetian league" since 1968. The party constitution, modelled on those of the Valdostan Union and the Radical Party, was officially signed by 14 founding members on 16 January 1980 in Padua and Achille Tramarin was elected national secretary. Shortly after, some hardliners, led by Luigi Faccia and Flavio Contin, left the party: in 1987 they would launch the Most Serene Venetian Government and in 1997 would organise the St Mark's Campanile's "assault" (see Venetian nationalism). Another split occurred in 1983: Giulio Pizzati's Liga Federativa Veneta.
In the 1983 general election the LV gained 4.3% in Veneto: Tramarin was elected to the Chamber of Deputies and Graziano Girardi to the Senate. In the Pedemontana, the area of the Padanian-Venetian Plain at the feet of the Venetian Prealps, the LV became the second largest party after then-dominant Christian Democracy (DC). This party would be mostly damaged from the rise of the LV as both parties concurred for the support of the middle class. DC regional leader Antonio Bisaglia had proposed a regional party modelled on the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, but opposition from Rome and his sudden death stopped the plan.
Soon after the election, a power struggle for the leadership of the party took place and the winner was Rocchetta, disappointed for his missed election, who had been behind the scenes up to that moment. Tramarin was replaced as national secretary by Marilena Marin, the future wife of Rocchetta.
In the 1984 European Parliament election the LV gained 3.3% in Veneto, but did not win seats.
In the 1985 regional election the party obtained 3.7% and two regional councillors: Ettore Beggiato and Rocchetta. Liga Veneta Serenissima of Tramarin, expelled from the party by Marin, won a mere 0.2% of the vote and, since then, Rocchetta and Marin have had the party in their hands. In the 1980s the party suffered also other two splits: that of the Union of the Venetian People (UPV), formed by Beggiato (who was joined by Tramarin and Girardi) and that of the Veneto Autonomous Region Movement (MVRA). The only counterweight to Rocchetta–Marin within the LV was thus represented by the Treviso wing, which then started to gain influence, under the leadership of Gian Paolo Gobbo and Mauro Michielon. In the next elections, the LV and the UPV had similar showings.
Foundation of Lega Nord (1989–1994)
In 1989 the party's charismatic leader, Rocchetta and his wife Marin, secretary of the party, managed to forge an alliance with Umberto Bossi's Lega Lombarda for that year's European Parliament election, Alleanza Nord. In 1989–1990 the LV took part in the process of federating the northern regionalist parties, ahead of the regional elections. In the 1990 regional election the LV and the UPV scored 5.9% and 1.9%, respectively. In the 1991 local elections, the UPV passed the LV. Some attempts to merge the two parties into one failed, but from that point, thanks to the alliance with Bossi, Liga Veneta's rise seemed unstoppable.
In February 1991 the LV joined Lega Lombarda and other regionalist parties from every northern region to form Lega Nord (LN) and, since then, the LV has been the regional section of the party in Veneto. Bossi was elected federal secretary and Rocchetta federal president. Thanks to the federal structure of Lega Nord and to its ideology (according to which Padania is a country formed of different nations: Veneto, Lombardy, Piedmont, etc.), the LV retained much of its autonomy.
In the 1992 general election the LN scored 8.7% throughout Italy and the LV won 17.8% of the vote in Veneto, returning into the Italian Parliament after five years. The UPV and the MVRA both won 1.5% of the vote, while Lega Autonomia Veneta (LAV), formed by the former Socialist mayor of Venice Mario Rigo, got 4.7%. The Venetist movement, divided as ever, together gained the support of about a quarter of Venetian voters.
Heyday and internal splits (1994–1998)
In the 1994 general election the LV won 21.6% of the vote in Veneto (the LAV took 3.2%) and three of its members joined Berlusconi I Cabinet: Rocchetta was undersecretary of Foreign Affairs, Mariella Mazzetto of Education and Giovanni Meo Zilio (a former Socialist partisan during Italian resistance), of University and Research. Between 1994 and 1995 the LV was also part of the regional government for the first time, with Gobbo as Vice President.
In July 1994 Marin was replaced by Fabrizio Comencini as national secretary of the party, while Gobbo was elected national president. Shortly after, in September, Rocchetta and Marin left the party in disagreement with Bossi and the new Venetian leadership, founding the Liga Nathion Veneta. Rocchetta was replaced by Stefano Stefani, a leading member of the LV, as federal president of Lega Nord in February 1995. The exit of Rocchetta and Marin made possible the comeback of Beggiato into the party. Thanks to this the LV did not suffer a major setback in the 1995 regional election: 17.4% and 9 regional councillors elected.
In the 1996 general election Bossi led Lega Nord to its strongest showing in a general election: with 10.1% of the vote, the party, present only in Northern Italy, became the fourth largest of the country. Comencini's Liga Veneta was the strongest national section of the League: it gained 29.3% of the vote in Veneto, 19 deputies and 9 senators, mostly elected in single-seat constituencies, in which the party, favoured by split-ticket voting, gained a total 32.8% of the vote.
In 1994 the party won the mayorship of Treviso with Giancarlo Gentilini, and a year later it gained control of three provinces: Padua with Renzo Sacco, Verona with Antonio Borghesi and Treviso with Giovanni Mazzonetto. In 1997 the party won also in the province of Vicenza with Manuela Dal Lago, while Luca Zaia was elected President of the province of Treviso, replacing Mazzonetto, in 1998. Also in 1998, Gentilini was re-elected mayor of Treviso.
In 1998 Comencini left the party over disagreements with Bossi and formed a brand-new Venetist party named Liga Veneta Repubblica (then Veneti d'Europa). Seven regional councillors out of nine followed Comencini into the new party, while Gobbo took over as national secretary of the LV, along with a new national president, Giuseppe Ceccato (who left the party in 1999). In the 1999 provincial elections the party lost the provinces of Padua and Verona.
Decline and resurgence (1998–2006)
By 2000 the party started to recover from the schism of 1998 and took 12.0% of the vote in the 2000 regional election (the combined score of Veneti d'Europa and Fronte Marco Polo, another split, was 3.7%), re-joining after five years the regional government.
In the 2001 general election the LV won a mere 10.2% in Veneto, with 9 deputies and 4 senators elected, all in single-seat constituencies, thanks to the alliance with Forza Italia within the House of Freedoms coalition. After the election, Dozzo and Stefani joined Berlusconi II Cabinet as undersecretaries of Agriculture and Industry, respectively.
In the 2002 provincial elections the party won for the second time in a row in Vicenza and Treviso. The province of Treviso confirmed itself as the most-leghista province of Italy and Zaia was re-elected Provincial President with more than 40% in the first round and with almost 70% in the run-off, although he had refused the support of Lega Nord's allies in Rome and Venice, Forza Italia and National Alliance. Also in 2002 LV's Luciano Gasperini was elected federal president of Lega Nord. In a party congress in Vicenza, Gobbo was re-elected national secretary and Dal Lago was elected national president. In 2003 Gobbo was also elected mayor of Treviso.
In the 2005 regional election the LV gained 14.7% of the vote, despite the presence of other two Venetist parties (North-East Project and Liga Fronte Veneto, 5.4% and 1.2% respectively), and was decisive for the third re-election of Giancarlo Galan as President of Veneto. After the election, the LV joined the third Galan government, with Zaia Vice President of the Region and minister of Agriculture and Tosi minister of Health.
In the 2006 general election however, the party scored 11.1% and got elected 5 deputies and 3 senators. It was the worst result in terms of elected members in the Italian Parliament since 1987, due to the narrow victory of the centre-left, which won the majority-premium for the Chamber of Deputies and to the presence of North-East Project (2.7%) and of Liga Fronte Veneto (0.7%). In a provincial election Leonardo Muraro was elected President of the province of Treviso and the LV scored 29.2% (combined result of party list, 15.6%, and Zaia's personal list, 13.6%), despite a good result by the rival North-East Project (11.6%).
Road to the leadership of Veneto (2006–2010)
In 2007 Tosi was elected mayor of Verona by a landslide (60.8% against the 33.9% of incumbent Paolo Zanotto), while in the provincial election of Vicenza Attilio Schneck succeeded to Dal Lago as President (60.0%, largely ahead of her main challenger, Pietro Collareda, who stopped at 17.2%). Both Tosi, who was the second leghista to become mayor of a big city after Marco Formentini in Milan between 1993 and 1997, and Schneck were supported by the House of Freedoms coalition, but the LV had an excellent result in both races: in Vicenza it garnered 19.0% of the vote, while in Verona it ranked first among the parties with 28.4% (combined score of party list, 12.0%, and Tosi's personal list, 16.4%). In June 2007, Tosi was replaced as regional minister of Health by Francesca Martini.
In the 2008 general election the LV won a surprising 27.1% in Veneto, its best result since the 1996 election, getting 16 deputies and 7 senators elected. Meanwhile, Gobbo was re-elected mayor of Treviso with 50.4% of the vote, twice the score of his main opponent. The combined result of the LV and Giancarlo Gentilini's personal list was 35.4%. Subsequently, Zaia became minister of Agriculture and Martini undersecretary of Health in Berlusconi IV Cabinet. Federico Bricolo became floor leader of Lega Nord in the Senate. Zaia and Martini were thus replaced in the regional government by Franco Manzato and Sandro Sandri, respectively.
In July 2008 the party held its national congress in Padua. Gobbo was re-elected for the fourth time national secretary, while Tosi replaced Dal Lago as national president. Tosi appeared to be also the standard-bearer of the party in view of the 2010 regional election, along with Zaia.
In the 2009 European Parliament election the LV confirmed its strength, by gaining 28.4% and three MEPs: Lorenzo Fontana, a rising star from Verona, Giancarlo Scottà and Mara Bizzotto. The party also won two more provinces, Venice, a stronghold of the left, with Francesca Zaccariotto, and Belluno with Gianpaolo Bottacin.
2010 regional election and aftermath (2010–2012)
In December 2009 The People of Freedom (PdL) determined that the coalition candidate in the 2010 regional election would be a leghista. Subsequently, the national council of Liga Veneta nominated Zaia for President. Tosi, who, as party president, presided the council, tried to be himself the candidate, and others proposed instead Manzato. However, Zaia had a broader support than Tosi and was unanimously chosen by the council.
In the election Zaia was elected President of Veneto by a landslide, with 60.2% of the vote against 29.1% of his foremost opponent, Giuseppe Bortolussi of the Democratic Party (PD). The election was a triumph for the LV, which was by far the largest party in the region with 35.2% of the vote, up from 14.7% of five years before, and got 20 seats in the Regional Council, up from 11. Zaia was also the most voted President of Veneto since direct elections were introduced in 1995. After the election, Zaia appointed a cabinet including six party members, a majority of whom were tosiani: Roberto Ciambetti (Budget and Local Government), Luca Coletto (Health), Maurizio Conte (Environment), Marino Finozzi (Tourism and International Trade), Franco Manzato (Agriculture) and Daniele Stival (Venetian Identity and Civil Protection).
In the 2011 provincial election of Treviso Muraro was easily re-elected president. The LV won 40.8% of the vote (combined result of party list, 29.6%, and Muraro's personal list, 11.4%), which was an 11.6% gain since the previous provincial election in 2006, but also a 7.7% loss from the 2010 regional election.
In late 2011, after the fall of Berlusconi's government, Lega Nord abandoned the alliance with the PdL. Perceiving that the party was entering a crisis, Giuseppe Covre (a former mayor of Oderzo and MP) and Marzio Favero (mayor of Montebelluna and philosopher) proposed a "Manifesto for the League which will be". In its call for a "cultural revolution" and for a bottom-up restructuring of the party, the document was interpreted as a call for a new leadership, both at national and federal level.
All throughout 2011 the faction around Tosi, close to Roberto Maroni at the federal level, won most provincial congresses in Veneto, including that of Treviso.
Party's renewal and reform (2012–2015)
In early April 2012 a corruption scandal hit the "magic circle" around Bossi, who resigned from federal secretary of Lega Nord after 21 years. This had consequences also in Veneto: a national congress was scheduled for 2–3 June 2012 and, after fourteen years on top, Gobbo decided to step down from secretary. Tosi, just re-elected mayor of Verona with 57.4% of the vote (three times his closest opponent Michele Bertucco, who got a mere 22.8%), started his bid for the party's national leadership. Massimo Bitonci, a darling of Venetists and long-time rival of Tosi, was chosen as joint candidate by Venetists and Gobbo's loyalists. On 3 June 2012 Tosi was elected secretary with 57% of the vote (236 delegates out of 414), while Bitonci had 43% (178 delegates). On 9 June the LV's national council elected Luca Baggio, an ally of Tosi, as national president. Zaia warned Tosi that if he were not to be a unifying leader a split might occur.
On 1 July 2012 Maroni was elected federal secretary during a federal congress presided by Zaia. The Venetian delegates elected also four members to the federal council: Finozzi (tosiano), Bitonci (Venetist, anti-Tosi), Stival (Venetist, tosiano) and Dal Lago (Venetist, independent). A few days later Maroni appointed Federico Caner, who was supported by both Tosi and Gobbo, as his vicar. As early as in May 2013 Caner was replaced by Tosi.
At the 2013 general election the LV stopped at 10.5%, almost a record low, resulting in just 5 deputies and 5 senators. Tosi considered this a consequence of the renewed alliance with the PdL (instrumental to Maroni's election as President of Lombardy), while many party bigwigs, including Zaia, criticised his leadership, management of the campaign and selection of candidates. Most provincial leaders resigned or were deposed by Tosi, who appointed loyalists. In April the national council of LV, led by Tosi, expelled 35 party members (mostly Venetists or old-guard bossiani), including two regional councillors and a former deputy. In August the dissidents, led by Corrado Callegari, a former deputy, formed Veneto First, which became a separate party in January 2014 and welcomed a third councillor in February 2015.
In the 2013 municipal elections the party lost the mayorship of Treviso after 19 years, as Giancarlo Gentilini surrendered to Democrat Giovanni Manildo 55.5% to 44.5%. However, one year later, in the 2014 municipal elections Bitonci was elected mayor of the much bigger city of Padua, a Democratic stronghold, by defeating the incumbent Ivo Rossi 53.5% to 46.5%. The party thus governed two of the three largest cities of Veneto, Verona and Padua. Finally, in the 2014 European Parliament election the LV gained 15.2% and two MEPs, Tosi (who showed his popular support once for all and was soon replaced by Fontana) and Bizzotto.
Road to the 2015 regional election
In the run-up of the 2015 regional election the party was quite divided on alliances and strategies. Zaia wanted to continue the alliance with Forza Italia and the New Centre-Right (the two parties emerged from the break-up of the PdL) and to reinforce it with the creation of a "Zaia List", Tosi wanted the party to run with the sole support of the "Zaia List" and a "Tosi List", while Matteo Salvini, who succeeded to Maroni as federal secretary in 2013, kept an open mind only on Forza Italia and opposed, along with Zaia, any notion of a "Tosi List". Furthermore, while Zaia, supported by Salvini, wanted to renovate the party's group in the Regional Council (in order to get rid of some of his ministers who happened to be tosiani) and have a final say on the compilation of the party's slates, Tosi, who defended the position of long-time regional councillors and ministers, claimed his authority and the autonomy of the LV in relation to the federal party.
In early March the struggle between Tosi and Zaia–Salvini led the former to threaten a run in competition with Zaia in the regional election and Lega Nord's federal council to appoint Dozzo as a mediator between Tosi and Zaia. The internal clashes led three regional councillors to quit the party in the Regional Council: Vittorino Cenci joined Veneto First, while LV's president Baggio and Matteo Toscani launched the pro-Tosi "Venetian Commitment". All three disagreed with a perceived party's rightward shift under Salvini, while Cenci contested also Tosi and the party's engagement in southern politics through Us with Salvini (NcS).
After a long struggle between Tosi and Salvini, the latter acknowledged the former's relinquishment from party member, on the grounds that Tosi had refused to ditch his think tank, named "Let's Rebuild the Country", and appointed Dozzo commissioner for the LV. Consequently, Tosi decided to run for President against Zaia. Besides Baggio and Toscani, four more regional councillors (Stival, regional minister of Venetian Identity, and Giuseppe Stoppato, who formed, along with former Democrat Diego Bottacin, a group named "Toward North–Venetian People", Conte, regional minister of the Environment, and Andrea Bassi), three deputies, three senators and Muraro (president of the province of Treviso), followed Tosi, while two factional leaders, Finozzi (regional minister of Tourism and International Trade) and Bizzotto MEP, chose not to. In the meantime, Venetian Agreement changed its name into "Tosi List for Veneto" (LTV).
2015 regional election and aftermath
The election was a triumph for Zaia, who was re-elected with 50.1% of the vote, and Liga Veneta, which obtained 40.9% of the vote (combined result of official party list, 17.8%, and Zaia's personal list, 23.1%). Tosi and the two lists connected to the LTV won 11.9% and 7.1%, respectively, while other regionalist parties (Independence We Veneto, Venetian Independence, North-East Union, Autonomous Veneto Project and Veneto Confederal State) gained another 6.3% in what was the best result ever for both Venetist parties, which controlled the majority of the Regional Council for the first time, and Liga Veneta itself, which obtained 24 seats out of 51 in it.
After the election, Zaia unveiled his second government, composed of ten ministers, including nine Lighisti: Gianluca Forcolin (Vice President, Budget and Local Government), Luca Coletto (Health and Social Programs), Roberto Marcato (Economic Development and Energy), Elisa De Berti (Publick Works, Infrastructures and Transports), Giuseppe Pan (Agriculture, Hunting and Fishing), Manuela Lanzarin (Social Affairs), Federico Caner (EU Programs, Tourism and International Trade), Gianpaolo Bottacin (Environment and Civil Protection) and Cristiano Corazzari (Culture, City Planning and Security); Elena Donazzan (Education and Labour) represented Forza Italia.
In February 2015, during a national congress, Gianantonio Da Re, a long-time lighista from the province of Treviso, affiliate of Gobbo and now close to Zaia, was elected national secretary. Da Re's election represented a return to normality after the traumatic leadership and ousting of Tosi. Subsequently, Bitonci was appointed national president by the party's national council and, contextually, Fontana was appointed deputy federal secretary by Salvini.
After Salvini's re-election as LN federal secretary in the 2017 leadership election (with overwhelming support from Venetians, still grateful for Tosi's ousting), at the party's federal congress on 21 May 2017 three LV members (Fontana, Marcato and Erik Pretto) were elected to the federal council.
In the 2018 general election the party obtained 32.2% of the vote, its best result ever in a general election, and, under a new electoral law that had re-introduced single-seat constituencies, had 23 deputies (including Bitonci, who had been defeated in the early 2017 municipal election in Padua) and 9 senators elected. After months of negotiations, the LN formed a coalition government with the Five Star Movement (M5S), under Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte. Two LV members were appointed ministers in the government: Erika Stefani at Regional Affairs and Autonomies, and Lorenzo Fontana at Family and Disability.
In the 2019 European Parliament election the party reached 49.9% of the vote.
2020 regional election and aftermath
The regional election was, even more, a triumph for Zaia, who was re-elected for a third conservative term with 76.8% of the vote. Liga Veneta fielded three lists, including the official one, Zaia's personal list and the "Venetian Autonomy List" (comprising also Liga Veneta Repubblica), which obtained 16.9%, 44.6% and 2.4%, respectively. The party, with 33 seats (plus one obtained by the third list), had thus far more than 50% of the seats in the Regional Council.
After the election, Zaia unveiled his third government, composed of eight ministers, including seven Lighisti: Elisa De Berti (Vice President, Legal Affairs, Public Works, Infrastructures and Transports), Francesco Calzavara (Planning, Budget, Patrimony and Local Government), Manuela Lanzarin (Health, Social Affairs and Social Programs), Roberto Marcato (Economic Development, Energy and Special Status for Venice), Federico Caner (EU Programs, Agriculture, Tourism and International Trade), Gianpaolo Bottacin (Environment, Climate and Civil Protection), Cristiano Corazzari (Culture, City Planning, Security, Hunting and Fishing); Elena Donazzan (Education, Formation, Labour and Equal Opportunities) represented Brothers of Italy. LV's Roberto Ciambetti was re-elected President of the Regional Council.
In the 2022 general election the party was reduced to 14.5% of the vote (–17.7pp from 2018), fueling internal conflicts.
In the run-up of the regional congress, to be held in June 2023, Roberto Marcato led the challenge of the party's traditional wing. However, Marcato retired from the race when Franco Manzato, a centrist figure representing mainly the party's old guard from the province of Treviso, emerged as an alternative opposition candidate. At the congress, outgoing federal commissioner Alberto Stefani, a loyalist of Salvini, was thus elected secretary with 64.3% of the vote against Manzato's 35.7%, possibly with Zaia's silent support. The congress' result did not silence internal critics, like regional minister Federico Caner and MEP Gianantonio Da Re, who opposed Salvini's focus on southern Italy and his perceived Euroscepticism. Additionally, Caner, along with his colleagues Gianpaolo Bottacin and Roberto Marcato, did not go on stage at the rally of Pontida. In the meantime, former leader Flavio Tosi, who had merged its Tosi List for Veneto into Forza Italia in June 2022 and had become that party's regional coordinator in March 2023, started wooing disgruntled LV members into Forza Italia: most notably, splinters have included former Vice President of Veneto Gianluca Forcolin and former senator Gianpaolo Vallardi.
Ideology
Liga Veneta was conceived by Franco Rocchetta and others in the late 1970s. During its first official meeting in Recoaro on 9 December 1979, Achille Tramarin, who was then elected secretary of the new party, gave a speech titled Venetian Autonomy and Europe: "Today for Venetians the moment has come, after 113 years of Italian unitary colonisation, to take their natural and human resources back, to fight against the wild exploitation that brought poverty, emigration, pollution and uprooting from their culture". European integration was seen as an opportunity to give Veneto its autonomy back.
Rocchetta, who left the party in 1994 after a power struggle and has since become a bitter critic of his former colleagues in the name of pure Venetism, conceived the LV as a libertarian, secular and Europeanist party. The promotion the re-discovery the Republic of Venice's heritage, traditions, culture, and especially Venetian language, and opposition to the displacement of Mafia inmates in Veneto were key goals of the party since its foundation.<ref>Liga Veneta, Calendario 2008, 2008 (a collection of 1980s' posters)</ref>
The LV is aimed to unite all Venetians who support autonomy for Veneto and federal reform. For this reason, it tends to be a multi-ideological catch-all party, following what Umberto Bossi stated in 1982 to his early followers of Lega Lombarda: "It does not matter how old are you, what your job is and what your political tendency: what matters is that you and we are all Lombard. [...] It is as Lombards that, indeed, that we have a fundamental common goal in that face of which our division in parties should fall behind". While the bulk of the original Lega Lombarda (including Umberto Bossi, Roberto Maroni and Marco Formentini) came from the left (Bossi and Maroni were previously active in the Italian Communist Party, Proletarian Democracy and the Greens) and conceived the party as a centre-left (and, to some extent, social-democratic) political force, the LV was characterized more as a liberal and centrist party and has always proposed a more libertarian political line.
This difference reflected also its position in Venetian politics: while, in the early 1990s, the League stole votes especially from the Communists and the Italian Socialist Party, in Veneto the LV basically replaced Christian Democracy as dominant political force.Ilvo Diamanti, Bianco, rosso, verde... e azzurro, Il Mulino, Bologna 2003, pp. 55-83 In fact, even though most of the early members of the party came from the centre-right (Christian Democracy and the Italian Liberal Party), there were also people coming from the left such as Giovanni Meo Zilio, Actionist and Socialist partisan in the Italian resistance movement, who was one of the founding fathers of the party, and Rocchetta himself, a former Republican and, later, Communist.
2010–2015 Program
In the run-up to the 2010 regional election, the party released its political platform for the 2010–2015 term.
Its keywords were "innovation" and "modernity". The challenges that Veneto should face in the next decades, said the party, were to enhance "internationalization" in the era of globalization, to overcome the traditional Venetian polycentrism and interpret Veneto as a united and cohesive region: a "European region in Italian land". The program stressed also concepts such as "Europe of the regions", "Europe of citizens", "global Veneto", "openeness toward the world", "green economy", "urban planning" in respect of the environment, "respect for diversity" and "integration" of immigrants, along with the more traditional "think globally, act locally". Along these, the core issues of the party, especially autonomism, low taxes, fight against red tape and promotion of Venetian language and culture, were also included in the program. According to the paper, a strong Veneto as that imagined by the party would be a protagonist of federal reform in Italy and Europe.
The LV has opposed nuclear power plants in Veneto, citing the high population density and the fact that the region is already energetically self-sufficient.
Manifesto for a new League
In April 2012 some key members from the province of Treviso, led by Giuseppe Covre and Marzio Favero, proposed a "Manifesto for the League which will be", which was soon endorsed by Roberto Maroni (see above). The text, divided into eighteen points, was aimed at preparing a new course for the party. The proponents wanted to re-launch the federalist structure of Lega Nord, in spite of the centralisation and leadership which had long characterized it. Thus, they highlighted the centrality of members, internal democracy, open debate and frequent congresses. They also wanted a more open party, especially to intellectuals, economic forces, and associations.
After many failures in Rome, the party should start building the way toward federalism "outside the Parliament", by forming alliances among regions, provinces and municipalities. The party should also adopt a different language: in fact, the proponents realized how some "xenophobic statements, calls for localistic isolation and invocations of a token traditionalism had damaged the cause and the growth of the League. [...] Local autonomy intended as autarchy is anachronistic, while it must be conceived as a value [...] toward international openness, as the glorious Venetian history tells us!".
The League should be able to talk to a larger portion of the electorate, by reclaiming "the Catholic, socialist, liberal, ecc. strains of ideas" and by "irrevocably leaving the rusty alternative between right and left behind": "For too long the League has been stuck in a contradiction. On one side it has presented itself as a movement for institutional reform and, as such, super parties. On the other, it has allowed itself to be absorbed in the right/left dialectic. The real battle today is between idolatry of the state and federalism, between an artificial institution and the real communities. Neither with the right nor with the left: the League is above."
2015–2020 Program
In the run-up of the 2015 regional election the party did not release a platform, leaving room for Luca Zaia's "government program" for the 2015–2020 term. Consistently with Zaia's social-democratic political instincts and his fascination for Tony Blair's New Labour, the document had a special focus on labour, welfare and the reform of public services. The platform notably included a commitment to bring forward two referendums, one on autonomy and another on independence.
Factions
Within the party, there are no formal factions, yet there are some unofficial groupings.
Gian Paolo Gobbo and Luca Zaia have long been the leaders of the wing from Treviso, which has its roots in the original Liga Veneta and is more Venetist in character, while the Verona wing, whose standard-bearers have been Flavio Tosi, Federico Bricolo and Lorenzo Fontana, is more conservative and has stronger links with Lega Lombarda. While Lighisti from Venice are usually closer to Gobbo and Zaia, those from Vicenza and Padua are set somewhere in the middle between Treviso and Verona.
An ideological strain worth of mention is embodied by pure Venetists who stress issues such as Venetian identity and language: they have notably included Massimo Bitonci, Roberto Ciambetti, Stival, Giovanni Furlanetto and Nicola Finco.
Gobbo was re-elected secretary in 2007 due to an agreement with Tosi, who was Gobbo's strongest rival for the leadership. At the 2012 congress Tosi defeated the Venetists' standard-bearer Bitonci, who was supported by 43% of delegates and most MPs.
In 2011 in the party were outraged when Tosi, as mayor of Verona, announced that he was going to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Italian unification and declared that Italian unity was a good thing. Gobbo promptly disavowed Tosi and confirmed that the party was opposed to any celebration. Tosi was criticised also by other party bigwigs, such as Francesca Martini, while Furlanetto proposed the ejection of Tosi from the party. In early 2012 another friction was caused by Tosi's decision to present a personal list, alongside the party's one, in the forthcoming Verona municipal election and his intention to drop its traditional ally, The People of Freedom. Not only Gobbo opposed the move by Tosi, but he also took the opportunity to describe Tosi's views on Italy and Padania as "heresy".
It is difficult to say who was more conservative or liberal between Tosi and Zaia, who have often exchanged their positions within the party. Tosi was a more traditional conservative-liberal, while Zaia, while being a centrist, has resembled a green-populist position on environmental issues, nuclear power, GMOs, etc. In occasion of the 2011 referendums, Zaia declared his support for three referendums aimed at blocking the return to nuclear energy and the privatisation of water services. Needless to say, Tosi declared himself a "keen nuclearist" and a supporter of the free market instead. At the federal level of the party, Tosi was a long-time ally of Roberto Maroni.
Popular support
The party has its strongholds in the provinces of the Pedemontana (40–60% of the vote), that is to say the area at the feet of the Venetian Prealps.
In the 2020 regional election the party ran with two lists (the official one and Luca Zaia's personal list, whose candidates were all members of the party), doing well in most of the region. The best combined result was in Zaia's province of Treviso (68.6%). Treviso was followed by Belluno (64.1%), Vicenza (62.2%), Venice (61.7%), Padua (59.8%), Rovigo (58.6%) and Verona (55.5%).
The electoral results of Liga Veneta in Veneto since 1983 are shown in the tables below.
Regional Council of Veneto
Chamber of Deputies
Senate of the Republic
European Parliament
Leadership
Secretary: Achille Tramarin (1980−1983), Marilena Marin (1983−1984), Franco Rocchetta (1984−1985), Marilena Marin (1985−1994), Fabrizio Comencini (1994−1998), Gian Paolo Gobbo (1998−2012), Flavio Tosi (2012−2015), Gianpaolo Dozzo (commissioner, 2015–2016), Gianantonio Da Re (2016–2019), Lorenzo Fontana (commissioner, 2019–2020), Alberto Stefani (2020–present, commissioner 2020–2023)
President: Franco Rocchetta (1991−1994), Gian Paolo Gobbo (1994−1998), Giuseppe Ceccato (1998–1999), Manuela Dal Lago (2001−2008), Flavio Tosi (2008−2012), Luca Baggio (2012–2015), Massimo Bitonci (2016–2020)
Party Leader in the Regional Council: Franco Rocchetta (1985–1994), Gian Paolo Gobbo (1994–2000), Flavio Tosi (2000–2002), Franco Manzato (2002–2008), Gianpaolo Bottacin (2008–2009), Roberto Ciambetti (2009–2010), Federico Caner (2010–2015), Nicola Finco and Silvia Rizzotto (2015–2020), Giuseppe Pan and Alberto Villanova (2020–present)
Notable members
One member of LV has served as President of Veneto:
Luca Zaia (2010–present)
One member of the LV has served as President of the Chamber of Deputies:
Lorenzo Fontana (2022–present)
Members of the LV have served as Ministers of the Italian Government:
Erika Stefani (2018–2019, 2021–2022)
Lorenzo Fontana (2018–2019)
Members of the LV have served as Vice President of Veneto:
Gian Paolo Gobbo (1994–1995)
Luca Zaia (2005–2008)
Franco Manzato (2008–2010)
Gianluca Forcolin (2015–2020)
Elisa De Berti (2020–present)
Members of the LV have served as President of the Regional Council of Veneto:
Enrico Cavaliere (2000–2005)
Marino Finozzi (2005–2010)
Roberto Ciambetti (2015–present)
Members of the LV have served as federal president of Lega Nord (LN):
Franco Rocchetta (1991−1994)
Stefano Stefani (1995−2002)
Luciano Gasperini (2002−2005)
A member of the LV has served as leader of the LN in the Chamber of Deputies:
Gianpaolo Dozzo (2012–2013)
Members of the LV have served as leader of the LN in the Senate:
Luciano Gasperini (1998−1999)
Federico Bricolo (2008−2013)
Massimo Bitonci (2013–2014)
Members of the LV have served as head of the delegation of LN at the European Parliament:
Lorenzo Fontana (2012–2014)
Mara Bizzotto (2018–2019)
Members of the LV have served as federal deputy secretary of the LN and Lega:
Gianpaolo Dozzo (1998–1999)
Federico Caner (2012–2013)
Flavio Tosi (2013–2014)
Lorenzo Fontana (2016–present)
A member of the LV has served as federal administrative secretary of the LN:
Stefano Stefani (2012–2014)
In April 2012 Manuela Dal Lago was appointed member of the triumvirate who replaced Umberto Bossi at the head of the LN and temporarily led the party.
Luciano Gasperini was LN's candidate for President of the Republic in the 1999 presidential election.
See also
Politics of Veneto
References
Sources
Francesco Jori, Dalla Łiga alla Lega. Storia, movimenti, protagonisti, Marsilio, Venice 2009
Ezio Toffano, Short History of the Venetian Autonomism, Raixe Venete
Furio Gallina, Die venezianischen Lega – Bewegungen von den Anfängen bis zur Entstehung der Lega Nord, in Vv.Aa., Jeder für sich oder alle gemeinsam in Europa? Die Debatte über Identität, Wohlstand und die institutionellen Grundlagen der Union00, Nomos, Baden-Baden, 2013, pp. 35–50.
Veneto Region – Legislatures
Regional Council of Veneto – Elections
Cattaneo Institute – Archive of Election Data
Ministry of the Interior – Historical Archive of Elections
External links
Official website 1
Official website 2
Group in the Regional Council – official website
Political parties in Veneto
Political parties established in 1980
Federalist parties in Italy
Venetian nationalism
Lega Nord
1980 establishments in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga%20Veneta |
The MG C-type is a sports car that was produced by MG from 1931 to 1932. It was designed for competition use and based on the M-Type Midget. A special car, EX120 had been developed from the M-Type for George Eyston to make an attempt on the 750 cc class 24-hour record at Autodrome de Montlhéry in France. The attempt was successful and a series of replica cars were made which became the C-Type.
The car used a tuned short-stroke (73 mm) version of the bevel gear driven overhead camshaft engine from the 1928 Morris Minor and Wolseley 10 with a single SU carburettor and a new crankshaft producing at 6400 rpm. It could from 1932 be had with the crossflow head to be seen later on the MG J-type and a Powerplus supercharger version was also available with at 6500 rpm. Drive was to the rear wheels through a four-speed non-synchromesh gearbox. The chassis was new and took the form of a ladder frame with tubular cross members and passed under the rear axle. The suspension used half-elliptic springs and Hartford friction shock absorbers with rigid front and rear axles and centre lock wire wheels. The car had a wheelbase of 81 inches (2057 mm) and a track of 42 inches (1067 mm).
The body, which had no doors, was metal over an ash frame and had a pointed tail which held the spare wheel and cycle type front wings. Later cars had a more conventional rear with a slab-type fuel tank. The exhaust pipe was routed outside the car and finished with a spectacular fishtail. The record-breaking cars had a streamlined cowl over the radiator, but this was not usually fitted to later cars as it could cause overheating unless high speeds were maintained.
The standard car initially cost £295 or £345 for the supercharged version, rising to £490 and £575 by the end of production.
As well as the Montlhéry record, C-Types were used in many other competition events including a works team of fourteen cars entered in the 1931 Double Twelve event at Brooklands, where they took the first five places.
Further reading
C-type
1930s cars
Cars introduced in 1931
sv:MG M-Type Midget | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG%20C-type |
Gian Carlo Abelli (11 May 1941 – 24 January 2016) was an Italian politician.
Born in Broni, he was a long-time Christian Democrat. He became leader of Forza Italia's group in the regional assembly of Lombardy in 2005. In the 2008 general election he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, where he sat in the group of The People of Freedom.
Political career
Abelli started his political career in the 70s as part of the Christian Democratic Party of Lombardy. In 1974 he became the president of the San Matteo Policlinic in Pavia.
In the 90s, after the break-up of the Christian Democratic Party, Abelli joined Forza Italia and became close with the Communion and Liberation movement and with Roberto Formigoni, who entrusted him with running the regional healthcare as President of the Healthcare Commission of the Lombardy Region. Between 1996 and 1997 Abelli received a bribe of 72 million lire from Giuseppe Poggi Longostrevi who was later involved in the main scandal of corruption of Lombard healthcare.
Abelli was the head of Forza Italia regional council in Lombardy from 2005. He was also the commissioner of the regional Family and Social Solidarity, though he was mainly connected with the healthcare system and Communion and Liberation. In his regional political role, Abelli was a great sponsor of the Broni-Pavia-Mortara autostrada project which was launched in 2002 and which raised objections from local committees and associations.
In the 2008 Italian general election Abelli was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the People of Freedom group. He was the third candidate on the Lombardia 1 electoral college list, directly following Berlusconi and Fini. In August 2008 Berlusconi nominated Abelli commissioner of the South Tyrol section of Forza Italia to take the party to provincial elections.
Private Life and Legal Incidents
Abelli was married to Rosanna Gariboldi (Lady Abelli) who was the councillor of Internal Organisation in the Pavia province.
Gariboldi was the business partner of Massimo Ponzoni, who was regional councillor for the Environment, Massimo Buscemi, who was regional councillor for Network and Utility Services, and Giorgio Pozzi, the ex-councillor for Innovation and Craftsmanship. Together, these four held the majority of the Lux ad Sidera society, which was involved in property speculation in the province of Varese on land sold by Canossian nuns.
In October 2009 Gariboldi was arrested and detained in the San Vittore Prison of Milan together with the businessman Giuseppe Grossi, in the context of investigating black market funds created from the reclamation of the Milano Santa Giulia area. On the account marked "Associates", opened by Gariboldi at the Bank J. Safra Sarasin in Montecarlo, and for which Abelli also acted as attorney, almost 2.4 million euro had been transferred by Grossi and his fiduciaries. These were then in part returned with further transfers to Swiss banks. On other accounts owned by the couple in Montecarlo other deposits of hundreds of thousands of euro showed up, their origins uncertain. On the 12th of January 2010 Gariboldi negotiated two years of imprisonment with a suspended sentence and she was let out of San Vittore prison after three months of detention and agreed to pay 1.2 million euro, which came from the laundering the ex-commissioner was accused of.
After a long illness, Gian Carlo Abelli died in Broni on the 24th of January 2016 at the age of 74.
References
1941 births
2016 deaths
People from Broni
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Forza Italia politicians
The People of Freedom politicians
Deputies of Legislature XVI of Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian%20Carlo%20Abelli |
The Bvumba Mountains or Vumba Mountains straddle the Zimbabwe–Mozambique border, and are situated some 10 km south east of Mutare. The Bvumba rise to Castle Beacon at 1,911 metres, and are, together with the Chimanimani Mountains to the south and Nyanga Mountains to the north, part of the Eastern Highlands of the Manicaland and adjacent Manica provinces. They are referred to as the "Mountains of the Mist" (Bvumba being the Shona word for "mist"), as so often the early morning starts with a mist which clears by mid-morning. Although lying mostly within Zimbabwe, the mountains extend north-eastward to Mount Vumba (or Monte Vumba) in Mozambique. They are capped by cool, green hills which shelter country hotels, a casino and golf course at the Leopard Rock Hotel and a Botanical Garden with one of the best views in Africa. The mountains are also known for their coffee plantations.
Access
On the Zimbabwean side, the Mountains are accessible by a tarred road from Mutare. The Mozambican side of the mountains can be reached from a road to the Vumba Water Bottling Plant, which leaves the main EN6 highway just west of Manica.
Mountain hikes
The climb to the prominence, Castle Beacon, is up a large granite dome. The lower slopes form a mist belt with sub-montane vegetation. Proteas are found on the higher levels. Vumba Mountain, on the Mozambique side, is a steep hike to a summit with a good view of Manica and environs.
Geology
The Bvumba Mountains are composed mainly of granite which forms the eastern margin of the Zimbabwe Craton. The Vumba granite has been dated at over 2,600 Ma. The granites are intruded in places by Umkondo dolerite sills which are dated to about 1,110 Ma.
Flora
The mountains are dominated by savannah woodland, including Brachystegia / miombo. There are also extensive sub-montane grasslands, local mist-belts with mosses and epiphytic and lithophytic ferns and sub-montane evergreen forest in the deeper ravines. The higher levels of the mountains are sparsely vegetated with shrubs such as proteas, aloes and Strelitzia.
In the centre of the mountains lies the Bunga Forest Botanical Reserve and neighbouring Bvumba Botanical Garden. The latter is landscaped around a number of small streams and includes an important cycad collection, with 59 of the 189 known species, including Encephalartos manikensis, E. ferox, E. lehmannii, E. pterogonus, E. cycadifolius and E. eugene-maraisii.
Fauna
Although small in area, the mountains are a botanical paradise and home to some of the rarest butterflies in the region. The Bvumba mountains offer exciting and varied birding opportunities. The area is probably best known as one of the main breeding areas of Swynnerton's robin which lives and breeds in small patches of forest, some on private land, others within the Bunga forest. Livingstone's turacos are present in large numbers. Their territorial calls are typically heard long before they are seen, yet their brilliant crimson wing feathers are striking from afar as they glide from one patch of canopy to another. A smaller number of mammals inhabit the Bvumba, perhaps the most notable of which are the leopard and the samango monkey, the latter's range being very limited. Savannah woodland adjoining the Mozambique side of the range is home to several rare reptiles including Marshall's leaf chameleon and Arnold's skink.
Archaeology
Chinhamapere Hill, on the Mozambique side of the mountains, has been a culturally important site since the Iron Age. There are well-preserved hunter-gatherer rock art paintings (comprising several human figures, some holding bows and arrows and others in trance) thought to be of around 8,000 years in age, as well as contemporary ritual sites, used for rainmaking, divining and healing. There are at least 86 Stone Age sites in the Zimbabwean portion of the mountains, and the cultural significance of some of these are still observed at the present time.
World Heritage Status
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on August 20, 2008, in the Cultural category. It was proposed by Mozambique.
Places of special interest
Bunga Forest Botanical Reserve
Manchester Gardens – a landscaped garden with the Reserve arranged about a series of artificially created streams and dams
Elim Mission Memorial – a plaque at the start of the Eagle School Road - to the memory of the innocent victims of the Elim Mission Massacre 1978
Leopard Rock Hotel – a golf resort and casino
The Refuge or Castle – now a sunset balcony for Leopard Rock Hotel guests and a wedding venue
Leopard Rock
Chinziwa Scout Park
Kwayedza Lodge
Cloudlands
Cripps Family Burial Plot
White Horse Inn – at the end of the tar on Lauranceville Road
Map-off – a place with various fauna and flora overlooking the border
Prince of Wales view – a cliff that overlooks Forbes border post near Cloudlands
Castle beacon or Bvumba Heights, situated 1,900 m above sea level
References
Eastern Highlands
Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland mosaic
Geography of Manicaland Province
Mountain ranges of Mozambique
Mountains of Zimbabwe
Mutare District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bvumba%20Mountains |
Angelino Alfano (; born 31 October 1970) is an Italian former politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 12 December 2016 to 1 June 2018.
Alfano was Minister of the Interior from 28 April 2013 to 12 December 2016, serving in the governments of Matteo Renzi and Enrico Letta; from 2013 to 2014 he held the office of Deputy Prime Minister of Italy, as part of the Letta Cabinet, and previously served as Minister of Justice from 2008 to 2011 as part of the Berlusconi IV Cabinet. He was the first and only secretary of the centre-right party The People of Freedom (PdL) from 2011 to 2013. In November 2013 he became Leader of the New Centre-Right party which is a split from the PdL, until March 2017 when NCD was dissolved and Popular Alternative was founded.
Alfano is the first Italian politician to have held the offices of Minister of Justice, Minister of the Interior, and Minister of Foreign Affairs, which are considered among the most important ministries in the Cabinet of Italy.
Early life and education
Alfano was born in Agrigento, Sicily, on 31 October 1970; his father, Angelo Alfano, was a lawyer and local politician for the Christian Democracy, who also held the position of deputy mayor of Agrigento.
After receiving a law degree from Milan's Università Cattolica and a doctorate in Corporate law from the University of Palermo, Alfano started his political experience, as his father, with the Christian Democracy party.
Political career
After some years in the Christian Democracy party, in 1994, when DC changed his name in the centre-left oriented Italian People's Party, Alfano joined Forza Italia, the new centre-right party founded by the media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi, and was elected to the Agrigento Province Council. In 1996, Alfano was the youngest member elected to the Sicilian Regional Assembly.
In 2001, he became a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, after the victory of the centre-right House of Freedoms coalition led by Berlusconi in the 2001 general election. From 2005 to 2008 he also held the position of regional coordinator in Sicily of the Forza Italia party.
Minister of Justice
After the 2008 elections victory by the Berlusconi-led centre-right coalition, Alfano was again elected to Parliament. In May 2008, aged 37, he became the youngest Minister of Justice in the history of the Italian Republic.
The so-called Lodo Alfano, named after him, was a piece of legislation in force between 2008 and 2009 that granted immunity from prosecution to the four highest political offices in Italy (President of the Republic, Presidents of the two Houses of Parliament, and Prime Minister). It was widely criticised as a copy of the Lodo Schifani, declared unconstitutional in 2004, and was seen by critics as an ad personam law aimed primarily at stopping trials involving Berlusconi. The Lodo Alfano was declared unconstitutional by the Italian Constitutional Court in October 2009.
In 2011 the People of Freedom lost both local elections in Milan and Naples, suffered a defeat at the 2011 referendums and a group of parliamentarians, close to Gianfranco Fini, left the party in opposition to Berlusconi's policies and founded the Future and Freedom movement. On 1 June 2011 Angelino Alfano was appointed Political Secretary of the People of Freedom by party President Silvio Berlusconi in order to reorganise and lead it in the next election. He was later elected to that post by the 1 July meeting of the party's National Council.
Minister of the Interior
On 24 April 2013, the Vice-Secretary of the Democratic Party, Enrico Letta, was invited to form a government by President Giorgio Napolitano, after the resignation of Pier Luigi Bersani following weeks of political deadlock after the 2013 general election. On 27 April Letta formally accepted the task of leading a grand coalition government with support from the centre-left Democratic Party, the centre-right People of Freedom, and the centrist Civic Choice. The government became the first in the history of the Italian Republic to include representatives of all the major candidate-coalitions that had competed in the election. While Berlusconi himself refused to participate in the government, his aide Alfano, as Secretary of the PdL, became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior.
On 19 July 2013, the Italian Senate voted a confidence vote on Alfano, promoted by Five Star Movement and Left Ecology Freedom, after the expulsion from Italy of the wife and the daughter of Mukhtar Ablyazov, a Kazakh dissident, approved by Alfano. After the vote Alfano was confirmed as minister.
In November 2013, Alfano broke with his mentor Berlusconi: He and other People of Freedom ministers, known as "doves", were strong supporters of Enrico Letta's government and refused to join the new Forza Italia (FI), founded upon the dissolution of the PdL by Berlusconi. All five PdL ministers, three under-secretaries, 30 senators and 27 deputies immediately joined a new party called New Centre-Right under Alfano's leadership. Most were Christian democrats and many came from the southern regions of Calabria and Sicily.
On 13 February 2014, following his loss in a leadership election against Matteo Renzi, the new Secretary of the Democratic Party, Letta announced he would resign as Prime Minister the following day. On 22 February Renzi was sworn in as Prime Minister and Alfano was confirmed as Interior Minister.
A major problem Alfano has faced, as Interior Minister, is illegal immigration to Italy, which emerged as a result of the Libyan and Syrian civil wars. On 8 August 2014, the Italian Cabinet approved a law-decree contrasting the phenomenon of lawlessness and violence at sporting events and provided for the international protection of migrants. In November 2014, the Italian-run rescue option Operation Mare Nostrum was replaced by Frontex's Operation Triton, due to the refusal by several EU governments to fund it.
On 19 April 2015, a huge shipwreck took place in the Mediterranean Sea, causing the death of more than 700 migrants from North Africa.
In November 2015 six Sicilian Mafia bosses, close to Totò Riina, were arrested for allegedly planning the assassination of Alfano. In a phone-tapped conversations the gang said they wanted Alfano to meet the same fate as John F. Kennedy, the US President assassinated in an open-top car in Dallas in 1963. They also claimed the Sicilian Mafia was behind the murder of the American President; in fact a boss accused both Kennedy and Alfano of rising to power with Mafia support then dismissing the crime group.
Minister of Foreign Affairs
On 7 December 2016, Prime Minister Matteo Renzi announced his resignation, following the rejection of his proposals to overhaul the Italian Senate in the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum. A few days later, on 11 December 2016, the Foreign Affairs Minister Paolo Gentiloni was asked by President Mattarella to form a new government. On the following day Gentiloni was officially sworn in as the new head of the government.
Angelino Alfano was appointed, by the new Prime Minister and by President Mattarella, new Minister of Foreign Affairs, succeeding Gentiloni.
On 18 March 2017, Alfano, Maurizio Lupi, Roberto Formigoni, Beatrice Lorenzin, Fabrizio Cicchitto and other important members of NCD, announced the dissolution of the New Centre-Right and founded the new party, Popular Alternative. Alfano's subsequent aim was to build a centre-right alliance with the Forza Italia of his former colleague Silvio Berlusconi, but he strongly opposed a coalition with Matteo Salvini's Northern League, a very important partner of the centre-right coalition, and Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy, which he considered too populist. However, in December 2017, Alfano officially announced that he would not participate anymore in the 2018 general election, as his party was deeply split between following the center-left of Renzi, which they were currently supporting in the government, or the center-right of Berlusconi, which had been their original roots. Finally, the remaining bulk of his party under the leadership of his ally Beatrice Lorenzin joined the centre-left coalition as Popular Civic List and won two seats.
Controversy
In 2002, La Repubblica reported the presence of Alfano at the 1996 wedding of the daughter of Croce Napoli (died 2001), believed by investigators to be the Mafia boss of Palma di Montechiaro. As shown on an amateur video of the party, Alfano, then a deputy of the Sicilian Regional Assembly, was greeted with affection by Croce Napoli. Alfano at first told La Repubblica he had "no memory or recollection of this wedding" and that "I never participated in a wedding of Mafia or of their children, I do not know his wife, Gabriella, and I've never heard of Mr. Croce Napoli who was said to be boss of Palma di Montechiaro." Later he said that he remembered that he was actually at the wedding but had been invited by the groom and did not know the bride and her family.
In 2013, he was threatened with a no-confidence motion, since under his watch as interior minister he expelled back to Kazakhstan the wife and six-year-old daughter of an exiled opponent of Kazakhstan's president, Nursultan Nazarbayev. The expulsion was linked to Italy's commercial interests in oil- and gas-rich Kazakhstan.
Personal life
He is married to Tiziana Miceli, a civil lawyer. They have two sons.
See also
List of foreign ministers in 2017
References
External links
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1970 births
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Deputies of Legislature XIV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XVI of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XVII of Italy
Deputy Prime Ministers of Italy
Foreign ministers of Italy
Forza Italia politicians
Italian Ministers of Justice
Italian Ministers of the Interior
Letta Cabinet
Living people
Members of the Sicilian Regional Assembly
New Centre-Right politicians
People from Agrigento
Popular Alternative politicians
Renzi Cabinet
The People of Freedom politicians
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni
Politicians from the Province of Agrigento | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelino%20Alfano |
Svobodny (masculine), Svobodnaya (feminine), or Svobodnoye (neuter) may refer to:
Svobodny (inhabited locality) (Svobodnaya, Svobodnoye), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Svobodny Urban Okrug, name of several urban okrugs in Russia
Svobodny Cosmodrome, a rocket launch site in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodny |
Stephen Wright (born 1946) is a novelist based in New York City known for his use of surrealistic imagery and dark comedy. His work has varied from hallucinatory accounts of war (Meditations in Green), a family drama among UFO cultists (M31: A Family Romance), carnivalesque novel on a serial killer (Going Native), to a picaresque taking place during the Civil War (The Amalgamation Polka).
Going Native was ranked #13 on Larry McCaffery's 20th Century's Greatest Hits: 100 English-Language Books of Fiction.
Biography
Stephen Wright was born in Warren, Pennsylvania. He was drafted in the army and served at the Phu Bai Combat Base during the Vietnam War. When he returned, he received his Master of Fine Arts from the Iowa Writers' Workshop. He has received a Whiting Award in Fiction, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and a Lannan Literary Fellowship. Wright has taught writing and literature at Princeton University, Brown University, and The New School.
Work
Meditations in Green, (1983)
M31: A Family Romance, (1988),
Going Native, (1994),
The Amalgamation Polka, (2006)
Processed Cheese, 2020
Quotes
"Precisely that brutal hallucination we desperately wanted to end."
Don DeLillo on Meditations in Green.
"A sensational prime time novel...a pornographic twilight zone of beebee-eyed serial killers, drug-stunned pants-dropping road-warriors and 'marauding armies of mental vampires,' a nightmarish country of unparalleled savagery, where there is no longer any membrane between screen and life and the monster image feed is inexhaustible."
Robert Coover on Going Native.
"This dark and lyrical tale of madness and prophecy speaks uncannily from within its period, in the tradition of heartbroken humor which America's lapses of faith in its own promise have always evoked in the finest of our storytellers, among whom Stephen Wright here honorably takes his place."
Thomas Pynchon on The Amalgamation Polka.
"For Wright, America, past and present, is Wonderland, a place of marvels and horrors from which not even the fortunate escape with their heads. "
Laura Miller (writer), front page, New York Times Book Review.
"Brutal subject matter and a knife-edged style are the formula for noir and Going Native is glitteringly noir. Often it reminds me of Orson Welles' deliciously sleazy Touch of Evil."
The New Yorker
“Wright is a star of the first magnitude.”
The Washington Post
References
External links
Profile at The Whiting Foundation
1946 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Wright%20%28writer%29 |
Fodbold Club Fredericia af 1991 (, simply known as FC Fredericia) is a professional association football club based in the town of Fredericia, Denmark, that competes in the Danish 1st Division, the second tier of the Danish football league system. Founded in 1991 as a merger between Fredericia fF and Fredericia KFUM, it is affiliated to DBU Jutland. The team plays its home matches at Fredericia Stadium, named Monjasa Park for sponsorship reasons, where it has been based since 2006.
In 2002, Fredericia fF pulled out of the merger, which means that FC Fredericia today continues to be the professional branch of Fredericia KFUM. Despite this, FC Fredericia has enjoyed considerable success since its foundation as they have risen through the pyramid; from their inception when they competed in the Denmark Series, the fourth tier of Danish football to today, where they have established themselves in the second tier.
History
Early history
FC Fredericia was officially established on 3 January 1991 at two extraordinary general meetings in Fredericia fF and Fredericia KFUM, respectively. Members overwhelmingly supported an agreement of cooperation between the two clubs, which their respective boards had previously agreed to. With effect from 1 January 1991, FC Fredericia became reality. The merger was in fact a superstructure between Fredericia's two highest ranked teams, competing in the Denmark Series, the fourth tier of the Danish football league system, and Series 1, a regional division which is the sixth level in the pyramid. The formation of a professional club by uniting the best teams of the town, two former rivals even, was supported unequivocally by sponsors and Fredericia Municipality.
The club reached promotion to the Danish 2nd Division, the third tier, in its inaugural season. In the 1994–95 season, Fredericia qualified for promotion play-offs after ending third in the promotion group of the 2nd Division West. After facing AC Horsens over two legs, which ended 3–3 and 1–1, respectively, Fredericia reached promotion to the Danish 1st Division, the third tier, on away goals.
In 2002, Fredericia fF pulled out of the project, so as of 2003 FC Fredericia continued to be the professional branch of Fredericia KFUM. In the autumn of 2005, they won the first edition of the former Fionia Bank Cup, beating out Kolding FC and Vejle Boldklub on goal difference. The following year, Fredericia moved into their new home ground, Fredericia Stadium.
New ambitions
The club achieved its highest ever league position, third in the second tier, under Peter Sørensen in 2009–10, only missing out on promotion to the Danish Superliga by three points. In the following seasons, after Sørensen was appointed manager for AGF, Fredericia again became a midtable side. A high point, however, occurred in the 2012–13 season where the club found themselves in the race for promotion after a highly successful autumn. However, a series of poor results in the spring saw coach Thomas Thomasberg sacked in April 2013, and the club finished the season in fifth place; out of reach of promotion.
During the 2017–18 season, FC Fredericia went on a historic run in the Danish Cup, knocking out AGF (1–0), HB Køge (2–0) and AaB (3–1) en route to the semi-finals, in which the club faced Silkeborg IF in a home game on 25 April 2018. In front of 3,905 spectators at Monjasa Park, the club lost 0–1 after an own goal by Oliver Fredsted.
In May 2020, Fredericia Municipality announced at a press conference plans for upgrading Monjasa Park. A new stand with a seating capacity of 1,400 and terracing able to hold 500 away-fans were planned for construction before the end of the year. The plans would see stadium infrastructure improve and prepare FC Fredericia for a possible future promotion to the Danish Superliga, which mayor Jacob Bjerregaard stated could happen within the "next 2–3 years". The announcement came at a point where the Danish Football Union had suspended the Danish leagues, including the Danish 1st Division due to the coronavirus pandemic. At that point, the team, coached by Jonas Dal were third in the league, nine points from archrivals Vejle Boldklub in the promotion spot.
Players
Current squad
Youth players in use 2023-24
Out on loan
Notable former players
Kim Nørholt
Backroom staff
Club officials
Source: FC Fredericia | Bestyrelsen
Source: FC Fredericia | Holdet
Honours
Domestic
National leagues
Second Highest Danish League2
Third place (2): 2002–03, 2009–10
Third Highest Danish League3
Best league performance:Runners-up (2): 1998–99, 2000–01
Fourth Highest Danish League4
Group 3 Winners (1): 1991
Cups
DBU Pokalen
Best cup performance:Semi-finals (1): 2017–18
2: Level 2: 1. Division (1991–present)
3: Level 3: 2. Division (1991–present)
4: Level 4: Danmarksserien for herrer (1966–present)
See also
Fionia Bank Cup
References
External links
clubfacts at the Danish Football Union database
Fredericia, FC
Fredericia Municipality
Association football clubs established in 1991
1991 establishments in Denmark
Sports clubs and teams founded by the YMCA
Fredericia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Fredericia |
See also Zablocki, Zablocki v. Redhail.
Zabłocki (feminine: Zabłocka, plural: Zabłoccy) is the name of a Polish aristocratic family of ancient lineage (Jastrzębiec) and Coat of arms Łada, who assumed the name of Zabłocki after acquisition of Zabłocie Pułtuskie in Wielkopolska in the year 1500. The ending "-cki" represents the English "of"; Zabłocki = of Zabłocie; or German "von Zabłocie".
Coat of arms
Łada: on red background, a silver horseshoe with opening to the South, on its top a golden cross; on each side a silver arrow and two hunting horns in the lower field. On the helmet there is a golden and crowned lion holding a sword. This coat of arms was first mentioned in 1248. It was named after the owner of the Łada estate who was a member of the Jastrzębiec family and the progenitor of the Zabłocki family.
Cyprian Zabłocki
A Polish saying for a shrewd business plan to result in a major loss, “wyjść jak Zabłocki na mydle” arose from a semi-legendary misadventure of Cyprian Franciszek Zabłocki (1792–1868). His properties in Rybno included a manufacture of soap which he intended to export abroad via the port in Gdańsk. Transported by river, the barge had to pass Prussian border. In order to avoid high tariffs, Zabłocki decided to smuggle the soap by placing waterproofed crates underwater, dragged at a distance behind the barge. He successfully passed the customs, but alas, the waterproofing on not a single crate held, leading to a total loss of cargo.
Polish noble families
Polish-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zab%C5%82ocki |
Fabrizio Cicchitto (born 26 October 1940) is an Italian politician, whose career has followed a trajectory from radical socialism to centre-right reformism.
Biography
Fabrizio Cicchitto entered politics in the early 1960s, supporting the Riccardo Lombardi-led Marxist left-wing of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and then becoming secretary of the party's youth organization (Federazione Giovanile Socialista Italiana; Italian Young Socialist Federation). Cicchitto also became sympathetic to Eurocommunism and the Historic Compromise path taken by the Italian Communist Party (PCI), while being highly critical of Christian Democracy (DC) itself, as well as of the American CIA and the Italian Servizio Informazioni Difesa. According to him, DC would have exploited the Red Brigades' activities and the Aldo Moro case to cut off relations with the PCI.
In 1981, he confessed to being a member of the masonic lodge Propaganda Due (P2). Shortly after this move, Cicchitto was excluded from the Socialist Party. Readmitted toward the end of the 1980s, he followed the policies of Bettino Craxi and held minor posts throughout the Mani pulite-Tangentopoli scandals that saw the disestablishment of most Italian political parties. Cicchitto joined Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right party Forza Italia (FI), leading its social-democratic wing We Blue Reformers. He had been a Socialist member of either the Italian Chamber of Deputies or the Italian Senate for three successive terms. He is currently the vice-president of Forza Italia's group in the chamber, and national deputy-coordinator of the party from 2003.
He has contributed to steps taken by Italy in its adoption of the European Monetary System and the Maastricht Treaty, and has taken part in debates over privatization in the country. Since 1998, Cicchitto contributes editorials to Il Giornale, and is currently a member of the editorial staff for Avanti!.
In November 2009 he founded Reformism and Freedom (REL), a "reformist" and mainly social-democratic think tank within the People of Freedom (PdL). After the split of PdL, Cicchitto joined the New Centre-Right (NCD) party. Since 2017 he has been a member of the moderate conservative Popular Alternative grouping, which was established following the dissolution of the NCD.
References
Works
Il pensiero economico cattolico
Politiche nuove per l'industria italiana
Dall'utopia al potere
Rapporto pubblico e privato e modernizzazione dell' industria italiana
Rodolfo Morandi, il partito e la democrazia industriale
Il governo Craxi
Storia del centro-sinistra
Riflessioni sulla fine della prima repubblica e sulla sinistra di governo
De Gasperi e Togliatti, due protagonisti
La DC dopo il primo ventennio
Le scelte dei democratici
Dal centro-sinistra all'alternativa
Il grande inganno
1940 births
Living people
Writers from Rome
Italian Socialist Party politicians
Socialist Party (Italy, 1996) politicians
Forza Italia politicians
The People of Freedom politicians
New Centre-Right politicians
Popular Alternative politicians
21st-century Italian politicians
Operation Gladio
Italian economists
Italian essayists
Italian male writers
Italian journalists
Italian male journalists
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
Male essayists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio%20Cicchitto |
Jimmy Johnstone: Lord of the Wing is a 2004 documentary narrated by Scottish comedian Billy Connolly, on the career of Jimmy 'Jinky' Johnstone, a Celtic FC and Scottish footballer in the 1960s and 1970s who was voted the club's greatest ever player. The 'Lord of the Wing' is so well loved by Celtic fans that two memorial bronze statue tributes have been erected in his honour (outside Celtic's Parkhead stadium and in his hometown of Viewpark).
The biographical film includes footage from many of Johnstone's footballing highlights, as well as many tributes from the worlds of football and entertainment. The film culminates with Jimmy joining Jim Kerr and Charlie Burchill (from Simple Minds) to record a cover of the Ewan MacColl classic, "Dirty Old Town", which was later released as a charity single, to raise money for the Motor Neurone Disease Association.
References
External links
Celtic F.C.
British documentary television films
2004 films
2004 documentary films
Documentary films about association football
Documentary films about sportspeople
British sports documentary films
2000s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Johnstone%3A%20Lord%20of%20the%20Wing |
The 57th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, took place on 15 February 2004 and honoured the best films of 2003.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King won Best Film, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, and the Audience Award. Lost in Translation won both lead acting awards for Bill Murray and Scarlett Johansson. Bill Nighy won Best Supporting Actor for Love Actually and Renée Zellweger won Best Supporting Actress for Cold Mountain. Touching the Void, directed by Andrew Eaton, was voted Outstanding British Film of 2003.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
76th Academy Awards
29th César Awards
9th Critics' Choice Awards
56th Directors Guild of America Awards
17th European Film Awards
61st Golden Globe Awards
24th Golden Raspberry Awards
8th Golden Satellite Awards
18th Goya Awards
19th Independent Spirit Awards
9th Lumières Awards
15th Producers Guild of America Awards
30th Saturn Awards
10th Screen Actors Guild Awards
56th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3490323.stm
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/king-reigns-at-uk-film-awards/
https://ew.com/article/2004/01/16/cold-mountain-rings-lead-bafta-nominees/
057
2003 film awards
2004 in British cinema
February 2004 events in the United Kingdom
2004 in London
2003 awards in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
Lake Mutirikwi, originally known as Lake Kyle or Kyle Dam, lies in south eastern Zimbabwe, south east of Masvingo. It is thought to have been named after Kyle Farm which occupied most of the land required for the lake, which in turn was named after the Kyle district in Scotland from which the pioneer of the Lowveld, Tom Murray MacDougall came originally.
The lake covers about 90 km² (35 sq mi) and was created in 1960 with the construction of the Kyle Dam on the Mutirikwi River. The dam was built by Concor to provide water to the farming estates on the lowveld to the southwest, around the town of Triangle, where the main crop has been sugar cane.
Lake Kyle Recreational Park lies on the reservoir's northern shore, while there is a small recreational park on the southern shore. Great Zimbabwe national monument lies close by.
Rivers which feed the lake include the Mbebvi River, Matare River, Pokoteke River, Umpopinyani River, Makurumidze River and Mushagashe River.
In the 1980s, drought drastically lowered the water level in the lake, but during the 1990s it recovered. The level fluctuates widely due to irrigation demands and the seasonal rainfall.
References
External links
Lake Kyle Recreational Park
Geography of Masvingo Province
Mutirikwi, Lake
Masvingo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Mutirikwe |
The electronic common technical document (eCTD) is an interface and international specification for the pharmaceutical industry to agency transfer of regulatory information.
The specification is based on the Common Technical Document (CTD) format and was developed by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Multidisciplinary Group 2 Expert Working Group (ICH M2 EWG).
History
Version 2.0 of eCTD – an upgrade over the original CTD – was finalized on February 12, 2002, and version 3.0 was finalized on October 8 of the same year. , the most current version is 3.2.2, released on July 16, 2008.
A Draft Implementation Guide for version 4.0 of eCTD was released in August 2012. However, work stalled on the project. An additional Draft Implementation Guide was released in February 2015 Draft specifications and guides were issued in April 2016 by the ICH and the FDA, followed by a May 13 ICH "teleconference to discuss the guidance and any questions and clarifications needed."
U.S.
On May 5, 2015, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration published a final, binding guidance document requiring certain submissions in electronic (eCTD) format within 24 months. The projected date for mandatory electronic submissions is May 5, 2017 for New Drug Applications (NDAs), Biologic License Applications (BLAs), Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) and Drug Master Files (DMFs).
Canada
Health Canada was a sponsor and an early adopter of the eCTD workflow especially for its Health Products and Food Branch regulator, but as of April 2015 had not yet fully automated it.
E.U.
The E.U. and its European Medicines Agency began accepting eCTD submissions in 2003. In February 2015, the "EMA announced it would no longer accept paper application forms for products applying to the centralized procedure beginning 1 July 2015." The EMA verified on that date that it would no longer accept "human and veterinary centralised procedure applications" and that all electronic application forms would have to be eCTD by January 2016.
China
In November 2017, China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) publishes draft eCTD structure for drug registration for public consultations. This is a big transition for China to move from paper submission to eCTD submissions.
Japan
The Japan PhMDA has been eCTD compliant at least since December 2017.
Governing specifications
An eCTD submission's structure is largely defined by the primary standard created by the ICH, the Electronic Common Technical Document Specification. However, additional specifications may be applied in national and continental contexts. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) layers additional specifications onto its requirements for eCTD submissions, including PDF, transmission, file format, and supportive file specifications. In the European Union, the European Medicines Agency's EU Module 1 specification as well as other QA documents lay out additional requirements for eCTD submissions.
Pharmaceutical point of view
The eCTD has five modules:
Administrative information and prescribing information.
Common technical document summaries.
Quality.
Nonclinical study reports.
Clinical study reports
A full table of contents could be quite large.
There are two categories of modules:
Regional module: 1 (different for each region; i.e., country)
Common modules: 2–5 (common to all the regions)
The CTD defines the content only of the common modules. The contents of the Regional Module 1 are defined by each of the ICH regions (USA, Europe and Japan).
IT point of view
eCTD (data structure)
The eCTD is a message specification for the transfer of files and metadata from a submitter to a receiver. The primary technical components are:
A high level folder structure (required)
An XML "backbone" file that provides metadata about content files and lifecycle instructions for the receiving system
An optional lower level folder structure (recommended folder names are provided in Appendix 4 of the eCTD specification)
Associated document type definitions (DTDs) and stylesheets.
Each submission message constitutes one "sequence". A cumulative eCTD consists of one or more sequences. While a single sequence may be viewed with web browser and the ICH stylesheet provided, viewing a cumulative eCTD requires specialized eCTD viewers.
The top part of the directory structure is as follows:
ctd-123456/0000/index.xml
ctd-123456/0000/index-md5.txt
ctd-123456/0000/m1
ctd-123456/0000/m2
ctd-123456/0000/m3
ctd-123456/0000/m4
ctd-123456/0000/m5
ctd-123456/0000/util
The string ctd-123456/0000 is just an example.
Backbone (header)
This is the file index.xml in the submission sequence number folder.
For example:
ctd-123456/0000/index.xml
The purpose of this file is twofold:
Manage meta-data for the entire submission
Constitute a comprehensive table of contents and provide corresponding navigation aid.
Stylesheets
Stylesheets that support the presentation and navigation should be included. They must be placed in the directory:
ctd-123456/0000/util/style
See entry 377 in Appendix 4.
DTDs
DTDs must be placed in the directory:
ctd-123456/0000/util/dtd
See entries 371–76 in Appendix 4.
They must follow a naming convention.
The DTD of the backbone is in Appendix 8.
It must be placed in the above directory.
Business process (protocol)
The business process to be supported can be described as follows:
Industry <-----> Message <-----> Agency
The lifecycle management is composed at least of:
Initial submission: should be self-contained.
Incremental updates: with its sequence number.
See also
Clinical trial
Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium
European Medicines Agency (EMA)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan).
Russian Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development (Russia).
References
External links
eCTD Specification and Related Files (ICH)
Electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD) (FDA)
EU Module 1 (EMA)
Clinical research
Clinical data management
Health informatics
Health standards
International standards
International trade
World government
Food and Drug Administration
Health Canada
Intellectual property law
Pharmaceutical industry
Medical research
Drug safety
Experimental drugs
Biotechnology products
Regulators of biotechnology products
Regulation in the European Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20common%20technical%20document |
This page provides links to lists of amusement parks by region (below), and alphabetically beginning with the name of the park (right).
By region
Africa
America
Asia
Oceania
Europe
Amusement parks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20amusement%20parks |
The Richmond Olympic Oval () is an indoor multi-sports arena in the Canadian city of Richmond, British Columbia. The oval was built for the 2010 Winter Olympics and was originally configured with a speed skating rink. The venue has since been reconfigured and now serves as a community multi-sport park and includes two ice hockey rinks, two running tracks, a climbing wall, a rowing tank and a flexible area which can be used for, among other sports, basketball, volleyball, indoor soccer and table tennis.
The Olympic bid called for the oval to be located on the grounds of Simon Fraser University (SFU) in Burnaby, but Richmond was instead selected in 2004. Although twice the price of the SFU alternative, the location was selected because the city offered to cover all costs exceeding $60 million. Construction started in 2006, cost $178 million CAD and the venue opened on 12 December 2008. In addition to speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics, the venue has hosted the 2009 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships. Designed by CannonDesign, the oval's elements are made to resemble the heron.
Construction
Work on Vancouver's bid process started in 1998 by the Vancouver/Whistler 2010 Bid Society, replaced by the Vancouver 2010 Bid Corporation in 2002. SFU started planning their grounds as a potential speed skating oval in 2000, SFU pledged to finance $5 million of the venue, in addition to the land. The 2010 Games Operating Trust was established in November 2002 with a capital of $110 million, equally financed by the provincial and federal governments, to subsidize post-Olympic operation of selected venues. Forty percent of the payouts would be used to cover the operating costs of the speed skating oval.
The bid book called for the speed skating oval to be located on the premises of Simon Fraser University atop Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby. This would result in both of Greater Vancouver's major universities receiving a new sports venue, as the Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre ice hockey rink would be built at the University of British Columbia. The bid book cited a construction cost of $63.7 million, which would give a arena and met all requirements for speed skating at the Olympics. The post-Olympic operating costs of the oval, along with the Whistler Sliding Centre and Whistler Olympic Park, were according to the bid book to be covered by $71 million endowment trust. The legacy plans for the venue were to convert it to a multi-sports park, with the speed skating track being removed.
Two months after being awarded the games on 2 July 2003, the responsibility for planning the Olympics were transferred to the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (VANOC). They started reviewing the plans for the various venues, and costs started to increase for the oval. At the same time the Richmond City Council started working on plans to instead locate the venue there. UBC also started working on a proposal for a speed skating oval in the University Endowment Lands, which could then be built in conjunction with the hockey arena. Chris Giacomantonio, president of the Simon Fraser Student Society, stated that he was opposed to the project, as the university's contribution would give little benefit for students. The anticipated cost overruns were caused both because of a general shortage in construction labor, and challenging geological conditions at the proposed site.
Two formal proposals were submitted: one from Richmond and a revised bid from SFU. The Richmond bid was for a significantly larger venue, at . Unlike SFU, the city was willing to pay for most of the construction cost, including all cost overruns, limiting VANOC's costs to $60 million. The budget for the Richmond Olympic Oval was $155 million, while the cost of building a venue at SFU was $78.6 million. VANOC announced on 17 August 2004 that they had selected Richmond as the site of the Olympic oval. VANOC stated that in addition to a cost cap, the Richmond alternative featured better transport, as it would be located on the SkyTrain's Canada Line. Burnaby Mayor Derek Corrigan stated that the price increases were subject to cost escalation caused by increased general construction costs, rather than cost overrun.
Planning of the venue was centered around its post-Olympic use, rather than its function during the games. It was incorporated into the River Green development project, which saw $2 billion spent on real estate development along the section of the Fraser River. Financing of the venue was split between Richmond City Council and VANOC, with the former guaranteeing for any cost overruns. The city allocated its funding for the venue from several sources: $50 million in revenue sharing with River Rock Casino Resort, $54 million from the nearby real estate development, and the remainder from sponsorships and fees on near-by projects.
The venue's main architect was Bob Johnston, of Canon Design, who had previously worked on the Olympic Oval in Calgary and the Utah Olympic Oval in Salt Lake City. A feng shui consultant was used during the design process as its implementation is important to the large Chinese Canadian population in Richmond. The initial design cost $206 million, but this was cut back by removing features. One that was kept was an underground parking lot under the venue, which increased construction cost by $23 million. The city split the construction work into 23 separate contracts. The city sent delegations to sixteen ovals around the world, costing $459,000. It was topped off on spending $120,000 to send nine officials, including the mayor and a councilor, to attend the 2006 Winter Olympics. Project management was contracted to MHPM Project Managers, construction manager was Dominion Fairmile Construction and structural engineers were Fast + Epp and Glotman Simpson, with the former responsible for the roof structure and façade and the latter for the base building. StructureCraft designed, manufactured and erected the 452 wood wave panels of the roof.
The plot of land next to the venue was placed for sale during the development. Initially asking for $40 million, the lot was sold for $141 million. Additional land was bought by developers, resulting in the oval being surrounded by luxury condos. The neighborhood was planned to be pedestrian-friendly, and there were no at-grade parking. The River Green project is part of Richmond's plan to become more urban and less suburban and build up community centers, backed with the arrival of the Canada Line.
A 2005 geological report concluded that the venue would have geological challenges, similar to those which had been used as argument to move them from Burnaby Mountain. The venue is built in a river delta on top of up to of silt, and the report warned that despite the design measures, significant seismic activity prior to the Olympics could mean that the venue bed would not be flat enough. The International Skating Union only allows a deviation of per of track, and along the entire course. VANOC's official back-up plan was, in case of a major earthquake, to move speed skating events to Calgary. Construction began with the compressing of the ground, which included bolstering two thousand columns of rock down and the piling of of sand on the site. A December 2005 report found that this was not sufficient, resulting in franki piles also being installed. To finance this, $1.9 million was cut by reducing the building's width by . To minimize the risk of flooding, the height of the dike between the venue and the river was raised from .
Construction required the pouring of of concrete, the use of 5,600 tonnes of steel and 305 board-kilometers (one million board-feet) of pine beetle wood. The roof was completed in January 2008, but in April fungi and algae were discovered in the lower insulation layer of the roof. To get at the area, seventy percent of the roof's membrane needed to be detached and replaced. The replacement cost $2 million, with the city claiming the amount compensated from the contractor.
When the venue opened on 12 December 2008, it was the last of the Olympic venues to be completed. The Richmond Olympic Oval Corporation was created as a municipal corporation in 2010, with the sole purpose of operating the venue.
Following the Olympics, the venue was transformed into a community multi-sports park, which opened in April 2010. Bleachers for 800 spectators were sold to be used for the Vancouver Island University gymnasium. Costing $300,000 new, they were sold for $4000.
Facilities
The facility is located on at 6111 River Road in Richmond, immediately south of Vancouver, on the south shore of the Fraser River. The building is long and wide; the roof covers an area of , while the building is . The main design inspiration is the heron, the official bird of Richmond. The roof is held up using fifteen glued laminated timber beams, and is designed to resemble the wings of the heron.
The oval's roof uses pine beetle damaged wood, which was selected as a showpiece to aid the use of a material which has caused a negative economic impact in many British Columbia communities. The building received Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver certification. Environmental design includes the capture of rain water on the roof and the recycling of waste heat energy from the refrigeration system for the ice surfaces.
The Olympic configuration, which was in place from the opening until April 2010, consisted of a speed skating rink. While configured for speed skating, the venue had a capacity for 8,000 spectators, of which 7,336 were bucket seats. In addition there were 200 broadcast commentator positions and 200 seated press positions. Four scoreboards and four videoboards were mounted in the arena and the Olympic doping laboratory was located at the oval.
After the games the venue was reconfigured. The upper level consists of a fitness center with views of the North Shore mountains and the river and houses more than 200 pieces of equipment. The main floor consists of three activity zones: the Ice Zone consists of two ice hockey rinks with international dimensions, the Court Zone consists of ten basketball courts and the Track Zone consists of a five-lane oval running track and a five-lane sprint track. A climbing wall is installed at the Track Zone, which offers thirty-one climbing routes. The venue can variously be configured to hold eighteen badminton courts, thirteen volleyball courts, ten basketball courts, three indoor soccer fields or sixteen table tennis tables. Within the oval running track is areas for in-field athletics. A rowing tank has been built at the facility.
Outside the venue is Water Sky Garden, a sculptural environment designed by Janet Echelman. A 91-meter (300 ft) boardwalk weaves through the pond and two 16-meter (52 ft) pedestrian bridges cross the pond to reach the Olympic Oval. Above the pond hangs the artist's "sky lantern" sculpture. The sculpture is made of Tenara architectural fibre, supported by painted galvanized steel rings. The entire garden is approximately 7,000 m2 (75,000 sq ft).
The oval is within walking distance of Lansdowne Station on the SkyTrain's Canada Line. Alternatively, the venue can be reached using the C94 bus, which connects to Richmond–Brighouse Station. Parking is available, with 450 parking spaces being located on the structure's lower level. The venue is in the immediate vicinity of Vancouver International Airport.
The roof won the 2009 Structural Awards Award for Sports or Leisure Structures. The other three entries nominated for the award were the roof of Wimbledon Centre Court, the elephant house at the Copenhagen Zoo, and Beijing National Stadium (also known as the Bird's Nest) used for the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.
Events
Prior to the venue being official opened, there were international World Cup trials conducted from 17 to 20 October 2008. The first week after the venue opened, it was open to the public for speed skating. In its inaugural season, the oval was used for the Canadian Single Distance Championships from 27 to 31 December 2008, the BC Speed Skating Long Track Championships from 24 to 25 January 2009, the Canadian Junion Allround Championships 2009 from 30 to 31 January, the Canada Cup from 30 January to 1 February, the 2nd Masters International Canadian Open from 21 to 22 February and the 2009 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships from 12 to 15 March.
The Olympic season saw international trials taking place on 17 to 20 October 2009, and 6, 8 and 10 February 2010. The 2010 Winter Olympics were conducted between 12 and 28 February. Twelve events were organized during the games, consisting of five individual and one team pursuit race for each gender. More than 100,000 people attended the Olympic events at the oval.
Major post-Olympic events include the 2010 World Wheelchair Rugby Championships, the 2011 World Masters Badminton Championships and 2012 ISKF National Karate Championship. In 2014, the venue selected to host to the 2014 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships.
Track records
The Richmond Olympic Oval is located at above mean sea level (AMSL). The higher air pressure compared to high-elevation venues means that the venue will have slow ice, with the organizers not expecting any world records to be beaten during the Olympics. Three Olympic records were set in the oval; all but one of the remaining Olympic records have been set in Salt Lake City, located at an elevation of AMSL, and all world records are set in Salt Lake City or Calgary, located at . As of 2013, the Richmond Olympic Oval is ranked as the world's eleventh-fastest ice.
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Venues of the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skating venues
Speed skating in Canada
Indoor speed skating venues
Indoor ice hockey venues in Canada
Buildings and structures in Richmond, British Columbia
2008 establishments in British Columbia
Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sports venues in British Columbia
Badminton venues
Basketball venues in Canada
Sports venues completed in 2008
American Basketball Association (2000–present) venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%20Olympic%20Oval |
This is a list of regular named Holidays in Bermuda. Every Sunday is also considered a holiday.
There are exceptional Holidays from time to time. E.g. the 8th of May 2023 was such a public holiday to commemorate the King's Coronation.
Nature of Public Holidays
The official list of Public Holidays was set out in 1947 in the Public Holidays Act. Since the Act has been amended a number of times including in 2009 to move the National Heroes Day from October to June to replace the Queen's Official Holiday and the replacement of Somers' Day with Mary Prince Day in 2020.
Emancipation Day and Mary Prince Day (formerly Cup Match Day and Somers' Day) which last two days, are know together be known as Cup Match, during which a intra-island cricket game is played between the Somerset Cricket Club in the east of the island and St. George's Cricket Club in the west. The Cup Match was created to celebrate and commemorate the emancipation of enslaved people in Bermuda and has taken place since at least 1902.
Public holidays featured nearly a complete shut-down of Bermuda, with all public offices and stores closed. Not only was the sale of goods on public holidays made illegal, but offering items for sale and even allowing customers into a store constituted an offense. Hotel restaurants, pharmacies and stores that had been granted special licenses by the government were exempted from this.
In March 2005, the Bermuda government passed a major amendment to the Act that allowed stores to finally open. It required that employers give their staff at least seven days (written) notice of a need for their service; it also required that employers inform those employees of their right to refuse, and prohibited any sort of disciplinary action or dismissal for employees who did refuse.
References
External links
Bermuda Online
Bermudian culture
Bermuda
Bermuda
Bermuda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20holidays%20in%20Bermuda |
During the 1960s in Malaysia and Singapore, some racial extremists were referred to as "ultras". The phrase was most commonly used by the first Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, and other leaders of his political party, the People's Action Party (PAP), to refer to Malay extremists. However, it was also used by some members of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) — the leader of the Alliance coalition governing Malaysia – to refer to Lee instead, as Lee was perceived to be a Chinese chauvinist himself.
History
Lee was the first to use the phrase "ultras" in 1964, when he publicly demanded that UMNO's leadership "Smack down their ultras." This was barely a year after Singapore had merged with Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak to form a united Malaysia, and this profoundly troubled the UMNO leadership. It is not clear where Lee got the idea of labelling Malay chauvinists as "ultras", but it is possible that he may have obtained it from a student's PhD thesis. In 1960, Lee served on a three-man panel that evaluated Gordon Paul Means' PhD thesis, entitled "Malayan Government and Politics in Transition". On one page of his copy of the manuscript, Lee had reportedly underlined in thick pencil the word "ultra" and placed an exclamation mark over it.
Chauvinists
Some of the perceived Malay "ultras" were Syed Jaafar Albar, once the UMNO Secretary-General, Syed Nasir Ismail, a strong advocate of expanding the scope of the Malay language in Malaysian society, Mahathir bin Mohamad, then a UMNO Member of Parliament and future Prime Minister of Malaysia, and Musa Hitam, another UMNO MP who would later serve as Mahathir's deputy.
What these men had in common was their perceived support of ketuanan Melayu, or Malay supremacy (although these exact phrases were then not in vogue). Syed Jaafar Albar had campaigned strongly for the Singaporean branch of UMNO in the 1963 Singaporean general election, and made heated statements condemning Malay PAP politicians as un-Islamic, anti-Malays, and traitors to their community. Othman Wok, a senior Malay PAP politician, later insinuated Syed Jaafar's rhetoric had set the stage for the 1964 Race riots in Singapore. Syed Nasir Ismail had insisted on closing down all Chinese schools in Malaysia as soon as possible, making Malay the sole official language.
Mahathir was a strong proponent of strengthened affirmative action for the Malays, and reportedly demanded (together with Syed Nasir Ismail and Syed Jaafar Albar) a one-party Malay-only government led by UMNO in the wake of the 13 May racial riots in Kuala Lumpur, the Malaysian capital. He would later author The Malay Dilemma, which contended that the Malays as the "definitive people" of Malaysia had a birthright guaranteeing them special privileges such as those outlined by Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia. Musa, who was closely associated with Mahathir, thus became also associated with Mahathir's "ultra" approach to politics. Both would later be expelled from UMNO by then Prime Minister and UMNO President Tunku Abdul Rahman after Mahathir's reaction to the 13 May riots. Then Home Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman would issue an explanation of the decision where he stated: "These ultras believe in the wild and fantastic theory of absolute dominion by one race over the other communities, regardless of the Constitution." Musa and Mahathir would later be rehabilitated by the Tunku's successor, Tun Abdul Razak.
In some cases, Lee also would refer to media outlets as "ultras"; he once criticised the Utusan Melayu as "their [the ultras'] newspaper".
Lee himself would later be considered an "ultra" by the Alliance government for some of the statements he made; on 24 May 1965, Lee publicly stated: "Let us be quite frank. Why should we go back to old Singapore and once again reduce the non-Malays in Malaya to a minority?" His Malaysian Malaysia campaign was not received well either by UMNO or most of the Malays, who tended to view a Malaysian Malaysia as a "Chinese Malaysia". It has been speculated that this was due to the limited vocabulary of Malay at the time; the only Malay word for "nation" then was "bangsa", which was also synonymous with race. Since there was (and is) no "Malaysian race", it has been argued that some Malays considered anything other than a "Malay nation" as threatening to their rights. The conflict between Lee and his Chinese-majority PAP with the Malaysian government culminated in the secession of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965.
Reduction in usage in 1970s
The usage of the phrase "ultra" declined greatly in the 1970s, not long after the 13 May riots of 1969. This may have been due to strong restrictions on making potentially incendiary declarations in public; even Parliament was banned from discussing the repeal of certain articles of the Constitution, such as Article 153, which touched on Malay rights. Due to this, the political atmosphere cooled down, which may have indirectly contributed to the decline in usage of "ultra" to describe racial chauvinists.
References
Works cited
Politics of Malaysia
Politics of Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra%20%28Malaysia%29 |
Burna-Buriaš II, rendered in cuneiform as Bur-na- or Bur-ra-Bu-ri-ia-aš in royal inscriptions and letters, and meaning servant or protégé of the Lord of the lands in the Kassite language, where Buriaš (, dbu-ri-ia-aš₂) is a Kassite storm god possibly corresponding to the Greek Boreas, was a king in the Kassite dynasty of Babylon, in a kingdom contemporarily called Karduniaš, ruling ca. 1359–1333 BC, where the Short and Middle chronologies have converged. Recorded as the 19th King to ascend the Kassite throne, he succeeded Kadašman-Enlil I, who was likely his father, and ruled for 27 years. He was a contemporary of the Egyptian Pharaohs Amenhotep III and Akhenaten. The proverb "the time of checking the books is the shepherds' ordeal" was attributed to him in a letter to the later king Esarhaddon from his agent Mar-Issar.
Correspondence with Egypt
The diplomatic correspondence between Burna-Buriaš and the pharaohs is preserved in nine of the Amarna letters, designated EA (for El Amarna) 6 to 14. The relationship between Babylon and Egypt during his reign was friendly at the start, and a marriage alliance was in the making. "From the time my ancestors and your ancestors made a mutual declaration of friendship, they sent beautiful greeting-gifts to each other, and refused no request for anything beautiful." Burna-Buriaš was obsessed with being received as an equal and often refers to his counterpart as "brother". They exchanged presents: horses, lapis-lazuli and other precious stones from Burna-Buriaš and ivory, ebony and gold from Akhenaten. On one occasion, Burna-Buriaš sent a necklace of lapis-lazuli by way of congratulation for the birth of Akhenaten's first child, the princess Meritaten.
But then things began to sour. On EA 10, he complains that the gold sent was underweight. "You have detained my messenger for two years!" he declares in consternation. He reproached the Egyptian for not having sent his condolences when he was ill and, when his daughter's wedding was underway, he complained that only five carriages were sent to convey her to Egypt. The bridal gifts filled 4 columns and 307 lines of cuneiform inventory on tablet EA 13.
Not only were matters of state of concern. "What you want from my land, write and it shall be brought, and what I want from your land, I will write, that it may be brought." But even in matters of trade, things went awry and, in EA 8, he complains that Egypt's Canaanite vassals had robbed and murdered his merchants. He demanded vengeance, naming Šum-Adda, the son of Balumme, affiliation unknown, and Šutatna, the son of Šaratum of Akka, as the villainous perpetrators.
In his correspondence with the Pharaohs, he did not hesitate to remind them of their obligations, quoting ancient loyalties:
Posterity has not preserved any Egyptian response, however, Abdi-Heba, the Canaanite Mayor of Jerusalem, then a small hillside town, wrote in EA 287 that Kassite agents had attempted to break into his home and assassinate him.
One letter preserves the apologetic response from a mārat šarri, or princess, to her mbé-lí-ia, or lord (Nefertiti to Burna-Buriaš?). The letters present a playful, forthright and at times petulant repartee, but perhaps conceal a cunning interplay between them, to confirm their relative status, cajole the provision of desirable commodities and measure their respective threat, best exemplified by Burna-Buriaš' feigned ignorance of the distance between their countries, a four-month journey by caravan. Here he seems to test Akhenaten to shame him into sending gold or perhaps just to gauge the extent of his potential military reach.
International relations
Diplomacy with Babylon's neighbor, Elam, was conducted through royal marriages. A Neo-Babylonian copy of a literary text which takes the form of a letter, now located in the Vorderasiatisches Museum in Berlin, is addressed to the Kassite court by an Elamite King. It details the genealogy of the Elamite royalty of this period, and from it we find that Pahir-Iššan married Kurigalzu I's sister and Humban-Numena married his daughter and their son, Untash-Napirisha was betrothed to Burna-Buriaš's daughter. This may have been Napir-asu, whose headless statue (pictured) now resides in the Louvre in Paris.
It is likely that Suppiluliuma I, king of the Hittites, married yet another of Burna Buriaš's daughters, his third and final wife, who thereafter was known under the traditional title Tawananna, and this may have been the cause of his neutrality in the face of the Mitanni succession crisis. He refused asylum to the fleeing Shattiwaza, who received a more favorable response in Hatti, where Suppiluliuma I supported his reinstatement in a diminished vassal state. According to her stepson Mursili II, she became quite a troublemaker, scheming and murderous, as in the case of Mursili's wife, foisting her strange foreign ways on the Hittite court and ultimately being exiled. His testimony is preserved in two prayers in which he condemned her.
Kassite influence reached to Bahrain, ancient Dilmun, where two letters found in Nippur were sent by a Kassite official, Ilī-ippašra, in Dilmun to Ililiya, a hypocoristic form of Enlil-kidinni, who was the governor, or šandabakku, of Nippur during Burna Buriaš's reign and that of his immediate successors. In the first letter, the hapless Ili-ippašra complains that the anarchic local Aḫlamû tribesmen have stolen his dates and "there is nothing I can do" while in the second letter they "certainly speak words of hostility and plunder to me".
Domestic affairs
Building activity increased markedly in the latter half of the fourteenth century with Burna-Buriaš and his successors undertaking restoration work of sacred structures. Inscriptions from three door sockets and bricks, some of which are still in situ, bear witness to his restoration of the Ebabbar of the sun god Šamaš in Larsa. A tablet provides an exhortation to Enlil and a brick refers to work on the great socle of the Ekiur of Ninlil in Nippur. A thirteen line bilingual inscription can now probably be assigned to him. Neo-Babylonian temple inventory from Ur mentions him along with successors as a benefactor. A cylinder inscription of Nabonidus recalls Burna-Buriaš’ earlier work on the temenos at Sippar:
There are around 87 economic texts, most of which were found at successive excavations in Nippur, providing a date formula based on regnal years, which progress up to year 27. Many of them are personnel rosters dealing with servile laborers, who were evidently working under duress as the terms ZÁḤ, "escapee", and ka-mu, "fettered", are used to classify some of them. Apparently thousands of men were employed in construction and agriculture and women in the textile industry. An oppressive regime developed to constrain their movements and prevent their escape. Other texts include two extispicy reports provide divinations based on examination of animal entrails. Nippur seems to have enjoyed the status of a secondary capital. The presence of the royal retinue replete with scribes would have provided the means for the creation of business records for the local population.
Kara-ḫardaš, Nazi-Bugaš, and the events at the end of his reign
Later in his reign the emissaries of Assyrian king Aššur-uballiṭ I were received at the Egyptian court by Tutankhamen, who had by then ascended the throne. This caused a great deal of dismay from Burna-Buriaš who claimed the Assyrians were his vassals, "Why have they been received in your land? If I am dear to you, do not let them conclude any business. May they return here with empty hands!" on EA 9. With the destruction of Mitanni by the Hittites, Assyria emerged as a great power during his reign, threatening the northern border of the Kassite kingdom.
Perhaps to cement relations, Muballiṭat-Šērūa, daughter of Aššur-uballiṭ, had been married to either Burna-Buriaš or possibly his son, Kara-ḫardaš; the historical sources do not agree. The scenario proposed by Brinkman has come to be considered the orthodox interpretation of these events. A poorly preserved letter in the Pergamon Museum possibly mentions him and a princess or mārat šarri. Kara-ḫardaš was murdered, shortly after succeeding his father to the throne, during a rebellion by the Kassite army in 1333 BC. According to an Assyrian chronicle this incited Aššur-uballiṭ to invade, depose the usurper installed by the army, one Nazi-Bugaš or Šuzigaš, described as "a Kassite, son of a nobody", and install Kurigalzu II, "the younger", variously rendered as son of Burnaburiaš and son of Kadašman-Ḫarbe, likely a scribal error for Kara-ḫardaš. Note, however, that there are more than a dozen royal inscriptions of Kurigalzu II identifying Burna-Buriaš as his father.
Notes
References
14th-century BC Babylonian kings
Amarna letters writers
Kassite kings
Kings of the Universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burna-Buriash%20II |
2006 was an important year for Swiss music, with the first few months of the year seeing a very steady pattern at the top end of the Swiss singles and album charts.
Chart summary
The first Swiss Top 100 Singles Chart number one of 2006 was Madonna's "Hung Up", the first single releases from her Confessions on a Dance Floor album (which itself had been number one in November 2005, and started the year at number two). "Hung Up" had been number since November 20, 2005 already and started the year with its seventh week at number one. The first album chart number one was Robbie Williams' Intensive Care, again a continuation from the previous year.
January 8 would bring the first new number one of 2006, in "Big City Life" by Mattafix. "Big City Life" had already been on the chart since October, ending 2005 at number two in the chart. Mattafix and Robbie Williams would see out January topping their respective charts. Meanwhile, the confirmed Swiss Eurovision Song Contest 2006 entrant Six4one announced during January that their song for the contest will be "If We All Give A Little", although no extra information about the song was given at the time.
February 5 seen the first new album chart number one of the year, with James Blunt's Back To Bedlam album climbing back to the top, having been there for four weeks the previous year. Having been on the chart since June 19, Back To Bedlam has become one of the 200 most successful albums of all time in Switzerland.
On February 12 Mattafix would finally fall off the top of the singles chart, with Eros Ramazzotti and Anastacia's duet "I Belong To You (Il Ritmo Della Passione)" taking over, having entered at No. 2 a week earlier. The duet is the third Swiss singles number one for both Ramazzotti and Anastacia. As of the chart week ending February 26, Ramazzotti and Anastacia still lie at number one in the singles chart, and James Blunt lies number one in the album chart (with his second album release, the live compilation Chasing Time: The Bedlam Sessions, at number two).
Despite the consistency at the top of the chart thus far in 2006, the Swiss singles chart has seen a lot of popular acts pass through it. Normally in the first two months of the year the chart would be mostly quiet, but the top ten has been fairly active, with acts including US5, 50 Cent, Ch!pz and Mary J. Blige entering toward the higher end of the chart this year.
Swiss charts
See also
2006 in music
2006 in British music
2006 in Irish music
2006 in Norwegian music
2006 in South Korean music
2006 in country music
2006 in classical music
2006 in heavy metal music
2006 in hip hop music
2006 in jazz
2006 in Latin music
Six4one
References
Hitparade Chart Archive
External links
Swiss Charts official website (in English)
Swiss Charts official website (in German)
Swiss music
Swiss music
Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20in%20Swiss%20music |
The 56th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, took place on 23 February 2003 and honoured the best films of 2002.
The Pianist won Best Film and Best Director for Roman Polanski. Daniel Day-Lewis won Best Actor for Gangs of New York and Nicole Kidman won Best Actress for The Hours. Christopher Walken won Best Supporting Actor for Catch Me If You Can and Catherine Zeta-Jones won Best Supporting Actress for Chicago. The Warrior, directed by Asif Kapadia, was voted Outstanding British Film of 2002.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
75th Academy Awards
28th César Awards
8th Critics' Choice Awards
55th Directors Guild of America Awards
16th European Film Awards
60th Golden Globe Awards
23rd Golden Raspberry Awards
7th Golden Satellite Awards
17th Goya Awards
18th Independent Spirit Awards
8th Lumières Awards
14th Producers Guild of America Awards
29th Saturn Awards
9th Screen Actors Guild Awards
55th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
"Stars arrive for Baftas" at BBC (23 February 2003)
"'Pianist,' Kidman win BAFTAs" at CNN (24 February 2003)
Allison, Rebecca (24 February 2003). "Britain's big Bafta night as The Hours has the edge on Hollywood blockbusters" at The Guardian
056
2002 film awards
2003 in British cinema
February 2003 events in the United Kingdom
2003 in London
2002 awards in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
A
Acqua Lokos (Capão da Canoa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)
Adlabs Imagica (Mumbai, Maharashtra, India)
Admiral Vrungel (Gelendjik, Krasnodar, Russia)
Adventure Asia Park (Sentosa, Singapore)
Adventure City (Anaheim, California, United States)
Adventure Island (amusement park) (Southend-on-Sea, Essex, England)
Adventure Island (water park) (Tampa, Florida, United States)
Adventuredome (Las Vegas, Nevada, United States)
Adventureland (Addison, Illinois, United States)
Adventureland (Altoona, Iowa, United States)
Adventureland (Farmingdale, New York, United States)
Adventureland (Sharjah, United Arab Emirates)
Adventureland Amusement Park (North Webster, Indiana, United States)
Adventure Landing (Jacksonville Beach, Florida, United States)
Adventure World (Bibra Lake, Western Australia)
Adventure World (Shirahama, Nishimuro, Japan)
Aérocity Parc (Aubenas, Rhône-Alpes, France)
Affen- und Vogelpark (Reichshof Eckenhagen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
Ajwa Fun World & Resort (Vadodara, Gujarat, India)
Ak Botah (Almaty, Almaty, Kazakhstan)
Al-Hamrah Entertainment Village (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
Al Hokair Land Theme Park (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
Al Mogran Amusement Park (Khartoum, Sudan)
Al Nasr Leisureland (Dubai, United Arab Emirates)
Al-Rawdah Sharaco Amusement Park (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
Al-Sawary Mall (Jeddah, Mecca, Saudi Arabia)
Al-Sha'ab Leisure Park (Salmiya, Kuwait)
Al-Shallal Theme Park (Jeddah, Mecca, Saudi Arabia)
Alabama Adventure & Splash Adventure (Bessemer, Alabama, United States)
Alabama State Fairgrounds (Birmingham, Alabama, United States)
Aladdin's Kingdom (Doha, Qatar)
Alice in Wonderland (Christchurch, Dorset, England)
All Star Adventures (Wichita, Kansas, United States)
Allou Fun Park (Athens, Attica, Greece)
Alton Towers (Alton, Staffordshire, England)
Amanohashidate View Lands (Miyazu, Kyoto, Japan)
The American Adventure Theme Park (Ilkeston, Derbyshire, England)
American Adventures (Marietta, Georgia, United States)
Amsterdam Dungeon (Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands)
Amusement Land (Busan, South Korea)
Amusementspark Tivoli (Berg en Dal, Gelderland, Netherlands)
Animax (Lisbon, Portugal)
Antics Land (Sharjah, United Arab Emirates)
Appu Ghar (New Delhi, India)
Aqtau Park (Aktau, Mangystau Region, Kazakhstan)
Aqua Stadium (Takanawa, Minato, Japan)
Aquarena Springs (San Marcos, Texas, United States)
Aquashow Fun Family Park (Quarteira, Algarve, Portugal)
Aquatica (Orlando, Florida, United States)
Aquatica (San Antonio, Texas, United States)
Arakawa Park (Arakawa, Tokyo, Japan)
Argenpark (Lujan, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Arnolds Park (Arnolds Park, Iowa, United States)
Asahiyama Zoo (Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan)
Astroland (Brooklyn, New York, United States)
Atami Korakuen Yuenchi Apio (Atami, Shizuoka, Japan)
Attica Amusements - Athens, Greece
Attractionmania - Moscow, Russia
Aussie World (Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia)
Australia Zoo (Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia)
Aventura Center (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Aventura Selvagem (Penha, Santa Catarina, Brazil)
Avonturenpark Hellendoorn (Hellendoorn, Overijssel, Netherlands)
Aziza Mall (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
B
Bagatelle (Merlimont, Nord-Pas de Calais, France)
Baishinji Park (Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan)
Baja Amusements (Ocean City, Maryland, United States)
Bakken (Klampenborg, Sjaelland, Denmark)
Bandung Super Mall (Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia)
Barry Island Pleasure Park (Barry Island, Glamorgan, Wales)
Barry's Amusements (Portrush, County Antrim, Northern Ireland)
Bay Beach Amusement Park (Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States)
Bayern Park (Reisbach, Bavaria, Germany)
Bayville Amusements (Bayville, New York, United States)
Beech Bend (Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States)
Beekse Bergen (Hilvarenbeek, North Brabant, Netherlands)
Beijing Amusement Park (Beijing, China)
Beijing Shijingshan Amusement Park (Beijing, China)
Belantis (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany)
Bellewaerde Park (Ypres, West Flanders, Belgium)
Bell's Amusement Park (Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States)
Belmont Park (San Diego, California, United States)
Benyland (Sendai, Miyagi, Japan)
Beoland (Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia)
Beto Carrero World (Penha, Santa Catarina, Brazil)
Big Shot Amusement Park (Linn Creek, Missouri, United States)
Billing Aquadrome (Northampton, Northamptonshire, England)
Biwako Tower (Otsu, Shiga, Japan)
Blackbeard's Cave (Bayville, New Jersey, United States)
Blackbeard's Family Entertainment Center (Fresno, California, United States)
Blackgang Chine (Ventnor, Isle of Wight, England)
Blackpool Pleasure Beach (Blackpool, Lancashire, England)
Blackthunder theme park (India)
Blue Diamond Park (New Castle, Delaware, United States)
Boardwalk and Baseball (Haines City, Florida, United States)
Boardwalk Fun Park (Grand Prairie, Texas, United States)
Bobbejaanland (Lichtaart, Antwerp, Belgium)
BonBon-Land (Holme-Olstrup, Sjaelland, Denmark)
Boomers! (Dania, Florida, United States)
Boomers! (Fountain Valley, California, United States)
Boomers! (Medford, New York, United States)
Boomers! (Upland, California, United States)
Boomerang Bay (Santa Clara, California, United States)
Bosque Mágico (Guadalupe, Nuevo León, Mexico)
Botton's Pleasure Beach (Skegness, Lincolnshire, England)
Boudewijn Seapark (Bruges, West Flanders, Belgium)
Bowcraft Amusement Park (Scotch Plains, New Jersey, United States)
Boyd Park (Wabash, Indiana, United States)
Bracalandia (Braga, Braga, Portugal)
Branson USA (Branson, Missouri, United States)
Brean Leisure Park (Brean, Somerset, England)
Bridlington Experience (Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire, England)
Brighton Pier (Brighton, East Sussex, England)
Burlington Amusement Park (Kensington, Prince Edward Island, Canada)
Busch Gardens Tampa Bay (Tampa, Florida, United States)
Busch Gardens Williamsburg (Williamsburg, Virginia, United States)
Bushkill Park (Easton,
A nl:Lijst van attractieparken (A-B) ru:Парки развлечений по алфавиту sv:Lista över nöjesparker (A-D)
Pennsylvania, United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20amusement%20parks%20%28A%E2%80%93B%29 |
Pino Cerami
[edit] Pino Cerami
Lucio Piccolo di Calanovella (October 27, 1901 in Palermo – May 26, 1969 in Capo d'Orlando) was an Italian poet.
Biography
Lucio Piccolo, also known as Baron Lucio Piccolo di Calanovella, was first cousin to Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, the author of The Leopard. Piccolo endowed himself with a vast library and mastered the major languages of the European literary tradition (as well as Persian), while living a life of relative solitude. He was also a very capable pianist, though he never performed publicly. He shared a "pastoral" home in Capo d'Orlando, Sicily, with his mother, his sister Giovanna, and his brother Casimiro. All four were spiritualists; his brother Casimiro was a painter in a style resembling Arthur Rackham.
In 1954, aged 50, he published in a private edition a "plaquette" containing nine lyric poems which he mailed to Eugenio Montale. The postage costs were grossly underestimated by the sender (35 lire), and to take possession of the book, Montale had to make up the difference by paying a further 150 lire. Montale, impressed by the high quality of the poetry of this unfamiliar writer, invited Lucio Piccolo to participate in the San Pellegrino Literary Meeting. Upon meeting Piccolo face-to-face, Montale was taken almost completely by surprise: he had expected that this previously unknown author would be a young man, not a baron in his fifties.
Piccolo's works were published that year as Canti barocchi e altre liriche ("Baroque Songs and other Lyrics"). A letter accompanying the volume sent to is Montale, stated Piccolo's intention to capture the world and atmosphere of Palermo's churches and convents, and the case of mind of people associated with them, before the memory of them, fast fading, died completely. However, that letter was almost certainly written by di Lampedusa, not by Piccolo himself. Giorgio Bassani, in his preface to the first edition of The Leopard wrote that Piccolo's poems ranked as the best forms of pure lyric produced in Italy at that time.
His poetry was appreciated by Yeats, Pound, and Montale.
Works
9 liriche, Sant'Agata di Militello, 1954 (self-published)
Canti barocchi e altre liriche, preface by Eugenio Montale, Mondadori, Milan, 1956
Gioco a nascondere. Canti barocchi e altre liriche, preface by Eugenio Montale, Mondadori, Milan, 1960; reprinted 1967
Plumelia, All'insegna del pesce d'oro, Milan, 1967
La Seta e altre poesie inedite e sparse, ed. Giovanni Musolino and Giovanni Gaglio, All'insegna del pesce d'oro, Milan, 1984
Il raggio verde e altre poesie inedite, ed. Giovanna Musolino, All'insegna del pesce d'oro, Milan, 1993
Le esequie della luna e alcune poesie inedite, ed. Giovanna Musolino, All'insegna del pesce d'oro, Milan, 1996
Antologia poetica, ed. Giuseppe Celona, All'insegna del pesce d'oro, Milan, 1999
Canti barocchi e Gioco a nascondere, Scheiwiller, V, 2001
Plumelia. La seta. Il raggio verde e altre poesie, preface by Pietro Gibellini, Scheiwiller, V, 2001
L'oboe e il clarino, Scheiwiller, Milan 2002
9 liriche, Museo Lucio Piccolo, Ficarra, 2010
References
External links
Foundation Lucio Piccolo
1901 births
1969 deaths
Writers from Palermo
Italian male poets
20th-century Italian poets
Sicilian-language poets
20th-century Italian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio%20Piccolo |
MDP Wethersfield is a Ministry of Defence facility in Essex, England, located north of the village of Wethersfield, about north-west of the town of Braintree. Originally an RAF station, the original accommodation areas have now been converted to become the headquarters and training centre of the Ministry of Defence Police.
It started as RAF Wethersfield opening in 1944 and during World War II it was used by the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces. It was closed in 1946, and was reopened in 1951 as a result of the Cold War. Used until 1970 as a United States Air Force fighter airfield, it was held as a reserve airfield until 1993, when it came under control of the Ministry of Defence Police.
History
Use by the USAAF
RAF Wethersfield was allocated by the RAF to the United States Army Air Forces Ninth Air Force in August 1942. For security reasons, it was known as USAAF Station AAF-170 rather than its location during the war. Its station ID was "WF" but it was still RAF Wethersfield.
416th Bombardment Group (light)
The 416th Bombardment Group (light) arrived from Laurel Army Airfield, Mississippi, USA on 1 February 1944, flying the twin-engine Douglas A-20G "Havoc" aircraft. Its operational squadrons and fuselage codes were:
668th Bombardment Squadron (5H)
669th Bombardment Squadron (2A)
670th Bombardment Squadron (F6)
671st Bombardment Squadron (5C)
On 21 September 1944 the 416th moved to their Advanced Landing Ground at Melun/Villaroche France (A-55).
Use by the RAF Bomber Command
Soon after the Americans departed for France, Wethersfield was returned to RAF control, being used by 38 Group, RAF Bomber Command.
No. 196 Squadron RAF between 9 October 1944 and 26 January 1945 with the Short Stirling IV
No. 299 Squadron RAF between 9 October 1944 and 25 January 1945 with the Short Stirling IV
No. 15 Flying Training School RAF between February and May 1952
No. 611 Volunteer Gliding School RAF between January 1996 and April 1996
No. 1385 (Heavy Transport Support) Conversion Unit RAF between April and July 1946
No. 1677 (Target Towing) Flight RAF between December 1944 and January 1945
Operational and Refresher Training Unit RAF between October 1945 and April 1946
During the late 1940s the base was used as a winter camping ground for Chipperfield's Circus. Elephants were housed in the maintenance hangars and the huts became homes for other circus animals.
Use by the USAF
20th Fighter Bomber / Tactical Fighter Wing
In 1951, as a result of the Cold War threat of the Soviet Union, the British provided RAF Wethersfield to the USAF as part of their NATO commitment. Work on upgrading the facilities at Wethersfield commenced that same year. The United States was rapidly expanding its air force, increasing the number of combat wings from 48 in 1950 to 95 by June 1952. The 20th Fighter-Bomber Wing was transferred from Langley AFB in Virginia, USA and took up residence at RAF Wethersfield on 31 May 1952.
The transfer was intended to address the defence problem posed by Soviet conventional superiority in Western Europe. The 20th FBW consisted of three operational squadrons: the 55th, 77th, and 79th Fighter-Bomber Squadrons, flying the F-84G "Thunderjets". The F-84Gs were specially equipped to carry small nuclear bombs, and could deliver these weapons on Soviet forces if they invaded West Germany. Due to restricted space at Wethersfield, the 79th Squadron was initially stationed at RAF Bentwaters from 6 June 1952, then at RAF Woodbridge, southeast of Bentwaters, from 1 October 1954.
RAF Woodbridge was operated as a detachment of the 20th FBW until 8 July 1958, when the 20th FBW/TFW handed over control to the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing. The 79th TFS remained at the base under the control of the 20th TFW until 1970.
In June 1955 the 20th FBW started receiving the F-84F "Thunderstreak" in addition to its F-84Ds and F-84Gs. The F-84G was phased out by June 1955, with the aircraft being transferred to Allied nations in Europe and the Middle East. The 20th flew the F-84F until 16 June 1957 when the conversion to the North American F-100D and F-100F "Super Sabres" began. The F-100 remained the primary aircraft at RAF Wethersfield until 1970.
The 20th Fighter Bomber Wing established an operational detachment at Wheelus AB, Libya, in February 1958. This detachment managed the USAFE Weapons Training Center for month-long squadron rotations by the Europe-based USAFE tactical fighter wings.
The 20th began realigning its units 15 March 1957 as part of an Air Force worldwide reorganization. Combat groups were inactivated, assigning the unit's fighter mission to the wing. As part of another organization change, the 20th dropped the "Fighter Bomber" designation on 8 July 1958, becoming the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing. The three flying units also changed designation, becoming tactical fighter squadrons. The flying squadrons were dispersed on a monthly rotational basis to RAF Alconbury, RAF Woodbridge, and Nouasseur AB, Morocco, due to runway repairs at Wethersfield from May to August 1958.
Starting in July 1966, bases in Turkey, Spain, and Italy were transferred from Tactical Air Command to USAFE. USAFE was responsible for deploying fighter squadrons to these bases. The 20th began monthly rotations of its fighter squadrons to Cigli AB, Turkey, starting in July 1966. Rotations to Aviano AB, Italy, began in December 1966. Rotations to Zaragoza AB, Spain, began in January 1970. Rotations to all these bases continued until June 1970.
The closure of US bases in France forced the opening of RAF Greenham Common under 20th TFW management to handle personnel overflow beginning in January 1967. A military coup in Libya forced the closure of the range at Wheelus AB in September 1969 and the closure of the 20th TFW's detachment in Libya. The range was relocated to Torrejon AB, Spain, in November 1969. On 10 December 1969, Detachment 1, 20th Tactical Fighter Wing was established at RAF Upper Heyford as part of congressional budget cutbacks and a USAFE-wide base realignment and consolidation of units. RAF Wethersfield had a limited potential for development and was close to the expanding London Stansted Airport.
The fighter squadrons of the 20th had been in constant rotation since the arrival of the wing at Wethersfield in 1952. As part of budget reductions and to consolidate all of the wing's elements at a larger facility, the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing was relocated from Wethersfield to RAF Upper Heyford, replacing and absorbing the 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, which had relocated from Laon AB, France, to the UK on 1 June 1970. The aging 1950s-era F-100s of the 20th TFW and RF-101 "Voodoos" of the 66th TRW were retired, and were replaced by the General Dynamics F-111E Fighter-Bomber at RAF Upper Heyford.
66th Combat Support Squadron
The 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at RAF Upper Heyford was inactivated and elements were moved to RAF Wethersfield. As a result, became a Dispersed Operations Base until September 1970, when the airfield mission was changed to that of Standby Deployment Base, ready to support augmentation forces if directed. In October 1970, elements, primarily Civil Engineering, of the inactivated 66th TRW were moved to RAF Wethersfield, being designated the 66th Combat Support Group. The group was again re-designated 66th Combat Support Squadron and became the host unit at RAF Wethersfield. The 66th CSS performed whatever duties were necessary to keep the airfield in a usable, operational state. On 1 June 1985 the 66th was reactivated as the 66th Electronic Combat Wing at Sembach AB, West Germany.
10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing
In August 1976 the 66th CSS became Detachment 1, 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing (TRW), based at RAF Alconbury. Under the 10th TRW, the station became a satellite of RAF Alconbury, storing much of the 10th TRW's War Reserve Material assets in its hangars. In addition, the 10th TRW supported a number of units including the 819th Civil Engineering Squadron Heavy Repair (CESHR) and Det. 1 2166th Information Systems Squadron (later redesignated Det. 1 2166th Communications Squadron).
819th RED HORSE SQUADRON
In 1978 the British and American Governments agreed to establish a Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers (RED HORSE) unit in the UK. The main RED HORSE Civil Engineering unit established in December 1978 was the 819th CES. The 7119th Air Base Flight, later designated the 7119th Support Group, was established to manage the personnel and organisational issues for units at RAF Wethersfield. The 819th was tasked with rapid runway repair responsibilities for US Air Forces in Europe, along with its usual heavy repair role.
As the American involvement in the Vietnam War wound down, the role of RED HORSE units in peacetime came into question. As the need still existed for a quick-acting heavy repair force integral to the USAF Air Force and responsive to USAF commanders, a variety of training programs were developed, including civil engineering projects to develop skills similar to those required during a contingency. In 1980 members of the 819th removed and re-installed seven bells and a bell cage in an 11th-century church in Finchingfield, Essex. The goodwill generated in the village, located a mile from RAF Wethersfield, resulted in enhanced housing and community support for USAF personnel.
The 819th, along with the 2166th Communications Squadron, were the main units at Wethersfeld until the USAF returned the base to the British in 1990 due to budget cutbacks. The 819th was inactivated in February, while the 2166th remained active until June 1992. The base was handed back to the Royal Air Force at a ceremony on 3 July 1990 and Wethersfield was once again placed under care and maintenance status. The USAF retained a small Military Family Housing area at Wethersfield, in which American personnel assigned to RAF Molesworth, RAF Alconbury, and RAF Upwood lived.
Current use
On 6 June 1982 No. 614 Volunteer Gliding Squadron RAF moved to MDP Wethersfield from RAF Debden, as that base was required for tank training. The squadron currently operates Grob Viking TX.1 gliders, maintaining a fleet of between six and eleven. The squadron's headquarters is in one of the two remaining T2 hangars. The gliders are used to provide members of the Royal Air Force Air Cadets with gliding experience. Gliding scholarships and advanced glider training are available. In addition to the gliders, the squadron operates four Land Rover Defenders, a Lamborghini tractor, and two Van Gelder six drum trailer type winches. The squadron consists of 40 to 60 personnel who annually conduct around 6,000 launches, producing more than 800 hours of air time.
In April 1991, the Chief Constable of the Ministry of Defence Police (MDP) assumed responsibility for the site. A small, joint civilian-uniformed team was established to oversee the refurbishment of a number of buildings to prepare for the relocation of the Ministry of Defence Police Training School and Firearms Training Wing from Medmenham, Buckinghamshire, and the headquarters from Earl's Court in London by March 1993. The Training Centres commenced operation on 1 April 1993.
The Operational Support Unit moved to Wethersfield from RAF Wittering and has been permanently based there since May 1992. In addition, Wethersfield was to be the home for the MOD Guard Service (MGS) Training School. The move in October 1994 of the MDP training and headquarters, along with the MGS Training Wing, gave the Force its first combined HQ and Training Centre.
Gardiner Associates, a fire investigation training provider, began providing residential fire investigation training courses for police, fire and forensic science practitioners at MDP Wethersfield in 2000. Millbrook Engineering uses Wethersfield as its "Extreme Manoeuvre Facility", which they describe as a "high security location for extreme dynamics evaluation and driver training with the world's largest on and off-road vehicles."
All three wartime-era runways and connecting taxiways, as well as many wartime loop-type dispersal hardstands, remain in good condition. The post-war jet runway laid down for USAF fighters during the 1950s and 1960s is still intact. The large main hangar, used by the USAF until the facility was closed, is well maintained, as are numerous buildings and Nissen huts used by the MOD Police.
In late March 2016, the Ministry of Defence announced that the site was one of ten to be sold in order to reduce the size of the Defence estate. The disposal date was later extended to 2025.
Proposed use
In April 2023 the Home Office announced that it was working on proposals to use the Wethersfield site for accommodation for asylum seekers. It was one of a number of military bases that were proposed to house asylum seekers as well as the Bibby Stockholm barge.
In August 2023 the former UK Home Secretary Priti Patel in a letter to the current UK Home Secretary Suella Braverman accused the government of being "secretive" and "evasive" about details of their plans to use the Wethersfield site to house asylum seekers.
See also
List of Royal Air Force stations
References
Citations
Bibliography
Freeman, Roger A. (1994) UK Airfields of the Ninth: Then and Now 1994. After the Battle
Freeman, Roger A. (1996) The Ninth Air Force in Colour: UK and the Continent-World War Two. After the Battle
Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
Menard, David W. (1998) Before Centuries: USAFE Fighters, 1948–1959. Howell Press.
Martin, Patrick (1994). Tail Code: The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings. Schiffer Military Aviation History. .
Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to present
Millbrook track facilities
External links
416th Bomb Group (Light)
614 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
20th Fighter Wing
20th FDW/TFW F-100 photos
66th Air Base Wing
10th Air Base Wing, USAFA
Munitions Maintenance Squadron
819th Civil Engineering (RED HORSE) Squadron
RAF Wethersfield memorial site
Royal Air Force stations in Essex
Military establishments in Essex
614 VGS
Ministry of Defence Police
Trident (UK nuclear programme)
Finchingfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDP%20Wethersfield |
The Faroe Islands Premier League (also known as Betri deildin menn for sponsorship reasons) is the top level of football in the Faroe Islands. It was founded in 1942 as Meistaradeildin, and it is played in current format since 2005, when Premier League replaced 1. deild as the country's top football division. The league is organised by the Faroe Islands Football Association.
It is contested by 10 clubs. At the end of every season, two teams are relegated and two promoted from 1. deild.
All teams in the league have semi-professional status, though some clubs are able to sign players and staff on a full-time basis.
As of April 2022, the Faroe Islands Premier League is ranked 44th out of 55 leagues in the UEFA coefficient.
History
The league was founded in 1942, although clubs did not take part in European competitions until 1992, because the Faroe Islands Football Association joined UEFA only in 1990. From 1942 to 1946, the competition was played in a knockout format, and from 1947 onwards in a league format.
Before the creation of the Faroe Islands Football Association in 1979, the league was organized by the Faroe Islands Sports Association. The only time a season wasn't played was during the British occupation in 1944, when a lack of footballs caused the season to be cancelled.
The league was known by several names; from its foundation in 1942 until 1975, it was known as Meistaradeildin. It changed its name to 1. deild in 1976 and introduced promotion and relegation system. Since 2005 the league has had different sponsored names, being called Formuladeildin from 2005 to 2008, Vodafonedeildin from 2009 to 2012, Effodeildin from 2012 to 2017, and since 2018 Betri deildin menn.
Competition format
The league is contested by 10 teams, who play each other three times. A draw is made before the elaboration of the next season's fixtures to decide which teams will have an additional home game. Formerly this was decided based on clubs' performance in the previous season.
Promotion and relegation
At the end of the season, two teams are relegated and two are promoted to and from 1. deild. Like in Spain, the teams are allowed to put their B and C teams in the lower divisions, and there will only be relegation if at least one non-reserve team finish in the 1. deild top three.
In the past, the league used a promotion-relegation playoff between the 9th placed team and the 2nd placed team in 1. deild, played from 1995 until 2005.
European qualification
Currently, the Faroese champion qualify to the UEFA Champions League Preliminary round, while the second placed team enter the UEFA Europa Conference League at the first qualifying round. An additional berth in the Europa Conference League first qualifying round is granted to the Faroe Islands Cup winners. If the winners of that competition have already qualified to a European competition, the berth is given to the third placed team in the league. Since the introduction of Europa Conference League, teams from the Faroe Islands can only qualify directly to the UEFA Europa League by winning the Europa Conference League.
Current teams
List of seasons
Bold indicates teams who also won the Faroe Islands Cup that season, an achievement known as the double.
Performance by club
Clubs in bold are currently playing in the top-tier.
Clubs in italics are no longer active in adult football.
Notes
References
External links
League at UEFA
League at FSF
League at Faroe Soccer
List of football stadiums on the Faroe Islands – Nordic Stadiums
1
Faroe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe%20Islands%20Premier%20League |
Talbert is a surname of Germanic origin. It is recorded in Scotland in the 16th century. The name refers to:
Ansel Talbert (b. unknown, d. 1987), American aviation journalist
Bill Talbert (1918–1999), American professional tennis player
Bruce James Talbert (1838-1881), British architect and interior designer
David E. Talbert (contemporary), American playwright
Diron Talbert (b. 1944), American professional football player
Don Talbert (b. 1939), American professional football player
Florence Cole Talbert (1890–1961), American operatic soprano
Mary Burnett Talbert (1866–1923), American suffragist and reformer
Michel Talbert, pseudonym of French poet and fantasy writer Michel Bernanos (1923–1964)
Richard Talbert (b. 1947), British-American historian, classicist, and professor
Robert M. Talbert, American politician from Missouri
W. Jasper Talbert (1846–1931), American politician from South Carolina; U.S. representative 1893–1903
B.Sevyn Talbert,(b. 1990), American Film Producer, writer and actor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbert |
The Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council election of 18 March 1914 was the sixth election to the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia. The Legislative Council had resolved in 1913 that it should have twelve elected members, together with six members nominated by the British South Africa Company, and the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia. The Resident Commissioner of Southern Rhodesia also sat on the Legislative Council ex officio but without the right to vote. This office was first held by Robert Burns-Begg, from 1 April 1915 by Herbert James Stanley, and from 1 April 1918 by Crawford Douglas Douglas-Jones.
Franchise
In 1912 the franchise arrangements had been altered for the first time since the Legislative Council was established. To be eligible for registration as an elector, the voter had to be a British subject by birth or naturalisation, male, over the age of 21, and to have lived in Southern Rhodesia for six months continuously, as before. Where previously a voter had to be able to sign their name and write their address and occupation, they were now required to be able to complete the registration form in their own handwriting if required, and to write from dictation fifty words in the English language.
The means qualifications were doubled, so that voters had to have either occupied immovable property worth £150 within the electoral district, or have received salary or wages of £100 per annum. As before, ownership of a registered mining claim in Southern Rhodesia also qualified a voter, whether resident or not.
Boundaries
New districts were drawn up for this election by a delimitation board. A policy decision was made that each district should return a single member, and the delimitation board was charged with producing district with an equal number of voters, taking into account community or diversity of interests, means of communication, physical features and sparsity or density of population. The board was permitted to depart by up to 20% from absolute equality, if the board thought fit. In the end, three of the districts were almost entirely urban (Salisbury, Bulawayo North and Bulawayo South) while all the others contained substantial areas of countryside.
Parties
Previous elections to the Legislative Council were contested by individuals standing on their own records. By 1914, although no political parties had been created, the candidates for the Legislative Council were broadly grouped in two camps. The first camp were supporters of the renewal of the Charter from the British South Africa Company and therefore of the present administration of Southern Rhodesia. The second camp favoured moves towards full self-government within the Empire. The election results showed that the supporters of self-government were decisively defeated in every district, although the subsequent byelection in Marandellas did give them a single seat.
Results
* Incumbents
In some cases there were differing figures for the electorate given by the Rhodesia Herald and the Bulawayo Chronicle.
Note: Gordon Stewart Drummond Forbes was absent during the second session; Burton Ireland Collings and William Beverley Bucknall were absent during the third and fourth sessions; and Herman Melville Hayman was absent during the fourth session.
Changes during the assembly
Marandellas
John McChlery lodged an election petition against the result in Marandellas, and succeeded in establishing that he had actually won. He was declared elected on 5 June 1914.
Northern
John Arnold Edmonds resigned from the Legislative Council through a letter dated 8 February 1915, and as a result a byelection was held on 26 April. Of the two candidates, Robert Garvin did not definitively state a policy on whether Southern Rhodesia should seek immediate self-government or continue with its present administration, while Frederick Eyles was a supporter of self-government.
Bulawayo South District
Gordon Forbes died of wounds received in action on 27 July 1915, and a byelection was held on 25 October. George Stewart was a supporter of the 'present administration' while Herbert Longden wanted immediate self-government.
Nominated members
The members nominated by the British South Africa Company were:
Clarkson Henry Tredgold, Attorney-General
Dr Eric Arthur Nobbs PhD BSc FHAS, Director of Agriculture
George Duthie FRSE, Director of Education
James Hutchison Kennedy, Master of the High Court
Francis James Newton CVO CMG, Treasurer
Ernest William Sanders Montagu, Secretary for Mines and Roads
James Donald Mackenzie (Acting Attorney-General) replaced Clarkson Henry Tredgold during his absence, on 4 June 1914 and 8 April 1915. Ernest Charles Baxter (Controller of Customs) temporarily replaced Dr Eric Arthur Nobbs during his absence on 8 April 1915. Percival Donald Leslie Fynn (Acting Treasurer) replaced Francis James Newton temporarily during his absence on 28 April 1916.
George Duthie resigned from the Council in 1916 and was replaced by Ernest Charles Baxter, Controller of Customs and Excise, on 31 March 1916. Baxter was temporarily replaced by Percival Donald Leslie Fynn during his absence on 13 April 1917. James Hutchison Kennedy died in February 1916, and was replaced by George Henry Eyre (Postmaster-General) on 14 April 1916. James Donald Mackenzie as Solicitor General replaced Clarkson Henry Tredgold during his absence on 3 May 1918 and 2 May 1919. When Francis James Newton was absent during the sixth session of the Council in 1919, Percival Donald Leslie Fynn (Acting Treasurer) was named to the council on 25 April 1919.
References
Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia 1898–1962 ed. by F.M.G. Willson (Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1963)
Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894–1964 by F.M.G. Willson and G.C. Passmore, assisted by Margaret T. Mitchell (Source Book No. 3, Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1966)
Official Year Book of the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, No. 1 – 1924, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia
Legislative Council election,1914
1914 elections in Africa
Legislative Council election
Non-partisan elections
1914 elections in the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%20Southern%20Rhodesian%20Legislative%20Council%20election |
The Archbishop's Chapel (or Archiepiscopal Chapel) is a chapel on the first floor of the bishops' palace in Ravenna, Italy, the smallest of the famous mosaic sites of the city. It is a private oratory of Trinitarian bishops dating from the turn of the 6th century. Although commonly attributed to St. Peter Chrysologus, Archbishop of Ravenna from 433–450, the chapel was actually built by Peter II shortly after he became archbishop in 495. The mosaics date from the original construction, or soon after.
Description
The tiny cruciform chapel is currently dedicated to Saint Andrew, although the original dedication was to the Saviour, as evidenced by a lunette over the vestibule door representing Christ treading on the beasts, dressed as a general or victorious Emperor. The lower parts of the walls are lined with marble slabs, while the rest of the interior used to be covered with rich, tapestry-like mosaics, as the vault still is. Some parts of these survive, while others were substituted with tempera paintings by Luca Longhi in the 16th century.
Significance
According to the ICOMOS evaluation of this World Heritage Site, "the significance of this property is the fact that it is the only Early Christian private oratory that has survived to the present day. Its iconography is also important by virtue of its strongly anti-Arian symbolism".
References
External links
ICOMOS evaluation of the property
5th-century churches
Roman Catholic chapels in Italy
Roman Catholic churches in Ravenna
Palaeo-Christian architecture in Ravenna
Ostrogothic art
Ravenna
Early Christian art
5th-century establishments in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop%27s%20Chapel%2C%20Ravenna |
Periodization is a cyclical method of planning and managing athletic or physical training and involves progressive cycling of various aspects of a training program during a specific period. Conditioning programs can use periodization to break up the training program into the off-season, preseason, inseason, and the postseason. Periodization divides the year round condition program into phases of training which focus on different goals.
History
The roots of periodization come from Hans Selye's model, known as the General adaptation syndrome (GAS).
The GAS describes three basic stages of response to stress: (a) the Alarm stage, involving the initial shock of the stimulus on the system, (b) the Resistance stage, involving the adaptation to the stimulus by the system, and (c) the Exhaustion stage, in that repairs are inadequate, and a decrease in system function results. The foundation of periodic training is keeping one's body in the resistance stage without ever going into the exhaustion stage. By adhering to cyclic training the body is given adequate time to recover from significant stress before additional training is undertaken. The goal in sports periodization is to reduce the stress at the point where the resistance stage ends so the body has time to recover. In this way the exhaustion stage does not reduce the gains achieved, the body can recover and remain above the original equilibrium point. The next cycle of increased stimulus now improves the response further and the equilibrium point continues to rise after each cycle.
Selye (1957) labeled beneficial stresses as "eustress" and detrimental stresses as "distress". In athletics, when physical stress is at a healthy level (eustress), an athlete experiences muscular strength and growth, while excessive physical stress (distress) can lead to tissue damage, disease, and death. Periodization is most widely used in resistance program design to avoid over-training and to systematically alternate high loads of training with decreased loading phases to improve components of muscular fitness (e.g. strength, strength-speed, and strength-endurance). The Selye-cycles are similar to the "micro cycles" used at later times.
Russian physiologist Leo Matveyev and Romanian sport scientist Tudor Bompa expanded and further organized the periodization model. Matveyev is regarded as one of the first to demonstrate a formalized model of periodization around 1964. He analysed the results of the Soviet athletes of the 1952 and 1956 summer Olympics and compared successful and not so successful athletes and their training schedules. From these training plans periodized schedules were developed for the 1960 Olympics. With the success of the Soviet athletes, Matveyev's plans were spread all over the Eastern Bloc in their annual coordination meetings. In the United States in 1979, J. Garhammer published one the first articles relating to periodization of strengthing training in athletes. Around that same time, James “Doc” Counsilman, at the University of Indiana, talked about the periodization training that he has been using for years with swimmers.
Theory of planning
Periodic training systems typically divide time up into three types of cycles: microcycle, mesocycle, and macrocycle.
The macrocycle
A macrocycle refers to a season of training in its entirety. It is an annual plan that works towards peaking for the goal competition of the year.
There are three phases in the macrocycle: preparation, competitive, and transition. The entire preparation phase should be around 2/3 to 3/4 of the macrocycle. The preparation phase is further broken up into general and specific preparation of which general preparation takes over half. An example of general preparation would be building an aerobic base for an endurance athlete such as running on a treadmill and learning any rules or regulations that would be required such as proper swimming stroke as not to be disqualified. An example of specific preparation would be to work on the proper form to be more efficient and to work more on the final format of the sport, which is to move from the treadmill to the pavement.
The competitive phase can be several competitions, but they lead up to the main competition with specific tests. Testing might include any of the following: performance level, new shoes or gear, a new race tactic might be employed, pre-race meals, ways to reduce anxiety before a race, or the length needed for the taper. When the pre-competitions are of a higher priority there is a definite taper stage while lower priority might simply be integrated in as training. The competitive phase ends with the taper and the competition.
Macrocycles are broken down into mesocycles and microcycles.
The mesocycle
A mesocycle represents a specific training block within your season, such as a strength building or endurance phase. A mesocycle can also be defined as a number of continuous weeks where the training program emphasize the same type of physical adaptations, for example muscle mass and anaerobic capacity. During the preparatory phase, a mesocycle commonly consists of 4 – 6 micro-cycles, while during the competitive phase it will usually consist of 2 – 4 micro-cycles depending on the competition's calendar.
The goal of the plan is to fit the mesocycles into the overall plan timeline-wise to make each mesocycle end on one of the phases and then to determine the workload and type of work of each cycle based on where in the overall plan the given mesocycle falls. The goal in mind is to make sure the body peaks for the high priority competitions by improving each cycle along the way.
The microcycle
A microcycle is the smallest training set and typically lasts around a week. The main focus of a microcycle is a small focused block of training, such as two or three days of very hard training followed by the same about of time for recovery. Each microcycle is planned based on where it is in the overall macrocycle.
A microcycle is also defined as a number of training sessions, built around a given combination of acute program variables, which include progression as well as alternating effort (heavy vs. light days). The length of the microcycle should correspond to the number of workouts - empirically often 4-16 workouts - it takes for the athlete or fitness client to adapt to the training program. When the athlete or fitness client has adapted to the program and no longer makes progress, a change to one or more program variables should be made.
The annual plan
The annual plan is important in that it directs and guides performance training over a year. It is based on the concept of periodization and the principles of training. The objective of training is to reach a high level of performance (peak performance) and an athlete has to develop skills, biomotor abilities and psychological traits in a methodical manner.
Preparatory phase
This phase consists of the general preparation and specific preparation. Usually which can be subdivided into three different phases. One should always remember that this is a base creation phase with the objective to attain the previous training state, and the longest period of periodization must be devoted towards the preparatory period.
The performance depends on preparatory period, and is divided into three phases:
Phase I) To regain previous training
competitions.
Phase II) Low training volume & High training load to develop the factors needed for performance.
works on specific exercise.
Phase III) Decrease in the intensity of load and increase in tactical training and aim at improving tactical under competition condition.
Competitive phase
This phase may contain a few main competitions each containing a pre-competitive and a main competition. Within the main competition, an uploading phase and a special preparatory phase may be included.
Transition phase
This phase is used to facilitate psychological rest, relaxation and biological regeneration as well as to maintain an acceptable level of general physical preparation. This phase lasts 3–4 weeks (perhaps longer) but should not exceed five weeks under normal conditions and may be sports specific. It allows the body to fully regenerate so that it is prepared for the next discipline.
there is no competition in this phase.
Opposition to periodization
A review published in the journal 'Sports Medicine' in 2017 has questioned the validity of the use of traditional models of periodization in sport. This is largely due to the oversimplified assumptions put forward in the early development of periodization theory that are not always transferable to the psycho-biological effects of various training methods used in sport.
Periodization has been questioned due to it being viewed as reductionist/deterministic. In coaching in particular it is oversimplified and doesn't take into account the true nature of coaching which is viewed as a dynamic, chaotic and forever changing environment. Periodization fails to consider the athlete, coach and the context of the coaching taking place. The improvement of an athlete or a team in sports varies depending on an individual's hormonal response, genetic predispositions, motivation, stress levels, as well as transient social and environmental variables.
Periodization is suggested to be the optimum method of sports training when aiming to enhance team performance due to the organisational and structural nature to its approach. Kiely (2012) states periodization provides benefits such as providing idealized training structures, times frames to progress athletes and therefore development and retention of overall fitness adaptations. However, within team sports, such as football, can be complicated due to the various training goals, volume of training and practices required as well as an extended season of competition – with reference to additional progressive competition matches (Gamble, 2006). This showing that periodization models can be difficult to implement in team sports due to its ever-changing nature, relating to why there are limited studies regarding the implementation of periodization in team sports.
Tactical periodization
For many years, football training and its planning has been (and still is) characterised by fragmented thinking of which has perhaps been attributed to the success of such an approach in individual sports. The emphasis of planning and improvement was mainly in regards to the physical attributes of strength, speed and endurance. Furthermore, whether it be the undulating model, the reverse linear model or the traditional periodization framework, one of the underpinning assumptions is that it would be best to segregate the programme into distinct training blocks in a sequential hierarchy i.e. a training block to build endurance before speed and strength before power. This is claimed to be based on the ‘science of periodization’. However, Kiely, argues that the proof on which this is all based on is flawed because the studies used to build this proof have only ‘compared training interventions with no training variation to those with degrees of variation’ but did not offer any insight ‘into how that variation is best scheduled and organised’ (Kiely, 2010, p. 4). So although it is commonly agreed that training variation is an important design feature which needs to be integrated into the training plan, there is ‘little or no supporting evidence’ which proves that the segregation of the program into distinct training blocks or that there should be sequential hierarchy of how this should be done is in fact advantageous.
Many authors such as Garganta, Maia, & Marque, Oliveira, Castelo, and Gaiteiro have argued in regards to the indivisibility of the 4 components which make up a football performance...technical, tactical, physical and mental. This complexity makes football a multidimensional phenomenon which cannot be simply reduced to the sum of its parts. Is defending more important than attacking or vice versa? This question cannot be answered as football needs to be understood as a whole. As highlighted by Tamarit, football is a tactical game where players are constantly required to make decisions in response to specific situations. So football needs to be viewed as a tactical game which encompasses with it the physical, technical and mental aspects required for positive performances. This is the foundation upon which Victor Frade developed a training methodology known as tactical periodisation which emphasises the development of the tactical dimension. Therefore, any physical, technical or mental development must always have a tactical intention. In other words, although the ability to run for 90 minutes may seem vital to play the game, knowing when, where and how to run is much more important.
References
Physical exercise
Sports science
Sports education and training | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports%20periodization |
The Socialist Democratic Party (Toplumcu Demokratik Parti, TDP) is a minor Turkish social-democratic political party. The party was founded in 2002 as a split from the Democratic Left Party, by then deputy Dr. Sema Tutar Pişkinsüt, who still leads the party. In the 2002 Turkish general elections the TDP had candidates on the list of the Freedom and Solidarity Party.
2002 establishments in Turkey
Political parties established in 2002
Social democratic parties in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist%20Democratic%20Party%20%28Turkey%29 |
The Municipality of Jezersko (; ) is a municipality in northern Slovenia. In 1995, Jezersko became part of Preddvor and became an independent municipality in 1998. Originally located in the historic region of Carinthia, it became part of the Upper Carniola Statistical Region in 2005. The seat of the municipality is the town of Zgornje Jezersko.
Jezersko is located in the remote Kokra Valley in the Kamnik–Savinja Alps, south of the Seeberg Saddle mountain pass and the border with the Austrian state of Carinthia.
History
The name of the area derives from a glacial lake near the settlement of Zgornje Jezersko that started to disappear after an earthquake in 1348. However, it was still described by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in 1689 as a large lake. It gave the area its German name Seeland (literally "lake land", first recorded as Seelant in 1496), and its Slovene equivalent , which came into use at the end of the 19th century. A document from 1391 mentions the church of "St. Oswald by the Lake" (Sv. Ožbolt pri Jezeru).
The remote village was part of the Duchy of Carinthia until 1919, administratively linked to Eisenkappel in the north; however, the residents did not consider themselves "true" Carinthians. It was therefore the only settlement already ceded by the Carinthian Landtag assembly to the newly established State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, before it was officially adjudicated together with the Meža Valley and Dravograd to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain.
Settlements
In addition to the municipal seat of Zgornje Jezersko, the municipality also includes the settlement of Spodnje Jezersko.
Economy
Agriculture
The main activities that locals engage in are tourism, cattle breeding, and forestry. Cattle breeding is extensive in Jezersko, both by private farms and larger corporations. Jezersko is also the place of the origin of the breed of sheep known as the Jezersko–Solčava sheep. A sheep festival called the Sheep Dance () is held annually in mid-August.
Tourism
Jezersko has a long tourist tradition. There is a 3-star hotel in Jezersko as well as private accommodation in self-catering units at vacation farms. The location of the village offers exceptional views of the surrounding mountains, and it is a starting point for mountain hiking routes to Grintovec, Mount Kočna, and Big Peak (). The Kranj Lodge at Ledine () and the Czech Lodge at Spodnje Ravni () mountain huts are well known to mountain hikers. Lake Planšar () in Zgornje Jezersko is an artificial lake created after World War II. In winter skiing is also possible.
References
External links
Municipality of Jezersko on Geopedia
Jezersko municipal site
Jezersko
1998 establishments in Slovenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20Jezersko |
W18 may refer to:
W-18 (drug), a designer drug
British NVC community W18, a woodland community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Hansa-Brandenburg W.18, a German flying boat fighter
, a tug of the Royal Navy
Malgana language
Mercedes-Benz W18, an automobile
Snub dodecahedron
Suburban Airport, in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States
W18 engine, an eighteen-cylinder engine
Water-jugs-in-stand (hieroglyph), an Egyptian hieroglyph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W18 |
The Toyota Fortuner, also known as the Toyota SW4, is a mid-size SUV manufactured by the Japanese automaker Toyota since 2004. Built on the Hilux pickup truck platform, it features two/three rows of seats and is available in either rear-wheel drive or four-wheel drive configuration. It is a part of Toyota's IMV project for emerging markets, which also includes the Hilux and the Innova.
The name Fortuner is derived from the English word fortune.
Production
While the first-generation Fortuner was developed in Thailand by Thai and Japanese engineers, its facelifted version, as well as the Hilux and Innova, was designed in Australia by Toyota Australia, which is also responsible for developing the second-generation model.
For the medium body-on-frame SUV segment, Toyota offers the Hilux Surf/4Runner (Japan/North America) and the Land Cruiser Prado (Europe and Australasia). However, in some Central and South American countries and New Zealand, Toyota offers the Fortuner alongside the 4Runner and/or Prado, like in Peru, Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, El Salvador and Guatemala.
Specialised variants with a naturally-aspirated 5L-E diesel engine is offered to governments, organisations and the UN alongside other utility vehicles such as the Prado, Hilux, HiAce, and the 70 and 200 series Land Cruisers.
First generation (AN50/AN60; 2004)
The first generation Fortuner was unveiled in December 2004 at the Thailand International Motor Expo and was available for sale in early 2005. It is positioned below the Land Cruiser and above the RAV4.
At first, the Fortuner was sold with 4 different types of 2 petrol engines and 2 diesel engines. All variants were offered in 4×2 (RWD) or 4×4 configuration, with 5-speed manual transmission and a 4 or 5-speed automatic transmission. In August 2012, the 2.5-litre common-rail turbodiesel 2KD-FTV engine was upgraded to a variable nozzle turbocharger (VNT) which was already equipped in the 3.0-litre common-rail turbo diesel 1KD-FTV since its introduction in 2005 to increase power and torque about 60%, also reducing fuel consumption up to 30%. With this VNT equipment, the Fortuner could now accelerate from in about 11 seconds (less than 10 seconds for 3.0-litre engine). It was launched to commemorate Pertamina's successful expedition from Jakarta, Indonesia to Rome, Italy (a distance of roughly ) using a group of Fortuners.
Variants
A number of engine options are available depending on the country of sale, including a 2.7-litre 2TR-FE and 4.0-litre 1GR-FE V6 petrol with Variable Valve Timing and 2.5-litre 2KD-FTV and 3.0-litre 1KD-FTV common rail variable geometry turbocharger diesel models.
Grade levels are G and G Luxury for rear-wheel drive diesel and petrol, and V for 4×4 Diesel and petrol. The common rail turbo intercooled diesel has a functional scoop on its hood.
In 2007, Toyota Thailand dropped the 4×4 petrol model and replaced it with a two-wheel drive petrol version.
Markets
Argentina
In Argentina, it is assembled in Zárate and sold as the Toyota SW4 in petrol and diesel versions. It is the only D-segment SUV made in Argentina.
As of 2020, the Argentine version has over 40% locally and 60% regionally made parts.
Brazil
Like in Argentina, it is known as the SW4 in Brazil and sold since 2006. In this market, there were 3 engine options offered: 3.0-litre 1KD-FTV diesel, 4.0-litre 1GR-FE V6 petrol and 2.7-litre 2TR-FE flex fuel (petrol and ethanol).
Brunei
Launched in 2005, the Fortuner in Brunei is available in 2.5-litre manual G grade with and 3.0-litre automatic V grade. The 2.5 G was available in 4×2 while the 3.0 V had full-time 4×4.
Colombia
The Fortuner was unveiled in Colombia in 2005 and launched in 2007 as a replacement for the locally assembled Prado that had been under production for 9 years without any changes. The Prado continued in production until 2009. A new grade was added in 2010, the Fortuner Urbana, with a petrol 2.7 L engine in 4×4 and 4×2 models.
The Fortuner is available in the following grade levels:
Fortuner Urbana 4×2, with a 2.7-litre engine.
Fortuner Urbana 4×4 with a 2.7-litre engine.
Fortuner Plus Diesel, with a 3.0-litre turbo engine.
All of them come standard with a 5-speed manual transmission or an optional 4-speed automatic transmission.
Ecuador
The Fortuner was unveiled in South America – Ecuador in 2005 and launched in 2007. Versions of the Fortuner have come from Venezuela and Thailand. There are various grade levels available, originally only 4×4 and 4×2 options using a V6 4.0-litre petrol engine were sold. Since 2010, a 2.7-litre engine option was introduced. New facelift models were also introduced. All grades come standard with a 5-speed manual transmission or an optional 4-speed automatic transmission.
Egypt
The Fortuner was unveiled in Egypt in 2010 and launched in 2011. It is available in two grades with two petrol engines: the 4-litre V6 1GR-FE, and the 2.7-litre inline-four 2TR-FE. All have automatic transmission and 4×4. Starting from April 2012, the car was assembled in Egypt at Arab American Vehicles.
India
Toyota launched the Fortuner in India in 2009. It is assembled at the Bidadi, Karnataka plant of Toyota Kirloskar Motor from imported CKD kits. Fortuner production increased to more than 950 vehicles per month from the initial 500 units per month.
Originally there was only one grade model sold, which was the 3.0-litre 1KD-FTV engine 4×4 model, with leather upholstery, manual transmission and climatronic as standard. At the 2012 Indian Auto Expo, Toyota launched the 3.0-litre 4×2 option in both manual and automatic transmission. The top-of-the-range Fortuner 3.0 4×4 AT was introduced to the Indian market in January 2015 along with a 2.5-litre 2KD-FTV engine with 5-speed manual and 5-speed automatic transmission. This 2.5-litre variant was only available in 4×2 configuration.
Indonesia
The Fortuner was introduced on 8 July 2005 at the 13th Gaikindo Auto Expo in Jakarta. Initially, the Fortuner was imported from Thailand and sold in 2.7 G (4×2) and 2.7 V (4WD) grade levels. The rear wheel drive 2.7 G was offered in the base grade with fabric interior and the Luxury with leather interior and premium sound system. The 3.0-litre diesel engine option is not sold in Indonesia, due to the heavier tax regulations imposed on vehicles with diesel engines larger than 2.5-litre.
The 2.5 G model was later added to the market in 2007, powered by a 2.5-litre diesel engine rated at . It is mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. Since then, the Fortuner is assembled locally at the Karawang plant to fulfill the local market and exports to the Middle East (GCC) market.
In mid-2009, a newer variant was added to the lineup, which is the 2.5 G with a 4-speed automatic transmission. The 2.5 G grade can be ordered with "TRD Sportivo" body kits, which is also available as dealer installed options for other models. In August 2012, the 2.5-litre common-rail turbodiesel 2KD-FTV engine was upgraded with a variable nozzle turbocharger (VNT), rating the engine power output to . The 2.5 G 4×4 grade with automatic transmission was released in August 2014.
Kazakhstan
In June 2014, Toyota announced that complete knock-down (CKD) production of the Fortuner at a production facility of Saryarka AvtoProm LLP (SAP). Plans call for a production of approximately 3,000 units annually and the hiring of an additional 100 employees in SAP.
Malaysia
The Toyota Fortuner was launched in Malaysia in August 2005 with two grade models: the 2.5 G and the 2.7 V.
In August 2008, the first facelift for the Toyota Fortuner was made available in Malaysia with four grade models: 2.5 G, 2.5 G TRD Sportivo, 2.7 V and 2.7 V TRD Sportivo.
In October 2011, the second facelift for the Toyota Fortuner was made available in Malaysia again with four grade models: 2.5 G, 2.5 G TRD Sportivo, 2.7 V and 2.7 V TRD Sportivo.
In October 2013, the Fortuner underwent a minor update. Changes included different colour for the wheels and black upholstery. Grade levels remained the same as the previous model. ISOFIX became standard across the range.
In February 2015, another minor update occurred. Changes included smoked head and tail lamps, bumper-mounted LED DRLs, different TRD Sportivo decals.
The 2.7 V and 2.7 V TRD Sportivo carried a 2.7-litre petrol engine. It was available only in 4-speed automatic transmission with ECT. The 2.5 G and 2.5 G TRD Sportivo had a 2.5-litre diesel engine. At the outset, available with a 5-speed manual transmission only, but for the 2009 model year facelift it was replaced by a 4-speed automatic. In August 2012, together with the Hilux, the engine received a variable nozzle intercooled turbocharger.
Pakistan
The Fortuner was launched in Pakistan in February 2013. Initially offered in two variants, Fortuner 2.7 VVT-i and TRD Sportivo, all with the 2.7-litre 2TR-FE engine.
Philippines
The Fortuner was introduced in 2005. It fills in the gap between the smaller RAV4, and the more premium Land Cruiser Prado. It was sold in two grade levels: the entry-level G, and the top-spec V.
The G models had three drivetrain options available; the 2.7-litre 2TR-FE petrol engine with VVT-i, or the 2.5-litre 2KD-FTV engine with common rail diesel (D-4D) that either came with a 4-speed automatic transmission, or a 5-speed manual. As for the V models, engine options were limited to diesel engines with automatic transmissions only with a choice of the 2.5-litre 2KD-FTV or the 3.0-litre 1KD-FTV. The top-of-the-line 4x4 model was equipped with the 1KD-FTV engine with D-4D technology and came with a 4-speed automatic transmission and a low range transfer case.
In October 2011, the Fortuner received a new front fascia, headlights and tail lights alongside the facelifted Innova and Hilux. The drivetrains remain the same.
In September 2012, the 2.5-litre 2KD-FTV diesel engine was upgraded with Variable Nozzle Turbocharger (VNT) with intercooler. According to Toyota Motor Philippines, the engine would have improved fuel efficiency and produce additional power by 40% and increase torque by 30%. A new feature for the Fortuner 4×4 V diesel and 4×2 G diesel automatic variants was an audio system with GPS.
GCC
In Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the Fortuner was launched in 2005. There are two grades sold in Saudi Arabia, called the "GX" and the "VX" grades. The GX came with the 2.7-litre engine and 5-speed manual as standard (4-speed automatic is an option) and optional 4×4 whereas the VX came with the 4.0-litre V6 1GR-FE with standard 4×4 and all wheel drive with either a 5-speed automatic or 5-speed manual transmission. There is no diesel variant available. In the UAE, when the facelifted version was released the Fortuner was available in two variants, the 2.7-litre petrol engine and 4.0-litre petrol engine. In 2015 the Fortuner in the UAE came available with TRD body kits. As of 2015, the Fortuner is available in four variants: 2.7 EXR, 2.7 TRD Sportivo, 4.0 GXR, 4.0 VXR and 4.0 TRD Sportivo.
Singapore
The Fortuner was introduced in 2005 in Singapore by Borneo Motors (Toyota's authorised dealer in Singapore), with the 2.7 V grade being the only available model. It received two facelifts, with changes to the headlight and tail light clusters in its first facelift in 2006, and new bumpers and grill design, new headlamp and clear tail lamp clusters, and blackwood grain trim in its interior for the second facelift in 2011. Later models included a touchscreen telematics navigation system. Due to the car's height (1.85 m), the car cannot clear the height limit in some Singaporean car parks.
South Africa
The Fortuner was unveiled in South Africa in 2005 and launched in 2006 becoming the best-selling SUV since its launch. Toyota released an updated model in 2009. In 2011, the Fortuner benefited from another facelift, together with its sibling the Hilux. A 2.5-litre diesel engine was added to the newly facelifted range. Again in 2013, the Fortuner received some minor interior upgrades notably for the first time; the introduction of a black leather interior. The sound system was also upgraded together with the navigation system.
Venezuela
Two grades are available for 2011 – 4×4 and 4×2 – both with the 4.0-litre V6 engine. The assembly plant is located in Cumaná.
Vietnam
In February 2009, Toyota Motor Vietnam (TMV) started to produce Fortuner – SUV of IMV series. And the Fortuner has soon occupied the first position in medium high SUV segment in Vietnam with the accumulated sales of nearly 25,000 units with a steady SUV market share at 64% with 6,129 units sold in 2012.
Facelifts
2008
A minor redesign of the Fortuner was launched in July 2008. It was first unveiled in Thailand, and then at the 16th Indonesia International Motor Show. It features new projector headlamps and grille, new rear lights, Bluetooth connectivity, new light sand interior, electronic adjustable driver's seat in 4×4 V model, rear air conditioning from ceiling for second, and third row which was originally located on the sides. Electronic Brake Force Distribution, with Brake Assist replacing LSPV in some models only. Its newly redesigned front grille and front lamps are in the style of the Land Cruiser 200 Series.
2011
The second facelift Fortuner was introduced in July 2011. It was first unveiled in Bangkok, Thailand. The front fascia was completely revised with a new fender, hood, grille, headlamps, tail lamps, bumper and fog light housing, similar to the J200 Land Cruiser. The tail lamps were redesigned with clear housing similar to the first generation Lexus RX. The rear bumper, rear garnish plate were also revised. Changes in the sides includes a new sharper fender flares, LED integrated side view mirrors and the wheels was also redesigned similar to the 2012 Hilux. Minor changes were also made to the interior including the centre console, steering wheel and audio/video system were also upgraded. The Fortuner later also received a new VNT (Variable Nozzle Turbo) intercooled turbo engine.
Second generation (AN150/AN160; 2015)
The second generation Fortuner was unveiled simultaneously on 16 July 2015 in Australia and Thailand. Along with the Hilux, the Fortuner features the "Keen Look" design language. Both the Hilux and Fortuner share the chassis, transmission and engine lineup, with two new diesel engines from the GD series. The 2.7-litre and 4.0-litre petrol engines were updated with Dual VVT-i. The second-generation Fortuner features a part-time 4×4 system instead of the full-time 4×4 system used in the previous generation.
The development of the vehicle was led by executive chief engineer Hiroki Nakajima. Despite sharing the hood panels, front pillar area, windscreen glass and front doors as the Hilux, the exterior of the Fortuner has been described as more slim-looking, featuring slim headlights with bi-beam LED projector as an option and blacked-out D-pillars for a "floating roof" look. Toyota designers drew inspiration from their own Land Cruiser and Land Cruiser Prado heritage, as a means of differentiating the Fortuner from competing body-on-frame SUV rivals.
Since this generation, the Fortuner no longer shares the interior design with the Hilux to give a 'distinct character' between the two. As the result, the interior took an upwards step in perceived quality with an upright dashboard design with synthetic leather trims with stitching, a three-spoke steering wheel shared with the Hilux and a modern instrument cluster with a large colour TFT LCD multi-info display.
The Fortuner also features larger cross sections for its ladder frame, and sits on double wishbone front suspension and five-link rear suspension with coil springs. The rear differential lock also has its componentry placed within the differential housing for improved off-road protection.
All variants are equipped with ABS, EBD, dual airbags plus knee airbag, "follow me home" light function, all around sensor, glove box with chiller function, digital automatic climate control, all auto power windows along with tilt and telescopic steering wheel as standard. All variants also have Eco Mode and Power Mode features to adjust throttle responses. The front braking system consists of 17" disc brakes, whilst the rear braking system uses drum brakes, except in Australia and India where disc brakes are used all around. In 2017, the Fortuner was upgraded to disc brakes all around in all markets. In the third row, the 50:50 split seats continue to flips up onto the body side while being folded instead of folding flat into the floor like on most of its competitors.
Powertrain
The Fortuner is powered by a range of petrol and diesel engines. The two GD series engines are newly developed for this generation, which feature common-rail direct-injection and variable nozzle turbocharging; the 2.8-litre also gets auto start-stop in some markets. The 2.7-litre petrol engine is lighter and equipped with Dual VVT-i, improved combustion and less friction.
Markets
Australia
The Fortuner was unveiled in Australia in July 2015 and went on sale in October 2015. It is sold only with 4×4, 2.8-litre turbo-diesel with only a six-speed automatic transmission. Three model grades are available: GX, GXL and Crusade.
Starting from 2022, some grade levels of the Australian market Fortuner are imported from Indonesia.
India
The second generation Fortuner was launched in November 2016 with two engine options, 2.8-litre diesel and 2.7-litre petrol with either manual or automatic transmission, 4×2 or 4×4.
In early 2020, the Indian market Fortuner was upgraded to meet the Bharat Stage 6 emissions standards, which necessitate the addition of diesel particulate filter (DPF).
The facelifted Fortuner was launched in India in January 2021, which is offered in both standard and Legender grades. In May 2022, the GR Sport variant was released as the highest grade.
Indonesia
The second generation Fortuner was launched in January 2016. Initial grade models were G (diesel, available in 4×2 with manual and automatic transmission, and 4×4 with automatic unit), VRZ (diesel, available in either 4×2 or 4×4, only with automatic transmission), and SRZ (petrol 4×2 automatic). Initial engine options were the 2.7-litre petrol engine or the 2.4-litre diesel engine.
The TRD Sportivo body kits were also available for the SRZ and VRZ variants (4×2 only) from August 2017 up to August 2021. In August 2018, the Fortuner was updated to comply with the Euro 4 emission standards. The TRD Sportivo model received a minor update in July 2019.
The facelifted Fortuner was launched in Indonesia in October 2020. In August 2021, the TRD Sportivo variant was renamed to GR Sport while the standard SRZ grade was removed from the lineup, leaving only its GR Sport variant.
In January 2022, the 2.4-litre diesel engine option for VRZ grade and its GR Sport variant was replaced with the 2.8-litre diesel engine. The standard 4×4 VRZ grade was also replaced by its GR Sport variant with the 2.8-litre diesel engine, alongside the discontinuation of 4×4 G grade.
Laos
The second generation Fortuner was launched in March 2016 with one model grade, V 4×4 with 3.0-litre diesel engine and 5-speed automatic transmission. In August 2017, the Fortuner was updated with an introduction of the new 2.8-litre diesel engine that replaced the old 3.0-litre diesel engine used in the outgoing model along with other upgrades.
Malaysia
The second generation Fortuner was launched in May 2016 and was offered in 2.4 VRZ 4×4 turbodiesel and 2.7 SRZ 4×4 petrol variants with automatic transmissions. In January 2017, both variants obtained "Energy Efficient Vehicle" (EEV) status from the government, which reduced its price. In September 2017, the 2.4 VRZ was renamed as the 2.4 4×4 and two additional grade models were introduced: 2.4 VRZ 4×2 and 2.4 VRZ 4×4.
The facelifted Fortuner was launched in Malaysia in February 2021 alongside the facelifted Innova. It is offered in three variants: 2.4 4×4, 2.7 SRZ 4×4 and 2.8 VRZ 4×4. In November 2021, the Fortuner SRZ and VRZ models was updated with dual-zone automatic climate control as standard along with other upgrades.
Pakistan
The second-generation Fortuner was launched on 27 September 2016 with a petrol variant.
In late 2017, Toyota Indus introduced the Sigma 4 variant of the Fortuner, powered by the 2.8 litre diesel engine.
In January 2020, Toyota Indus introduced the G grade as the base petrol model of the Fortuner.
In early 2022, the Legender variant was added to the lineup.
Philippines
The second generation Fortuner was launched in the Philippines on 14 January 2016 with two new diesel engines (2.8-litre and 2.4-litre), and an updated 2.7-litre petrol engine. Initial grade levels were the entry-level G and top-spec V.
In August 2017, the Fortuner was refreshed for the 2018 model year. Rear disc brakes became standard on all grades along with other upgrades. The Fortuner became the best-selling car in the Philippines in 2017.
The facelifted Fortuner was launched in the Philippines on 17 October 2020. It is offered in 2.4 G, 2.4 V, 2.8 Q and 2.8 LTD grade levels with the 2.7 G petrol variant being discontinued. In September 2021, the Fortuner received another feature list upgrade.
Russia
The Fortuner went on sale in Russia in October 2017. The Fortuner sold in Russia is only available in 4×4 with 2.8-litre turbo-diesel and 2.7-litre petrol engines, with either five-speed manual or six-speed automatic gearbox. Four grade choices are offered: Standard, Comfort, Elegance and Prestige. Fortuners sold in the Russian market are imported from Thailand.
Thailand
In Thailand, initial grade levels were the G and V. In March 2016, the TRD Sportivo variant was added to the lineup.
In 2021, the Fortuner gained a new body kit by Modellista. The GR Sport variant also became available.
In February 2022, a special variant called the Commander was released. Only 1,000 units were produced.
In August 2022, the regular Fortuner was replaced with Leader G and Leader V grade levels, which share the styling with the upmarket Legender model.
Middle East
The Fortuner was launched in the GCC countries in March 2016. In the UAE market, it is available with 2.7-litre and 4.0-litre petrol engines, with either 6-speed automatic transmission. It is offered in four grades EXR, GXR, VXR, and the TRD Sportivo. In the Saudi Arabian market, it is available with 2.8-litre and 2.4-litre diesel engines, and 2.7-litre and 4.0-litre petrol engines, with either 6-speed automatic transmission. It is offered in five grades GX2, VX1, VX2, VX3 and the TRD Sportivo.
The facelifted Fortuner was launched in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and UAE in August 2021, the TRD Sportivo grade will not be offered in the GCC countries.
Facelift
The facelifted Fortuner debuted on 4 June 2020 for the Thai market alongside the facelifted Hilux. The Legender flagship sub-model (known as VRZ in Malaysia, LTD in the Philippines, Diamond in South America, and Black Onyx in Russia) was introduced to replace the Thai market TRD Sportivo model. The Legender grade is equipped with a different headlight units from the standard grades and different front and rear bumper designs which designed to be in-line with Toyota crossover SUVs. It is also equipped with 20-inch wheels, interior ambient lighting, two-tone leather seats, JBL sound system, and a set of Toyota Safety Sense active safety systems. The 2.8-litre 1GD-FTV diesel engine received an upgrade, producing and of torque.
The Legender-based GR Sport variant with different styling from the Indonesian market Fortuner GR Sport was launched in Thailand on 26 August 2021, in the Philippines on 23 October 2021, in Brazil on 8 December 2021, in India on 12 May 2022 and in Pakistan on 18 March 2023. It is only available in 2.8-litre diesel engine option with 4×4.
Sales
References
External links
(Philippines)
Fortuner
Cars introduced in 2005
2010s cars
2020s cars
Mid-size sport utility vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars powered by longitudinal 4-cylinder engines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Fortuner |
R. Peter MacKinnon, (born 1947) is a Canadian lawyer and legal academic. MacKinnon served as the president of the University of Saskatchewan from 1999 to 2012. On 1 July 2014, he was named as the interim president of Athabasca University.
On 15 January 2019, MacKinnon started serving as interim president of Dalhousie University upon the resignation of Richard Florizone and served until the announcement of the next president, Deep Saini.
Biography
Born in Prince Edward Island, he received a BA from Dalhousie University, an LL.B from Queen's University and a LL.M from the University of Saskatchewan. He is a member of the Ontario Bar and Saskatchewan Bar. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1990. He is married to Janice MacKinnon, a Canadian historian and former minister of finance for the Province of Saskatchewan. They have two children, Alan and William.
In 1975, he joined the faculty of the University of Saskatchewan as an assistant professor of law. He became an associate professor in 1978 and a professor in 1983. He served as chair of the University of Saskatchewan Faculty Association from 1983–84. From 1979 to 1981, he was the assistant dean of law and was the dean of law from 1988 to 1998. In 1999, he was appointed the eighth president of the University of Saskatchewan. On March 9, MacKinnon announced that he would be stepping down as president of the University of Saskatchewan, effective June 30, 2012. He is succeeded by Ilene Busch-Vishniac, former provost and vice-president (academic) at McMaster University.
From 2003 to 2005, he was the chairman of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, the organization representing Canada's universities.
In 2006, it was reported that he was one of three "short list" candidates to be recommended to be appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada replacing the retired justice John C. Major.
In 2011, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his contributions to education and for his commitment to innovation and research excellence".
In 2012, the Board of Governors of the University of Saskatchewan renamed the College Building the Peter MacKinnon Building.
Notes
References
Living people
Lawyers in Saskatchewan
Canadian King's Counsel
Canadian legal scholars
Presidents of the University of Saskatchewan
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Prince Edward Island
Canadian people of Scottish descent
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Dalhousie University alumni
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Presidents of Athabasca University
1947 births
Canadian university and college chief executives
University of Saskatchewan College of Law alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20MacKinnon |
República Deportiva is a weekly one-hour sports show on the Spanish-language American television network Univision. The program airs on every Sunday.
History
República Deportiva was initially hosted by Fernando Fiore, Rosana Franco, and Jorge Gómez in 1998. Gómez left the show in 2004 and was replaced by Félix Fernández, a former professional goalkeeper for the Mexico national football team. Franco was dismissed from the show in 2012, and Fiore's departure followed in 2014. In that same year, Lindsay Casinelli and Adriana Monsalve officially joined the program to fill the vacant positions. Julián Gil officially replaced Fiore as the show's main host in 2015. In October 2016 Mané de la Parra joined as the show's host on occasions when Gil cannot appear.
Content
República Deportiva primarily covers sports favored by the predominantly Hispanic audience, though it also dedicates segments to sports and events outside the liking of the target demographic. Football (soccer) is heavily covered and analyzed, highlighting matches from leagues in Europe and the Americas such as the Premier League, Liga MX, Major League Soccer, and La Liga. Focus is also placed on popular sports like baseball (MLB), boxing, mixed martial arts, and basketball. There is also some time dedicated to other sports popular solely in North America such as gridiron football and Formula One racing. Usually notable sportspeople and coaches/managers from past and present are interviewed and even invited to the show.
The show features many segments including the popular "Pregúntale a Felix" (or "Ask Felix"), where fans send in football-related questions. Contests are also a large part of the program such as "Miss República Deportiva" and "El Sabio de la República." The Senadoras, scantily-clad television presenters, are hugely popular. Notable "Senadoras" include Alba Galindo and Natalia Saenz, both of whom departed from the show in 2015 after long tenures.
Awards
For República Deportiva's 20th Anniversary in 2019, Broadcasting & Cable and Multichannel News presented República Deportiva with the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Hispanic Television Programming at the 17th Annual Hispanic Television Summit, produced by Schramm Marketing Group.
References
External links
American sports television series
Univision original programming
1999 American television series debuts
2016 American television series endings
2000s American television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica%20Deportiva |
The 55th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, took place on 24 February 2002 and honoured the best films of 2001.
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring won Best Film, Best Director for Peter Jackson, Best Makeup and Hair, and Best Visual Effects. Russell Crowe won Best Actor for A Beautiful Mind, which also won Best Supporting Actress for Jennifer Connelly. Judi Dench won Best Actress for Iris and Jim Broadbent won Best Supporting Actor for Moulin Rouge!. Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman, was voted Outstanding British Film of 2001. This ceremony is also notable for Eddie Murphy's nomination for his voice role as Donkey in Shrek, to date the only voice-over performance ever nominated in BAFTA history.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
Russell Crowe controversy
After winning the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Russell Crowe gave a speech in which he quoted a poem by Patrick Kavanagh. When the ceremony was broadcast, Crowe was enraged that the poem was cut. He blamed the producer, Malcolm Gerrie, and confronted him about it. It was reported that the confrontation got physical and there was speculation that it would cost him the Academy Award for Best Actor; Crowe later apologized and ultimately lost the Oscar to Denzel Washington for Training Day.
The following poem that was cut is four lines:
"To be a poet and not know the trade,
To be a lover and repel all women;
Twin ironies by which great saints are made,
The agonising pincer-jaws of heaven."
See also
74th Academy Awards
27th César Awards
7th Critics' Choice Awards
54th Directors Guild of America Awards
15th European Film Awards
59th Golden Globe Awards
22nd Golden Raspberry Awards
6th Golden Satellite Awards
16th Goya Awards
17th Independent Spirit Awards
7th Lumières Awards
13th Producers Guild of America Awards
28th Saturn Awards
8th Screen Actors Guild Awards
54th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
055
British Academy Film Awards
British Academy Film Awards
February 2002 events in the United Kingdom
2002 in London
2001 awards in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
Richmond Oval may refer to:
Richmond Olympic Oval, in the Canadian city of Richmond, near Vancouver, British Columbia
Richmond Oval (South Australia), in the Adelaide suburb of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%20Oval |
is a Japanese actor and voice actor from Saitama Prefecture. affiliated with Himawari Theatre Group. He won Best Male Rookie at 5th Seiyu Awards. He also received one of Best Voice Actors at Tokyo Anime Award Festival in 2015.
Filmography
Television animation
Original video animation (OVA)
Film
Tokusatsu
Video games
Other dubbing
References
External links
Official agency profile
1990 births
Living people
Japanese male child actors
Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
Male voice actors from Saitama Prefecture
Waseda University alumni
Square Enix people
21st-century Japanese male actors
Seiyu Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koki%20Uchiyama |
Lerone Bennett Jr. (October 17, 1928 – February 14, 2018) was an African-American scholar, author and social historian who analyzed race relations in the United States. His works included Before the Mayflower (1962) and Forced into Glory (2000), a book about U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.
Born and raised in Mississippi, Bennett graduated from Morehouse College. He served in the Korean War and began a career in journalism at the Atlanta Daily World before being recruited by Johnson Publishing Company to work for JET magazine. Later, Bennett was the long-time executive editor of Ebony magazine. He was associated with the publication for more than 50 years. Bennett also served as a visiting professor of history at Northwestern University.
Biography
Early life and education
Bennett was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi, on October 17, 1928, the son of Lerone Bennett Sr. and Alma Reed. When he was young, his family moved to Jackson, Mississippi, the capital. His father worked as a chauffeur and his mother was a maid but they divorced when he was a child. At twelve he began writing for The Mississippi Enterprise, a Jackson, Mississippi, black owned paper. He recalled once getting in trouble for being distracted from an errand when he happened upon a newspaper to read. He attended segregated schools as a child under the state system, and graduated from Lanier High School. Bennett attended Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was classmates with Martin Luther King Jr. Graduating in 1949, Bennett recalled that this period was integral to his intellectual development. He also joined the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity.
Career
Bennett served as a soldier during the Korean War, and later pursued graduate studies. He was a journalist for the Atlanta Daily World from 1949 until 1953. He also worked as city editor for JET magazine from 1952 to 1953. The magazine had been established in 1945 by John H. Johnson, who founded its parent magazine, Ebony, that same year. In 1953, Bennett became associate editor of Ebony magazine and then executive editor from 1958. The magazine served as his base for the publication of series of articles on African-American history. Some were collected and published as books.
Bennett wrote a 1954 article "Thomas Jefferson's Negro Grandchildren", about the 20th-century lives of individuals claiming descent from Jefferson and his slave Sally Hemings. It brought black oral history into the public world of journalism and published histories. This relationship was long denied by Jefferson's daughter and two of her children, and mainline historians relied on their account. But new works published in the 1970s and 1990s challenged the conventional story. Since a 1998 DNA study demonstrated a match between an Eston Hemings descendant and the Jefferson male line, the historic consensus has shifted (including the position of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation at Monticello) to acknowledging that Jefferson likely had a 38-year relationship with Hemings and fathered all six of her children of record, four of whom survived to adulthood.
Bennet served as a visiting professor of history at Northwestern University. He authored several books, including multiple histories of the African-American experience. These include his first work, Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America, 1619–1962 (1962), which discusses the contributions of African Americans in the United States from its earliest years. His 2000 book, Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream, questions Abraham Lincoln's role as the "Great Emancipator". This last work was described by one reviewer as a "flawed mirror." It was criticized by historians of the Civil War period, such as James McPherson and Eric Foner. Bennett is credited with the phrase: "Image Sees, Image Feels, Image Acts," meaning the images that people see influence how they feel, and ultimately how they act.
A longtime resident of Kenwood, Chicago, Bennett died of natural causes at his home there on 14 February 2018, aged 89.
Personal life
A Catholic, Bennett married Gloria Sylvester (1930–2009) on July 21, 1956, at St. Columbanus Church in Chicago. They met while working together at JET. The couple had four children: Alma Joy, Constance, Courtney, and Lerone III (1960–2013).
Legacy and honors
2003 – Carter G. Woodson Lifetime Achievement Award from Association for the Study of African American Life and History
1978 – Literature Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
1965 – Patron Saints Award from the Society of Midland Authors
1963 – Book of the Year Award from Capital Press Club
1982 – Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women
Honorary degrees from Morehouse College, Wilberforce University, Marquette University, Voorhees College, Morgan State University, University of Illinois, Lincoln College, and Dillard University.
Bibliography
Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America, 1619–1962 (1962)
What Manner of Man: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1964)
Confrontation: Black and White (1965)
Black Power U.S.A.: The Human Side of Reconstruction 1867–1877 (1967)
Pioneers In Protest: Black Power U.S.A. (1968)
The Challenge of Blackness (1972)
The Shaping of Black America (1975)
Wade in the Water: Great Moments in Black History (1979)
Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream (2000), Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co. (review by Eric Foner)
References
Further reading
Barr, John M. "Holding Up a Flawed Mirror to the American Soul: Abraham Lincoln in the Writings of Lerone Bennett Jr." Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 35.1 (2014): 43–65. online
West, E. James. "Lerone Bennett, Jr.: A Life in Popular Black History." The Black Scholar 47.4 (2017): 3–17.
West, E. James. Ebony Magazine and Lerone Bennett Jr.: Popular Black History in Postwar America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2020).
External links
Bennett's biography
Lerone Bennett Jr.'s oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
Lerone Bennett Jr. Papers at Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University
Discussion panel featuring Lerone Bennett Jr. at the 22nd annual convention of the National Association of Black Journalists on KUT's "In Black America" radio program, September 1, 1998, at the American Archive of Public Broadcasting
1928 births
2018 deaths
People from Clarksdale, Mississippi
African-American historians
Journalists from Mississippi
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Historians from Mississippi
Johnson Publishing Company
Morehouse College alumni
African-American journalists
Journalists from Georgia (U.S. state)
American Book Award winners
Deaths from dementia in Illinois
African-American Catholics
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerone%20Bennett%20Jr. |
Odontochilus is a small genus from the orchid family (Orchidaceae). These terrestrial, mycoparasitic orchids occur from China, Japan, the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Melanesia. The genus is related to Gonatostylis, endemic to New Caledonia.
Species
Species accepted as of June 2014:
Odontochilus acalcaratus (Aver.) Ormerod (2002). - southern Vietnam
Odontochilus asraoa (J.Joseph & Abbar.) Ormerod (2005) - India, Nepal, Bhutan
Odontochilus brevistylus Hook.f., (1890) - Tibet, Yunnan, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam
Odontochilus clarkei Hook.f. (1890) - India, Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, Myanmar
Odontochilus crispus (Lindl.) Hook.f. (1890) - India, Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan
Odontochilus degeneri L.O.Williams (1942) - Fiji
Odontochilus duplex (Holttum) Ormerod (2005) - Thailand, Malaysia
Odontochilus elwesii C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f. (1890) - India, Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, Myanmar, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan
Odontochilus grandiflorus (Lindl.) Hook.f. (1890) - Bhutan, Assam
Odontochilus guangdongensis S.C.Chen, S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb (2009) - Guangdong, Hunan
Odontochilus hasseltii (Blume) J.J.Wood (2011) - Borneo, Java, Sumatra
Odontochilus hydrocephalus (J.J.Sm.) J.J.Wood (2011)- Borneo
Odontochilus inabae (Hayata) Hayata ex T.P.Lin - Japan, Yakushima, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Vietnam
Odontochilus lanceolatus (Lindl.) Blume (1859) - India, Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, Myanmar, Sikkim, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan
Odontochilus longiflorus (Rchb.f.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. (1894) - New Guinea, Solomons, Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu
Odontochilus macranthus Hook.f. (1890) - Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand
Odontochilus nanlingensis (L.P.Siu & K.Y.Lang) Ormerod (2003) - Guangdong, Taiwan
Odontochilus poilanei (Gagnep.) Ormerod (2002) - Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Tibet, Yunnan
Odontochilus reniformis (Hook.f.) Ormerod (1998) - Perak
Odontochilus saprophyticus (Aver.) Ormerod (2003) - Hainan, Vietnam
Odontochilus serriformis (J.J.Sm.) J.J.Wood (2011) - Sabah
Odontochilus tashiroi (Maxim.) Makino (1900) - Ryukyu Islands
Odontochilus tetrapterus (Hook.f.) Av.Bhattacharjee & H.J.Chowdhery (2011) - Manipur
Odontochilus tortus King & Pantl. (1896) - Guangxi, Hainan, Tibet, Yunnan, Assam, Sikkim, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
Odontochilus umbrosus (Aver.) Ormerod (2002) - Vietnam
Odontochilus uniflorus (Blume) H.A.Pedersen & Ormerod (2009) - Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand
References
External links
Goodyerinae
Cranichideae genera
Orchids of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontochilus |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Allegan County, Michigan.
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See also
List of Registered Historic Places in Michigan
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Allegan County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Barry, Kalamazoo, Kent, Ottawa, Van Buren
References
Allegan County
Allegan County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Allegan County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Allegan%20County%2C%20Michigan |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Alger County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alger County, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 16 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
Current listings
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Former listing
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See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Delta, Luce, Marquette, Schoolcraft
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Alger County, Michigan
References
Alger County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Alger%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The Pennsylvania Reserves were an infantry division in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Noted for its famous commanders and high casualties, it served in the Eastern Theater, and fought in many important battles, including Antietam and Gettysburg.
Organization
When President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to "put down the rebellion" in the spring of 1861, the commonwealth of Pennsylvania found itself with more volunteers than needed to meet its Federal quota. Although 14 regiments were requested, Pennsylvania exceeded this by providing 25 organized regiments. The Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, was a political enemy of Andrew Curtin, Pennsylvania governor, and refused to take the extra men into Federal service. Curtin decided to retain the extra men and organized, trained, and equipped them at state expense. The creation of the special division was approved by the Pennsylvania legislature on May 15, 1861, "for the purpose of suppressing insurrections, or to repel invasions." The men were trained at camps of instruction in four cities: Easton, Pittsburgh, West Chester, and Harrisburg. The training camp near Harrisburg was named Camp Curtin for the governor.
Fifteen regiments were formed, known as the 1st through 15th Pennsylvania Reserves (they were later designated the 30th through 44th Pennsylvania Volunteers, but generally retained the label of the Pennsylvania Reserves). At the time of the redesignation, Pennsylvania had other troops both in the field or in various stages of development using the same numbers. While many of these units used their designations into middle and late 1862, much confusion arose over the naming convention. Additional naming confusion occurred within the ranks of the reserves. The 13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (42nd Pennsylvania Volunteers) was additionally named the 1st Pennsylvania Rifles. Although better known as the "Bucktails," this regiment became officially known as the First Rifles. The same can be said regarding the 14th and 15th Pennsylvania Reserves (43rd and 44th Pennsylvania Volunteers), which officially were designated as the 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery and the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, respectively.
The regiments were grouped into a division of three brigades, and the entire unit normally fought together until the initial enlistments expired in 1864. The exceptions to this include the 2nd Brigade, most of which did not take part at Gettysburg, as it was assigned to the Washington, D.C., defenses, and the detachment of several artillery batteries and cavalry troops to other divisions.
Command history
The first commander was George A. McCall, and later division commanders were John F. Reynolds, George G. Meade, and Samuel W. Crawford. Truman Seymour twice was acting commander, once on the Peninsula and once at Antietam, when Meade became acting commander of I Corps. The initial brigade commanders were Reynolds, Meade, and Colonel John S. McCalmont (until Edward Otho Cresap Ord took official command of the 3rd Brigade).
History
Initially assigned to I Corps, in June 1862, the division was transferred to the Virginia Peninsula where it served with the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsula Campaign. The division then returned to its old corps (which was at the time designated III Corps in the Army of Virginia) during the Second Bull Run Campaign. The division's parent formation resumed its I Corps designation just prior to the Antietam campaign when it rejoined the Army of the Potomac. The division participated in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg, particularly distinguishing itself at Fredericksburg, where it penetrated the Confederate lines. Between Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, the division was a part of the XXII Corps assigned to Washington, D.C. It was part of the V Corps again for the Battle of Gettysburg, where it distinguished itself on July 2, 1863, fighting around Little Round Top. One brigade drove Confederate forces from the western slopes of Little Round Top back to the Wheatfield. Under Crawford, the Pennsylvania Reserves continued to fight with the Army of the Potomac until just before the Battle of the Bethesda Church or Battle of Totopotomoy Creek, when the men's three-year enlistments expired.
A large number of the men re-enlisted and became the 190th and 191st Volunteer Infantry regiments and fought until the end of the war.
Regimental articles
1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (30th Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
2nd Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (31st Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
3rd Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (32nd Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
4th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (33rd Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
5th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (34th Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
6th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (35th Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
7th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (36th Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
8th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (37th Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
9th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (38th Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (39th Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (40th Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
12th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (41st Penna. Volunteer Infantry)
13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (42nd Penna. Volunteer Infantry—1st Pennsylvania Rifles, the "Bucktails")
14th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (43rd Penna. Volunteers—1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery)
Battery A, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery
Battery B, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery
Battery C, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery
Battery D, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery
Battery F, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery
15th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment (44th Penna. Volunteers—1st Pennsylvania Cavalry)
References
Further reading
Boatner, Mark M. III, The Civil War Dictionary: Revised Edition, David McKay Company, Inc., 1984, .
Ent, Uzal W., The Pennsylvania Reserves in the Civil War: A Comprehensive History, McFarland, 2014
Gibbs, Joseph, Three Years in the "Bloody Eleventh", Penn State Press, 2002
External links
Pennsylvania Reserves 1861-1864
Muster of the Pennsylvania Reserves
McCall’s Division, Army of the Potomac, Aug. 61
Units and formations of the Union Army from Pennsylvania
1861 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%20Reserves |
W16 may refer to:
British NVC community W16, a woodland community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Hansa-Brandenburg W.16, a floatplane fighter aircraft
London Buses route W16
Truncated icosidodecahedron
W16 engine, an engine with sixteen cylinders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W16 |
Naklo (; ) is the largest town and the seat of the Municipality of Naklo in Slovenia. In addition to the main settlement, formerly known as Veliko Naklo (), it includes the hamlets of Malo Naklo (), Pivka (), and Podreber.
Name
Naklo was first mentioned in written sources in 1241 as Nacel (and as Nakel in 1252, Nachil in 1317, Nakal in 1320, Nackel in 1323, and Nakel in 1328). The name Naklo appears elsewhere in Slovenia and in other Slavic countries—for example, Nakło (Poland) and Náklo (Czech Republic). The name is derived from *nakъlo, a fused form that has lost inflection from the prepositional phrase *na kъlě 'on a (sandy) spit in a river', thus referring to the location of the settlement. The town was known as Naklas in German in the past.
History
Naklo was plundered by Ottoman forces in 1475. In June 1809 the town was plundered by French troops. Banditry was a long-term problem in the area, and local bandits took shelter in the nearby Udin Woods (). Naklo had one of the first running water systems installed in Slovenia, in the 18th century, due to the efforts of Jurij Voglar (1651–1717), who willed his property in order to achieve this goal. During the Second World War, German forces surrounded Naklo with a network of bunkers and wire barriers, and they established a headquarters for an SS regiment in the town.
Church
The local church is dedicated to Saint Peter. It is a Baroque structure and was renovated after a fire in 1843. The altar painting is by Leopold Layer (1752–1828), and the Stations of the Cross were painted by Janez Wolf (1825–1884).
Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Naklo include:
Leopold Ješe (1886–1958), physician
Tomo Križnar (born 1954) writer and peace activist
Jernej Legat (1807–1875), bishop of Trieste
Jernej Pavlin (1881–1963), stenographer
Jože Pavlin (1875–1914), sculptor
Jurij Voglar (a.k.a. Carbonarius) (1651–1717), physician and diplomat
Franz Wrenk (1766–1830), engraver
References
External links
Naklo on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Naklo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naklo%2C%20Naklo |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Berrien County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Berrien County, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 30 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
Current listings
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Former listing
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See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Cass, LaPorte (IN), Porter (IN), St. Joseph (IN), Van Buren
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Berrien County, Michigan
References
Berrien County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Berrien%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Bay County, Michigan.
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Former listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Bay County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Arenac, Midland, Saginaw, Tuscola
References
Bay County
Bay County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Bay County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Bay%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The 54th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, took place on 25 February 2001 and honoured the best films of 2000. The nominees were announced on 31 January 2001.
Epic historical drama Gladiator led the winners with four awards, including Best Film; Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon also tied with four wins, including Best Director (Ang Lee) and Best Film Not in the English Language. Billy Elliot was voted Outstanding British Film of 2000, with lead actor Jamie Bell winning Best Actor in a Leading Role, becoming the youngest ever Best Actor recipient at just 14-years-old. Additionally, Julia Roberts won Best Actress in a Leading Role for her portrayal of Erin Brockovich in Erin Brockovich, Benicio del Toro won Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role in Traffic, and Julie Walters won Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in Billy Elliot.
This is also the first ceremony that was hosted by comedian Stephen Fry, a position he would carry out for twelve years (from 2001 to 2006 and 2012 to 2017) until he stepped down in 2018.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
73rd Academy Awards
26th César Awards
6th Critics' Choice Awards
53rd Directors Guild of America Awards
14th European Film Awards
58th Golden Globe Awards
12th Golden Laurel Awards
21st Golden Raspberry Awards
15th Goya Awards
5th Golden Satellite Awards
16th Independent Spirit Awards
6th Lumières Awards
27th Saturn Awards
7th Screen Actors Guild Awards
53rd Writers Guild of America Awards
References
External links
Film in 2001 at BAFTA
BAFTA Awards (2001) at IMDb
2001 in London
2000 awards in the United Kingdom
054
February 2001 events in the United Kingdom
British Academy Film Awards
British Academy Film Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
The following is a list of notable decisions by the Supreme Court of Canada sorted by author.
Understanding what cases were authored by whom can be important. For example, in early interpretation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, it has been said there was much agreement. However, in the third year of this interpretation the judges of the Supreme Court "each had started to develop their own method of reasoning."
List
Decisions of the Court:
By the Court decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada
Current justices:
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Chief Justice Wagner
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Karakatsanis
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Côté
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Rowe
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Martin
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Kasirer
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Jamal
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice O'Bonsawin
Past justices:
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Brown
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Abella
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Cromwell
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Moldaver
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Gascon
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Chief Justice Lamer
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Chief Justice McLachlin
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice L'Heureux-Dubé
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Gonthier
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Iacobucci
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Major
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Arbour
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Bastarache
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Charron
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Binnie
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice LeBel
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Deschamps
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Fish
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Rothstein
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Sopinka
Decisions by Dickson
Majority
Solosky v. The Queen, [1980]
Hunter v. Southam Inc., 1984
R. v. Therens, 1985
R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., 1985
R. v. Oakes, 1986
Beauregard v. Canada, 1986
R. v. Edwards Books and Art Ltd., 1986
R. v. Morgentaler, 1988
General Motors of Canada Ltd. v. City National Leasing, 1989
Brooks v. Canada Safeway Ltd., 1989
R. v. Sparrow, 1990 (with La Forest J)
R. v. Keegstra, 1990
Mahe v. Alberta, 1990
Decisions by La Forest
Majority
Canada v. Schmidt, [1987] 1 S.C.R. 500
United States of America v. Cotroni; United States of America v. El Zein, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1469
R. v. Sparrow, [1990] 1. S.C.R. 1075 (with Dickson)
McKinney v. University of Guelph, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 229
Douglas/Kwantlen Faculty Assn. v. Douglas College, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 570
Morguard Investments Ltd. v. De Savoye, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 1077
Eldridge v. British Columbia (Attorney General), [1997] 2 S.C.R. 624
References
Author
Supreme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada%20cases%20%28by%20author%29 |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Branch County, Michigan.
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Branch County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Calhoun, Hillsdale, Kalamazoo, LaGrange (IN), St. Joseph, Steuben
References
Branch County
Branch County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Branch County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Branch%20County%2C%20Michigan |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Charlevoix County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Charlevoix County, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 24 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
Current listings
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See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Antrim, Cheboygan, Emmet, Leelanau, Mackinac, Otsego, Schoolcraft
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Charlevoix County, Michigan
References
Charlevoix County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Charlevoix%20County%2C%20Michigan |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Cheboygan County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Cheboygan County, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 10 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Cheboygan County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Charlevoix, Emmet, Mackinac, Otsego, Presque Isle
References
Cheboygan County
Cheboygan County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Cheboygan County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Cheboygan%20County%2C%20Michigan |
Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency is one of the five Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir in northern India.
Assembly segments
Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following 16 assembly segments:
Tral
Pampore
Pulwama
Rajpora
Wachi
Shopian
Noorabad
Kulgam
Hom Shali Bugh
Anantnag
Devsar
Dooru
Kokernag
Shangus
Bijbehara
Pahalgam
Members of Parliament
Election results
2019
General election 2014
General election 2009
General election 2004
See also
Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency
Anantnag district
Kulgam district
Pulwama district
Shopian district
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
References
Lok Sabha constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir
Anantnag district
Pulwama district
Shopian district
Kulgam district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnag%20Lok%20Sabha%20constituency |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Chippewa County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Chippewa County, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 28 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
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See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Luce, Mackinac, Presque Isle
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Chippewa County, Michigan
References
Chippewa County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Chippewa%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Calhoun County, Michigan.
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Former listing
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Calhoun County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Barry, Branch, Eaton, Hillsdale, Jackson, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph
References
Calhoun County
Calhoun County, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Calhoun County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Calhoun%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Grand Traverse County, Michigan.
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Grand Traverse County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Antrim, Benzie, Leelanau, Manistee, Missaukee, Wexford
References
Grand Traverse County
Grand Traverse County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Grand Traverse County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Grand%20Traverse%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Genesee County, Michigan.
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Former listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Genesee County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Lapeer, Livingston, Oakland, Saginaw, Shiawassee, Tuscola
References
Genesee County
Genesee County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Genesee County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Genesee%20County%2C%20Michigan |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Emmet County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Emmet County, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 52 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including three National Historic Landmarks.
Current listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Emmet County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Mackinac
References
Emmet County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Emmet%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Eaton County, Michigan.
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Eaton County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Barry, Calhoun, Clinton, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson
References
Eaton County
Eaton County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Eaton County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Eaton%20County%2C%20Michigan |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Delta County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Delta County, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 19 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
Current listings
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Former listings
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See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Alger, Marquette, Menominee, Schoolcraft
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Delta County, Michigan
References
Delta County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Delta%20County%2C%20Michigan |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Ingham County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Ingham County, Michigan, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.
There are 52 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.
Current listings
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Former listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Ingham County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Clinton, Eaton, Jackson, Livingston, Shiawassee, Washtenaw
References
Ingham
Buildings and structures in Ingham County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Ingham%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Iron County, Michigan. The list includes 79 structures and historic districts that are significant for their architectural, historical, or industrial/economic importance.
History
Iron County, originally part of Marquette County, was first surveyed in 1851. At that time, the area was populated almost exclusively by Native Americans from the Menominee and Ojibwe tribes. Although the original 1851 survey of the county noted the presence of iron ore, European settlers began arriving in numbers in 1875, prospecting for iron ore. In 1880, two important ore strikes were made: the first was by John Armstrong, who opened the Crystal Falls Mine along the Paint River, and the second was by Donald C. MacKinnon, who opened the Iron River (or Riverton) Mine along the Iron River. These two mines were the foundation of the two main population centers of the county, and the success of the mines brought more prospectors to the area, with 70 mines eventually producing ore in the county.
Logging also began in the county in 1875, and lumber mills were soon another important contributor the area's economy. Railroads, particularly the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, extended lines into the county to service the expanding mines. Lines to both Iron River and Crystal Falls were completed in 1882, and both settlements expanded rapidly.
Separate townships for Iron River and Crystal Falls, still under the auspices of Marquette County, were created in 1882. However, there was much local sentiment for establishing a new county for the area, and in 1885 Iron County was split from Marquette County.
At the time of Iron County's creation, Iron River, then the only incorporated village in the county, was designated the county seat. However, a bitter dispute over the location of county buildings immediately erupted between the geographically disparate east side, centered on Crystal Falls, and the west side, centered on Iron River. The dispute lasted until 1889, when a county-wide general election designated Crystal Falls as the county seat.
By 1890, there were nearly 4500 people living in Iron County, supported primarily by the mining and timber industries. However, the Panic of 1893 caused a depression in iron prices that lead to the closing of nearly all iron mines in the county and a severe curtailing of lumbering activities. County residents turned to agriculture to support themselves. The economy of the area rebounded around the turn of the century as major mining companies, such as the M. A. Hanna Company and Pickands, Mather and Company bought up smaller mines in the area. Logging of hardwoods began in the county around the same time, and a long period of sustained growth stretched until the Great Depression.
The population of the county crew substantially during this time, reaching 20,805 in 1930. A great many of the newcomers were immigrants from Ireland, Italy, Poland, Scandinavia, Scotland, and Wales. New villages were platted, primarily to house mine workers, including Alpha, Mineral Hills, Caspian, and Gaastra. Iron River, Crystal Falls, and Stambaugh were all expanded. To serve the new residents, an electric street car line was installed in 1906, and a number of public schools were built.
The Great Depression ended Iron County's economic boom. Iron mining in the county was completely halted, and lumbering was substantially reduced, leaving thousands of workers unemployed. Several federal government projects were funded in the county, including the Cooks Run Trout Feeding Station (built in 1933-34), the Pentoga Park Office and Bathhouse (built in 1936), and various Civilian Conservation Corps projects crafted by workers at Camp Gibbs (built in 1934).
The mining industry was temporarily revived by World War II, but mining declined steadily in the postwar years, with few mines lasting into the 1960s and the last iron mine in the county closing in 1979. Lumber, however, has remained a substantial economic enterprise in the area, employing thousands of people until the present day.
Historic places
There are 80 listings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iron County, Michigan. These structures date primarily from Iron County's economic boom during the first two decades of the 20th century, although some structures date from the initial influx of residents soon after the 1880 start of intensive iron mining.
The first structure listed, in 1975, was the Iron County Courthouse, which is probably the most architecturally significant structure in the county. Nearly all the subsequent listings were submitted as part of the Iron County MRA, a 1983 Multiple Property Submission that attempted to collect the most historically and architecturally significant structures in the county. Seventy-two of the Iron County listings are part of this MRA, and one more property, Central School, was initially nominated as part of the MRA but actually listed separately, in 2008. Four more structures, all highway bridges, were listed as part of the Highway Bridges of Michigan Multiple Property Submission. Other than the Courthouse, only one structure on this list, the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railway Iron River Depot, was not associated with either of the Multiple Property Submissions.
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Former listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Iron County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Baraga, Dickinson, Florence (WI), Forest (WI), Gogebic, Houghton, Marquette, Ontonagon, Vilas
References
Iron County
Iron County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Iron County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Iron%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Ionia County, Michigan.
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Ionia County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Barry, Clinton, Eaton, Gratiot, Kent, Montcalm
References
Ionia County
Ionia County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Ionia County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Ionia%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Huron County, Michigan.
Current listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Huron County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Sanilac, Tuscola
References
Huron County
Huron County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Huron County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Huron%20County%2C%20Michigan |
John Gale, born Jun Gallardo, was a Filipino B-movie director, who started his career with martial arts movies in the 1970s and continued to Z-movie actioners in the 1980s, often produced by K.Y. Lim's Silver Star Film Company. Silver Star was a notorious but prolific producer of extremely low-budget action films, characterized by very low production values.
Gale directed Richard Harrison in Intrusion Cambodia AKA Rescue Team (1981), also starring a cast of Silver Star workhorses such as Romano Kristoff, James Gaines, Mike Monty, Mike Cohen, and Ronnie Patterson. The assistant director of Intrusion Cambodia was Teddy Page, another prolific Silver Star director. Gale directed Kristoff and Monty again in Slash (1984), a film influenced by the Rambo series starring Sylvester Stallone, to the point of plagiarism. Slash also featured Nick Nicholson and Gwendolyn Hung. Another film of debatable note was Commando Invasion (1986), which featured Gordon Mitchell, Ken Watanabe (not to be confused with the more famous Ken Watanabe) and former model Tetchie Agbayani (as Carol Roberts, also in Intrusion Cambodia).
Gale also directed Christopher Mitchum thrice, in Master Samurai (1974), Commander Firefox (1983) and SFX Retaliator (1987).
He seems to be now retired from film.
External links
A review of Intrusion Cambodia on the French B-movie website Nanarland, in French.
Filipino film directors
Year of birth missing
Possibly living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gale%20%28director%29 |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Houghton County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Houghton County, Michigan, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
There are 42 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.
History
Early history
Houghton County was created in 1845, and then encompassed the present-day Houghton County as well as Keweenaw County and Ontonagon County.
Copper mining
The history of Houghton County in inextricably linked with copper mining, and, indeed, nearly all of the NRHP-listed properties in the county are directly or indirectly linked to the mines. The two most successful copper mines in the county were the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company and the Quincy Mine, both of which are now National Historic Landmarks.
Calumet and Hecla
The NHL Calumet Historic District includes a substantial proportion of the town of Calumet, Michigan, and the separately listed Calumet and Hecla Industrial District and Calumet Downtown Historic District. The former covers many of the industrial mining buildings of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, while the latter covers the commercial portion of Calumet—the city was built substantially as a company town, and many of the buildings were constructed by, or with support from, Calumet and Hecla. This was true also of the Calumet Fire Station and the Calumet Theatre. The Keweenaw National Historical Park is also located primarily in Calumet.
In addition, the nearby town of Laurium, now a historic district, was populated substantially by executives and white-collar workers from the Calumet and Hecla. Of particular note is the Thomas H. Hoatson House, built by mining executive Thomas H. Hoatson.
Quincy Mine
The other substantial mine in Houghton County was the Quincy Mine. This NHL covers the mining property and nearby homes, as well as the significant Quincy Mine No. 2 Shaft Hoist House. Another Quincy property, the Quincy Mining Company Stamp Mills, is also on the NRHP.
Like Calumet, the town of Hancock was also substantially a company town, this time of the Quincy Mine. The affluent East Hancock was populated by mine employees and managers.
Other mines
Other properties on the register were associated with the copper mining industry in Houghton County. These include the Smith-Dengler House, built by the Wolverine Copper Mining Company; the Redridge Steel and Log Dams, built as a joint project by the Atlantic Mining Company and the Baltic Mining Company; and the community of Painesdale, Michigan, built by the Champion Mining Company.
Commercial Houghton County
Many of the communities in Houghton County were mining towns, but these communities too required commercial and social structures. The primarily commercial downtown districts of four Houghton County Communities are on the register: the Calumet Downtown Historic District mentioned above, the Lake Linden Historic District in Lake Linden, the Shelden Avenue Historic District in Houghton, and the Quincy Street Historic District in Hancock. In addition to the districts, individual commercial buildings have been recognized for their historic importance: the Joseph Bosch Building in Lake Linden, the J. Vivian, Jr. and Company Building in Laurium, and the Douglass House and Shelden-Dee Block (and the Ransom B. Shelden House) in Houghton.
Civic and government buildings
Another important subset of structures in Houghton County are public buildings. These buildings were often built with the help of, the mining companies that ran the towns; such was the case with the Calumet Fire Station and the Hancock Town Hall and Fire Hall, both substantial red sandstone structures. Other government buildings include the South Range Community Building, the Lake Linden Village Hall and Fire Station and of course the Houghton County Courthouse. Educational buildings include the schools in Chassel and the College Club House and Gymnasium on the campus of Michigan Technological University.
Distinctive churches in the county include Saint Ignatius Loyola Church in Houghton, the First Congregational Church in Lake Linden, and the Jacobsville Finnish Lutheran Church
Listings county-wide
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Former listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Houghton County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Baraga, Iron, Keweenaw, Ontonagon
References
External links
01
.
Houghton
Houghton County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Houghton%20County%2C%20Michigan |
People's Charter may refer to:
People's Charter of 1838 in the United Kingdom
People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress in Fiji
The People's Charter (21st century), left-wing political movement in the United Kingdom
ru:Народная хартия | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Charter |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Livingston County, Michigan.
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Livingston County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Genesee, Ingham, Jackson, Oakland, Shiawassee, Washtenaw
References
Livingston County
Livingston County, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Metro Detroit
Buildings and structures in Livingston County, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Livingston County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Livingston%20County%2C%20Michigan |
Urs (from ‘Urs) or Urus (literal meaning wedding), is the death anniversary of a Sufi saint, usually held at the saint's dargah (shrine or tomb). In most Sufi orders such as Naqshbandiyyah, Suhrawardiyya, Chishtiyya, Qadiriyya, etc. the concept of Urs exists and is celebrated with enthusiasm. The devotees refer to their saints as lovers of God, the beloved.
Urs rituals are generally performed by the custodians of the shrine or the existing Shaikh of the silsila. The celebration of Urs ranges from Hamd to Naat and in many cases includes the singing of religious music such as qawwali. The celebration also features food samples, bazaar, and various kinds of shops.
The Urs of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti at Dargah Sharif in Ajmer attracts more than 400,000 devotees each year and is regarded as one of the most famous urs festivals around the world.
See also
Erwadi
Tirupparankunram
Manamadurai
Pir Mangho Urs
Urs (Ajmer)
Madurai Maqbara
Mela Chiraghan
Beemapally
Sufi Barkat Ali
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
References
Islam in India
Islam in Pakistan
Sufism in Pakistan
Islam in Bangladesh
Sufism in Bangladesh
Arabic words and phrases
Islamic terminology
Barelvi festivals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Keweenaw County, Michigan.
Early history
Copper was discovered in the Keweenaw in the 1830s; soon after, the US government built Fort Wilkins near Copper Harbor to maintain order in the area. Keweenaw County was split off from Houghton County in 1861, with the county seat in Eagle River. The early government and commercial buildings in Eagle River are now a Historic District. Isle Royale, although split off into its own county in 1875, was reunited with Keweenaw County ten years later, and remains part of the county.
Mining
Like Houghton County to the south, Keweenaw County's history includes much reference to copper mining. In particular, one of the earliest mines in the area, the prehistoric Minong Mine on Isle Royale, is listed as a historic district. In addition, the Central Mine and its Methodist Church are also listed on the historic register.
Shipping and transportation
However, with the greatest Great Lake, Lake Superior, surrounding the peninsula, and multiple natural harbors, Keweenaw County's history is much more entwined in shipping and transportation. Nineteen of the properties listed—over half—were directly related to Great Lakes shipping. These include nine lighthouses in Lake Superior: Copper Harbor Light, Eagle Harbor Light, Gull Rock Light Station, Isle Royale Light, Manitou Island Light Station, Passage Island Light, Rock Harbor Light, Rock of Ages Light, and Sand Hills Light. In addition, the wrecks of ten ships around Isle Royale are on the Register: The SS Algoma, SS America, SS Chester A. Congdon, PS Cumberland, SS Emperor, George M. Cox, SS Glenlyon, SS Henry Chisholm, SS Kamloops, and the SS Monarch.
In addition, the listings contain three road bridges built in the 1930s: the M-26–Cedar Creek Culvert, the M-26–Silver River Culvert, and the US 41–Fanny Hooe Creek Bridge. Finally, the Houghton County Traction Company Ahmeek Streetcar Station, an interurban rail station, represents local transportation in the Keweenaw.
Tourism
As the mining industry in the Keweenaw ran down, tourism in the area increased. This was evidenced by the increase in passenger ships (notably the SS America, mentioned above) and the construction of tourist hotels and summer cottages such as the Johns Hotel, the first resort on Isle Royale, and the Keweenaw Mountain Lodge and Golf Course Complex, built in 1933–34. Also in the 1930s, the roads accessing the Keweenaw communities were improved, with the addition of bridges such as the US 41–Fanny Hooe Creek Bridge.
Listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Keweenaw County
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Houghton
References
Keweenaw County
Keweenaw County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Keweenaw%20County%2C%20Michigan |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Leelanau County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Leelanau County, Michigan, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
There are 24 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.
Listings county-wide
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Leelanau County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Benzie, Grand Traverse
References
Leelanau
Buildings and structures in Leelanau County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Leelanau%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The Rev. John Joseph Cavanaugh, C.S.C. (January 23, 1899 – December 28, 1979), an American Roman Catholic priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, served from 1946 to 1952 as the 14th president of the University of Notre Dame, having previously served as its vice president since 1941.
Life before ordination
Cavanaugh's family emigrated from the tri-County region of southwest County Wicklow, on the Cos. Carlow and Wexford border. They settled originally in Erinsville, Ontario and later trekked to the upper Middle West, settling in Owosso, Michigan. Cavanaugh was a first cousin to the Honorable John Franklin Kinney of Rochester, New York. The Kenney, Cavanaugh, and Keegan families are all native to the region around Coolkenno. As a child, John Cavanaugh served in the choir at Saint Paul's Church in Owosso, Michigan. He assisted his father in the family's grocery store, as well. He retained a lifelong connect to the town, having been baptized, confirmed and celebrating his first mass at Saint Paul's. Entering Notre Dame in 1917, he earned his way through college working as a secretary for Presidents John W. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. (1905–1919) and James A. Burns, C.S.C. (1919–1922). Cavanaugh was an athlete, editor of the student-run The Observer, as well as student government president. In 1923, John Cavanaugh initially entered the automobile industry, working in the advertising department at Studebaker Corporation. He later served as private secretary to Henry Ford. In 1926, he left private industry to undertake religious discernment.
Ministry at Notre Dame
John Cavanaugh then took his master's at Notre Dame in 1927, and a degree from the Gregorian University at Rome, Italy. Ordained in 1931, he was employed by his alma mater, University of Notre Dame. Cavanaugh was then assigned as prefect of religion from 1933 to 1938. Then he served as assistant provincial for the Congregation of the Holy Cross until 1940. In 1940, he was elevated to vice president of the university and in 1941 he was made Notre Dame's president. According to the New York Times, Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was "devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body" and stressing "advanced studies and research" at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. Cavanaugh reorganized the administration in order to free himself to pursue fundraising activities and to act as a salesman for the University. Cavanaugh's reorganization created five vice presidents, who focused their attention on the various aspects of the rapidly growing University. Father Theodore Hesburgh, at age 32, was appointed executive vice president - the one vice president to whom all the others reported. Cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the University, which continue today and are vital to the University's governance and development. In 1952, President Cavanaugh was required to resign as president in order to retain his position as a superior in the Holy Cross community. But he continued to serve the university as the Director of the Notre Dame Foundation. His successor was Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh.
Informal Chaplain to the Joseph P. Kennedy Family
During his many years of association with Joseph P. Kennedy, Father John was called on for advice and assistance in times of difficulty. He officiated many of the Kennedy family weddings, said a special Mass in the East Room of the White House prior to John Fitzgerald Kennedy's funeral at St. Matthew's Cathedral, and was one of the three priests serving at the funeral itself.
As spiritual and secular advisor to the Kennedys, Father Cavanaugh also performed other rites for the family. On April 24, 1954, for instance, Cavanaugh performed the marriage of Peter Lawford and Patricia Kennedy at The Church of Saint Thomas More in New York, New York. Some of the 250 guests at the wedding reception at the Plaza Hotel included Greer Garson, Marion Davies, Bernard Baruch, Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, Mr. and Mrs. Igor Cassini, and Mr. and Mrs. Morton Downey Sr. He was the personal priest of the Kennedy family and a good friend of John F. Kennedy's father, Joseph Kennedy. John Cavanaugh was Virginia Joan Bennett's preferred celebrant for her wedding to Edward Moore Kennedy in 1958, but Rose and Joseph Kennedy chose Cardinal Francis Spellman instead.
Joseph P. Kennedy sparked up a friendship with Father Cavanaugh when he became a member of University of Notre Dame's Board of Trustees. Beginning in 1958, Father Cavanaugh advised Joseph P. Kennedy on a strategy for addressing American Protestant concerns about the potential election of a Roman Catholic president. In 1959, Father Cavanaugh also advised Joseph P. Kennedy on the hiring of Harris Wofford for the 1960 Presidential Campaign. The future Senator from the State of Pennsylvania was a civil rights attorney then teaching at Notre Dame Law School. Father Cavanaugh, as former president of the University, approached Father Theodore Hesburgh to arrange a leave of absence. Cavanaugh was present with the Kennedy family at Hyannisport in 1960, as they anxiously awaited returns from the swing states of Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota and California in the unexpectedly close Presidential election.
Father John's advice to the Kennedy family included thoughts on the handling of materials censored by the Vatican, as when Rose Kennedy asked for judgments on Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, all of Émile Zola's works, and some tomes by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
But the relationship was reciprocated. When the United States Military Academy uncovered excessive cheating on its Varsity Football team, Father Cavanaugh obtained a special gift from Joseph P. Kennedy to provide Notre Dame scholarships for all the former cadets, under the condition that they play no varsity sports.
References
1899 births
1979 deaths
People from Owosso, Michigan
Presidents of the University of Notre Dame
American people of Irish descent
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
Congregation of Holy Cross
Catholics from Michigan
20th-century American academics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20J.%20Cavanaugh |
The following is a list of National Register of Historic Places listings in Lapeer County, Michigan. Lapeer County was founded in 1822 and has a current estimated population of almost 90,000. It is officially listed as part of Metro Detroit with Lapeer as a county seat.
The county currently contains 24 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places. All 24 of these sites are also listed as Michigan State Historic Sites, in which the county contains 43 such state listed properties. The listings on the National Register include 15 houses, four historic districts, one former train station, former courthouse, a bank, a mill, and the restricted Younge Site. The Warren Perry house has since been moved from its original location. The city of Lapeer has the most listings with 13.
Current listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Lapeer County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Genesee, Macomb, Oakland, St. Clair, Sanilac, Tuscola
References
Lapeer County
Lapeer County, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Metro Detroit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Lapeer%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Kent County, Michigan.
Current listings
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Former listing
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Kent County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Allegan, Barry, Ionia, Montcalm, Muskegon, Newaygo, Ottawa
References
Kent County
Kent County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Kent County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Kent%20County%2C%20Michigan |
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Kalamazoo County, Michigan.
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Former listings
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Kalamazoo County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Allegan, Barry, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, St. Joseph, Van Buren
References
External links
Kalamazoo County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Kalamazoo%20County%2C%20Michigan |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Michigan.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 29 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
Current listings
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Former listing
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See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Jackson County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Calhoun, Eaton, Hillsdale, Ingham, Lenawee, Livingston, Washtenaw
References
Jackson County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Jackson%20County%2C%20Michigan |
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