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Anderson Mitchell (June 13, 1800 – December 24, 1876) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina.
Mitchell was born on a farm near Milton, North Carolina. He first attended Bingham's School, Orange County, North Carolina, and later studied law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill until his graduation in 1821. After being admitted to the bar, he commenced practice in Morganton, North Carolina in 1830. Mitchell moved to Jefferson in 1831 and to Wilkesboro in 1835. In the meantime, he served as court clerk of the superior court of Ashe County.
Being elected to fill the vacancy created by the death of Lewis Williams, Mitchell, a member of the Whig party, served in the Twenty-seventh Congress from April 27, 1842, to March 3, 1843. He was unsuccessful in a reelection campaign in 1842 for the Twenty-eighth Congress.
Between 1852 and 1854, Mitchell became a member of the State house of commons, and was elected to the State senate in 1860. Furthermore, he was delegate to the State convention of May 20, 1861, that passed the Ordinance of Secession, and voted against secession. In September 1865, he was appointed judge of the superior court by Provisional Governor Holden, where he was subsequently elected and reelected, and served until his resignation on June 30, 1875.
Anderson Mitchell died in Statesville, North Carolina on December 24, 1876 and was buried in the Presbyterian Cemetery.
See also
Twenty-seventh United States Congress
External links
U.S. Congressional Biographical Directory
1800 births
1876 deaths
People from Caswell County, North Carolina
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina state senators
North Carolina state court judges
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20Mitchell |
Yhprum's law is the opposite of Murphy's law. The simple formula of Yhprum's law is: "Everything that can work, will work." "Yhprum" is "Murphy" spelled in reverse.
A more specific formulation of the law by Richard Zeckhauser, a professor of political economy at Harvard University, states: "Sometimes systems that should not work, work nevertheless."
Resnick et al. (2006) used this law to describe how intensive and seemingly altruistic participation by giving ranking is observed in the eBay feedback system. Jøsang, in a discussion of online trust management, suggests that all similar "trust and reputation systems" are manifestations of Yhprum's law. He states the law in a similar form to Zeckhauser: "Something that shouldn't work sometimes does work." Arenas et al. in a similar discussion add the adjunct "...or at least work fairly well" to the law.
Origin
Although Zeckhauser is often credited with coining, the first reference to Yhprum's law may have been by Alan Abelson in the financial newspaper Barron's in December 1974. Barron's version of the law is more in the way of a corollary to Murphy's law than its opposite: "anything that should go wrong, won't". Abelson coined the term to describe the gloomy financial predictions of the time which he thought were wrong, or at least wildly exaggerated. In Abelson's opinion, a depression only occurs when the warning signs are missed or ignored. The very act of predicting one will ensure that it does not happen.
References
Adages
Sociological theories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhprum%27s%20law |
Route 63 is a secondary state highway in the U.S. state of Connecticut, from New Haven up to Canaan, running for . It connects the Greater New Haven area to Northwestern Connecticut via the western suburbs of Waterbury.
Route description
Route 63 follows a mostly northwest-southeast path its entire route, and is mostly a 2 lane road with some 4 lane sections. It begins at the corner of Whalley Avenue and Fitch Street in New Haven where Route 10 turns onto Fitch Street. Heading northwest on Whalley Avenue, it almost immediately passes the eastern end of Route 243 and the northern end of Route 122. About 0.6 miles later, it leaves Whalley Avenue for Amity Road at the southern end of Route 69. It then passes under the Wilbur Cross Parkway (Route 15), offering southbound access only. After crossing into Woodbridge, the road becomes less suburban in nature. In Woodbridge, it intersects the eastern end of Route 114, and the southern/eastern end of Route 67. It then crosses into Bethany, where it has a brief (0.1 mile) concurrency with Route 42. It then enters Naugatuck, where the road takes on a more suburban character. It then meets the Route 8 expressway at Exit 26 before crossing the Naugatuck River into the downtown area. It then passes by the western end of Route 68 before becoming more rural again. After clipping the southwest corner of Waterbury, it enters Middlebury. After meeting the northern end of Route 188, it intersects I-84 at Exit 17, with access to/from the west. Access to/from I-84 east is provided by Route 64 at the next intersection. Route 63 then enters Litchfield County and the town of Watertown. Here it is a major retail strip in the southern part of town. It meets the northern end of Route 73 before crossing US 6 in the center of town. It then becomes a minor arterial road north of town, and passes by the eastern end of Route 132 before entering Morris. In Morris, it has junctions with Route 109 and the northern end of Route 61. It then enters Litchfield, where it meets US 202 at the Litchfield Green. Leaving Litchfield, Route 63 becomes a minor rural road as it passes into Goshen. It meets Route 4 at a traffic circle in the center of town. North of there, it passes into Cornwall, where it meets the north end of Route 43, then into the town of Canaan. It has one junction with the southern end of Route 126, which leads to Falls Village. Route 63 ends approximately 1.5 miles later at US 7.
A section of the road in Litchfield is a designated state scenic road.
History
Route 63 was designated in 1932 and originally connected Morris to Woodbridge using the alignment of the Straits Turnpike, an early 19th-century toll road connecting New Haven to Litchfield. Route 63 is still locally called the Straits Turnpike in Middlebury and Watertown. In the mid-1940s, Route 61 between Morris and Cornwall was reassigned to an extended Route 63. Another extension happened on September 11, 1951 when Route 63 took over part of Route 43 from Cornwall to Canaan where it ends today. In 1954, Route 63 was extended south to US 1 via an overlap with Route 10.
Junction list
References
External links
063
Transportation in New Haven County, Connecticut
Transportation in Litchfield County, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2063 |
Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78 (1908), was a case of the U.S. Supreme Court. In this case, the Court established the Incorporation Doctrine by concluding that while certain rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights might apply to the states under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, the Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination is not incorporated.
The Twining decision was overturned by the decision in Malloy v. Hogan in 1964, in which the Court incorporated the right against self-incrimination.
Background
The case involved two men charged with fraud in New Jersey who claimed Fifth Amendment protection and refused to testify during their trial. The jury was told of the men's refusal to testify, and they were convicted. They appealed, arguing that the instructions to the jury violated their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
Majority decision
The Supreme Court used the case to decide whether the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination was valid during trials in state courts, not just in federal courts. Before the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Bill of Rights, including the Fifth Amendment, did not apply to state courts. The Court did not reach the question of whether the defendants' Fifth Amendment rights were actually violated in the original trial.
The majority opinion was delivered by Justice William Henry Moody. Justice John Marshall Harlan was the lone dissenter. Moody considered both the Privileges or Immunities Clause and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment: "The general question, therefore, is whether such a law violates the Fourteenth Amendment either by abridging the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States or by depriving persons of their life, liberty or property without due process of law."
Privileges or immunities
The court cited the decision in the Slaughter-House Cases that the language in the Fourteenth Amendment ("No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States...") did not curtail state power. The Supreme Court decided 8-1 that the Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination applied only to federal court cases.
Selective incorporation
The case provides an early explanation of the doctrine of selective incorporation: only a portion of the Bill of Rights is applied to the states by incorporation, under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause:
The court concluded that exemption from self-incrimination was not necessary for a conception of due process.
Dissent
Justice Harlan was the lone dissenter, writing firstly that the Court should have decided whether the defendants' rights were actually violated before reaching the "question of vast moment, one of such transcendent importance" of whether the Fifth Amendment applied to state courts and if the Fifth Amendment applied to state courts by the Due Process Clause.
Aftermath
Upheld in 1947
The Twining decision was revisited and upheld in Adamson v. California (1947) in which the merits of Twining were of central consideration. Concurring with the majority, Justice Frankfurter wrote:
However, Justice Hugo Black disagreed and attacked Twining for giving too much power to state courts. In his famous dissent to Adamson, he wrote:
Overturned in 1964
Twining was revisited once again and finally overturned in Malloy v. Hogan (1964). In that case, the Court incorporated the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination and applied it to state courts.
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 211
Further reading
External links
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
United States Fifth Amendment self-incrimination case law
Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
1908 in United States case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twining%20v.%20New%20Jersey |
Margaret Elizabeth Philbin OBE (born 23 June 1955) is an English radio and television presenter whose credits include Tomorrow's World, Multi-Coloured Swap Shop and latterly Bang Goes the Theory.
Early life
As a child, she became interested in science through wanting to become a veterinary surgeon. She grew up in Leicester and went to a girls' Roman Catholic grammar school, Evington Hall Convent School in Evington.
In the sixth-form she studied English, History, French and German, although she says she was also good at Maths and Physics, but not Chemistry.
Career
After studying English and Drama at the University of Manchester, Philbin responded to an advertisement in The Stage and was offered the job of co-presenter on Multi-Coloured Swap Shop.
During her time on Swap Shop, with Noel Edmonds and others, she formed the one-hit wonder band Brown Sauce and had a No. 15 hit with "I Wanna Be A Winner" in 1981.
She returned to television on BBC 1's flagship science and technology programme Tomorrow's World, where she stayed for eight years. Since then, she has presented a variety of television and radio programmes, including Hospital Watch, Bodymatters Roadshow, QED, and BBC 2's women's documentary series The Doll’s House. Philbin flew upside down in a Hawker Hunter as part of the Tomorrow's World at Large series, and drove a Top Fuel dragster, earning her International Racing Licence. She decided not to race the car, which then spun out of control after a tyre exploded with top driver Dennis Priddle at the wheel.
She has worked as a medical and consumer reporter for ITV1's This Morning and presented film reports for BBC's current affairs programme 4×4, as well as a series of 20 programmes called Heartland for Channel Health. She has also presented 40 editions of the science programme Wideworld for Five. In October 2003 she spearheaded the BBC's Talking Teenagers project across television and radio. Starting April 2004 she co-presented the BBC Radio Berkshire weekday breakfast show with Jim Cathcart before moving to the Andrew Peach show. She reunited with her former Swap Shop colleagues for a special programme celebrating the 30th anniversary of the programme, It Started With Swap Shop, in December 2006.
In 2008 she created TeenTech an interactive science and engineering event for teenagers. In 2010 it was awarded Best Engineering Event in National Science and Engineering Week by the British Science Association. In 2012 HRH Duke of York KG became patron of TeenTech.
BBC News announced that she would be their face of technology on television, radio and online from 2007. In December 2011 she took part in BBC Radio 5 Live's first Science Night. She has launched the Helping Hand Campaign, encouraging digital switchover help for the elderly. She is a regular reporter on the BBC One regional programme Inside Out. She writes about technology for BBC WebWise and The Guardian.
On 25 July 2010, she featured as guest presenter in episode 3 of the LadyGeek App Show.
On 26 March 2012, she featured as guest presenter in Episode 3 of the 6th Series of the BBC TV show Bang Goes the Theory, about mobile phone internet security. From March 2013 she became a full-time presenter of the programme, appearing with co-presenters Liz Bonnin and Jem Stansfield.
In November 2013 she was asked to lead the UK Digital Skills Task Force which published an interim report in July 2014. On 14 October 2014, she appeared as a witness before the House of Lords Digital Skills Committee.
On 22 November 2018, she and Howard Stableford co-presented Tomorrow's World Live: For One Night Only, a 90-minute special edition broadcast on BBC Four.
Personal life
She married her Swap Shop co-presenter Keith Chegwin in 1982; the couple divorced in 1993. They had a daughter, Rose, named after Rosemary Gill, the Swap Shop editor who gave Philbin a job on the programme.
Honours and other activities
She is a patron of the National Osteoporosis Society and was invited by the IOF to sit on the Women leaders panel in Brussels in 2008. She is also a patron of the Daphne Jackson Trust helping scientists, engineers and technologists return to work after a career break. She was a Lay Council Member of the University of Warwick. In February 2015 she became patron of the Council of Professors and Heads of Computing. She was a board member of the Children's Media Foundation and a panel member of the Haringey STEM Commission.
On 26 August 2009, Philbin featured as a speaker at the London branch of Girl Geek Dinners at their fourth anniversary event. At this event she put forward her support and encouragement for women in the IT sector saying, "It's not about moaning about the negative side of things – tonight is about flagging up the things that really are making a difference for women, and looking at what we can change to make a difference. We are anxious to move forward."
In July 2012 she was awarded the degree Honorary Doctor of Technology by De Montfort University for services to the world of science and technology. In November 2012 Princess Anne presented her with the award for Communication and Outreach in the 2012 WISE Women of Outstanding Achievement Awards. In 2013 she was given the Promotion of Design Award by the Institution of Engineering Designers. In March 2014 she was elected president of the IED in recognition of her ongoing work to support and promote science, technology and engineering. On 3 July 2014, Computer Weekly named her as the 5th most influential woman in UK IT and on 3 December 2014 as the 23rd most influential person in UK IT. In 2015, Philbin was identified as the 4th most influential woman in UK IT 2015, by Computer Weekly. In July 2015 she was made an honorary fellow of Queen Mary University of London. On 9 December 2015, she received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the Earl of Wessex, Chancellor of the University of Bath, at a ceremony held in the city's Assembly Rooms.
In the 2016 Digital Leaders 100 Awards she was voted Digital Leader of the Year. In June 2016 she was named as Computer Weeklys most influential woman in its UK IT 2016 award. In July 2016 she was conferred with an honorary doctorate of the University of Huddersfield for services to science broadcasting and technology education. In the 2017 New Year Honours list she was appointed OBE for services to promoting careers in STEM and creative industries. In June 2017 she officially opened the 50th Bedford Park Festival. On 10 July 2017, she accepted the honorary degree of Doctor of Technology from Southampton Solent University. On 11 July 2017, she was presented with the AbilityNet Tech4Good Special Award for her contribution to technology. On 12 July 2017, Computer Weekly recognised her lifetime contribution by entering her in their Hall of Fame. On 25 January 2018, the University of Leicester honoured her with a Doctor of Science degree. On 28 January 2019, she was given an honorary degree by the University of Roehampton. On 16 July 2019, she was awarded an honorary fellowship by the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. On 17 May 2022 she was honoured with a Doctor of Science degree by the University of Manchester
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
English television presenters
British women television presenters
English radio presenters
British technology writers
Mass media people from Leicester
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Women technology writers
British women radio presenters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20Philbin |
The Tegelberg Cable Car (), on the Tegelberg mountain near Schwangau in southern Bavaria. The cable car is 2,146.18 metres long, climbs a height of 892.5 metres, has a carrying cable of 48 mm in diameter and a hauling cable of 26 mm in diameter. It has two cabins each capable of transporting up to 44 persons. They are driven by a 2,540 KW engine. The cableway has a 38 metre high support pillar, made of reinforced concrete.
Construction
The cableway was built by the South Tyrolean firm of Hölzl Seilbahnbau.
Incident
There was an incident on 12 August 2011. After a tandem paraglider flew into the cables, operations had to be temporarily stopped. 132 people were flown from the top station back down to the valley. 30 passengers in the lower gondola had to be lowered by rope from a height of about 50 metres, an operation lasting into the evening. 19 passengers and the cable car operator in the upper gondola could not be rescued by helicopter until the morning of 13 August 2011, due to strong winds.
Literature
H. Popp: Römische Siedlungsreste bei Schwangau. Jahrbuch Alt-Füssen 12, 1936/37
Günther Krahe: Eine römische Siedlung am Alpenrand bei Schwangau. Neue Ausgrabungen in Bayern. In: Probleme der Zeit. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Kultur, München 1970. S. 23-27.
Günther Krahe, Gisela Zahlhaas: Das Römerbad in Schwangau. Michael Laßleben Verlag, Kallmünz 1981
Günther Krahe, Gisela Zahlhaas: Römische Wandmalereien in Schwangau, Bayrisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Materialhefte zur Bayrischen Vorgeschichte Band 43. Fundinventare und Ausgrabungsbefunde. Michael Laßleben Verlag, Kallmünz 1984,
Walter Sölter (ed.): Das römische Germanien aus der Luft. 2. Auflage. Gustav Lübbe Verlag, Bergisch-Gladbach 1983. . S. 34ff.
Günther Krahe: Die Restaurierung der römischen Villa von Holheim im Ries und des römischen Badegebäudes bei Schwangau im Allgäu. In: Konservierte Geschichte? Antike Bauten und ihre Erhaltung. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1985. . S. 164 ff.
Wolfgang Czysz, Lothar Bakker: Die Römer in Bayern. Konrad Theiß Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, . S. 514.
External links
Home page
History of the Tegelberg Cable Car.
The Tegelberg Cable Car at www.schwangau.de
Diagram of the support
Cable cars in Germany
Transport in Bavaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegelberg%20Cable%20Car |
KVVF (105.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Santa Clara, California, and is simulcast on 100.7 KVVZ San Rafael. They are owned by Univision Communications, with studios at 1940 Zanker Road in San Jose. They serve the San Francisco Bay Area with a Spanish CHR radio format, using the slogan "Reggaeton y más." KVVF and KVVZ are the San Jose affiliates for the Uforia Audio Network.
KVVF has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts. The transmitter is off California State Route 130 in San Jose, near Mount Hamilton. KVVF broadcasts using HD Radio technology.
History
Early years (1964–2002)
On September 25, 1964, the station signed on as KREP, owned by Robert E. Podesta and his wife Marcella. In 1972, Bob Kieve and Santa Clara Broadcasters bought KREP for $470,000 and changed the call sign to KARA, with an English-language adult contemporary format.
From 1997 to 2000, KARA was the flagship station for the San Jose Sharks NHL hockey team before KUFX took over in 2000.
Regional Mexican (2002–2014)
Kieve sold KARA in 2002 to Hispanic Broadcasting of Dallas. It became KEMR with a Regional Mexican music format at midnight on April 1 that year.
Between 2003 and June 27, 2005, KVVF was a "pop, rock y reggaeton" station, Viva 105.7, also owned by Univision.
On October 13, 2011, the station changed its former station branding "La Kalle" to "Latino Mix."
Hot 105.7 (2014–2019)
On March 14, 2014, the station started repeatedly playing Nelly's "Hot in Herre" uninterrupted. It was a stunting event to promote a branding change to "Hot 105.7."
On March 17, 2014, Hot 105.7 FM started broadcasting at 5:05pm, beginning with a "history lesson" about the first "Hot" station that covered the San Jose area from 1988 to 1995, followed by the return of former KMEL personality Chuy Gomez, and aired a Mix Show. Programmed as a Rhythmic Contemporary station with a focus on hit-driven hip hop music and R&B, KVVF's target was a bilingual and younger Hispanic audience (mostly around the Southern portion of the Bay Area surrounding Santa Clara County), patterned after sister station KBBT in San Antonio. In a statement from Station Content Director Mark Arias, “We just feel like The Bay Area has been asking for something new and fresh. It’s a format they call Top 40/Rhythmic with a little bit of hip-hop, R&B and Top 40 crossed-over.”
In March 2016, after two years of modest ratings (it barely registered in Nielsen's San Francisco ratings) and difficulty competing with KMEL and KRBQ, KVVF de-emphasized its hip hop and R&B direction and added more rhythmic friendly pop hits. Due to 105.7's strong signal over the South Bay, it also changed focus on the whole Bay Area region to concentrate on mostly San Jose and South Bay listeners as well as listeners in nearby Monterey Bay to the south. Univision has opted to retain its simulcast on KVVZ in the process. In November 2017, they further adjusted their playlist by adding Latin hits and adopting what is essentially a three way hybrid of Rhythmic, Mainstream and Spanish CHR.
In March 2019, KVVF became the San Jose affiliate for the Uforia Audio Network, and is one of only two Rhythmic CHR affiliates in the network.
Return of "Latino Mix"
On August 30, 2019, the station started repeatedly playing J Balvin's "Reggaeton" followed by Vicente Fernández "Volver Volver" uninterrupted, reportedly an act of stunting to promote their branding and format comeback to "Latino Mix 105.7."
On September 2, 2019, Latino Mix 105.7 started broadcasting at 12:03pm, the first song played under the return to Spanish CHR format was J Balvin's "Mi Gente".
References
External links
FCC History Cards for KVVF
VVF
Univision Radio Network stations
Radio stations established in 1964
Mass media in San Jose, California
VVF
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Latin rhythmic radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVVF |
Dave Rogers (born 25 August 1975) is an English football coach and former player.
Playing career
Rogers was born in Liverpool, England. With his previous club, Shelbourne, he had quite a successful spell. He joined them from Dutch club Cambuur Leeuwarden in June 2003. Rogers made his debut that same month against Derry City, the club he would later join in the future, and quickly established himself as a key player in the side of Pat Fenlon, who was the Shelbourne manager at the time. He won the League of Ireland championship with Shelbourne in 2003, 2004, and 2006.
"Scouser", as he is known by most was one of the favourite players of the club's fans, especially after his volley in the UEFA Champions League second qualifying round against the Croatian champions Hajduk Split.
His goal spurred Shels on to a famous victory and made the Reds the first Irish team to make it to the Champions League third qualifying round. However, the club was downtrodden with financial difficulties and unable to sustain its first-team squad by early 2007,
His former manager, Fenlon, who had taken the managerial position at Derry City in December 2006, convinced him that the Brandywell was the new place for him, and his signing of a two-year contract was announced by Derry City on 28 January 2007.
He made his debut for his new club during a pre-season friendly game against Newry City prior to the beginning of the League of Ireland 2007 season.
He then signed for St Patrick's Athletic during the June transfer market and played in their UEFA Cup 1st Qualifying Round against OB Odense of Denmark.
Rogers had earlier played in the Football League for Chester City, Peterborough United, Scunthorpe United and Carlisle United, and was at Tranmere Rovers. He also played in Scotland for Ayr United and Dundee in the Scottish Premier league and also won the Scottish First Division title with Dundee in the 1997–98 season.
Rogers joined Sporting Fingal on loan from St Patrick's Athletic on 27 February 2008. He returned to the Saints on 1 July. On 22 November he along with 8 other St. Patrick's Athletic players left on a free transfer.
In August 2009 Rogers signed for Lisburn Distillery but after four months both parties agreed to part by mutual consent and on good terms.
In March 2010 Rogers signed for newly formed Cork City FORAS Co-op. On 5 June 2010, Rogers departed the club by mutual consent. He made 15 league and cup appearances for Cork.
is first goal for t
In June 2010, Rogers signed for Limerick and had a short spell with Monaghan United before joining Drogheda United in July 2011 and was immediately named captain. His first goal for the Drogs came from the penalty spot in a 2–2 draw with Dundalk at Hunky Dorys Park.
In January 2012, Rogers decided to hang up his playing boots after a 20-year career and focus on the transition on becoming a coach by concentrating on his coaching qualifications
Managerial career
In 2013, Rogers was appointed as lead coach for Liverpool F.C.'s International Academy overseeing the club curriculum and coach education around Europe. Rogers was then promoted to Academy Manager of Liverpool F.C.'s residential academy in India and over a two-year period oversaw the progress and development of over 20 academy products play for the India national team. In 2015 Rogers was also headhunted by the then India national team manager Stephen Constantine to become assistant coach for the SAFF Championship success. 2016 would then see Rogers appointment as head Coach of DSK Shivajians FC in of the Indian I-League on a three-year contract. The club became bankrupt after one season which saw Rogers then reappointed as Liverpool F.C. International Academy Manager in South Korea.
On 2 December 2022, Rogers was announced as manager of Finn Harps on a 4 year contract. On 23 September 2023, it was announced that Rogers had left the club due to 'personal and family reasons'.
Honours
Shelbourne
League of Ireland: 2003, 2004, 2006
Dundee F.C.
Scottish 1st Division Title: 1997
References
1975 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
NIFL Premiership players
League of Ireland players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
SC Cambuur players
Shelbourne F.C. players
Derry City F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players
Sporting Fingal F.C. players
Dundalk F.C. players
Lisburn Distillery F.C. players
Cork City F.C. players
Limerick F.C. players
Monaghan United F.C. players
Drogheda United F.C. players
Bohemian F.C. players
Home Farm F.C. managers
Portadown F.C. players
English football managers
Nottingham Forest F.C. non-playing staff
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Ireland
Expatriate men's association footballers in the Republic of Ireland
Footballers from Liverpool | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Rogers%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201975%29 |
Greene Washington Caldwell (April 13, 1806 – July 10, 1864) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina. He was born in Belmont, North Carolina in 1806.
Education and Career
In 1831, Greene Washington Caldwell graduated from the Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania. The following year, he served for several months as an assistant surgeon in the United States Army before deciding to leave the medical field to study law. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar and practiced in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Caldwell began his career representing North Carolinians in 1836 when he was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons. Caldwell stayed in this deleted position until 1841 when he was elected to the 27th U.S. Congress as a member of the Democratic Party. Caldwell remained a representative until 1843, serving a single term. He was not a candidate for renomination. The following year in 1844, Caldwell was appointed as Superintendent of the United States Mint in Charlotte.
Caldwell's government service was interrupted by the Mexican-American War where he served as a commissioned captain of the Third Dragoons on April 9, 1847. He was mustered out the following year on July 20, 1848.
Caldwell returned to political life and was elected to the North Carolina Senate in 1849. Two of his lieutenants, Davidson and Harrison, were also elected to the House of Commons. Caldwell was unsuccessful in a bid for Congress in 1851 and resumed his medical practice in Charlotte.
Death
Caldwell died in Charlotte, North Carolina, on July 10, 1864, and was buried in Old Settlers' Cemetery in Charlotte.
References
1806 births
1864 deaths
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People from Belmont, North Carolina
Democratic Party North Carolina state senators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene%20Washington%20Caldwell |
The Cologne Cable Car ( or Rheinseilbahn (Köln)) is a gondola lift that runs across the river Rhine in Cologne, Germany. It connects the two banks of the Rhine at the height of Cologne's Zoo Bridge (Zoobrücke).
History
The cable car over the Rhine was opened on April 26, 1957 in time for the opening of the biannual German horticultural show, the Bundesgartenschau; it connects the exhibition sites at Rheinpark with those on the other riverside, close to Cologne Zoo and Flora/Botanical Garden. Amongst its first guest were the President of Germany, Theodor Heuss, and Federal Chancellor and former Mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer. In 2010 in Koblenz another aerial tram crossing the Rhine opened, because of the 2011 edition of the Bundesgartenschau.
In 1963, the cableway was closed and dismantled because it stood on land needed for the new Zoo Bridge. It was reopened after protracted discussions, but the route had to be changed in response to irritated drivers who did not want the cable car over the bridge. The suspension tower was slightly turned and the support was moved to a location in the Rhine Park. The new extended Rhine cableway re-opened on 22 August 1966. The Stadtbahn station at Zoo/Flora opened in 1974. Today, the cable cars cross the thermal baths known as the Claudius Therme, which were built later in the Rheinpark (Rhine Park).
From 1957 to 2004 the cable car transported 13.7 million people without an accident; and in 2004, it carried 288,500 passengers. It is considered to be Cologne's safest means of transport. Starting in 2004, the cable car ran at night for special occasions and since that year it has been profitable. Kölner Seilbahn operates the tramway, which since 1998 has been a subsidiary of the Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe, the city's public transit operator.
Specifications
The Cologne Cable Car is open daily from April through October.
50 cabins can carry up to 2,000 persons per hour.
Length: 935 metres
Diameter/carrying capacity of the cable:
Carrying rope: 45 millimeters/230,280 kg
Hauling cable: 22 millimeters/30,000 kg
See also
List of gondola lifts
References
External links
Cologne is a feeling - Cable Car
Official site
Gondola lifts in Germany
Transport in Cologne
Tourist attractions in Cologne
1957 establishments in West Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne%20Cable%20Car |
is a strategy video game that was developed and published by Capcom for the PlayStation in 2001. It is unrelated to the anime and manga series One Piece.
Plot
The storyline of One Piece Mansion revolves around a successful landlord called Polpo. At the start of the game, Polpo's little sister is kidnapped by the owner of a rival mansion, Chocola. It is the player's job to battle through levels meeting Chocola's objectives and to eventually free Polpo's little sister.
Gameplay
The basic objective of One Piece Mansion is simple. Every resident in the player's mansion has a stress level, which is indicated by a small bar above their head. If this level gets too high, they will eventually move out of the mansion.
Every resident affects the stress levels of the residents around them, in both positive and negative ways. Each resident has a unique stress effect, some having negative to the left, positive to the right etc. The player's task is to arrange these so that all the residents are happy. However, if a resident does become stressed out, their effect on other residents changes. For example, sweet Ai-Chan radiates stress reducing arrows to all rooms around her. However, if she becomes stressed out herself, her effect on other residents weakens.
Polpo, the manager, also has a role to play in the game. In manager mode, he can roam around the mansion and perform two important tasks:
Blow his whistle to send any Syndicate 5 members on that level back to their rooms.
Use his fire extinguisher to put out any fires in the mansion.
Building
When the mansion becomes full, the player must build new rooms. If all the current levels are full, the player must also expand the mansion upwards with elevators. Building new rooms may also require demolishing elevators. Both construction and demolition require money.
Game Modes
One Piece Mansion can be played in several different modes, each of which have their own unique challenges.
Story Mode
This is the mode in which the plot is followed. There are seven stages of increasing difficulty, with each stage requiring different conditions to be met.
Every few stages, a powerful rival character appears. The rival character will move into the player's mansion and kick out all the trouble residents, leaving the player to deal with him instead.
Endless Mode
In Endless Mode, players are left to develop their mansions without a plot line to follow. It allows players to experiment with new resident combinations and to expand the mansion as desired.
Characters
The following list is a selection of characters from One Piece Mansion.
Polpo is the mansion manager. Polpo stays busy solving the residents' problems and defeating criminals. His troubles never seem to end.
Ai-Chan is the sweetheart of One Piece Mansion. Her smile makes all those around her happy.
Mee is an inquisitive alien resident. He annoys other residents with his blinding laser.
Osuzu lives in her roomful of cats. Her pets' effects depend on how stressed she is feeling.
Ope is a mysterious doctor. He eases residents stress with his comforting medicines.
Heebee is a bamboo craftsman with a stick of live bamboo on his head. When he gets excited, the bamboo sprouts and causes trouble to the residents above him.
Kiwi is a member of the dangerous Syndicate 5. He burgles the other residents, leaving them broke and unable to pay rent.
Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
References
External links
Capcom Official website
2001 video games
Puzzle video games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Capcom games
PlayStation (console) games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in country houses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Piece%20Mansion |
Mark of the Devil (, lit. Witches Tortured till They Bleed) is a 1970 West German horror film. It is most remembered for US marketing slogans devised by Hallmark Releasing Corp. that included "Positively the most horrifying film ever made" and "Rated V for Violence", while sick bags were given free to the audience upon admission.
While not prosecuted for obscenity, the film was seized and confiscated in the UK under Section 3 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 during the video nasty panic.
Plot
Count Christian von Meruh (Udo Kier) is a witch hunter and apprentice to Lord Cumberland (Herbert Lom) in early 18th-century Austria. He believes strongly in his mentor and his mission but loses faith when he catches Cumberland strangling a man to death for calling him impotent. Meruh begins to see for himself that the witch trials are a scam to rob people of their land, money, and other personal belongings of value and seduce beautiful women. Eventually, the townspeople revolt, and Cumberland escapes but Meruh is captured by the townspeople.
The film (which The Aurum Film Encyclopedia: Horror calls "grotesquely sadistic") contains very strong simulations of graphic torture including a woman's tongue being ripped out of her head by tongue pincers, nuns being raped, nails to probe for the Devil's spot, whipping posts, fingers being cut off, racks and multitudes of vicious beatings.
The opening credits and voiceover make the exaggerated claim that over eight million people were condemned as witches and killed during the period in which the film is set. The scholarly consensus on the total number of executions for witchcraft ranges from 40,000–60,000.
Cast
Herbert Lom - Lord Cumberland
Olivera Katarina - Vanessa Benedikt (credited as Olivera Vučo)
Udo Kier - Count Christian von Meruh
Reggie Nalder - Albino
Herbert Fux - Executioner
Michael Maien - Baron Daumer
Ingeborg Schöner - Nobleman's Wife
Johannes Buzalski - Advocate
Gaby Fuchs - Deidre von Bergenstein
Adrian Hoven - Nobleman
Production
The film is based upon Michael Armstrong's 1969 script. The original plans were led by producer Adrian Hoven, who intended to produce, direct and star in the film. Hoven's version was a completely different film rumoured to have been called The Witch Hunter - Dr. Dracula. The film was made to cash in on the success of Michael Reeves' 1968 classic Witchfinder General. Hoven has been a collaborator of Jess Franco. He was an actor turned producer and director.
The production was filmed during the summer of 1969 in Austria. From the beginning production was difficult, including that at least half a dozen languages were spoken on set, which caused problems for the cast and crew. Producer Adrian Hoven and director Michael Armstrong disliked each other intensely and often argued over the slightest of things. Hoven made sure a small number of the scripts were kept on set and even cut some of Armstrong's footage, so his own ideas could be inserted in the film. Because cinematographer Ernst W. Kalinke was a friend of Hoven's, they would both film scenes without Armstrong's permission. It has been debated how much of Mark of the Devil was filmed by Armstrong and what by Hoven. Armstrong claims in his commentary track on the Blu-ray release by Arrow that they filmed nothing significant, although he did add the water torture scene featuring Hoven as an actor at the latter's request. To give the film some historical accuracy, it was filmed in an Austrian castle where actual witchfinding interrogations had taken place. This castle also served as a museum with authentic torture tools that were used in the film.
Release
Mark of the Devil was released theatrically in West Germany on February 19, 1970.
The film was released theatrically in the United States by Hallmark Releasing in 1972 and has been available since then on VHS in a multitude of releases from different companies, all varying in terms of the violent content, and released on laserdisc by Elite Entertainment. The film was released on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 1998 and re-released by Blue Underground in 2004, with this release being deemed the most complete version of the film. Arrow Films released the film on March 17, 2015 uncut for the first time on Blu-ray Disc in the United Kingdom and United States. The release featured the High Rising Productions documentary film Mark of the Times and a special featurette over the distributor Hallmark Releasing with the documentary Hallmark of the Devil. The film is rated 18 by the British Board of Film Classification.
Reception
The film was more successful at the box office than Witchfinder General. This success is often attributed to the advertising campaign. The film has been criticized by many reviewers for being too violent to contain any message and far too exploitative whilst dealing with a serious historical subject. Other reviews praise the film for its soundtrack, special effects, and filming locations, consisting of the mountainous Austrian countryside and stately castles.
The University of Vienna's film studies conference "Mark of the Devil: On a Classic Exploitation Film" was held on 3–5 April 2014. In 2017 the Cine-Excess eJournal devoted a special issue to the film and its sequel, Mark of the Devil Part II, which includes a range of extensive articles (about topics such as authorship, marketing and censorship) and an interview with Joyce and Percy Hoven.
Trivia
"Mark of the Devil", a track on Finnish heavy/doom metal band Wolfshead's 2015 EP Caput Lupinum, is based on the film.
A sample of Albino's voice is the intro for "I, the Witchfinder", while a sample of Albino's laughter is the intro for "Dopethrone", both from the same titled album by the stoner/doom metal band Electric Wizard.
Sequel
Producer Hoven delivered the official sequel, Mark of the Devil Part II (German: Hexen geschändet und zu Tode gequält) in 1973. In addition, several VHS companies sought to exploit the title's notoriety by retitling several unrelated European horror films as sequels. This included Mark of the Devil - Part III which was the 1975 Mexican film Sisters of Satan (a.k.a. Alucarda). Mark of the Devil - Part IV and Mark of the Devil - Part V (which featured scream queen Michelle Bauer on the box art even though she did not appear in the movie) were films from the popular Blind Dead series. Two low-budget sequels were the American-made Mark of the Devil 666: The Moralist (1995) released on VHS by Moore Video, and the more comically/horror-spoof toned Mark of the Devil 777: The Moralist, Part 2 (2022). The two later films are directly connected with storyline and characters.
References
External links
Mark of the Devil: On a Classic Exploitation Film. An International Conference
Mark of the Devil: International Perspectives on a Cult Classic. Special issue of the Cine-Excess eJournal
1970 films
1970 horror films
Films about witchcraft
Films directed by Michael Armstrong
Films set in Austria
Films set in the 18th century
Films shot in Austria
1970s German-language films
German horror films
Obscenity controversies in film
German splatter films
Folk horror films
West German films
Video nasties
1970s German films
Films about witch hunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20of%20the%20Devil%20%281970%20film%29 |
Shari Shattuck (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress and author.
Shattuck was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She has appeared in hundreds of commercials, TV, film, and stage productions. Some roles include "Dallas", "Life Goes On", "On Deadly Ground" as well as multiple Shakespearean roles. She appeared in both nighttime and daytime soaps, sitcoms, mini-series and starred in multiple films. As a model, she appeared on the cover of Playboy in April 1980, and numerous other magazines. In 1982, while working as a model in Atlanta, she was cast in the music video of the .38 Special song "Caught Up in You".
Personal life
Shattuck was married to actor Ronn Moss (with whom she has two daughters — Creason and Calee) from January 1990 to July 2002. She later married Joseph Paul Stachura, the owner and managing artistic director of the Knightsbridge Theatre, The National American Shakespeare Company, as well as the Director of Knightsbridge Theatre Films. The couple has produced two movies together, "Redemption" and "Scream at the Devil."
In addition to acting, Shattuck has written for the stage and directed multiple productions. Her play, In Progress, was produced at the Matrix Theatre.
Shattuck is also a fiction writer who has written four mystery novels featuring Callaway Wilde, a wealthy Los Angeles socialite, the first of which, Loaded, was picked as one of the best of 2003 by Publishers Weekly. Other titles in the Callaway Wilde series are Lethal, Liar, and Legacy. She also wrote a psychic series featuring Greer Sands, Eye of the Beholder and Speak of the Devil and two hardcover literary fiction novels, Invisible Ellen and the sequel, Becoming Ellen.
Filmography
References
External links
1960 births
Actresses from Atlanta
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
Living people
Writers from Atlanta
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shari%20Shattuck |
James Griffith Edwards CBE (3 October 1928 – 13 September 2012) was a British psychiatrist.
Edwards was born on 3 October 1928 in India and received his M.D. from Balliol College, Oxford. His research focused on the study and treatment of alcohol and other drug dependence and related aspects of addictions.
He was director of the Medical Research Council-funded Addiction Research Unit from 1968 until his retirement from King's College London. He also established the UK National Addiction Centre in London and was its first Chair and Director. He was Editor-in-Chief of the journal Addiction for twenty-five years. In 1971 he delivered the Edwin Stevens Lecture. Awards he received include the E.M. Jellinek Memorial Award in 1979 for his research on alcohol use disorders, and being made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1987 for his services to social science and medicine, among others.
Edwards wrote extensively on policy aspects of alcohol and other drug problems and promoted a balanced public health population-based approached to the tackling of alcohol and other drug problems. He wrote the original description of alcohol dependence and the terminology of dependence has become the global term adopted in international disease classification systems including the DSM and ICD classifications.
Edwards wrote on alcohol and other drugs for both professionals and academics, and for a general audience. His popular science books include Alcohol, The Worlds Favourite Drug, Matters of Substance: Drugs, and Why Everyone is a User. He also sole-authored in 1982 the first edition of the book The Treatment of Drinking Problems and contributed as an author, co-author, and advisor to its subsequent editions. After his death, the five other authors of the sixth edition renamed the book in his honour as Edwards' Treatment of Drinking Problems.
Research and community development projects
Professor Edwards combined a career of developing research and knowledge on aspects of alcohol and drug problems with the promotion of community based actions. He supported the development of a broad structured response to alcohol and other drug problems, including appropriate and high quality medical and psychiatric services for such problems. Edwards conducted research and supported the development of new approaches to those who are homeless and also people in prison with alcohol problems. He was instrumental in supporting the establishment of the first Therapeutic Community for treatment of Drug Dependence, Phoenix House. In addition, he supported the development of community drug agencies in the late 1960s and was involved in the early work piloting community-based services for alcohol problems.
Along with Lady Ann Parkinson, he supported the founding of a charity originally called Action on Addiction in 1989. (This charity later merged with The Chemical Dependency Centre and Clouds House) to form a new larger charity, now also called Action on Addiction). Action on Addiction works to support treatment and aftercare, as well as the development of research and service innovation in Addictions. Through his interest in developing country issues and links with the World Health Organisation he strongly supported and encouraged projects to assist research and service development in resource poor settings.
Professor Edwards' academic work involved research in tobacco, alcohol and other drugs and has supported a training, research, treatment and policy approach that combines all substances that are addictive into a coherent theoretical framework. He has promoted an approach that combines the basic sciences of addiction, to the more applied and social sciences and sought to promote an evidenced based policy approach that is fully scientifically informed.
Edwards participated in multiple, international efforts to integrate the lessons of addiction research for policymakers, including the books Alcohol Policy and the Public Good and Drug Policy and the Public Good, both of which supported evidence-informed, humane, and balanced public policy towards addictive legal and illegal substances.
Bibliography
Edwards, Griffith. Alcohol: The World's Favorite Drug. NY: St. Martin's Press, 2000.
Edwards, Griffith. The Treatment Of Drinking Problems: A Guide For The Helping Professions (1st edition). London: Grant McIntyre, 1982.
Edwards, G. and Gross, M.M. (1976) Alcohol dependence: provisional description of a clinical syndrome. British Medical Journal 1, 1058–1061.
Stockwell, T., Hodgson R., Edwards, G., Taylor, C. and Rankin, H (1979) The development of a questionnaire to measure severity of alcohol dependence. British Journal of Addiction 74, 79–87.
Edwards, G. (1982) Cannabis: the question of psychiatric morbidity. In Report of the Expert Group on the Effects of Cannabis Use, pp. 40–47. London, Home Office.
Edwards G., Brown, D., Oppenheimer, E., Sheehan, M., Taylor, C. and Duckitt, A. (1988) Long-term outcome for patients with drinking problems: the search for predictors. British Journal of Addiction 83, 917–927.
Edwards, G., Anderson, P., Babor, T.F., Casswell, S., Ferrence, R., Giesbrecht, N., Godfrey, C., Holder, H.D., Lemmens, P., Mäkelä, K., Midanik, L.T., Norström, T., Österberg, E., Romelsjö, A., Room, R., Simpura, J. & Skog, O-J (1994) Alcohol Policy and the Public Good. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Translation into Finnish, French, German, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Swedish: translation of short version into Italian and Hebrew.
References
External links
1928 births
2012 deaths
Researchers in alcohol abuse
British psychiatrists
Academics of King's College London
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith%20Edwards |
Gorham's disease (pronounced GOR-amz), also known as Gorham vanishing bone disease and phantom bone disease, is a very rare skeletal condition of unknown cause, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of distended, thin-walled vascular or lymphatic channels within bone, which leads to resorption and replacement of bone with angiomas and/or fibrosis.
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of Gorham's disease vary depending on the bones involved. It may affect any part of the skeleton, but the most common sites of disease are the shoulder, skull, pelvic girdle, jaw, ribs, and spine.
In some cases, no symptoms are seen until a fracture occurs either spontaneously or following minor trauma, such as a fall. An acute onset of localized pain and swelling may occur. More commonly, pain of no apparent cause increases in frequency and intensity over time and may eventually be accompanied by weakness and noticeable deformity of the area. The rate of progression is unpredictable, and the prognosis can be difficult. The disease may stabilize after a number of years, go into spontaneous remission, or in cases involving the chest and upper spine, prove fatal. Recurrence of the disease following remission can also occur. Involvement of the spine and skull base may cause a poor outcome from neurological complications. In many cases, the result of Gorham's disease is severe deformity and functional disability.
Symptoms such as difficulty breathing and chest pain may be present if the disease is present in the ribs, scapula, or thoracic vertebrae. These may indicate that the disease has spread from the bone into the chest cavity. The breathing problems may be misdiagnosed as asthma, because the damage done to the lungs can cause the same types of changes to lung function testing as seen in asthma. Extension of the lesions into the chest may lead to the development of chylous pleural and pericardial effusions. Chyle is rich in protein and white blood cells that are important in fighting infection. The loss of chyle into the chest can have serious consequences, including infection, malnutrition, and respiratory distress and failure. These complications or their symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, poor growth or weight loss, and infection have sometimes been the first indications of the condition.
Causes
The specific cause of Gorham's disease remains unknown. Bone mass and strength are obtained and maintained through a process of bone destruction and replacement that occurs at the cellular level throughout a person's life. Cells called osteoclasts secrete enzymes that dissolve old bone, allowing another type of cells called osteoblasts to form new bone. Except in growing bone, the rate of breakdown equals the rate of building, thereby maintaining bone mass. In Gorham's disease, that process is disrupted.
Gorham and Stout found that vascular anomalies always occupied space that normally would be filled with new bone and speculated that the presence of angiomatosis may lead to chemical changes in the bone. Gorham and others speculated that such a change in the bone chemistry might cause an imbalance in the rate of osteoclast to osteoblast activity such that more bone is dissolved than is replaced. Beginning in the 1990s, elevated levels of a protein called interleukin-6 (IL-6) being detected in people with the disease were reported, leading some to suggest that increased levels of IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may contribute to the chemical changes Gorham and others believed were the cause of this type of osteolysis.
In 1999, Möller and colleagues concluded, "The Gorham-Stout syndrome may be, essentially, a monocentric bone disease with a focally increased bone resorption due to an increased number of paracrine – or autocrine – stimulated hyperactive osteoclasts. The resorbed bone is replaced by a markedly vascularized fibrous tissue. The apparent contradiction concerning the presence or absence or the number of osteoclasts, may be explained by the different phases of the syndrome." They further stated that their histopathological study provided good evidence that osteolytic changes seen in Gorham's disease are the result of hyperactive osteoclastic bone. However, others have concluded that lymphangiomatosis and Gorham's disease should be considered as a spectrum of disease rather than separate diseases.
While a consensus exists that Gorham's is caused by deranged osteoclastic activity, no conclusive evidence has been found as to what causes this behavior to begin.
Diagnosis
In 1983, Heffez and colleagues published a case report in which they suggested eight criteria for a definitive diagnosis of Gorham's disease:
Positive biopsy with the presence of angiomatous tissue
Absence of cellular atypia
Minimal or no osteoblastic response or dystrophic calcifications
Evidence of local bone progressive osseous resorption
Nonexpansile, nonulcerative lesions
No involvement of viscera
Osteolytic radiographic pattern
Negative hereditary, metabolic, neoplastic, immunologic, or infectious etiology
In the early stages of the disease, X-rays reveal changes resembling patchy osteoporosis. As the disease progresses, bone deformity occurs with further loss of bone mass, and in the tubular bones (the long bones of the arms and legs), a concentric shrinkage is often seen which has been described as having a "sucked candy" appearance. Once the cortex (the outer shell) of the bone has been disrupted, and vascular channels may invade adjacent soft tissues and joints. Eventually, complete or near-complete resorption of the bone occurs and may extend to adjacent bones, though spontaneous arrest of bone loss has been reported on occasion. Throughout this process, as the bone is destroyed, it is replaced by angiomatous and/or fibrous tissue.
Often, Gorham's disease is not recognized until a fracture occurs, with subsequent improper bone healing. The diagnosis essentially is one of exclusion and must be based on combined clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings. X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds, and nuclear medicine (bone scans) are all important tools in the diagnostic workup and surgical planning, but none has the ability alone to produce a definitive diagnosis. Surgical biopsy with histological identification of the vascular or lymphatic proliferation within a generous section of the affected bone is an essential component in the diagnostic process.
Recognition of the disease requires a high index of suspicion and an extensive workup. Because of its serious morbidity, Gorham's must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of osteolytic lesions.
Management
Treatment of Gorham's disease is for the most part palliative and limited to symptom management.
Sometimes, the bone destruction spontaneously ceases and no treatment is required, but when the disease is progressive, aggressive intervention may be necessary. Duffy and colleagues reported that around 17% of people with Gorham's disease in the ribs, shoulder, or upper spine experience extension of the disease into the chest, leading to chylothorax with its serious consequences, and that the mortality rate in this group can reach as high as 64% without surgical intervention.
A search of the medical literature reveals multiple case reports of interventions with varying rates of success as follows:
Cardiothoracic (heart and lung):
Pleurodesis
Ligation of thoracic duct
Pleurperitoneal shunt
Radiation therapy
Pleurectomy
Surgical resection
Thalidomide
Interferon alpha-2b
TPN (total parenteral nutrition)
Thoracentesis
Diet rich in medium-chain triglycerides and protein
Chemotherapy
Sclerotherapy
Transplantation
Skeletal:
Interferon alpha-2b
Bisphosphonate (e.g. pamidronate)
Surgical resection
Radiation therapy
Sclerotherapy
Percutaneous bone cement
Bone graft
Prosthesis
Surgical stabilization
Amputation
To date, no known interventions are consistently effective for Gorham's, and all reported interventions are considered experimental treatments, though many are routine for other conditions. Some people may require a combination of these approaches. Unfortunately, some people will not respond to any intervention.
Epidemiology
Gorham's disease is extremely rare and may occur at any age, though it is most often recognized in children and young adults. It strikes males and females of all races and exhibits no inheritance pattern. The medical literature contains case reports from every continent. Because it is so rare, and commonly misdiagnosed, exactly how many people are affected by this disease is not known. The literature frequently cites that fewer than 200 cases have been reported, though a consensus is building that many more cases occur around the world than have been reported.
History
The first known report of the condition came in 1838 in an article titled "A Boneless Arm" in what was then The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (now The New England Journal of Medicine). It is a brief report chronicling the case of Mr. Brown who had, in 1819 at age 18 years, broken his right upper arm in an accident. The person had two subsequent accidents, which fractured the arm twice more "before the curative process had been completed." At the time of the report in 1838, the person was reported as having remarkable use of the arm, in spite of the humerus bone having apparently disappeared – X-rays did not yet exist. Thirty-four years later, a follow-up report was published in the same journal, following Mr. Brown's death from pneumonia at the age of 70 years. The person had requested the arm "be dissected and preserved for the benefit of medical science" and this report contains a detailed pathological description of the arm and shoulder. Abnormalities of the remaining bones of the arm and shoulder are noted and the authors report that the arteries, veins, and nerves appeared normal. No mention was made of lymphatic vessels. Though several reports of similar cases were published in the interim, more than 80 years passed before another significant report of the condition appeared in the medical literature.
Both born in 1885, Lemuel Whittington Gorham, MD, and Arthur Purdy Stout, MD, had long, distinguished careers in medicine and shared a lifelong interest in pathology. Dr. Gorham practiced and taught medicine and oncology and from the mid-1950s through the early 1960s conducted and reported the classical clinicopathological investigations of pulmonary embolism. During this time, he also authored several case series on osteolysis of bone. Dr. Stout began his career as a surgeon and became a pioneer in tumor pathology, publishing Human Cancer in 1932. This work became the model for the Atlas of Tumor Pathology project, which Stout oversaw as chairman of the National Research Council in the 1950s. In his later years, Dr. Stout embarked on a systematic study of soft tissue tumors in children and was among the first to link cigarette smoking to lung cancer.
In 1954, Gorham and three others published a two case series, with a brief review of 16 similar cases from the medical literature, that advanced the hypothesis that angiomatosis was responsible for this unusual form of massive osteolysis. That same year, Gorham and Stout presented to the American Association of Physicians their paper (in abstract form), "Massive Osteolysis (Acute Spontaneous Absorption of Bone, Phantom Bone, Disappearing Bone): Its Relation to Hemangiomatosis". The paper was published in its entirety in October 1955 in The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, concluding that:
There now exists the basis for a new syndrome which is supported by a remarkable similarity of clinical and [x-ray] findings in twenty-four cases, and by an equally convincing similarity of the histological picture in eight of these, which we have personally studied.
However it is accomplished, the progressive osteolysis is always associated with an angiomatosis of blood and sometimes of lymphatic vessels, which seemingly are responsible for it.
The most typical presentation is that of osteolysis of a single bone or the bones connected by a shared joint, such as the shoulder. Although the disease can attack any bone, the shoulder is one of the most commonly involved areas, along with the skull and pelvic girdle. Spontaneous fractures are common and may be the first sign of the disease. A hallmark of the disease is the lack of bone healing following fracture.
References
Further reading
Dellinger, M. T., Garg, N, Olsen, B.R., 2014. Viewpoints on vessels and vanishing bones in Gorham-Stout disease. Bone. 63C, 47–52.
Lala S, Mulliken JB, Alomari AI, Fishman SJ, Kozakewich HP, Chaudry G. Gorham-Stout disease and generalized lymphatic anomaly—clinical, radiologic, and histologic differentiation. Skeletal Radiol. 2013 Jul;42(7):917-24. doi: 10.1007/s00256-012-1565-4. Epub 2013 Jan 31.
Trenor, C, Chaudry G. Complex lymphatic anomalies, Semin Pediatr Surg. 2014 Aug;23(4):186-90. . Epub 2014 Jul 22.
External links
Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
Rare diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham%27s%20disease |
LCH may refer to:
Places
County Hall, London, London, UK
Lake Charles (Amtrak station), Louisiana, United States; Amtrak station code LCH
Lake Charles Regional Airport, Lake Charles, Louisiana (IATA airport code)
Companies & organizations
Lexington Catholic High School, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
LCH (clearing house), a UK financial institution
Military & aviation
HAL Light Combat Helicopter
Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy, officially known as Landing Craft, Heavy or LCH
KAI LCH, Light Civil Helicopter of Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI)
Science & technology
Langerhans cell histiocytosis, a type of cancer
Life-cycle hypothesis, a model of economic consumption
Locally Compact Hausdorff space, a term used in mathematics
HCL colour spaces, a category of colour space models also referred to as LCh
LCHab, an LCh representation of the CIELAB colour space
LCHuv, an LCh representation of the CIELUV colour space | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCH |
The Kampenwand Cable Car () is a cable car up to Kampenwand, near Aschau, in the German state of Bavaria. It was built in 1957. A ride to the summit station takes approximately 14 minutes.
References
External links
Kampenwand brochure
Cable cars in Germany
1957 establishments in West Germany
Transport in Bavaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampenwand%20Cable%20Car |
ChalkZone is an American animated television series that aired on Nickelodeon. The show premiered on March 22, 2002, and finished airing its fourth and final season on August 23, 2008. Before becoming a full-fledged series, eight segments aired on the network's Oh Yeah! Cartoons program during 1998 and 1999.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2002)
Note: This season was originally produced from 1999 to 2000 but wasn't aired by Nickelodeon for executive reasons until 2002. The second season had already been completed by the time the series premiered.
Season 2 (2003)
Season 3 (2004–05)
Season 4 (2005–08)
Note: Frederator Studios announced shortly before this season premiered that the series had been cancelled. Nickelodeon began to air the Season 4 episodes in June 2005 before abruptly halting the broadcast of new episodes for 3 years until June 2008 when the remaining 6 episodes aired, with the final episode airing in August.
References
External links
ChalkZone at Frederator Studios
Lists of American children's animated television series episodes
Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ChalkZone%20episodes |
The Combined Communications-Electronics Board (CCEB) is a five-nation joint military communications-electronics (C-E) organisation whose mission is the coordination of any military C-E matter that is referred to it by a member nation. The member nations of the CCEB are Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The CCEB is the Sponsoring Authority for all Allied Communications Publications (ACPs). ACPs are raised and issued under common agreement between the member nations.
The goal of the CCEB is to enhance the interoperability of communications systems among the military forces of the ABCA countries. The CCEB directs the activities of subordinate working groups charged with exchanging operational, procedural, and technical information in defined areas. CCEB products include Allied Communications Publications, Information Exchange Action Items, and CCEB publications. The U.S. CCEB representative is the Joint Chiefs of Staff Director for C4 Systems (J-6). The U.S. Army provides technical representatives to selected CCEB working groups at the request of the U.S. CCEB representative.
The CCEB is a member to the Washington-based Multifora consisting of, but not limited to, ABCA Armies, AUSCANNZUKUS, and The Technical Cooperation Program. In the U.S., the Military Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Executive Board (MC4EB) serves as the principal member to the CCEB.
History
The Combined Communications Board (CCB) was established in 1941 based on high-level proposals for a structure to formulate combined communications-electronics policy. The Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. The CCB grew to 33 sub-committees established to consider all communication specialist areas. The CCB produced all combined communications-electronics publications used by the member nations. It also produced more than two million additional copies, in 12 languages, for use by CCB allies. CCB efforts continued after the war until 14 October 1949 when it was reduced in size and commitment with the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and dissolution of the Combined Chiefs of Staff organization. The United Kingdom Joint Communications Staff, Washington, and the United States Joint Communications-Electronics Committee continued to meet on a regular basis as the US-UK Joint Communications-Electronics Committee with representatives of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand attending as appropriate.
Canada became a full CCB member in 1951, Australia in 1969, and finally New Zealand in 1972 when the organization was renamed the Combined Communications-Electronics Board (CCEB). In 1986, the CCEB broadened its scope to include communication and information systems in support of command and control. CCEB interoperability activities have always been coordinated with NATO and the US Military Communications Electronics Board (MCEB). Increased focus on coalition C4 interoperability to maximize coalition warfighter effectiveness led to a close relationship with the Multinational Interoperability Council (MIC). Under a Statement of Cooperation the MIC supports the CCEB as the lead coordinator for multinational C4 interoperability, and the CCEB supports the MIC in its role of leading the development of Joint/Combined doctrine and defining Warfighter C4 requirements.
Allied Communications Publications
The CCEB develops and publishes the communications procedures for use in computer messaging, radiotelephony, radiotelegraph, radioteletype (RATT), air-to-ground signalling (panel signalling), and other forms of communications used by the armed forces of the five member countries.
Not all ACPs are managed by the CCEB, some are managed by the NATO Standardization Office.
Allied Communication Procedures
A subset of the CCEB's ACP documents constitutes the communication procedures for the CCEB member nations (all of whom have English as their official language) and as the basis for communication procedures of all NATO members, who will develop procedures documents in their local languages. The most well-known of these, especially outside of military organizations, is ACP 125: Communications Instructions—Radiotelephony Procedures.
See also
ABCA Armies
Air and Space Interoperability Council (air forces)
AUSCANNZUKUS (navies)
CANZUK
Five Eyes
The Technical Cooperation Program (communication-electronics)
UKUSA Agreement (signal intelligence)
US Military Communications-Electronics Board
References
External links
Official Site
Communications Publications Collection, 1929-1989
Anglosphere
Military communications
Military standardization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20Communications-Electronics%20Board |
Isyss was an American R&B girl group. The original members consisted of LeTecia Harrison, Ardena Clark, Quierra "Qui Qui" Davis-Martin and La'Myia Good (older sister of actress Meagan Good). Ardena Clark removed herself from the group in 2003 shortly after the release of their debut album to study politics. She was replaced by a singer named "Love".
Discography
Music videos
Guest appearances
* indicates the single was not released for promotional purposes.
References
External links
Allmusic
African-American musical groups
American contemporary R&B musical groups
American pop music groups
American girl groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isyss |
Micah Williams (1782–1837) was a New Jersey folk art painter.
Biography
He was most likely born near Hempstead, New York or Essex County, New Jersey in 1782. From 1829 to 1833 he worked in New York City. He also worked as a portrait artist in and around New Brunswick and Monmouth County, New Jersey. The earliest work attributed to him is from around 1790. In 1806 he married in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The last work attributed to him was from 1833. He died in New Brunswick, New Jersey on November 21, 1837. He was initially buried in New Brunswick but was later reinterred in Van Liew Cemetery in North Brunswick, New Jersey.
References
1782 births
1837 deaths
19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
American male painters
People from Essex County, New Jersey
People from Monmouth County, New Jersey
Artists from New Brunswick, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah%20Williams%20%28painter%29 |
Government House, Hobart, is the home and official residence of the governor of Tasmania, Australia. The palatial house is located on Lower Domain Road in the Queens Domain, near the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. There have been three Government Houses, all in Hobart.
Earlier residences
In 1805, after two years in a tent at Sullivans Cove, Governor Collins moved into the first Government House – a new wooden hut in Barrack Square. As local bricks gradually became available the hut was extended, but it was a primitive three-room home that let in the wind and rain.
The second Government House was built in 1817 at the junction of Macquarie Street and what is now Elizabeth Street. It had 14 rooms on two storeys and had servants' quarters, a coach house and stables, but it was badly built – of brick, wood and stucco, with later extension of sandstone – and was demolished in 1858.
Architecture
Tasmania's Government House is today regarded as one of the best vice regal residences in the Commonwealth. Designed by the Director of Public Works and colonial architect William Porden Kay, it is a fine example of an early Victorian country house in Gothic Revival style and is one of the largest of its type in Australia.
Work eventually started in 1855 on a hill of the grounds that overlooks the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens and the Derwent estuary. Sandstone was quarried on site (the excavated holes were made into ornamental pools), cedar and teak were recycled from an old ship, and slate for the roof was imported from Wales. Furniture was imported from London. Construction was completed in 1857
The House consists of 73 rooms, some of which are Elizabethan and Jacobean Revival styles. The finest rooms are the Main Hall, the Dining Room, the Ante-Drawing Room, the Drawing Room, the French Room, the Ballroom, and the Conservatory. Apart from the Conservatory, which was rebuilt to original designs in 1991, Government House remains as it was when it was first occupied.
The scale, detail and finish of the entrance hall, grand corridor and state rooms together with their furniture are unequalled in Australia. Much of the furniture ordered especially for the house and shipped out from England is still in daily use.
Outstanding exterior features of the house include bas-relief architectural sculptures, exceptional stonework, and individually carved sandstone chimney pots. The House also features ornately designed English gardens.
Functions
On 2 January 1858 Sir Henry Fox Young became the first governor to take up residence, moving to the capital from Government Cottage, Port Arthur, Tasmania.
Apart from being the venue of a busy round of annual receptions, dinners and other events, Government House has since 1990 had an annual open day, an initiative of the then governor of Tasmania, General Sir Phillip Bennett.
See also
Government Houses of Australia
Government Houses in the Commonwealth
Governors of Tasmania
References
External links
Government House Homepage
Buildings and structures in Hobart
Gothic Revival architecture in Hobart
Official residences in Australia
Hobart
Government of Tasmania
1857 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20Hobart |
The Wendelstein Cable Car (Wendelstein-Seilbahn) is a long cable car (US: aerial tramway) running from the village of Bayrischzell Osterhofen to Mount Wendelstein in the Bavarian Alps in Germany. It has a maximum speed of () and its travel time is 6.5 minutes. The cabins each take up to 50 passengers, and the cable car system has a transport capacity of 450 people per hour. The cable car climbs an altitude difference of .
The cable car has a track rope and a haulage rope. Its engine has a maximum output of . It has one tall pylon.
See also
Wendelstein Rack Railway, which takes visitors to the summit from the other side of the mountain
References
External links
Die Wendelsteinbahn (in German)
Wendelsteinseilbahn (in German)
Wendelsteinbahn GmbH English page
Wendelstein Aerial pylon diagram at SkyscraperPage.com
Cable cars in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelstein%20Cable%20Car |
Ernst Hinterseer (born 27 February 1932) is a retired alpine skier from Austria. He participated in the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, placing sixth in the giant slalom. At the 1960 Winter Olympics he won a gold medal in the slalom, and bronze in the giant slalom. He was only a substitute for the slalom, and was trailing in fifth place after the first leg.
Hinterseer won two national titles: in the giant slalom in 1954 and in a combined event in 1956. He became an "Austrian sportsman of the Year 1960" and in 1997 was awarded the "Goldenes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich" ("Order in gold of merit for services rendered to the Republic of Austria").
Hinterseer was born in a farmer's family. After World War II he started an apprenticeship as a carpenter, but focused on skiing after graduating from school. After the 1960 Olympics he turned professional and won the 1963 world title. He retired in 1967 to become a coach, and in 1974–76 headed the Austrian Ski Federation. His sons Ernst, Georg, and Hansi also became ski racers, while his grandson Lukas Hinterseer played football for the Austria national football team.
See also
Bee Hive Ski Races, Hinterseer was a winner in 1963 and 1964
References
External links
Ernst Hinterseer at the Kitzbühel Ski Club
The Fourth Annual Bee Hive Giant slalom, 1964, Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel
1932 births
Living people
Austrian male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Austria
Alpine skiers at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
Skiers from Tyrol (state)
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Hinterseer |
Coconut Records is a German record label formed in 1981 by producers Tony Hendrik and Karin Hartmann. The label has released multiple genres of music, including dance, schlager, eurodance, electronica, Hi-NRG, Dance-pop and R&B.
Artists
Artists currently signed to Coconut Records include Londonbeat, Andreas Martin, Wolfgang Petry, Haddaway, Bad Boys Blue, Soultans, Chyp-Notic and A La Carte.
See also
List of record labels
Bad Boys Blue discography
References
External links
Official site
German record labels
Record labels established in 1981
Pop record labels
Electronic dance music record labels
IFPI members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut%20Records |
This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1965.
Guildie Howes Mine (Locomotives and Diesel Vehicles) Special Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/33
Muirshiel Barytes Mine (Storage Battery Locomotives) Special Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/120
Transfer of Functions (Shipping and Construction of Ships) Order 1965 S.I. 1965/145
The Road Vehicles (Index Marks) (Amendment) Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/237
Trunk Roads (40 m.p.h. Speed Limit) (No.6) Order 1965 S.I. 1965/305
Secretary of State for Wales and Minister of Land and Natural Resources Order 1965 S.I. 1965/319
Act of Sederunt (Rules of Court) (Consolidation and Amendment) 1965 S.I. 1965/321
Barnsley (Water Charges) Order 1965 S.I. 1965/419
The National Health Service (Regional Hospital Areas) Order 1965 S.I. 1965/527
Water Resources (Licences) Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/534
Local Law (Greater London Council and Inner London Boroughs) Order 1965 S.I. 1965/540
Post Office Register (Trustee Savings Banks) (Amendment) Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/556
The London Government Order 1965 S.I. 1965/654
Merseyside Special Review Area Order 1965 S.I. 1965/905
South East Lancashire Special Review Area Order S.I. 1965/906
Industrial Tribunals (England and Wales) Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/1101
Diplomatic Privileges (Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies) (Amendment) Order 1965 S.I. 1965/1124
Industrial Tribunals (Scotland) Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/1157
The East of Christchurch-Tredegar Park Motorway Connecting Roads Special Roads Scheme 1965 S.I. 1965/1247
Dragonby Ironstone Mine (Diesel, Diesel-Electric and Storage Battery Vehicles) (Amendment) Special Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/1299
Trunk Roads (50 m.p.h. Speed Limit) (England) Order 1965 S.I. 1965/1346
Common Investment Fund Scheme 1965 S.I. 1965/1467
County Court Funds Rules 1965 S.I. 1965/1500
Visiting Forces and International Headquarters (Application of Law) Order 1965 S.I. 1965/1536
Coal and Other Mines (Mechanics and Electricians) Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/1559
Redburn Mine (Storage Battery Locomotives) Special Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/1698
Barnsley Water Order 1965 S.I. 1965/1728
Rules of the Supreme Court 1965 S.I. 1965/1776
Act of Adjournal (Criminal Legal Aid Fees Amendment) 1965 S.I. 1965/1788
Redundancy Payments Pensions Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/1932
Industrial and Provident Societies Regulations 1965 S.I. 1965/1995
County of Ross and Cromarty (River Lael Allt Gleann a' Mhadaidh) Water Order 1965 S.I. 1965/2102
Town and Country Planning (Scotland) (New Town of East Kilbride) (Special Development) Order 1965 S.I. 1965/2118
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%201965 |
The 1999 British Academy Television Awards were held on 9 May at the Grosvenor House Hotel in Park Lane, London. It was hosted solely by Michael Parkinson, who was due to share hosting duties with Jill Dando until her murder two weeks earlier.
Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface; the nominees are listed below.
Craft Awards
Special Awards
Richard Curtis
In Memoriam
Ernie Wise
Robin Bailey
Patricia Hayes
Bryan Mosley
Ken Platt
Betty Marsden
Andrew Gardner
Richard Dunn
Johnny Morris
John Hanson
Rod Hull
Sid Green
Trevor Philpott
Mary Millar
Frank Gillard
Robin Ray
Johnny Speight
Robin Nedwell
Derek Nimmo
Bob Peck
Michael Samuelson
Lew Grade
Jill Dando
References
External links
Television1999
1999 awards in the United Kingdom
1999 television awards
1999 in British television
May 1999 events in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20British%20Academy%20Television%20Awards |
HSPA may refer to:
High Speed Packet Access, a mobile broadband technology
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
Education
High School Proficiency Assessment
Humphrey School of Public Affairs, an American public policy school
Hunter School of the Performing Arts, a school in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA |
C. Ramprasad is an Indian cinematographer who predominantly works in the Telugu film industry. He has done cinematography for more than 50 films. His notable works are Hanuman Junction (2001), Murari (2002), Athanokkade (2005), Maryada Ramanna (2010), Mirapakay (2011), Yevadu (2014), Legend (2014), and Akhanda (2021).
Early life
Prasad was born to the couple Madhav Rao and Subbalakshmi in 1965. His father was a makeup man in South India and mother a homemaker. He spent his earlier years in Chennai. While his father inspired Prasad to make a decision about his career. After completing his SSLC, he joined the Film Institute in Chennai to pursue a Diploma in Cinematography (D.F.T.-Diploma in Film Technology). His passion for photography was so much that he just dropped out of college to join as assistant to VSR Swamy. He later moved to Hyderabad on 1992.
Career
Prasad worked as an assistant cameraman in Telugu feature films from 1986 to 1988 and finally got his first break in the film Pacha Thoranam.
Awards
Filmography
All films in Telugu unless otherwise noted
References
External links
Living people
Telugu film cinematographers
20th-century Indian photographers
1966 births
21st-century Indian photographers
Santosham Film Awards winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%20Prasad%20%28cinematographer%29 |
The AAA Northern Region was one of the four AAA regions in the Virginia High School League. It was made up of four districts: the AAA Concorde District, the AAA Liberty District, the AAA National District, and the AAA Patriot District. Group AAA is the largest enrollment class for VHSL schools, and typically AAA is the most competitive level as well. In 2013, the three classification format was eliminated in favor of a six classification system. Accordingly, the Northern Region was eliminated, while the districts were retained for regular season competition.
The Northern Region comprises most of the public schools in Northern Virginia, including all the public high schools in Fairfax County, Arlington County, Alexandria City, and one high school in Loudoun County. The region is also the smallest geographically of all the A, AA, and AAA VHSL regions, where boundaries have remained within the outer limits of Fairfax County for most of its history.
History of the Northern Region
Past Northern Region districts
In 1965, the then nineteen schools in the Northern Region which competed at the AAA varsity level were first organized into three districts based primarily on geographic location. The Northern Region was originally made up of three districts. They were the AAA Northern District, the AAA Alexandria District, and the AAA Potomac District. The Alexandria District had its name changed to the Gunston District within a few years. The Northern Region had these districts until 1976, when a fourth district, the Great Falls, was added. These districts served the region until the 1993–1994 school year.
There are currently 17 teams playing in the Northern Region (6D) as of the 2018–2019 school year.
The Concorde District includes Centreville, Chantilly, Madison, Oakton, Westfield.
The Cedar Run District includes Battlefield, Osbourn, Osbourn Park, Patriot, Stonewall Jackson.
The Liberty District includes Herndon, Langley, McLean, South Lakes, Washington-Lee, Yorktown.
Marshall is in the National District but the other members of that district play in region 6C.
Major changes in the Northern Region
Current district names
The four current district names (Concorde, Cedar Run, Liberty, National) were adopted in the 1993-1994 school based on which division (5 or 6) of football they played in. The Concorde and Patriot Districts held Division 6 schools which are larger AAA schools; the Liberty and National Districts held only Division 5 schools which are smaller AAA schools.
2005
In 2003, Loudoun Valley and Stone Bridge, members of the AA Dulles District, were moved to the AAA Northern Region for the 2005-2007 playing cycle due to enrollment increases in the schools. The Northern Region originally tried to keep both schools away from the region, but the VHSL forced them to accept the two Loudoun County schools anyway. Loudoun schools Broad Run, Park View, and Potomac Falls were Northern Region members before, but they joined before a 2001 VHSL provision was passed which would allow schools to play down a class due to transportation hardships, which both the Loudoun schools and the Northern Region used as a reason to keep its geography within Fairfax County, but this plan failed because the VHSL did not believe either school's location warranted such a request. Thus, Loudoun Valley and Stone Bridge were forced to join the Northern Region, with Valley receiving an exemption to become a playoff only member of the National District and Stone Bridge joining the Liberty in all sports. However, Loudoun Valley's time in the region was short lived, as they were moved to the AAA Cedar Run District of the AAA Northwest Region for the 2007-2009 cycle.
2009
In 2007, Stone Bridge was provisionally placed to move to the Cedar Run District for the 2009-2011 cycle with Loudoun Valley along with Heritage of Leesburg, because the district would lose three members due to a decline in enrollment, as well as to keep the balance of regions as equal as possible. However, all three Loudoun schools appealed the redistricting, with Loudoun Valley and Heritage requesting to move into the Northern Region, and Stone Bridge requesting to remain in it. The VHSL decided to reject Loudoun Valley's and Heritage's appeals, but allowed Stone Bridge to remain in the Northern Region.
Former members of the Northern Region
Alexandria City schools
Francis C. Hammond High School and George Washington High School were members of the Northern Region until 1971, when they consolidated into the newer T. C. Williams High School, as was portrayed in the 2000 movie Remember the Titans. The city of Alexandria has had just one senior high school for its students ever since. After the consolidation, Hammond and GW were reconfigured to hold the city's 9th and 10th graders, with the 11th and 12th graders attending T.C. In the 1980s Hammond and GW were reassigned as middle schools.
Fairfax County schools
Fort Hunt High School and Groveton High School were both members of the Northern Region in the 1970s and the 1980s until they consolidated to form West Potomac High School in 1985. West Potomac uses the former Groveton High's facilities. Fort Hunt High School's facilities are now being used as the site of Carl Sandburg Middle School.
Thomas Jefferson High School of Alexandria was also a longtime member of the Northern Region until 1985 when it phased in the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology program. Though TJHSST and TJHS used the same building and had the same mascot (Colonials), they were still considered to be separate schools. Students at Thomas Jefferson High School were also eventually moved to nearby Annandale High School in 1987.
Loudoun County schools
From 1996 to 1999, Broad Run High School of Ashburn and Park View High School of Sterling were admitted to the Northern Region in the Liberty District. Potomac Falls High School of Sterling opened in 1997 and was also a member of the Northern Region as a member of the Concorde District from 1997 until 1999. In 1999, all three schools dropped back to Group AA and returned to the Northwestern District because their enrollment numbers dropped significantly due to Potomac Falls' opening.
From 2005 to 2007, Loudoun Valley High School of Purcellville, entered the Northern Region as a full member for football and as a playoff only member for other sports in the National District. The school's distance caused travel concerns among Loudoun Valley and other district members. Loudoun Valley moved to the AAA Cedar Run District of the Northwest Region after its two-year stint.
Region champions
Fall '21 Sports Champions
Cheerleading: Chantilly
Boys Cross Country:
Girls Cross County:
Field Hockey: Madison
Football (Division 6): Madison
Golf:
Volleyball: Langley
Winter '20-21 Sports Champions
Boys Basketball: Centreville
Girls Basketball: Madison
Girls Gymnastics: Washington-Liberty
Boys Swimming:
Girls Swimming:
Boys Indoor Track:
Girls Indoor Track:
Wrestling:
Spring '21 Sports Champions
Baseball: Madison
Boys Lacrosse: Yorktown
Girls Lacrosse: Langley
Boys Soccer: Yorktown
Girls Soccer: McLean
Softball: Washington-Liberty
Boys Tennis: Oakton
Girls Tennis: Oakton
Boys Track:
Girls Track:
AAA championships won by Northern Region schools in 2008-2021
Wachovia Cup
The Wachovia Cup is given to the top school in AAA (as well as AA and A) to schools who consistently win championships in a wide variety of activities. Points are awarded to schools who win state championships, runners-up, etc., and are tallied up at the end of the year.
Athletics
Frank W. Cox High School of Virginia Beach and the AAA Eastern Region won the Wachovia Cup for athletics for Group AAA in the 2006–2007 school year.
Here are the Northern Region members that finished in the top 10 in the 2006–2007 school year for athletics:
2nd Place: Robinson
4th Place: Oakton
7th Place: Westfield
8th Place: Lake Braddock
9th Place (tie): Chantilly
9th Place: Jefferson
9th Place: Woodson
Academics
The Wachovia Cup for Academics is given based on the same criteria as the Athletics Cup, except that points are based on academic activities sponsored by the VHSL. In the 2006–2007, Westfield won the AAA Academic Cup. The Northern Region dominated the Academic Cup standings, with two of the top five schools being Northern Region members, six of the top 10 finishers being members, and fourteen of the top 25 being Northern Region members.
Here are the Northern Region members that finished in the top 10 in the 2006–2007 school year for academic activities:
AAA Champion: Westfield
3rd Place: Chantilly
7th Place: West Springfield
8th Place: Hayfield
9th Place: Yorktown
10 Place: Annandale
References
External links
VHSL-Reference
DigitalSports Northern Virginia: Gives in depth coverage on all Northern Region schools except Stone Bridge
Loudoun Prep Sports: Gives in depth coverage on Stone Bridge
TCC Sports: Gives in depth information on many Northern Region schools
Langley High School's baseball site's section on Northern Region schools
Virginia High School League
Northern Virginia
Education in Fairfax County, Virginia
Education in Arlington County, Virginia
Education in Loudoun County, Virginia
Education in Alexandria, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA%20Northern%20Region |
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a type I cytokine receptor encoded in humans by the PRLR gene on chromosome 5p13-14. It is the receptor for prolactin (PRL). The PRLR can also bind to and be activated by growth hormone (GH) and human placental lactogen (hPL). The PRLR is expressed in the mammary glands, pituitary gland, and other tissues. It plays an important role in lobuloalveolar development of the mammary glands during pregnancy and in lactation.
Structure
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a membrane-bound protein of the cytokine receptor superfamily. In humans, it is encoded by a single gene which contains 11 exons and is located on chromosome 5. PRLR expression can be found in several tissues such as the gonads, breast, uterus, heart, liver, kidney, brain, immune cells, as well as adrenal and pituitary glands.
Several PRLR isoforms have been described in different tissues. These have varying lengths and cytoplasmic domain composition, but share identical extracellular domains, which are the regions binding to PRLR.
Diversity of PRLR is a result of transcription initiation in different sites of the PRLR promoter region. Additionally, post-translational modifications, like alternative splicing are the events that result in the different isoforms that allow for all the different actions of prolactin in the body.
Signaling
The PRLR is a class 1 cytokine receptor that uses messenger pathways to control cell proliferation, migration, intracellular ion concentration and inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis). PRLRs also have functions in the second messenger cascades, including:
JAK-STAT pathway – the STAT protein family has been shown to have a key transduction role in cytokine receptor signalling; this pathway is initiated following the activation of PRLRs. Although there have been 4 STAT proteins identified as transducer molecules of PRLR, STAT5 is recognised as the most important transducer of PRLR isoforms, with a role in inhibiting regulation of gene transcription.
Ras-Raf-MAPK – initiated by PRLR activation. Phosphotyrosine residues on PRLR act as binding sites for adapter proteins – these connect PRLR to the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade
JAK-RUSH pathway
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Function
Expression of the PRLR protein is found within cells of the mammary glands in accordance with its role in lactation, but also is the subject of attention for its diverse and emerging roles by its expression in adipose tissue, pancreatic islet cell proliferation, and immune responses. The PRLR has been found to be essential for lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy, as evidenced by the fact that PRLR knockout mice show severely impaired development of lobuloalveolar structures. Disruption of PRLR signaling pathways have been linked to tumorigenesis and breast cancer development.
Ligands
Agonists
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Human placental lactogen
Placental growth hormone
S179D-hPRL
Antagonists
Prolactin receptor antagonists such as Del1-9-G129R-hPRL have been developed.
Dopamine agonists are currently the most common methods used for treating hyperprolactinemia. However, since dopamine agonists only negatively regulate prolactin production from the pituitary gland, a few studies have tried to develop prolactin receptor antagonists for potentially treating the dopamine-resistant local hyperprolactinemia. Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL is one of the prolactin receptor antagonists been studied. Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL as a mutant (inactivated) form of prolactin which exerts its antagonist effect by competing with prolactin to bind with prolactin receptors; thereby, inhibiting the agonist effects of prolactin on prolactin receptors. Besides molecular antagonists, antibodies can also potentially be used to inhibit prolactin receptor signaling. LFA102 is a monoclonal antibody that has been studied and tested for disrupting prolactin receptor's signaling in breast cancers and prostate cancers. Although LFA102 has been proved sufficient to reduce prolactin receptor signaling based on in vitro and in vivo (mouse) studies, LFA102 likely has low effects on limiting tumor growth (breast and prostate cancer) as shown in phase I clinical trials.
Prolactin receptor dysfunction
PRLR dysfunction has been seen to positively regulate the proliferation of malignant cells in breast cancer. Defects on prolactin receptor signalling can trigger tumour activity, rather than suppress. Signal control is monitored by a variety of genes, and the PRLR gene has been identified in the tissue of metastatic primary breast cancer cells. The defect in the gene is thought to have built a resistance to chemotherapy, and has lost the ability to regulate the apoptosis of cells with mutated DNA. This signalling defect then fails to promote the cellular differentiation, and promotes the upstream survival of the cancerous cells. In breast cancer, the survival of the breast epithelial cells resemble the malignant cells, characteristically known to have an increased proliferative rate.
See also
Prolactin modulator
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
References
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin%20receptor |
GEPA can mean:
Grade Eight Proficiency Assessment - New Jersey student assessment
Gepa The Fair Trade Company - Europe's largest alternative trading organization
Guam Environmental Protection Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEPA |
William Lester Suff (born Bill Lee Suff; August 20, 1950), also known as The Riverside Prostitute Killer and The Lake Elsinore Killer, is an American serial killer.
Early crimes
In 1974, a Texas jury convicted Suff and his then-wife, Teryl, of beating their two-month-old daughter to death. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals later reversed Teryl's conviction but upheld Suff's in Suff v. State (Tex. 1976) 531 S.W.2d 814, finding insufficient evidence to convict her as either the primary actor or a principal in their baby's murder.
Though Suff was sentenced to 70 years in a Texas prison, he served only ten years before his 1984 release on parole.
Murders
Suff was convicted of twelve counts of murder and one count of attempted murder.
Rhonda Jetmore
On January 10, 1989, Rhonda Jetmore, 27, a prostitute, entered into a sexual transaction with Suff. The agreement turned violent when he began choking her. She struck him with a flashlight she had in her hand, causing Suff to lose his grip, allowing her to briefly escape. Suff tackled her to the ground and began ripping off her clothes. He stuck his finger in her mouth and she bit down, causing one of her teeth to break. Suff pulled back and Jetmore was able to run to the door, but was tackled again. As she pleaded with Suff to let her go, he lost track of his glasses. She used her flashlight to shine a light on them and when Suff went to pick them up, she ran out the door and flagged down a car. The passenger, who she happened to know, pulled out a gun and fired at Suff, and she was able to escape.
Kimberly Lyttle
On June 28, 1989, Kimberly Lyttle, 28, was found manually strangled to death on the side of the road in Lake Elsinore. Her autopsy revealed that she had been hit in the head, and she had cigarette burns on her arms and other areas of her body; all injuries occurring prior to her death. She was covered with a blue bath towel, which was found to have red, white, and blue fibers that were matched to a sleeping bag in Suff's van.
Christina Leal
On December 13, 1989, the body of Christina Leal, 23, was found strangled and stabbed to death on a Quail Valley hillside; she was last seen the night before. Her autopsy revealed marks around her wrists and ankles, indicating she was bound, scratch marks on her face, a black eye, four stab wounds in the middle of her chest, at least two knife wounds on her genitalia, and one of her nipples was partially removed; all antemortem. A lightbulb had been inserted into her uterus and was recovered intact.
Darla Jane Ferguson
On January 18, 1990, Darla Ferguson, 23, was found strangled in Riverside, just half a mile from the body of Kimberly Lyttle. She was found with her legs propped up and a trash bag pulled over the top half of her body, tied at the waist with a rope. Her wrists had been bound and she suffered blunt force trauma before death.
Carol Lynn Miller
On February 9, 1990, Carol Miller, 35, was found nude, with the exception of a shirt pulled over her head, in a grapefruit orchard in Highgrove. The frenulum connecting her upper lip to her gums was torn, indicating she was struggling while being smothered. She had no trauma to her neck. She was stabbed 5 times prior to death. Next to her body was a peeled and eaten grapefruit.
Cheryl Coker
On November 6, 1990, the body of Cheryl Coker, 33, was found in Riverside, partially inside a dumpster. She was found strangled to death, possibly with a wire, with such great force it cut the skin of her neck. Her right breast had been severed post-mortem and was found on a dirt road 30 feet away. A shoe print matching the size, shape, pattern, and wear of shoes belonging to Suff were found at the scene.
Susan Melissa Sternfeld
On December 21, 1990, Susan Sternfeld, 27, was found strangled, nude, and intentionally posed, near a dumpster in Riverside.
Kathleen Leslie Milne
On January 19, 1991, the body of Kathleen Milne, also known as Kathy Puckett, 42, was found nude, lying on a red robe, near a pile of trash, north of Lake Elsinore. A white sock had been stuffed in the back of her throat. Her death was ruled asphyxiation due to the combination of strangulation and the sock blocking her airway.
Sherry Ann Latham
On July 4, 1991, Sherry Latham, 37, was found nude, face down, in Lake Elsinore. Her cause of death was determined to be strangulation, but due to decomposition, no determination could be made on the method.
Kelly Marie Hammond
On August 16, 1991, Kelly Hammond, 27, of Rubidoux, was found strangled in an alley in Corona. Her nude body appeared to be posed; her right arm was bent and tucked under her abdomen, her left arm was bent with her hand on the ground and palm facing upward, her left leg was drawn to her chest, and her right leg was extended outward. She had two lacerations, which occurred prior to death, on her forehead. Her autopsy revealed her death to be caused by strangulation, with acute opiate intoxication a possible contributing factor.
Catherine McDonald
On September 13, 1991, Catherine McDonald, 30, the only black victim attributed to Suff, was found in Lake Elsinore. Her body was also posed; her legs were spread apart but her feet were together, her arms outstretched to the top of her head. She was four months pregnant. Before she died, she was stabbed in the chest three times. She also had a gaping cut on the left side of her neck. Her right breast was removed post-mortem, and she suffered a stab wound, as well as other lacerations, to her genitals, some before and some after death. Her official cause of death was multiple stab wounds to the neck as well as compression. Shoe prints of the same pattern as the other murders were also near McDonald's body.
Delliah Zamora
On October 30, 1991, the body of Delliah Zamora, 35, was found strangled in Glen Avon. She had fingernail injuries consistent with clawing at a ligature, though method was unable to be determined. Her larynx was crushed and broken down the middle, which would require an extreme amount of pressure.
Eleanor Casares
On December 23, 1991, Eleanor Casares, 39, was found in an orange grove near the intersection of Jefferson Street and Victoria Avenue in Riverside. She was stabbed in the chest and strangled. Her breast was removed post-mortem.
A number of additional murders were attributed to Suff, though he was never charged, with the exception of Cherie Payseur.:
Michelle Yvette Gutierrez
On October 29, 1986, Michelle Gutierrez, 26, was found in a drainage ditch in the Riverside area.
Charlotte Jean Palmer
On December 10, 1986, Charlotte Palmer, 25, was found near Romoland. Though cause of death could not be determined, authorities believe she was smothered.
Linda Ann Ortega
On April 29, 1988, the nude body of Linda Ortega, 37, was found stabbed to death near the rodeo grounds in Lake Elsinore.
Martha Bess Young
On May 2, 1988, the nude body of Martha Young, 27, of Albuquerque, was found just a few miles away from Linda Ortega. Her cause of death was determined to be a combination of strangulation and overdose of amphetamines. She was previously reported missing, first by her boyfriend, Joseph Shiflitt, who called her mother on April 10, 1988, and then officially by her mother, 17 days later.
Diane Mae Talavera
On January 17, 1989, Diana Talavera, 37, was found strangled on the beach in Lake Elsinore.
Julie Lynn Angel
On November 11, 1989, the body of Julie Angel, 36, was found bludgeoned to death in Alberhill, on a street her mother drove every day for work.
Cherie Michelle Payseur
On April 27, 1991, Cherie Payseur, 24, was found on a flower bed behind a bowling alley in Riverside. She was initially found nude, but a patron covered the body with a jean jacket before police arrived. She had been hit in the face, and though no official cause of death could be determined, she was thought to have been suffocated. A number of shoe prints were left at the scene, including a partial shoe print on the small of Payseur's back. The analyzed shoe impressions were thought to be the same as the prints from the scene of Cheryl Coker's murder. The semen collected from Payseur's body revealed two donors, ultimately requiring the results to be deemed inconclusive, though the most intensive bands matched that of Suff; as such he could not be excluded as a donor. Suff was charged with Payseur's murder, however, the jury remained deadlocked and he was not convicted.
Arrest
Suff subsequently raped, tortured, stabbed, strangled, and sometimes mutilated 12 or more women in Riverside County between June 28, 1989, and December 23, 1991. On January 9, 1992, Suff was arrested after a routine traffic stop when a police officer found a bloody knife and objects believed to be related to the killings.
Suff worked as a warehouse clerk for Riverside County when he was arrested, having been hired while still on parole from Texas. During his time in this job, Suff delivered office furniture to the officers on the task force investigating his killing spree.
Trial
On July 19, 1995, a Riverside County jury found Suff guilty of killing 12 women and attempting to kill another, though police suspected him of being responsible for as many as 22 deaths. Suff did not testify in his defense. During the penalty phase that followed, the prosecutor presented evidence linking Suff to the 1988 murder of a San Bernardino woman, as well as evidence that despite his prior Texas prison term for murdering his first daughter, he abused and violently shook his three-month-old daughter by his second wife. On August 17, 1995, after deliberating for only 10 minutes, the jury returned verdicts of guilty on 12 murder counts and on one count of attempted murder.
The jury could not unanimously agree to find him guilty on a 13th count of murder. On October 26, 1995, the trial court followed the jury's verdict and ordered Suff condemned to death. Suff resides on death row at San Quentin State Prison.
His 2014 appeal of the sentence was rejected by the California Supreme Court, which upheld the death penalty.
Victims
Book and TV
The Riverside Killer by Christine Keers and Dennis St Pierre was published in 1996 by Pinnacle True Crime.
In 1997 Cat and Mouse - Mind Games with a Serial Killer was published by Dove Books. Suff met with author Brian Alan Lane and told his story. The book includes short stories and poems written by Suff and photos of several of his victims.
Suff is the subject of the television program "Real Detective," season 2, episode 2. The 40-minute program includes dramatic recreations and interviews with the lead detective of the Riverside Taskforce, Det. Bob Creed. The episode first aired on March 9, 2017. He is also profiled as part of the Amazon Prime 2013 Documentary "Serial Killers Defined."
The case was the subject of an episode of The New Detectives, Born to Kill? and the Most Evil Killers.
See also
List of death row inmates in the United States
List of serial killers by number of victims
List of serial killers in the United States
References
External links
"19th Victim Is Linked to a Killer," New York Times, December 26, 1991.
"Man Charged in Prostitute Slayings in California," New York Times, January 15, 1992.
"Suspect in 19 Killings Indicted in California," New York Times, July 29, 1992.
"Man Is Indicted in 14 Killings in California," New York Times, July 30, 1992.
"Californian Is Guilty in Killing of 12 Prostitutes," New York Times, July 20, 1995.
"Jury Asks for Death Penalty for Convicted Killer of 12 Women," New York Times, August 20, 1995.
"Killer of Prostitutes Gets Death Sentence," New York Times, October 29, 1995.
1950 births
20th-century American criminals
American male criminals
American murderers of children
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to death
American rapists
American serial killers
Crimes against sex workers in the United States
Criminals from Los Angeles
Filicides in Texas
Living people
Murder in Riverside County, California
People convicted of murder by California
People from Riverside, California
Prisoners sentenced to death by California
Serial killers from California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Suff |
The Wurmberg Gondola Lift () is a monocable gondola lift with a length of , built in 1963, leading from the Braunlage tourist resort within the Harz mountain range on the top of the high Wurmberg mountain.
The lift is considered as the longest in Northern Germany, with a vertical height of . It does not soar high above the trees, in contrast to the nearby Bode Valley Gondola Lift and differs from other lifts in that it has a central station, which one can ride through without disembarking.
The Wurmberg is the highest mountain of Lower Saxony and the second highest in the Harz after the Brocken. It offers a ski jump and a wide range of skiing and snow-boarding slopes.
Route
The Valley Station of the lift is situated in a large car park north of the High Harz town of Braunlage. Passengers may board and alight at the Middle Station where there are walks to the Rodelhaus inn, the Wurmbergklippen crags, the Kaffeehorst (checkpoint 18 in the Harzer Wandernadel) and Elend/Schierke, the Wurmberg Quarry (ca. 500 m), the Bärenbrücke bridge over the Warme Bode, and Königskrug.
The Top Station is located a few metres below the summit plateau which has seen much change in recent years. In the immediate vicinity of the Top Station is the piste on the northern slope of the Wurmberg with its various lifts.
The Wurmberg Ski Jump on the summit plateau may be visited; there is a restaurant inside. As well as the jump, there are open views of Schierke in the valley of the Kalte Bode as well as the summit of the Brocken (1141 m). During the summer there are downhill mountain bike courses and bike hire available. From the gondolas there are good views of Braunlage most of the way.
References
External links
Official website
Goslar (district)
Transport in the Harz
Braunlage
Gondola lifts in Germany
1963 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurmberg%20Gondola%20Lift |
Clarence Dexter Wiseman, (June 19, 1907 – May 4, 1985) was the tenth General of The Salvation Army from 1974 to 1977.
Life and career
Wiseman was born at Moreton's Harbour, Colony of Newfoundland on June 19, 1907. Being the son of Salvation Army officers, he moved frequently from one home to another as his parents postings necessitated.
At the age of nineteen Clarence became a cadet at The Salvation Army Training College in Toronto, and was commissioned as an officer on July 4, 1927, with the rank of lieutenant. His first appointment was to Bedford Park Corps (Toronto). Six months later he was transferred to Yorkville Corps, Toronto, both appointments being as assistant to the commanding officer.
On January 29, 1932, the then Captain Wiseman was married to Captain Janet Kelly. He was then on the staff of the editorial department at territorial headquarters (THQ) but soon after their marriage Captain and Mrs Wiseman were appointed to London South Corps and continued to work in corps appointments until mid 1940.
Captain Wiseman was then seconded to the Canadian Forces and appointed as chaplain to the 2nd Battalion Royal Canadian Engineers. At the time the battalion was involved in training exercises just north of Toronto, but were soon drafted to Great Britain. Clarence and Janet Wiseman were parted for five years. After two years as chaplain, Clarence Wiseman received orders to resign his military commission, and was appointed as senior representative for The Salvation Army Canadian War Services, with headquarters in Cockspur Street, just off Trafalgar Square.
When the war ended in June 1945, Clarence Wiseman returned to Canada and after a brief furlough he and Mrs Wiseman were appointed as leaders of the Army's work in Newfoundland where they served for more than eight years.
At the beginning of 1954 the Wisemans returned to Toronto where the now Colonel Wiseman was appointed field secretary for the Canada and Bermuda Territory. Three years later he was appointed chief secretary, second in command of The Salvation Army's forces in Canada and Bermuda.
Early in 1960 came the first overseas appointment for Clarence and Janet Wiseman. With the rank of lieutenant-commissioner they journeyed to Kenya where Clarence Wiseman served as territorial commander for the East Africa Territory. Two years later the Wisemans set sail for England where Commissioner Wiseman was appointed principal of the William Booth Memorial Training College, a post he held for the next five years.
In 1967 Canada celebrated its centenary, and that year Clarence Wiseman was appointed territorial commander for the Canada and Bermuda Territory - the first Canadian to hold the office.
In 1974 the eighth High Council nominated Commissioner Wiseman as a candidate for the office of General, the second time he had been nominated. He was duly elected to serve as the tenth general of The Salvation Army, taking command on July 6, 1974. Coming to the office at the age of 67, General Wiseman was only to have three years as the international leader as the retirement age was then 70. However, during his term in office he travelled the world extensively and Army work was opened for the first time in Guatemala.
Retirement
General Wiseman retired from active service on July 4, 1977, to be succeeded by his fellow countryman, General Arnold Brown. His nine years in retirement were filled with evangelical campaigns throughout North America and overseas. In 1976, he was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada "for his life-long dedication in the service of the Army and his inspiring leadership at home and abroad".
He published his autobiography, A Burning in My Bones (1980) and The Desert Road to Glory (1982).
General Wiseman died at his home in Scarborough, Ontario on May 4, 1985, and his wife followed him on May 25, 1993, from Collingwood, Ontario.
The Salvation Army's Wiseman Centre, a homeless and supportive housing shelter in St. John's, is named after Wiseman. The shelter opened in 1986 and is primarily a homeless shelter for adult men.
References
External links
The Salvation Army biography
1907 births
1985 deaths
Canadian clergy
Canadian Salvationists
Officers of the Order of Canada
Salvation Army officers
Dominion of Newfoundland people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Wiseman |
This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1969.
The South East Lancashire and North East Cheshire Passenger Transport Area (Designation) Order 1969 S.I. 1969/95
The Tyneside Passenger Transport Area (Designation) Order 1969 S. I. 1969/96
The West Midlands Passenger Transport Area (Designation) Order 1969 S. I. 1969/97
Courts-Martial Appeal Legal Aid (General) Regulations 1969 S.I. 1969/177
Transfer of Functions (Wales) Order 1969 S.I. 1969/388
Motor Vehicles (Competitions and Trials) Regulations 1969 S.I. 1969 No. 414
North Derbyshire Water Board (Charges) Order 1969 S.I. 1969 No. 489
Camborne Mine (Storage Battery Locomotives) Special Regulations 1969 S.I. 1969/570
Cotgrave Mine (Suspended Monorail Diesel Locomotives) Special Regulations 1969 S.I. 1969/744
"Pelican" Pedestrian Crossings Regulations and General Directions 1969 S.I. 1969/888
Savings Banks (Ordinary Deposits) (Limits) Order 1969 S.I. 1969/939
Legal Aid (Extension of Proceedings) (Scotland) Regulations 1969 S.I. 1969/955
Superannuation (Local Government and Approved Employment) Interchange Rules 1969 S.I. 1969/997
Levant Mine (Storage Battery Locomotives) Special Regulations 1969 S.I. 1969/1236
Post Office Register (Trustee Savings Banks) (Amendment) Regulations 1969 S.I. 1969/1311
Trunk Roads (40 m.p.h. Speed Limit) (No.24) Order 1969 S.I. 1969/1480
County Court Funds (Amendment No. 2) Rules 1969 S.I. 1969/1547
Plant Varieties and Seeds (Isle of Man) Order 1969 S.I. 1969/1829
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%201969 |
Dierenpark Emmen (also known as Noorder Dierenpark) was a large zoo located in Emmen in the northern province of Drenthe in the Netherlands. Due to financial difficulties the zoo decided in 2011 to reorganise. It closed at the end of 2015, but reopened early 2016 on another location as Wildlands Adventure Zoo Emmen.
History
Dierenpark Emmen was first founded in 1935 by Willemm Osting as a privately run zoo in the downtown sector of Emmen. The zoo business was initially a success, but gradually slowed down as World War II approached. By the 1960s, the zoo's features were in aging condition, and attendance dropped as a result. In 1970, Alied Resting-Oosting, Willemm's daughter, took management and initiated renovation projects. Under new ownership, animal exhibits were reorganized zoogeographically, and a "living museum" concept was introduced to the zoo with interactive museum displays and a botanical garden. Dierenpark Emmen was considered to be one of the finest zoos in Europe and has won various prizes. Animals lived in carefully reconstructed natural habitats according to vegetation, climate, and elevation. Because of lack of space, a new, second site was opened in 1998 just outside Emmen. The two parts of the zoo were connected with each other and one ticket gave admission to both parts.
Zoo Features
Biochron
Located near the entrance was the zoo's museum of evolution, the Biochron, with its name being derived from the Greek words "bios" (meaning life) and "chron" (meaning time). Displays in this museum included animatronic dinosaurs, fossilized animals, a tree shrew habitat, and a butterfly pavilion.
African Savanna
Standing at 3 acres, the exhibit was home to the zoo's white rhinoceroses, giraffes, antelope, ostriches, and zebras.
Conservation and breeding
The zoo has had great success breeding Asian elephants, with 26 births since 1992 and four births in 2010 and 2011 alone. In 2011 there were 13 elephants at the zoo, others having been transported to other zoos. The elephant accommodations comprise a large moated island for females and calves, and a separate smaller island for the bull, with indoor housing being underground.
Wildlands, adventure zoo Emmen
The city council of Emmen approved the construction of a completely new zoo, the Wildlands, which is expected to draw 1.3 million visitors annually. The new zoo was completed in March 2016 and is part of a plan for revitalizing the city center of Emmen. Visitors are able to walk from the new City plaza to the new zoo, which initially is about with an additional for expansion, and includes about of interior space, including a theater.
2012 Dutch time trial championships
The 2012 Dutch National Time Trial Championships for professionals and elite women's started in the zoo beside the African savanna. It was the first time in history a cycle race started in a zoo. Riders rode along the zebras, giraffes, rhinos and hippos.
Notes
External links
(in Dutch)
Zoos in the Netherlands
Tourist attractions in Drenthe
Buildings and structures in Emmen, Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierenpark%20Emmen |
Carpenter's Gothic is the title of the third novel by American writer William Gaddis, published in 1985 by Viking. The title connotes a "Gothic" tale of haunted isolation, in a milieu stripped of all pretensions.
Gaddis's second-shortest novel, Carpenter's Gothic relates the words and occasional actions, in one house, of an ex-soldier, confederate apologist, and pathological liar; his neglected and ineffectual wife; and a visitor with a mysterious past who resembles in many ways Gaddis himself. The book is notable mainly for its strict fugue-like nature, as each character pursues his own themes in conversation and in action, often without reference to anything said or done by the others.
Reception and criticism
Writing for the Los Angeles Review of Books, Greg Gerke referred to the book as "[fitting] perfectly with the other three novels as one long scroll of words." Gerke refers to the other Gaddis books The Recognitions, J R, and A Frolic of His Own.
Cynthia Ozick reviewed the novel favorably in The New York Times, highlighting, among other things, Gaddis' ability to create different "voices" and his use of different dialogue. Ozick referred to the work as "...an unholy landmark of a novel - an extra turret added on to the ample, ingenious, audacious Gothic mansion William Gaddis has slowly been building in American letters."
The New York Times attribution
In a mention of the book, The New York Times credited the work to another American writer and novelist, William H. Gass. Gass wrote a humorous, though critical, letter to the editor about the mistake, and concluded by asking that the Times attribute John Hawkes' then-upcoming novel Adventures in the Alaskan Skin Trade to him as well.
Quote
"Finally realize you can't leave things better than you found them the best you can do is try not to leave them any worse . . ." (p. 230)
External links
Annotations to Carpenter's Gothic at williamgaddis.org
References
1985 American novels
Postmodern novels
Novels by William Gaddis
Viking Press books
American gothic novels
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction-winning works | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter%27s%20Gothic |
Creole may refer to:
Anthropology
Creole peoples, ethnic groups which originated from linguistic, cultural, and often racial mixing of colonial-era emigrants from Europe with non-European peoples
Criollo people, the historic name of people of full or near full Spanish descent in Colonial Hispanic America and the Spanish East Indies.
Louisiana Creole people, people descended from the inhabitants of colonial Louisiana before it became a part of the United States during the period of both French and Spanish rule
Creole language, a language that originated as a mixed language. Many creole languages are known by their speakers as some variant of "creole", for example spelled Kriol.
List of creole languages
English-based creole languages, sometimes abbreviated English creoles
French-based creole languages, also termed Bourbonnais creole or Mascarene creole in western Indian Ocean islands
Music
Creole music, a genre of folk music in Louisiana, the United States
Performers and record labels
La Compagnie Créole, French music group
Kid Creole and the Coconuts, American music group
The Kidd Creole (b. 1960), American rapper
Creole Records, a record label
Works
La créole, an 1875 opéra comique, with music by Jacques Offenbach
Creole (album), a 1998 album by David Murray released on the Justin Time label
"Creole" (song), a 2006 song from the album B'Day by Beyonce
Ships
French ship Créole, various ships of the French Navy
Creole, an American slave ship involved in the Creole case
Other uses
Creole marble, a marble from quarries in Pickens County, Georgia, United States
Creole (markup), a common wiki markup language to be used across different wikis
Creole, Louisiana, a community in Cameron Parish, Louisiana
Creole Petroleum Corporation, an American oil company formed in 1920 and nationalized by Venezuela in 1976
Louisiana Creole cuisine, a style of cooking originating in Louisiana
See also
Broken English (disambiguation)
Creola (disambiguation)
Criollo (disambiguation)
Crioulo (disambiguation)
Krio (disambiguation)
Pidgin, a simplified language originating from a blend of languages
List of English-based pidgins
Pidgin (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole |
The Bode Valley Gondola Lift () is a gondola lift built between 1969 and 1970 by the Czechoslovak collective combine Transporta Chrudim as a joint project with PGH Elektrotherm Quedlinburg in the vicinity of Thale in the Harz mountains in Lower Saxony, Germany. It runs from its valley station at a height of above sea level to the top station on the plateau of Hexentanzplatz ("Witch's Dancing Place"), which is high. The long, twin cable, gondola lift has inclines of up to 75 per cent in places. It has a total of 3 pylons, the lowest in the Bode valley having a height of . The other two pylons are designed for the gondola cabins to run over the top of them because of the steep inclines. The lift has 38 small cabins or 'gondolas', each with a capacity of 6 persons. The Bode Valley Gondola Lift operates all-year round (except for November). The cost is €3 for adults one-way (as at Aug 2011).
See also
Wurmberg Gondola Lift
External links
Official website of Thale valley aerial lifts (German)
Diagram of the tower on skyscraperpage
Transport in the Harz
Buildings and structures in Lower Saxony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode%20Valley%20Gondola%20Lift |
Route 67 is a secondary state highway in the U.S. state of Connecticut, from the town of New Milford in the Greater Danbury area to the town of Woodbridge in the outskirts of New Haven. The route runs for . It generally follows a northwest-southeast path, and is signed north-south.
Route description
Route 67 is mostly a two-lane surface road, with a divided four-lane section in Southbury. It begins in New Milford as a 0.5 mile concurrency with US 202 as the latter leaves a concurrency with US 7. After crossing the Housatonic River into the center of town, Route 67 breaks away to the southeast. In Bridgewater, it meets the northern end of Route 133. In Roxbury, it meets the southern end of Route 199 and the western end of Route 317. It then clips a corner of Woodbury before passing into New Haven County and the town of Southbury, where it passes the northern end of Route 172 before joining US 6 for a 4 lane divided 1.6 mile concurrency leading to a junction with I-84 at Exit 15. Here, US 6 joins I-84 West and Route 67 continues to the southeast becoming a 2-lane road once again. After intersecting Route 188, it enters Oxford, where it has a junction with the west end of Route 42. In Seymour, it passes the western end of Route 313 before crossing the Naugatuck River. On the east shore of the river, it meets the Route 8 expressway at Exits 21 & 22. It then passes the northern end of Route 115 before heading into Woodbridge, where Route 67 ends at Route 63.
Rapid development on Route 67 between Route 8 and I-84 may require the eventual upgrading of this section to a four-lane arterial highway. A section in the town of Roxbury, from the Bridgewater-Roxbury town line to east of Route 317, is a designated state scenic road.
History
In the 19th century, part of Route 67 was a toll road known as the Oxford Turnpike that connected the towns of Seymour and Southbury via Oxford. The Oxford Turnpike was chartered in May 1795 and was one of the two earliest private toll roads in Connecticut. In 1922, the road from Woodbridge to Southbury (the old Oxford Turnpike) was designated as State Highway 147 and the road from Southbury to New Milford (via Roxbury and Bridgewater) was designated as State Highway 125. Route 67 was established in the 1932 state highway renumbering from Bridgewater (beginning at modern Route 133, which was then part of an old alignment of Route 25) to New Haven (continuing past Woodbridge along current Route 63). When Route 25 was realigned in April 1943, Route 67 took over the old Route 25 alignment to New Milford. In 1959, Route 67 was relocated to a new road (New Milford Road East) bypassing Bridgewater center, with the former alignment (Clapboard Road) becoming Route 67A. Route 67A was decommissioned, becoming unsigned SR 867, in 1964. Route 67 was truncated to its current eastern/southern end at Route 63 in Woodbridge by 1964.
Junction list
References
External links
067
Transportation in New Haven County, Connecticut
Transportation in Litchfield County, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2067 |
Darkened Skye is a third-person action-adventure video game developed by Boston Animation. It was released for Microsoft Windows and GameCube in North America in 2002 and the PAL regions in 2003. The game was also packaged with Outlaw Golf. Its title character is a young woman named Skye who lives in a fantasy realm searching for her mother. She can perform magic using Skittles candies as well as use her staff as a melee weapon; her staff becomes an energy weapon when used in conjunction with the Skittles.
Gameplay
The game begins on a path in the forest of Lynlora near a village and moves to many settings, such as the gloomy Ogmire Archipelago and the drowned city and dungeon of the same name; Tikniki Swamp, which has a maze and a scene of riding shotgun on a giant turtle which you cannot steer; a fleet of balloons called the Sky Pirates' Camp; the Chinese-style land of Zen'Jai with lava rivers, three dragon lairs, of various elemental affinities, and the Warlord's Palace, which is like a maze; Stone Heath, with three combination-lock puzzles located in ancient stone circles; a multi-story dungeon called the Goblins' Lair; the Bone Lands, which surround a lava lake; a vampires' necropolis called the Gargoyle Cemetery, which leads to a Cathedral taken over by the enemy and a giant collapsed staircase in the Bell Tower; and a sky full of floating stones leading to Necroth's Realm and his Lair. There is a short puzzle in a miniature village along a stream, called Twell Country.
Skye suffers from a fear of drowning, so the game involves much jumping over water hazards, especially prevalent in Ogmire. There are also many puzzles of avoiding falling from great heights. It has an arcade sequence of riding a fantasy beast through underground chambers without falling into lava pits or crashing into rock formations.
The general tone of the game is juvenile-friendly and lightly comedic; defeated creatures melt away and the game is not particularly gory. One of the aids that the game provides the player is that past dialogue is accessible. Also, it contains a notebook which keeps track of what the player is searching for at any given point in the plot.
Licensing
The magic system is based on the use of Skittles candy. Skye performs different magic spells by using various combinations of colored Skittles. She can perform non-combat spells like seeing invisible items, firewalking, floating, temporarily nullifying petrification spells, shrinking, reviving dead creatures, creating a protective field, increasing the firepower of the attacks spells, and turning ordinary people into mages (though she will only get to perform that spell on her mother). Attack spells range from light beams, fireballs, iceballs, lightning, confusion, and a spell that specifically destroys undead creatures (the only means to permanently kill a vampire). Skittles have limited, though slowly regenerating, quantities of Mana. When their mana is depleted, no spells can be performed with them and they have a dulled color. They regenerate mana over time, but mana can be replenished quickly by picking up blue power-ups. Available spells depend on the quantity of Skittles Skye collects throughout the game.
Plot
Setting
The game takes place in The Five Worlds: Lynlora, Ogmire, Zen'Jai, Stoneheath, and The Gorgoyle Realms.
Characters
The protagonist of Darkened Skye is Skye, a shepherd who wants to get more enjoyment out of life, and is voiced by Linda Larkin. Her companion is a sarcastic gargoyle named Draak, who decided to rage against the game's villain, the evil wizard Necroth, and is voiced by Robb Pruitt.
Story
Development
Publisher Simon & Schuster Interactive wanted to develop games based on M&M's given how recognized the candy characters were. While negotiating with Mars, Inc., Simon & Schuster also talked about using Skittles, which would be a back-up plan in case M&M's ended up unavailable. Eventually Mars gave the license to both brands, with the Skittles one being inspired by the assumption that a computer game based on Skittles could make the brand more popular as the confectionary's consumption declined with people older than 20. After the M&M's video games sold well, producer Elizabeth Braswell was asked to develop the Skittles game. While she first refused the job, Braswell eventually decided to work on it by focusing on gameplay and humor. A 300-page script, by lead writer and designer Andy Wolfendon, was written and submitted to Mars, which only asked to change a joke, utterances of "damn" and "remove all the snakes from the game." When Braswell asked for clarification, they said that there could be snake-like creatures, but no actual snakes.
Executive Producer Dale DeSharone stated the game's concepts were inspired by the Skittles television commercials of the "Taste the Rainbow" campaign. DeSharone led a team of over 50 people in Kyiv across two years, working on Darkened Skye simultaneously with M&M's The Lost Formulas. By the time Darkened Skye was finished, Simon & Schuster considered removing the Skittles association, but the developers already incorporated the candy into the gameplay and in-game text, so it ended up with only no references to Skittles on the box cover. Boston Animation largely outsourced the development and programming to a team based in Ukraine.
The PC version was shipped in January 2002, while the GameCube version was released in November the same year.
Reception
Darkened Skye received "mixed" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
The gameplay was compared to games like Tomb Raider and Star Fox Adventures. Game Informer's Matthew Kato stated that he liked the magic system while calling the combat "painfully average".
The reaction to the game's product placement was mixed. GameRevolutions Johnny Lui said its use was clever and more creative than other games use of advertisement. Writing for Computer Gaming World, Erik Wolpaw called the game great in terms of being a Skittles game. CNNMoney, however, called the use of Skittles in the game "the most blatant product placement since Chap Stick in those commercials for The Mothman Prophecies."
GameTrailers placed Darkened Skye as number two in their "Top 10 Shameless Licensed Games", behind Chase the Chuck Wagon for the Atari 2600. GamesRadar had the game in their "Worst Mash-Ups" list, while the appearance of Skittles was part of their list of worst product cameos in gaming.
References
External links
Darkened Skye at Boston Animation
2002 video games
Action-adventure games
Advergames
Fantasy video games
GameCube games
Third-person shooters
Video games about food and drink
Video games developed in Ukraine
Video games featuring female protagonists
Windows games
Works based on advertisements
TDK Mediactive games
Simon & Schuster Interactive games
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkened%20Skye |
Richard David Cook (7 February 1957 – 25 August 2007) was a British jazz writer, magazine editor and former record company executive. Sometimes credited as R. D. Cook, Cook was born in Kew, Surrey, and lived in west London as an adult. A writer on music from the late 1970s until he died, Cook was co-author, with Brian Morton, of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings, which lasted for ten editions until 2010. Richard Cook's Jazz Companion and It's About That Time: Miles Davis On and Off the Record were published in 2005.
Cook began as a staff writer for NME in the early 1980s. The editor at the time, Neil Spencer, commented that he "would take on the pieces that the fashion-oriented shunned - a Roxy Music review, an audience with a fading star, a piece on the emergent sounds of Africa". He was later the jazz critic for The Sunday Times and a music writer for the New Statesman. Cook was formerly editor of The Wire, when it was a jazz-centred periodical (it broadened its coverage towards the end of his editorship), and edited Jazz Review magazine from its foundation in 1998. Jazz Review continued for a time after his death, using Cook's approach to the music as continuing inspiration; it did not name a specific successor (Morton) for six months. Cook also presented a programme on jazz for BBC local radio GLR.
Cook was the UK jazz catalogue manager for PolyGram (1992–97) and also produced albums by the trumpeter Guy Barker. During his spell at PolyGram, Cook launched the short-lived 'Redial' re-issue line of classic British jazz albums. In 2002, he was responsible for issuing a 10 CD limited-edition set by the American avant-garde pianist Cecil Taylor of 1990 recordings, 2 Ts for a Lovely T, on the Codanza label.
Cook died from bowel and liver cancer on 25 August 2007, aged 50, in London, a year after diagnosis.
References
1957 births
2007 deaths
British male journalists
British magazine editors
Deaths from cancer in England
Jazz writers
People from Kew, London
The Sunday Times people
The Wire (magazine) writers
Writers about music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Cook%20%28journalist%29 |
Steven Lee Wapnick (born September 25, 1965) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for the Detroit Tigers and the Chicago White Sox. He held batters to a .222 batting average, holding righties to a .115 batting average.
Early life
Wapnick was born in Panorama City, California, and is Jewish. He attended Monroe High School in Sepulveda, California. He then attended Moorpark College and Fresno State University, where he pitched for the Bulldogs, and he threw and batted right-handed.
Amateur draft
Wapnick, who was and 200 pounds, was drafted three times. Each time, his place in the draft slipped. The San Diego Padres drafted him in the second round of the 1985 Major League Baseball Draft. When he did not sign with them, the Oakland Athletics drafted him in fifth round of the June Secondary Phase, but again he didn't sign. Finally, he was drafted in 1987 by the Toronto Blue Jays, but not until round 30. He finally signed with them, and reported to the minor league St. Catharines Blue Jays shortly thereafter.
Professional career
Detroit Tigers
On December 4, 1989, Wapnick was drafted from the Blue Jays by the Detroit Tigers in the Rule 5 Draft. His first Major League game was April 14, 1990 at the age of 24. He appeared in just four games for the Tigers, posting an ERA of 6.43, and was returned to the Blue Jays on May 1.
Wapnick was one of two Jewish baseball players to make his major league debut in 1990. The other was Scott Radinsky. He wore number 43 for the Tigers.
Chicago White Sox
After spending most of the 1991 season with the Blue Jays top farm club, the Syracuse Chiefs, with whom he led the International League in saves with 20, on September 4 Wapnick was sent to the Chicago White Sox as the player to be named later in a deal that involved Shawn Jeter going to the Sox for outfielder Cory Snyder. Now wearing uniform number 51, Wapnick appeared in six more games for Chicago down the stretch, winning none and losing one with an ERA of 1.80. He never appeared in the majors again.
Back to the minors
He injured his arm in 1992 during spring training, which was the beginning of the end for his career. He pitched two more seasons in the minors, one in the White Sox organization and one for the Seattle Mariners top farm team, the Calgary Cannons.
Overall, in 12 career innings of work over 10 games, during 2 seasons, Wapnick walked 14 and struck out 7.
Personal life
After his playing career, Wapnick coached at Clovis High School and Sierra High School, and also coached a Junior USA baseball team. He resides in Northern Colorado Where he coached at Resurrection Christian School for a number of years.
See also
List of select Jewish baseball players
References
External links
Retrosheet info page
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics
1965 births
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Calgary Cannons players
Caribes de Oriente players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Chicago White Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Fresno State Bulldogs baseball players
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Moorpark Raiders baseball players
Myrtle Beach Blue Jays players
St. Catharines Blue Jays players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Vancouver Canadians players
People from Panorama City, Los Angeles
21st-century American Jews
Anchorage Glacier Pilots players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Wapnick |
A list of towns in Europe with German town law (). The year of law granting is listed when known.
Schleswig law
)
Schleswig
Lübeck law
(Lübisches Recht)
Klaipėda (Memel), 1258
Braniewo (Braunsberg), 1254
Elbląg (Elbing), 1237
Gdańsk (Danzig), 1240
Hamburg, ca. 1190
Kołobrzeg (Kolberg), 1255
Koszalin (Köslin), 1266
Lübeck, 1143
Rostock, 1218
Słupsk (Stolp), 1265
Stralsund, 1234
Tallinn (Reval), 1248
Rakvere (Wesenberg), 1302
Narva (Narwa), 1345
Haapsalu (Hapsal), 1585
Riga law
(Rigaer Recht)
Riga and several other Livonian towns
Schwerin-Parchim law
(Schweriner und Parchimer Recht)
Parchim, 1225
Schwerin, 1160
Stendal law
(Stendaler Recht)
Stendal, ca. 1160
Brandenburg law
(Brandenburger Recht)
Berlin, 1225–32
Brandenburg, 1170
Frankfurt an der Oder, 1253
Słupsk (Stolp), 1310
Stargard Szczeciński (Stargard in Pommern), 1253
Szczecin (Stettin), 1243
Wałcz (Deutsch-Krone), 1303
Kulm law
(Kulmer Recht)
Klaipėda (Memel), 1475
Biały Bór (Baldenburg), 1382
Bytów (Bütow), 1346
Chełmno (Kulm), 1233
Ciechanów (Ciechanow), 1400
Działdowo (Soldau), 1344
Grudziądz (Graudenz), 1291
Iława (Deutsch-Eylau), 1305
Kaliningrad (Königsberg), 1286
Kwidzyń (Marienwerder), 1233
Olsztyn (Allenstein), 1348
Płock (Plozk), 1237
Rawa
Różan (Rozan), 1378
Toruń (Thorn), 1233
Warsaw (Warschau), 1334
Magdeburg law
(Magdeburger Recht)
Bautzen, not later than 1213 (maybe 1157)
Brest, Belarus, 1390
Chemnitz, 1414
Cottbus
Dresden, 1299
Halle an der Saale, ca. 1150
Kapyl, 1652
Leipzig, 1161-1170
Magdeburg, 1188
Prudnik (Neustadt in Oberschlesien), 1279
Görlitz law
(Görlitzer Recht)
Görlitz/Zgorzelec, 1303
Lwówek Śląski law
(Löwenberger Recht)
Cieszyn/Český Těšín (Teschen), 1374
Lwówek Śląski (Löwenberg), before 1217
Oświęcim (Auschwitz)
Žilina (Sillein), 1357
Cheb law
(Egerer Recht)
Cheb (Eger), 1266
Old Prague law
(Prag-Altstädter Recht)
České Budějovice (Budweis), 1251
Plzeň (Pilsen), 1298
Prague (Prag), ca. 1230
Příbram (Freiberg in Böhmen)
Litoměřice law
(Leitmeritzer Recht)
Kolín (Kolin), 1261
Litoměřice (Leitmeritz), 1230
Jihlava law
(Iglauer Recht)
Havlíčkův Brod (Deutsch-Brod)
Jihlava (Iglau), 1249
Kremnica (Kremnitz), 1328
Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg)
Prague, Malá Strana, 1267
Sebeş (Mühlbach)
Sibiu (Hermannstadt), 1224
Brno law
(Brünner Recht)
Brno (Brünn), 1243
Znojmo (Znaim), 1226
Olomouc law
(Olmützer Recht)
Olomouc (Olmütz), 1261
Ostrava (Ostrau)
Uničov (Mährisch-Neustadt), 1223
Nysa law
(Neisser Recht)
Nysa (Neiße)
Głubczyce law
(Leobschützer Recht)
Głubczyce (Leobschütz), 1200
Środa Śląska law
Sroda Slaska law (Latin: ius Novi Fori, ius sredense, German: Neumarkt-Magdeburger Recht) was a legal constitution for a municipal form of government used in some Polish cities during the Middle Ages. It was based on town charter of Halle (Saale), a town located in German state of Saxony-Anhalt. Sroda Slaska law was popular in the 13th century in Lower Silesia, eastern Greater Poland and northern Lesser Poland. Altogether, some 100 towns were granted Sroda Slaska law, together with hundreds of villages. Introduction of this law was supported by Silesian Duke Henry I the Bearded, who frequently sent his envoys to Halle for consultation. Compared with Magdeburg rights, Sroda law as less advanced and more conservative, providing limited autonomy to towns. First town in the Kingdom of Poland which was granted Sroda Slaska law was Kostomloty (probably 1241), followed by Ujow and Sobotka.
Kalisz law (Latin: ius Calisiense) was a local variety of Sroda Slaska law, used in eastern Greater Poland and Wieluń Land. In 1283, Duke Przemysl II created high court of German law, located in Kalisz.
Bardejov (Bartfeld), 1370
Belz, 1377
Bochnia (Salzberg), 1253
Brest, 1390
Brzeg (Brieg), 1248
Chełm (Cholm), 1392
Dubno, 1507
Głogów (Glogau), 1253
Gniezno (Gnesen), 1243
Halych (Halicz)
Hrodna (Grodno), 1391
Hrubieszów (Hrubieszow), 1400
Humenné (Homenau)
Jarosław (Jaroslau), 1351
Jasło (Jaslo), 1366
Kalisz (Kalisch), 1282
Kamianets-Podilskyi (Kamenez Podolsk), 1374
Kaunas (Kauen), 1408
Khmilnyk (Chmelnik), 1448
Kielce, 1346
Kiev (Kiew), 1494
Kluczbork (Kreuzburg in Oberschlesien)
Kolomyia (Kolomea), 1405
Koprzywnica (Kopreinitz), 1268
Kraków (Krakau), 1257
Krupina (Karpfen), before 1241
Łódź, 1423
Lublin, 1317
Lutsk (Luzk), 1432
Lviv (Lemberg), 1356
Minsk, 1496
Navahrudak
Nowy Sącz (Neu Sandez)
Nowy Targ (Neumarkt), 1346
Oleśnica (Oels), 1255
Opava (Troppau), 1273
Polatsk (Polozk)
Poznań (Posen), 1253
Przemyśl (Przemysl), 1353
Radom, 1360
Radomsko
Rzeszów (Rzeszow), 1354
Sambir (Sambor)
Sandomierz (Sandomir), 1227
Siedlce, 1549
Sieradz (Schieratz)
Słupca (Slupca), 1296
Slutsk (Sluzk), 1441
Środa Śląska (Neumarkt in Schlesien), 1211
Tarnów, 1328
Terebovlia (Trembowla), 1389
Trakai (Troki)
Ujazd (Ujest), 1223
Vilnius (Wilna), 1387
Vitsebsk (Witebsk), 1547
Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Wladimir Wolynsk), before 1324
Wrocław (Breslau), 1242
Zgierz, 1224
Zhytomyr (Schitomir), 1444
Żmigród (Trachenberg), 1253
South German law
(Süddeutsches Stadtrecht)
Alba Iulia (Karlsburg)
Amberg
Bad Reichenhall
Banská Bystrica (Neusohl), 1255
Berehovo, 1342
Bistriţa (Bistritz)
Braşov (Kronstadt)
Bratislava (Pressburg), 1291
Bruck an der Mur
Buda (Ofen), ca. 1350
Celje (Cilli)
Campulung (Langenau), ca. 1300
Cluj-Napoca (Klausenburg)
Dej (Desch)
Eger (Erlau)
Esztergom (Gran)
Gorizia (Görz), 1307
Graz, 1281
Győr (Raab), 1271
Kežmarok (Käsmark), 1269
Khust (Hust)
Kočevje (Gottschee)
Komárom/Komárno (Komorn), 1265
Košice (Kaschau), 1347
Levoča (Leutschau), 1271
Linz, 1241
Maribor (Marburg an der Drau), 1254
Munich (München), 1294
Nitra (Neutra), 1248
Nuremberg, 1200
Oradea (Großwardein)
Passau, 1255
Pécs (Fünfkirchen)
Pest, 1244
Piatra Neamț
Prešov (Preschau), 1374
Regensburg, 1207/1230
Rimavská Sobota (Großsteffelsdorf)
Salzburg, 1368
Sankt Pölten, 1159
Sárospatak
Satu Mare (Sathmar), 1213
Sighetu Marmaţiei (Marmarosch Sziget)
Sighişoara (Schäßburg)
Sopron (Ödenburg)
Steyr, 1287
Suceava (Sutschawa)
Szeged (Szegedin)
Székesfehérvár (Stuhlweißenburg), 1237
Szentgotthárd (Sankt Gotthard)
Szombathely (Steinamanger)
Târgu Jiu
Trnava (Tyrnau) 1238
Varaždin (Warasdin)
Vasvár (Eisenburg)
Vienna (Wien), 1221/1237/1296
Villach, 1239
Vukovar
Wiener Neustadt, 1277
Zagreb (Agram), 1242
References
Krallert, Wilfried. Atlas zur Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung. Velhagen & Klasing. Bielefeld. 1958.
Magocsi, Paul Robert. Historical Atlas of Central Europe: Revised and Expanded Edition. University of Washington Press. Seattle. 2002.
Town law
Law of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20towns%20with%20German%20town%20law |
A Frolic of His Own is a book by William Gaddis, published by Poseidon Press in 1994. It was his fourth and final novel published during his lifetime. It won his second U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.
Title
The title is from a judicial decision about vicarious liability in Joel v. Morison.
Plot
Oscar Crease is hospitalized after a car accident. He had short-circuited the ignition of his car while standing in front of it, and the driverless car then drove over him. His stepsister Christina and her lawyer husband Harry Lutz visit him and bring him the legal opinion prepared by his father, a circuit judge, concerning the case of Szyrk v. the Village of Tatamount et al. This case concerns a situation where a dog became entrapped by a steel sculpture created by Mr. Szyrk. To free the dog a destructive procedure has to be performed on the sculpture, but the sculptor tries to prevent this and is granted a preliminary injunction by the judge.
Back at home in the Hamptons, Oscar is recovering. He is trying to build a legal case against the movie producer Constantine Kiester and his associates who he asserts have infringed upon his copyright of his unpublished play. Both the play and the movie describe an event during the Civil War, where Oscar's grandfather, later to be a judge on the Holmes court, hired two substitutes to fight for him, one for the South, the other for the North. At the battle of Antietam they meet, fight and kill each other.
Oscar engages a lawyer, Harold Basie, and reads pieces of his script to show him similarities, although he had not seen the movie. Basie takes the case, while the defendants happen to use Harry Lutz's legal firm to represent them. A deposition is taken and Oscar is examined. A settlement is offered, but he rejects it and proceeds with his suit. After losing the trial, he goes into the appeal process.
Oscar is cared for by his stepsister Christina and his girlfriend Lily and is visited by Trish and "Jerry," i.e., Jawaharlal Madhar Pai, the lawyer who had conducted the deposition. Jerry and Oscar discuss his play at length. In the appeal process, Oscar wins his case against the movie makers, and believes he will get millions. His father, a judge, had helped by writing a legal brief. He dies before Oscar can thank him, and his clerk visits Oscar.
When Christina's husband dies in a car accident she expects to be the beneficiary of his life insurance, but his legal firm had made itself the beneficiary of his insurance. Oscar learns that "creative accounting" of the very successful movie results in a loss, so he will not see any money. The inheritance of Oscar's and Christina's father is burdened with expenses so that, in the end, they can just keep the house. Oscar becomes more and more childish.
Comments
Much like Gaddis’ 1975 novel J R, the novel is largely based on dialogue, interspersed occasionally by narratives, some of them in a stream-of-consciousness. The dialogue is generally not attributed, and characters are defined by what they say and how they say it. The reader will also find legal opinions, a deposition, and excerpts of Oscar's play, "Once at Antietam," as being read by participants. Everybody is involved in lawsuits that grow and sprout seemingly without limits, giving none of the participants any satisfaction. Most of the human activity takes place at Oscar Crease's home out in the wetlands of Long Island, and in some expositions, the reader gets a glimpse of the beautiful landscape that surrounds it, but that never sinks in.
References
External links
Annotations to A Frolic of His Own at williamgaddis.org
William Gaddis and American Justice at The Millions.com
1994 American novels
Postmodern novels
National Book Award for Fiction winning works
Novels by William Gaddis
Poseidon Press books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Frolic%20of%20His%20Own |
The Rural Municipality of Wreford No. 280 (2016 population: ) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 11 and Division No. 5. Located in the south-central portion of the province, it is north of the city of Regina.
History
The RM of Wreford No. 280 incorporated as a rural municipality on December 12, 1910.
Geography
Communities and localities
The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.
Towns
Nokomis
The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.
Localities
Ambassador
Hatfield
Undora
Venn
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Wreford No. 280 had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Wreford No. 280 recorded a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Government
The RM of Wreford No. 280 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Tuesday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Dean Hobman while its administrator is Melanie Rich. The RM's office is located in Nokomis.
Transportation
See also
List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan
References
Wreford
Division No. 11, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Municipality%20of%20Wreford%20No.%20280 |
Daniel "Danny" Stanley (born 18 February 1988) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club and Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Stanley played his junior football with the Ocean Grove Football Club in the Bellarine Football League (BFL).
AFL career
Collingwood career (2007–2009)
Stanley was recruited by the Collingwood in the 2005 AFL Draft. He was delisted by Collingwood at the end of the 2009 season.
After being de-listed by Collingwood in October 2009, Danny trained with Fremantle before being selected by Gold Coast in the 2010 Pre-Season Draft.
Gold Coast career (2011–2016)
He finished the 2011 season playing every game, and finished with a tally of 20 goals.
He was delisted in October 2015, however, he was re-drafted in the 2016 Rookie Draft. He failed to break into the senior side in 2016 due to injury and was delisted again at the season's conclusion.
Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|
| 28 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|
| 28 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 11 || 7 || 18 || 8 || 3 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 5.5 || 3.5 || 9.0 || 4.0 || 1.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|
| 28 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 14 || 11 || 25 || 8 || 5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 7.0 || 5.5 || 12.5 || 4.0 || 2.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|
| 28 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 12 || 15 || 3 || 1 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 3.0 || 12.0 || 15.0 || 3.0 || 1.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|
| 25 || 22 || 20 || 18 || 197 || 248 || 445 || 99 || 76 || 0.9 || 0.8 || 9.0 || 11.3 || 20.2 || 4.5 || 3.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|
| 25 || 13 || 1 || 3 || 163 || 150 || 313 || 92 || 36 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 12.5 || 11.5 || 24.1 || 7.1 || 2.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|
| 25 || 18 || 10 || 7 || 179 || 197 || 376 || 89 || 66 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 9.9 || 10.9 || 20.9 || 4.9 || 3.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|
| 25 || 22 || 7 || 5 || 203 || 167 || 370 || 89 || 61 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 9.2 || 7.6 || 16.8 || 4.0 || 2.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|
| 25 || 8 || 1 || 4 || 77 || 46 || 123 || 20 || 21 || 0.1 || 0.5 || 9.6 || 5.8 || 15.4 || 2.5 || 2.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|
| 25 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 88
! 39
! 37
! 847
! 838
! 1685
! 408
! 269
! 0.4
! 0.4
! 9.6
! 9.5
! 19.1
! 4.6
! 3.1
|}
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Collingwood Football Club players
Gold Coast Football Club players
Geelong Falcons players
Australian people of English descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Stanley |
In Sufism, maʿrifa ("experiential knowledge" or "gnosis") is the mystical understanding of God or Divine Reality. It has been described as an immediate recognition and understanding of the true nature of things as they are. Ma'rifa encompasses a deep understanding of the ultimate Truth, which is essentially God, and extends to the comprehension of all things in their connection to God. Sufi mystics attain maʿrifa by embarking on a spiritual journey, typically consisting of various stages referred to as "stations" and "states." In the state of ma'rifa, the mystic transcends the temptations of the self and is absorbed in God, experiencing a sense of alienation from their own self.
The term 'arif, "gnostic" has been used to designate advanced mystics who have attained the spiritual station of ma'rifa.
Concept
Ma'rifa is a central tenet of Sufism that embodies the notions of "gnosis" or "experiential knowledge." It is considered the ultimate pinnacle of the spiritual path. In Sufism, the supreme aspiration of human existence is the realization of Truth, which is synonymous with Reality and represents the origin of all existence. By attaining this Truth, individuals are set free, emancipated from the entanglements of ignorance. R. W. J. Austin describes ma‘rifa as "an immediate recognition and grasp not of something new or strange but rather of the state and status of things as they really are, have always been, and eternally will be." In essence, ma‘rifa involves recognizing that one's self is intricately connected to and an essential aspect of the divine Reality.
In Sufi teachings, ma'rifa "is an apprehension of the divine unity in such a way that awareness of self is lost in awareness of God". The term 'arif, meaning "gnostic," has been employed to describe accomplished mystics who have reached the elevated spiritual stage of maʿrifa. According to al-Qushayri, a mystic attains the state of ma‘rifa when the inner temptations of his soul subside, and his heart is no longer drawn towards thoughts that deviate from God. In this state, the mystic is certain of his return to God with every glance of Him, and he is blessed with insights into the hidden aspects of his own destiny, inspired by God Himself. In this state, the Sufi is completely absorbed in God and experiences a sense of alienation from his own self. In Sufi construction, ma‘rifa surpasses "ordinary knowledge" ('ilm) as it encompasses a comprehensive grasp of reality. A Sufi proverb illustrates that ma‘rifa is like a mirror through which the gnostic sees his Master.
According to Reza Shah-Kazemi, ma'rifa represents the highest level of knowledge accessible to an individual. However, its very essence transcends the limits of individual comprehension, leading to its characterization as "ignorance." On one hand, ma'rifa is said to be a source of enlightenment and clarity, shedding light on profound truths. However, on the other hand, its brilliance can be overwhelming, blinding, and ultimately extinguishing to the one who claims to possess this knowledge, known as the "knower" or al-a¯rif. This knowledge not only requires a state of "unknowing" but also demands the complete obliteration of the individual's sense of self. The ultimate degree of ma'rifa is defined by the inseparable combination of perfect knowledge and pure being.
According to Junayd Baghdadi, marifa or gnosis "is the hovering of the heart between declaring God too great to be comprehended , and declaring Him too mighty to be perceived. It consists in knowing that, whatever may be imagined in thy heart God is the opposite of it".
'Ilm and ma'rifa
In Sufi teachings, ma'rifa is frequently contrasted with ilm, which signifies knowledge gained through learning, and "'aql," which represents rational intellect. While 'ilm and ma'rifa might be considered synonymous by traditional theologians, Sufis place ma'rifa on a transcendent level. Sufi writers elucidate ma'rifa as a profound experiential understanding of the Divine, not something attainable solely through human efforts, but rather a bestowed gift from God, etching itself upon the seeker's heart. Ma'rifa signifies a transformative and intimate understanding of the Divine reality that surpasses mere intellectual comprehension. Ovamir Anjum, however, disputes the commonly held distinction between ma'rifa and 'ilm as depicted in Sufi writings. He argues that ma'rifa was originally synonymous with 'ilm, representing the process of acquiring knowledge, without specific reference to God's knowledge in the Qur'an. According to Anjum, the distinction between 'ilm as exoteric knowledge and ma'rifa as esoteric knowledge or gnosis lacks a solid etymological basis in earlier usage. He emphasizes that the Qur'an does not endorse this differentiation, as it considers the profound knowledge of God that inspires reverence to be encompassed within 'ilm alone. For example, a verse states, "Truly, only the possessors of 'ilm fear God" (Q. 35:28).
Maqām
According to Annemarie Schimmel, the final stages of the mystical path are represented by love (mahabba) and gnosis (maʿrifa). There have been different perspectives on the relationship between these two concepts. Sometimes they were seen as mutually reinforcing, while in other instances, love was considered superior, and at times, gnosis was regarded as higher. Ghazali expresses the view that love without gnosis is unattainable since one can only love what one truly knows.
In one of the earliest accounts of the maqāmāt al-arba'īn ("forty stations") in Sufism, Sufi master Abu Said ibn Abi'l-Khayr lists ma'rifa as the 25th station:
Four Doors
Marifa is often considered one of the "Four Doors" of Sufism:
Sharia (): legal path.
Tariqa (): methodico‑esoteric path.
Haqiqa (): mystical truth/verity.
Ma'rifa (): mystical knowledge & awareness, mysticism.
A metaphor to explain the meaning of ma'rifa involves pearl gathering. Shari'a is the boat; tariqa is represented by the pearl gatherer's rowing and diving; haqiqa is the pearl; and ma'rifa is the gift to see the true pearl perpetually.
See also
Hikmah
Hikmat al-Muta’aliyah
Irfan
Ilm (Arabic)
References
Sources
Sufi philosophy
Islamic terminology
Alevism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27rifa |
The Burgberg Cable Car () is a cable car in Bad Harzburg, Germany. It was built in 1929 by the Bleichert engineering corporation and has a length of 481 metres. Its hauling cable has a diameter of 18 mm, its carrying cable a diameter of 37 mm. It is driven by a engine at the summit station. It has two cabins carrying up to 18 passengers each.
The cable car is named after the Burgberg mountain, site of the historic Harzburg Castle, built by Emperor Henry IV about 1068. The upper terminus was erected next to the ruins. Cable car and stations are preserved in their original 1920s condition.
The large gondolas transport passengers in three minutes to the Großer Burgberg (483 m). From there, there is a panoramic view of Bad Harzburg, the surrounding mountains and far across the Harz region. On the Burgberg are castle ruins to explore and trails for experienced and inexperienced hikers. It is also the jump-off point for many walks through the Harz to popular destinations such as the Molkenhaus or the crags of the Rabenklippen.
References
External links
Bad Harzburg including the cable car at www.germany-tourism.co.uk.
Goslar (district)
Cable cars in Germany
1929 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgberg%20Cable%20Car |
Francis S. Chanfrau (1824 – October 2, 1884) was an American actor and theatre manager in the 19th century. He began his career playing bit parts and doing impressions of star actors such as Edwin Forrest and of ethnic groups.
In 1848, he appeared as a Bowery b'hoy named Mose in A Glance at New York. The play became a record-breaking hit, due largely to the Mose character, and Chanfrau spent most of the rest of his career playing that role. In later life, Chanfrau appeared regularly in Kit, the Arkansas Traveller and Sam. His wife, Henrietta, was a well-known actress who usually performed under the name Mrs. F.S. Chanfrau.
Early life and career
Chanfrau was born to French parents in New York City; he grew up near Essex Market. As a boy, Chanfrau saw a performance by Edwin Forrest and decided to become an actor himself.
Various legends arose during his career to explain his later choice of roles. One, related by T. Allston Brown, claims that in his youth Chanfrau frequented a small restaurant called the Broadway House on the corner of Grand Street, where he would order a daily plate of corned beef for six pence. One day, a printer at the New York Sun named Mose Humphrey sat down by him and yelled out his order: "Look a heah! gim me a sixpenny plate ev pork and beans, and don't stop to count dem beans, d'yr heah!" Chanfrau would later adopt this persona of the Irish Bowery b'hoy and popularize it on stage.
Another version, related by A.E. Costello, says that Chanfrau witnessed Mose Humphreys in a street brawl:
Whatever the ultimate source of his fireboy impression, Chanfrau was a gifted impersonator from a young age. He took the stage as a young man doing an impersonation of Forrest and a string of minor roles while touring from theatre to theatre with various companies. Brown says that he "played every dialect known to the stage, except the Welsh." Chanfrau became a member of the house company at Mitchell's Olympic Theatre in 1848. There, a friend and playwright, Benjamin A. Baker, wrote A Glance at New York. The play is a collection of jokes, short skits, songs, and other scenes centered on a country bumpkin from Connecticut who is guided through New York by Chanfrau's fireboy character. The two proposed it to Mitchell, the theatre manager, but he rejected it.
Chanfrau as Mose
In 1848, Baker had a benefit at Mitchell's Olympic and asked Chanfrau to do his part from A Glance at New York in the afterpiece. Brown relates that "Mitchell used to tell how he went on the stage that night just before the curtain was rung up, and seeing Chanfrau at the back, dressed for his part, was on the point of ordering him off, supposing he was one of the 'Centre Market loafers.'" When Chanfrau took the stage, the audience greeted him with silence.
The play was an immense hit, and Baker, Chanfrau, and Mitchell changed the name to New York as It Is and rewrote it to focus on Mose. It played to a full house for the next two weeks. Chanfrau's huge popularity as Mose prompted William Northall to lament that at the Olympic
W. Olgivie Ewen leased the larger Chatham Theatre for Chanfrau to manage beginning 28 February 1848. Chanfrau changed the name to Chanfrau's National Theatre and allowed working-class patrons to sit in all sections of the playhouse, not just the pit as was customary. Chanfrau acted in a number of melodramas and burlesques with a concentration on Mose plays. Meanwhile, New York as It Is broke all records for New York theatre, playing for 47 nights straight and becoming the most popular play in the United States to that point. The New York Herald reported that a performance on 26 April 1848 was so packed that the crowd rushed the stage, howling and laughing. The police and theatre staff had to remove the excess theatregoers, some of whom had to literally walk over members of the pit to get back to their seats. Chanfrau retained Chatham's lease until 8 July 1850.
For one week during 1849, Chanfrau performed A Glance at New York in two New York theatres and one in Newark every day. He performed the early evening performance at the Chatham then went to the Olympic Theatre, New York for another performance and then head nine miles to Newark in a horse and buggy for a third performance. Chanfrau began touring widely, starred as Mose at a number of working-class theatres. The Mose series expanded to include Mose in China, Mose in California, The Mystery and Miseries of New York, and many others. David Renear estimates that Chanfrau appeared as Mose at least 385 times in seven plays between 15 April 1848 and 6 July 1860. Meanwhile, other actors tried to cash in on the Mose fad, and Bowery b'hoy dramas appeared on stages across the United States.
In 1850 the illustrator, Thomas Butler Gunn, drew and designed a graphic novel call Mose Among the Britishers or The B’hoy in London featuring the popular character. Gunn dedicated the work to Chanfrau.
Later career
In the spring of 1857, Chanfrau became the manager of the Bowery Theatre (at that time known as Brougham's Bowery Theatre). By this time, the popularity of the Mose character was waning, so Chanfrau turned to other parts. He did satires of Edwin Forrest, Shakespeare, and a version of Dan Rice's circus. In late June, he moved to the theatre at 585 Broadway (previously home to Buckley's Serenaders) and renamed it the New Olympic Theatre. He played there until August, mostly concentrating on nostalgic pieces from the 1840s and early 1850s.
Chanfrau eventually had a minor hit as the title character of Kit, the Arkansas Traveller, which he played 360 times. Later he appeared in the play Sam (written by Thomas de Walden) 783 times. For the remainder of his career, he played these parts, Mose, and other roles from his early life as an actor.
Brown left this description:
Death
Frank Chanfrau died at Taylor's Hotel in Jersey City, New Jersey, on October 2, 1884.
Notes
References
Allen, Robert C. (1991). Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture. The University of North Carolina Press.
Banham, Martin (1998). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bank, Rosemary K. (1997). Theatre Culture in America, 1825-1860. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, T. Allston (1903). A History of the New York Stage: From the First Performance in 1732 to 1901. Dodd, Mead and Company.
Carlyon, David. (2001). Dan Rice: The Most Famous Man You've Never Heard of. Cambridge, Massachusetts: PublicAffairs.
Costello, A. E., abridged by Thomsen, Brian M. (2002). Birth of the Bravest: A History of the New York Fire Department from 1609 to 1887. New York City: Forge Books.
Brodsky Lawrence, Vera (1988). Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong. Volume I: Resonances, 1838-1849. The University of Chicago Press.
Wilmeth, Don B., and Bigsby, C. W. E. (1998) The Cambridge History of American Theatre: Beginnings to 1870. New York: Cambridge University Press.
External links
19th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
American male comedians
American theatre managers and producers
Male actors from New York City
American people of French descent
Date of birth unknown
1824 births
1884 deaths
Comedians from New York City
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American comedians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Chanfrau |
The Nebelhorn Cable Car () in Oberstdorf, Germany is a cable car on the Nebelhorn mountain that was constructed in 3 sections. It was first built between 1928 and 1930 and rebuilt in 1977 and 1991. The first section of the Nebelhorn cable car, renewed in 1977, has a length of 2,202.68 metres, a carrying cable of 55 mm and a hauling cable of 21 mm in diameter. It climbs a total height of 452 metres.
Route
The drive, with an engine of 454 HP and maximum speed of 10 m/s, is housed in the upper station. The first section of the Nebelhorn cableway has 3 supports, which are 41, 38 and 21 metres high. The second section, also rebuilt in 1977, has a length of 2,617.11 metres, a main cable of 55 mm and a hauling cable of 21 mm in diameter. It climbs a total height of 652 metres.
The drive, with an engine of 350 HP and maximum speed of 10 m/s, is located in the upper station. The second section has 3 supports, which are 36, 45 and 39 metres high.
The third section does not have supports. It is 948.42 metres long, has a hauling cable of 20 mm and a carrying cable of 40 mm in diameter. The drive is located in the lower station and has an output of 120 kW and maximum speed of 8 m/s.
References
External links
Bergbahnen Kleinwalsertal Oberstdorf - home page.
History of the Nebelhorn Cable Car at www.seilbahngeschichte.de.
Cable cars in Germany
1930 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebelhorn%20Cable%20Car |
Agapē Agape is a novel by William Gaddis. Published posthumously in 2002 by Viking with an afterword by Joseph Tabbi, Agapē Agape was Gaddis' fifth and final novel. It was published in Great Britain with the contents of The Rush for Second Place as Agapē Agape and Other Writings by Atlantic Books in 2004.
Agapē Agape is written in a paragraphless, monophonic style strongly reminiscent of that of Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard, who is referred to in the book itself.
The first word of the title is the Greek agapē, meaning divine, unconditional love.
External links
Annotations to Agapē Agape at williamgaddis.org
2002 American novels
Postmodern novels
American philosophical novels
Novels published posthumously
Novels by William Gaddis
Viking Press books
Novels about music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agap%C4%93%20Agape |
(Jane) Emily Gerard (7 May 1849 – 11 January 1905) was a Scottish 19th-century author best known for the influence her collections of Transylvanian folklore had on Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula.
Life
Early life
Emily Gerard was born on 7 May 1849 at Chesters, Jedburgh, Scotland, the oldest daughter of Colonel Archibald Gerard (1812–80) of Rochsoles, Lanarkshire and Euphemia Erskine (1818–70), daughter of the inventor Sir John Robison (1778–1843). She had three sisters and three brothers including General Sir Montagu Gilbert Gerard (1842–1905). She was descended from Alexander Gerard (1728–95) a philosophical writer, Archibald Alison (1757–1839) a Scottish Episcopalian minister and writer, and Gilbert Gerard (1760–1815) a minister of the Church of Scotland and theological writer. Her sister Dorothea, born on 9 August 1855 at New Monkland, Lanark, was also a novelist.
In the 1861 Scotland Census, Gerard is recorded as living at Rochsoles House in Lanarkshire with her parents, her sisters Anne, Dorothea, and Mary, and a staff of 11 servants; they also have several visitors happening to stay at the house at the time of the census-taker's visit. The Gerard family lived in Vienna from 1863 to 1866, during which time Emily began a life-long friendship with Princess Marguerite de Bourbon, whose family had been friends with the Robisons since the Scottish exile of Marguerita's great-grandfather, Charles X. She was home-schooled until she was 15, when she continued her education studying European languages at the convent of the Sacré Coeur at Riedenburg in Austria for three years. The family background was originally Scottish Episcopalian, and when their mother converted to Catholicism in 1848, the sisters were raised Catholic.
Career
The two sisters Dorothea and Emily became active participants in the British literary community in the latter half of the 19th century, both working collaboratively and independently. Emily Gerard wrote stories for Blackwood’s Magazine, as well as reviewing French and German literature for The Times and Blackwood's.
Collaboration with Dorothea
In 1879, Gerard began to write novels, with her first major work being a collaboration with her sister Dorothea under the joint pseudonym E. D. Gerard. Reata; or What's in a Name (1880) concerned a Mexican girl's attempts to adapt to European customs and was published in Blackwood’s Magazine. Subsequent novels published by the pair in the same magazine were Beggar My Neighbour (1882), The Waters of Hercules (1885), and A Sensitive Plant (1891). When Dorothea got married and moved, their collaboration ceased. As Dorothea (Gerard) Longard de Longgarde (1855–1915), arguably the more successful and certainly the more prolific novelist of the two, had married an Austro-Hungarian officer, she spent much of her subsequent life in Austria.
Impact of marriage
In Salzburg on 14 October 1869, Gerard married Ritter Miecislaus von Laszowski (), a Polish cavalry officer serving in the Austro-Hungarian Army, who was 20 years her senior. She had two sons. She was joined by her sisters in 1870, following the death of their mother. As a result of their marriages, the sisters' subsequent novels were often set in Eastern Europe. The Gerard brothers also made contributions to the siblings' literary output, collectively adding up to nearly 60 books and novels. Both brothers were considered sufficiently noteworthy to be listed alongside Emily Gerard in Black's Who Was Who, 1897–1916 (1953). Subsequent to her marriage, she was variously referred to as Emily Gerard, Mrs de Laszowska, Emily Laszowska, or Emily de Laszowska Gerard.
Independent writing
Gerard's novels frequently centred around European characters and settings. She used her time spent in Hermannstadt and Kronstadt to write about the culture and landscape of Transylvania. Her familiarity with Transylvanian folklore came about as a result of her husband being stationed in the towns of Hermannstadt and Kronstadt from 1883 to 1885. Her book The Land Beyond the Forest (1890) and essay "Transylvania Superstitions" is credited with inspiring Bram Stoker to write Dracula. The latter publication also introduced Stoker to the term "Nosferatu" to describe the undead.
Gerard writes:More decidedly evil is the nosferatu, or vampire, in which every Roumanian peasant believes as firmly as he does in heaven or hell. There are two sorts of vampires, living and dead. The living vampire is generally the illegitimate offspring of two illegitimate persons; but even a flawless pedigree will not insure any one against the intrusion of a vampire into their family vault, since every person killed by a nosferatu becomes likewise a vampire after death, and will continue to suck the blood of other innocent persons till the spirit has been exorcised by opening the grave of the suspected person, and either driving a stake through the corpse, or else firing a pistol-shot into the coffin. To walk smoking round the grave on each anniversary of the death is also supposed to be effective in confining the vampire. In very obstinate cases of vampirism it is recommended to cut off the head, and replace it in the coffin with the mouth filled with garlic, or to extract the heart and burn it, strewing its ashes over the grave. That such remedies are often resorted to even now is a well-attested fact, and there are probably few Roumanian villages where such have not taken place within memory of the inhabitants. There is likewise no Roumanian village which does not count among its inhabitants some old woman (usually a midwife) versed in the precautions to be taken in order to counteract vampires, and who makes of this science a flourishing trade.
Elements from this passage, including the local peasants' suspicions of the vampire, obviously appear in the first part of Dracula.
Friendship with Mark Twain
In 1897 Gerard wrote to William Blackwood, of Blackwood's Magazine, asking to be introduced to the American author Mark Twain. When Blackwood obliged, Gerard met and befriended Mark Twain, to whom The Extermination of Love (1901) is dedicated. In a letter to Blackwood, Gerard wrote of Mark Twain that he was "an excessively serious, almost solemn person...but when one can get him in the right vein he is quite fascinating."
Death
On 11 January 1905 Gerard died in Vienna, Austria where she and her husband had moved following his retirement from active service. She was buried two days later. Her sister Dorothea moved to Austria following the death of her husband and lived the rest of her life as a recluse, dying on 29 September 1915.
Literary criticism
During her lifetime, Gerard was regarded as something of a travel writer with a vast and privileged experience of European countries and expert linguistic abilities. In an 1888 review of her work in Salt Lake City's Women's Exponent, Gerard was described as "a clever writer and the author of several entertaining novels [who] must be rather cosmopolitan in her tastes." In A.S. Levetus' 1905 piece for Womanhood entitled "What Women are Doing in Austria," she writes, "[Emily Gerard] possesses a fertile imagination and a lively and convincing way of conveying her thoughts to others, a rich gift of language, enhanced by her acquaintances with foreign tongues, all of which she speaks and writes with the same fluency as her native tongue."
However, it was felt that other members of Gerard's family appealed more to the public as writers of novels. In 1905 obituaries for Gerard published in both The Times and The Atheneum, her sister's Dorothea's wider appeal was remarked upon. The Times observed that Emily "had not won equal popularity with that of her sister," while The Atheneum decided she was in her own right, " a capable novelist, with an excellent gift for telling a story."
Works
Reata; or What's in a Name, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1880.
Beggar My Neighbour, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1882.<ref>My Neighbor Vol.2 (1882) Blackwood]</ref>
[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.1002275430;view=1up;seq=5 The Waters of Hercules, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1885.
(these first three novels are all under the name "E.D. Gerard" – a collaborative pen name of Emily and her sister Dorothea Gerard)
"Transylvanian Superstitions." The Nineteenth Century Vol.18, (1885) p. 128–144
The Land Beyond the Forest: Facts, Figures, and Fancies from Transylvania (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1888).
Bis (1890)
A Secret Mission (1891)
A Sensitive Plant (1891) (as "E.D. Gerard" in collaboration with Dorothea Gerard.)
The Voice of a Flower (1893)
A Foreigner; An Anglo-German Study (1896)
An Electric Shock (1897)
Tragedy of a Nose (1898)
The Extermination of Love: A Fragmentary Study in Erotics (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1901)
The Heron's Tower: A Romance (1904)
Honour's Glassy Bubble, A Story of Three Generations (1906) (Posthumously published.)
Aside from the collaborations, she was most commonly identified as "E. Gerard" on the title pages of these works.
References
Sources
Heiss, Lokke. "Madame Dracula: The Life of Emily Gerard." Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 10 (1999): 174–186.
Black, Adam and Charles Black. Who Was Who, 1897–1916, 4th ed., v. 1, London: Adam and Charles Black, [1920] 1953: p. 270–271.
Michie, Christopher Young,The Practice of Forestry,'' Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1888: p. 10 of Blackwood Catalog section.
New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors
Teuceanu, Radu, "Un Occidental Despre Transilvania: Jane Emily Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, 1888." Brukenthal. Acta Musei, I. 1 (2006): 243–251.
External links
Works by Emily Gerard at Google Books
Works by Emily Gerard at Internet Archive
Works by Emily Gerard at HathiTrust
1849 births
1905 deaths
Scottish women novelists
Collectors of fairy tales
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
19th-century Scottish novelists
20th-century Scottish novelists
19th-century British women writers
20th-century British women writers
Victorian writers
Victorian women writers
British emigrants to Austria-Hungary
Scottish folklorists
Scottish women folklorists
20th-century Scottish women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Gerard |
Lecsó (, ; ; Czech and Slovak: lečo; ; ; Russian and ) is a Hungarian thick vegetable ragout or stew which traditionally contains yellow pointed peppers, tomato, onion, salt, and ground sweet and/or hot paprika as a base recipe. The onions and peppers are usually sauteed in lard, bacon fat, or sunflower oil. Garlic can also be a traditional ingredient. It is also considered to be traditional food in Czech, Slovak and former Yugoslavian cuisine and is also very common in Poland, Austria, and Israel.
Most Hungarian recipes recommend the mildest variant of Hungarian wax pepper, which are in season August–October which is also when field tomatoes are at their best. Other recipes suggest using both bell pepper and banana pepper as alternatives.
Varieties
There is a large variety of lecsós, the base of all being a mixture of tomatoes and peppers (both sweet and hot), onions, spiced with salt, sometimes red paprika powder and often garlic. Some recipes may also use bay leaf, ground black pepper or thyme, but those are not original ones. To make the perfect lecsó base, one must render the lard from the smoked bacon (if that is used instead of oil, which is also common), and fry the onion slices until the edges become slightly brownish. Next the pepper slices must be added and fried until crisp. The tomatoes come last because, if added at the beginning, they would soak the onions and the peppers.
Lecsó may be made with cooked rice or scrambled eggs. To serve a warm dish - for example fried fish - with sour cream or in a pancake, as a filling is also common. Most of the recipes are with sausage (called "kolbász" such as lecsókolbász, made specifically for this purpose, or Debrecener sausage) bacon or frankfurter. Some are decorated with slices of hard-boiled egg or thickened with beaten eggs. If meat is added, it may be added first, and fried with the onions and pepper slices.
Lecsó, like its French semi-counterpart ratatouille, often stands alone as a lunch dish, in which case it is often consumed with bread. Plain lecsó can be served as a side dish accompanying various main dishes, for example roasted chicken, pheasant, pork, beef or Eszterhazy steak.
It is widely believed in Hungary that the best lecsó is made over an open fire in a "bogrács" (a cauldron), a Hungarian style barbecue. In Hungary the dish is very popular, and even has its own festivals.
In Germany, lecsó is referred to as Letscho and often used as the primary ingredient of a sauce that is used with many different meals. It is usually made of tomatoes, peppers, and onions among other regional additions.
In Poland, lecsó (called leczo) is usually made from red pepper, zucchini, tomatoes, onion and garlic, sausage, and spiced with powdered chilli pepper. Leczo should be served hot and spicy. It probably came to Poland from Hungary.
See also
Ajvar, a Serbian and Croatian spread made of red peppers
Sataraš, a similar dish that is popular in the Balkans
Peperonata, a similar dish from southern Italy
Piperade, a similar dish found in the Basque Country and Gascony
List of stews
Galayet bandora, a similar Jordanian dish
Matbucha, a similar dish from the Maghreb.
References
Hungarian stews
Lunch dishes
National dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecs%C3%B3 |
Kirkbie Kendal School is an academy school and known as a Business and Enterprise College in Kendal, Cumbria, Northern England, and serves the area around the town and rural countryside. Kirkbie Kendal School operates as a Foundation school, and has been regularly oversubscribed, accepting students based on a designated hierarchy. The school has 1048 pupils on roll, ages 11–18.
History
The school was formed in 1980 by the amalgamation of Kendal Grammar School and Kendal High School. The Grammar School had been founded in 1525, and from 1588 had been located alongside Kendal Parish Church then moved in 1889 to the building which is now the main block of KKS. Kendal High School for Girls opened in 1890 at a site on Thorney Hills.
Programmes and curriculum
As a Business and Enterprise College status, Kirkbie Kendal School focuses on raising levels of attainment in business studies and related courses, mathematics and information technology. The school works with local businesses, colleges and universities to provide students with the skills needed to progress into higher or further education and employment or entrepreneurship. The school was re-designated as a Business and Enterprise College in 2008.
Awards and recognition
In 2003, Kirkbie Kendal School was one of 14 schools in the North-East and Cumbria that were awarded specialist status by the Department for Education and Skills, entitling the school to its share of more than £2m worth of investment.
A team from the school won the regional final of the Institute of Physics 2004 Paperclip Physics Competition. The Kirkbie Kendal School team was recognized from among six finalists for its efforts in explaining concepts of density and buoyancy.
A student at the school was one of 25 regional winners in the 2006 Audi Innovation Awards competition, a national design competition for students ages 11–14. Over 4,000 entries were submitted to the competition from more than 200 schools.
For 2006, Kirkbie Kendal School was the North East Regional winner of the Charter Standard Secondary School award for outstanding achievement in providing football opportunities for their students. The school was also recognized in 2004.
Academic performance
The school gets GCSE results at the England average and A-level results slightly above the England average.
OFSTED inspections
The school was inspected by OFSTED on the 23 and 24 September 2014. The school received two outstanding and the rest were in the category good.
School Features
The school is medium-sized and in total there are 6 buildings on the school grounds. Those being the Main building, Humanities, Languages, Expressive Arts, Technology and the Science/Maths/ICT block.
Former pupils
James Ellison, Motorcycle Racer
Three members (Neil and Scott Wilkinson, Matthew Wood) of the band British Sea Power
Kendal Grammar School
Sir Edward Bailey MC, geologist (1892-9)
Nigel Bell, Chief Executive of the NHS Information Authority from 1999-2001 (1970-7)
Robert Chorley, 1st Baron Chorley
Peter Gibbs, BBC Weather forecaster (1969–76)
David Starkey, English historian (1956–63)
Carl Walker, former policeman (1945–50)
David Wheatman, cricketer
Philip Wilson, former Liberal MP for St Pancras South (1886–93)
Kendal High School for Girls
Muriel Brunskill, contralto (1911-8)
References
Academies in Westmorland and Furness
1525 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in the 1520s
Secondary schools in Westmorland and Furness
Kendal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkbie%20Kendal%20School |
Wang Jun (; April 11, 1941 – June 10, 2019) was a Chinese business executive. He served as Chairman of the Poly Group, a state-owned conglomerate with businesses ranging from arms trading to antiquities. He also served as Chairman the state-owned China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC) and held the rank of a government minister. He retired in 2006 after reaching the age of 65. He was born in Hunan to the Communist revolutionary elder Wang Zhen.
Wang died on June 10, 2019, at the age of 78.
References
1941 births
2019 deaths
Businesspeople from Changsha
CITIC Group people
Chinese chief executives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Jun%20%28businessman%29 |
The Predigtstuhl Cable Car () has been in operation since 1928 and is the second oldest (the oldest being the Spanish Aerocar across the Niagara River in Canada), still running, original large-cabin cable car in the world. Since 2006, the ropeway has been placed under the protection of monuments. In 2013 the "Predigstuhlbahn" as well as the hotel and mountain-top restaurant came under new ownership, "Marga und Josef Posch", which belongs to the German businessman group Max Eicher.
History and construction
The cable car began operations on 1 July 1928, after only a year of construction. The production of the cables was assigned to the Westphalian Wire Industry (Westfälische Drahtindustrie). The building of the three pylons, at heights of 22, 32 and 9 metres was contracted to Hochtief AG, from Munich.
The heartpiece, the wire ropeway drive technology and the two elegant pavilion passengers cabins were manufactured by the German, at that time worldwide leading wire ropeways company Adolf Bleichert & Co. from Leipzig, technology based on the Bleichert-Zuegg system.
Technical data
Height of valley station: 474 metres
Height of mountain station: 1,583 metres
Height difference: 1,140 metres
Length: 2,380 metres
Power: 150 PS
Capacity: 150 persons/hour
Journey time: 8.5 minutes
References
Cable cars in Germany
1928 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predigtstuhl%20Cable%20Car |
Henry Albert White (8 August 1895 – 27 November 1972), sometimes known as Bert White, was an English footballer.
Playing career
White was born in Watford, Hertfordshire, and first played for Brentford as an amateur, before World War I intervened. White served as a private in the Royal Fusiliers and as a lance corporal in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps while continuing to be on Brentford's books. He was discharged in February 1919 and returned to competitive football when he joined newly promoted Arsenal prior to the beginning of the 1919–20 season, making his debut in Arsenal's very first match after their promotion back to the First Division, against Newcastle United on 30 August 1919.
White soon made a name for himself as a reasonably prolific striker, and he was Arsenal's top scorer in 1919–20 with fifteen league goals, as the Gunners finished 10th in their first season back at the top; he impressed enough to play in a trial for England, although ultimately he never won a cap. After a quiet season in 1920–21 (scoring just 10 times), White scored 19 goals the following season, making him again Arsenal's top scorer, even though the club's poor defence meant they only finished 17th. However, in 1922–23 he (and Arsenal) suffered a slump in form and after being replaced by converted full back Bob Turnbull in November 1922, he was sold to Blackpool in March 1923. In all he played 109 games for Arsenal, scoring 45 goals.
After leaving Arsenal, White embarked on a journeyman's career; as well as playing for Blackpool he went on to have spells at Fulham, Walsall (twice), Nelson, Stafford Rangers and Thames before retiring in 1930. He was also a cricketer of some note, playing eight first-class matches for Warwickshire in 1923, though without success. He also played for his native Hertfordshire in the 1921 Minor Counties Championship. He died in 1972, aged 77.
Honours
Arsenal
London Challenge Cup (1): 1921–22
Southend Hospital Cup (2): 1920–21, 1921–22
Metropolitan Hospital Cup (1): 1920–21
Brentford
London Combination (1): 1918–19
External links
References
1895 births
Footballers from Watford
1972 deaths
Military personnel from Hertfordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Brentford F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Nelson F.C. players
Stafford Rangers F.C. players
Thames A.F.C. players
English cricketers
Hertfordshire cricketers
Warwickshire cricketers
Royal Fusiliers soldiers
Royal Army Ordnance Corps soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
Southern Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20White%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201895%29 |
Literaturnaya ( or simply ) is a serif typeface, created in the USSR. Designed at Poligraphmash () at the end of the 1930s by Anatolii Shchukin (), the font was based on Hermann Berthold's Latinskaya (St. Petersburg, 1901), a version of Lateinisch for Russia, also developed at the Berthold foundry (Berlin, 1899). The digital version of Literaturnaya was developed at ParaGraph () foundry in 1996 by Lyubov Kuznetsova. Also, there was an unofficial digital version, created in 1992 by an unknown author (sometimes credited as !22! Soft).
Use and popularity
Literaturnaya was mostly used in the USSR, Bulgaria and other socialist countries from its creation in the late 1930s to the early 1990s. (the last examples of prints, set in it date back to 1995) and was standard Cyrillic typeface during this period of time. It was informally called "The favourite font of Russian typographers". Most of the 1950–1990 books were set in Literaturnaya typeface. It was also used in some magazines, newspapers, brochures, written advertisements and journals. After the split of the Soviet Union, the font was replaced with the more popular Times New Roman. As of 2009, Literaturnaya is rarely (almost never) used, although there are some indications that its popularity is increasing among Russians. Literaturnaya also started appearing in decorative titles in East European countries such as Bulgaria.
See also
Typography
Serif
Times New Roman
References
ParaType
External links
Шрифтовое дело в России (Art of typing in Russia) — a Russian language page, containing some info about Literaturnaya.
Transitional serif typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in the 1940s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturnaya |
United Launch Alliance, LLC (ULA), commonly referred to as ULA, is an American aerospace manufacturer, defense contractor and launch service provider that manufactures and operates a number of rocket vehicles that launch spacecraft into orbits around Earth and other bodies in the Solar System.
The company is a joint venture between Lockheed Martin Space and Boeing Defense, Space & Security that was formed in December 2006. The primary customers of ULA are the Department of Defense (DoD) and NASA.
ULA provides launch services using expendable launch systems Delta IV Heavy and Atlas V, and until 2018 the medium-lift Delta II. The Atlas, Delta IV Heavy and the retired Delta IV launch systems have launched payloads including weather, telecommunications, and national security satellites, scientific probes and orbiters. ULA also launches commercial satellites. ULA has announced the retirement of its two remaining launch vehicles, which will be replaced by Vulcan Centaur.
, the company is developing the Vulcan Centaur, a successor to the Atlas V and Delta IV. The maiden flight is planned to take place on 24 December 2023, launching Astrobotic Technology's Peregrine lunar lander.
Company history
Formation
Boeing and Lockheed Martin announced their intent to form a 50-50 joint venture on 2 May 2005 aiming to consolidate the manufacture and deployment of US government expendable launch vehicles and launch services. The United Launch Alliance name was announced at the same time. Prior to the creation of the United Launch Alliance and contrary to expectations of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, a strong, competitive commercial launch market did not materialize within the United States. Estimated prices for future contracts and program costs increased, resulting in a Nunn-McCurdy cost breach. There was also considerable turmoil within the United States Air Force (USAF) space community and between the two EELV launch service providers due to competition in the shrinking space launch market, cost increases, and the growing need for reliable access to space. This turmoil culminated in civil and criminal fraud accusations being brought against Boeing relating to the improper use of competitors' information and racketeering.
As a result, the United States Department of Defense changed its acquisition strategy to one which would maintain assured access to space. Under the "Buy III" program, all fixed costs were covered by the US government, which brought about a deal between the two major EELV contractors to combine their efforts into a single company. Annual savings were estimated to be US$100-150 million. SpaceX challenged the legality of the launch services monopoly on 23 October 2005 on anti-trust grounds, creating competition with reusable launch systems. The Federal Trade Commission gave ULA anti-trust clearance on 3 October 2006.
It was the FTC's opinion that due to the challenge of entering the government medium-to-heavy launch services market, the entry of SpaceX was unlikely to reverse the anti-competitive effects resulting from the formation of ULA, but, it approved the joint venture on the basis that the benefits of assured access to space for national security outweighed anti-competitive harm.
The commission required ULA to "cooperate on equivalent terms with all providers of government space vehicles ... provide equal consideration and support to all launch service providers when seeking any U.S. government delivery in orbit contract ... and to safeguard competitively sensitive information obtained from other providers of space vehicles and launch services".
Michael Gass era (2005-2014)
ULA merged the production and operation of the two companies' government space launch services into one central plant in Decatur, Alabama, and merged all engineering into another central facility in Littleton, Colorado. The parent companies retained responsibility for marketing and sales of the Delta and Atlas rockets.
ULA had a peak of seven space launch facilities between 2005 and 2011, including three Delta II launchpads, which were decommissioned starting in 2011. Two years after its formation, in late 2008, ULA announced it would lay off 350 of its 4200 workers in early 2009. In the event, ULA had approximately 3900 employees by August 2009. ULA joined the Commercial Spaceflight Federation (CSF) in June 2010 as an executive member. ULA's CEO Michael Gass described the company's membership as a "natural fit for us, and we are proud to do so". By May 2014, ULA's membership of the CSF had lapsed.
With the introduction of competition from lower-cost launch providers and the annually increasing costs of ULA launches, increased attention has been paid to the amounts ULA has received for U.S. government launch contracts and for its annual government funding of $1 billion for launch capability and readiness. This readiness requirement included the maintenance of five launch pads and a number of variants of the Delta II, Delta IV, Delta IV Heavy, and Atlas V rockets. As a result of increasing costs by ULA, in April 2012, the EELV program triggered a critical Nunn-McCurdy cost breach and a reassessment of the program, of which ULA was the sole participant.
An uncontested USAF block-purchase of 36 rocket cores for up to 28 launches, which was valued at US$11 billion, was awarded in December 2013 and drew protest from SpaceX, which said the cost of ULA's launches were approximately US$460 million each and proposed a price of US$90 million to provide similar launches. In response, ULA's CEO Michael Gass said its average launch price was US$225 million, with future launches as low as US$100 million.
Tory Bruno era (2014 onward)
Michael Gass stepped down as ULA's CEO in August 2014 and was replaced by Tory Bruno, former vice president and general manager of Lockheed Martin Strategic and Missile Defense Systems. ULA entered into a partnership with Blue Origin in September 2014 to develop the BE-4 LOX / methane engine to replace the RD-180 on a new, lower cost first-stage booster rocket. At the time, the engine was in its third year of development by Blue Origin. ULA said it expected the new stage and engine to start flying no earlier than 2019 on a successor to the Atlas V. A month later, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce to halve launch costs, partly due to competition from SpaceX. The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) calculated the average cost of each ULA rocket launch for the U.S. government had risen to approximately US$420 million in 2014.
ULA had less success securing deals for Earth observation, commercial communication, and privately owned satellites than it had with launching U.S. military payloads. In November 2014, Tory Bruno stated the structuring was intended to "lead to improvements in how ULA interacts with its customers, both governmental and commercial", shorten launch cycles, and halve launch costs again. Part of that program involved the development of a new rocket, the Vulcan, initially with private funds, to tackle "skyrocketing launch costs". Bruno believed the new, lower-cost launcher could be competitive in the commercial satellite sector. ULA intended to have preliminary design ideas in place for a blending of the Atlas V and Delta IV technology by the end of 2014 but the high-level design was not announced until April 2015.
In February 2016, it was announced the development of the Vulcan rocket would be funded via a public–private partnership with the U.S. government. By early 2016, the USAF had committed $201 million of funding for Vulcan development. ULA had not "put a firm price on the cost of Vulcan development" but according to Mike Gross of SpaceNews, Bruno "said new rockets typically cost US$2 billion, including US$1 billion for the main engine". In 2016, ULA had asked the U.S. government to provide a minimum of $1.2 billion by 2020 to assist the development of the new U.S. launch vehicle. It was unclear how the change in development funding mechanisms would change ULA plans for pricing market-driven launch services. Since Vulcan development began in October 2014, the privately generated funding for Vulcan development has been approved only on a short-term basis. The ULA board of directors, which was composed of executives from Boeing and Lockheed Martin, would approve development funding on a quarterly basis. ULA planned to reduce its number of launchpads from five in 2015 to two.
ULA released contract values to the public and new CEO Tory Bruno testified before Congress in March 2015 that while ULA receives government subsidies "to conduct national security launches", the same is true of SpaceX, which received funding "to develop new capabilities and the use of low-cost or no-cost leases of previously developed launch infrastructure". It is difficult to directly compare launch costs because they are not necessarily calculated using the same cost-model assumptions.
ULA announced in February 2015 it was considering undertaking domestic production of the Russian RD-180 rocket engine at the Decatur, Alabama, rocket stage manufacturing facility. The U.S.-manufactured engines would be used for government civil (NASA) or commercial launches, and would not be used for U.S. military launches. This idea was abandoned following the passage of legislation permitting the continued purchase of the RD-180 from Russia.
In May 2015, ULA stated it would go out of business unless it won commercial and civil satellite launch orders to offset an expected slump in U.S. military and spy launches. The same month, ULA announced it would lay off 12 of its executives, a reduction of 30%, in December 2015. The management layoffs were the "beginning of a major reorganization and redesign" as ULA endeavors to "slash costs and hunt out new customers to ensure continued growth despite the rise of SpaceX".
A controversy arose in March 2016 following public remarks by ULA VP of Engineering, Brett Tobey, whose comments were, according to Peter de Selding of SpaceNews, "resentful of SpaceX" and dismissive of one of the two competitors (Aerojet Rocketdyne) for the new engine that will power the Vulcan launch vehicle, which was under development. Tobey resigned on 16 March 2016 and Bruno disavowed the remarks. Senator John McCain asked the DoD to investigate the comments that implied it may have shown "favoritism to a major defense contractor or that efforts have been made to silence members of Congress". The Secretary of Defense asked the DoD's Inspector General to investigate.
In 2016, ULA released the Cislunar 1000 Vision with an aim of creating an economy on the Moon and in Earth orbit with 1,000 people living and working in space. Core to this aim was that the production of fuel in space would allow for dramatically cheaper space travel. ULA made clear it was willing to become a customer for in-space refueling. It previously announced a willingness to pay US$3,000 per kilogram for fuel delivered in low Earth orbit, US$500 per kilogram on the lunar surface, and US$1,000 per kilogram at L1. ULA believes it will need off-Earth propellant supplies sometime in the 2020s. In December 2016, ULA created an online pricing tool called "Rocket Builder", which allowed potential customers and the public to estimate launch costs of the Atlas V rocket with configurable orbits, payloads and launch services. Purchase-price estimates were removed from the tool in 2018 because it potentially provided commercially sensitive information to ULA's competitors. Despite ULA's cost-cutting and restructuring, the cheapest ULA space launch in early 2018, the Atlas V 401, was priced at approximately US$109 million.
Following the failure of a SpaceX Falcon 9 carrying AMOS-6, incorrect reports about potential corporate espionage by ULA circulated. These reports were proved to be false and on 2 January 2017 SpaceX released an official statement saying the cause of the failure was a buckled liner in several of the COPV tanks.
In July 2017 the company was awarded US$191 million single-launch contract to launch the STP-3 mission aboard the heavy-lift Atlas V 551.
In January 2018, ULA took over marketing and sales responsibilities for Atlas V launches. Dan Collins, ULA's inaugural Chief operating officer, retired in April 2018 and was replaced by John Elbon, former vice president and program manager at Boeing Defense, Space & Security.
During the 2019–2020 COVID-19 pandemic, some aspects of ULA's launch related outreach were scaled back but the company said it would maintain its launch schedule.
On 7 August 2020, the U.S. Space Force awarded contracts for the second phase of its long-term launch services program for national security launches through 2020. United Launch Alliance, along with SpaceX, was chosen over Blue Origin and Northrop Grumman. The decision was driven primarily by past launch performance. As ULA has had 100% success record in about two decades of operation, it was awarded 60% of the contract.
In late 2020, ULA won a contract to launch and provide in-flight refueling for the Dynetics lunar lander. Initially, refueling would be provided by launching additional rockets to carry fuel. Each lunar mission would include two other Vulcan Centaur launches. The propellant from the upper stages of these rockets would be transferred to the Dynetics lander. ULA would significantly increase its launch pace of refueling rockets to minimize the boil-off of cryogenic fuel. The in-space refueling capability would have been tested in low Earth orbit before any lunar missions take place. However, in April 2021, NASA announced that SpaceX would instead be the prime contractor for the crewed lunar lander, having ranked the Dynetics bid low in readiness by 2024.
In September 2020, Tory Bruno announced that it had found a vendor in its supply chain that has partial Chinese ownership. The vendor designed software tools for use in development of the Vulcan Centaur rocket. Bruno said the vendor did not acquire any sensitive information. The company in question is KUKA Robotics. The Chinese interest in the vendor was discovered by a private investigator hired by ULA to monitor the security of its supply chain. The case was referred to the FBI. Bruno called on the federal government to cooperate more closely with the private sector to deal with Chinese corporate espionage.
In August 2021, ULA announced the pending retirement of Atlas V. Following the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, the U.S. Congress had mandated that the Department of Defense would stop using Russian-built space hardware, including the RD-180 engine used on Atlas V. ULA planned an orderly retirement and had procured and had in hand 100 of the engines to continue building Atlas V as it developed a replacement rocket. At the time of the announcement they could fly 29 more missions and all of them had been sold, so no new orders would be accepted.
By authority of Tory Bruno, ULA implemented a vaccination requirement for its employees on 1 September 2021. ULA employees were required to receive a first dose by 30 September and any required second dose by 31 October 2021.
Launch vehicles and stages
As of 2023, ULA still operates the Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy rockets, both of which are retiring. Both were developed under the National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program by Lockheed Martin and Boeing respectively, both launching in 2002. The Delta IV Medium was retired on 22 August 2019, but the last remaining Delta IV Heavy rocket will be used to launch a Reconnaissance satellite, in 2024. ULA is developing Vulcan, a heavy-lift launch vehicle that will replace its existing fleet. The first Vulcan certification flight was originally expected to launch in 2019. it is scheduled to launch 24 December 2023.
Current fleet
Atlas V
Atlas V is ULA's main active launch vehicle, but is scheduled for retirement. All remaining Atlas V flights have been sold and no more orders will be accepted. Atlas V has flown 98 times since its first flight in 2002. 19 flights remain.
Atlas V is the fifth major version in the Atlas rocket family. It is an expendable launch system that was originally designed by Lockheed Martin. Each Atlas V rocket consists of two main stages. The first stage is powered by a Russian RD-180 engine, which is manufactured by RD Amross, and burns kerosene and liquid oxygen. Each RD-180 engine costs about US$10 million which is considerably cheaper than any competing rocket with the ability to launch a satellite to geostationary orbit. It has a flawless record of launching American satellites over many years of service.
The Atlas V has been modified for human spaceflight to support flights of the Boeing Starliner. Human-rating required new computers to monitor performance and trigger an abort when necessary, data links between the rocket and spacecraft, and other changes. Crewed flights will include a mechanism to allow astronauts to manually abort. For Starliner flights, Atlas V is configured with two SRBs from Aerojet Rocketdyne. This is the only Atlas V configuration ever to fly without a payload fairing and the only configuration with two engines on the upper stage. With the Starliner on top, the rocket is 172 feet tall. ULA has contracted to support nine Starliner missions with Atlas V. The first Starliner mission was the Boeing Orbital Flight Test in December 2019.
In 2017, Sierra Nevada selected the Atlas V to launch the first two missions of the Dream Chaser cargo capsule to the International Space Station. These launches are part of NASA's Cargo Resupply Services 2 contract. At the time of signing its agreement with ULA, Sierra Nevada expected the missions to take place in 2020 and 2021. After schedule delays for Dream chaser and the pending retirement of Atlas V, as of 2023 Dream Chaser is planned to launch on Vulcan Centaur instead.
An Atlas V rocket was selected for the NROL-101 mission for the National Reconnaissance Office. The rocket was launched successfully on 13 November 2020. The variant of the Atlas V selected for this mission used of three new GEM-63 solid rocket booster made by Northrop Grumman. A larger version of this booster, the GEM 63XL, is being developed for the Vulcan Centaur.
Amazon has selected the Atlas V to launch satellites for Project Kuiper. Project Kuiper will offer a high-speed satellite internet service. The contract signed with Amazon is for nine launches. Project Kuiper aims to put thousands of satellites into orbit. ULA is Amazon's first launch provider.
As of November 10, 2022, there are no more 400 variants of Atlas scheduled to launch.
Centaur
The Centaur is a family of rocket-propelled upper stages currently with one main active version and one version under development. The 3.05-meter diameter Common Centaur/Centaur III flies as the upper stage of the Atlas V launch vehicle, while the 5.4-meter diameter Centaur V is being developed as the upper stage of ULA's new Vulcan rocket. A lengthened version of the Centaur V will be used on the Vulcan Centaur Heavy.
The Centaur upper stage is powered by one or two RL10 engines, which are manufactured by Aerojet Rocketdyne, and burn liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The Centaur is the first rocket stage to use these fuels. On the Atlas V ULA typically only uses the one RL10 version of the Centaur upper stage. However, Aerojet Rocketdyne supplies two RL10A-4-2 engines for each Starliner mission flown by the Atlas V. The dual-engine Centaur configuration is used on human-rated launches for safety reasons. This configuration allows the rocket to fly on a shallower path to orbit, meaning horizontal velocity is emphasized over vertical velocity. This in turn reduces the maximum G-forces endured by the crew and allows for a safe abort at any time during the launch. The standard payload fairings are 4 or 5 meters (13 or 16 ft) in diameter with varying lengths. The dual-engine variant of the Centaur has flown more than 100 times on Atlas variant rockets. 166 of the Centaur's flights have used dual-engine variants. As of late 2019, Centaurs of all kinds had flown 251 times.
The Centaur upper stage for the Atlas V also has an Aft Bulkhead Carrier capacity. The capacity was developed initially for the National Reconnaissance Office to take advantage of the extra capacity Atlas V has.
Delta IV
Delta IV is a group of five expendable launch systems in the Delta rocket family, which was introduced in the early 2000s. The Delta IV was originally designed by Boeing's Defense, Space & Security division for the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program, and became a ULA product in 2006. The Delta IV is mostly used for launching United States Air Force military payloads but has also been used to launch a number of U.S. government non-military payloads and one commercial satellite.
The Delta IV originally had two main versions, which allowed the family to accommodate a range of payload sizes and masses; models include the retired Medium, which had four configurations, and the Heavy. As of 2019, only the Heavy remains active; payloads that would previously fly on Medium moved to either the existing Atlas V or the forthcoming Vulcan Centaur. Retirement of the Delta IV family as a whole is anticipated in 2024.
ICPS
ULA designed and builds the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage for the Space Launch System (SLS) in Decatur, Alabama and by Boeing in Huntsville, Alabama. It is a variant of a stage used for the Delta rocket family. The ICPS was the first component of the SLS to arrive at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. ICPS will be located high on the SLS stack, just below the Orion capsule.
Delta IV Heavy variant
The Delta IV Heavy combines a diameter DCSS and payload fairing with two additional CBCs. These are strap-on boosters which are separated earlier in the flight than the center CBC. As of 2007, a longer 5 meter diameter composite fairing was standard on the Delta IV Heavy, with an aluminum isogrid fairing also available. The aluminum trisector (three-part) fairing was built by Boeing and derived from a Titan IV fairing. The trisector fairing was first used on the DSP-23 flight.
Delta Cryogenic Second Stage
The Delta Cryogenic Second Stage (DCSS) is a family of cryogenic rocket stages used on the Delta III and Delta IV rockets, and which is planned to be used on the Space Launch System Block 1. DCSS consists of a cylindrical liquid hydrogen tank structurally separated from an oblate spheroid liquid oxygen tank. The liquid hydrogen tank cylinder carries payload launch loads, while the liquid oxygen tank and engine are suspended below within the rocket's interstage. The stage is powered by a single Pratt & Whitney RL10B-2 engine, which features an extendable carbon-carbon nozzle to improve specific impulse.
In development
Vulcan Centaur
Vulcan is a heavy-lift launch vehicle that ULA is developing to meet the demands of the NSSL competition and launch program. The rocket is ULA's first launch vehicle design, which is adapting and evolving technologies that were developed for the Atlas V and Delta IV rockets. Vulcan is intended to undergo the human-rating certification process to allow the launch of crew in a vehicle such as the Boeing Starliner or a crewed version of the Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser. Vulcan will have a maximum liftoff thrust of and carry to low Earth orbit, to a geo-transfer orbit, and to geostationary orbit with a heavier payload than any currently available single-core rocket.
The first-stage propellant tanks share the diameter of the Delta IV Common Booster Core but will contain liquid methane and liquid oxygen propellants rather than the Delta IV's liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. Blue Origin's BE-4 engine was selected to power Vulcan's first stage in September 2018 after a competition with the Aerojet Rocketdyne's AR1. ULA may use the Sensible Modular Autonomous Return Technology (SMART) which seeks to capture and re-use the BE-4 engines. ULA is working on the 'Sensible Modular Autonomous Return Technology' (SMART) reuse concept. The booster engines, avionics, and thrust structure would be detached as a module from the propellant tanks after booster engine cutoff, with the module descending through the atmosphere under an inflatable heat shield. After parachute deployment, the module would be captured by a helicopter in mid-air. ULA estimated that this would reduce the cost of the first stage propulsion by 90%, and 65% of the total first stage cost. The BE-4 burns liquified natural gas.
Vulcan's upper stage will be the Centaur V, an upgraded variant of the Common Centaur/Centaur III that is currently used on the Atlas V. A lengthened version of the Centaur V will be used on the Vulcan Centaur Heavy. ULA planned to eventually upgrade the Centaur V with Integrated Vehicle Fluids technology to become the Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES). Those plans were dropped in 2020 with efforts focusing on improving the capabilities of the existing Centaur V upper stage. ULA had plans for tanker called XEUS, developed in partnership with Masten Space Systems, that would have been able to land on the moon to be stocked with fuel and then fly to a gravitationally stable libration point in the Earth-Moon system known as L1. XEUS planned to utilize the now abandoned ACES upper stage but this concept has been paused until there a clear commercial need.
During the first several years of its development, the ULA board of directors made quarterly funding commitments to Vulcan Centaur development. , the U.S. government had committed approximately US$1.2 billion in a public–private partnership to Vulcan Centaur development, with future funding being dependent on ULA securing an NSSL contract. By March 2016, the U.S. Air Force had committed up to US$202 million of funding for Vulcan development. At that time, ULA had not yet estimated the total cost of Vulcan development, but CEO Tory Bruno noted that "new rockets typically cost US$2 billion, including US$1 billion for the main engine". In April 2016, ULA Board of Directors member and President of Boeing's Network and Space Systems (N&SS) division Craig Cooning expressed confidence in the possibility of further USAF funding of Vulcan development.
In March 2018, ULA CEO Tory Bruno said that Vulcan Centaur had been "75% privately funded" up to that time. In October 2018 and following a request for proposals and technical evaluation, ULA was awarded US$967 million to develop a prototype Vulcan launch system as a part of the National Security Space Launch program. Two other providers, Blue Origin and Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, were awarded US$500 million and US$792 million in development funding, with detailed proposals and a competitive selection process to follow in 2019. The USAF's goal with the next generation of Launch Service Agreements is to get out of the business of "buying rockets" and move to acquiring launch services from launch service providers, but U.S. government funding of launch vehicle development continues. The Vulcan rocket, directly and indirectly, provides about 22,000 jobs spread over 46 states.
In August 2020, the U.S. Space Force awarded ULA a firm, fixed-price indefinite-delivery contract to launch 60% of National Security Space Launch (NSSL) Phase 2 missions over a 5-year procurement with the next-generation Vulcan Centaur rocket, the other 40% were won by SpaceX. In September 2020, ULA announced that they are carefully studying a "Vulcan Heavy" variant with three booster cores. Speculation about a new variant had been rampant for months after an image of a model of that version popped on social media. Tory Bruno later tweeted a clearer image of the model and said it was the subject of ongoing study.
ULA has been using the Atlas V to test systems for the Vulcan Centaur.
In early 2021, NASA added the Vulcan Centaur to the Launch Services II contract (NLS II). This makes the Vulcan Centaur part of the Launch Services Program and subjects it the "on-ramp" provisions in NLS II. The on-ramp provisions allow existing launch providers to introduce new vehicles that NASA has not yet requested.
On 24 October 2023, after completing a successful static fire 4 months ago, ULA announced they were targeting 24 December 2023 for the inaugural launch of Vulcan Centaur.
Retired
Delta II
Delta II was an expendable launch system that was originally designed and built by McDonnell Douglas, and was later built by Boeing prior to the formation of ULA. Delta II was part of the Delta rocket family and entered service in 1989. Delta II vehicles included the Delta 6000 and the two later Delta 7000 variants ("Light" and "Heavy"). The rocket flew its final mission ICESat-2 on 15 September 2018. A nearly-complete Delta II, made from flight-qualified spare parts, is displayed in its 7320-10 configuration in the rocket garden at Kennedy Space Center Visitors Complex.
Launch history
2006–2009
The first launch conducted by ULA was a Delta II from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 14 December 2006, carrying the satellite USA-193 for the National Reconnaissance Office. The satellite failed shortly after launch and was intentionally destroyed on 21 February 2008, by an SM-3 missile that was fired from the . ULA's first Atlas V launch was in March 2007; it was an Atlas V variant 401 launching six military research satellites for Space Test Program (STP) 1. This mission also performed three burns of the Centaur upper stage; it was the first three-burn mission for Atlas V.
ULA's first commercial mission COSMO-SkyMed was launched on behalf of Italy's Ministry of Defense three months later using a Delta II rocket. On June 15, 2007, the engine in the Centaur upper stage of a ULA-launched Atlas V shut down early, leaving its payload – a pair of NROL-30 ocean surveillance satellites – in a lower than intended orbit. The NRO declared the launch a success.
2007 also saw ULA's first two interplanetary spacecraft launches using the Delta II; the Phoenix probe was launched to Mars in August 2007 and the Dawn satellite to was launched to the asteroids Vesta and Ceres in September 2007. Using a Delta II, the WorldView-1 satellite was also launched into a low Earth orbit on behalf of DigitalGlobe. The company's first launch to geostationary transfer orbit using an Atlas V 421 variant carrying the USA-195 (or WGS-1) communications satellite also occurred that year. ULA's tenth mission was launching satellite GPS IIR-17 into medium Earth orbit on a Delta II. The company completed its first Delta IV launch using the Delta IV Heavy rocket to place a payload into geosynchronous orbit in November 2007, which was followed by three more launches in December 2007.
2008 saw seven launches, including Atlas V's from Vandenberg's Space Launch Complex 3E and five others using the Delta II. The Atlas launch carried NROL-28 in March 2008 and in September 2008 the GeoEye-1 satellite was orbited by a Delta II rocket. ULA completed eight Delta II, five Atlas V, and three Delta IV launches in 2009. The Delta II launches carried three Space Tracking and Surveillance System satellites over two launches, two Global Positioning System satellites, and the NOAA-19 and WorldView-2 satellites, as well as the Kepler and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer space telescopes.
The Atlas launches carried the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and LCROSS mission as part of the Lunar Precursor Robotic Program, which was later intentionally crashed into the Moon and found the existence of water; other 2009 Atlas V launches in included Intelsat 14, WGS-2, PAN, and a weather satellite as part of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). The Delta IV rockets carried the NROL-26, GOES 14, and WGS-3 satellites.
2010–2014
In 2010, Atlas V launches deployed the Solar Dynamics Observatory, the first Boeing X-37B, the first Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) satellite, and the NROL-41. The Delta II system placed the last COSMO-SkyMed and Delta IV launches deployed the GOES 15, GPS Block IIF, and USA-223 satellites. ULA completed eleven launches in 2011, including five by Atlas, three by Delta II, and three by Delta IV. The Atlas system orbited another Boeing X-37, two NROL-34 signals intelligence satellites, a Space-Based Infrared System (SBIS) satellite, the Juno spacecraft and Curiosity rover. The Delta II launches placed the SAC-D and Suomi NPP satellites into orbit, as well as two spacecraft associated with NASA's GRAIL lunar mission. Delta IV launches carried the NROL-49, NROL-27, and another GPS satellite.
ULA's 2012 launches included six Atlas Vs and four Delta IVs. The Atlas system carried Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) and AEHF satellites, another Boeing X-37, the Intruder and Quasar satellites, and the Van Allen Probes. Delta IVs deployed GPS and WGS satellites USA-233, as well as NROL-25 and NROL-15 on behalf of the National Reconnaissance Office.
In 2013, the Atlas flew eight times. The system launched the TDRS-11, Landsat 8, AEHF-3, and NROL-39 satellites, as well as SBIS, GPS, and MUOS satellites, as well as NASA's MAVEN space probe to Mars. Delta IV launches orbited the fifth and sixth Wideband Global SATCOM satellites WGS-5 and WGS-6, as well as NROL-65.
In 2014, ULA's Atlas V orbited the TDRS-12 communications satellite in January, the WorldView-3 commercial satellite in August 2014, and the CLIO communications satellite during September and October 2014. Atlas rockets also carried the satellites DMSP-5D-3/F19, NROL-67, NROL-33, and NROL-35. Delta IV rockets orbited GPS satellites and two Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program satellites, and in July 2014, NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 was carried by a Delta II. Orion's first test flight was launched by a Delta IV Heavy rocket in December 2014, as part of Exploration Flight Test-1.
2015–2019
A Delta II rocket orbited a Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite in January 2015. In March 2015, an Atlas V rocket carried NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission spacecraft, and a Delta IV rocket orbited the GPS IIF-9 satellite on behalf of the U.S. Air Force. The U.S. Air Force's X-37B spaceplane was carried by an Atlas V rocket in May 2015, and a Delta IV orbited the WGS-7 satellite in July 2015. The fourth MUOS satellite was orbited by an Atlas V in September 2015. ULA's 100th consecutive successful liftoff was completed on 2 October 2015, when an Atlas V rocket orbited a Mexican Satellite System communications satellite on behalf of the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation. The classified NROL-55 satellite was launched by an Atlas V rocket several days later. Atlas V rockets launched GPS Block IIF satellites and the Cygnus cargo spacecraft in November 2015 and December 2015, respectively.
In 2016, Delta IV rockets carried the NROL-45 satellite and Air Force Space Command 6 mission in February 2016 and August 2016, respectively. During a launch of the Atlas V rocket on 22 March 2016, a minor first-stage anomaly led to shutdown of the first-stage engine approximately five seconds before anticipated. The Centaur upper stage was able to compensate by firing for approximately one minute longer than planned using its reserved fuel margin. Atlas V rockets carried MUOS-5 in June 2016, NROL-61 satellites in July 2016, and the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft in September 2016.
ULA launched multiple satellites in late 2016. The weather satellite Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) was carried in November 2016, as was the WorldView-4 imaging satellite. In December 2016, the Wideband Global SATCOM's eighth satellite WGS-8 was launched on a Delta IV Medium rocket, and an Atlas V carried the EchoStar XIX communications satellite on behalf of Hughes Communications. In March 2017, WGS-9 was orbited by a Delta IV. Atlas V rockets carried NRO satellites, TDRS-M, and a Cygnus cargo capsule in 2017. The weather satellite NOAA-20 (JPSS-1) was launched by a Delta II rocket in November 2017.
An Atlas V carried the SBIRS-GEO 4 military satellite in January 2018. The Atlas V's launch of NASA's InSight to Mars in 2018 was the first interplanetary probe to depart from the U.S. West Coast. In August 2018, a Delta IV Heavy launched Parker Solar Probe, NASA's solar space probe that will visit and study the sun's outer corona in August 2018. It was also the Delta IV Heavy with a Star-48BV kick stage, and the highest-ever spacecraft velocity. The company launched the final Delta II rocket, carrying ICESat-2 from Vandenberg Air Force Base SLC-2 on 15 September 2018. This marks the last launch of a Delta family rocket based on the original Thor IRBM. On 22 August 2019, ULA launched its last Delta IV Medium rocket for the GPS III Magellan project. An Atlas V carried Boeing's Starliner Orbital Flight Test (OFT) mission for NASA in December 2019.
2020
In 2020, an Atlas V carried the Solar Orbiter spacecraft, an international collaboration between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA to provide a new global view of the Sun. In March 2020, an Atlas V also launched Advanced Extremely High Frequency 6 (AEHF-6), the first U.S. Space Force National Security Mission. In May 2020, ULA launched an Atlas V rocket carrying the USSF-7 mission with the X-37B spaceplane for the U.S Space Force and the mission honored victims of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as first responders, health professionals, military personnel, and other essential workers. On 30 July 2020, Atlas V in the 541 configuration successfully launched Perseverance and Ingenuity as part of Mars 2020 towards Mars. In November 2020, ULA launched NROL-101, a top secret spy satellite for the National Reconnaissance Office, on board their Atlas V in a 531 configuration. This launch was notable because it was the first flight of the GEM-63 solid rocket boosters, a version of which will be used on their Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle.
2021
On 18 May 2021, the SBIRS GEO 5 missile-warning satellite was launched on an Atlas V 421 rocket.
The Lucy spaceflight began on 16 October 2021 upon launch aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 401 rocket into a stable parking orbit. During the next hour, the second stage reignited to place Lucy on an interplanetary trajectory in a heliocentric orbit on a twelve-year mission to two groups of Sun-Jupiter Lagrange point Trojan asteroids as well as a close flyby of a mainbelt asteroid during one of three planned passes through the asteroid belt. If the spacecraft remains operational during the 12-year planned duration, it is likely the controlled flight will be continued and directed at additional asteroid targets.
Infrastructure
Launch facilities
ULA operates orbital launch sites at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and Vandenberg Space Force Base near Lompoc, California. In Florida, ULA has used Space Launch Complex 41 for Atlas V launches since its maiden flight in August 2002, and Launch Complex 37 for Delta IV launches since the rocket's maiden flight in November 2002. Aging infrastructure and low flight cadence from LC-37 contributed to a number of delays in the launch of NROL-44. ULA is looking to mitigate this with improvement to their operations readiness process. The company has one launch pad at Vandenberg as of 2023: Space Launch Complex 3 for Atlas and Vulcan launches. Space Launch Complex 6 is no longer in use since the last Delta IV Heavy launch from there in 2022. Space Launch Complex 2 is no longer in active use by ULA since the retirement of the Delta II in September 2018.
Launches from Cape Canaveral typically head east to give satellites extra momentum from the rotation of the Earth as they head to other planets or into an equatorial orbit. Vandenberg Space Force Base is the primary U.S. launch site from which satellites are sent into polar orbits. Commercial and military spacecraft like imaging and weather satellites need to be launched southward on a path to reach a polar orbit to cover the entire globe. ULA's Atlas V rocket launched NASA's InSight mission to Mars from the West Coast in 2018, the first interplanetary mission to do so.
In 2015, as part of the company's transition from the Atlas V and Delta IV launch vehicles to the Vulcan Centaur, ULA announced plans to reduce the number of launch pads in use from five to two by the early 2020s.
ULA works closely with the 45th Weather Squadron on its launches from Florida.
Headquarters and manufacturing
ULA's headquarters in Centennial, Colorado is responsible for program management, rocket engineering, testing, and launch support functions. ULA's largest factory is and located in Decatur, Alabama. A factory in Harlingen, Texas, fabricates and assembles components for the Atlas V rocket. In 2015, the company announced the opening of an engineering and propulsion test center in Pueblo, Colorado.
Spaceflight Processing Operations Center
The Spaceflight Processing Operations Center (SPOC), located near SLC-40 and SLC-41, is used to construct the mobile launcher platform for the Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle. It also serve as a storage room for the Atlas Mobile launcher platform (MLP). On 6 August 2019, the first two parts of Vulcan's MLP were transported to the SPOC. SPOC was formerly known as the Solid Motor Assembly and Readiness Facility (SMARF) during its support of the Titan IVB launch vehicle; it was renamed during Vulcan Centaur's topping ceremony in October 2019.
See also
Aerojet Rocketdyne (RS-68 and RL10)
Blue Origin (BE-4)
National Security Space Launch
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (Graphite-Epoxy Motor)
RUAG Space (payload fairings, composite structures)
Jordan Hall (Chief Engineer)
Past launch vehicles
Delta II
Delta IV Medium
Other launch vehicle providers
SpaceX
United Space Alliance
Deep Space Transport LLC
Arianespace
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Roscosmos
References
External links
2006 establishments in Colorado
Boeing
Commercial launch service providers
American companies established in 2006
Companies based in Centennial, Colorado
Joint ventures
Lockheed Martin
Space Act Agreement companies
Space organizations
Technology companies established in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Launch%20Alliance |
Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem ("Congregation of Israel Tree of Life") is a Conservative Jewish congregation located at 3525 Cloverdale Road in Montgomery, Alabama.
Agudath Israel was established as an Orthodox synagogue in 1902 by Yiddish speaking Ashkenazi Jews, recent Eastern European immigrants who rejected the Reform practices of Montgomery's established Congregation Kahl Montgomery/Temple Beth Or. After renting quarters for a number of years, the congregation purchased its first permanent building on Monroe Street in 1914, and constructed a new building at McDonough and High Street in 1928.
Agudath Israel came to national attention in 1955 because of the Civil rights movement activism of then-rabbi Seymour Atlas, who eventually left the synagogue as a result of it. In 1957 it constructed its current building on Cloverdale Road, and joined the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, though it subsequently hired several Orthodox rabbis. Cynthia Culpeper became Agudath Israel's rabbi in 1995, the first Conservative woman rabbi in Alabama, but left in 1997 to seek treatment for AIDS, the result of an accidental needle prick while working as a nurse.
Etz Ahayem, was established in 1912 by Ladino speaking Sephardi Jews, particularly from Rhodes. The congregation grew slowly, and completed construction of its first building in 1927. In 1962 the congregation moved to a new building, but by the 1990s it had dwindled, as children of congregants moved away from Montgomery, and the synagogue had difficulty finding rabbis to lead it.
The congregations merged in 2001, and adopted the current name. In 2007 Scott Kramer became Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem's third rabbi since the merger. , Kramer was the rabbi and Joy Blondheim was the president.
Agudath Israel
Early history
Ashkenazi Jews immigrated to Montgomery from Russia, Poland, Romania, and Ukrainian Galicia in the late 19th century. Agudath Israel was established in 1902 by 16 of them, former members of Montgomery's oldest synagogue, Temple Beth Or. Though originally organized as the Orthodox Congregation Kahl Montgomery by German Jews in 1849, during the 1870s Kahl Montgomery had steadily adopted Reform practices. It changed its name to Temple Beth Or in 1874, and officially joined the Reform movement in 1879. The more recent Eastern European immigrant members wanted a service in Hebrew that followed Orthodox practice, and decided to organize their own synagogue.
The congregation's first president was Max Shuwolf, a Hungarian Jew who had first immigrated to Galveston, Texas, then ran a small dry goods store in Montgomery. He donated two rooms in his house, where the new congregation held its first services. The congregation's first constitution was written in Yiddish. Services were held in Hebrew and Yiddish, men and women sat separately, and men covered their heads, as mandated by the constitution.
Over the next few years the congregation grew, and moved to a number of rented locations, including "rented office space above the National Shirt Company on Court Square and an annex of the First National Bank". By 1907, the synagogue had 30 members, and an annual revenue of $500 (today $); that year Temple Beth Or had 188 members and revenues of $9,500 (today $). Reflecting the membership's "growing assimilation", in 1914 Agudath Israel re-wrote its constitution in English. That same year the congregation dedicated its first permanent building, on Monroe Street, and hired its first full-time rabbi. The State of Alabama purchased the building on Monroe in 1927, and the congregation built a new synagogue on land at McDonough and High Street, a handsome, brick Rundbogenstil building, notable for its hexagonal shape, which they dedicated in 1928. At the time Agudath Israel had 65 member families.
Morris Casriel Katz, a native of Felosveresmart, Czechoslovakia (now Velika Kopana, Ukraine) was rabbi from 1923 to 1926, his first pulpit before moving to Agudath Achim of Shreveport, Louisiana. Alexander Sandor Wiesel, a Chicago native, was rabbi in 1934. He had previously served at Brith Achim Synagogue in Petersburg, Virginia, and would move to House of Israel Synagogue in Calgary, Alberta. Benjamin G. Eisenberg served as rabbi from 1938 until at least 1942. By then membership had dropped to around 60 member families.
Seymour Atlas era
Agudath Israel came to national attention in the wake of the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955. At that time, then-rabbi Seymour Atlas had been serving as Agudath Israel's rabbi for almost ten years. A southerner (from Greenville, Mississippi), he was "in the 8th generation of a line of rabbis", and had become friends with Martin Luther King Jr., tutoring him in Hebrew, and speaking at his Dexter Avenue Church. As a result of his friendship with King, Atlas became involved in the Civil rights movement, and became known for his liberal sermons, and for frequently appearing on local television and radio stations with King, where he would discuss civil rights and issues including desegregation and the boycott.
In 1956, during National Brotherhood Week Atlas spoke on a panel of clergy at the local WRMA radio station, which also included Michael Caswell, a white Roman Catholic priest from nearby Gunter Air Force Base, Roy Bennett, a black Baptist minister, and black activist Ralph Abernathy; Bennett and Abernathy were subsequently arrested "on an obscure conspiracy charge". A picture of Atlas, Bennett, and Abernathy appeared in Life magazine in an article about the boycott, and the leadership of Agudath Israel grew concerned that Atlas's activism would lead to an antisemitic backlash. The trustees called an emergency meeting, and sent then congregational president Yale Friedlander to demand Atlas recant his support of the boycott, ask Life to withdraw the article, and agree to submit all public speeches to the board in advance for pre-approval. Atlas refused, and insisted that his participation in Brotherhood Week was not an endorsement of the boycott. However, Atlas wrote a sermon for the following Shabbat which included a prayer for the participants of the boycott. The sermon, as with all others, was to be printed beforehand in the Montgomery Advertiser, and a typesetter there called one of the synagogue's trustees to inform him of the contents. The trustee asked Atlas to modify the sermon, but he refused.
The trustees then ordered Atlas to stop inviting black clergymen to his weekly Hebrew class, "make no further speeches or statements outside the synagogue", and, as long has he was rabbi there, "disassociate [himself] from the Negroes completely". Atlas again refused, and the trustees responded by shunning him, refusing to visit his home, and literally turning their backs on him when he was around.
When his contract came up for renewal that year, Atlas argued that the matter should be put to a congregational vote. The trustees refused to do so, and voted 27 to 1 not to renew the contract. After Atlas left, the trustees unanimously voted that the next rabbi would have to sign an agreement not to discuss "Negroes" or segregation.
Post Atlas to 2000
During the 1950s the synagogue had been "traditional" (Conservadox), rather than strictly Orthodox; for example, the Monroe Street building had seating for men on the left, seating for women on the right, and mixed seating in the middle. Following Atlas's departure, the congregation formally moved from Orthodox Judaism to Conservative, hiring a Conservative rabbi, Joseph Reich, and, in 1957, moved to its current location at 3525 Cloverdale Road. In 1959, however, it hired as rabbi Aaron Borow, who had just graduated from the Modern Orthodox Yeshiva University. While Borow did not undo the synagogue's mixed seating, he did turn off the synagogue's microphone, and turn the bimah so that the cantor faced the front of the synagogue (rather than the congregation), in the Orthodox style. In November 1964, Borow was hired as rabbi of the Orthodox Nusach Hari B’nai Zion Congregation of St. Louis, Missouri, where he served until his retirement in 1999.
Borow was succeeded by Irving Rubin, also a graduate of Yeshiva University, who served from 1965 to 1968, before moving to Kesher Israel Synagogue in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Raphael Gold was rabbi from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. David Arzouane, another a graduate of Yeshiva University, joined Agudath Israel in 1986 as director of the Hebrew education program, a position he has held since then. Upon receiving his ordination from the Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA) in 1988, Aaron Krupnick joined Agudath Israel as rabbi. He served until 1994.
Agudath Israel hired Cynthia "Cyndie" Culpeper as rabbi in 1995. Culpeper, a convert from Catholicism and former nurse, had been posted at Agudath Israel as a rabbinical intern, and was hired there full-time upon graduation from the JTSA, the first Conservative woman rabbi in Alabama. However, the following year she revealed that she had AIDS, the result of an accidental needle prick while working as a nurse. The congregation rallied around her, insisting she continue to work, and wearing red AIDS awareness ribbons, but in 1997 she gave up her position and moved to Birmingham, Alabama, where she could get "cutting edge" treatment at the University of Alabama at Birmingham's AIDS research clinic. Culpeper died in 2005.
Shalom Plotkin joined Agudath Israel as rabbi in 2000. A graduate of the University of Maryland, and ordained by the JTSA in 1998, he had been an "assistant rabbi at a synagogue in Marietta, Georgia" before coming to Agudath Israel. A chaplain in the United States Navy Reserve, he had been stationed with the U.S. Navy in the Adriatic Sea in 1995, during the Bosnian War. During his tenure at Agudath Israel, he remained in the reserve.
Notable members
Aaron Aronov, former president of Agudath Israel, was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor in 1988. Former Secretary of State, Attorney General, Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Alabama Don Siegelman and his family were also members of Agudath Israel. Though Siegelman is Catholic, his wife Lori—who grew up in Birmingham, Alabama—and two children are Jewish. His daughter Dana celebrated her Bat Mitzvah at the synagogue in February 1998.
Etz Ahayem
Ralph Nace Cohen, a Sephardi Jew from Rhodes, settled in Montgomery in 1906, sponsored by a Greek Orthodox friend. Other Sephardi Jews followed, first from Rhodes, and then from the rest of Greece and Turkey. By 1908 this small community celebrated held its first High Holiday services in the Orthodox Community Center, space which was rented by Agudath Israel. In 1912, they named themselves Congregation Etz Ahayem ("Tree of Life"), writing a constitution in Ladino. Temple Beth Or gave them a Torah scroll, and in 1916 they formally incorporated. The congregation bought a house at 450 Sayre Street in 1918, but it was not until 1927 that they completed construction of a building there. At the time the congregation comprised 27 families.
During the German occupation of Greece almost all the Jews of Rhodes were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp; as a result, most members of Etz Ahayem had close family members who were killed in the Holocaust. Before the occupation, however, members of the Kal Grande congregation in Rhodes had buried their Torah scrolls. After the war the scrolls were retrieved and sent to Israel, and a Dr. Nace Cohen was able to procure one of them for Etz Ahayem.
During the 1950s Etz Ahayem added a great deal of English to its prayer services, which had formerly been conducted solely in Ladino and Hebrew. During the Montgomery bus boycott, then rabbi Solomon Acrish spoke in favor of the boycott and against segregation, "citing the demand in Torah for social justice". However, after being followed, and told by gentile friends he could no longer come for dinner, and after Etz Ahayem received a bomb threat, he "toned down his support for desegregation".
In 1962, the congregation moved to a new building, but the children of the congregation generally moved away from Montgomery. By the 1990s the congregation dwindled, and had difficulty finding Sephardi rabbis, relying instead on "lay leaders and the occasional rabbinic services from nearby Maxwell Airforce Base". In 2001 Maxwell Air Force Base ended its rabbinic services, and the congregation was down to 22 member families. The board of directors decided to accept an offer from Agudath Israel to enter into merger negotiations.
Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem
Agudath Israel and Etz Ahayem merged in 2001. Agudath Israel's Rabbi Plotkin oversaw the merger, and became the rabbi of the merged congregation, Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem. Along with the new name, the synagogues combined traditions, and Ashkenazi and Sephardi rituals. Plotkin moved to Albuquerque's Congregation B'nai Israel in May 2002.
From 2002 to 2006 Stephen Listfield was the rabbi; for the previous eight years he had been the rabbi of Congregation Beth Shalom in Pompton Lakes, New Jersey. Listfield led protests by the congregation against the posthumous induction into the Alabama Military Hall of Honor of prominent United States Navy officer, frequent political candidate, and outspoken antisemite John G. Crommelin. Listfield moved to Pittsburgh's Tree of Life Congregation in August 2006.
In 2007, Scott Kramer became the congregation's rabbi, his first rabbinic post. A native of Baltimore, Kramer had a Master's degree in physics from the University of Utah, and for over two decades had worked as a software engineer. He began studying at the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies at the American Jewish University in 2002, and was ordained there in 2007. , Kramer was Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem's rabbi and Joy Blondheim was the president.
Notes
References
Further reading
Kerem, Yitzchak. "The Settlement of Rhodian and Other Sephardic Jews in Montgomery and Atlanta in the Twentieth Century", American Jewish History, Volume 85, Number 4, December 1997, pp. 373–391.
External links
1902 establishments in Alabama
1912 establishments in Alabama
Conservative synagogues in the United States
Greek-Jewish culture in the United States
Synagogues in Alabama
Religious buildings and structures in Montgomery, Alabama
Synagogues completed in 1957
Jewish organizations established in 1902
Jewish organizations established in 1912
Rundbogenstil synagogues
Sephardi Jewish culture in the United States
Sephardi synagogues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agudath%20Israel%20Etz%20Ahayem |
Jason Hall is an American comic book writer. His works include the creator-owned graphic novel series Pistolwhip (nominated for multiple prestigious Harvey Awards and one of Time Magazine's Top 10 Graphic Novels of 2001), Beware the Creeper and Trigger for DC/Vertigo, Batman Adventures, Justice League Adventures, Justice League Unlimited, Superman, Detective Comics, Ben 10, Samurai Jack, and Dexter's Laboratory for DC Comics, and Star Wars and Hellboy Animated for Dark Horse Comics.
Works
DC Comics
Batman: Gotham Adventures #51 - "Early Thaw"
Batman Adventures #15 - "Best Served Cold"
Justice League Adventures #20 - "Emotional Baggage"
Justice League Adventures #28 - "Future Imperfect"
Detective Comics #782 - "The Mourning After"
Justice League: The Animated Series Guide (DK Publishing)
Beware the Creeper (Vertigo)
Trigger (Vertigo)
Justice League Unlimited #33 - "Everything Old is New Again"
Ben 10 (Cartoon Network Action Pack #22, 23, 25, 26)
Ben 10: Alien Force (Cartoon Network Action Pack #41, 46)
Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (Cartoon Network Action Pack #TBD)
Dexter's Laboratory (Cartoon Network Block Party #57)
Samurai Jack (Cartoon Network Action Pack #34, 38, 40, 44)
Superman 80-Page Giant (2010) - "Superman is My Co-Pilot"
Dark Horse Comics
Hellboy Animated Volume 3: The Menagerie
Hellboy: The Companion - The Official Hellboy Timeline
The Messengers - Graphic Novel Adaptation
The Amazing Adventures of the Escapist #5 - "The Final Curtain"
Crush
Star Wars Tales #10, 11, 13-19
Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volumes 8 & 10
Star Wars: Full of Surprises (Hasbro - Toys R Us Give-a-way)
Star Wars: Practice Makes Perfect (Hasbro - Toys R Us Give-a-way)
Star Wars: A Jedi's Most Precious Weapon (Hasbro - Toys R Us Give-a-way)
Star Wars: Machines of War (Hasbro - Toys R Us Give-a-way)
Dark Horse Maverick: Happy Endings - "Pistolwhip Presents: January"
The Complete Pistolwhip (Hardcover collecting the complete series in full-color)
Top Shelf Comics
Pistolwhip
Pistolwhip: The Yellow Menace
Mephisto and the Empty Box
Th3rd World Studios
Space Doubles #2 - "A Saucerful of Secrets"
Awards and recognition
Harvey Award Nomination: Best New Talent, 2002
Harvey Award Nomination: Best Graphic Album of Original Work, 2002 (Pistolwhip)
Time Magazine's Top 10 Graphic Novels of 2001 (Pistolwhip)
Wizard Magazine's Best Indy Comics of 2001 (Pistolwhip / Mephisto and the Empty Box)
Wizard Magazine's Top 25 Indy Comics of All Time (Pistolwhip series)
References
American comics writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Hall%20%28writer%29 |
Government House is the office and official residence of the Administrator of the Northern Territory in Darwin, Australia. Built between 1870 and 1871, with later renovations between 1878 and 1879, the building is set on 13,000 square metres of hillside gardens in the centre of the Darwin business district, on The Esplanade.
History
Government House is the oldest European building in the Northern Territory. Government House has been the home of successive Government Residents and Administrators since 1871. The house is an example of a mid-Victorian Gothic villa, here adapted for the local climate by the addition of numerous shaded verandahs and porches. It has endured cyclones, earthquakes, enemy bombing raids, infestations of white ants and rowdy public demonstrations to remain one of the most spectacular and attractive buildings in Darwin.
On 17 December 1918, Government House became the focal point of political turmoil and union unrest against John Gilruth's administration. About 1000 demonstrators marched to Government House where they burnt an effigy of Gilruth and demanded his resignation. The incident became well known as the Darwin Rebellion.
Government House was entered on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate on 14 May 1991 and was added to the Northern Territory Heritage Register on 19 March 1996.
Gallery
See also
Government Houses of Australia
Government Houses in the Commonwealth
Administrators of the Northern Territory
References
External links
Government House Northern Territory website
Buildings and structures in Darwin, Northern Territory
Tourist attractions in Darwin, Northern Territory
Official residences in Australia
Darwin
Victorian architecture in Australia
Northern Territory Government
1878 establishments in Australia
Northern Territory Heritage Register
Northern Territory places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20Darwin |
Eboch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Chris Eboch, American children's book author
Douglas J. Eboch (born 1967), American screenwriter, author, and educator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboch |
"If Leaving Me Is Easy" is a song by Phil Collins from his 1981 album Face Value. Released as the third single from the album, it reached No. 17 in the UK, but was not released as a single in the United States. The song was also a top 40 hit in Ireland, reaching No. 25. Collins sings in a high falsetto in its chorus. The song was later covered by The Isley Brothers for their 1985 album Masterpiece.
Involvement of Eric Clapton
This was the first of two Phil Collins singles that featured Eric Clapton. The other single was "I Wish It Would Rain Down" from Collins' final album of the 1980s, ...But Seriously. He also recorded some dobro for "The Roof Is Leaking", which was not used on the final recording.
Live versions
Collins revealed on the "Making of Face Value" episode of Classic Albums that he decided to stop performing this song live on stage following his 1985 No Jacket Required tour because he disliked the audience yelling and screaming instead of being quiet while he performed this song. According to SongFacts.com, Collins performed the song on the BBC music show Top of the Pops with a bucket of paint and paintbrush on top of his electric piano, a reference to his first wife's affair with a painter and decorator.
Charts
Personnel
Phil Collins: Rhodes, drums, vocals, Prophet 5
Eric Clapton: guitar
Daryl Stuermer: guitar
Alphonso Johnson: bass guitar
Don Myrick: alto sax
Rahmlee Michael Davis and Michael Harris: flugelhorns
Strings arranged by Arif Mardin
Gavin Cochrane: Photography
References
1981 singles
Phil Collins songs
Rock ballads
Rhythm and blues ballads
Songs written by Phil Collins
Virgin Records singles
Song recordings produced by Phil Collins
1980 songs
Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%20Leaving%20Me%20Is%20Easy |
Shei-Pa National Park () is a national park located in the central part of Taiwan around the peaks of Hsuehshan and Dabajian Mountain, with an area of , covering the area of Hsinchu County, Miaoli County and Taichung City. High mountain ecology, geology, topography, rivers, creek valleys, rare animals and plants, and plentiful variety of forest types are some important resources for conservation.
The park's headquarters was set up on 1 July 1992. The current headquarters director is Lin Ching (林青). The address of Shei-Pa National Park is 100 Xueweiping, Fuxing Village, Dahu Township, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
Geography, Climate and Geology
Shei-Pa National Park is located some 100 km north of the Tropic of Cancer. The park covers a wide range of ecosystems between 760 meters at the lowest point, the Da-an River Valley (大安溪) and 3,886 meters elevation at the highest point, the top of Xueshan (雪山主峰). Xueshan is the second tallest mountain in Taiwan. The Xueshan Range is located along the northern end of Taiwan's Central Range. Like most of the mountains of Taiwan, the Xueshan Range mountains are an uplifted metamorphic belt that makes up the spine of the country. Notable geologic features of the park include the box fold of Pintian Mountain as well as many glacial cirques.
The mountains of Shei-Pa cradle the headwaters of several major rivers in Taiwan. The park receives between 1,500 mm and 3,000 mm of rainfall a year and is an important water resource for the country: Takejin Creek flows north to join the Danshui River, which provides water for Taipei. The Dajia River and the Da-an River flow west and north west to provide water to Taichung County. The Touqian River flows northwest to Hsinchu County.
Asteroid 278956 Shei-Pa was named after the national park. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 ().
Flora
In 2022 a team of researchers measured a 79.1 meters (259.5 feet) Taiwania specimen in the Park. The tree was growing at an elevation of 2,000m.
See also
List of national parks in Taiwan
References
National parks of Taiwan
Protected areas established in 1992
Geography of Miaoli County
Tourist attractions in Miaoli County
Geography of Taichung
Tourist attractions in Taichung
Geography of Hsinchu County
Tourist attractions in Hsinchu County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shei-Pa%20National%20Park |
Neuenkirchen can refer to several municipalities in Germany:
in Lower Saxony:
Neuenkirchen, Cuxhaven, part of the Samtgemeinde Hadeln, district of Cuxhaven
Neuenkirchen, Diepholz, part of the Samtgemeinde Schwaförden, district of Diepholz
Neuenkirchen, Osnabrück, district of Osnabrück
Neuenkirchen (Samtgemeinde), a collective municipality in Osnabrück
Neuenkirchen (Lüneburg Heath), Soltau-Fallingbostel district
Neuenkirchen, Stade, part of the Samtgemeinde Lühe, district of Stade
Neuenkirchen-Vörden, district of Vechta
in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern:
Neuenkirchen, Anklam-Land, part of the Amt Anklam-Land, Vorpommern-Greifswald district
Neuenkirchen, Landhagen, part of the Amt Landhagen, Vorpommern-Greifswald district
Neuenkirchen, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, part of the Amt Neverin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz district
Neuenkirchen, Rügen, part of the Amt West-Rügen, Rügen district
in North Rhine-Westphalia:
Neuenkirchen, Westphalia, district of Steinfurt
Neuenkirchen, part of the town Rietberg, district of Gütersloh
in Schleswig-Holstein:
Neuenkirchen, Schleswig-Holstein, part of the Amt Weddingstedt, Dithmarschen district
See also
Neunkirchen (disambiguation)
Neukirchen (disambiguation)
Neukirch (disambiguation)
Neunkirch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuenkirchen |
Chris Eboch ( ) is a children's book author currently living in New Mexico.
She is the New Mexico Regional Advisor for the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators and a teacher for the Institute of Children's Literature. She also writes novels for adults under the name "Kris Bock".
She is the sister of screenwriter Douglas J. Eboch (Sweet Home Alabama).
Books
The Well of Sacrifice, a middle grade historical drama set in ninth century Mayan Guatemala
Life among the Maya
Modern Nations of the World: Yemen
Modern Nations of the World: Turkey
Science Measurements; and Science Tools.
Rattled (writing as Kris Bock)
Eyes of Pharaoh
Childhood of Famous Americans: Jesse Owens (fictionalized biography for elementary school children)
Childhood of Famous Americans: Milton Hershey (fictionalized biography for elementary school children)
What We Found (writing as Kris Bock)
Whispers in the Dark (writing as Kris Bock)
Haunted Series
Ghost on the Stairs
Knight in the Shadows
Riverboat Phantom
Ghost Miner's Treasure
References
External links
Author's website (Chris Eboch)
Kris Bock pseudonym website
New Mexico regional SCBWI website
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American children's writers
American women children's writers
Writers from New Mexico
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Eboch |
WKCI-FM (101.3 MHz) is a commercial radio station broadcasting a Top 40 (CHR) format. Licensed to the suburb of Hamden, Connecticut, it serves New Haven and Hartford. The station is owned by iHeartMedia.
The studios are in Radio Towers Park on Benham Street in Hamden, where it shares facilities with sister stations WELI and WAVZ. WKCI-FM transmits a full Class B signal, broadcasting with 12,000 watts from a tower, the equivalent of 50,000 watts at . The station's transmitter is on Madmare Mountain in Hamden near the WTNH transmitter site (where WKCI-FM formerly transmitted from until moving to its current tower in 2003).
Throughout the 1980s, WKCI was an affiliate of Rick Dees Weekly Top 40. WKCI-FM began broadcasts in HD Radio in December 2004. Its HD2 signal airs a mainstream urban format, providing a second option to WZMX, and is simulcast on FM translator W265DB at 100.9 MHz, known as "100.9 The Beat." 100.9 The Beat signed on the air at 12:00 a.m. on June 23, 2015. The HD3 signal simulcasts sister station 960 AM WELI, which airs a talk radio format. iHeartMedia, Inc. also owns a talk station in Waynesboro, Virginia which shares the call sign WKCI on AM 970.
References
External links
Mass media in New Haven, Connecticut
Mass media in New Haven County, Connecticut
KCI-FM
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
1969 establishments in Connecticut
Radio stations established in 1969
IHeartMedia radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKCI-FM |
Carencro High School is a Lafayette Parish high school located in Lafayette, Louisiana, United States. Carencro High School is one of six Lafayette Parish Public High Schools. Geographically, the school is located approximately 3.5 miles north of Interstate 10 and approximately one mile west of Interstate 49. The current school administrative team consists of Vanessa Knott, Principal, and Assistant Principals, Claire Leger and Mary Qualey.
School history
Carencro High School started as Carencro School in 1874, then moved to what is now Carencro Middle School. The present-day Carencro High School began construction in 1969. Today, the main buildings include Building 1 (Office & Cafeteria), Building 2, Building 3 (Little Theater, Band, & Chorus), Building 4 (Agriculture/Home Economics), Building 5 (known as Boys' Gym), Building 6 (known as Girls' Gym), Building 7, and Building 8 (portable classrooms).
Feeder schools
Students that attend Carencro High School come from several different feeder schools: Acadian Middle, Carencro Middle, L.J. Alleman Middle, N.P. Moss Middle, Paul Breaux Middle, Scott Middle, Carencro Catholic, Immaculate Heart, Stem Magnet Academy, and St. Leo Seton.
Athletics
Carencro High athletics competes in the LHSAA.
Carencro High School is home to many sports organizations including: Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Cross Country, Football, Golf, Soccer, Softball, Swimming, Tennis, Track & Field, Volleyball, and Wrestling.
Championships
Football championships
(2) State Championships: 1992, 2020
Notable alumni
Marc Broussard, American singer/songwriter.
Kevin Faulk, retired New England Patriots running back and three time Super Bowl Champion (2001,2003,2004)
Ron Guidry, former MLB player and MLB Hall of Fame inductee. (New York Yankees)
Wade Richey, San Francisco 49ers, San Diego Charges, & Baltimore Ravens kicker
References
http://www.lpssonline.com
http://www.carencrohighschool.org
External links
http://www.lpssonline.com - Lafayette Parish School System
Public high schools in Louisiana
Schools in Lafayette, Louisiana
1874 establishments in Louisiana
Educational institutions established in 1874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carencro%20High%20School |
The Rush for Second Place is a posthumous collection of essays by William Gaddis. Edited and introduced by Joseph Tabbi, it was published in 2002 by Penguin Press at the same time as Gaddis's last novel, Agapē Agape. The contents were published in Great Britain with Agapē Agape as Agapē Agape and Other Writings by Atlantic Books in 2004.
2002 non-fiction books
Postmodern books
Essay collections
Books published posthumously
Penguin Press books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rush%20for%20Second%20Place |
The Raging Neisse (, or Jauersche Neiße) is a river in Poland. It has a length of about and flows into the Kaczawa (Katzbach), which in turn flows into the Oder. Its largest tributary is the Little Neisse.
The Raging Neisse rises at a height of on the western side of a mountain called the Kokosz on the Waldenburg Heights. It flows down through the lowlands among the foothills of the Sudetes and the heights of Hainau, through the towns of Bolków (Bolkenhain) and Jawor (Jauer). It then merges with the Kaczawa (Katzbach) at a height of not far from Jawor near the village of Slup (Schlaup) on the battlefield of the Battle of Katzbach.
During heavy rain and due to its mountainous character, the water level of this small river can rise by up to 2.5 metres or about 8 feet, whence its name, the "Raging" Neisse.
Napoleonic Wars
The river became famous as a result of the Battle of Katzbach when fleeing French troops being pursued by Marschall Blücher were driven into the Katzbach and Raging Neisse rivers which were swollen as the result of a thunderstorm.
Footnotes
References
Literature
Henderson, Ernest F. (2015). Blücher And The Uprising Of Prussia Against Napoleon, 1806-1815.
Dodge, Lt. Col. Theodore Ayrault Dodge (2014). Napoleon: a History of the Art of War. [1907]
Rivers of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging%20Neisse |
The rundale system (apparently from the Irish Gaelic words "" which refers to the division of something and "", usually meaning meeting or assembly) was a form of occupation of land in Ireland, somewhat resembling the English common field system. The land is divided into discontinuous plots, and cultivated and occupied by a number of tenants to whom it is leased jointly. The system was common in Ireland, especially in the western counties. In Scotland, where the system also existed, it was termed run rig (from run, and rig or ridge).
History
Rundale farming systems in Ireland existed from the Early Medieval Period right up until the time of the First World War. The rundale system of agriculture consisted of nucleated villages known as clachans. Usually the land was of poor quality and the population of people trying to make a living was intensive.
The main "clachan" area where the small thatched cottages were concentrated, was situated in a cluster on the best land (the infields) which was surrounded by mountain or grazing land of inferior quality (the outfields) where the livestock was grazed during summer or dry periods, a practice known as transhumance or as "booleying". All the sheep or cattle of the village were grazed together to alleviate pressure on growing crops and also provided fresh pasture for livestock. In the remote western areas of Ireland where the rundale system was most commonly seen, the land was a complex mixture of arable, rough and bogland. It was a difficult task to ensure that each tenant had an equal share of good and poor land.
Rundale clachans and their transhumance pastures, also known as Booley, Boley, Bouley, Bualie and Boola can still be seen in the parish of Kilcommon in Erris, County Mayo, in many townlands such as Gortmelia, Inver and Glengad where clusters of cottages can be seen on the hillsides with land in narrow strips running down to the sea. These names survive in place names such as Buaile h'Anraoi in Kilcommon where the landscape still shows very clearly the layout of the Rundale system.
The practise of booleying provided a safety valve in that it allowed maximisation of available human resources. Seasonal migration to Scotland and England superseded this ancient system and went hand-in-hand with more permanent emigration to the United States. Booleying alleviated pressure on the growing crops and provided fresh pasture for livestock while the migratory worker to the potato fields of Ayrshire or Lothian earned sufficient income to allow him and his family to live at home for most of the year. The average holding on the small farms of County Mayo was only five acres, insufficient to maintain a family for more than part of the year.
Booleying is mentioned in the Brehon Laws.
John O'Donovan of the Ordnance Survey (1838) noted that the people owned houses in two townlands, one of which was a booley. "It is a great habit among the people of the island to have two townlands and houses built on each where they remove occasionally with their cattle. The townlands are held under one lease and one of these farms is called a Bouley."
The demise of booleying in Ireland came about in the 19th century when incoming landlords began to impound livestock which trespassed on their property. Retrieval fines were prohibitive and there was a consequent reduction in the number of cattle kept.
Primitive communism
The agrarian communes of the rundale system in Ireland have subsequently been assessed using a framework of primitive communism, where the system fits Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' definition.
References
Sources
Agriculture in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundale |
'Income taxes in Canada
constitute the majority of the annual revenues of the Government of Canada, and of the governments of the Provinces of Canada. In the fiscal year ending 31 March 2018, the federal government collected just over three times more revenue from personal income taxes than it did from corporate income taxes.
Tax collection agreements enable different governments to levy taxes through a single administration and collection agency. The federal government collects personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories. It also collects corporate income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Alberta. Canada's federal income tax system is administered by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA).
Canadian federal income taxes, both personal and corporate are levied under the provisions of the Income Tax Act. Provincial and territorial income taxes are levied under various provincial statutes.
The Canadian income tax system is a self-assessment regime. Taxpayers assess their tax liability by filing a return with the CRA by the required filing deadline. CRA will then assess the return based on the return filed and on information it has obtained from employers and financial companies, correcting it for obvious errors. A taxpayer who disagrees with CRA's assessment of a particular return may appeal the assessment. The appeal process starts when a taxpayer formally objects to the CRA assessment. The objection must explain, in writing, the reasons for the appeal along with all the related facts. The objection is then reviewed by the appeals branch of CRA. An appealed assessment may either be confirmed, vacated or varied by the CRA. If the assessment is confirmed or varied, the taxpayer may appeal the decision to the Tax Court of Canada and then to the Federal Court of Appeal.
History
Unlike the United Kingdom and the United States, Canada had avoided charging an income tax prior to the First World War. The lack of income tax was seen as a key component in Canada's efforts to attract immigrants as Canada offered a lower tax regime compared to almost every other country. Prior to the war, Canadian federal governments relied on tariffs and customs income under the auspices of the National Policy for most of their revenue, and the provincial governments sustained themselves primarily through their management of natural resources (the Prairie Provinces were paid subsidies by the federal government as Ottawa retained control of their natural resources. The Liberal Party considered the probable need to introduce an income tax if their negotiation of a free trade agreement with the United States in the early 20th century succeeded, but the Conservatives defeated the Liberals in 1911 by opposing free trade. The Conservative Party opposed income tax as it wanted to attract immigrants primarily from the United Kingdom and the United States, and it wanted to give immigrants an incentive to come to Canada.
Then Canadian Finance Minister Sir Thomas White's new "Income War Tax Act" bill went into Committee of the Whole on July 25, 1917 but faced resistance. Wartime expenses forced the Tories to re-consider their options and in 1918, the wartime government under Sir Robert Borden, imposed an income tax to cover expenses. Despite the new tax the Canadian government ran up considerable debts during the war and were unable to forgo income tax revenue after the war ended. With the election of the Liberal government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, much of the National Policy was dismantled and income tax has remained in place ever since.
Constitutional authority
The constitutional authority for the federal income tax is found in section 91 paragraph 3 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which assigns to the federal Parliament power over "The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation".
The constitutional authority for the various provincial income taxes is found in section 92 paragraph 2 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which assigns to the legislature of each province the power of "Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes". The courts have held that "an income tax is the most typical form of direct taxation".
Personal income taxes
Canada levies personal income tax on the worldwide income of individual residents in Canada and on certain types of Canadian-source income earned by non-resident individuals. The Income Tax Act, Part I, subparagraph 2(1), states: "An income tax shall be paid, as required by this Act, on the taxable income for each taxation year of every person resident in Canada at any time in the year."
After the calendar year, Canadian residents file a T1 Tax and Benefit Return for individuals. It is due April 30, or June 15 for self-employed individuals and their spouses, or common-law partners. It is important to note, however, that any balance owing is due on or before April 30. Outstanding balances remitted after April 30 may be subject to interest charges, regardless of whether the taxpayer's filing due date is April 30 or June 15.
The amount of income tax that an individual must pay is based on the amount of their taxable income (income earned less allowed expenses) for the tax year. Personal income tax may be collected through various means:
deduction at source - where income tax is deducted directly from an individual's pay and sent to the CRA.
instalment payments - where an individual must pay his or her estimated taxes during the year instead of waiting to settle up at the end of the year.
payment on filing - payments made with the income tax return
arrears payments - payments made after the return is filed
Employers may also deduct Canada Pension Plan/Quebec Pension Plan (CPP/QPP) contributions, Employment Insurance (EI) and Provincial Parental Insurance (PPIP) premiums from their employees' gross pay. Employers then send these deductions to the taxing authority.
Individuals who have overpaid taxes or had excess tax deducted at source will receive a refund from the CRA upon filing their annual tax return.
Generally, personal income tax returns for a particular year must be filed with CRA on or before April 30 of the following year.
Basic calculation
An individual taxpayer must report his or her total income for the year. Certain deductions are allowed in determining "net income", such as deductions for contributions to Registered Retirement Savings Plans, union and professional dues, child care expenses, and business investment losses. Net income is used for determining several income-tested social benefits provided by the federal and provincial/territorial governments. Further deductions are allowed in determining "taxable income", such as capital losses, half of capital gains included in income, and a special deduction for residents of northern Canada. Deductions permit certain amounts to be excluded from taxation altogether.
"Tax payable before credits" is determined using five tax brackets and tax rates. Non-refundable tax credits are then deducted from tax payable before credits for various items such as a basic personal amount, dependents, Canada/Quebec Pension Plan contributions, Employment Insurance premiums, disabilities, tuition and education and medical expenses. These credits are calculated by multiplying the credit amount (e.g., the basic personal amount of $11,038 in 2013) by the lowest tax rate. This mechanism is designed to provide equal benefit to taxpayers regardless of the rate at which they pay tax.
A non-refundable tax credit for charitable donations is calculated at the lowest tax rate for the first $200 in a year, and at the highest tax rate for the portion in excess of $200. Donations can result in a reduction in taxes of between 40 and 60% of the donation depending on the province of the taxpayer and type of property donated. This tax credit is designed to encourage more generous charitable giving.
Certain other tax credits are provided to recognize tax already paid so that the income is not taxed twice:
the dividend tax credit provides recognition of tax paid at the corporate level on income distributed from a Canadian corporation to individual shareholders; and
the foreign tax credit recognizes tax paid to a foreign government on income earned in a foreign country.
Provincial and territorial personal income taxes
Provinces and territories that have entered into tax collection agreements with the federal government for collection of personal income taxes ("agreeing provinces", i.e., all provinces and territories except Quebec) must use the federal definition of "taxable income" as the basis for their taxation. This means that they are not allowed to provide or ignore federal deductions in calculating the income on which provincial tax is based.
Provincial and territorial governments provide both non-refundable tax credits and refundable tax credits to taxpayers for certain expenses. They may also apply surtaxes and offer low-income tax reductions.
Canada Revenue Agency collects personal income taxes for agreeing provinces/territories and remits the revenues to the respective governments. The provincial/territorial tax forms are distributed with the federal tax forms, and the taxpayer need make only one payment—to CRA—for both types of tax. Similarly, if a taxpayer is to receive a refund, he or she receives one cheque or bank transfer for the combined federal and provincial/territorial tax refund. Information on provincial rates can be found on the Canada Revenue Agency's website.
Individuals in Canada generally pay income taxes on employment and investment income to the province in which they reside on December 31 of the tax year. This ensures that taxpayers who live in one province and work in another, or who move from one province to another in most cases only have to file a tax return for one province. Individuals with business income have to pay tax on the business income to the province in which it was earned. If it was earned in more than one province, it is allocated based on a formula in the Income Tax Regulations.
In addition to the income tax levied as a percentage of taxable income, two provinces, Prince Edward Island and Ontario, levy surtaxes as a percentage of tax over a certain threshold.
Quebec
Quebec administers its own personal income tax system, and therefore is free to determine its own definition of taxable income. To maintain simplicity for taxpayers, however, Quebec parallels many aspects of and uses many definitions found in the federal tax system.
Quebec chooses to receive part of its health and social transfers in tax points instead of cash. To compensate for this, federal personal income taxes on income earned in Quebec are reduced by 16.5% of federal tax. This is referred to as the Quebec Abatement.
Federal marginal tax rates
The following historical personal federal marginal tax rates of the Government of Canada come from the website of the Canada Revenue Agency. They do not include applicable provincial income taxes. Data on marginal tax rates from 1998 to 2018 are publicly available. Data on basic personal amounts (personal exemption taxed at 0%) can be found on a year by year basis is also available. Their values are contained on line 300 of either the document "Schedule 1 - Federal Tax", or "General Income Tax and Benefit Guide", of each year by year General Income Tax and Benefit Package listed. The personal exemption is listed as it always applies. Additional deductions may be applied depending on eligibility, see. The most common additional deductions are Canada Pension Plan (CPP), Employment Insurance (EI) and employment credit. Exempt amounts are calculated, multiplied by the lowest tax rate and the result is tax credits that reduce the total amount of tax owed.
The rates above do not account for federal surtax nor surtax reduction prior to 2001.
Income not taxed
The following types of income are not taxed in Canada (this list is not exhaustive):
gifts and inheritances;
death benefits paid from a life insurance policy;
lottery winnings;
winnings from betting or gambling for simple recreation or enjoyment;
strike pay;
income earned within a Tax-Free Savings Account;
compensation paid by a province or territory to a victim of a criminal act or a motor vehicle accident;
certain civil and military service pensions;
income from certain international organizations of which Canada is a member, such as the United Nations and its agencies;
war disability pensions;
RCMP pensions or compensation paid in respect of injury, disability, or death;
income of First Nations, if situated on a reserve;
capital gain on the sale of a taxpayer's principal residence;
provincial child tax credits or benefits and Québec family allowances;
Working income tax benefit;
the Goods and Services Tax or Harmonized Sales Tax credit (GST/HST credit), Quebec Sales Tax credit or Saskatchewan Sales Tax Credit;
the Canada Child Tax Benefit.
Note that, the method by which these forms of income are not taxed can vary significantly, which may have tax and other implications; some forms of income are not declared, while others are declared and then immediately deducted in full. Some of the tax exemptions are based on statutory enactments, others (like the non-taxability of lottery winnings) are based on the non-statutory common law concept of "income". In certain cases, the deduction may require off-setting income, while in other cases, the deduction may be used without corresponding income. Income which is declared and then deducted, for example, may create room for future Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) deductions. But then the RRSP contribution room may be reduced with a pension adjustment if you are part of another plan, reducing the ability to use RRSP contributions as a deduction.
Deductions which are not directly linked to non-taxable income exist, which reduce overall taxable income. A key example is RRSP contributions, which is a form of tax-deferred savings account (income tax is paid only at withdrawal, and no interim tax is payable on account earnings).
Corporate income taxes
Corporate taxes include taxes on corporate income in Canada and other taxes and levies paid by corporations to the various levels of government in Canada. These include capital and insurance premium taxes; payroll levies (e.g., employment insurance, Canada Pension Plan, Quebec Pension Plan and Workers' Compensation); property taxes; and indirect taxes, such as goods and services tax (GST), and sales and excise taxes, levied on business inputs.
Corporations are subject to tax in Canada on their worldwide income if they are resident in Canada for Canadian tax purposes. Corporations not resident in Canada are subject to Canadian tax on certain types of Canadian source income (Section 115 of the Canadian Income Tax Act'').
Effective January 1, 2012, the net federal corporate income tax rate in Canada was 15%, or 11% for corporations able to claim the small business deduction; in addition, corporations are subject to provincial income tax that may range from zero to 16%, depending on the province and the size of the business.
Corporation types
The taxes payable by a Canadian resident corporation depend on the type of corporation that it is:
A Canadian-controlled private corporation, which is defined as a corporation that is:
resident in Canada and either incorporated in Canada or resident in Canada from June 18, 1971, to the end of the taxation year;
not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more non-resident persons;
not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more public corporations (other than a prescribed venture capital corporation, as defined in Regulation 6700);
not controlled by a Canadian resident corporation that lists its shares on a prescribed stock exchange outside of Canada;
not controlled directly or indirectly by any combination of persons described in the three preceding conditions; if all of its shares that are owned by a non-resident person, by a public corporation (other than a prescribed venture capital corporation), or by a corporation with a class of shares listed on a prescribed stock exchange, were owned by one person, that person would not own sufficient shares to control the corporation; and
no class of its shares of capital stock is listed on a prescribed stock exchange.
A private corporation, which is defined as a corporation that is:
resident in Canada;
not a public corporation;
not controlled by one or more public corporations (other than a prescribed venture capital corporation, as defined in Regulation 6700);
not controlled by one or more prescribed federal Crown corporations (as defined in Regulation 7100); and
not controlled by any combination of corporations described in the two preceding conditions.
A public corporation, defined as a corporation that is resident in Canada and meets either of the following requirements at the end of the taxation year:
it has a class of shares listed on a prescribed Canadian stock exchange; or
it has elected, or the Minister of National Revenue has designated it, to be a public corporation and the corporation has complied with prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800(1) on the number of its shareholders, the dispersing of the ownership of its shares, the public trading of its shares, and the size of the corporation.
If a public corporation has complied with certain prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800(2), it can elect, or the Minister of National Revenue can designate it, not to be a public corporation. Other types of Canadian resident corporations include Canadian subsidiaries of public corporations (which do not qualify as public corporations), general insurers and Crown corporations.
Provincial/territorial corporate income taxes
Corporate income taxes are collected by the CRA for all provinces and territories except Quebec and Alberta. Provinces and territories subject to a tax collection agreement must use the federal definition of "taxable income", i.e., they are not allowed to provide deductions in calculating taxable income. These provinces and territories may provide tax credits to companies, often in order to provide incentives for certain activities such as mining exploration, film production, and job creation.
Quebec and Alberta collect their own corporate income taxes, and therefore may develop their own definitions of taxable income. In practice, these provinces rarely deviate from the federal tax base in order to maintain simplicity for taxpayers.
Ontario negotiated a tax collection agreement with the federal government under which its corporate income taxes would be collected on its behalf by the CRA starting in 2009.
Integration of corporate and personal income taxes
In Canada, corporate income is subject to corporate income tax and, on distribution as dividends to individuals, personal income tax. To avoid this "double taxation" of the same income, the personal income tax system, through the gross-up and dividend tax credit (DTC) mechanisms, provides recognition for corporate taxes, based notional federal-provincial corporate tax rates, to taxable individuals resident in Canada who receive dividends from Canadian corporations.
A dividend from a small business ("Canadian-controlled private corporation") is grossed-up by 17 per cent, meaning that the shareholder includes 117 per cent of the dividend amount in income, to reflect the pre-tax income of the small business out of which it has paid the dividend. This income is taxed at the shareholder's personal income tax rate, but a part of the tax is offset by a 10.5217% dividend tax credit (for 2017) to reflect the federal tax paid at the corporate level. There are also provincial dividend tax credits at different rates in different provinces.
For dividends from other Canadian corporations, i.e., "eligible dividends", the gross-up is 38% and the dividend tax credit is 15.0198% (for 2017), reflecting the higher corporate income tax rate paid by larger corporations. Provincial and territorial governments also provide dividend tax credits to reflect provincial/territorial corporate income tax.
International comparison (personal income tax)
See also
Taxation in Canada
Canadian federal budget
Harmonized sales tax
Notes
References
External links
Income Tax Act
The Canadian Tax Foundation
The Department of Finance, Canada - responsible for Canadian tax policy
Canada Revenue Agency - collects income other certain other taxes for the federal, provincial and territorial governments (except Quebec)
Revenu Quebec Income tax rates
Taxation in Canada
Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income%20tax%20in%20Canada |
The Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize is an annual award given by the American Physical Society "to recognize and encourage outstanding theoretical or experimental contributions to condensed matter physics." It was endowed by AT&T Bell Laboratories as a means of recognizing outstanding scientific work. The prize is named in honor of Oliver Ellsworth Buckley, a former president of Bell Labs. Before 1982, it was known as the Oliver E. Buckley Solid State Prize. It is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of condensed matter physics.
The prize is normally awarded to one person but may be shared if multiple recipients contributed to the same accomplishments. Nominations are active for three years. The prize was endowed in 1952 and first awarded in 1953. Since 2012, the prize has been co-sponsored by HTC-VIA Group.
Recipients
See also
List of physics awards
References
External links
APS page on the Buckley Prize
Condensed matter physics awards
Awards of the American Physical Society
Awards established in 1953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%20E.%20Buckley%20Prize |
Captain Clegg (released as Night Creatures in the United States) is a 1962 British adventure horror film directed by Peter Graham Scott and produced by Hammer Film Productions. It is loosely based on Doctor Syn, created by Russell Thorndike, and stars Peter Cushing, Yvonne Romain and Patrick Allen.
Plot
In 1776, a mulatto sailor is marooned on an island after assaulting the wife of pirate captain Nathaniel Clegg.
By 1792, Clegg has supposedly been captured by the Royal Navy and hanged. His resting place is the coastal village of Dymchurch on the Romney Marsh. The surrounding countryside is home to the "Marsh Phantoms": figures on horseback who ride by night and bring terror to the village.
Captain Collier and his band of sailors arrive in Dymchurch to investigate reports that the locals are involved in the smuggling of alcohol, from France. They are accompanied by the mulatto, mute after his tongue was cut out sixteen years earlier, whom Collier saved from death and now keeps as a slave. As Collier's men ransack an ale house run by Rash and his ward Imogène, the mulatto uncovers a hidden cellar. Ostensibly a varnish store, this is connected by a secret passageway to the home of coffin-maker Jeremiah Mipps, which serves as the smugglers' headquarters. The smugglers are led by the village parson Dr Blyss, whom the mulatto inexplicably attacks before being subdued by the sailors.
That night, the smugglers succeed in transporting a consignment to a nearby windmill for onward shipment, although squire's son Harry, Imogène's secret fiancé, is wounded when he is shot in the arm by the pursuing Collier. Back at the ale house, Rash kills one of the sailors to prevent the smuggling operation from being exposed. This frees the mulatto, who leaves for the churchyard to break open Clegg's grave. Collier, who spent years chasing Clegg, becomes suspicious of Blyss when the mulatto later makes a second attempt on the parson's life.
At Blyss's house, Rash finds Clegg's last will and testament. Learning that Imogène is Clegg's daughter, he attempts to take advantage of her compromised situation to rape her, but she escapes and flees to Blyss’s home. There, Blyss and Harry both tell her they were already aware of her relationship to Clegg. After consoling Imogène, Harry confronts Rash but is arrested by Collier when the captain notices the young man's bandaged arm. Harry is led away to Collier's ship as a hostage but escapes when the Marsh Phantoms appear, distracting the sailors. The Phantoms, who are actually villagers in disguise, take Harry and Imogène to the church, where they are hurriedly married by Blyss before leaving to start their life together.
Collier arrives at the church and announces that Clegg's grave is empty. He then tears off Blyss's collar to reveal the rope burns from an unsuccessful hanging, exposing the parson as Clegg. Clegg declares that his executioner spared his life and that he wished only to help the inhabitants of Dymchurch live comfortably. A struggle breaks out between the villagers and the sailors, enabling Clegg to flee with Mipps via the secret passageway. However, on emerging at the coffin-maker's house they run into the mulatto, who has murdered Rash and fatally impales Clegg with a spear before being shot dead by Mipps. In the film's closing scene, the villagers look on and Collier and the sailors salute as Mipps sorrowfully places Clegg's body in the open grave.
Cast
Peter Cushing as Parson Blyss/Captain Clegg
Yvonne Romain as Imogene
Patrick Allen as Captain Collier
Oliver Reed as Harry
Michael Ripper as Mipps
David Lodge as Bosun
Derek Francis as Squire
Jack MacGowran as Frightened man
Peter Halliday as 1st sailor
Martin Benson as Rash
Daphne Anderson as Mrs. Rash
Milton Reid as Mulatto
Terry Scully as 2nd sailor
Rupert Osborn as Gerry
Sydney Bromley as Tom Ketch
Gordon Rollings as Wurzel
Bob Head as Peg-leg
Colin Douglas as Pirate bosun
Kate O'Mara as Girl at Inn (uncredited)
Production
Filming occurred at Bray Studios in Berkshire.
Release
The film was released as part of a B movie double-feature with Phantom of the Opera.
Home media
In North America, the film was released on 6 September 2005 along with seven other Hammer horror films on the 4-DVD set The Hammer Horror Series (ASIN: B0009X770O), which is part of MCA-Universal's "Franchise Collection". This set was re-released on Blu-ray September 13, 2016.
A Blu-ray was released in the UK on 23 June 2014 by Final Cut Entertainment. In 2021, Powerhouse Films re-released the film on Blu-Ray, along with The Shadow of the Cat, The Phantom of the Opera, and Nightmare, as part of Hammer Volume Six: Night Shadows boxset.
Reception
Variety was moderately positive, writing that the film had a "good" screenplay and "savvy" direction, "and the range of technical credits are all on the plus side, especially Arthur Grant's photography." The Monthly Film Bulletin was negative, writing, "The script is feeble, the acting, apart from Patrick Allen's forceful hero, uninspired, and the obsession with injury, degradation and death more dispiriting than ever."
Among later reviews, author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film two and a half out of four stars, calling it "good fun with some scary moments." Donald Guarisco from Allmovie called it "one of the best Hammer Films productions", praising the film's imaginative script, and colorful characterizations. DVD Talk called the film "a winner that affords opportunities for several Hammer stalwarts to play refreshingly well-defined characters."
References
External links
1962 films
Hammer Film Productions horror films
1962 horror films
Films about hoaxes
Folk horror films
Films set in 1776
Films set in 1792
Films set on beaches
Remakes of British films
Universal Pictures films
British historical horror films
Films set in England
Films shot at Bray Studios
1960s historical horror films
1960s English-language films
1960s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20Clegg%20%28film%29 |
Shinkichi Mitsumune (光宗 信吉 Mitsumune Shinkichi) (born October 8, 1963) is a Japanese composer who writes music primarily for anime.
Biography
Mitsumune is a native of Fukuoka City in Fukuoka Prefecture and a graduate of Rikkyo University with a degree in business. He started studying music at the age of 4. After graduating from college, he toured music festivals across Japan as a keyboardist for a Marine band, and later for musicians such as Yukie Nishimura. Starting in 1995, he lent his skills to composing anime and movie scores with a full orchestra.
Notable Compositions
TV
Nurse Angel Ririka SOS (1995)
VS Knight Lamune & 40 Fire (1996)
Revolutionary Girl Utena (1997)
Cyber Team in Akihabara (1998)
Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters (2000)
A Little Snow Fairy Sugar (2001)
Dragon Drive (2002)
Green Green (TV series) (2003)
Rozen Maiden (2004–2005)
Negima! Magister Negi Magi (2005)
Speed Grapher (2005)
Hanbun no Tsuki ga Noboru Sora (2006)
The Familiar of Zero (2006)
Asatte no Houkou (2006)
Sky Girls (2007)
Zero no Tsukaima: Futatsuki no Kishi (2007)
Zero no Tsukaima: Princess no Rondo (2008)
Mahou Sensei Negima 2 (2009)
Zero no Tsukaima F (2012)
Rozen Maiden (2013)
Amagi Brilliant Park (2014)
Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS (2017)
OVA
FLCL (2000)
Love Hina Again (2002)
Sky Girls (2006)
Theatrical
Love and Pop (live action) (1998)
Revolutionary Girl Utena (1999)
Cyber Team in Akihabara (1999)
Contributions
For Megumi Hayashibara: Nostalgic Lover, Cherish Christmas, Asu ni Nare
For Maria Yamamoto: Snow Flower
For Power Puff Souls (a group made up of the voice actress who star in the Japanese version of The Powerpuff Girls): Cream Puff Shuffle (Japanese theme song)
References
External links
Shinkichi Mitsumune anime at Media Arts Database
Review of Nurse Angel Ririka SOS soundtrack 1
1963 births
Anime composers
Japanese film score composers
Japanese keyboardists
Japanese male film score composers
Living people
Musicians from Fukuoka
Rikkyo University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkichi%20Mitsumune |
Pasak may refer to:
Pasak, Iran, a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
Pasak, West Azerbaijan, a village in West Azerbaijan Province
Yawara
See also
Pa Sak (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasak |
Short Pump Town Center is an open-air shopping mall located in the Short Pump census-designated place (CDP) of unincorporated Henrico County, Virginia on West Broad Street (U.S. Route 250), approximately west of I-64, exit 178A/B. This area of Henrico County is called The West End and is northwest of Richmond. Short Pump Town Center is home to many restaurants and stores including Macy's and Dillard's.
History and stores
Short Pump Town Center is a two-level, open-air retail center composed of upscale stores. It was opened on September 4, 2003 and has over 140 stores. The center is owned and operated by Queensland Investment Corporation.
In 2004, Circuit City opened outside the mall. After Circuit City went out of business in 2009, it was replaced by hhgregg. Hhgregg closed for good in 2017. This space is now occupied by Arhaus and The Container Store.
Anchor stores are Dick's Sporting Goods, Dillard's, and Macy's (originally Hecht's until 2006). The mall was also intended to have a Lord & Taylor as an additional anchor, until they pulled out from that plan after being repositioned.
On May 7, 2020, Nordstrom announced that they would be closing their location at the mall as part of a national downsizing resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Surrounding area
Surrounding the mall, there are several strip malls, other stores, and restaurants within walking or short driving distance. These are on the Town Center property, however they are not a part of the mall itself. They are listed on the mall's store directory despite not being attached to the mall itself.
Rivalry with Stony Point
Following a disagreement with Taubman Centers on a possible mall development project, Stony Point Fashion Park was developed as a direct competitor and opened in 2003 in the same month as Short Pump Town Center. It is smaller but of the same upscale style as Short Pump Town Center. The mall was opened on September 17, 2003.
The Short Pump Express
The 'Short Pump Express' is a trackless train that connects points in Short Pump Town Center. Although marketed at children, the service is open to people of all ages. Service began in 2007. The trains are black or silver, with passengers carts either being dark green, red, or navy blue. The fare for the train is $3.00. The service also allows passengers to purchase 10-ride passes.
Notes
References
External links
Short Pump Town Center
Shopping malls in Richmond, Virginia
Forest City Realty Trust
Buildings and structures in Henrico County, Virginia
Tourist attractions in Henrico County, Virginia
Shopping malls established in 2003
2003 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short%20Pump%20Town%20Center |
Charcoal (Charlie Burlingame) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as a member of the Thunderbolts and was created by a comic book fan for a "Create-A-Villain" contest sponsored by Marvel and Wizard Magazine and the alter-ego was created by Kurt Busiek.
The character first appeared in Thunderbolts #19 (Oct 1998).
Publication history
Charcoal was created to be a villain, by means of a Wizard magazine contest. However, Wizard Entertainment failed to establish certain legal specifics in the language of their contest rules, leaving the ownership of the character's copyright in question (normally in such a situation, steps would be taken to ensure that, unless otherwise stated, such a character's copyright would legally belong to the comic's publisher). Furthermore, Wizard Entertainment reportedly failed to provide the contest winner with other prizes promised along with the winning character's appearance in a Marvel comic. Feeling undercompensated, Charcoal's creator attempted to legally claim the copyright for the character from Marvel. Meanwhile, writer Fabian Nicieza had decided to kill off Charcoal and resurrect him later on. Because of the legal issues, Marvel told Nicieza it "wasn't worth" bringing the character back.
Fictional character biography
Charles "Charlie" Burlingame's father Calvin moved around a great deal and had trouble finding work, until he attended a rally of the Imperial Forces of America. Calvin joined that organization and took his son with him. Arnim Zola, working for the Imperial Forces, discovered that Charlie possessed the genetic potential to develop superhuman powers and facilitated the youngster's transformation into Charcoal the Burning Man. As part of a group called the Bruiser Brigade, Charcoal fought the Thunderbolts as an enemy, but joined the team soon after.
He help the thunderbolt's fight numerous villain's. When the thunderbolt's disbanded he and jolt joined the redeemers
He was subsequently killed in battle with Graviton.
Power and abilities
Charlie Burlingame can transform into a being seemingly composed of charcoal. He has the ability to manipulate heat and reshape himself into any carbon form, including flaming incendiary or rock-hard diamond. He could use his flaming form to fly. He could sense the location of any tiny broken off piece of himself, allowing him to plant tracers on opponents and follow them.
References
External links
Charcoal at Marvel Wiki
Charcoal at Comic Vine
Charcoal at Marvel Appendix
World of Black Heroes: Charcoal Biography
Comics characters introduced in 1998
African-American superheroes
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Marvel Comics characters who are shapeshifters
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics mutates
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel Comics supervillains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal%20%28comics%29 |
International Justice Mission is an international, non-governmental 501(c)(3) organization focused on human rights, law and law enforcement. Founded in 1997 by lawyer Gary Haugen of the United States, it is based in Washington, D.C. All IJM employees are required to be practicing Christians; 94% are nationals of the countries they work in.
IJM works to combat sex trafficking, child sexual exploitation , cybersex trafficking, forced labor slavery, property grabbing, and police abuse of power, and addresses citizenship rights of minorities. The bulk of IJM's work focuses on sex trafficking. IJM's close coordination with third-world police agencies and the resulting arrests and deportations of sex workers have generated criticism from human rights and sex worker organizations over its mission and tactics.
History
Founding
The International Justice Mission was founded in 1997 as a faith-based non-profit by American lawyer Gary Haugen of the United States. In its first case, the organization aided the arrest of a rape suspect in Manila, Philippines. In 1998, IJM claimed to have helped rescue more than 700 people. In addition to helping clients with legal representation, Haugen decided his organization could have more influence by partnering with governments of developing countries to help improve their legal systems.
As of November, 2022, IJM has two country programs (out of 30 total) that focus on sex trafficking: Kenya-Mombasa, Romania, and the Dominican Republic.
The other 26 program offices work on forced labor (Romania; Ghana; Malaysia; Thailand; Cambodia; Indonesia; Myanmar; India; Philippines); domestic violence and sexual assault (Uganda; Kenya; Colombia; Guatemala; El Salvador; Bolivia; and Peru) and police violence (Kenya.)
Work in Thailand
IJM has worked in northern Thailand through IJM’s Chiang Mai field office (FO) since 2000, partnering with government authorities on hill tribe Thai citizenship cases and cases of sexual violence against children. Over the early 2000s IJM was involved in work to target the sex worker industry. These included a number of brothel raids in Northern Thailand which were the subject of criticisms at the time due to their impact on non-coerced adults. In 2017, IJM started a new field office in Bangkok and in 2018 IJM Foundation was established to provide support to Thai authorities to eliminate labor trafficking and forced labor from the Thai fishing and seafood industries after a 2017 study found 38% of fisherman on Thai fishing vessels identified as trafficking victims.
Work in Cambodia
ICJ has worked with Cambodian authorities to combat child sex trafficking for over 25 years. An external Evaluation of the International Justice Mission’s Program to Combat Sex Trafficking of Children in Cambodia, reports that between 2003 and 2013, IJM trained a total of 504 persons, including 481 police officials and 23 other trainees, including DoSVY, NGO partners, and Deputy Governors of Districts in Siem Reap Province.
IJM director Gary Haugen invited the American television show Dateline (NBC) to film a March 29, 2003 raid which it planned to conduct at a large Cambodian brothel in the village of Svay Pak. The brothel contained approximately 40 girls, many under the age of 10, who were detained by Thai police along with 12 accused pimps and madams. A noodle vendor, who had no involvement with the brothel, was among those who were arrested in the raid; the noodle vendor subsequently died in jail of a stroke. IJM later contracted with a Cambodian human rights organization, LICADHO, to review its actions in organizing the raid. Peter Sainsbury, the consultant who reviewed the raid, said that he had told IJM about his medical concerns about the noodle vendor, but that his concerns were ignored.
At least twelve of the victims "rescued" from the 2003 Svay Pak raid ran away from the safe house to which they were taken. In a brothel raid a year later there, a number of girls rescued from the 2003 raid were found to be involved again in sex work.
While IJM considered these "rescues" to be successes, critics questioned the organization's tactics, saying raids on brothels do not focus on the root causes of child prostitution, have led to the arrests of people not in the sex trade, and hindered HIV-prevention initiatives.
Work in Ghana
In Ghana IJM has been engaged in identifying instances of child labour and trafficking since 2014. Children as young as age 4 have been subjected to forced labor in fishing in the areas around Lake Volta, sometimes as a result of human trafficking.
In 2017 IJM Ghana team and local authorities rescued 31 children believed to be engaged in forced labor from fishing communities within the area of Lake Volta and placed them into custody. The authorities who placed the children into custody included representatives from Ghanaian social welfare agencies within the government.
Expansion
International Justice Mission expanded its work beyond prevention of sex trafficking. By 2009 its lawyers, social workers and advocates also helped victims whose land had been seized, who were bonded laborers, or who were falsely imprisoned. In 2010 U.S. News & World Report named International Justice Mission as one of '10 Service Groups That Are Making a Difference' list. Under President Barack Obama's administration, the United States Department of State honored Haugen, International Justice Mission's founder and CEO, as a Trafficking in Persons Report Hero Acting to End Modern Slavery in 2012. The State Department said IJM helped nearly 4,000 victims and assisted in the prosecution of 220 offenders between 2006 and 2012.
In December 2011, Google awarded a total of US$11.5 million in grants to organizations to combat modern-day slavery. Google donated $9.8 million to International Justice Mission to lead a coalition focusing on fighting slavery in India, in addition to running advocacy and education programs in the country, and mobilizing Americans.
IJM CEO Gary Haugen and Victor Boutros co-wrote The Locust Effect: Why the End of Poverty Requires the End of Violence in 2014. They won the 2016 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order for this book. Haugen gave a 19-minute TED talk on this material in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 2015.
Within 20 years of its founding, International Justice Mission had grown into an organization with a $51.6 million budget comprising more than 750 employees in 17 countries in Africa, Latin America, South Asia and Southeast Asia, and five partner offices in Canada, UK, Netherlands, Germany and Australia.>
In July 2016, Willie Kimani, a Kenyan IJM lawyer, and two persons, including an IJM client, were found murdered and dumped in a river outside Nairobi in Kenya. They were last seen alive at a police station. Four members of the Kenyan Administrative Police were charged with murder on July 18, 2016; they pleaded not guilty. Haugen denounced the killings as "an intolerable outrage and should serve as an abrupt wake-up call to the blatant injustices committed daily and incessantly against the poor and vulnerable around the world".
Programs
International Justice Mission represents victims in cases of sex trafficking, forced labor, slavery, abuse of police power, theft of property and citizenship rights. It also works with the governments of developing countries to improve justice systems.
IJM hires only practicing Christians; its job listings include "Mature orthodox Christian faith as defined by the Apostles' Creed" among stated requirements. Workdays at all offices begin with a half-hour of stillness and a half-hour of corporate prayer later in the day as part of their spiritual formation practices. IJM cites the Bible verse Isaiah 1:17 as one of their core commitments:
Learn to do right; seek justice.
Defend the oppressed.
Take up the cause of the fatherless;
plead the case of the widow. - New International Version (NIV)
Through Project Lantern, International Justice Mission worked to develop a model for combatting sex slavery and human trafficking that other organizations and agencies could use. In 2010, IJM reported the project documented a 79 percent decrease in the number of minors sold for sex in Cebu, Philippines. Project Lantern was funded by a $5 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in 2006.
In addition to its aforementioned work, International Justice Mission runs programs to train criminal justice departments and governments and provides legal aid. The organization runs programs to help victims recover from their time in forced labor. Additionally, IJM has endorsed proposed legislation in Washington, D.C., to enhance anti-trafficking efforts, including the End Modern Slavery Initiative.
Investigations from third-party sources have presented some negative outcomes of IJM's work. A United States Agency for International Development-funded census of sex workers in Cambodia in 2003 found that underage prostitution increased in the area in the months following a series of brothel rescue missions organized by IJM. A researcher said that's because the girls have debt contracts and families are pressured to pay back those debts after the girls are rescued. The Nation reported that under Thai law at the time of specific raids in Thailand, voluntary sex workers faced deportation after raids. In the Philippines, The Nation reported, "a number of the women and girls" housed in a government-run facility following rescue missions escaped. In 2016, Holly Burkhalter, IJM's senior advisor for Justice System Transformation, said that within 10 years of working with the government in Cambodia, less than 1 percent of victims of sex trafficking were minors.
Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama have both commended IJM for its work. During International Women's Day on 12 March 2004, Bush extolled the work of an IJM official in charge of anti-trafficking operations. Bush went on to state that the U.S. government would stand by IJM's mission to end sex slavery. In 2012, Obama said International Justice Mission was "truly doing the Lord's work" during the annual meeting of the Clinton Global Initiative.
In 2014, a group of students at the University of Wisconsin Madison started a nonprofit coffee pop-up shop, called A Just Brew. This organization donates any profit from sales to help end slavery through the work of International Justice Mission.
Governance and financials
International Justice Mission's global headquarters is located in Washington, D.C. It is governed by a 13-member international board of directors, which includes founder and CEO Gary Haugen. As of 2016, Nicole Bibbins Sedaca chairs the board.
On June 1, 2016, the independent charity watchdog Charity Navigator gave International Justice Mission four stars with an overall score of 92.15 out of 100. The organization scored 88.91 for its finances, and 100 for accountability and transparency.
According to a 2015 independent auditor's report by RSM US, International Justice Mission generated $51.56 million in total support and revenue in 2015. The organization's expenses totaled $52.25 million. Year-end net assets were $20.03 million.
International Justice Mission's 2015 funding came primarily from individuals (71%), in addition to foundations and businesses (12%), IJM partner offices (6%), churches (4%), gifts-in-kind (4%), government grants (1%) and other sources (2%). Programs accounted for 75% of expenses, general and administrative costs for 12%, and expenditures for fundraising for 13%.
Among its grants, the United States Department of Labor awarded International Justice Mission a three-year cooperative agreement on September 30, 2002. The nearly $703,000 grant helped implement the Thailand Sex Trafficking Task Force: Prevention and Placement program. Then-U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell provided the organization with a $1 million grant to combat sex trafficking in Southeast Asia in 2004. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation awarded a $5 million grant in 2006. On December 14, 2011, the Google Foundation awarded $11.5 million to organizations fighting modern slavery. Among the groups to receive those funds were International Justice Mission, BBC World Service Trust, ActionAid India and Aide et Action.
Criticism
IJM has aroused criticism over its tactics and mission. Much of the criticism stems from IJM's role in organizing brothel raids and subsequent arrests or deportations of sex workers. Others have criticized IJM for hindering HIV prevention efforts and for maligning local organizations which have questioned its tactics. Still others have questioned IJM's focus on law enforcement tactics and close coordination with police agencies to carry out a human rights mission. In July 2023 a BBC News investigation alleged that Ghanaian children had been wrongly taken in raids backed by the IJM. In a secretly filmed conversation with a senior IJM staff member, a reporter was told that IJM staff needed to rescue a set number of victims and secure a set number of prosecutions every year. Another staff member said that IJM staff were denied pay rises or were at risk of being sacked if they did not reach these targets.
Brothel Raids in Thailand
In the year 2000, and again in 2003, IJM instigated a raid on a karaoke restaurant in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. Thai police later twice raided the establishment, arresting and subsequently deporting the women who worked there. IJM characterized the operations as successful "rescues". In another raid in 2001, IJM sent men undercover to a brothel, used hidden cameras and produced a 25-page document alleging specific violations of Thai law. Police raided the brothel and detained 43 female sex workers. Some of the women detained by police said that they were working voluntarily and had not wished to leave the brothel. About half the group subsequently escaped; some apparently feared deportation to Burma.
After the 2000 and 2003 raids on the Chiang Mai restaurant, IJM requested other local non-governmental organizations to provide translation assistance when its employees realized that the sex workers were not Thai citizens. After providing translation assistance, the Shan Women's Action Network said that the raids had grossly violated the women's human rights. The group pointed out that although IJM had twice conducted a raid on the same establishment, it failed to protect the women from prosecution and further victimization. In later years IJM moderated its initial assertion that the Thailand brothel raids were successful. In a 2012 article, Holly Burkhalter, IJM's vice president for Government Relations, characterized the 2003 raid as "one of the few IJM cases in which law enforcement treatment of non-coerced adults did not meet IJM standards."
Maligning local organizations
IJM organized brothel raids have been accused of interfering with public health and HIV-prevention efforts, some of which took place at the brothels themselves. In response, IJM has stated that sex workers can instead go to clinics for such information.
When Thai organization EMPOWER raised questions about the televised brothel raid, Empower staff say IJM accused their organization of supporting pimps.
The International Union of Sex Workers criticizes IJM's work as being focused on Christianity, and for presenting anyone involved in sex work, coerced or not, in the role of a victim awaiting salvation. It states that crackdowns drive prostitution further underground. Others have criticized brothel raids more generally as an ineffective way to fight human trafficking, likely to cause harm to those allegedly rescued, and disruptive of public health efforts.
IJM response to criticism
After The Nation published a series of critical articles about IJM in 2009, IJM published a document to clarify and explain its mission and tactics. Its piece says that IJM operations with local police are focused solely on securing for children and trafficked women the right to be free from commercial sexual exploitation and that IJM supports HIV-prevention efforts. It says that it has introduced protocols to local law enforcement that address the appropriate treatment of non-trafficked adults who work in the brothel with minors. IJM has refused to share these protocols with reporters.
IJM states that it supports "placing child trafficking victims in secure environments from which they cannot leave".
IJM's Holly Burkhalter, Vice President of Government Relations and Advocacy, formerly with Human Rights Watch and Physicians for Human Rights, wrote an article, "Sex Trafficking, Law Enforcement and Perpetrator Accountability", presenting IJM positions on these issues. It was published in the first issue of the new journal, Anti-Trafficking Review, published in June 2012.
References
External links
Global Website of International Justice Mission
The Freedom Common by IJM Government Relations & Advocacy Team
Official Website of IJM Institute for Biblical Justice
Tackling slavery with the International Justice Mission at The Cavalier Daily
India: the bond of freedom - Interview with Saju Mathew at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
200th Anniversary of the Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade at United States Department of State
International human rights organizations
International non-profit organizations
Anti–child pornography organizations
Charities based in Washington, D.C.
Child-related organizations in the Philippines
Foreign charities operating in the Philippines
Organizations that combat human trafficking
Christian organizations established in 1997
Christian charities based in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Justice%20Mission |
The Herzogstand Cable Car () was built in 1994 as replacement for a chair lift through the Bavarian alps. Its two cabins carry passengers from the village of Walchensee ( above NN) to the Fahrenberg mountain ( above NN) on the upper slopes of the Herzogstand mountain. The cableway uses a carrying cable and a hauling cable. The cable car is driven by a 185 kilowatt engine. The cable way has two supports, which are and high. The journey time each way is four minutes and the cars reach a top speed of .
External links
Official home page
History of the Tramway
Cable cars in Germany
Buildings and structures in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen
1994 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogstand%20Cable%20Car |
The Fichtelberg Cable Car () is a German cable car in the Ore Mountains in Saxony that runs from the town of Oberwiesenthal to the Fichtelberg mountaintop. It is the oldest cable car in Germany, leading from the valley station at an altitude of 905 metres above sea level to the top station at 1,208 metres above sea level, having a length of 1,175 metres and a maximum upward gradient of 50 per cent. The Fichtelberg Cable Car is equipped with two carrying and two hauling cables.
Operations began in December 1924. The Fichtelberg Cable Car temporarily ceased operation in 1948 due to lack of maintenance during World War II. After a major overhaul, it reopened in 1956. Another major renovation took place in 1984, when one of the support towers was removed and the others were relocated.
References
Sources
Mario Schatz: Seilbahnen der DDR. transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin 1987, .
External links
Official website (German)
Europe for Visitors
Cable cars in Germany
Transport in the Ore Mountains
Oberwiesenthal
1924 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichtelberg%20Cable%20Car |
No. 628 Squadron RAF was a meteorological and air-sea rescue squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
History
The squadron was formed at Red Hills Lake in Madras, India, on 21 March 1944, by redesignating 'B' Flight of No. 357 Squadron RAF. The unit was equipped with Consolidated Catalina Mks.Ib and Mk.IV flying boats, and operated as part of No. 225 Group RAF, Air Command, South East Asia. Although intended for special duties, the squadron spent most of its time with meteorological reconnaissance and ASR (air-sea rescue) flights over the Indian Ocean. It was disbanded at Red Hills Lake on 1 October 1944.
Aircraft operated
See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
628 Squadron history on www.raf.mod.uk
No. 628 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
History of No.'s 621–650 Squadrons at RAF Web
Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Meteorological organisations based in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20628%20Squadron%20RAF |
Sebastian Walter Kehl (; born 13 February 1980) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He is currently the Sporting Director of Borussia Dortmund.
He amassed Bundesliga totals of 314 games and 24 goals over the course of 15 seasons, representing in the competition SC Freiburg and Borussia Dortmund. He won six major titles with the latter club, including three national championships.
A Germany international for five years, Kehl appeared for the nation in two World Cups – finishing second in the 2002 edition – and Euro 2004.
Following his retirement, Kehl first worked as the “Head of First Team Football” for Borussia Dortmund before it was announced that he would be taking over as Sporting Director, following the retirement of Michael Zorc.
Club career
Born in Fulda, Hesse, Kehl joined Hannover 96's youth system in 1996 at the age of 15, going on to appear in two 2. Bundesliga seasons with the first team. In the 2000 summer he signed for SC Freiburg in the Bundesliga, making his debut in the competition on 12 August by playing the full 90 minutes in a 4–0 home win against VfB Stuttgart, and scoring his first goal on 12 December of that year to help to a 2–1 away success over VfL Wolfsburg.
Under manager Volker Finke, Kehl featured mostly as a sweeper, helping the Black Forest club qualify to the 2001–02 UEFA Cup in his first season, before the club suffered relegation in his second season. He was no longer part of the squad, however, as he had left in the 2002 January transfer window to Borussia Dortmund, who went on to win the championship with 15 games and one goal from the player. Previously, in summer 2001, he controversially agreed basic terms with FC Bayern Munich, and even accepted an advanced payment of 1.5 million Deutsche Mark, which was returned in November as Bayern threatened to take legal action.
During his tenure with Dortmund, Kehl was more often than not a starter. He contributed with 12 matches in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League to help his team reach the second group phase, and amassed 61 league appearances from 2004 to 2006 in back-to-back seventh-place finishes.
On the first day of the 2006–07 campaign, Kehl injured his left knee in a challenge with Bayern's Hasan Salihamidžić, sidelining him for several months and only recovering fully at the start of 2008–09, when he was made captain by new coach Jürgen Klopp. He eventually relapsed on his condition, also losing his importance in the starting XI after the emergence of Sven Bender and Nuri Şahin.
On 27 July 2013, Kehl played the second half of the DFL-Supercup against Bayern Munich, replacing Bender in an eventual 4–2 win. In September, he was put out of action for another lengthy period after injuring his ankle in training.
Kehl began hinting at retirement in March 2014, shortly after having agreed to a one-year extension to his contract. The 35-year-old confirmed it at the end of the 2014–15 season, after having taken part in 21 games to help Dortmund come from behind in the table and qualify to the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League.
In April 2018, Borussia Dortmund announced that Kehl would become its players licence department director starting on 1 June.
In June 2021, Borussia Dortmund announced that Kehl would be the successor to sporting director Michael Zorc following his retirement in the summer of 2022.
International career
Kehl earned the first of his 31 caps for the Germany national team on 29 May 2001, in a 2–0 friendly win against Slovakia in Bremen where he came on for Marko Rehmer after 45 minutes. He scored his first goal on 15 August of that year, contributing to a 5–2 win over Hungary in another exhibition game.
Selected for both the 2002 and the 2006 World Cups, Kehl played twice (against Paraguay and United States) in the former tournament as the Mannschaft finished in second place, and started in two of his four appearances to help to the third place in the latter.
Personal life
Kehl is married to Tina Kehl. They have three children.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kehl goal.
Honours
Borussia Dortmund
Bundesliga: 2001–02, 2010–11, 2011–12
DFB-Pokal: 2011–12
DFL-Supercup: 2013, 2014
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2012–13
Germany
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002; third place 2006
FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005
Individual
kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2000–01, 2008–09
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
People from Fulda
Footballers from Kassel (region)
German men's footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
Hannover 96 players
SC Freiburg players
Borussia Dortmund players
Borussia Dortmund II players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Borussia Dortmund non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Kehl |
Zbeniny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chojnice, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Chojnice and south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
In the middle of the village there is a neoclassicist palace, built in 1857 and expanded in 1926 for the Chrzanowski family. It is a single-story building with two wings, and a two-story central part with a portico, covered with a high mansard roof.
References
Zbeniny | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbeniny |
Dudești () is a neighbourhood in Sector 3 of Bucharest. It is located in the south-eastern part of the city, along Calea Dudești. Nearby neighbourhoods include Vitan, Văcărești, and Dristor.
The neolithic Dudești culture (5th-4th millennium BC), which encompassed most of the Wallachian Plain and Dobruja, gets its name from this region of Bucharest, as this was the first place where its archeological remains were found.
Originally a village, it was included in Bucharest as it expanded. Its name is related to the Wallachian aristocratic family of the Dudești, with an etymology leading back to the Romanian dud, "mulberry tree" and the suffix -ești. During the first reign of Alexander Mourousis as Prince of Wallachia, in the context of a bubonic plague outbreak, it became the site of a quarantined hospital for the afflicted.
Unlike other nearby areas, most of the neighbourhood escaped Nicolae Ceaușescu's plans of demolition, though parts of it were demolished to make room for some construction projects. A big tram depot and the Bucharest Mall are located nearby.
Districts of Bucharest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti%2C%20Bucharest |
Chantal Lefebvre (born June 5, 1977) is a Canadian former competitive ice dancer. With Michel Brunet, she is the 1999 Four Continents silver medallist and four-time Canadian silver medallist. With Justin Lanning, she is the 2000 Nebelhorn Trophy champion.
Career
Lefebvre skated with Patrice Lauzon early in her career. They placed fourth at the 1994 World Junior Championships.
From 1995 to 1999, Lefebvre competed with Michel Brunet. They were selected to represent Canada at the 1998 Winter Olympics and finished 19th. They won silver at the 1999 Four Continents, in addition to four Canadian national silver medals. Brunet retired from competition in 1999.
Lefebvre teamed up with Justin Lanning in October 1999. They won gold at the 2000 Nebelhorn Trophy and bronze at the 2001 Finlandia Trophy. They were coached by Kelly Johnson, David Islam, and Pavol Porac.
Lefebvre teamed up with Arseni Markov in 2003. However, Markov was unable to compete internationally for Canada until 2005 because ISU regulations mandated a two-year wait when changing countries. Lefebvre and Markov placed 4th at the 2006 Four Continents and won two Canadian national bronze medals. After the 2005–06 season, they changed coaches from Nikolai Morozov and Shae-Lynn Bourne to Elise Hamel and Tyler Myles. Lefebvre and Markov announced their retirement from competitive skating on July 20, 2007. They intended to coach and choreograph.
Programs
With Markov
With Lanning
Results
GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix
With Lauzon
With Brunet
With Lanning
With Markov
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Canadian female ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
French Quebecers
Olympic figure skaters for Canada
Figure skaters from Montreal
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Lefebvre |
Keith Ward (born 1938) is an English philosopher and theologian. He is a fellow of the British Academy and a priest of the Church of England. He was a canon of Christ Church, Oxford, until 2003. Comparative theology and the relationship between science and religion are two of his main topics of interest.
Academic work
Ward was born on 22 August 1938 in Hexham. He graduated in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Wales and from 1964 to 1969 was a lecturer in logic at the University of Glasgow. He earned a Bachelor of Letters degree from Linacre College, Oxford, in 1968. From 1969 to 1971 he was lecturer in philosophy at the University of St Andrews.
In 1972, he was ordained as a priest in the Church of England. From 1971 to 1975 he was lecturer in philosophy of religion at the University of London. From 1975 to 1983, he was dean of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was appointed the F. D. Maurice Professor of Moral and Social Theology at the University of London in 1982, professor of history and philosophy of religion at King's College London in 1985 and Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford in 1991, a post from which he retired in 2004.
In 1992, Ward was a visiting professor at the Claremont Graduate University in California. In 1993–94, he delivered the prestigious Gifford Lectures at the University of Glasgow. He was the Gresham Professor of Divinity between 2004 and 2008 at Gresham College, London.
Ward is on the council of the Royal Institute of Philosophy and is a member of the editorial boards of Religious Studies, the Journal of Contemporary Religion, Studies in Inter-Religious Dialogue and World Faiths Encounter. He is a member of the board of governors of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. He has also been a visiting professor at Drake University, Iowa, and at the University of Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Ward has MA and DD degrees from both Cambridge and Oxford universities, and an honorary DD from the University of Glasgow.
Focus and beliefs
One of Ward's main focuses is the dialogue between religious traditions, an interest which led him to be joint president of the World Congress of Faiths (WCF) from 1992 to 2001. His work also explores concepts of God and the idea of revelation. He has also written on his opinion of a relationship between science and religion. As an advocate of theistic evolution, he regards evolution and Christianity as essentially compatible, a belief he has described in his book God, Chance and Necessity and which is in contrast to his Oxford colleague Richard Dawkins, a vocal and prominent atheist.
Ward has said that Dawkins' conclusion that there is no God or any purpose in the universe is "naive" and not based on science but on a hatred of religion. Dawkins' strong anti-religious views originate, according to Ward, from earlier encounters with "certain forms of religion which are anti-intellectual and anti-scientific ... and also emotionally pressuring."
Ward has described his own Christian faith as follows:
I am a born-again Christian. I can give a precise day when Christ came to me and began to transform my life with his power and love. He did not make me a saint. But he did make me a forgiven sinner, liberated and renewed, touched by divine power and given the immense gift of an intimate sense of the personal presence of God. I have no difficulty in saying that I wholeheartedly accept Jesus as my personal Lord and Saviour.
Ward has criticised modern-day Christian fundamentalism, most notably in his 2004 book What the Bible Really Teaches: A Challenge for Fundamentalists. He believes that fundamentalists interpret the Bible in implausible ways and pick and choose which of its passages to emphasise to fit pre-existing beliefs. He argues that the Bible must be taken "seriously" but not always "literally" and does not agree with the doctrine of biblical inerrancy, saying that it is not found in the Bible, elaborating that
There may be discrepancies and errors in the sacred writings, but those truths that God wished to see included in the Scripture, and which are important to our salvation, are placed there without error ... the Bible is not inerrant in detail, but God has ensured that no substantial errors, which mislead us about the nature of salvation, are to be found in Scripture.
Works
Books
Ward is the author of many books on the nature of religion, the philosophy of religion, the Christian faith, religion and science, the Bible and its interpretation, comparative and systematic theology, and ethics and religion.
Books on the nature of religion include:
The Case for Religion (2004). Oneworld.
Is Religion Dangerous? (2006) ; rev. ed. with additional chapter on evolutionary psychology (2010)
Religion and Human Fulfilment (2008).
Is Religion Irrational? (2011)
Religion in the Modern World (2019). Cambridge University Press.
Books on the philosophy of religion include:
The Concept of God (1974)
Holding Fast to God (1982) – a critique of Taking Leave of God by the radical theologian Don Cupitt
Rational Theology and the Creativity of God (1984)
Images of Eternity (1987) ; reissued as Concepts of God (1998)
God, A Guide for the Perplexed (2002)
The Battle for the Soul (1985) . Reissued by BBC Books in 1986. Reissued as Defending the Soul (1992) and In Defence of the Soul (1998)
Why There Almost Certainly Is a God (2008) (UK) (US)
The God Conclusion (2009), published in the US as God and the Philosophers
More Than Matter: What Humans Really Are (2010)
The Evidence for God: A Case for the Existence of the Spiritual Dimension (2014)
The Christian Idea of God: A Philosophical Foundation for Faith (2017)
Sharing in the Divine Nature (2020). Wipf and Stock.
Books on the Christian faith include:
The Christian Way (1976)
A Vision to Pursue (1991)
God, Faith and the New Millennium (1998)
Christianity: A Short Introduction (2000) , republished as Christianity: A Beginner's Guide
Christianity: A Guide for the Perplexed (2007)
Re-thinking Christianity (2007)
Christ and the Cosmos: A Reformulation of Trinitarian Doctrine (2015)
Books on religion and science include:
God, Chance and Necessity (1996)
Pascal's Fire – Scientific Faith and Religious Understanding (2006)
Divine Action: Examining God's Role in an Open and Emergent Universe (2008)
The Big Questions in Science and Religion (2008)
Books on the Bible and its interpretation include:
Is Christianity a Historical Religion? (1992)
The Word of God? The Bible After Modern Scholarship (2010)
The Philosopher and the Gospels (2011)
Love Is His Meaning: Understanding The Teaching Of Jesus (2017)
Parables About Time and Eternity (2021)
Books on comparative and systematic theology include:
Religion and Revelation (1994) (1993–94) Gifford Lectures
Religion and Creation (1996)
Religion and Human Nature (1998)
Religion and Community (2000)
Religion and Human Fulfillment (2008)
Books on ethics and religion include:
Ethics and Christianity (1970)
Kant's View of Ethics (1972)
The Divine Image (1976)
The Rule of Love (1989)
God, Autonomy, and Morality (2013)
Other books include:
Fifty Key Words in Philosophy (1968). Lutterworth Press.
The Promise (1980; rev. ed. 2010). SPCK.
The Living God (1984)
The Turn of the Tide (1986)
What Do We Mean By God?: A Little Book of Guidance (2015)
The Mystery of Christ: Meditations and Prayers (2018)
Confessions of a Recovering Fundamentalist (2020)
Multimedia
Other lectures with transcripts, recorded 2004–2015, are also available on the Gresham College Youtube channel.
Philosophy, Science and The God Debate, a two-DVD set of filmed interviews with Keith Ward, Alister McGrath and John Lennox, and produced by the Nationwide Christian Trust, Product Code 5055307601776 (November 2011)
See also
Boyle Lectures
References
Further reading
Comparative Theology: Essays for Keith Ward ed T. W. Bartel (2003)
By Faith and Reason: The Essential Keith Ward eds Wm. Curtis Holtzen and Roberto Sirvent (2012)
External links
Keith Ward, Metanexus Senior Fellow
1938 births
20th-century Anglican theologians
20th-century British philosophers
20th-century English Anglican priests
20th-century English theologians
21st-century Anglican theologians
21st-century British philosophers
21st-century English Anglican priests
21st-century English theologians
Academics of Heythrop College
Academics of King's College London
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Academics of the University of Roehampton
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of Linacre College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Wales
Analytic philosophers
Analytic theologians
Anglican philosophers
Converts to Anglicanism from atheism or agnosticism
Deans of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
English Anglican theologians
English male non-fiction writers
Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Living people
People from Hexham
Philosophers of religion
Philosophy academics
Professors of Gresham College
Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Oxford)
Theistic evolutionists
Writers about religion and science
Writers from Northumberland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Ward |
The United States Army Air Assault School (officially, the Sabalauski Air Assault School, or TSAAS), is an Army Forces Command Table of Distribution and Allowances unit located at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Its primary task is training leaders and soldiers assigned to the 101st Airborne Division (AASLT), other United States Army units, and United States Armed Forces service members. The school is named for Command Sergeant Major Walter James Sabalauski.
The school offers several courses, including Air Assault, Pathfinder, Pre-Ranger, Rappel Master, and Fast Rope Insertion Extraction System (FRIES)/Special Purpose Insertion Extraction (SPIES) Master courses. The school is also home to the Division's Parachute Demonstration Team. More than 8,000 soldiers are trained during more than 60 courses per year.
Air Assault School
The best-known course offered at TSAAS is Air Assault School, which qualifies soldiers to conduct airmobile and air assault helicopter operations, including aircraft orientation; helicopter insertion; pathfinder operations; sling load operations; rappelling from buildings, cliffs and helicopters; and fast-rope techniques.
The Air Assault School course is offered several times per year, taught by instructors referred to as Air Assault Sergeants. Open to men and women, the rigorous, fast-paced training is known as the 10 (or 11) toughest days in the Army. About 15 percent of the class does not make it through the first day, dubbed Zero day, which includes a demanding obstacle course. More fail to make it past sling load testing in phase two. Ultimately, only about 45 percent pass.
On the morning of graduation, students must complete a 19.3 km (12-mile) march with rucksack in under three hours before receiving their wings. Completion qualifies soldiers to wear the Air Assault Badge.
Training
Each day begins with rigorous physical training that includes unit runs from 3.2 to 8 km (2 to 5 miles).
Day Zero
Soldiers are not considered "Air Assault Students" until they complete Day Zero, the first day of the course, which includes an obstacle course, two-mile (3.2 km) run, and extensive physical training.
Inspection
A meticulous inspection of each soldier's 16 kg (35-pound) ruck sack is conducted after the 9.7 km (6 mile) foot-march on Day One. Soldiers must have all items on the packing list each student is given, with each item clean and serviceable (in usable condition). A soldier who loses any item can be immediately dropped from the course. The inspection has a very specific lay-out that the soldier must adhere to. Every item must be placed exactly how the Air Assault instructors have displayed the items, and all items must be laid out "as worn."
Two-mile run and obstacle course
Students must complete a two-mile (3.2 km) run in under 18 minutes to receive a "GO" — i.e., satisfactory completion of the event. The uniform for the run is Army Combat Uniform (minus the ACU Top depending on the season in which the training cycle begins) with running shoes.
Next is an obstacle course designed to assess a student's upper body strength, agility, endurance, confidence, and ability to perform at heights without displaying fear or distress. There are nine obstacles: two mandatory obstacles (failing either will result in being dropped from the course) and seven minor obstacles (a soldier may fail one and still continue).
Instructors use the obstacle test to determine whether a student will be able to complete Air Assault School without endangering themselves, instructors, or other students during the demanding course.
Phase One (Combat Assault)
During the 3-day Phase One (Combat Assault), soldiers receive instruction in:
Aircraft Safety
Aircraft Orientation: characteristics and capabilities of Army aircraft
Aero Medical Evacuation: the capabilities of and request procedures for MEDEVAC aircraft
Pathfinder Operations: landing-zone selection, marking and operation for day and night missions involving multiple aircraft, including sling loads
Hand-and-arm signals: 17 hand-and-arm signals used during sling load operations
Close Combat Attacks: use of attack for close air support
Combat Assault Operations: includes various factors encompassed in an air assault operation such as: components of an air assault mission, the reverse planning sequence, duties and responsibilities of platoon-level personnel during an air assault, static load training, and a simulated combat assault on UH-60 aircraft
Soldiers are given two tests: a written test of 50 multiple-choice questions and a test of 10 of 16 hand-and-arm signals. Students must get at least 70% of the questions and seven of the signals right to pass and advance to the Sling Load Phase. They are allowed one retest per exam.
Phase Two (Slingload Operations)
The three days of Phase Two (Slingload Operations) includes training on:
Planning and preparation for sling load operations
Capabilities, characteristics, and use of sling load equipment
Duties and responsibilities of sling load personnel
Familiarization with sling load theory and rigging of non-standard loads
Students receive hands-on training on preparation, rigging, and inspection of several certified or suitable external loads. These may include the following loads:
M1097 HMMWV
M1097 HMMWV, shotgun/side-by-side configuration
M1151 HMMWV
M119 105mm Howitzer
M149A2 Water Trailer
A-22 Cargo Bag
Fuel Blivets (one, two, three, or four blivit configuration)
2,250 kg (5000 lbs) or 4,500 kg (10,000 lbs) Cargo Net
The soldiers will also conduct an actual hook-up of a load underneath a CH-47 or UH-60 aircraft.
Soldiers must pass two tests to move on to the next phase:
Written: Soldiers must correctly answer 70 percent of 50 multiple-choice questions to receive a "GO".
Hands-on: Students are tested on four of the six loads taught. Students must identify three out of four preparation and/or rigging deficiencies within two minutes per load to receive a "GO".
Soldiers are allowed one retest per exam.
Phase Three – Rappelling Phase
The 3-day Phase Three (Rappelling Phase) includes instruction on basic ground and aircraft rappelling procedures:
Tying of the hip-rappel seat (Swiss seat)
Hook-up techniques
Lock-in procedures
Rappel with and without combat equipment
Belay procedures
Fast rope familiarization
Soldiers conduct two rappels on the wall side of the school's tower, 9 to 12 rappels from the open side, and two rappels from a UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter hovering at 21–27 m (70–90 ft). All rappels are conducted with and without combat equipment. During fast rope familiarization, students conduct a controlled descent and a static hold for five seconds. Students that successfully conduct both descents from a platform then descend from the tower using the stack-out/rapid exit technique. Fast rope descents are conducted without combat equipment.
Soldiers are tested on:
Tie the Hip rappel (Swiss) seat (the 90-second time limit has been reinstated)
Hook-up to a rappel rope without deficiency (the 15-second time limit has been reinstated)
Conduct three rappels: lock-in rappel, rappel without combat equipment (also known as a "Hollywood" rappel) with three controlled brakes, and combat equipment rappel with three controlled brakes
Soldiers must pass all tests to move on to the next phase; they are allowed one retest per exam. The standards of this course are so strict because failure to master the skills increases the chances of an accident. The margin for error in this type of training is small.
12-mile ruck march
The final event is the ruck march, which soldiers must complete with the prescribed uniform and equipment in three hours or less or fail to graduate. Upon completion of the ruck march, soldiers lay out all items in the packing list. A lack of any item prevents the soldier from graduating.
Graduation
Graduates are awarded the Air Assault Badge and the 2B ASI (Additional Skill Identifier) unless they did not come out of the helicopter qualified to inspect rigged sling loads.
Graduates in the rank of Corporal (E-4) and above are qualified to perform as rappel lane NCOs for ground rappel training and are eligible to attend the Rappel Master Course.
Graduates in the rank of Sergeant First Class (E-7) or above are qualified to serve as a rappel site Safety Officer for ground and aircraft rappelling.
History
The original Air Assault School is located at Fort Campbell, home of the 101st Airborne Division. There are also or have been schools at:
Fort Novosel, Alabama
Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Fort Cavazos, Texas
Fort Bliss, Texas
Camp Blanding, Florida
Fort Moore, Georgia
Fort Drum, New York
Fort Ord, California
Fort Riley, Kansas
Fort Richardson, Alaska
Fort Wainwright, Alaska
Fort Belvoir, Virginia
Fort Liberty, North Carolina
Camp Gruber, Oklahoma
West Point, New York
Fulda Army Airfield, Germany
Graduation from the Air Assault School is not required to be a soldier in the 101st, but it is looked upon as an achievement of excellence by the chain of command.
In 1998, Fort Campbell built a tower for use in Phase Three.
On 17 December 1999, the new Sabalauski Air Assault School facility was dedicated and for the first time in several years all phases of instruction were conducted at one facility.
See also
United States Army Pathfinder School
Battle of Signal Hill
Battle of Ia Drang
United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
United States Army Airborne School
References
External links
CNN Transcript: Air Assault School, 10 Toughest Days in the Army
The Sabalauski Air Assault School Homepage
Fort Campbell Homepage
United States Army schools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Army%20Air%20Assault%20School |
Black Widow were an English rock band that formed in Leicester in September 1969. They were mostly known for their early use of Satanic and occult imagery in their music and stage act.
History
The band originally formed in 1966 as Pesky Gee! with Kay Garrett (lead vocals), Kip Trevor (lead vocals, guitar and harmonica), Chris Dredge (guitar), Bob Bond (bass guitar), Clive Box (drums and piano), Gerry "Zoot" Taylor (organ), Clive Jones (aka Clive Beer-Jones; saxophone and flute). Jim Gannon (guitar, vocals and vibes), replaced Dredge in spring 1969.
The band released one album for Pye Records as Pesky Gee!, 1969's Exclamation Mark, before Garrett left the band. The remaining band members continued on as Black Widow and released their debut album Sacrifice in 1970.
Sacrifice reached No. 32 on the UK Albums Chart. The band performed at the Whitsun Festival at Plumpton, UK, and at The Isle of Wight Festival in 1970.
By 1971, the band had moved away from its darker occult imagery in an effort to gain a wider audience, which was unsuccessful. Having replaced Bond and Box with Geoff Griffith and Romeo Challenger, Black Widow released the self-titled Black Widow album in 1971 and Black Widow III in 1972 (by which time Gannon had left, replaced by John Culley) to general lack of interest, before being dropped by CBS Records. The band recorded an album, Black Widow IV, later in 1972 without a recording contract. It was not released then due to the band breaking up, shortly after replacing lead vocalist Kip Trevor, with another singer known as Rick "E" (born Frank Karuba; formerly of 'Plum Nelly').
The album was finally released in 1997 on the Mystic Records label. In 1999 the original recordings of their debut album, made before Garrett left the band, were released as Return to the Sabbat. In 2000, Black Widow Records (an Italian label) released King of the Witches: Black Widow Tribute featuring bands such as Death SS and Church of Misery, as well as tracks featuring original members Kip Trevor and Clive Jones. In 2003, Sanctuary Records released an Anthology on double CD.
In 2007, Mystic Records released a concert film Demons of the Night Gather To See Black Widow – Live as a DVD. The film includes Black Widow's entire Sacrifice album show from 1970. Jones and Geoff Griffith started to work on new Black Widow music.
Paolo "Apollo" Negri from an Italian hard rock band Wicked Minds agreed to join the project on keyboards. The next Black Widow studio album, Sleeping With Demons, had a 1980s new wave style. Rock singer Tony Martin is featured on the album as a guest vocalist on the song "Hail Satan".
Black Widow's most popular song "Come to the Sabbat" has been covered by many bands and artists including Timberjack (Top 10 hit in New Zealand in 1971), Jon the Postman, Bewitched, Death SS and Propagandhi. Jones of Black Widow together with Mark Pollard and Kevin Brooks wrote an ABBA tribute song "Hey You Ring Me Tonight", recorded by the Swedish band The Airwaves and released in 2008 on their 3 track CD with the same name (Riverside Records Bonnier Amigo Distribution). In 2012, guitar player John Culley appeared on a cover version of the Black Widow song "You're So Wrong" on Corvus Stone's debut album.
Personnel
Clive Jones (aka Clive Beer-Jones; born Clive Alan Jones, 28 May 1949, Leicester, Leicestershire - 16 October 2014, Warwick) - saxophone, flute (1966-1973; 2007-14; his death), keyboards, lead vocals (2007-14; his death)
Gerry "Zoot" Taylor (born 10 November 1948, Leicester, Leicestershire) - organ (1966-1973)
Kip Trevor (born Christopher J Trevor, 12 November 1946, Littlemore, Oxfordshire) - lead vocals, guitar, harmonica (1966-1972)
Bob Bond (born Robert Bond, 2 October 1940, Brighton, Sussex) - bass guitar (1966-1971)
Clive Box (born 1946, Leicester, Leicestershire - October 2016) - drums, piano (1966-1971)
Kay Garrett (born 5 April 1949, Leicester, Leicestershire) - lead vocals (1966-1969)
Chris Dredge (born Christopher Dredge, 31 October 1946, Tipton, Staffordshire) - lead guitar (1966-1969)
Jim Gannon (born James Gannon, 4 March 1948, Leicester, Leicestershire) - guitar (1969-1972)
Romeo Challenger (born Romeo Alexander Challenger, 18 May 1950, St. John's, Antigua, West Indies) - drums (1971-1973)
Geoff Griffith (born Geoffrey Griffith, 4 April 1948, Leicester, Leicestershire - 16 April 2016, Phuket) - bass guitar (1971–73; 2007-14). guitars, vocals (2007-14)
John Culley (born 1946, Leeds, West Yorkshire) - guitar (1972-1973)
Rick "E" (born Frank Karupa) - lead vocals (1972-1973)
Timeline
Discography
Albums
Exclamation Mark (1969) as Pesky Gee! (Pye Records)
Sacrifice (1970 CBS Records)
Black Widow (1971 CBS Records)
Black Widow III (1972 CBS Records)
Black Widow IV (1997 Mystic Records), recorded in 1972
Return to the Sabbat (1998 Mystic Records)
Demons of the Night Gather to See Black Widow – Live (2008 Mystic Records)
Sleeping with Demons (2011 Smack Management)
See's the Light of Day (2012 Black Widow Records), live and studio performances recorded in 1971
Singles
"Come to the Sabbat" b/w "Way to Power" (1970 CBS Records)
"I Wish You Would" b/w "Accident" (1971 CBS Records)
Compilation
Come to the Sabbat – Anthology (2003 Sanctuary Records)
References
External links
Interview on the Leicester Bands website
Interview on Marmalade Skies website
English progressive rock groups
Musical groups from Leicester
Musical groups established in 1969
Occult rock musical groups
Black Widow Records artists
Columbia Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Widow%20%28band%29 |
No. 618 Squadron RAF was a squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, intended to carry off a variation of the Barnes Wallis-designed bouncing bomb code-named "Highball". Due to various circumstances the "Highball" weapon was never used, and the squadron disbanded at the end of the war.
History
Formation
No. 618 Squadron was first formed at RAF Skitten on 1 April 1943, as part of No. 18 Group of Coastal Command, from crews of No. 105 Squadron RAF and No. 139 Squadron RAF. The unit was initially equipped with Beaufighter Mk.II fighter-bombers, but quickly changed to converted Mosquito Mk.IVs.
The Highball
The "Highball" device was intended to bounce across the sea until it hit an enemy ship, sank and exploded. Unlike the cylindrical Upkeep weapon used by No. 617 Squadron RAF in Operation Chastise, the "Highball" was more spherical.
The Mosquito selected for the conversion work to carry "Highball" was the Mk.IV series II: the work entailed removing the bomb bay doors and equipping the aircraft with specialised carriers enabling them to carry two "Highballs", each weighing 1,280 lb (580 kg), in tandem. The bombs were designed to skip across water and to provide weapon stability and accuracy. Before release they were spun backwards at 700 to 900 rpm by a ram air turbine mounted in the bomb bay's midsection, fed by an extendable air scoop. The bombs were to be dropped from a maximum altitude of 60 ft (20 m) at a speed of 360 mph (600 km/h).
In the event, through lack of weapons, training and aircraft, No. 618 Squadron was kept frustratingly inactive and never attacked the Tirpitz. Instead, the unit was selected for carrier-borne operations in the Pacific.
For this role 25 Mosquito B.Mk.IVs were further modified:
Each aircraft was equipped with Merlin 25s, adapted to provide peak power at low altitudes, driving four-bladed Rotol propellers: these propellers had narrower blades than the standard three-bladed units, meaning that the engines would rev up faster and respond quicker to throttle movement, factors vital in the limited length of carrier takeoffs.
Longer intakes under the engine cowlings were fitted with tropical filters.
The undercarriage legs were made of heavier-gauge metals and the wheels were fitted with the twin brake units of FB Mk VIs.
The rear fuselages were structurally modified with a special internal longeron and reinforced bulkheads designed to take the additional loads imposed by carrier landings: an additional bulkhead (No. 5a) was fitted.
Externally a "V-frame" arrestor hook was fitted. The "snap gear" which released the hook was operated by a Bowden cable from a lever mounted on the cockpit port side.
An access hatch was moved from the starboard rear fuselage to underneath, and an extra longitudinal stiffening strake, identical to that already fitted to the starboard side of production Mosquitos, was fitted to the port fuselage.
The tailwheel fork pivots incorporated end plates to avoid being caught in the arrestor cables.
Armoured windscreens were fitted, along with hydraulic wipers.
Three PR.Mk.XVIs, which were to be used for reconnaissance duties were also fitted with the four-bladed propellers and fuselage modifications for carrier operations.
UK squadron movements
The squadron's primary target was designated as the Kriegsmarine Surface Fleet, primarily the battleship Tirpitz, so the squadron remained training in Scotland and waiting for the Surface Fleet to sortie into the North Sea until July 1944, when this threat had lessened. As a matter of fact, the German Surface Fleet never emerged from its bases in Norway. In the meantime, the squadron had moved to RAF Wick and re-equipped with Mosquito Mk.VIs and No. 618 Squadron did not have had the opportunity to use the "Highball" weapon. In August 1944, the squadron deployed to RAF Beccles in Suffolk, and in September changed aircraft again to Mosquito Mk.XVIs. The squadron deployed to RAF Benson in September, transitioning to Mosquito Mk.XVIIIs in October.
Australian deployment
In December 1944, No. 618 Squadron was deployed to Australia for carrier-borne operations, as Japanese targets for the "Highball" weapon were still available there. These Mosquitos were transported to Australia on board the carriers and , arriving on 23 December 1944, subsequently sent to the de Havilland Australia's Mascot, Fishermans Bend aircraft factory for reassembly. In order to keep up aircrew proficiency and safeguard the modified Mosquitos, 12 disassembled FB Mk VIs were also sent, arriving in Sydney in February 1945. Training began at Narromine that month A detachment was sent to British Pacific Fleet base at Manus Island in March, but the squadron was unable to go into action against Japanese shipping, mostly because there was no target left in the area anymore.
Due to political-strategic infighting between the British Pacific Fleet and the U.S. military, the unit was never in action, and was disbanded (officially) at RAAF Station Narromine on 14 July 1945. The converted Mosquitos were stripped of all military equipment and sold off. The sole surviving No. 618 Squadron Mosquito, an FB. Mk.VI HR621, is currently undergoing restoration at the Camden Museum of Aviation.
Aircraft operated
Commanding officers
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
RAF Page about 618 squadron
No. 618 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
Squadron histories and more for nos. 611–620 squadron on RAFWeb
Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
618 Squadron | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20618%20Squadron%20RAF |
Elvis is the eighteenth studio album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released on July 16, 1973. It sold over 1 million copies worldwide. To differentiate it from his eponymous 1956 release, it is sometimes called The "Fool" Album, after its first track which appears just below Elvis' name on the front cover. In the US, "Fool" was issued as the B-side of "Steamroller Blues" from the Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite album. In the UK the sides were flipped and "Fool" was issued as the A-side. It reached No. 15.
Content
The album tracks "Fool" and "Where Do I Go From Here" were recorded in March 1972. "It's Impossible" is a live recording from the Hilton Hotel in Las Vegas from February 1972, recorded during a successful fifty-seven show season. The remaining tracks were leftovers from the March and May 1971 recording sessions at RCA's Studio B in Nashville. Three songs feature Presley on piano: "It's Still Here", "I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen" and "I Will Be True". These three selections were all released together for a second time as part of the 1980 boxed set, Elvis Aron Presley. The song "Fool" was also released in this collection. Four other songs in this album were also reissued in other albums: "It's Impossible" (Pure Gold, 1975), "Padre" (He Walks Beside Me, 1978), "(That's What You Get) For Lovin' Me" (A Canadian Tribute, 1978) and "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" (Our Memories Of Elvis Volume 2, 1979).
Track listing
Original LP release
Follow That Dream CD reissue
After more than 20 years of being out-of-print on vinyl, RCA reissued this album in March 1994 on the CD format, and again in 2010 on the Follow that Dream collectors label.
Personnel
Elvis Presley – lead vocals, piano
James Burton – lead guitar
The Sweet Inspirations – backing vocals on "It's Impossible"
The Nashville Edition - backing vocals on "(That's What You Get) For Lovin' Me"
Joe Babcock – backing vocals
Kenneth A. Buttrey – drums
Jerry Carrigan – drums
Chip Young – rhythm guitar
Glen D. Hardin – piano, string arrangements
Dolores Edgin – backing vocals
Joe Esposito – guitar, percussion
Emory Gordy Jr. – bass on "Fool" and "Where Do I Go From Here?"
Charlie Hodge – rhythm guitar
Ginger Holladay – backing vocals
The Imperials Quartet – backing vocals
Millie Kirkham – backing vocals
June Page – backing vocals
Norbert Putnam – bass
Temple Riser – backing vocals
Jerry Scheff – bass on "It's Impossible"
J. D. Sumner – vocals
Ron Tutt – drums
Hurshel Wiginton – backing vocals
John Wilkinson – rhythm guitar on "Fool," "Where Do I Go From Here?" and "It's Impossible"
Mary Holliday – backing vocals
Kathy Westmoreland – backing vocals on "It's Impossible"
Charlie McCoy – harmonica
Joe Guercio – conductor on "It's Impossible"
David Briggs – piano
References
External links
APL1-0283 Elvis Guide part of The Elvis Presley Record Research Database
Elvis Presley albums
Albums produced by Felton Jarvis
1973 albums
RCA Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20%281973%20album%29 |
Mohammad Sadiq Kaboudvand (, born on 23 March 1963) is an Iranian Kurdish activist and journalist born in Divandarreh. He was the editor of Payam-e Mardom. He is also the founder of Kurdistan Human Rights Organization (Rêxistina Mafê Mirovan li Kurdistanê in Kurdish). Founded in 2005, the organization is a politically and religiously independent body. It has offices in Tehran and Kurdistan province.
According to International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, he has been in custody since June 2007, and is serving an 11-year prison term. Kaboudvand was kept in solitary confinement for 5 months in Evin Prison’s Sections 209 and 240. The Kurdish Human Rights Project has reported that he is being held "without adequate medical care despite reportedly suffering from serious health problems." In April 2008, he suffered a stroke and was taken to a specialist to receive treatment. In October, 2008, his 11-year prison sentence was upheld by an Iranian appeals court.
Kaboudavand documented and reported on human rights violations in Iran’s Kurdish areas, from April 9, 2005, when he established HROK, until the time of his arrest. Charges he was convicted of are “acting against national security through founding of HROK,” “widespread propaganda against the state by disseminating news,” “opposing Islamic penal laws by publicizing punishments such as stoning and executions,” and “advocating on behalf of political prisoners.”
Kaboudavand was a highlighted writer for the 2008 observances of the Day of the Imprisoned Writer. Amnesty International designated him a prisoner of conscience, "held solely for his human rights work and the peaceful expression of his views".
In January 2012, Kaboudavand's son Pejman became seriously ill with an undiagnosed kidney condition. Despite repeated requests, Kaboudavand was allowed only one two-hour visit to his son's hospital room in February. On 26 May 2012, Kaboudavand began a hunger strike to protest the refusal of authorities to allow him to visit Pejman more regularly. As of 11 July, the hunger strike had lasted nearly two months, raising concerns for his health.
References
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Iran
Iranian activists
Iranian journalists
Living people
Kurdish journalists
Iranian prisoners and detainees
People convicted of spreading propaganda against the system by the Islamic Republic of Iran
People convicted of action against national security by the Islamic Republic of Iran
1963 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Seddigh%20Kaboudvand |
The Paranã River is located in Goiás and Tocantins states, Brazil. It divides two regions - the Northeast and north-central Goiás. It is formed by tributaries that descend the Serra Geral, the mountains that divide eastern Goiás and Bahia. One of the most important tributaries is the Crixás, which has its source near Formosa. Farther to the north the Paranã becomes the main tributary of the Tocantins River on the right bank. Today it is crossed by a long concrete bridge between the municipalities of Iaciara and Nova Roma. It forms the valley which makes up a vast region called the Vão do Paranã Microregion.
See also
List of rivers of Goiás
List of rivers of Tocantins
References
Brazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Goiás
Rivers of Tocantins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A3%20River |
List of Statutory Rules and Orders of the United Kingdom is an incomplete list of Statutory Rules and Orders of the United Kingdom.
Statutory Rules and Orders were the predecessor of Statutory Instruments and they formed the secondary legislation of England, Scotland and Wales prior to 1948 and the coming into force of the Statutory Instruments Act 1946. They are still used in Northern Ireland, see List of Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland and List of Orders in Council for Northern Ireland.
1898
Southern Rhodesia Order in Council 1898 (SR&O 1898/1068)
1899
Southern Rhodesia Order in Council 1899 (SR&O 1899/81)
Southern Rhodesia Naturalisation Order in Council 1899 (SR&O 1899/180)
1900
North-Eastern Rhodesia Order in Council 1900 (SR&O 1900/89)
1902
Derwent Valley Light Railway Order 1902 (SR&O 1902/168)
Prevention of Accidents Rules 1902 (SR&O 1902/616)
1905
Wool, Goat-Hair and Camel-Hair Regulations 1905 (SR&O 1905/1293)
1906
Flax and Tow Spinning and Weaving Regulations 1906 (SR&O 1906/177)
Locomotives and Waggons (Used on Lines and Sidings) Regulations 1906 (SR&O 1906/679)
Order of the Board of Trade, Dated July 30, 1906 Substituting a new Table A for that contained in the First Schedule to the Companies Act 1862 (SR&O 1906/596)
1907
Derwent Valley Light Railway (Transfer, &c.) Order 1907 (SR&O 1907/353)
Hemp Spinning and Weaving Regulations 1907 (SR&O 1907/660)
Horsehair Regulations 1907 (SR&O 1907/984)
1908
East India Wool Regulations 1908 S.R. & O. 1908/1287
Electricity Regulations 1908 S.R. & O. 1908/1312
1912
Public Trustee Rules 1912 (SR&O 1912/348)
1914
Official Secrets (Commonwealth of Australia) Order in Council 1915 (SR&O 1915/1199)
Defence of the Realm (Consolidation) Regulations 1914 (SR&O 1914/1234)
1915
Indictment Rules 1915 (SR&O 1915/1235)
1917
Tin or Terne Plates Manufacture Welfare Order 1917 (SR&O 1917/1035)
1918
Tanning (Two-Bath Process) Welfare Order 1918 S.R. & O. 1918/368
Dyeing (Use of Bichromate of Potassium or Sodium) Welfare Order 1918 S.R. & O. 1918/369
Air Force (Application of Enactments) (No.2) Order 1918 S.R. & O. 1918/548
Glass Bottle, etc. Manufacture Welfare Order 1918 S.R. & O. 1918/558
1919
Order of Secretary of State (No. 9) of 23 June 1919 S.R. & O. 1919/809
Fruit Preserving Welfare Order 1919 S.R. & O. 1919/1136
1920
Laundries Welfare Order 1920 S.R. & O. 1920/654
Gut Scraping, Tripe Dressing, etc. Welfare Order 1920 S.R. & O. 1920/1437
Herring Curing (Norfolk and Suffolk) Welfare Order 1920 S.R. & O. 1920/1662
1921
Glass Bevelling Welfare Order 1921 S.R. & O. 1921/288
Celluloid (Manufacture etc.) Regulations 1921 S.R. & O. 1921/1825
Aerated Waters Regulations 1921 S.R. & O. 1921/1932
Hollow-ware and Galvanising Welfare Order 1921 S.R. & O. 1921/2032
Hides and Skins Regulations 1921 S.R. & O. 1921/2076
1922
Indiarubber Regulations 1922 S.R. & O. 1922/329
Doncaster Corporation Light Railways (Extension) Order 1922 S.R. & O. 1922/449
Chemical Works Regulations 1922 S.R. & O. 1922/731
Woodworking Machinery Regulations 1922 S.R. & O. 1922/1196
1923
Irish Free State (Consequential Adaptation of Enactments) Order 1923 (SR&O 1923/405)
Rotherham Gas (Charges) Order 1923 (SR&O 1923/749)
Flamborough North Sea Landing Harbour Order 1923 (SR&O 1923/1385)
1924
National Library of Wales (Delivery of Books) Regulations 1924 S.R. & O. 1924/400
1925
Docks Regulations 1925 S.R. & O. 1925/231
Hope Harbour Order 1925 S.R. & O. 1925/576
Grinding of Metals (Miscellaneous Industries) Regulations 1925 S.R. & O. 1925/904
Grinding of Cutlery and Edge Tools Regulations 1925 S.R. & O. 1925/1089
1926
Benefices Rules 1926 S.R. & O. 1926/357
Supreme Court Documents (Production) Rules 1926 S.R. & O. 1926/461
Herring Curing (Scotland) Welfare Order 1926 S.R. & O. 1926/535 (S.24)
1927
Bakehouses Welfare Order 1927 S.R. & O. 1927/191
Coroners (Orders as to Districts) Rules 1927 S.R. & O. 1927/343
Herring Curing Welfare Order 1927 S.R. & O. 1927/813
Sacks (Cleaning and Repairing) Welfare Order 1927 S.R. & O. 1927/860
Biscuit Factories Welfare Order 1927 S.R. & O. 1927/872
1928
Manufacture of Cinematograph Film Regulations 1928 S.R. & O. 1928/82
Horizontal Milling Machines Regulations 1928 S.R. & O. 1928/548
France (Extradition) Order in Council 1928 S.R. & O. 1928/575
1929
Cotton Cloth Factories Regulations 1929 S.R. & O. 1929/300
Oil Cake Welfare Order 1929 S.R. & O. 1929/534
Petroleum-spirit (Motor Vehicles, &c.) Regulations 1929 S.R. & O. 1929/952
Wombwell Gas (Charges) Order 1929 S.R. & O. 1929/961
Petroleum (Carbide of Calcium) Order 1929 S.R. & O. 1929/992
Petroleum (Mixtures) Order 1929 S.R. & O. 1929/993
1930
Post Office Register (Trustee Savings Banks) Regulations 1930 S.R. & O. 1930/40
Cement Works Welfare Order 1930 S.R. & O. 1930/94
Rawmarsh Gas Order 1930 S.R. & O. 1930/115
Rawmarsh Gas (Charges) Order 1930 S.R. & O. 1930/170
Tanning Welfare Order 1930 S.R. & O. 1930/312
1931
Shipbuilding Regulations 1931 S.R. & O. 1931/133
Refractory Materials Regulations 1931 S.R. & O. 1931/359
Chromium Plating Regulations 1931 S.R. & O. 1931/455
Wombwell Gas Order 1931 S.R. & O. 1931/646
Gas Cylinders (Conveyance) Regulations 1931 S.R. & O. 1931/679
Sugar Factories Welfare Order 1931 S.R. & O. 1931/684
North Sunderland Harbour Order 1931 S.R. & O. 1931/928
1932
Post Office Register (Trustee Savings Banks) Regulations 1932 S.R. & O. 1932/11
Rotherham Gas Order 1932 S.R. & O. 1932/507
Staithes Harbour Order 1932 S.R. & O. 1932/630
Rotherham Gas (No. 2) Order 1932 S.R. & O. 1932/958
1933
Portugal (Extradition) Order in Council 1933 S.R. & O. 1933/678
Milk Marketing Scheme 1933 S.R. & O. 1933/789
Alkali, Works Regulation Order (Scotland) 1933 S.R. & O. 1933/878
North Norfolk Rivers Catchment Board (Stiffkey River Drainage District) Order, 1933 S.R.& O. 1933/933
Benefices (Purchase of Rights of Patronage) Rules 1933 S.R.& O. 1933/1148
1934
Docks Regulations 1934 S.R. & O. 1934/279
Romney and Denge Marsh Main Drains Catchment Board (Romney Marsh Level, Denge and Southbrooks and Level of New Romney Internal Drainage Districts) Order 1934 S.R. & O. 1934/1053
London Cab Order 1934 S.R. & O. 1934/1346
North Norfolk Rivers Catchment Board (River Burn Drainage District) Order 1934 S.R.& O. 1934/1474
1935
Borough of Barnsley (Scale of Water Charges) Order 1935 S.R. & O. 1935/588
Switzerland (Extradition) Order in Council 1935 S.R. & O. 1935/676
1936
Denmark (Extradition) Order in Council 1936 S.R. & O. 1936/405
County Court Rules 1936 S.R. & O. 1936/626 L17
Doncaster, Rotherham and Wakefield Extension Order 1936 S.R. & O. 1936/1127
1937
Order in Council (No. 30) of 2 February 1937 S.R. & O. 1938/54
1938
Kiers Regulations 1938 S.R. & O. 1938/106
Epizootic Lymphangitis Order 1938 S.R. & O. 1938/193
Glanders or Farcy Order 1938 S.R. & O. 1938/228
Factories Act (Docks, Building and Engineering Construction, etc.) Modification Regulations 1938 S.R. & O. 1938/610
Sanitary Accommodation Regulations 1938 S.R. & O. 1938/611
London—Carlisle—Glasgow—Inverness Trunk Road (Cavendish Bridge and Shardlow Diversion) Order 1938 S.R. & O 1938/1244
Liverpool-Preston-Leeds Trunk Road (Burley-in-Wharfedale and Maple Grange Bypass) Order 1938 S.R. & O. 1938/1260
County of York, West Riding and County Borough of Sheffield (Alteration of Boundaries) Order 1938 S.R. & O. 1938/1596
1939
London-Fishguard Trunk Road (Haverfordwest By-pass) Order 1939 (SR&O 1939/377)
Cinematograph Film Stripping Regulations 1939 (SR&O 1939/571)
Iceland (Extradition) Order in Council 1939 (SR&O 1939/825)
Defence (General) Regulations 1939 (SR&O 1939/927)
Ministry of National Service Order 1939 (SR&O 1939/1118)
Defence (Armed Forces) Regulations 1939 (SR&O 1939/1304)
1940
Control of Employment (Advertisements) Order 1940 S.R. & O. 1940/522
Undertakings (Restriction on Engagement) Order S.R. & O. 1940/877
Dock Labour (Compulsory Registration) Order 1940 S.R. & O. 1940/1013
Conditions of Employment and National Arbitration Order S.R. & O. 1940/1305
Factories (Medical and Welfare Services) Order 1940 S.R. & O. 1940/1325
Industrial Registration Order 1940 S.R. & O. 1940/1459
Factories (Canteens) Order 1940 S.R. & O. 1940/1993
Compressed Gas Cylinders (Fuel for Motor Vehicles) Regulations 1940 S.R. & O. 1940/2009
1941
Docks (Provision of Canteens) Order 1941 S.R. & O. 1941/202
Industrial Registration (No. 1) Order S.R. & O. 1941/239
Post Office Register (Trustee Savings Banks) Regulations 1941 S.R. & O. 1941/253
Essential Work (General Provisions) Order 1941 S.R. & O. 1941/302
Registration for Employment Order S.R. & O. 1941/368
Merchant Navy Order 1941 S.R. & O. 1941/634
Dock Labour Order 1941 S.R. & O. 1941/1440
Registration of Boys and Girls Order 1941 S.R. & O. 1941/2146
1942
Employment of Women (Control of Engagement) Order 1942 S.R. & O. 1942/100
Emergency Powers (Defence), Food (Wine and Spirits) Order 1942 S.R. & O. 1942/1271
Building and Engineering Works of Construction (Young Persons) Order 1942 S.R. & O. 1942/2269
British Seamen's Identity Cards Order 1942 S.R. & O. 1942/2681
1943
Nurses and Midwives (Registration for Employment) Order 1943 S.R. & O. 1943/511
Control of Engagement (Directed Persons) Order 1943 S.R. & O. 1943/651
Welsh Courts (Oaths and Interpreters) Rules 1943 S.R. & O. 1943/683
Control of Employment (Notice of Termination of Employment) Order 1943 S.R. & O. 1943/1173
1944
Coalmining (Training and Medical) Order 1944 S.R. & O. 1944/7
Electricity (Factories Act) Special Regulations 1944 S.R. & O. 1944/739
River Great Ouse Catchment Board (Little Thetford Internal Drainage District) Order 1943 S.R. & O. 1944/1181
Wages Board (Unlicensed Place of Refreshment) Order 1944 S.R. & O. 1944/1399
1946
Patent Fuel Manufacture (Health and Welfare) Special Regulations 1946 S.R. & O. 1946/258
Post Office Register (Trustee Savings Banks) Regulations 1946 S.R. & O. 1946/460
Singapore Order-in-Council 1946 S. R. & O. 1946/462
Wages Board (Unlicensed Place of Refreshment) (Amendment) Order 1946 S.R. & O. 1946/743
1947
Patents Rules 1947 SR&O 1947/484
London-Fishguard Trunk Road (Haverfordwest-Cardigan Road Junction Improvements) Order 1947 (SR&O 1947/1433)
Gas Cylinders (Conveyance) Regulations 1947 (SR&O 1947/1594)
Wages Board (Unlicensed Place of Refreshment) (Amendment) Order 1947 (SR&O 1947/1731)
Pottery (Health) Special Regulations 1947 (SR&O 1947/2161)
Control of Engagement Order 1947 (SR&O 1947/2021) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Rules%20and%20Orders%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom |
Neuenkirchen is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neuenkirchen is the biggest village in the district of Steinfurt. It is situated approximately 7 km south-west of Rheine and 35 km north-west of Münster.
Geography
Neighbouring places
Wettringen
Steinfurt
Emsdetten
Rheine
Salzbergen
Division of the municipality
Offlum
Sutrum-Harum
Landersum
Politics
Town assembly
After the local elections on September 26, 2004 the town assembly has the following structure:
CDU 15 seats
SPD 5 seats
Green Party 2 seats
FDP 1 seats
UWG 3 seats
Sons and daughters of the community
Johannes Georg Bednorz (born 1950), physicist and Nobel laureate, a residential street bears his name (Georg-Bednorz-Strasse).
Josef F. Bille (born 1944), physicist and inventor, bearer of the European Inventive Price
Isaac Leeser (1806-1868), American Jewish religious leader, teacher, scholar and publisher
August Rohling (1839-1931), theologian and anti-Semite
Hans Weiner (born 1950), footballer
André Wiwerink (born 1980), footballer
References
External links
Steinfurt (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuenkirchen%2C%20Westphalia |
Geoffrey Davion (born Geoffrey Davison, 27 January 1940 in South Shields, County Durham, died 13 February 1996 in Westminster, London) was an English television and Shakespearean stage actor, notably starring alongside Alun Armstrong in the popular series The Stars Look Down. He starred as Superintendent Nash in the TV film Marple: The Moving Finger from 1985.
He also acted in the cult classic film Clockwise and has worked with many other notable actors such as Ian McKellen and Kenneth Branagh. His niece is actress Rebecca Davison.
Filmography
Clockwise (1986) - Policeman at Crash #2
References
External links
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male film actors
People from South Shields
Male actors from Tyne and Wear
1940 births
1996 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Davion |
The flick is a technique used in modern fencing. It is used in foil and to a lesser extent, épée.
The 1980s saw the widespread use of "flicks" — hits delivered with a whipping motion which bends the blade around the more traditional parries, and makes it possible to touch otherwise inaccessible areas, such as the back of the opponent. This has been regarded by some fencers as an unacceptable departure from the tradition of realistic combat, where only rigid blades would be used, while others feel that the flick adds to the variety of possible attacks and targets, thereby expanding the game of foil.
Technique
The flick consists of an angulated attack with a whipping motion that requires the defender to make a widened parry, and exploits the flexibility of the blade. If parried, a properly executed flick whips the attacker's blade around the parry. This is a valid strategy in modern fencing, since any depression of the tip with sufficient force while contacting valid target area constitutes a touch. In pre-modern fencing, judging was done by side judges, so a touch had to land and stick long enough to be reliably counted.
The flick should not be confused with whipover attacks, which occur in sabre when an attack is struck with such force that the blade "whips over" the opponent's blade when parried.
Consequences
The advent of the flick, among other factors, has caused the gap between classical and modern fencing to widen. In classical fencing, the touch scored with the flick is seen as cheating, because the fencer has changed the shape of his blade. Also, even most professionals cannot land their flick at every attempt. It takes much practice. If executed properly, a flick can displace the point by bending the blade to such a degree so that the tip of the blade is at angle of almost ninety degrees from the forte of the blade. This significant change allows for an otherwise impossible touch. For these reasons, the flick is the subject of much controversy. As of 2005, timing of fencing equipment has been changed to lengthen the time necessary that the weapon's point is pressed against the target for a valid touch to register. This was done to reduce the use of the flick and encourage the use of more traditional thrusts. This change is widely controversial, as it changes more of the game than just the ability to flick (such as giving fencers the ability to "lock-out" a riposte). Still, though, more skilled fencers have been able to continue using flicks in their tactics, although much less than before.
Ironically, flicks were not entirely an artifact of electronic scoring. In 1896, The Lancet published an account of
an early "electric scorer" and claimed among its advantages, that "flicks, or blows, or grazes produce no result." Nevertheless, it is the introduction of electronic scoring to high-level competitive foil in the 1950s that is often blamed for the rise in the flick's popularity. In 2004-2005, in an effort to curtail the use of flicks, the FIE raised the contact time required to trigger the scoring apparatus from 3±2 milliseconds to the current 15±1 milliseconds. This has not made flicks impossible, but it has made them more technically demanding, as glancing hits no longer register, and it is essential that the point arrives more or less square-on. Before the rule was changed, the blade could bend more easily so the back and flanks were easier to hit and score.
2005 Timing Specifications: The new 2005 timings have increased the Impact Time from 1-5 ms to 13-15 ms, and decreased the Blocking Time from 750 +/-50 ms to 300 +/-25 ms. Thus, the blocking time has been effectively halved. This leads to situations (described above) where a riposte is "locked out". 'Lock-out' refers to the mechanism of the electronic scoring system which disallows additional touches after a certain margin of time after the first hit.
References
Fencing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flick%20%28fencing%29 |
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