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Back in Town is George Carlin's 15th album and ninth HBO special. It was also released on CD on September 17, 1996. This was also his first of many performances at the Beacon Theatre in New York City.
Track listing
"Abortion" - 8:41
"Sanctity of Life" - 3:50
"Capital Punishment" - 8:40
"State Prison Farms" - 8:13
"Farting in Public" - 3:00
"Familiar Expressions" - 9:14
"Free-Floating Hostility" - 19:30
a) Quote Marks in the Air
b) Badda-Boom, Badda-Bing
c) Bad Hair Day
d) I Heard That
e) My Needs Aren't Being Met
f) Mickey Mouse's Birthday
g) The Two Pandas in the Zoo
h) Sperm/Egg-Donors, etc.
i) Innocent Victims
j) Personal Bottles of Water
k) Women with Hyphenated Names
l) Telephone Calling Plans
m) Motivation Tapes/Books
n) One-Hour Photo Finishing
o) Too Many Vehicles
p) Backwards Baseball Hats
q) Earrings on Men
r) Colored Ribbons
s) Christian Athletes and Voices in One's Head
t) Aftershave and Cologne
u) Cowboy Hats and Cowboy Boots
v) Assholes with Camcorders
w) Whining Baby Boomers
x) In Defense of Politicians
y) Why I Don't Vote
z) Credits
In popular culture
During the ruling of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, a clip of Carlin's bit about abortion went viral on many platforms.
References
1996 live albums
1990s American television specials
George Carlin live albums
Stand-up comedy albums
Eardrum Records live albums
Atlantic Records live albums
HBO network specials
Stand-up comedy concert films
Warner Music Group live albums
1990s comedy albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20in%20Town%20%28George%20Carlin%20album%29 |
Live performance may refer to:
A play (theatre) or musical
A concert, a live performance (typically of music) before an audience
A concert performance of opera or musical theatre without theatrical staging
A concert dance, performed live for an audience.
Live radio, radio broadcast without delay
Live television, refers to a television production broadcast in real-time, as events happen, in the present
Live Performance, a 1971 live album by Jake Thackray
See also
Musical performance (disambiguation)
Performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20performance |
John Reeves Jones Daniel (January 13, 1802 – June 22, 1868) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina.
Daniel was born near Halifax, North Carolina and was instructed privately at home. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1821. After studying law, he was admitted to the North Carolina bar in 1823 and practiced law in Halifax. He was elected to the State house of commons, serving from 1832–34. Daniel was elected attorney general of North Carolina in 1834. The popular politician was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-seventh United States Congress and to the five succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1841 – March 4, 1853), where he served as Chairman of the Committee on Claims (Twenty-ninth, Thirty-first, and Thirty-second Congresses). Daniel was not a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress. He retired from politics and resumed the practice of law in Halifax. He moved to Louisiana in 1860 and settled near Shreveport, where he continued the practice of law and also engaged in planting. He died in Shreveport and was buried there.
His son, Junius Daniel, became a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army, dying as a result of a mortal wound at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in 1864.
See also
Twenty-seventh United States Congress
Twenty-ninth United States Congress
Twenty-eighth United States Congress
Thirtieth United States Congress
Thirty-second United States Congress
Thirty-first United States Congress
External links
U.S. Congressional Biographical Directory
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina Attorneys General
1802 births
1868 deaths
People from Halifax, North Carolina
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
19th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Reeves%20Jones%20Daniel |
160P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet came to perihelion on 18 September 2012, and reached about apparent magnitude 17.
References
External links
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
160P on Seiichi Yoshida's comet list
Elements and Ephemeris for 160P/LINEAR – Minor Planet Center
Periodic comets
0160
Astronomical objects discovered in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160P/LINEAR |
The Great Syrian Revolt () or Revolt of 1925 was a general uprising across the State of Syria and Greater Lebanon during the period of 1925 to 1927. The leading rebel forces initially comprised fighters of the Jabal Druze State in southern Syria, and were later joined by Sunni, Druze, Alawite, Shiite and Christian factions all over Syria. The common goal was to end perceived French occupation in the newly mandated regions, which passed from Turkish to French administration following World War I.
This revolution came in response to the repressive policies pursued by the French authorities under the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, in dividing Syria into several occupied territories. The new French administration was perceived as being prejudiced against the dominant Arab culture and of intending to change the existing character of the country. In addition resentment was caused by the refusal of the French authorities to set a timetable for the independence of Syria.
This revolution was an extension of the Syrian uprisings that had begun when French colonial forces occupied the coastal regions in early 1920, and continued until late June 1927. While the French army and local collaborators were able to achieve military victory, extensive Syrian resistance obliged the occupying authorities to establish a national government of Syria, under which the divided territories were reunited. In addition parliamentary elections were held as a preliminary step towards the final departure of the French from Syria in 1946.
The Arab region after the First World War
The First World War led to the collapse or dissolution of the Russian, the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Ottoman empires, the later of which Syria had been part of for centuries. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire encouraged the United Kingdom and France to share its legacy by creating a new colonial concept known as the mandate.
The main idea is that the former geographic possessions of the collapsed states that disappeared at the end of the First World War would be placed under the supervision of the League of Nations; in practice this applied to Germany's colonies in Africa and those regions of Ottoman Empire not retained by Turkey.
Based on this, France took over Syria and Lebanon, while the United Kingdom took Iraq and Mandatory Palestine, and these countries are placed under the direct guardianship of these two countries with an official mandate from the League of Nations, with the task of insuring to these new countries the necessary means to enable them to reach a sufficient degree of political awareness and economic development qualifies them for independence and sovereignty. In the implementation of these plans, negotiations were held between France and the United Kingdom in October 1915 on the determination of the spheres of influence of both countries in the event of the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The secret agreement on the subject was called the Sykes–Picot Agreement after the names of the two negotiators, Britain's Mark Sykes and Frenchman, François Georges-Picot.
Meanwhile, correspondence had been ongoing since 1915 between Sir Henry McMahon and Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif of Mecca in the Hejaz, and as a result of the negotiations between the two parties, The British Empire presented a written commitment, includes the recognition of the independence of the Arabs and support them, and in exchange for this initial promise, Hussein bin Ali is committed to launching a call for the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans.
The Great Arab revolution
On 6 May 1916, Djemal Pasha executed fourteen Syrian notables in Beirut and Damascus and this was the catalyst for Hussein bin Ali to start the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The aim of the revolution, as stated in the Damascus Charter and in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, which was based on the Charter, was removing the Ottoman Empire and establishment of an Arab state or union of Arab states including the Arabian Peninsula, Najd, Hejaz in particular and Greater Syria, except Adana, which was considered within Syria in the Damascus Charter. With respect for Britain's interests in southern Iraq, a geographical area that begins in Baghdad and ends in the Persian Gulf.
On 10 June 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Mecca and in November 1916, Hussein bin Ali declared himself "King of the Arabs," while the superpowers only recognized him as king of the Hejaz. He had 1,500 soldiers and some of armed tribesmen, Hussein bin Ali's army had no guns and Britain provided him with two cannons that accelerated the fall of Jeddah and Taif.
Then he went to Aqaba, where the second phase of the revolution officially began in late 1917 supported by the British Army that occupied Jerusalem on 9 September 1917 and before the end of the year all of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was under British rule.
In the meantime, the army of Hussein bin Ali was increasing, they were joined by two thousand armed soldiers, led by Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni from Jerusalem. Most of the tribesmen from the surrounding areas joined the revolution.
The Sharifian Army, was formed under the leadership of Hussein bin Ali and his son Faisal and indirectly commanded by the British officer T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia). It headed to Syria and clashed with the Ottoman forces in a decisive battle near Ma'an. The war resulted in almost destruction of the seventh army and the second Ottoman army, Ma'an was liberated on 23 September 1918, followed by Amman on 25 September and the day before 26 September, the Ottoman governor and his soldiers had left Damascus to announcing the end of Ottoman Syria.
The Sharifian Army entered Damascus on 30 September 1918 and on 8 October the British Army entered Beirut and General Edmund Allenby entered Syria and met with the Sharifian Army in Damascus.
On 18 October, the Ottomans left Tripoli, Lebanon and Homs and on 26 October 1918, the British and Sharifian Army headed north until they met the last Ottoman forces under the command of Turkish commander Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and a fierce battle happened near to Aleppo in an area later renamed "the English Tomb". On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was concluded and Ottoman forces surrendered and the Ottoman Empire abandoned the Levant, Iraq, Hejaz, 'Asir and Yemen.
Arab Kingdom of Syria
After the demise of Ottoman rule, Prince Faisal announced the establishment of an Arab government in Damascus and assigned the former Ottoman officer in Damascus, Ali Rikabi (Ali Rida Pasha Rikabi) to form and preside it as a military governor.
It included three ministers from the former Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, one from Beirut, one from Damascus and Sati' al-Husri from Aleppo and the defence minister from Iraq. Trying to imply that this government represents Greater Syria and was not just a government of local Syria, Prince Faisal appointed Major General Shukri al-Ayyubi military governor of Beirut, Jameel Al-Madfaai governor of Amman, Abdulhamid al-Shalaji as commander of Damascus, and Ali Jawdat al-Ayyubi as governor of Aleppo.
Prince Faisal sought to build a Syrian Army capable of establishing security and stability and preserving the state entity to be declared. He asked the British to arm this army, but they refused. In late 1918 Prince Faisal was invited to participate in the Paris Peace Conference that was held after the First World War in Versailles. He made calls on both the French and British governments who, while collaborating behind his back in amending the Sykes–Picot Agreement, assured the prince of their good intentions towards Syria.
Faisal proposed at the conference to establish three Arab governments; respectively in Hejaz, Syria and Iraq. However, the United States proposed the mandate system, and sent a referendum committee, the King–Crane Commission, to gauge the political wishes of the people and the French and the British reluctantly agreed.
Prince Faisal returned to Syria on 23 April 1919 in preparation for the visit of the King–Crane Commission, and he appointed Awni Abd al-Hadi to membership of the peace conference. A sizeable meeting was held under Mohammad Fawzi Al-Azm at the Arab Club Hall in Damascus.
Prince Faisal gave the opening speech in which he explained the purpose and nature of the King–Crane Commission. The King–Crane Commission, which lasted for 42 days, visited 36 Arab cities and listened to 1,520 delegations from different villages all of them demanded independence and unity. On 3 July 1919, the delegation of the Syrian Conference met with the King–Crane Commission. It informed them of their request for the independence of Greater Syria and the establishment of a monarchy.
After the King–Crane Commission concluded its work, its recommendations stated that "the Levant rejects foreign control, and it is proposed to impose the mandate system under the tutelage of the League of Nations, as the Arabs are unanimously agreed that Prince Faisal should be a king on the Arab lands without fragmentation."
The King–Crane Commission delivered its report to the United States President, Woodrow Wilson on 28 August 1919, who was ill. The report was ignored after Wilson changed his position because of opposition from senior United States politicians in the Senate (Congress), for violating the isolationist policy followed by the United States since 1833, which requires non-intervention in the affairs of Europe and the non-interference of Europe with the affairs of the United States.
Under pressure, Prince Faisal accepted an agreement with France represented by its prime minister Georges Clemenceau, known as the Faisal Clemenceau Agreement. Among the most prominent of its items:
The French Mandate for Syria, while the country retains its internal independence, and Syria's cooperation with France about foreign and financial relations, and that Syrian ambassadors abroad reside within the French embassies.
Recognition of Lebanon's independence under full French tutelage, and the borders to be set by allies without Beirut.
Organization of the Druze of Hauran and Golan in a federation within the Syrian state.
In late June 1919, Prince Faisal convened the Syrian National Congress, That was considered as a parliament of the Levant and was composed of 85 members, but France prevented some deputies from coming to Damascus. The conference opened with the presence of 69 deputies and among the most prominent of its member:
Taj al-Din al-Hasani and Fawzi al-Azm representing Damascus
Ibrahim Hananu representing the Harem District
Saadallah al-Jabiri, Reza Al-Rifai, Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah and Dr. Abdul Rahman Kayali representing Aleppo
Fadel Al-Aboud representing Deir ez-Zor and the Euphrates valley area
Hikmat al-Hiraki representing Maarat al-Numan
Abdul Qader Kilani and Khalid Barazi representing Hama
Amin Husseini and Aref al-Dajani representing Jerusalem
Salim Ali Salam, Aref Al Nomani, and Jamil Beyhoum representing Beirut
Rashid Rida and Tawfiq El Bissar representing Tripoli
Said Taliea and Ibrahim Khatib representing Mount Lebanon
Hashim al-Atassi was elected president of the Syrian National Congress, and Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah and Yusuf al-Hakim were vice-presidents. The Syrian National Congress decided to reject the Faisal Clemenceau agreement, demanding the unity and independence of Syria, accepting the mandate of the United States and Britain and rejecting the French mandate, but that the concept of the mandate is limited on technical assistance only.
The relationship between Faisal and French General Henri Gouraud was strained, following Faisal's retreat from his agreement with the French and his bias to the people. The Syrian government has requested 30,000 military uniforms to organize the army. On the other hand, the Clemenceau government fell in France and was replaced by the extreme right-wing government of Alexandre Millerand. Later, France disputed the agreement, and In mid-November 1919, British Armed Forces began withdrawing from Syria after a one-year presence.
On 8 March 1920, the Syrian National Congress was held in Damascus under the leadership of Hashim al-Atassi and in the presence of Prince Faisal and members of the government. It lasted for two days with the participation of 120 members and came up with the following decisions:
The independence of Syria as a country with its natural borders.
His Royal Highness Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein was unanimously elected constitutional monarch over the country.
The political system of the state is a civil, parliamentary, royal.
Appointment of a civil property government, where Ali Reza Al-Rikabi was appointed as the commander-in-Chief of the Government and Yusuf al-Azma as the Syrian Minister of Defence The official language becoming Arabic instead of Turkish in all government institutions, civil and military official departments, and schools. Replacing the Ottoman lira with the Egyptian pound and later the Syrian pound.
Rejecting the Zionist, Balfour Declaration to make Palestine a national home for Jews.
Reject British and French tutelage over Arabs.
The Allies refused to recognize the new state and decided in April 1920 at the San Remo conference in Italy to divide the country into four areas under which Syria and Lebanon would be subject to the French mandate, the Emirate of Transjordan and Palestine to the British Mandate for Palestine. Although the Lebanon and Syrian coasts, as well as Palestine, were not under the military rule of the Arab Kingdom of Syria, as the Allied armies had been there since the end of the First World War.
The government and the Syrian National Congress rejected the decisions of the San Remo conference and informed the Allied States of its decision between 13 and 21 May 1920. The voices were rising in Syria for an alliance with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the Turkish War of Independence or the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and meetings were held.
However, these meetings did not lead to a result because Atatürk was using the Syrians to improve the terms of his negotiations with the French and he turned his back to the Syrians. He concluded an agreement with France known as the Treaty of Ankara (Franklin-Bouillon Agreement) in 1921, which included a waiver of the French occupation authority from the northern Syrian territories and withdrawal of the French Army, and hand them over to Turkey.
Syria under the French Mandate
The proclamation of the establishment of the Arab Kingdom of Syria had internal implications, reflecting tensions within both Syria and Lebanon. Muslims had attacked Christian villages in the Beqaa Valley in response to statements by the Maronite Patriarch Elias Peter Hoayek and the Board of Directors of Mount Lebanon, opposing the independence of Lebanon.
On 5 July 1920, Faisal dispatched his advisor Nuri al-Said to meet with the French General, Henri Gouraud, in Beirut. Nuri al-Said returned to Damascus on 14 July 1920 with a document known as the Gouraud ultimatum and Faisal was given four days to accept it. The ultimatum included five points:
Acceptance of the French Mandate.
Adoption of paper money issued by the Bank of Syria and Lebanon in Paris.
Approval of the French occupation of railway stations in Riyaq, Homs, Aleppo and Hama.
Dissolution of the Syrian Army plus the cessation of forced recruitment and attempts to arm.
Punish of those involved in hostilities against France.
King Faisal gathered his ministers to discuss the matter, and many of them agreed with Gouraud's terms and accepted the ultimatum. However, the position of the Minister of Defence, Yusuf al-Azma, was strongly opposed to accepting the ultimatum, and tried, by all means, to discourage King Faisal from responding to the French threat to dissolve the Syrian Army.
The Syrian government's acceptance of General Gouraud's ultimatum and abandoning the idea of resistance, and demobilizing of the Syrian Army and withdrawing soldiers from the village of Majdal Anjar was seen to be in violation of the decision of the Syrian National Congress. The general opinion of the people was voiced by loud demonstrations condemning the ultimatum, those who accepted it, and sending King Faisal a letter to Gouraud to accept the terms and dissolve the army.
The French Armed Forces began to march led by General Goabiah (by order of General Gouraud) towards Damascus on 24 July 1920, while the Syrian Army stationed on the border was retreating and dissolving, and when General Gouraud was asked about this, replied that Faisal's letter for approving the ultimatum terms reached him after the deadline.
There was only one choice and that was resistance until death, and this opinion was headed by Minister of Defence, Yusuf al-Azma, who worked to bring together the rest of the army with hundreds of volunteers who chose this resolution and headed to resist the invading French forces that marching towards Damascus.
Yusuf al-Azma wanted to preserve the prestige and dignity of Syria's military history, was afraid to record in the history books that the Syrian Army stayed away from fighting and that the military occupation of his capital had happened without resistance. He also wanted to inform the Syrian people that their army carried the banner of resistance against the French occupation from the first moment, and that they would be a beacon for them in their resistance against the military occupation.
General Goabiah's forces consisted of the following:
an infantry brigade (415)
2nd Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
a brigade of Senegalese Tirailleurs
Moroccan Spahis Regiment
The French forces totalled nine thousand soldiers, supported by many aircraft, tanks and machine guns, while the Syrian Army did not exceeded 3,000 soldiers most of them volunteers.
On 24 July 1920, the Battle of Maysalun began, when the French artillery began to overcome the Syrian artillery, French tanks began advancing towards the front line of the defending forces, and then French Senegalese soldiers began attacking the left side of the Syrian Army, which was composed mainly of volunteers, and some traitors attacked the Syrian Army from behind and killed many soldiers and robbed their weapons. Despite all, Yusuf al-Azma was unconcerned and remained steadfast and determined.
Yusuf al-Azma had planted land mines on the heads of the valley of Alqarn, a corridor used by the French Army, in the hope that when the tanks attack into, the land mines explode. However, the traitors had already cut off the mines wires, and some of them were caught during the operation, but it was too late. When the tanks approached, Yusuf al-Azma gave the order to detonate the land mines but they did not explode. He examined them and saw that most of them had been disabled. Then he heard an uproar from behind and when he turned, saw many of his armies and volunteers had fled after a bomb fell from one of the aircraft. So he grabbed his rifle and fired at the enemy until he was killed on Wednesday, 24 July 1920.
Policy of the French Mandate in Syria
After France obtained control over the entire Syrian territories they resorted to the fragmentation of Syria into several independent states or entities:
State of Damascus (1920).
State of Aleppo (1920).
Alawite State (1920).
The State of Greater Lebanon (1920).
Jabal Druze State (1921).
Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921).
The northern Syrian territory was given to Turkey during the Treaty of Ankara on 20 October 1921, and the boundary of the border between the colonial power and Turkey.
To tear the national unity of the country and weaken national resistance to the French mandate, General Gouraud resorted to the policy pursued by General Hubert Lyautey in Morocco. It is a policy of isolating cohesive religious and ethnic minorities from the mainstream in the country, under the pretext of defending their rights and equity, and incite the rural and Bedouin against urban.
The causes of the revolution
The outbreak of the revolution had many reasons, the most important of which are:
The Syrians rejected the French occupation of their country, and sought full independence.
Tearing Syria into several small states (Aleppo, Druze, Alawites, Damascus).
The great economic damage caused to the Syrian merchants as a result of the policy adopted by the French in Syria, where the French dominated the economic aspects and linked the Syrian and Lebanese pounds to the French franc.
The military dictatorship practiced by the French generals during their mandate. Fighting the Arab culture of the country and trying to replace it with the French culture and appointing the French to top positions.
The abolition of freedoms in Syria and the pursuit of nationalists and provoke sectarianism, which led to the discontent of the Syrians. The meeting between the leaders of the Jabal Druze State and the French high commissioner in Syria failed, where the Druze leaders expressed their displeasure with the policy of French General, Gabriel Carbillet, and demanded that another governor replace him. However, the high commissioner insulted them and threatened them with harsh punishment if they stuck to their position. As a result, Sultan al-Atrash declared that a revolution was necessary to achieve independence.
In the opinion of Dr. Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, the above reasons are the distant causes of the revolution. The primary reasons are General Carbillet's antagonism to the Al-Atrash family and attempts to crush their influence and jailed everyone who dealt with them, prompting Sultan al-Atrash to declare a revolution.
The demands of the revolution
The most prominent demands of the revolution were:
unification of the coastal and internal territories of Syria, and the recognition of one fully independent Syrian Arab state;
The establishment of a Syrian National Congress to draw up a fundamental law on the principle of absolute sovereignty for the nation;
withdrawal of the occupying forces from Syria and the formation of a national army to maintain security;
upholding the principles of the French Revolution and human rights in freedom, equality and fraternity.
The course and events of the revolution
Colonel Catro, who was dispatched by General Gouraud to Jabal al-Druze, sought to isolate the Druze from the Syrian national movement, he signed on 4 March 1921 a treaty with the Druze tribes, which stipulated that Jabal al-Druze would form a particular administrative unit independent of the State of Damascus with a local governor and an elected representative council. In exchange for the Druze's recognition of the French mandate, the result of the treaty appointed Salim al-Atrash as the first ruler of the Jabal Druze State.
The Jabal Druze inhabitants were not comfortable with the new French administration and the first clash with it occurred in July 1922 with the arrest of Adham Khanjar, who was coming to Sultan al-Atrash carrying a letter to him. The French arrested him for his involvement in the attack on General Gouraud in Hauran. Sultan al-Atrash asked the French commander in As-Suwayda to hand over Adham Khanjar but was told that Khanjar was on his way to Damascus. So Sultan al-Atrash commissioned a group of his supporters to attack the armed convoy accompanying the detainee, but the French managed to transfer him to Lebanon and on 30 May 1923, executed him in Beirut.
The French destroyed the house of Sultan al-Atrash in Al-Qurayya in late August 1922 in response to his attack on their forces, then Sultan al-Atrash led the Druze rebels for a year in a guerrilla war against the French forces. France brought a large force to crush the rebels, that forced Sultan al-Atrash to seek refuge in Transjordan in the late summer of 1922. Under British pressure, Sultan al-Atrash gave himself up to the French in April 1923 after agreeing to a truce.
Salim Al-Atrash died poisoned in Damascus in 1924; the French appointed captain Carbillet as governor of the Jabal Druze State, contrary to the agreement with the Druze, Where he abused the people and exposed them to forced labour and persecution and sent them to prison. He also worked on the implementation of a policy of divide and conquer by inciting farmers against their feudal lords, especially the Al-Atrash family. This led the people of As-Suwayda to go out in a mass protest against the practices of the French authorities, which accelerated the outbreak of the revolution.
The Druze were fed up with the practices of captain Carbillet, which led them to send a delegation to Beirut on 6 June 1925 to submit a document requesting the High Commissioner of the Levant, Maurice Sarrail, to appoint a Druze governor of the Jabal Druze instead of captain Carbillet because of his practices against the people of the Jabal Druze State. Some of these practices, according to memoirs of Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, are:
Allocate several gendarmes to beat and humiliate people in fulfillment of the wishes of captain Carpier and his entourage.
Hamed Karkout (from the village of Thebeen) was detained for five months without cause or trial; he was insulted and beaten in the morning and evening.
Husayn Kabul (from the village of Kafr al-Lehaf) was whipped until his skin was torn because he neglected to greet General Diocheil when he passed the highway.
Wahba al-Ashmoush was arrested in As-Suwayda and severely beaten because he refused to rent his house.
General Diocheil fired several shots from his pistol at Mohammed Bey al-Halabi, the director of the Justice Department, and he was not punished for his criminal work.
Hussein Saddiq was arrested and imprisoned for 15 days, for not receiving captain Carbillet, and fined 25 golden pounds for the village because it did not receive him luxuriously. This fine was imposed on the village of Arman for the same reason.
Fahd Bey Al-Atrash was arrested and severely beaten without investigation, based on a simple tale from a spy.
Imposing ten golden pounds as a fine on As-Suwayda people for the loss of a cat of the wife of a French garrison officer.
High commissioner Sarrail expelled the Jabal Druze State delegation and refused to meet them and notified them that they must leave Beirut quickly and return to their country or he will exile them to Palmyra, and this was the direct cause of the outbreak of the Syrian revolution, where Sultan al-Atrash called for a meeting in As-Suwayda. Demonstrations occurred throughout the Jabal Druze State.
Contacts were made with some political leaders in Damascus, headed by Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, president of the People's Party, to consult and coordinate positions, although the People's Party had declared that it sought to achieve its principles and program by lawful means. However, some of its members personally have pledged with a Jabal Druze delegation to ignite the revolution in Syria, and cooperate in expelling the French from Syria and achieve independence and unity.
At that time, it was clear to Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar that Syria is in the throes of the revolution and that the Syrian people would gain their freedom and independence. He started communicating with the leaders and notables of the Syrian cities to urge them to revolt against French colonialism and motivated their national feelings and asked them to start an armed struggle for independence. Shahbandar's goal was to disperse the French forces geographically to weaken their strength and to relieve pressure from the capital Damascus and Jabal al-Druze.
To achieve this goal, Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar communicated with the leader Ibrahim Hananu in the northern region. Who was one of the first stragglers against the French colonial forces since 1920, where rebel operations in the northern region lasted until 15 April 1926, one of the most important battles that took place during this period was the battle of Tel Ammar, which was the last battles of the revolution in that region.
Shahbandar also met with leader Mohammed Al-Ayyash in Damascus and agreed with him to extend the revolution to the eastern region. Mohammed Al-Ayyash was able to form revolutionary groups to strike the French forces in Deir ez-Zor, and the rebels succeeded in carrying out strikes against the French forces. One of these was killing of French officers in the Ain Albu Gomaa area on the road between Deir ez-Zor and Raqqa.
As a result of the operation, French planes bombed the villages of the city; it was a horrific and devastating bombardment where the houses were destroyed on the heads of children and women and killed the livestock and burned farms and crops, some civilians were killed. Many were wounded by bullets and shrapnel from the bombing.
Revolutionaries were tried in Aleppo and in August 1925, the French high commissioner in Beirut, Maurice Sarrail, issued Decision No. 49S / 5, which ordered the exile of all members of the Ayyash Al-Haj family to the city of Jableh, Mahmoud Al-Ayyash (Abu Stita) and 12 of his companions were sentenced to death. The execution was carried out by firing squad on 15 September 1925 in the city of Aleppo. Mohammed Al-Ayyash was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment in the city of Tartus on the island of Arwad.
Shortly after, while the Ayyash Al-Haj family were living in Jableh, the French authorities assassinated Ayyash Al-Haj in a café outside the city by poisoning his coffee, and prevented the transfer of his body to Deir ez-Zor for reasons of public security, He was buried in Jableh in the cemetery of Sultan Ibrahim ibn Adham Mosque where the absent prayers held for the spirit of this martyr mujahid in all the Syrian cities.
Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar was in contact with Commander Fawzi al-Qawuqji, who was preparing to set up the revolution in the city of Hama. However, he was known for his intense loyalty to the French. Despite this, he received In their army a high rank and a position (the National Army Command in Hama) rarely held by other Syrians. However, according to Shahbandar's memoirs, Al-Qawuqji was upset with the humiliation of the elders and scholars of Hama, division of the country, improper appointments to high positions, raising of taxes on people, and stirring sectarian strife among the Syrian people.
On 4 October 1925, Al-Qawuqji declared a revolution in Hama and its environs. It would have almost taken over the city had it not been for the heavy bombing of popular neighbourhoods. He went to the desert to provoke the tribes against the French and relieve pressure on the rebels in other regions, and achieved significant victories over the French troops, garrisons and barracks and inflicted heavy losses on them; even the National Revolutionary Council entrusted him with leading the revolution in the Ghouta region and granting him broad powers.
On 11 July 1925, French high commissioner Maurice Sarrail sent a secret letter to his delegate in Damascus asking him to summon some of the leaders of the Jabal al-Druze under the pretext of discussing with them their demands, to arrest them and exile them to Palmyra and Al-Hasakah. This was done and Uqlat al-Qatami, Prince Hamad al-Atrash, Abdul Ghaffar al-Atrash, and Naseeb al-Atrash were exiled to Palmyra, while Barjas al-Homoud, Hosni Abbas, Ali al-Atrash, Yusuf al-Atrash, and Ali Obaid were exiled to Al-Hasakah.
As a result of French policies and practices, Sultan al-Atrash declared the revolution on 21 July 1925 by broadcasting a political and military statement calling on the Syrian people to revolt against the French mandate.
Al-Atrash started military attacks on French forces and burned the French Commission's house in Salkhad, the second-largest city in the mountain after As-Suwayda and occupied it. In early September 1925, Atrash attacked a French force in the town of Al-Kafr under the command of Captain Norman and killed most of the soldiers, where the number of rebels did not exceed two hundred while the number of soldiers exceeded two hundred and sixty, including a large number of French officers, and killed 40 rebels, including Mustafa Atrash brother of Sultan al-Atrash.
Sarail was determined to defeat his troops and ordered an extensive campaign to discipline rebels, including more than 5,000 soldiers, led by General Michaud, equipped with the best and latest tanks and military aircraft. On the first day of August 1925, the campaign clashed with rebel forces in the town of Izra; the number of revolutionaries was about three thousand. The rebels were defeated in the battle, as soon as evening came, the rebels attacked the rear of the French forces, where ammunition and supplies were seized and killed many French soldiers.
The following morning, 117 came from As-Suwayda and joined by 400 rebels from Majdal Shams, Najran, Salim and other nearby villages. They clashed with the French forces in the village of Al-Mazraa, where the French forces were annihilated. Only about 1,200 soldiers fled to the railway in the village of Izra to board the train going to Damascus. Hamad al-Barbour, Sultan al-Atrash`s right hand man was killed in the battle.
On 20 August 1925, the People's Party sent a delegation to meet with Sultan al-Atrash and discuss the accession of Damascus to the revolution; the delegation included Tawfiq al-Halabi, Asaad al-Bakri, and Zaki al-Droubi. The presence of the delegation coincided with the presence of Captain Reno, who was negotiating with the rebels on behalf of the French authorities to conclude a peace treaty, and the People's Party delegation managed to convince the rebels not to sign the treaty. In late August 1925, the leaders of the People's Party, including Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, met with Sultan al-Atrash in the village of Kafr al-Lehaf and agreed to mobilize five hundred rebels to attack Damascus from three axis, but Al-Atrash could not mobilize this number. The military forces that General Ghamlan began to mobilize along the railway in Horan led the rebel leaders to abandon the plan to attack Damascus and devote themselves to the French campaign.
The rebels agreed to march towards the village of Al-Musayfirah to confront the new French campaign. On 17 September 1925, they launched a night attack on the French troops quartered there, and victory would have been theirs if it had not been for the intervention of French aircraft that forced them to withdraw. The French casualties were more than 900 soldiers, In addition to destroying many equipment and vehicles, while the rebels lost less than 200 fighters. Then there were battles between the rebels and the creeping French forces towards As-Suwayda, and the French were forced after a temporary occupation of the city to withdraw after the revolutionary command decided to extend its scope to the north to relieve the pressure on Jabal al-Druze.
On 4 October 1925, Fawzi al-Qawuqji led the rebels and Bedouins of the Mawali tribe in and around Maarat al-Numan. He would have taken Hama, if it had not been for the intervention of French planes and the commitment of the leaders of the city to neutrality. They waited in their homes to see the result of the revolution. If it was successful they will be its founders, and if it fails they will be far from its consequences. This does not mean that the Hama revolution did not bear fruit, on the contrary, it led to the withdrawal of French forces from the city of As-Suwayda at the request of the French high commissioner Sarail to support the French garrison in the city of Hama.
The revolution spread to the Ghouta of Damascus and there were fierce battles between the rebels led by Hasan al-Kharrat and the French. The first battles were in the village of Al-Malihah, or what the rebels called the first battle of Al-Zour, in which several French soldiers were killed On 18 October 1925, the rebels entered Damascus, headed by Nasib al-Bakri, they were joined by the rebels from Al-Shaghur rebels and Bab al-Salam led by Hasan al-Kharrat, The rebels remained for four days, crushing all the soldiers in the barricades of Al-Shaghur neighbourhood and Al-Midan, and the French soldiers were forced to take refuge in the Citadel of Damascus with their families.
Sarail ordered his troops to bomb Damascus with artillery from the Citadel of Damascus, which destroyed more than 600 homes, and French soldiers looted warehouses and shops. The rebels decided to kidnap General Sarail after they learned that he came to Damascus to visit the Azm Palace in Bazouriyeh, so they entered the city from the side of the Al-Shaghur and arrived at the palace, but Sarail had left him quickly. The rebels clashed with the French soldiers and caught fire in the palace for the ferocity of the battle. Fighting continued between the Ghouta rebels and the French forces, the Second Battle of Al-Zour took place on 17 November 1925, the battle of Yalda and Babbila on 19 November 1925, the battle of Hamura on 17 December 1925, and the battle of Al-Nabek on 14 and 15 March 1926.
In late October 1925, the rebels of the Jabal al-Druze gathered in the northern Almeqren and then marched west, occupying the region of Alblan and then the town of Hasbaya without any resistance from the French garrison, whose leader preferred to withdraw when he learned the arrival of the rebels. The rebels then went to the town of Rashaya after learning that a decisive battle had taken place between the town's Druze and its French garrison, and after heavy fighting, they managed to enter its castle and occupy it.
The Syrian rebels entered the stage of attrition as the revolution extended and suffered from a lack of ammunition and supplies, which helped the French forces to besiege and tighten the screws on them by bringing more supporting troops, Al-Atrash refused to surrender to the French and was sentenced to death. He was forced, with a group of rebels to flee to Azraq in the emirate of eastern Jordan, but the English did not allow them to stay for long, so they fled to Wadi al-Sarhan and al-Nabek in northern Saudi Arabia, then to Al-Karak in Jordan.
Sultan al-Atrash and his comrades returned home after France issued a comprehensive amnesty for all the rebels following the signing of the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence in 1936, where Al-Atrash and his comrades were received in Damascus on 18 May 1937 with grand public celebrations.
Syrian cities participating in the revolution
Jabal al-Arab and Horan (Sultan al-Atrash)
Sultan al-Atrash was a prominent Syrian nationalist leader and commander general of the Syrian Revolution (1925–27), He fought against the Ottomans, the French, and even against the Syrian government during its dictatorship, One of the most influential figures in Syrian and Druze history, he played a major role in deciding the destiny of Jabal al-Druze and of Syria in general.
Al-Atrash was born in Al-Qurayya, a village south of As Suwayda known for the famous Druze family of , which had nominally governed the region since 1879, his father Zuqan led the Hauran Druze Rebellion against the Ottomans near Al-Kafr in 1910, where he faced the forces of Sami Pasha al-Farouqi. He was captured and later executed in 1911. His son, Mansur al-Atrash was an active member in the Syrian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party until the 1966 Syrian coup d'état led to the downfall of Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, Munif Razzaz and the classical Ba'athists in general. His granddaughter, Naila Al Atrash, is a dramatist and activist against the Assad regime.
In 1925 Sultan al-Atrash led a revolt which broke out in the Jabal al-Druze and spread to engulf the whole of Syria and parts of Lebanon, this is considered one of the most important revolutions against the French mandate, as it encompassed the whole of Syria and witnessed fierce battles between rebel and French forces.
The rebel forces led by Sultan al-Atrash were supported by the Communist Party of Syria and Lebanon (CPSL). The CPSL broadcast in French, Arabic and Armenian languages that the rebellion was in support of "the great Syrian Revolution" and coordinated with "the international communist movement".
On 23 August 1925 Sultan al-Atrash officially declared revolution against France, and soon fighting erupted in Damascus, Homs and Hama. Al-Atrash won several battles against the French at the beginning of the revolution, notably the Battle of al-Kafr on 21 July 1925, the Battle of al-Mazraa on 2 August 1925, and the battles of Salkhad, al-Musayfirah and As-Suwayda. The Druze were defeated in the last two battles. After rebel victories against France, it sent thousands of troops to Syria and Lebanon from Morocco and Senegal, equipped with modern weapons, compared to the few supplies of the rebels. This dramatically altered the results and allowed the French to regain many cities, although resistance lasted until the spring of 1927. The French sentenced Sultan al-Atrash to death, but he had escaped with the rebels to Transjordan and was eventually pardoned, He returned to Syria in 1937 after the signing of the Franco-Syrian Treaty the year before.
Al-Atrash participated actively in the Levant Crisis, that led to Syrian independence. In 1948 he called for the establishment of a unified Arab Liberation Army of Palestine, for which hundreds of young people had already volunteered and sent to participate in during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
During the reign of Adib Shishakli, Al-Atrash was often harassed because of his opposition to government policy, he left the Jabal al-Druze for Jordan in December 1954 and came back when Adib Shishakl's regime fell, Al-Atrash supported the United Arab Republic of Egypt and Syria in 1958, and firmly opposed the process of separation in 1961. He is also known for his contributions to social life and development in the Jabal al-Druze.
Al-Atrash died on 26 March 1982 from a heart attack, His funeral was attended by more than a million people, and the president of Syrian Arab Republic, Hafez al-Assad issued an individual letter mourning Al-Atrash as the General Commander of the Great Syrian Revolt.
Damascus (Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar)
Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar was a prominent Syrian nationalist during the French mandate and a leading opponent of compromise with French authority. His devotion to Arab nationalism dated to the days of the Committee of Union and Progress and its Turkification policies. He supported the Arab Revolt during the First World War and briefly headed the foreign ministry under Emir Faisal.
When France occupied Syria in July 1920, he fled the country. Shahbandar returned in 1921 and organized the Iron Hand Society to agitate against French rule. This was the first Syrian nationalist group to emerge in Damascus during the Mandate and Shahbandar organized its spread to Homs and Hama. In April 1922, the French arrested him and other Iron Hand leaders for incitement against their rule. The arrests triggered several demonstrations and bloody confrontations between protesters and French forces in Damascus. Nonetheless, the French tried Shahbandar for subversive activities and sentenced him to 20 years of imprisonment.
After serving 18 months of his sentence, the French sent him into exile, where he joined the activities of the Syrian-Palestine Congress based in Cairo. The French allowed him to return to Syria in 1924. The following year Shahbandar guided the formation of Syria's first nationalist party, the People's Party. He then helped organize the spread of the Syrian Revolution from Jabal Druze State to the rest of Syria. He eluded the French authorities and moved to Jabal al-Druze for the duration of the revolt. There he and Sultan al-Atrash formed a provisional government. When the revolution collapsed in 1927, Shahbandar fled to Transjordan and from there to Egypt.
In 1937 a French amnesty allowed him to return from exile, and he directed his supporters to oppose the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence because it granted France privileges that detracted from Syrian sovereignty. He was joined by powerful Syrian politicians such as Munir al-Ajlani. He also directed a political campaign to discredit the National Bloc government of Prime Minister Jamil Mardam Bey. During the Second World War, the French considered cooperating with Shahbandar because of his opposition to the National Bloc and because of support for him from Britain and the Hashemites. In June 1940, he was assassinated in Damascus. The French accused several prominent National Bloc figures, including Jamil Mardam and Saadallah al-Jabiri, of plotting the murder, and they fled to Iraq. While Shahbandar was one of Syria's most popular leaders, he never built up an organization that would perpetuate his political legacy.
Ghouta of Damascus (Hasan al-Kharrat)
Hasan al-Kharrat was one of the principal Syrian rebel commanders of the Great Syrian Revolt against the French mandate. His main area of operations was in Damascus and its Ghouta countryside. He was killed in the struggle and is considered a hero by Syrians.
As the qabaday (local youths boss) of the Al-Shaghur quarter of Damascus, al-Kharrat was connected with Nasib al-Bakri, a nationalist from the quarter's most influential family. At al-Bakri's invitation, al-Kharrat joined the revolt in August 1925 and formed a group of fighters from Al-Shaghur and other neighbourhoods in the vicinity. He led the rebel assault against Damascus, briefly capturing the residence of French High Commissioner of the Levant, Maurice Sarrail before withdrawing amid heavy French bombardment.
Towards the end of 1925, relations grew tense between al-Kharrat and other rebel leaders, particularly Sa'id al-As and Ramadan al-Shallash, as they traded accusations of plundering villages or extorting local inhabitants. Al-Kharrat continued to lead operations in the Ghouta, ultimately killed in a French ambush. The revolt dissipated by 1927, but he gained a lasting reputation as a martyr of the Syrian resistance to French rule.
Deir ez-Zor (Ayash Al-Haj family)
The Ayyash Al-Haj family was subjected to the brutality of the French military authorities after accusing them of preparing for the revolution of the Euphrates valley in conjunction with the outbreak of the Great Syrian Revolution. The struggle of the family began with the meeting of Mohammed Al-Ayyash, the eldest son of leader Ayyash Al-Haj, with Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, leader of the People's Party in Damascus and they agreed to extend the revolution to the Euphrates region and open a new front against the French to disperse their forces and ease the pressure on the rebels of Ghouta and Jabal al-Druze.
After Mohammed Al-Ayyash returned from Damascus he started to rouse the enthusiasm of the people of Deir ez-Zor and encourage them to fight. He agreed with his brother Mahmoud Al-Ayyash (Abu Stita) to go to the villages of the Albu Saraya clan that were living west of Deir ez-Zor, and which had a strong friendship with his father Ayyash Al-Haj, to form revolutionary groups with them to strike the French forces.
Mohammed Al-Ayyash managed to form a revolutionary group of thirteen armed men who were ready to take military action against the French forces. Some people were working with the French at translation centres and other places but they were at the service of the revolutionaries. They were reporting to Mohammed Al-Ayyash about the situation and movements of the French, and their activities, along the timing of their military operations. Mohammed Al-Ayyash led the revolutionaries against the French forces.
The revolutionaries managed to carry out strikes against the French, and the last attack was on a car carrying officers and their driver in the Ain Albu Gomaa area, on the road between Deir ez-Zor and Raqqa. The revolutionaries attacked and arrested the officers and took them with their car, first taking their weapons, to a desert called Al-Aksiyya, and threw them, with their driver, in one of the abandoned wells where they died.
The French, concerned over losing their officers, began a search campaign, including planes. When they found their bodies and inquired from the informants about the names of the revolutionaries, the sent a large military force equipped with heavy guns and planes to attack Albu Saraya clan and blockade it.
French planes began bombing the villages of the clan. Some civilians were killed and among them were Hanash Al-Mousa Al-Ani, Ali Al-Najras, and a woman who was pregnant, many were wounded by bullets and shrapnel., All of this was to pressure on the people to surrender the revolutionaries.
Eventually the French became convinced that the bombing would not work. They then threatened to arrest the women of the revolutionaries, their mothers and sisters until the revolutionaries surrendered themselves, When the revolutionaries heard the news , they emerged from their hideouts and surrendered.
The revolutionaries were tried in Aleppo, where the family of Ayyash Al-Haj appointed the lawyer, Fathallah Al-Saqqal to defend her, The court heard the head of the French intelligence in Deir ez-Zor, who said: If each of the criminals, who committed this terrible offence deserve dying once, the gang leader Mohammed Al-Ayyash deserves hanging twice.
Idlib (Ibrahim Hanano)
Ibrahim Hananu was born to a wealthy family in Kafr Takharim and raised in Aleppo. There is dispute on his birth date: one source mentions he was born in 1879, while another mentions he was born in 1869. He studied at the Imperial High School in Aleppo, and continued his studies at the Ottoman Law Academy of the prestigious Mülkiye school in Constantinople. As a student, he joined the Committee of Union and Progress, the political organ that later took stage following the Young Turk Revolution of 1908.
Breaking out in the autumn of 1919 in the countryside surrounding Aleppo, when the French army had landed on the Syrian coast and was preparing to occupy all of Syria, Hananu launched his revolt, bringing Aleppo, Idlib and Antioch into a coordinated campaign against French forces. Hananu was responsible for the disarmament of many French troops, the destruction of railroads and telegraph lines, the sabotage of tanks, and the foiling of French attacks on Aleppo. On 23 July 1920, when the French army successfully attacked Aleppo, Hananu was forced to retreat to his village of Kafr Takharim Nahiyah and began to reorganize the revolt with Najeeb Oweid. The rebels decided to form a civilian government based in Armanaz Nahiyah, and sent Hananu to Turkey as a representative of the new civilian government to request for aid in fighting against the French. He received aid from the Turkish nationalist movement of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, which was battling the French Army of the Levant for control of Cilicia and southern Anatolia. With the withdrawal of Turkish military assistance following the signing of the Franklin-Bouillon Agreement in October 1921, Hananu and his men could no longer sustain a revolt, and their struggle collapsed. However, the revolt's failure, the organization of the northern areas of Syria with Turkish help, has been interpreted as a prototype for self-government that Hananu and other Syrians built upon in later years.
In 1922 Ibrahim Hananu was arrested and presented to the French military criminal court on criminal acts. The first session of the court was on 15 March 1922. One of the best lawyers at that time, Fathallah Saqqal defended Hananu, advocated for Hananu's innocence, and argued that Hananu was a political opponent, not a criminal.
On 25 March 1922, the French Attorney General requested the execution of Hananu, and he said, "if Hananu has seven heads, I will cut them all," the French judge ultimately released Hananu following an agreement between Hananu and the French government.
Hama (Fawzi al-Qawuqji)
Fawzi al-Qawuqji was an officer in the Syrian army and the leader of the Salvation Army during the 1948 war, was born in the city of Tripoli in the Ottoman Empire, studied at the Military School in Astana, and graduated as an officer in the Ottoman Cavalry Corps in 1912, worked in the service of King Faisal in Damascus.
Fawzi al-Qawuqji lived in Damascus and was distinguished by his rare courage and Arabism that prompted him to fight battles against European colonialism in all Arab regions.
During the French Mandate, he became commander of a cavalry company in Hama, later defected from the Syrian Legion set up by the French in Syria to participate in the Great Syrian Revolution against the French, and on October 4, 1925, he led a revolution in Hama against the French occupation, which he planned jointly with Saeed Al-Termanini and Munir Al-Rayes. The Syrian revolutionaries took control of the city, the third-largest city in Syria, with about 80,000. The revolutionaries cut the telephone lines and attacked and burned the Government House, where they captured some French officers and then besieged the French military positions.
The next day, France bombarded the city with aircraft and artillery for three days. After negotiations, some of the city's notables persuaded al-Qawuqji to withdraw to save the population's blood, and the battles continued in its vicinity. The bombing of Hama resulted in 344 deaths, the vast majority of them civilians, although France claimed that the death toll did not exceed 76, all of whom were revolutionaries. Some sources estimate the number of civilian casualties at about 500, the losses of the French as 400 dead and wounded, and the losses of the rebels 35; the material losses were also great, as 115 shops were destroyed. He was later assigned to lead the revolution in the Ghouta area of Damascus.
The results of the revolution
The revolution achieved some progress in the national struggle for independence from France. Ultimately though, the Syrians had failed in their primary goal of independence and the removal of French forces from Syria.
The revolution led to the resurrection of the movement calling for the establishment of a royal government in Syria, as supporters of this project see it as the only guarantee for the establishment of sincere and continuous cooperation to implement the Mandate. Ali bin Al Hussein was the candidate for this throne, but the project failed due to the Syrians’ rejection.
The revolution forced France to reunify Syria after dividing it into four states (Damascus, Aleppo, Jabal Alawites, and Jabal al-Druze).
France agreed to hold elections in which the national opposition, led by Ibrahim Hananu and Hashim al-Atassi, won.
France carried out administrative reforms by removing its high commissioner and some its military officers in Syria and appointing replacements for them.
Syrian nationalists began to look for an alternative method to achieve independence and were forced to change its tactics political form.
Damascus was bombed by air for 24 continuous hours, and some villages in Jabal al-Druze were emptied of their residents as a result of their destruction and burning.
The revolution led to an increase in Syrian nationalism and unity after previous sectarian divisions.
Martyrs of the Great Syrian Revolution
The death toll of the Great Syrian Revolution reached 4,213 people, distributed in the following Syrian governorates:
315 dead in Aleppo and Idlib
331 dead in Latakia, Tartus and the coast
731 dead in Damascus and Ghouta
150 dead in Hama
250 dead in Homs, Al-Nabek and An-Nabek District (Rif Dimashq Governorate)
71 dead in Deir ez-Zor and Al Jazira
34 dead in Daraa
2,064 dead in Jabal al-Druze
267 dead in the Al-Balan region, Rashaya, Majdal Shams and the surrounding villages
Memorial of the Great Syrian Revolution
The edifice of the Great Syrian Revolution is located in the town of Al-Qurayya, south of the city of As-Suwayda which is the birthplace of the leader of the revolution, Sultan al-Atrash. The edifice's construction began in 1987, and was opened in 2010 with an area of , and includes the construction of the edifice and its annexes on a site of . The building of the edifice consists of in its ground section the General Museum of the Great Syrian Revolution edifice, which is considered a living witness to the revolutionaries’ exploits and heroism in the face of French colonialism.
Next to the museum is located in the centre of the edifice a central hall that houses the remains of the commander in chief of the Great Syrian Revolution, the Mujahid Sultan al-Atrash, in addition to a mosaic panorama embodying the battles of the revolution and paintings documenting the names of the battles and the martyrs who were killed in them, in addition to an administration room, a library, and a special museum for the commander in chief containing the Arab dress. His complete cloak, dress, waistcoat, jacket, hat, weapons and military equipment, including a military rifle, a machine gun that he used, a hunting rifle, four machine guns, a French rifle, a leather belt to store bullets, a wooden stick in the form of a pin and some bullets, in addition to National Order of the Cedar that he was awarded, as well as two French swords, one of which belongs to a campaign leader. Blasphemy General Norman, a third sword sheath, two field phones, a signal pistol, three bullets, a detonator, a machine gun, and aircraft counters.
See also
Saleh al-Ali
References
Further reading
Daniel Neep, Occupying Syria under the French mandate: insurgency, space and state formation (Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp 101–130.
Michael Provence, The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism (University of Texas Press, 2005). online
Anne-Marie Bianquis et Elizabeth Picard, Damas, miroir brisé d'un orient arabe, édition Autrement, Paris 1993.
Lenka Bokova, La confrontation franco-syrienne à l'époque du mandat – 1925–1927, éditions l'Harmattan, Paris, 1990
Général Andréa, La Révolte druze et l'insurrection de Damas, 1925–1926, éditions Payot, 1937
Le Livre d'or des troupes du Levant : 1918–1936. <Avant-propos du général Huntziger.>, Préfacier Huntziger, Charles Léon Clément, Gal. (S. l.), Imprimerie du Bureau typographique des troupes du Levant, 1937.
Great Syrian Revolt
1925 in Mandatory Syria
1926 in Mandatory Syria
1927 in Mandatory Syria
Conflicts in 1925
Conflicts in 1926
Conflicts in 1927
Mandatory Syria
Military history of Syria
Military history of France
1920s in France
France–Syria relations
France–Lebanon relations
French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
League of Nations mandates
20th century in Lebanon
20th century in Syria
History of the Levant
Mandate for Syria
Mandate for Syria
Sykes–Picot Agreement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Syrian%20Revolt |
Inguinal orchiectomy (also named orchidectomy) is a specific method of orchiectomy whereby one or both testicles and the full spermatic cord are surgically removed through an incision in the lower lateral abdomen (the "inguinal region"). The procedure is generally performed by a urologist, typically if testicular cancer is suspected. Often it is performed as same-day surgery, with the patient returning home within hours of the procedure. Some patients elect to have a prosthetic testicle inserted into their scrotum. Depending on whether or not a prosthetic testicle is put in place of the original one, operating times run on average from three to six hours.
A 4–6 cm incision is made above the pubic bone on the side corresponding to the testicle to be removed. This incision runs obliquely midway between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine. The incision is extended down through the fat until the external oblique fascia is encountered. It is incised along its fibres and the spermatic cord is identified and isolated. From there, the testicle is pulled into the field through the inguinal canal. The spermatic cord is clamped off in two places and cut between the clamps. Long permanent sutures, usually silk or polypropylene, are left on the stump of the spermatic cord as a marker in case it needs to be removed in the future during a retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND).
The inguinal orchiectomy is a necessary procedure if testicular cancer is suspected. While it is possible to remove a testicle through an incision in the scrotum, this is not done when cancer is suspected because it disrupts the natural lymphatic drainage patterns. Testicular cancer usually spreads into the lymph nodes inside the abdomen in a predictable manner. Cutting the skin in the scrotum may disrupt this and cancer may spread to the inguinal lymph nodes, making surveillance and subsequent operations more difficult.
Complications from this procedure include bleeding and infection. The ilioinguinal nerve which runs anterior to the spermatic cord may be damaged during the operation and cause numbness over the inner thigh or chronic groin and scrotal pain. Other symptoms also include intermittent and chronic back pain and sudden loss of mobility in the lower back.
If the orchiectomy is performed to diagnose cancer, the testicle and spermatic cord are then sent to a pathologist to determine the makeup of the tumor, and the extent of spread within the testicle and cord.
The pathology report, along with pre-surgical imaging studies and tumor markers, will determine the course of treatment.
See also
Index of oncology articles
References
Male genital surgery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal%20orchiectomy |
Playtech plc is a gambling software development company founded in 1999. The company provides software for online casinos, online poker rooms, online bingo games, online sports betting, scratch games, mobile gaming, live dealer games and fixed-odds arcade games online. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
History
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In October 2017, Playtech announced that they had acquired BetBuddy, a leading responsible gambling analytics company. BetBuddy's behavioural identification and modification software will be integrated with Playtech's current player management system in the hopes it can identify and help problem gambling quicker.
In January 2018, Playtech finalised the integration of Featurespace's machine learning real-time fraud detection platform into its information management systems. The strategic partnership with the behavioural analytics company aims for Playtech's licensees to identify and reduce fraud attacks.
In March 2018, Playtech agreed a deal with Totalizator Sportowy, the provider of the Polish national lottery.
In April 2018, Playtech paid €291 million for a 70.6% stake in Italian betting and gaming firm Snaitech. Including Snaitech's debt, the enterprise value of the deal was €846 million.
In Sept 2018, Playtech announced that it was selling its 10% stake in Plus500 Ltd. for a total of £176 million.
In November 2018, founder Teddy Sagi sold his remaining shares in Playtech. Though Sagi had been steadily reducing his holdings in the company, the final sale came not long after investor Jason Ader urged the company to shed its remaining ties to Sagi, whose ongoing involvement Ader claimed might have hindered Playtech's U.S. market ambitions.
In April 2020, Playtech appointed non-executive director Claire Milne as interim chairman after former chair Alan Jackson indicated his intention to step down following the company's 2020 annual general meeting.
On May 29, 2020, Playtech agreed to pay £3.5 million to responsible gambling charities following the suicide of 25-year-old Chris Bruney, a customer at the company's TitanBet and Winner gambling sites who lost over £119,000 in the five days prior to his death, during which time he was issued multiple bonuses by managers of the sites’ VIP programs. The UK Gambling Commission had planned to impose a £3.5 million penalty on Playtech subsidiary PT Entertainment Services after identifying “serious systemic failings in the way PTES managed its social responsibility and anti-money laundering processes” but the company surrendered its UK licenses before the penalty could be imposed. Following media reports of the controversy, Playtech agreed to pay the £3.5 million and chairperson Claire Milne promised to personally apologize to Bruney's family.
In August 2020, Playtech began offering online casino games via Bet365’s New Jersey-licensed website, marking the company's debut in the US regulated online gambling market.
In August 2020 Playtech confirmed that it was exploring a potential sale of trading technology division to TradeTech.
As part of its divestment of its casual and mobile game sectors, Playtech announced it had sold YoYo Games to Opera Software in January 2021 for .
On 11 October 2021, Playtech announced the partnership with Holland Casino for the development of their online casino environment.
On 18 October 2021, Aristocrat Leisure announced that it had made an offer to acquire Playtech for US$3.7 billion.
Operations
Virtue Fusion is Playtech's bingo platform. The platform, which was acquired in 2010, has been enhanced by the purchase of ECM Systems in 2016.
iPoker is Playtech's poker platform. It was implemented in the UK by casino game designer Geoff Hall, inventor of Blackjack Switch and currently has more than 60 members of staff. The network works using a skin-based system. This simply means that each site on the network has its own skin of the underlying poker interface; the lobby, table layout and design are all exactly the same. However, each site can apply its own colour scheme and branding. Most importantly in order to maintain the liquidity needed to operate a successful poker network, each of these skins shares the same player pool. As of April 2014 the network had 30 active skins.
Playtech BGT Sports, a majority-owned subsidiary of Playtech, provides sports betting software and technology to bookmakers. It was formed through the 2016 acquisition of Best Gaming Technology GmbH, which was then merged with Playtech's existing sports businesses. As of 2016, its software powers approximately 27,000 self-service betting terminals for operators such as Ladbrokes, Paddy Power, and OPAP.
In April 2022, Playtech announced a TV game content and production partnership with Entains British betting and gambling company Ladbrokes.
In April 2022, Playtech announced a content agreement with online igaming software provider CT gaming, allowing the release of the company’s content via the Playtech Open Platform.
Notes
External links
Official website
Online poker companies
Online gambling companies of the Isle of Man
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Gambling companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in British Overseas Territories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playtech |
Henry Selby Clark (September 9, 1809 – January 8, 1869) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born near Leechville, North Carolina, September 9, 1809; attended the common schools, and was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1828; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Washington, North Carolina; member of the State house of commons 1834–1836; solicitor for the district in 1842; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847); moved to Greenville, North Carolina, and resumed the practice of law; died in Greenville, N.C., January 8, 1869; interment at his country home near Leechville.
See also
Twenty-ninth United States Congress
External links
U.S. Congressional Biographical Directory
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
1809 births
1869 deaths
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
19th-century American politicians
People from Washington, North Carolina
People from Greenville, North Carolina
People from Beaufort County, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Selby%20Clark |
Positive K (sometimes stylized as +K) (born Darryl Gibson on August 9, 1967) is an American MC and songwriter from the Bronx, New York City, New York, and one of the original artists of the First Priority Music camp. He is best known for his hits "I'm Not Havin' It" (a duet with MC Lyte) and his 1992 hit "I Got a Man".
Early life
Darryl Gibson was born August 8, 1967, and was raised in the Bronx, New York and spent much of his childhood near Richman (Echo) Park where early hip hop DJs Grandmaster Flash, DJ Sinbad and Busy Bee would throw block parties. He was inspired as a child to rap when one day The Fearless Four were performing in his neighborhood and invited him to say a rhyme on their mic. Gibson's first musical endeavor was a short-lived rap group with his family named Disco Cousins, and he rapped under the name Baby Breeze.
Later, while a member of the Five-Percent Nation, Gibson joined the rap group Almighty God Committee from Queens, rapping under the name Positive Knowledge Allah. However, after their DJ played the wrong side of a record at a televised rap contest and the rest of the group walked offstage, Gibson continued on as a solo act under the shortened name Positive K.
Solo career
Glenn Toby, a fellow Queens rapper known as Mr Sweety G, produced Positive K's first solo record "Getting Paid" for the short-lived independent label Star Maker Records. The track brought him recognition after it was included on the label's showcase album Fast Money, a 1986 compilation featuring Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock's debut recording and a track by hip hop pioneer Disco Dave.
In 1987, Positive K signed to Nat Robinson's First Priority Music under the management of Lumumba Carson (the son of activist Sonny Carson) who would later become better known as X-Clan founding member Professor X The Overseer. With the guidance and production skills of Grand Puba of Brand Nubian and Daddy-O of Stetsasonic, Positive K released a number of songs that appeared on various underground compilations. His 1989 duet with MC Lyte "I'm Not Havin' It" was Positive K's first song to land on a Billboard music chart and it helped further establish his reputation in hip hop. Positive K soon left First Priority Music, feeling there was favoritism happening with the owner's relatives on the label.
After leaving First Priority Music, Positive K began working closely with Big Daddy Kane, whom he'd met through a mutual friend. He would bring Positive K on stage to freestyle with Jay-Z and Sauce Money. Guest spots on Brand Nubian’s One for All and Grand Puba's Reel to Reel along with his self-released, Big Daddy Kane-produced single "Nightshift" generated enough interest to land him a major record label deal.
The Skills Dat Pay Da Bills, Positive K's 1992 full-length debut on Island Records, balanced themes of Nation of Gods and Earths with gangsta-isms and more pop-based moments. The album's most successful single was "I Got a Man," a track loosely based on his earlier duet with MC Lyte "I'm Not Havin' It." This time, however, he pitch-shifted his own vocals to perform the lines of the track's female rapper himself. "I Got A Man" reached #14 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1993. Meanwhile, he kept his Creative Control label in operation, signing and cultivating new talent.
Later that year, Positive K was featured in a remix of the song "Come To Butt-head" with Beavis and Butt-head on the soundtrack album for the film The Beavis and Butt-head Experience. The song is hidden at the end of the album on the same track as "I Got You Babe," performed by Beavis and Butt-head with Cher. The same year, Positive K briefly appeared in the Robert De Niro film A Bronx Tale as an angry protester and was featured on WYBE's Old School Show, where he was awarded the #3 slot on the list of early hip hop pioneers.
After touring extensively to promote The Skills Dat Pay Da Bills, Positive K focused his efforts on other interests. Island Records had wanted him to record a full album with Grand Puba, but only one song, "Back Together Again," was recorded and the track never saw release. Instead, he started a promotion company, handling record promotions for Def Jam Recordings and London Records, and booked acts in his Harlem studio. During this time, he also worked with Outkast, Rampage and Puff Daddy. Eventually he became fed up with the music business and took a short break from it.
In late 1996, Positive K re-emerged and told Billboard Magazine that his sophomore album, due out in February 1997, would be named Straight To The Moon. He explained the album, like his debut, would be released on both his personal record label Creative Control as well as Island Records, and would feature guest appearances by Al Green and Harry Connick Jr. Its Teddy Riley-produced lead single "Black Cinderella" saw an independent label 1996 release on PosK Records but the full album never materialized.
Positive K has continued to release music over the last 20+ years without duplicating his earlier success of "I Got a Man," earning him the status of one hit wonder. In 2007, he appeared on Nas' track "Where Are They Now ('90s Remix)." In 2008, a compilation album Back to the Old School was released under the EchoVista label. In 2015, Positive K teamed with Greg Nice on his song "Make It Happen" which led to a pairing that would result in a full-length album in 2017, preceded by its lead single was "Bring It." The pair refer to themselves individually as PK Dolla and N.I. and collectively as Gr8te Mindz, but the album is sold online under the artist name "Positive K and Greg Nice."
Positive K told Unkut in 2013 that his next solo effort would be titled Pos K In The Extreme, but it has yet to surface.
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
Positive K's official website
1967 births
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Five percenters
Island Records artists
Living people
Rappers from the Bronx
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20K |
Religion has been a major influence on the societies, cultures, traditions, philosophies, artistic expressions and laws within present-day Europe. The largest religion in Europe is Christianity. However, irreligion and practical secularisation are also prominent in some countries. In Southeastern Europe, three countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Albania) have Muslim majorities, with Christianity being the second-largest religion in those countries. Ancient European religions included veneration for deities such as Zeus. Modern revival movements of these religions include Heathenism, Rodnovery, Romuva, Druidry, Wicca, and others. Smaller religions include Indian religions, Judaism, and some East Asian religions, which are found in their largest groups in Britain, France, and Kalmykia.
Little is known about the prehistoric religion of Neolithic Europe. Bronze and Iron Age religion in Europe as elsewhere was predominantly polytheistic (Ancient Greek religion, Ancient Roman religion, Basque mythology, Finnish paganism, Celtic polytheism, Germanic paganism, etc.).
The Roman Empire officially adopted Christianity in AD 380. During the Early Middle Ages, most of Europe underwent Christianization, a process essentially complete with the Christianization of Scandinavia in the High Middle Ages. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christendom", and many even consider Christianity as the unifying belief that created a European identity, especially since Christianity in the Middle East was marginalized by the rise of Islam from the 8th century. This confrontation led to the Crusades, which ultimately failed militarily, but were an important step in the emergence of a European identity based on religion. Despite this, traditions of folk religion continued at all times, largely independent from institutional religion or dogmatic theology.
The Great Schism of the 11th century and Reformation of the 16th century tore apart Christendom into hostile factions, and following the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, atheism and agnosticism have spread across Europe. Nineteenth-century Orientalism contributed to a certain popularity of Hinduism and Buddhism, and the 20th century brought increasing syncretism, New Age, and various new religious movements divorcing spirituality from inherited traditions for many Europeans. Recent times have seen increased secularisation and religious pluralism.
Religiosity
Some European countries have experienced a decline in church membership and church attendance. A relevant example of this trend is Sweden where the Church of Sweden, previously the state-church until 2000, claimed to have 82.9% of the Swedish population as its flock in 2000. Surveys showed this had dropped to 72.9% by 2008 and to 56.4% by 2019. Moreover, in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey 23% of the Swedish population said that they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force and in the 2010 Eurobarometer survey 34% said the same.
Gallup survey 2008–2009
During 2008–2009, a Gallup survey asked in several countries the question "Is religion important in your daily life?" The table and map below shows percentage of people who answered "Yes" to the question.
During 2007–2008, a Gallup poll asked in several countries the question "Does religion occupy an important place in your life?" The table on right shows percentage of people who answered "No".
Eurobarometer survey 2010
The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the EU member states state that they "believe there is a God", 26% "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" while 20% "don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". 3% declined to answer.
According to a recent study (Dogan, Mattei, Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline), 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. This situation is often called "Post-Christian Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Sweden has been noted, despite a concurrent increase in some countries like Greece (2% in 1 year). The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example, in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christian" with only 15% professing to have "no religion", though the wording of the question has been criticized as "leading" by the British Humanist Association. Romania, one of the most religious countries in Europe, witnessed a threefold increase in the number of atheists between 2002 and 2011, as revealed by the most recent national census.
The following is a list of European countries ranked by religiosity, based on the rate of belief, according to the Eurobarometer survey 2010. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey asked whether the person "believes there is a God", "believes there is some sort of spirit or life force", or "doesn't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".
The decrease in theism is illustrated in the 1981 and 1999 according to the World Values Survey, both for traditionally strongly theist countries (Spain: 86.8%:81.1%; Ireland 94.8%:93.7%) and for traditionally secular countries (Sweden: 51.9%:46.6%; France 61.8%:56.1%; Netherlands 65.3%:58.0%). Some countries nevertheless show increase of theism over the period, Italy 84.1%:87.8%, Denmark 57.8%:62.1%. For a comprehensive study on Europe, see Mattei Dogan's "Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline" in Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion.
Eurobarometer survey 2019
According to the 2019 Eurobarometer survey about Religiosity in the European Union Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union accounting 64% of the EU population, down from 72% in 2012. Catholics are the largest Christian group in EU, accounting for 41% of EU population, while Eastern Orthodox make up 10%, and Protestants make up 9%, and other Christians account for 4% of the EU population. Non believer/Agnostic account 17%, Atheist 10%, and Muslim 2% of the EU population. 3% refuse to answer or didn't know.
Maps
Pew Research Poll
According to the 2012 Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Research Center, 75.2% of the Europe residents are Christians, 18.2% are irreligious, atheist or agnostic, 5.9% are Muslims and 0.2% are Jews, 0.2% are Hindus, 0.2% are Buddhist, and 0.1% adhere to other religions. According to the 2015 Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe survey by the Pew Research Center, 57.9% of the Central and Eastern Europeians identified as Orthodox Christians, and according to a 2018 study by the Pew Research Center, 71.0% of Western Europeans identified as Christians, 24.0% identified as religiously unaffiliated and 5% identified as adhere to other religions. According to the same study a large majority (83%) of those who were raised as Christians in Western Europe still identify as such, and the remainder mostly self-identify as religiously unaffiliated.
Pew Research Poll
(*) 13% of respondents in Hungary identify as Presbyterian. In Estonia and Latvia, 20%
and 19%, respectively, identify as Lutherans. And in Lithuania, 14% say they are "just a
Christian" and do not specify a particular denomination. They are included in the "other"
category.
(**) Identified as "don't know/refused" from the "other/idk/ref" column are excluded from this statistic.
(***) Figures may not add to subtotals due to rounding.
(**) Identified with answers "don't know/refused" are not shown.
Abrahamic religions
Bahá'í Faith
The first newspaper reference to the religious movement began with coverage of the Báb, whom Bahá'ís consider the forerunner of the Bahá'í Faith, which occurred in The Times on 1 November 1845, only a little over a year after the Báb first started his mission. British, Russian, and other diplomats, businessmen, scholars, and world travelers also took note of the precursor Bábí religion most notably in 1865 by Frenchman Arthur de Gobineau who wrote the first and most influential account. In April 1890 Edward G. Browne of Cambridge University met Bahá'u'lláh, the prophet-founder of the Bahá'í Faith, and left the only detailed description by a Westerner.
Starting in the 1890s Europeans began to convert to the religion. In 1910 Bahá'u'lláh's son and appointed successor, 'Abdu'l-Bahá embarked on a three-year journey to including Europe and North America and then wrote a series of letters that were compiled together in the book titled Tablets of the Divine Plan which included mention of the need to spread the religion in Europe following the war.
A 1925 list of "leading local Bahá'í Centres" of Europe listed organized communities of many countries – the largest being in Germany. However the religion was soon banned in a couple of countries: in 1937 Heinrich Himmler disbanded the Bahá'í Faith's institutions in Germany because of its 'international and pacifist tendencies' and in Russia in 1938 "monstrous accusations" against Bahá'ís and a Soviet government policy of oppression of religion resulted in Bahá'í communities in 38 cities across Soviet territories ceasing to exist. However the religion recovered in both countries. The religion has generally spread such that in recent years the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated the Bahá'ís in European countries to number in hundreds to tens of thousands.
Christianity
The majority of Europeans describe themselves as Christians, divided into a large number of denominations. Christian denominations are usually classed in three categories: Catholicism (consider only two groups, the Roman-Latin Catholic and the Eastern Greek and Armenian Catholics), Orthodoxy (consider only two groups, the Eastern Byzantine Orthodox and the Armenian Apostolic which is within the Oriental Orthodox Church) and Protestantism (a diverse group including Lutheranism, Calvinism and Anglicanism as well as numerous minor denominations, including Baptists, Methodism, Evangelicalism, Pentecostalism, etc.).
Christianity, more specifically the Catholic Church, which played an important part in the shaping of Western civilization since at least the 4th century. Historically, Europe has been the center and "cradle of Christian civilization".
European culture, throughout most of its recent history, has been heavily influenced by Christian belief and has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture. The Christian culture was one of the more dominant forces to influence Western civilization, concerning the course of philosophy, art, music, science, social structure and architecture. The civilizing influence of Christianity includes social welfare, founding hospitals, economics (as the Protestant work ethic), politics, architecture, literature and family life.
Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe. According to a survey about Religiosity in the European Union in 2019 by Eurobarometer, Christianity was the largest religion in the European Union accounting 64% of EU population, down from 72% in 2012. Catholics were the largest Christian group in EU, and accounted for 41% of the EU population, while Eastern Orthodox made up 10%, Protestants made up 9%, and other Christians 4%. According to a 2010 study by the Pew Research Center, 76.2% of the European population identified themselves as Christians, constitute in absolute terms the world's largest Christian population.
According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970), these changes were largely result of the collapse of Communism and switching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries.
Christian denominations
Catholicism (majorly followed to the Roman–Latin Catholic Church with various minorities of the few Greek Catholic Churches in the Eastern European regions, and the Armenian Catholic Church in Armenia and its diaspora) is the largest denomination with adherents mostly existing in Latin Europe (which includes France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Malta, San Marino, Monaco, Vatican City,); southern [Wallon] Belgium, Czech Republic, Ireland, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, western Ukraine, parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mostly in predominantly Croat areas), but also the southern parts of Germanic Europe (which includes Austria, Luxembourg, northern Flemish Belgium, southern and western Germany, parts of the Netherlands, parts of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein).
Orthodox Christianity (the churches are in full communion, i.e. the national churches are united in theological concept and part of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Orthodox Church)
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Russian Orthodox Church
Serbian Orthodox Church
Romanian Orthodox Church
Church of Greece
Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Georgian Orthodox Church
Finnish Orthodox Church
Cypriot Orthodox Church
Albanian Orthodox Church
Polish Orthodox Church
Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia
Ukrainian Orthodox Church
Turkish Orthodox Church
Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric
Montenegrin Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodoxy
Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
Protestantism
Lutheranism
Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church
Danish National Church
Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
United Protestant Church of France
Protestant Church in Germany
Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia
Church of Norway
Church of Sweden
Anglicanism
Church of England
Church of Ireland
Scottish Episcopal Church
Church in Wales
Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church
Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church
Calvinism
United Reformed Church
Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales
Reformed Church in Hungary
Church of Scotland
Presbyterian Church in Ireland
Methodist Church of Great Britain
Protestant Church in the Netherlands (Neo-Calvinism)
United Protestant Church of France
Swiss Reformed Church
Restorationism
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Other
Baptist Union of Great Britain
Baptist Union of Sweden
Bruderhof Communities
Seventh-day Adventist Church
There are numerous minor Protestant movements, including various Evangelical congregations.
Islam
Islam came to parts of European islands and coasts on the Mediterranean Sea during the 8th-century Muslim conquests. In the Iberian Peninsula and parts of southern France, various Muslim states existed before the Reconquista; Islam spread in southern Italy briefly through the Emirate of Sicily and Emirate of Bari. During the Ottoman expansion, Islam was spread from into the Balkans and even part of Central Europe. Muslims have also been historically present in Ukraine (Crimea and vicinity, with the Crimean Tatars), as well as modern-day Russia, beginning with Volga Bulgaria in the 10th century and the conversion of the Golden Horde to Islam. In recent years, Muslims have migrated to Europe as residents and temporary workers.
According to the Pew Forum, the total number of Muslims in Europe in 2010 was about 44 million (6%). While the total number of Muslims in the European Union in 2007 was about 16 million (3.2%). Data from the 2000s for the rates of growth of Islam in Europe showed that the growing number of Muslims was due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates.
Muslims make up 99% of the population in Turkey, Northern Cyprus, 96% in Kosovo, 56% in Albania, 51% in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32.17% in North Macedonia, 20% in Montenegro, between 10 and 15% in Russia, 7–9% in France, 8% in Bulgaria, 6% in the Netherlands, 5% in Denmark, United Kingdom and Germany, just over 4% in Switzerland and Austria, and between 3 and 4% in Greece.
A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2016 found that Muslims make up 4.9% of all of Europe's population. According to a same study conversion does not add significantly to the growth of the Muslim population in Europe, with roughly 160,000 more people leaving Islam than converting into Islam between 2010 and 2016.
Judaism
The Jews were dispersed within the Roman Empire from the 2nd century. At one time Judaism was practiced widely throughout the European continent; throughout the Middle Ages, Jews were accused of ritual murder and faced pogroms and legal discrimination. The Holocaust perpetrated by Nazi Germany decimated the Jewish population, and today, France is home to the largest Jewish community in Europe with 1% of the total population (between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews). Other European countries with notable Jewish populations include the United Kingdom (291,000 Jews), Germany (119,000), and Russia (194,000) which is home to Eastern Europe's largest Jewish community. The Jewish population of Europe in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 1.4 million (0.2% of European population) or 10% of the world’s Jewish population.
Deism
During the Enlightenment, Deism became influential especially in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Biblical concepts were challenged by concepts such as a heliocentric universe and other scientific challenges to the Bible. Notable early deists include Voltaire, Kant, and Mendeleev.
Irreligion
The trend towards secularism during the 20th and 21st centuries has a number of reasons, depending on the individual country:
France has been traditionally laicist since the French Revolution. Today the country is 25% to 32% irreligious. The remaining population is made up evenly of both Christians and people who believe in a god or some form of spiritual life force, but are not involved in organized religion. French society is still secular overall.
Some parts of Eastern Europe were secularized as a matter of state doctrine under communist rule in the countries of the former Eastern Bloc. Albania was an officially (and constitutionally binding) atheist state from 1967 to 1991. The countries where the most people reported no religious belief were France (33%), the Czech Republic (30%), Belgium (27%), Netherlands (27%), Estonia (26%), Germany (25%), Sweden (23%) and Luxembourg (22%). The region of Eastern Germany, which was also under communist rule, is believed to be the least religious region in Europe. Other post-communist countries, however, have seen the opposite effect, with religion being very important in countries such as Romania, Lithuania and Poland.
The trend towards secularism has been less pronounced in the traditionally Catholic countries of Mediterranean Europe. Greece as the only traditionally Eastern Orthodox country in Europe which has not been part of the communist Eastern Bloc also retains a very high religiosity, with in excess of 95% of Greeks adhering to the Greek Orthodox Church.
According to a Pew Research Center Survey in 2012 the religiously unaffiliated (atheists and agnostics) make up about 18.2% of the European population in 2010. According to the same survey the religiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population in only two European countries: Czech Republic (76%) and Estonia (60%). A newer study (released in 2015) found that in the Netherlands there is also an irreligious majority of 68%.
Atheism and agnosticism
During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, atheism and agnosticism have increased, with falling church attendance and membership in various European countries. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that on total average, of the EU28 population, 51% "believe there is a God", 26% "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", and 20% "don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".
Across the EU, belief was higher among women, increased with age, those with a strict upbringing, those with the lowest level of formal education and those leaning towards right-wing politics. Results were varied widely between different countries.
According to a survey measuring religious identification in the European Union in 2019 by Eurobarometer, 10% of EU citizens identify themselves as atheists. , the top seven European countries with the most people who viewed themselves as atheists were Czech Republic (22%), France (21%), Sweden (16%), Estonia (15%), Slovenia (14%), Spain (12%) and Netherlands (11%). 17% of EU citizens called themselves non-believers or agnostics and this percentage was the highest in Netherlands (41%), Czech Republic (34%), Sweden (34%), United Kingdom (28%), Estonia (23%), Germany (21%) and Spain (20%).
Modern Paganism
Germanic
Heathenism or Esetroth (Icelandic: Ásatrú), and the organised form Odinism, are names for the modern folk religion of the Germanic nations.
In the United Kingdom Census 2001, 300 people registered as Heathen in England and Wales. However, many Heathens followed the advice of the Pagan Federation (PF) and simply described themselves as "Pagan", while other Heathens did not specify their religious beliefs. In the 2011 census, 1,958 people self-identified as Heathen in England and Wales. A further 251 described themselves as Reconstructionist and may include some people reconstructing Germanic paganism.
Ásatrúarfélagið (Esetroth Fellowship) was recognized as an official religion by the Icelandic government in 1973. For its first 20 years it was led by farmer and poet Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson. By 2003, it had 777 members, and by 2014, it had 2,382 members, corresponding to 0.8% of Iceland's population. In Iceland, Germanic religion has an impact larger than the number of its adherents.
In Sweden, the Swedish Forn Sed Assembly (Forn Sed, or the archaic Forn Siðr, means "Old Custom") was formed in 1994 and is since 2007 recognized as a religious organization by the Swedish government. In Denmark Forn Siðr was formed in 1999, and was officially recognized in 2003 The Norwegian Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost (Esetroth Fellowship Bifrost) was formed in 1996; as of 2011, the fellowship has some 300 members. Foreningen Forn Sed was formed in 1999, and has been recognized by the Norwegian government as a religious organization. In Spain there is the Odinist Community of Spain – Ásatrú.
Roman
The Roman polytheism also known as Religio Romana (Roman religion) in Latin or the Roman Way to the Gods (in Italian 'Via romana agli Déi') is alive in small communities and loosely related organizations, mainly in Italy.
Druidry
The religious development of Druidry was largely influenced by Iolo Morganwg. Modern practises aim to imitate the practises of the Celtic peoples of the Iron Age.
Official religions
A number of countries in Europe have official religions, including Greece (Orthodox), Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, the Vatican City (Catholic); Armenia (Apostolic Orthodoxy) ; Denmark, Iceland and the United Kingdom (England alone) (Anglican). In Switzerland, some cantons are officially Catholic, others Reformed Protestant. Some Swiss villages even have their religion as well as the village name written on the signs at their entrances.
Georgia, while technically has no official church per se, has special constitutional agreement with Georgian Orthodox Church, which enjoys de facto privileged status. Much the same applies in Germany with the Evangelical Church and the Roman Catholic Church, and the Jewish community. In Finland, both the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Lutheran Church are official. England, a part of the United Kingdom, has Anglicanism as its official religion. Scotland, another part of the UK, has Presbyterianism as its national church, but it is no longer "official". In Sweden, the national church used to be Lutheranism, but it is no longer "official" since 2000. Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Germany, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Serbia, Romania, Russia, Spain and Turkey are officially secular.
Indian religions
Buddhism
Buddhism is thinly spread throughout Europe, and the fastest growing religion in recent years with about 3 million adherents. In Kalmykia, Tibetan Buddhism is prevalent.
Hinduism
Hinduism is mainly practised among Indian immigrants. It has been growing rapidly in recent years, notably in the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands and Italy. In 2010, there were an estimated 1.4 million Hindu adherents in Europe.
Jainism
Jainism, small membership rolls, mainly among Indian immigrants in Belgium and the United Kingdom, as well as several converts from western and northern Europe.
Sikhism
Sikhism has nearly 700,000 adherents in Europe. Most of the community live in United Kingdom (450,000) and Italy (100,000). Around 10,000 Sikhs live in Belgium and France. Netherlands and Germany have a Sikh population of 22,000. All other countries, such as Greece, have 5,000 or fewer Sikhs.
Other religions
Other religions represented in Europe include:
Animism
Confucianism
Eckankar
Ietsism
Raëlism
Beliefs of the Romani people
Romuva
Satanism
Shinto
Spiritualism
Taoism
Thelema
Unitarian Universalism
Yazidism
Zoroastrianism
Rastafari communities in the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and elsewhere.
Traditional African Religions (including Muti), mainly in the United Kingdom and France, including
West African Vodun and Haitian Vodou (Voodoo), mainly among West African and black Caribbean immigrants in the UK and France.
See also
Buddhism by country
Christianity in Europe
Europeanism
Hinduism by country
Irreligion (no faith) by country
Islam by country
Judaism by country
List of religious populations
Major world religions
Protestantism by country
Post Christianity
Religion in the European Union
Roman Catholicism by country
References
External links
Eurel: sociological and legal data on religions in Europe and beyond | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Europe |
Darryl Gibson may refer to:
Darryl Gibson (lacrosse) (born 1976), Canadian-born professional lacrosse player
Real name of American rapper Positive K
See also
Daryl Gibson (born 1975), New Zealand rugby union footballer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl%20Gibson |
Maximum Risk is a 1996 American action thriller film directed by Hong Kong director Ringo Lam in his American directorial debut, and starring Jean-Claude Van Damme and Natasha Henstridge.
The film was released in the United States on September 13, 1996.
Plot
A man is chased through the streets of Nice, France, ultimately resulting in his death. A cop, Alain Moreau, is brought by his partner Sebastien to the scene because the victim's face is identical to Alain's. Matches found in his pocket point towards a local hotel, where the proprietor mistakes Alain for "Mikhail Suverov" and gives him the phone message "Call Alex Bohemia." In Mikhail's room is a passport with the same birth date as Alain, and a plane ticket to New York.
Alain's mother admits that he has a twin brother who she had to give up at birth because she was impoverished. Alain and Sebastian visit the office of the lawyer who adopted Mikhail. They find the room in flames and a large Russian man attacks Alain. He escapes with the adoption file, which reveals Mikhail was adopted by a Russian family who immigrated to America. Alain takes the passport and plane ticket to New York to investigate his brother's death and learn more about him.
In New York, Alain discovers Mikhail was a member of the Russian mafia. When he mentions Alex Bohemia, he is referred to the Bohemia Club in Little Odessa. There a woman named Alex Bartlett mistakes him for Mikhail and gives him a key to a hotel room. Wary, Alain rents the room across the hall.
When Alex comes to meet him later, Alain reveals that he is Mikhail's brother. Ivan (who saw Mikhail in the club) and his thugs arrive to kill him, believing he is Mikhail. Alain and Alex escape. Alex tells him Mikhail was her boyfriend and he had a plan to leave the Russian Mafia. They go to Mikhail's home, where Alain finds out Mikhail discovered his existence when he saw an article in the paper about his war exploits. After more Russians come to the house, Alain and Alex flee to her friend's cabin.
The next morning, two FBI agents come to the cabin. They say Mikhail kept evidence against the Russian Mafia that he intended to turn over to them, wanting to reform. They want Alain to pose as Mikhail to access his safe deposit box back in Nice. In actuality, they want to destroy the evidence because it implicates them in colluding with the Russian Mafia.
Realizing that the FBI and not the Mafia knew Mikhail was dead, Alain deduces that it was FBI agents who killed Mikhail, and refuses to cooperate. After a fight, Alain handcuffs the agents together and leaves with Alex to visit Kirov, the leader of the Russian Mafia. When he finds them at a banya, Alain tells Kirov that Ivan has been trying to kill him, which enrages Kirov. After Kirov tells Alain the truth about the so-called evidence he has, Ivan sends the big Russian thug from the lawyer's office to kill Kirov and Alain. Kirov dies and Alain escapes in the scuffle; during the pursuit by Ivan, Alain is arrested by NYPD. The two corrupt FBI agents find Alex, bail Alain out of jail and use her to force Alain to access the deposit box.
Bank policy dictates that only Mikhail himself can access the safe deposit box, forcing the FBI agents to wait outside while Alaine passes for him. In the box is the evidence, and the banker also brings him a box in Alain's name. This one has thousands in cash, a gun and a tape recording from Mikhail explaining how he decided to escape the mob life and reunite with his family. He instructs a banker to turn over the evidence to the US Embassy, and sets off the sprinkler system to make his escape. Ivan, waiting with Sebastien as his hostage, sends in the big Russian. The thug kills the banker and takes the evidence, but Alain catches up and kills him in the elevator.
Outside, police officers block off Ivan's escape, giving Alain time to catch up, shoot out Ivan's tires, and rescue Sebastien; Ivan dies in the wreckage. Alain then chases the FBI agents into a meat locker where he shoots them both and rescues Alex. Mikhail's evidence of Mafia collusion with the FBI leads to several arrests. Alain takes Alex, with whom he is now romantically involved, to meet his mother so she can tell her about Mikhail.
Cast
Jean-Claude Van Damme as Alain Moreau / Mikhail Suverov
Natasha Henstridge as Alex Bartlett
Jean-Hugues Anglade as Sebastien
Zach Grenier as Ivan Dzasokhov
Paul Ben-Victor as Agent Pellman
Frank Senger as Agent Loomis
David Hemblen as Dmitri Kirov
Dan Moran as Yuri
Stefanos Miltsakakis as Red Face
Stéphane Audran as Chantal Moreau
Production
The film was originally known as The Exchange, then it was retitled Bloodstone. Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer, better known for Scary Movie and their other parodies, performed an uncredited rewrite on the film.
Release
Maximum Risk opened on September 13, 1996, at the number one spot at the box office, taking in $5.6m in its first weekend, and made a final domestic tally of $14mand worldwide gross of $52m.
Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 32% of 37 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 4.4/10. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.
Leonard Klady of Variety wrote, "It's a visceral delight that refuses to be deterred by niceties of plot or character consistency and prefers sweat to emotion." Richard Harrington of The Washington Post wrote that the film depends too much on car chases, which end up dominating the film. Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times wrote, "From start to finish, 'Maximum Risk' presents spectacular stunts choreographed and coordinated by Charles Picerni and some hair-raising, stomach-churning automotive chases attributed to Remy Julienne, the French master of the art."
Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "a solid, fast-moving action-adventure" in which Van Damme "does some of his best acting yet". Conversely, Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle criticized Van Damme's acting, which is "hobbled by a weak script that even veteran Hong Kong action director Ringo Lam can't salvage".
See also
Double Impact, a 1991 action film which also has Van Damme playing identical twins.
References
External links
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
1996 action thriller films
1996 films
American action thriller films
American chase films
Columbia Pictures films
Films about the Russian Mafia
Films set in New York City
Films set in Ontario
Films set in Paris
Films set in Philadelphia
Films shot in Toronto
Films directed by Ringo Lam
Films with screenplays by Larry Ferguson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20Risk |
The Tarr Steps is a clapper bridge across the River Barle in the Exmoor National Park, Somerset, England. They are located in a national nature reserve about south east of Withypool and north west of Dulverton.
A typical clapper bridge construction, the bridge's listing assesses it as medieval in origin. The stone slabs weigh up to two tons each. The bridge is long and has 17 spans. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument.
Nature reserve
Owned by Exmoor National Park Authority, Tarr Steps Woodland National Nature Reserve covers 33 hectares of the River Barle valley. This is mainly sessile oak (Quercus petraea) woodland, with beech (Fagus), ash, sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), hazel (Corylus), blackberry (Rubus), bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) and honeysuckle (Lonicera). It is internationally significant for the mosses, liverworts and lichens which flourish in the cool damp conditions. Much of the woodland was once coppiced, primarily to provide charcoal for the local iron smelting industry. The river and the valley woodlands are part of the Barle Valley Site of Special Scientific Interest and abound with wildlife, ranging from red deer to dormice, including the rare Barbastelle Bat (Barbastella barbastellus) and otter that feed along the unpolluted and fast-flowing river.
Well marked footpaths run along the valley between Simonsbath and Dulverton and to the village of Withypool. There is a circular walk from the main car park for Tarr Steps down to the river, along the riverbank for about to a footbridge and returning on the other side, crossing the river on the clapper bridge. The main car park and toilets (some from the bridge via a footpath) can be reached from the B3223 road between Withypool and Dulverton. Parking for the disabled and refreshments are available nearer the bridge, as are information panels put up by the Exmoor National Park, giving details of Tarr Steps history and design.
Bridge
Within the reserve is the scheduled monument Tarr Steps , a clapper bridge over the River Barle. The name "clapper bridge" comes from the Medieval Latin "claperius" which means "pile of stones". It is an ancient form of bridge constructed with large unmortared slabs of stone resting on one another; this is the largest example of its type. There are 17 spans across , the top slabs weigh 1-2 tons and are about above normal water level. The largest slab is over long and is about wide. This is one of the best known monuments on Exmoor. Its age is unknown, as several theories claim that Tarr Steps dates from the Bronze Age but others date them from around 1400 AD. It has been restored several times in recent years, following flood damage. Over the years the damage provides a good indicator of the strength of each flood. Some of the top slabs have been washed away in extreme flood conditions and they have now all been numbered to facilitate replacement. The Exmoor National Park web site says
The bridge was badly damaged by floodwater on 22 December 2012 when steel wires upstream (designed to protect the bridge from damaging debris) were broken by fallen trees washed down the river. Floodwaters carried away part of the bridge again on 21 November 2016, and it has since been rebuilt.
See also
List of Grade I listed buildings in West Somerset
References
External links
Historic photos of Tarr Steps
Images of England record of Tarr Steps
Megalithic Portal entry for Tarr Steps
www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk - information on Tarr Steps floods
Ancient trackways in England
Buildings and structures in West Somerset
Exmoor
History of Somerset
Bridges in Somerset
Grade I listed buildings in West Somerset
Archaeological sites in Somerset
Scheduled monuments in West Somerset
Pedestrian bridges in England
Stone bridges in the United Kingdom
Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United Kingdom
Bronze Age sites in Somerset
Grade I listed bridges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarr%20Steps |
Stanwix Rural is a civil parish in the City of Carlisle district of Cumbria, England, immediately to the north east of Carlisle itself – parts of the Carlisle urban area are in the parish boundaries.
The parish includes the villages and hamlets of Brunstock, Houghton, High Crosby, Linstock, Low Crosby, Rickerby, Tarraby and parts of Harker and Whiteclosegate.
Before 1966 the parish was simply called Stanwix although the village of Stanwix itself had been, in 1912, incorporated into the city, civil parish and municipal borough of Carlisle.
The parish was subject to various boundary changes between 1866 and 1934 when it absorbed the former civil parish of Crosby-on-Eden.
The River Eden forms the southern edge of the parish and the M6 motorway and A689 road both run through the area.
Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward includes the parish of Irthington and surrounding areas with a total population taken at the 2011 census of 4,639.
See also
Listed buildings in Stanwix Rural
References
External links
Cumbria County History Trust: Stanwix (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
Civil parishes in Cumbria
City of Carlisle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanwix%20Rural |
William Gordon Lennox (18 July 1884 – 21 July 1960) was an American neurologist and epileptologist who was a pioneer in the use of electroencephalography (EEG) for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. He graduated from Colorado College and Harvard Medical School.
Biography
Lennox first became interested in epilepsy when working as medical missionary in China. At the Harvard Medical School, he worked alongside and published many papers with Stanley Cobb and Erna and Frederic Gibbs. He was jointly awarded (with Frederic Gibbs) the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 1951. He wrote, with his daughter Margaret, "Epilepsy and Related Disorders".
In 1937, Lennox described the situation regarding the medical treatment of epilepsy at the time:
In the US there are some 500,000 persons subject to epilepsy. This is approximately the same number as have diabetes or active tuberculosis. In Roman days a seizure in the forum caused its dissolution; now a seizure in a classroom means dismissal of the offending student. In the US we have only the extremes of care in the home, or in largely publicly supported institutions into which the dregs of patients have settled. From the practical point of view, patients with epilepsy are an unusually valuable group for human experimentation. They are numerous, and are available to the research staff of the general hospital; they can usually give intelligent co-operation; they are pathetically anxious to be experimented upon; they have abrupt and unmistakable changes from normal to abnormal states. Epilepsy comparatively speaking has been a neglected field. To the epileptic writhing on the road of medicine, the investigator has perhaps given a cup of cold water, but then has passed by to succour those with illnesses which seemed more likely to reward his efforts. From the humanitarian point of view, epileptics are peculiarly in need of help."
From 1935 to 1949 Lennox was president and from 1949 to 1953 honorary president of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). From 1941 to 1948 he was – together with Hans Iacob Schou – co-editor, from 1948 to 1950 and again 1952 single editor of the journal Epilepsia of the ILAE. From 1936 to 1937 he served as first president of the American League Against Epilepsy, which later became the American Epilepsy Society (AES).
In 1951 he described a special epilepsy syndrome, later on named after him and the French neurologist and epileptologist Henri Gastaut Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Lennox was also involved with the eugenics movement. He gave a speech in 1938 to Harvard's Phi Beta Kappa, recommending euthanasia for "the congenitally mindless and for the incurable sick who wish to die". In the same year, he wrote "The principle of limiting certain races through limitation of off-spring might be applied internationally as well as intranationally." In 1943, Lennox joined the advisory council of the Euthanasia Society of America (later known as Partnership for Caring). In 1950, he wrote an article entitled "The Moral Issue", calling for the mercy killing of "children with undeveloped or misformed brains" as a way of opening up space in "our hopelessly clogged institutions."
He continued working into his 70s, only retiring from Harvard in 1958. He died two years later.
Partial bibliography
Lennox WG, Cobb S. Epilepsy (Medicine Monographs, Vol 14). Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins 1928
The Health and Turnover of Missionaries (1933)
Lennox WG. Science and Seizures: New Light on Epilepsy and Migraine. New York – London, Harper & Brothers 1941 (second edition 1949)
Lennox WG, Lennox MA. Epilepsy and Related Disorders. Two Volumes. Boston – Toronto, Little, Brown and Company 1960
References
Fast Health: Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Who Named It? William Gordon Lennox
Footnotes
External links
William Gordon Lennox papers, 1926-1953. B MS c113. Boston Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
1884 births
1960 deaths
American eugenicists
American Protestant missionaries
Protestant missionaries in China
Harvard Medical School faculty
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
American epileptologists
Colorado College alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Gordon%20Lennox |
The following are common definitions related to the machine vision field.
General related fields
Machine vision
Computer vision
Image processing
Signal processing
0-9
1394. FireWire is Apple Inc.'s brand name for the IEEE 1394 interface. It is also known as i.Link (Sony's name) or IEEE 1394 (although the 1394 standard also defines a backplane interface). It is a personal computer (and digital audio/digital video) serial bus interface standard, offering high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data services.
1D. One-dimensional.
2D computer graphics. The computer-based generation of digital images—mostly from two-dimensional models (such as 2D geometric models, text, and digital images) and by techniques specific to them.
3D computer graphics. 3D computer graphics are different from 2D computer graphics in that a three-dimensional representation of geometric data is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. Such images may be for later display or for real-time viewing. Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on many of the same algorithms as 2D computer vector graphics in the wire frame model and 2D computer raster graphics in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, the distinction between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and primarily 3D may use 2D rendering techniques.
3D scanner. This is a device that analyzes a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly color. The collected data can then be used to construct digital, three dimensional models useful for a wide variety of applications.
A
Aberration. Optically, defocus refers to a translation along the optical axis away from the plane or surface of best focus. In general, defocus reduces the sharpness and contrast of the image. What should be sharp, high-contrast edges in a scene become gradual transitions.
or algebraic error. The algebraic distance from a point to a curve or surface defined by is the value of , i.e. the residual in the least squares problem with data point and model function . This term is mainly used in computer vision.
Aperture. In context of photography or machine vision, aperture refers to the diameter of the aperture stop of a photographic lens. The aperture stop can be adjusted to control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor.
aspect ratio (image). The aspect ratio of an image is its displayed width divided by its height (usually expressed as "x:y").
Angular resolution. Describes the resolving power of any image forming device such as an optical or radio telescope, a microscope, a camera, or an eye.
Automated optical inspection.
B
Barcode. A barcode (also bar code) is a machine-readable representation of information in a visual format on a surface.
Blob discovery. Inspecting an image for discrete blobs of connected pixels (e.g. a black hole in a grey object) as image landmarks. These blobs frequently represent optical targets for machining, robotic capture, or manufacturing failure.
Bitmap. A raster graphics image, digital image, or bitmap, is a data file or structure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of color, on a computer monitor, paper, or other display device.
C
Camera. A camera is a device used to take pictures, either singly or in sequence. A camera that takes pictures singly is sometimes called a photo camera to distinguish it from a video camera.
Camera Link. Camera Link is a serial communication protocol designed for computer vision applications based on the National Semiconductor interface Channel-link. It was designed for the purpose of standardizing scientific and industrial video products including cameras, cables and frame grabbers. The standard is maintained and administered by the Automated Imaging Association, or AIA, the global machine vision industry's trade group.
Charge-coupled device. A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a sensor for recording images, consisting of an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. CCD sensors and cameras tend to be more sensitive, less noisy, and more expensive than CMOS sensors and cameras.
CIE 1931 Color Space. In the study of the perception of color, one of the first mathematically defined color spaces was the CIE XYZ color space (also known as CIE 1931 color space), created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931.
CMOS. CMOS ("see-moss")stands for complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, is a major class of integrated circuits. CMOS imaging sensors for machine vision are cheaper than CCD sensors but more noisy.
CoaXPress. CoaXPress (CXP) is an asymmetric high speed serial communication standard over coaxial cable. CoaXPress combines high speed image data, low speed camera control and power over a single coaxial cable. The standard is maintained by JIIA, the Japan Industrial Imaging Association.
Color. The perception of the frequency (or wavelength) of light, and can be compared to how pitch (or a musical note) is the perception of the frequency or wavelength of sound.
Color blindness. Also known as color vision deficiency, in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish
Color temperature. "White light" is commonly described by its color temperature. A traditional incandescent light source's color temperature is determined by comparing its hue with a theoretical, heated black-body radiator. The lamp's color temperature is the temperature in kelvins at which the heated black-body radiator matches the hue of the lamp.
Color vision. CV is the capacity of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect or emit.
computer vision. The study and application of methods which allow computers to "understand" image content.
Contrast. In visual perception, contrast is the difference in visual properties that makes an object (or its representation in an image) distinguishable from other objects and the background.
C-Mount. Standardized adapter for optical lenses on CCD - cameras. C-Mount lenses have a back focal distance 17.5 mm vs. 12.5 mm for "CS-mount" lenses. A C-Mount lens can be used on a CS-Mount camera through the use of a 5 mm extension adapter. C-mount is a 1" diameter, 32 threads per inch mounting thread (1"-32UN-2A.)
CS-Mount. Same as C-Mount but the focal point is 5 mm shorter. A CS-Mount lens will not work on a C-Mount camera. CS-mount is a 1" diameter, 32 threads per inch mounting thread.
D
Data matrix. A two dimensional Barcode.
Depth of field. In optics, particularly photography and machine vision, the depth of field (DOF) is the distance in front of and behind the subject which appears to be in focus.
Depth perception. DP is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. It is a trait common to many higher animals. Depth perception allows the beholder to accurately gauge the distance to an object.
Diaphragm. In optics, a diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening (aperture) at its centre. The role of the diaphragm is to stop the passage of light, except for the light passing through the aperture.
E
Edge detection. ED marks the points in a digital image at which the luminous intensity changes sharply. It also marks the points of luminous intensity changes of an object or spatial-taxon silhouette.
Electromagnetic interference. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by electrical circuits carrying rapidly changing signals, as a by-product of their normal operation, and which causes unwanted signals (interference or noise) to be induced in other circuits.
F
FireWire. FireWire (also known as i. Link or IEEE 1394) is a personal computer (and digital audio/video) serial bus interface standard, offering high-speed communications. It is often used as an interface for industrial cameras.
Fixed-pattern noise.
Flat-field correction.
Frame grabber. An electronic device that captures individual, digital still frames from an analog video signal or a digital video stream.
Fringe Projection Technique. 3D data acquisition technique employing projector displaying fringe pattern on a surface of measured piece, and one or more cameras recording image(s).
Field of view. The field of view (FOV) is the part which can be seen by the machine vision system at one moment. The field of view depends from the lens of the system and from the working distance between object and camera.
Focus. An image, or image point or region, is said to be in focus if light from object points is converged about as well as possible in the image; conversely, it is out of focus if light is not well converged. The border between these conditions is sometimes defined via a circle of confusion criterion.
G
Gamut. In color reproduction, including computer graphics and photography, the gamut, or color gamut , is a certain complete subset of colors.
Grayscale. A grayscale digital image is an image in which the value of each pixel is a single sample. Displayed images of this sort are typically composed of shades of gray, varying from black at the weakest intensity to white at the strongest, though in principle the samples could be displayed as shades of any color, or even coded with various colors for different intensities.
GUI. A graphical user interface (or GUI, sometimes pronounced "gooey") is a method of interacting with a computer through a metaphor of direct manipulation of graphical images and widgets in addition to text.
H
Histogram. In statistics, a histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies. A histogram is the graphical version of a table which shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several or many specified categories. The histogram differs from a bar chart in that it is the area of the bar that denotes the value, not the height, a crucial distinction when the categories are not of uniform width (Lancaster, 1974). The categories are usually specified as non-overlapping intervals of some variable. The categories (bars) must be adjacent.
Histogram (Color). In computer graphics and photography, a color histogram is a representation of the distribution of colors in an image, derived by counting the number of pixels of each of given set of color ranges in a typically two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) color space. A histogram is a standard statistical description of a distribution in terms of occurrence frequencies of different event classes; for color, the event classes are regions in color space.
HSV color space. The HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) model, also called HSB (Hue, Saturation, Brightness), defines a color space in terms of three constituent components:
Hue, the color type (such as red, blue, or yellow)
Saturation, the "vibrancy" of the color and colorimetric purity
Value, the brightness of the color
I
Image file formats. Image file formats provide a standardized method of organizing and storing image data. This article deals with digital image formats used to store photographic and other image information. Image files are made up of either pixel or vector (geometric) data, which is rasterized to pixels in the display process, with a few exceptions in vector graphic display. The pixels that make up an image are in the form of a grid of columns and rows. Each of the pixels in an image stores digital numbers representing brightness and color.
Image segmentation.
Infrared imaging. See Thermographic camera.
Incandescent light bulb. An incandescent light bulb generates light using a glowing filament heated to white-hot by an electric current.
J
JPEG. JPEG (pronounced jay-peg) is a most commonly used standard method of lossy compression for photographic images.
K
Kell factor. It is a parameter used to determine the effective resolution of a discrete display device.
L
Laser. In physics, a laser is a device that emits light through a specific mechanism for which the term laser is an acronym: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
Lens. A lens is a device that causes light to either converge and concentrate or to diverge, usually formed from a piece of shaped glass. Lenses may be combined to form more complex optical systems as a Normal lens or a Telephoto lens.
Lens Controller. A lens controller is a device used to control a motorized (ZFI) lens. Lens controllers may be internal to a camera, a set of switches used manually, or a sophisticated device that allows control of a lens with a computer.
Lighting. Lighting refers to either artificial light sources such as lamps or to natural illumination.
M
Metrology. Metrology is the science of measurement. There are many applications for machine vision in metrology.
machine vision. MV is the application of computer vision to industry and manufacturing.
Motion perception. MP is the process of inferring the speed and direction of objects and surfaces that move in a visual scene given some visual input.
N
Neural network. A NN is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that uses a mathematical or computational model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network.
Normal lens. In machine vision a normal or entrocentric lens is a lens that generates images that are generally held to have a "natural" perspective compared with lenses with longer or shorter focal lengths. Lenses of shorter focal length are called wide-angle lenses, while longer focal length lenses are called telephoto lenses.
O
Optical character recognition. Usually abbreviated to OCR, involves computer software designed to translate images of typewritten text (usually captured by a scanner) into machine-editable text, or to translate pictures of characters into a standard encoding scheme representing them in (ASCII or Unicode).
Optical resolution. Describes the ability of a system to distinguish, detect, and/or record physical details by electromagnetic means. The system may be imaging (e.g., a camera) or non-imaging (e.g., a quad-cell laser detector).
Optical transfer function.
P
Pattern recognition. This is a field within the area of machine learning. Alternatively, it can be defined as the act of taking in raw data and taking an action based on the category of the data. It is a collection of methods for supervised learning.
Pixel. A pixel is one of the many tiny dots that make up the representation of a picture in a computer's memory or screen.
Pixelation. In computer graphics, pixelation is an effect caused by displaying a bitmap or a section of a bitmap at such a large size that individual pixels, small single-colored square display elements that comprise the bitmap, are visible.
Prime lens. Mechanical assembly of lenses whose focal length is fixed, as opposed to a zoom lens, which has a variable focal length.
Q
Q-Factor (Optics). In optics, the Q factor of a resonant cavity is given by
,
where is the resonant frequency, is the stored energy in the cavity, and is the power dissipated. The optical Q is equal to the ratio of the resonant frequency to the bandwidth of the cavity resonance. The average lifetime of a resonant photon in the cavity is proportional to the cavity's Q. If the Q factor of a laser's cavity is abruptly changed from a low value to a high one, the laser will emit a pulse of light that is much more intense than the laser's normal continuous output. This technique is known as Q-switching.
R
Region of interest. A Region of Interest, often abbreviated ROI, is a selected subset of samples within a dataset identified for a particular purpose.
RGB. The RGB color model utilizes the additive model in which red, green, and blue light are combined in various ways to create other colors.
ROI. See Region of Interest.
Foreground, figure and objects. See also spatial-taxon.
S
S-video. Separate video, abbreviated S-Video and also known as Y/C (or erroneously, S-VHS and "super video") is an analog video signal that carries the video data as two separate signals (brightness and color), unlike composite video which carries the entire set of signals in one signal line. S-Video, as most commonly implemented, carries high-bandwidth 480i or 576i resolution video, i.e. standard-definition video. It does not carry audio on the same cable.
Scheimpflug principle.
Shutter. A shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time, for the purpose of exposing the image sensor to the right amount of light to create a permanent image of a view.
Shutter speed. In machine vision the shutter speed is the time for which the shutter is held open during the taking an image to allow light to reach the imaging sensor. In combination with variation of the lens aperture, this regulates how much light the imaging sensor in a digital camera will receive.
Smart camera. A smart camera is an integrated machine vision system which, in addition to image capture circuitry, includes a processor, which can extract information from images without need for an external processing unit, and interface devices used to make results available to other devices.
Spatial-Taxon. Spatial-taxons are information granules, composed of non-mutually exclusive pixel regions, within scene architecture. They are similar to the Gestalt psychological designation of figure-ground, but are extended to include foreground, object groups, objects and salient object parts.
Structured-light 3D scanner. The process of projecting a known pattern of illumination (often grids or horizontal bars) on to a scene. The way that these patterns appear to deform when striking surfaces allows vision systems to calculate the depth and surface information of the objects in the scene.
SVGA. Super Video Graphics Array, almost always abbreviated to Super VGA or just SVGA is a broad term that covers a wide range of computer display standards.
T
Telecentric lens. Compound lens with an unusual property concerning its geometry of image-forming rays. In machine vision systems telecentric lenses are usually employed in order to achieve dimensional and geometric invariance of images within a range of different distances from the lens and across the whole field of view.
Telephoto lens. Lens whose focal length is significantly longer than the focal length of a normal lens.
Thermography. Thermal imaging, a type of Infrared imaging.
TIFF. Tagged Image File Format (abbreviated TIFF) is a file format for mainly storing images, including photographs and line art.
U
USB. Universal Serial Bus (USB) provides a serial bus standard for connecting devices, usually to computers such as PCs, but is also becoming commonplace on cameras.
V
VESA. The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) is an international body, founded in the late 1980s by NEC Home Electronics and eight other video display adapter manufacturers. The initial goal was to produce a standard for 800×600 SVGA resolution video displays. Since then VESA has issued a number of standards, mostly relating to the function of video peripherals in IBM PC compatible computers.
VGA. Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a computer display standard first marketed in 1987 by IBM.
Vision processing unit. A class of microprocessors aimed at accelerating machine vision tasks.
W
Wide-angle lens. In photography and cinematography, a wide-angle lens is a lens whose focal length is shorter than the focal length of a normal lens.
X
X-rays. A form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 to 3000 PHz (1015 hertz). X-rays are primarily used for diagnostic medical and industrial imaging as well as crystallography. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and as such can be dangerous.
Y
Y-cable. A Y-cable or Y cable is an electrical cable containing three ends of which one is a common end that in turn leads to a split into the remaining two ends, resembling the letter "Y". Y-cables are typically, but not necessarily, short (less than 12 inches), and often the ends connect to other cables. Uses may be as simple as splitting one audio or video channel into two, to more complex uses such as splicing signals from a high density computer connector to its appropriate peripheral .
Z
Zoom lens. A mechanical assembly of lenses whose focal length can be changed, as opposed to a prime lens, which has a fixed focal length. See an animation of the zoom principle below.
See also
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Frame grabber
Google Goggles
Machine vision glossary
Morphological image processing
OpenCV
Smart camera
References
Computer vision
Machine vision
Wikipedia glossaries using unordered lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20machine%20vision |
Brett Trevor Holman (born 27 March 1984) is a former Australian professional footballer who last played for Brisbane Roar in the A-League as an attacking midfielder.
Born in Sydney, Holman played youth football for Northern Spirit before making his senior debut for Parramatta Power. He then moved to the Netherlands, where he played for a number of years before moving to Aston Villa in 2012 to play in the English Premier League. Holman moved to the UAE one year later, before returning to Australia to play for Brisbane Roar in 2016.
Holman represented Australia over 60 times between 2006 and 2013, scoring eight goals. This included goals at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. He had previously represented Australia several times at youth level, including travelling to the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship.
Early life
Brett Holman was born in Bankstown, Sydney. He grew up in the Sydney suburb of Croydon Park. He attended Christian Brothers High School in Lewisham. He played junior football for the Enfield Rovers Soccer Club based in the inner west of Sydney. He left school in late 2000 to pursue his footballing career, signing with the Parramatta Power.
Club career
Holman played for Northern Spirit and Parramatta Power in Australia before moving to Dutch football club Feyenoord in 2002.
Once in the Netherlands he played for SBV Excelsior on loan before NEC Nijmegen signed him in 2006.
On 7 April 2007 Holman scored two goals for NEC Nijmegen against Eredivisie leaders, PSV Eindhoven. He was named man of the match, as NEC Nijmegen won 2–1. He was signed by AZ Alkmaar manager Louis van Gaal in the European summer of 2008 for €3m.
On 1 November 2008 Holman scored his first goal for AZ Alkmaar in a 3–3 away draw against SC Heerenveen at the Abe Lenstra Stadion in Heerenveen after coming on as a second-half replacement for Nick van der Velden.
During most of the AZ Alkmaar's title-winning 2008–2009 Eredivisie season Holman struggled for starting opportunities and at the end of the campaign was rumoured to be on his way out at the club. However, he was retained and was given more playing time under the new manager.
Under Dick Advocaat Holman has been given substantially more game time, including a number of appearances in the UEFA Europa League. On matchday 6, Holman impressed in AZ Alkmaar's 1–1 draw against Standard Liège.
Aston Villa
In March 2012, Holman signed a pre-contract agreement with Aston Villa, to join the club when his AZ contract expired that summer.
On 1 July 2012, Holman officially became an Aston Villa player. On 14 July Holman scored on his debut, in a 2–1 victory against Burton Albion in the first match of pre-season. He then scored his second goal for Villa in another pre-season match, this time against Peterborough United in a 2–0 victory on 1 August 2012. On 1 December 2012, Holman scored his first league goal away at QPR. He then followed this up with his first League Cup goal for Villa, scoring the first of four in a 4–1 victory over Norwich City in the quarter-finals.
On 21 June 2013, he was released by mutual consent at the end of the 2012–13 season. He then joined Al Nasr in Dubai, signing a two-year contract.
Brisbane Roar
On 1 September 2016, it was confirmed that he had signed for Brisbane Roar in the A-League on a 2-year deal where he will be paid within the cap in the first year and as marquee in the second year.
In November 2021, Holman won a legal battle against Brisbane Roar over insurance money the club withheld when he suffered a career-ending injury, with the Roar ordered to pay Holman $369,433.26 for an insurance payout, $41,815 in interest, as well as covering his court costs.
International career
Holman made his international debut for Australia in 2006 against Bahrain.
On 19 June 2010, Holman scored the opening goal against Ghana at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa in a 1–1 draw, following up from a Marco Bresciano free kick. On 24 June 2010, he then scored the second goal in the final group stage match against Serbia with a swerving 25-yard drive. On 10 January 2011, Holman scored the third goal in Australia's 4–0 win over India in the Asian Cup. Holman scored a crucial equaliser for Australia against Oman in Sydney on 26 March 2013 in a World Cup Qualifier.
On 30 April 2014, Holman announced his retirement from international football.
Career statistics
Club
International
International goals
Honours
AZ
Eredivisie: 2008–09
Dutch Super Cup: 2009
Al-Nasr
UAE League Cup: 2014–15
UAE President's Cup: 2014–15
Australia
OFC U-17 Championship: 2001
Individual
FFA Male Footballer of the Year: 2012
See also
List of Australia international soccer players with over 50 caps
List of foreign football players in the Netherlands
List of foreign Premier League players
References
External links
OzFootball profile
1984 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
Parramatta Power SC players
Feyenoord players
Brisbane Roar FC players
Excelsior Rotterdam players
NEC Nijmegen players
AZ Alkmaar players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Al-Nasr SC (Dubai) players
Emirates Club players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Premier League players
Australia men's international soccer players
Olympic soccer players for Australia
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Australian expatriate men's soccer players
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Soccer players from Sydney
2007 AFC Asian Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
A-League Men players
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
UAE Pro League players
Marquee players (A-League Men)
Australian men's soccer players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett%20Holman |
The Power and the Glory is a 1940 novel by Graham Greene.
The Power and the Glory may also refer to:
Film and television
The Power and the Glory (1918 film), a film by Lawrence C. Windom
The Power and the Glory (1933 film), a film starring Spencer Tracy
The Power and the Glory (1941 film), an Australian film
The Power and the Glory, a 1961 American TV film
The Power and the Glory (TV series), a 1992 BBC documentary series
Music
Albums
The Power and the Glory (Bad Ends album) (2023)
The Power and the Glory (Cockney Rejects album) (1981)
The Power and the Glory (Gentle Giant album) (1974)
The Power and the Glory (Jimmy Cliff album) (1983)
Power & the Glory, a 1983 album by Saxon
Songs
"Power and the Glory", a 1964 song by Phil Ochs
"The Power and the Glory", a song by Horslips from The Book of Invasions
"The Power and the Glory", a song by Twisted Sister from You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll
"The Power & the Glory", a 2011 song by White Lies from Ritual
Other uses
Power and Glory, a professional wrestling tag team
"The power and the glory", a phrase from the doxology at the end of the Lord's Prayer
The Power and the Glory, a 1956 play by Denis Cannan
Power and Glory, a 1994 comic book miniseries by Howard Chaykin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Power%20and%20the%20Glory%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Tanya Pointer, also known as Nonchalant ( born October 18, 1973) is an American female rapper, and songwriter from Washington, D.C. who was signed to MCA Records.
Nonchalant is best known as Nassim
for her hit single "5 O'Clock", which peaked at number 24 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was eventually certified gold by the RIAA, for sales of over 500,000 copies. It peaked at number 44 in the UK Singles Chart in June 1996. Her debut album, Until the Day, was released on March 26, 1996, and while it received positive reviews, it failed to match the success of its lead single, reaching number 94 on the US Billboard 200. After her album ran its course, Nonchalant appeared on the song "Keep on Pushin'" from the Dangerous Ground soundtrack alongside fellow rappers MC Lyte, Yo-Yo and Bahamadia. She released a single entitled "Take It There" in 1998, but after it failed to catch on, she was dropped from MCA. Her last appearance was on the Half Baked soundtrack on the song entitled "Flyin'". She largely disappeared from the hip hop circuit by 2001, but returned in 2013 as a DJ.
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
American women rappers
African-American women rappers
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
MCA Records artists
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American women musicians
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century women rappers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonchalant |
The Faculty of Medicine (French: Faculté de médecine) at the University of Ottawa is a bilingual medical school in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada founded in 1945. It is located at a campus centred on Roger-Guindon Hall in the east end of Ottawa and is attached to the Ottawa Hospital's General Campus. The Health Sciences Complex is separate from the downtown University of Ottawa campus.
Undergraduate program
The current undergraduate MD program at the University of Ottawa is a 4-year program accepting about 160 students per year; 44 in the French stream and 116 in the English stream. All courses are offered in both languages and students can attend any course they choose. Exams are written in either language.
The undergraduate MD curriculum has recently undergone major changes. The first year for the new curriculum was the 2008-2009 school year. Major changes include a more global teaching system with 1 cumulative exam per semester, the restrictions of classes to the hours between 8 am and noon to allow students to complete more elective experiences as well as the institution of Self-Learning Modules (SLM) which the student complete on their own time outside of class.
The undergraduate medical society is known as the Aesculapian Society.
In 2015-16, the medical program introduced the CASPer test, developed by McMaster University Medical School, as part of their admissions process.
Research and graduate programs
The Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine (CMM) is a large dynamic interdisciplinary department consisting of 30 faculty researchers and teaching staff, as well as 63 cross-appointed or adjunct members. It offers graduate programs at the M.Sc and Ph.D. level, as well as post-doctoral training. The department maintains an active and well-funded multi-disciplinary research program for the study of normal and pathological cell function in a variety of physiological systems. Specific faculty research interests include computational biology, cancer, cardiovascular regulation, growth and development, the gastrointestinal system, renal function, obesity and diabetes, pharmacology and neuroscience. CMM was formed from the combined resources of three former departments of the University of Ottawa: Physiology, Pharmacology and Anatomy & Neurobiology. CMM is part of the Ottawa Health Sciences Centre, a medical complex which also includes the Ottawa Hospital (General Campus), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), the Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, (OHRI) Ottawa Health Research Institute (General Campus), the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute.
Teaching hospitals and research affiliations
The medical school is associated with the following teaching hospitals:
The Ottawa Hospital, with Civic, General and Riverside campuses
The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO)
Montfort Hospital
Bruyère Continuing Care
The Faculty is affiliated with several research institutions including:
The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
The Royal Ottawa Health Care Group
University of Ottawa Heart Institute
University of Ottawa Eye Institute
University of Ottawa Institute of Palliative Care
University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research
University of Ottawa Neuroscience Research Institute
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the faculty received a $375,000 grant from the Public Health Agency of Canada's Immunization Partnership Fund to promote COVID-19 vaccines to minority Francophone Canadians.
Notable alumni
Philip Steven Wells MD 1984, clinical hematologist responsible for the internationally renowned Wells' Criteria for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism, through which many emergency departments stratify possibility of DVT and PE.
Wilbert Keon MD 1961, OC OOnt, renowned heart surgeon, first in Canada to transplant artificial heart, founder of the University of Ottawa Heart Institute
Dafydd Williams OC OOnt, Canadian Space Agency astronaut
Robert Elgie, politician and neurosurgeon
Kieran Moore, Chief Medical Officer of Health of Ontario
Notable faculty
Yoni Freedhoff, family physician, founder and medical director of the Bariatric Medical Institute
References
External links
Faculty of Medicine
The Ottawa Hospital Board of Governors
Clinician Investigator Program
Medicine
Ottawa
Universities and colleges established in 1945
1945 establishments in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Ottawa%20Faculty%20of%20Medicine |
Altenberge (Westphalian: Ollenbiärg) is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 15 km south-east of Steinfurt and 15 km north-west of Münster.
Economy
The machine manufacturers Schmitz and Wesseler were founded in Altenberge.
Personalities
Hans Blumenberg (1920-1996) German philosopher
Herbert Vorgrimler (1929-2014) Catholic theologian and author
Theresia Degener (born 1961), law professor in Bochum and one of the most important German activists for the rights of people with disabilities
Pascal Koopmann (born 1990), footballer
References
Steinfurt (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenberge |
Colette Marie Trudeau (born June 17, 1985) is a Canadian born Métis singer-songwriter, best known as a vocalist for the band LiveonRelease.
LiveonRelease
LiveonRelease was founded by Colette Trudeau and Brittin Karroll, who had decided to form an all-female rock band at the age of 15. Colette used the Georgia Straight, an entertainment newspaper in Vancouver, to recruit the rest of the band: Foxx Herst and Leah Emmott. After doing small gigs, the band invited Vancouver rocker Bif Naked to an outdoor show, leading her to sign them to her label "Her Royal Majesty's Records", distributed through Warner Music Canada.
As lead singer, Colette co-wrote their hit single "I'm Afraid of Britney Spears" which appeared in the movie and soundtrack for Dude, Where's My Car?. The band released four music videos on MuchMusic that received heavy rotation, and released two full-length albums. The band toured consistently, covering Canada and the U.S. East Coast, including a showcase in New York at the notorious CBGB's. In 2003, the band split up and Colette decided to pursue a solo career.
Solo career
Colette signed a production deal with Bananatoons Production and SA Track Works, where she has worked with songwriters Sean Hosein, Dane Deviller, Steve Smith, Anthony Anderson, Brian Howes, Davor Vulama and Eddie Schwartz. To date, Colette has had her songs "Freeze", "Stay with me" and "Easier to Miss You" recorded by international artists. As a commercial artist, Colette's voice has been featured in ad campaigns for products such as Motorola, Kia Auto Dealerships and Callaway Park.
Colette's song "I Don't Wanna Know" was added to the rotation on CHUM radio stations across Canada in January 2008, with Colette winning the 'Up and Coming Artist of the Month'. "I Don't Wanna Know" found its way onto multiple radio stations top 20 charts. Colette recruited UBC film students to help her in the creation of the music video.
As a solo artist, Colette has headlined numerous shows in the greater Vancouver area, including performances at festivals, and played with artists such as Hedley and Faber Drive.
As an Aboriginal artist, Colette has had the opportunity to be a featured performer on APTN's My TV. My TV filmed Colette's Vancouver performance at New Music West and was interviewed at Gas Station Studios in Vancouver.
Colette's song "No Friend of Mine" appears on two episodes of "South of Nowhere". "Don't Say Goodbye" was added to the movie The Breakup Artist in 2009. "Freeze" was included in the 2010 release of Dancing Ninja.
In 2010, Colette began working with RockSTAR Music Corp. on her music career. Her self-titled debut album was released through her MySpace Tuesday, June 29, 2010. She is now a member of EDM band Red City.
External links
Colette's MySpace Page
Colette's PureVolume Page
1985 births
Living people
Canadian rock musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette%20Trudeau |
The Global Buddhist Network (GBN), previously known as the Dhammakaya Media Channel (DMC) is a Thai online television channel concerned with Buddhism. The channel's taglines were "The secrets of life revealed" and "The only one", but these were later replaced by "Channel for the path to the cessation of suffering and attainment of Dhamma". The channel features many types of programs with Buddhist content, and has programs in several languages.
The channel started in 2002, as a means to reach remote provinces in Thailand. Controversially, the channel made international headlines in 2012 when it featured a teaching on the afterlife of Steve Jobs. On 26 December 2016, Thai authorities withdrew the permit for the satellite channel permanently, during the legal investigations into the temple by the Thai junta. In April 2017, it was reported, however, that the channel's programming had continued, but broadcast through the Internet only. In its online format, the channel has been renamed Global Buddhist Network.
Background
DMC started in 2002. The channel was owned by the Dhamma Research for Environment Foundation, part of the temple Wat Phra Dhammakaya. The channel was founded to provide an alternative to the many distractions that surround people in modern life, which lure "people into doing immoral things", as stated by Phra Somsak Piyasilo, spokesperson of the organization. The channel originated from an initiative in 2001 when people living in the far provinces of Thailand wanted to listen to the teachings of the temple. The temple therefore provided live teachings through a thousand public telephone lines, through which people could follow the activities. The telephone lines had many restrictions in use, and the temple started to broadcast through a satellite television channel instead. Later, in 2005, the temple developed an online counterpart to the channel.
The channel is managed by Phra Maha Nopon Puññajayo, who supervises a team of thirty volunteers. Previously, it was known by the pun 'the Dhamma satellite' (). The channel was one of the first widely spread satellite channels in Thailand, described as a form of "positive television" (). The channel's taglines were "The secrets of life revealed" and "The only one". Although the channel broadcasts over thirty different programs, the soap operas with Buddhist content have been most awarded: in 2008, the channel received an award from the Society for Positive Television in Thailand, and in 2010, it received an award from the National Anti-Corruption Commission—both were given for the edifying effects of the channel's soap operas. However, a more general award was also given by the House of Representatives in 2010.
In 2016, the channel was ordered to shut down and its permit eventually withdrawn permanently when the junta cracked down on Wat Phra Dhammakaya during the Klongchan controversy. The channel was later revived in a new digital format, called GBN, short for Global Buddhist Network, which can only be accessed through the Internet.
Programming and availability
The main focus of the channel, as described by the temple, is moral education. It has programs for people of different ages. It broadcasts guided meditations, talks, preaching, songs, documentaries, dramas, live events and cartoons twenty-four hours a day. Songs played on the channel are often parody versions of popular songs, in diverse genres, with Buddhist content. They explain Buddhist customs and pay homage to important teachers. The programming is aimed at different age groups and diverse communities: e.g. there is a cartoon series about the Jātaka tales for children. The most popular program is a broadcast of a teaching called Fan Nai Fan, which also includes a guided meditation. Before the 2016 crackdown by the Thai junta, the channel could be watched or listened to for free through satellite television, Internet, cable and radio. In 2005, it was reported that DMC had a hundred thousand viewers. In 2016, the satellite channel could be received in all continents in the world, except for South America. The channel has programs in Thai, English, French, Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese, Polish, Russian, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Mongolian and Japanese, and other's Etc. language.
The channel was also broadcast in public places like temples, hotels and prisons. It sought cooperation with other Buddhist countries as well: the temple has assisted with establishing a Sri Lankan television channel with Buddhist content called Shraddha TV, for which it has made content available for free and hired Sri Lankans to help translate. For some programs Burmese Abhidhamma teachers were consulted.
Steve Jobs episode
In 2012, the temple broadcast a talk by Luang Por Dhammajayo, the then abbot of Wat Phra Dhammakaya, about what happened to Steve Jobs after his death. The talk came as a response to a software engineer of Apple who had sent a letter with questions to the abbot. Luang Por Dhammajayo described how Steve Jobs looked like in heaven. He said that Jobs had been reborn as a deva (heavenly being) living close to his former offices, as a result of the karma of having given knowledge to people. He was a deva with a creative, but angry temperament. The talk was much criticized, and the abbot was accused of pretending to have attained an advanced meditative state and of attempting to outshine other temples. The temple answered the critics, saying that the talk was meant to illustrate principles of karma, not to defame Jobs, nor to fake an advanced state.
Critics such as Phra Paisal Visalo and religion scholar Surapot Taweesak pressed the Supreme Sangha Council, who leads the monastic community in Thailand, to investigate further as to whether Luang Por Dhammajayo had fraudulent intentions. Surapot, known for his libertarian views on separation of religion and state, was criticized by sociologist Kengkit Kitirianglap and others, however, for abandoning his libertarian position. With regard to the teaching about Steve Jobs, Kengkit argued that the state, of which the council is part, should not get involved in what is "true Buddhism" and what is not. Surapot replied that urging the council to crack down on Luang Por Dhammajayo does not go against democratic principles, because the monastic discipline applies to all monks equally.
Shutdown
In 2014, Wat Phra Dhammakaya came under scrutiny under the new military junta and in 2015 was implicated in the Klongchan controversy. 11.37 billion baht ($3.6M, €2.9M or £2.6M, ) was allegedly embezzled from the Klongchan Credit Union Cooperative, in which a portion totaling over one billion baht was found to have been given to the temple via public donations. The investigations resulted in several failed raids on the temple and the channel was ordered to shut down for thirty days, authorities citing that the channel was used to mobilize people to resist a possible arrest of the former abbot, as people had done during the first raid. The temple appealed to a higher court, denying the accusations and stating that insufficient evidence had been provided. The temple further described the shutdown as an infringement of human rights.
The channel's broadcast permit was permanently withdrawn the same month, on 26 December. Critics compared the shutdown with the military crackdown during the 1992 Black May protest, news outlet Bangkok Post criticizing the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission for "operating outside the courts and justice system". The online channel was still available. Despite the channel being shut down, Thai Rath and other main media outlets have continued to broadcast the temple's ceremonies. The temple has stated that the number of people joining ceremonies has increased since the shutdown, people showing sympathy with the temple and the satellite channel.
Revival and aftermath
On 24 April 2017, a host of the Inside Thailand program on Spring News noticed a revival of the Dhammakaya Media Channel through a new digital format, called GBN, short for Global Buddhist Network. The new tagline of the channel was "Channel for the path to the cessation of suffering and attainment of Dhamma". The channel could be received through the Internet only, and featured very similar contents as before, although the temple's spokesperson assured there would be no further attempts at mobilizing people. Thus, the channel continued in online formats only, through a website and a separate online broadcast. the website ranked 674th of all Thai websites on the Alexa ranking.
The closing down of DMC was not the last time that the junta decided to impose sanctions against a media outlet. In March 2017, the junta closed down Voice TV for seven days, after the channel criticized the martial law imposed on Wat Phra Dhammakaya during the junta's crackdown. And in August the same year, Peace TV was also closed down for a month, the junta citing "it broke the rules of the NCPO". Some reports related this to a policy of removing former PM Thaksin's influence, a policy which has also been connected with Wat Phra Dhammakaya.
See also
The Buddhist (TV channel)
Shraddha TV
Lord Buddha TV
Notes
References
External links
GBN on Youtube, official channel
Buddhist media
Buddhist television
Defunct television networks
Television stations in Thailand
Television channels and stations established in 2002
2002 establishments in Thailand
2016 disestablishments in Thailand
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2016
Streaming television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Buddhist%20Network |
Le Click was a German Eurodance duo. The duo consisted of Swedish/Nigerian singer Kayo Shekoni and rapper/singer Robert Haynes.
Career
Their U.S. chart debut was in 1995 with "Tonight Is the Night" (which featured La Bouche's Melanie Thornton on vocals and was included on the double platinum-selling U.S. edition of La Bouche's debut album Sweet Dreams). They had another hit in 1997 with the single "Call Me", which climbed to number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as number 4 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. The track reached number 38 in the UK Singles Chart. Its follow-up, "Don't Go" peaked at number 62 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 19 on the Billboard Dance Club Play Chart. Their album, Tonight Is the Night peaked at number 49 on the Heatseekers chart.
The lead singer Shekoni was already an established artist in her native Sweden, and has since gone on to have a successful television career. She has released two solo albums and many hit singles in Sweden, both in either English or Swedish. In 1998, she released the single "If I Can't Have You" with LFO. Shekoni was the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest 2002 entrant with the group Afro-dite. Her most recent English single was released in 2006 on Redlox Music titled, "(If It Makes You) Feel Good".
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Music video
References
External links
- Kayo's official website
The Eurodance Encyclopaedia - Le Click
German dance music groups
German Eurodance groups
German musical duos
Musical groups from Frankfurt
English-language singers from Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Click |
Anna-Karin Kammerling (born 19 October 1980) is a world-record breaking Swedish former swimmer, who was born in Malmö, Sweden.
Kammerling has twice lowered the world record in the 50-meter butterfly event. In 2000, she was a member of the 4×100 m freestyle team that were awarded bronze medals during the Summer Olympics.
Personal bests
Long course (50 m)
Short course (25 m)
Swimming events
Notes:
World-best performance.
World record.
Clubs
Bollnäs SS
Söderhamns SS
Sundsvalls SS
References
External links
Biography at FINA
1980 births
Living people
Swedish female butterfly swimmers
Swedish female freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Sweden
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
World record setters in swimming
People from Bollnäs
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Mid Sweden University alumni
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Bollnäs SS swimmers
Söderhamns SS swimmers
Sundsvalls SS swimmers
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Malmö
21st-century Swedish women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna-Karin%20Kammerling |
Hopsten is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 15 km northeast of Rheine and 25 km southeast of Lingen.
People
Bernhard Otte (1883-1933), politician and trade union leader
Franz-Josef Kemper (born 1945), athlete
Gallery
References
Steinfurt (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopsten |
A personal web server (PWS) is system of hardware and software that is designed to create and manage a web server on a desktop computer. It can be used to learn how to set up and administer a website, and it can also serve as a site for testing dynamic web pages. One of the main functions of PWS is to provide an environment where web programmers can test their programs and web pages. Therefore, a PWS supports the more common server-side programming approaches that can be used with production web servers.
A personal web server, or personal server in short, allows users to store, selectively share, or publish information on the web or on a home network. Unlike other types of web servers, a personal web server is owned or controlled by an individual, and operated for the individual's needs, instead of by a company. It can be implemented in different ways:
as a computer appliance
as a general-purpose server, such as a Linux server, which may be located at the owner's home or in a data center
in a shared hosting model, where several users share one physical server by means of virtualization, or virtual hosting.
as one feature of a computer that is otherwise also used for other purposes.
A personal web server is conceptually the opposite of a web server, or website, operated by third parties, in a software as a service (SaaS) or cloud model.
Advantages
Privacy: as the personal server is owned by the individual that derives the main benefit from it, they are in control of who else may access information on the server
Autonomy: the owner of the personal server decides which applications to run on the server, whom to allow access to, when to upgrade, etc.
Hackability: the owner of the personal server can configure and change any aspect of the personal server
Disadvantages
Administration overhead: the owner of the server is responsible for system administration
Higher power consumption: the power consumed per user is higher, on average, than in a model where many users use the same server, such as in the SaaS/cloud model.
Poor scalability: the server may function poorly or crash if its resources are heavily accessed
See also
Comparison of web server software
Microsoft Personal Web Server
References
Home servers
Web server software
Web 1.0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20web%20server |
Kimeru (most often written either in Romaji (Kimeru) or with Katakana (キメル), but has been written as きめる (Hiragana) and (決める) (Kanji), born June 17, 1980) is a Japanese pop musician, singer, and stage actor. He is most famous for his work with The Prince of Tennis. He adopted the stage name Kimeru, which means "to decide" in Japanese, before debuting. Kimeru's birth name has never been announced publicly. Starting from 2018 onward, with the release of his 16th single "go forward", the singer's name is now stylized as KIMERU.
Biography
Before musical career
Born June 17, 1980 in Kumamoto-ken in Japan, after graduating from high school, he originally became a mailman, but later decided to pursue a career as a singer.
2001/2002
On December 5, 2001 Kimeru released his first single, "You Got Game?" with Absolute Productions/Birdie House Inc. The song was used as the first ending song for the anime テニスの王子様 (The Prince of Tennis, commonly called "TeniPuri" or "AniPuri"), which was based on a manga by the same name created by Takeshi Konomi. He followed up this release one year later with "Make You Free", which was also used as an opening song for later episodes of TeniPuri.
2003/2004
In the spring of 2003, Kimeru originated the role of Shusuke Fuji, the prodigy of Seigaku Middle School's tennis club, in The Prince of Tennis musical production series (commonly called Tenimyu), and understudied the lead role of Ryoma Echizen. The rising popularity of the musical brought rising popularity to his music, and on November 27, 2003 Kimeru released his first mini-album, The Beginning. Kimeru would sing "You Got Game?" at the end of each show for three of the musicals (the first musical, Remarkable 1st Match Fudomine, and Side Fudomine), and "Make You Free" for Dream Live 1st.
The end of 2003 also brought tragedy to Tenimyu. Less than two weeks before the second musical of the series, Remarkable 1st Match Fudomine, the lead actor cast for the main role of Echizen, Kotaro Yanagi, was struck by a car and was in critical condition for some months. Because the musical's rehearsals were well underway and performance dates already set, Kimeru had to step up into the role. Takashi Nagayama (who was playing the role of Eiji Kikumaru) filled in as Fuji, and Yamazaki Ichitaro (who had left the series) came back as Kikumaru. Kimeru was struck so hard by his friend's accident that when he released his third single, "OVERLAP" (a theme song for the anime Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters), he also dedicated its coupling song, "Oath in the Storm", to Yanagi. Kimeru returned to his role of Fuji when Yuya Endo was brought in as the new Echizen (Nagayama went back to Kikumaru as well, and Ichitaro permanently left). A small joke about Kimeru playing Echizen was added in Dream Live 1st.
In late April/early May 2004, Kimeru went on his very first tour, "OVERLAP". With only three dates (one in Nagoya, Osaka, and Tokyo), it was his stepping stone into real touring as a professional singer. On August 25, 2004 he released his fourth single, "Be Shiny", as well as his first DVD with live footage and music videos. To celebrate the release of his new material, he went on another tour in September and November 2004.
2005
At the beginning of 2005, for his last show in Tenmiyu - Side Fudomine - Kimeru was reunited with a recovered Kotaro Yanagi, who would share the role of Echizen with Endo. Kimeru's role of Fuji would be carried on by Hiroki Aiba, Yuuta Furukawa, Hashimoto Taito, Ryou Mitsuya and Yusuke Yata. Not losing any steam, Kimeru released his fifth single "The Pleasure of Love", as well as toured yet again, adding two new stops to his route (Sendai & Fukuoka). Kimeru's popularity was growing, and on May 21, 2005, he performed in his first seated live house (Shibuya Public Hall in Tokyo). This live was later released on DVD.
In the summer of 2005 Kimeru was officially signed onto the Nippon Crown (Crown Records) label under "Crown Gold". Being signed onto a larger and more well-known label proved beneficial for Kimeru, and with the release of his sixth single "Answer Will Come", he put on his special Kimeru-Land Summer Eruption 2005 tour, complete with games and selling of old merchandise. He added an extra stop in Hiroshima as well as performed on two different days for Nagoya and Tokyo.
Winter of 2005 brought even more success to Kimeru. After the release of his seventh single, "Love Bites", he released his first ever full-length album, Glorious. He later released a piano score for the album.
2006
At the start of 2006, Kimeru departed on another tour to promote Glorious, kicking off at the Kouseinunkin Hall in Tokyo on New Years Day, and hand-signing over 1000 posters that would be given out to each attendee. Kimeru was also rewarded the "Rookie of the Year" award from Nippon Crown.
Spring of 2006 proved a busy time for Kimeru. While his regular radio show "Kimeruのキラキラ☆レコーディング (Kimeru no KiraKira*Recording)" ended, Kimeru became a regular guest on shows for bayFM, FM Fukuoka and FM Kumamoto. He also sang the song "Style", the ending song for the new anime "Musashi", created by Monkey Punch, as well as released his new single "恋のパフォーマンス: To Be with You (Koi no Performance ~To Be with You~") and his DVD Glorious Films, a recording of his glorious tour. Somehow in the midst of all his work, Kimeru toured once again, holding a special live in Tokyo on April 19 (the day of his new single's release), and ending his tour in Tokyo again. He also released his first photobook, Prince of New Noble Glam Rock, through pia and R&R Newsmaker.
On April 24, 2006, Kimeru announced that he would be making his first ever live appearance overseas in China. His visit resulted after his fans in China continuously mailed letters and presents to a place in Beijing called the "Japanese Music Information Center (JAMIC)". After some consultations, it was finally decided that Kimeru would visit both Beijing and Chongqing. This was incredible news, and a big step in Kimeru's career.
Upon arriving in China, he was greeted by a mass of fans waiting for him outside the airport. During his entire visit, he was completely overwhelmed with the amount of support he received, and was very surprised when his name appeared in "Cool-kei Ongaku", a magazine for Japanese and Korean artists, ranking 9th in Individual Male Performers, among huge acts like Hyde, Yamapi, and other famous acts.
On July 22, 2006, the Kimeru-Land Summer Dream 2006 event struck Tokyo. Along with a mass of goods (both new and old) and various games Kimeru-Land provided to the concert goers, Kimeru put on a grueling 4 hour concert, singing every one of the songs he had previously released, including songs he's only ever sang live, re-mixes and acoustic versions of some songs, and one new song. Kimeru also had Yoshinori Sugimoto, former guitarist and founder of the J-Rock band Waive, as a special guest (Sugimoto was the producer for "Style").
Kimeru performed with Uverworld and Undergraph on R&R's MIX UP! event August 16, which shortly was followed with the announcement of his next single "Timeless", along with his next tour, Kimeru Tour 2006 "Starry & Timeless". Anticipation rose for the single when Kimeru announced the PV for Timeless would feature some of his old castmates from Tenimyu: Sota Aoyama (Sadaharu Inui), Eiji Takigawa (Kunimitsu Tezuka), and Naoya Gomoto (Kaoru Kaidoh). Kai Asami was also announced to be a part of the PV. In addition to this, Kimeru was delighted to announce a stop in Kumamoto during his tour, his first time performing in his home town.
From October 2 - October 6, Kimeru was featured in the famous "J Pop Cafe" in Shibuya, Tokyo. The cafe features various JPop artists, and serves food and drink inspired by the artist. Fans can sit at the cafe and enjoy watching some of the artist's music videos and listen to their music. The Cafe opened only months before it featured the popular Japanese band L'Arc-en-Ciel.
When "Timeless" was finally released on October 4, the announcement was made about Kimeru's next single, featuring a collaboration between him and popular musician Daisuke Asakura. Known as DA to most of his fans, most people know him from either his work with the popular anime series Gravitation, or from producing many songs for the singer T.M.Revolution. The new release, called "Starry Heavens", was set for release just one month after "Timeless".
During Dream Live 3rd concert of TeniMyu, Kimeru, Endo, and Nagayama went to see Yanagi when he was graduating from his role of Ryoma Echizen.
2007
At the beginning of 2007, Kimeru released his much anticipated 2nd album, Galaxy Kiss. The album featured collaborations with SOPHIA, Soul'd Out, as well as the return of Daisuke Asakura. Shortly after the release of the album, Kimeru performed at his second "Ark" special celebrating his 5th Anniversary.
Continuing with the theme of his 5th Anniversary, Kimeru announced tour dates for his 2007 Spring tour, which included special dates for a free screening of a special Timeless DVD as well as a special acoustic live for his fanclub members. Also included were dates for a regular tour, Kimeru 5th Anniversary Tour 2007 "Radiant-spring". Along with all his touring, Kimeru released his 11th single, "With You", which was produced by Tetsuya Komuro, who has worked with such acts as BoA, Backstreet Boys, and Ryuichi Sakamoto.
Taking a small break from his singing, Kimeru returned to the stage to star as the title role in the musical Pippin. He shared the role with his Tenimyu replacement, Hiroki Aiba.
2008
Kimeru released one single titled "Koishite Kimeru!", which was produced and featured Rolly Teranishi. He has also released self-titled album, which contains 13 songs. On July, Kimeru reprised his role in Pippin once again. On November 26, he released a new mini album entitled Shi Ru Be internationally.
2009
Kimeru once again returned to the stage to star in the musical Titanic. He also released a new album, entitled Discover, on his birthday.
2010
Kimeru returned to his role as Shusuke Fuji and reunite with the 1st generation Seigaku cast to perform in Tenimyu's Dream Live 7th.
2011
Kimeru performed at the Anisama in Shanghai Only One concert, 19 February, which was held at the Shanghai Grand Stage. He then took part in another stage play called Shounen Hollywood, which co-starred fellow TeniMyu cast member Takashi Nagayama.
2013
Kimeru was a guest at Tenimyu's Dream Live 2013, 10 year anniversary. There he sang "You Got Game".
2018
In February it was announced that Kimeru, now written as KIMERU, would perform the second opening theme of the Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS anime, named "Go Forward". This was his second work for the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" anime. The song debuted on TV on 11 April 2018, and the single was released in two different types on May 30, 2018. Type-A is anime jacket edition, Type-B is artist jacket edition.
2019
KIMERU released two new works: on March 13 his new mini album, "Liar", which contained "Go Forward" and 6 new songs. In April he was chosen to perform the third opening of the Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS anime, titled "Calling". The song debuted on TV on 22 May 2019; a single for the song was released on 10 July 2019.
Discography
Singles
Albums
DVDS
Tour history
Oneman Live "The Beginning"
December 6, 2003 - Harajuku Ruido 1st, Tokyo
Live "Overlap"
March 23, 2004 - Shibuya O-West, Tokyo
Kimeru Tour 2004 "Overlap"
April 24, 2004 - Ell.Fits All, Nagoya
April 25, 2004 - Osaka Muse, Osaka
May 5, 2004 - Shibuya O-East, Tokyo
Kimeru Tour 2004 "Be Shiny"
September 4, 2004 - E.L.L., Nagoya
September 5, 2004 - Big Cat, Osaka
September 11, 2004 - Shibuya O-East, Tokyo
November 3, 2004 - Shibuya-AX, Tokyo
November 7, 2004 - E.L.L., Nagoya
November 14 - Big Cat, Osaka
Kimeru Tout 2005 "Pleasure!"
February 27, 2005 - Shibuya-AX, Tokyo
March 5, 2005 - Ma.Ca.Na, Sendai
March 12, 2005 - E.L.L., Nagoya
March 13, 2005 - Big Cat, Osaka
March 21, 2005 - Drum Be-1, Fukuoka
K's Ark 2005
May 21, 2005 - Shibuya Public Hall, Tokyo
Kimeru-Land Summer Eruption 2005
August 6, 2005 - Drum Be-1, Fukuoka
August 7, 2005 - Namikijan Kushon, Hiroshima
August 13, 2005 - Big Cat, Osaka
August 20, 2005 - Shibuya-AX, Tokyo
August 21, 2005 - Shibuya-AX, Tokyo
August 28, 2005 - Club Junk Box, Sendai
September 3, 2005 - E.L.L., Nagoya
September 4, 2005 - E.L.L., Nagoya
Kimeru Tour 2006 "Glorious"
January 2, 2006 - Kouseinunkin Hall, Tokyo (New Years Special)
January 9, 2006 - Big Cat, Osaka
January 14, 2006 - Diamond Hall, Nagoya
January 21, 2006 - Club Junkbox, Sendai
January 22, 2006 - Club Junkbox, Niigata
January 28, 2006 - Namiki Junction, Hiroshima
January 29, 2006 - Drum Be-1, Fukuoka
Kimeru Tour 2006 "Beat Performance
April 19, 2006 - O-West, Tokyo (Release Special)
April 30, 2006 - Drum Logos, Fukuoka
May 1, 2006 - Namiki Junction, Hiroshima
May 3, 2006 - Big Cat, Osaka
May 4, 2006 - Diamond Hall, Nagoya
May 7, 2006 - Club Junk Box, Sendai
May 14, 2006 - Club Junk Box, Niigata
May 28, 2006 - Tokyo International Forum Hall C, Tokyo
Kimeru-Land Summer Dream 2006
July 22, 2006 - Shinkiba Studiocast, Tokyo
TSM PresentsR&R Newsmaker "Mix Up!" Vol.1
August 16, 2006 - Shibuya-AX, Tokyo
Dream Sonic 2006
October 29, 2006 - Big Cat, Osaka
Kimeru Tour 2006 "Starry & Timeless"
November 18, 2006 - Diamond Hall, Nagoya
November 19, 2006 - Big Cat, Osaka
November 23, 2006 - Namiki Junction, Hiroshima
November 25, 2006 - Drum Logos, Fukuoka
November 26, 2006 - Drum Be-9, Kumamoto
December 2, 2006 - Club Junk Box, Niigata
December 3, 2006 - Club Junk Box, Sendai
December 16, 2006 - Kouseinunkin Hall, Tokyo
Stage Work
Musicals
Tenimyu: The Prince of Tennis Musical Series (as Shusuke Fuji, Ryoma Echizen u/s)
The Prince of Tennis Musical - Shusuke Fuji (2003)
The Prince of Tennis Musical: Remarkable 1st Match Fudomine - Ryoma Echizen (2003–2004)
The Prince of Tennis Musical: Dream Live 1st - Shusuke Fuji (2004)
The Prince of Tennis Musical: More Than Limit St. Rudolph Gakuen - Shusuke Fuji (2004)
The Prince of Tennis Musical: Side Fudomine ~Special Match~ - Shusuke Fuji (In Winter of 2004-2005)
The Prince of Tennis Musical: Dream Live 7th - Shusuke Fuji (2010)
"The Prince of Tennis Musical": Dream Live 2013 - Shusuke Fuji (2013)
Rock'n Jam Musical
Rock'n Jam Musical I (2004)
Rock'n Jam Musical I - Saien (2005)
Rock'n Jam Musical II (2009)
Rock'n Jam Musical III (2010)
Other works
Pippin - Pippin (2007, shared with Hiroki Aiba)
Titanic - Jim Farrell (2009)
Magdala na Maria 2 - Angela (2009)
Shounen Hollywood - Hiroshi Sakuragi (2011)
Chō Kageki Bakumatsu Rock: Tokugawa Yoshinobu (2014)
Katekyō Hitman REBORN! the STAGE - Lambo (2018)
Katekyō Hitman REBORN! the STAGE -vs. VARIA part I- - Lambo (2019)
Katekyō Hitman REBORN! the STAGE -vs. VARIA part II- - Lambo (2020)
References
External links
Kimeru Official (Former) Blog
Kimeru Official Blog
Kimeru official website
Nippon Crown Artist Page - Kimeru
Kimeru HearJapan Page
Kimeru at Wikiinformer
1980 births
Japanese-language singers
Japanese pop musicians
Japanese male pop singers
Japanese male actors
Living people
Mail carriers
Singers from Kumamoto Prefecture
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimeru |
William of Apulia () was a chronicler of the Normans, writing in the 1090s. His Latin epic, Gesta Roberti Wiscardi ("The Deeds of Robert Guiscard"), written in hexameters, is one of the principal contemporary sources for the Norman conquest of southern Italy, especially the career of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia (1059–1085).
Background
Little is known about William's life before he wrote his history of the Normans. Unlike the other two principal chroniclers of the Normans in Italy (Amatus of Montecassino and Geoffrey Malaterra), William was probably a layman, based on the relative lack of religious references in his work. It is also quite possible that William was a Lombard, rather than a Norman, as his treatment of Lombard characters in his history is very sympathetic when compared to his contemporary Norman counterparts.
The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi
William's poem Gesta Roberti Wiscardi was probably composed sometime between 1097 and 1099, as he notes the fighting of the crusaders in Anatolia during 1097, but not the fall of Jerusalem in 1099. The poem was dedicated to Duke Roger Borsa son of duke Robert Guiscard, implying that he was a member of the former's court. More than the works of his two fellow chroniclers of the Normans, Amatus of Montecassino and Geoffrey Malaterra, William's work is a tribute to Robert Guiscard, which may indicate that Roger commissioned it to strengthen his claim to his father's titles.
Editions
William of Apulia, trans. Graham A. Loud, “The Deeds of Robert Guiscard”, (PDF)
References
Italian male poets
Italo-Normans
People from Apulia
11th-century Italian historians
12th-century writers in Latin
Italian male non-fiction writers
11th-century writers in Latin
11th-century Italian poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20of%20Apulia |
The Osprey class was a Royal Navy class of screw-driven sloops built between 1874 and 1877. Nine additional ships were built to a revised design, the . They were the first class of ship in the Royal Navy to use glass scuttles.
Design
They were of composite construction, with wooden hulls over an iron frame. Five ships of the class were built, which had been designed in 1874 by the Royal Navy's Chief Constructor, William Henry White. They were the first ships in the Royal Navy to have glass scuttles instead of solid plug scuttles.
Propulsion
The original design, as fitted to the first two ships of the class, was a single-expansion returning-rod steam engine, but the power was insufficient, and they failed to meet the contracted speed. Wild Swan and Penguin were re-engined after their first commission to match the better engines in the rest of the class. In the final installation, power was provided by three cylindrical boilers, which supplied steam at to a two-cylinder horizontal compound-expansion steam engine driving a single screw. The power varied wildly from ship to ship, with Penguin generating only and Pelican managing nearly twice as much, at . Because of this, top speeds ranged between 10 and 12 knots.
Armament
They were armed with two 7-inch (90cwt) muzzle-loading rifled guns on pivoting mounts, and four 64-pounder muzzle-loading rifled guns (two on pivoting mounts, and two broadside). Four machine guns and one light gun completed the weaponry. Wild Swan and Pelican later had the muzzle-loading guns replaced with two 6-inch (81cwt) breech-loaders and six 5-inch (31cwt) breech-loaders.
Sail plan
All the ships of the class were provided with a barque rig, that is, square-rigged foremast and mainmast, and fore-and-aft sails only on the mizzen mast.
Crew
They had a complement of approximately 140 men.
Development
The design was revised in 1877 and nine ships were ordered to a modified version, the . Identical in many respects, the Doterels lacked the graceful clipper bow of the Ospreys, although they benefited from more power.
Ships
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Sloop classes
Osprey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey-class%20sloop |
Ladbergen is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated near the Dortmund-Ems Canal, approximately 25 km south-west of Osnabrück and 20 km north-east of Münster.
Geography
The municipality is situated in the Tecklenburg country in the middle between the cities Münster and Osnabrück. Because of its central location between these two cities Ladbergen is well accessible by the Autobahn (motorway/freeway) A 1 (Ladbergen junction) and the Bundesstraße (federal highway) B 475. The Dortmund-Ems Canal (canal port Ladbergen) situated on the western municipal border and Münster Osnabrück Airport (FMO) are located a few kilometers from the centre of Ladbergen.
Unlike the name part of "bergen" suggests, Ladbergen offers no mountainous or hilly landscape, but is situated at a relatively uniform level between and with a mean elevation of above sea level.
Two streams flow through Ladbergen, the Ladbergen Aa and the Ladbergen Mühlenbach that both flow eventually into the Glane stream.
The municipality Ladbergen is subdivided in the village(centre) and the surrounding rural areas Hölter, Wester and Overbeck.
Neighboring municipalities and towns
Ladbergen borders on:
Tecklenburg
Lengerich
Lienen
Ostbevern
Greven
Saerbeck
Population
With a population of 6,370 (census of 30 June 2011) Ladbergen is the second smallest independent municipality in the district of Steinfurt (just before Laer with 6,298 inhabitants). 3,221 women and 3,149 men were living in the municipality.
The camping facilities offer about 700 more people a second home in Ladbergen.
Regarding religion the largest part of the population is Protestant (Lutheranism), a smaller part is Roman Catholic.
History
Because of graves found, it is assumed that the territory of the municipality Ladbergen was already populated in the Bronze Age. Ladbergen got mentioned first in 950 in a certificate of the Freckenhorst monastery.
In the year 1149, the municipality was assigned as an independent parish by the Diocese of Münster. In 1170 the parish was taken over by the Diocese of Osnabrück.
In 1246 the Ladberger Marktbund (Ladbergen Marketfederation) was founded by representatives of the cities Münster, Osnabrück, Minden and Herford. This was a precursor of other forms of cooperation in Westphalia and the Hanseatic League.
Around 1400, the western parts of the community were lost to the Diocese of Münster.
As a result, the population of Ladbergen until after World War II remained religiously almost exclusively Protestant (Lutheranism).
In the year 1650 Ladbergen gained political autonomy for the first time. In 1707 Ladbergen with the entire Duchy of Tecklenburg got incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia. After 1816 Ladbergen belonged to the Landkreis Münster and was later assigned to the Landkreis Tecklenburg.
In 1855 Ladbergen lost its political autonomy, and was administratively unified with the village Brochterbeck. This situation remained unchanged up to 1907, when Ladbergen was assigned to Tecklenburg.
During World War II the vicinity of Ladbergen was heavily bombed. Allied bombers tried to destroy the Dortmund-Ems Canal aqueducts near Ladbergen, where the canal passes over the Mühlenbach to render the canal useless for extended periods.[ To defend the canal there were two heavy 105 mm Flak locations in Ladbergen, supported by smaller anti-aircraft guns. Batteries of 105 mm guns were usually left to defend major cities. This indicates the importance of the canal to the overall German war effort. Besides bombs and downed airplanes shrapnel fell onto Ladbergen during the air raids causing loses in property and lives. The air raids did not result in the destruction of the targeted aqueducts, but Tallboy bombs dropped by Avro Lancaster bombers of No. 617 Squadron RAF did breach the canal banks on 23/24 September 1944.
In September 1949 Ladbergen regained its political autonomy. In January 1975 Ladbergen was transferred from the then dissolved district of Tecklenburg into the newly founded district of Steinfurt.
Noticeable facts
About 37% of the population of the village emigrated during the 19th century. This was the highest emigration rate in Germany during that era.
Peasants from Ladbergen often gained extra income by working in the Netherlands for extended periods.
Many families from Ladbergen have family names, which in the recent past only existed in Ladbergen – such as Gehde, Rahmeier, Schoppenhorst, Wibbeler, Wiethaupt and Wiethölter.
The predominant spoken language in Ladbergen was up to the 1930s almost exclusively Ladbergen Platt, a variant of the established Low German dialects. A 2009 survey concluded that just over 700 of the original inhabitants (11% of the population) still can speak this local dialect, though actively speaking the dialect is mostly reserved to the over-70-year-olds.
Since the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany in the year 1949, Ladbergen is one of the "strongholds" of the Free Democratic Party in the Münsterland and throughout Germany.
Economy
For centuries the economy of Ladbergen was based on agriculture. The introduction of fertilizer in the 20th century enabled the local peasants – who up to that moment had to deal with infertile sandy soil that yielded modest harvests – to escape from poverty. The infrastructural improvements and urbanization of the village after World War II and the West German Wirtschaftswunder created new jobs in trade, industry, transport, tourism and the service sector and commuters settled in Ladbergen. These developments diversified and boosted the economic development of Ladbergen. The last decades the municipality itself also profited from the establishment of new successful businesses and companies in Ladbergen and general prosperity amongst its citizens, by a steady increase in local taxes revenues. This enabled the municipality to invest in the local infrastructure, education and (social) services for its citizens.
Energy supply
In 2005 a wind farm consisting of three REpower MM82 wind turbines was erected on the outskirts of Ladbergen. Each of these MM82 wind turbines has a hub height and rotor diameter giving a total sweep of and an average power capacity of 2.050 kW. The power output is controlled by varying the pitch of the rotor blades which can operate at 8.5–17.1 rpm rotor speed. Together with the two anaerobic digestion plants that went into operation in 2006, the community - mathematically - can fulfill its energy needs. Another quite large power plant producing annually 50 million kWh electricity and 60 million kWh/216 million MJ of heat and process steam from renewable raw materials built by ME Münsterland Energy GmbH went into production in 2007. This wood pallets-fired combined heat and power gasification plant and accompanying district heating station at the Ladbergen canal harbor on the site of the old oil mill produces electric power for about 15,000 households, a multiple of the Ladbergen household's electric energy needs. The thermal power generated in the cogeneration process is used to supply industrial customers near the power plant location itself and also for residents in the nearby Airport Park of Münster-Osnabrück Airport.
Local government
Town council
The most recent Gemeinderat (town council) election of Ladbergen was conducted on 13 September 2020. The town council is elected directly by the EU citizens living in the municipality and currently consists of 22 seats divided between several political parties.
These political parties are also represented in the Bundestag (the German national parliament) in Berlin.
Election results
German town council members are elected for a 5-year term and regular elections are held every five years.
The next scheduled town council election is in 2025.
Mayor
The Bürgermeister (mayor) of Ladbergen is since 1999 elected directly by the EU citizens living in the municipality. The mayor is elected for a 5-year term and regular elections are held every five years. The post may be said to be a professional one, the mayor being the head of the local government, and requiring, in order to be eligible, a training in administration.
The most recent election for mayor was conducted on 13 September 2020. Out of two candidates the independent candidate Torsten Buller was elected as mayor of Ladbergen.
Mayors of Ladbergen
Wolfgang Menebröcker (independent) 1999–2009
Udo Decker-König (independent) 2009–2020
Torsten Buller (independent) 2020–incumbent
Coat of arms
Blazon: Under a red shield top with two golden bees, in silver field three (2 : 1) red nymphaea leaves.
The bees refer to beekeeping. On the heath and moorland of Ladbergen beekeeping was widespread for centuries. According to a historic certificate honey farmers from Ladbergen had to pay taxes to the monastery Freckenhorst in the year 950.
The three Nymphaea or water lilies come from the seal of the Lord of Ladbergen from the year 1324. The water lilies symbol originates from the Duchy Lingen, to which Ladbergen belonged during a medieval period. The leaf shape has its origin in the coat of arms of the Counts of Tecklenburg.
Sister village
New Knoxville, Ohio, United States
A lot of emigrants originating from Ladbergen settled down in the area around New Knoxville in the state of Ohio in the United States with which Ladbergen established a town partnership. New Knoxville is partly composed of the descendants of the Ladbergen emigrants. The typical Ladbergen Platt dialect is still spoken by some of the older citizens whose ancestors originated from Ladbergen.
Due to the interest of American descendants of emigrants from Ladbergen in their family genealogy, more or less reliable private genealogical work was conducted after World War II. As Neil Armstrong, whose great-grandfather Friedrich Wilhelm Kötter emigrated from Ladbergen to the United States in 1864, was the first man to walk on the Moon in 1969, many citizens of Ladbergen became interested in their American "relatives". This resulted in a very close connection between Ladbergen and New Knoxville, which is especially cultivated by reciprocal visits. For the New Knoxville sesquicentennial in 1986, approximately 100 Ladbergen residents traveled to New Knoxville to join in the celebration.
Ladbergen's neighboring municipalities, Lengerich and Lienen, are sister cities with New Knoxville's neighbors Wapakoneta and Saint Marys, respectively.
References
External links
Official website of the municipality of Ladbergen
Official website of the municipality of Ladbergen – The history of Ladbergen
Kommunalprofil (community profile) Ladbergen Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen (IT.NRW) Geschäftsbereich Statistik
Steinfurt (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbergen |
Blue Mountain Lake is a reservoir in Arkansas, United States. A U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Lake on the Petit Jean River in west central Arkansas, Blue Mountain Lake has approximately 50 miles of shoreline, located between Mount Magazine and the Ouachita Mountains just west of Havana, Arkansas.
Blue Mountain Dam was built in 1947 as a 115-foot-high, 2800-foot-long earthen structure, creating a reservoir with a surface area of about 4.5 square miles, about 50 miles of shoreline, and a maximum capacity of 258,000 acre-feet. Dam and reservoir are owned by operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
The lake offers fishing, boating, swimming and camping; it is also the focal point of the view from the lodge atop Mount Magazine, home of Mount Magazine State Park.
Blue Mountain Lake is accessible from Highway 10 west of Havana by turning south on Highway 309. Waveland Park is the primary access point to the lake, with Lick Creek and Ashley Creek providing limited access as well.
References
Bibliography
Farquhar, Carley (1966). The Sportsman's Almanac. New York: Harper and Row.
Sutton, Keith B (2000). Fishing Arkansas. Fayatteville: University of Arkansas Press.
External links
USACE Profile: Blue Mountain Lake
Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry
Protected areas of Logan County, Arkansas
Reservoirs in Arkansas
Protected areas of Yell County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Yell County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Logan County, Arkansas
Dams in Arkansas
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Dams completed in 1947
Bodies of water of Yell County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Logan County, Arkansas
1947 establishments in Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Mountain%20Lake%20%28Arkansas%29 |
If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things is British writer Jon McGregor's first novel, which was first published by Bloomsbury in 2002. It portrays a day in the life of a suburban British street, with the plot alternately following the lives of the street's various inhabitants. All but one person's viewpoint is described in the third person, and the narrative uses a flowing grammatical style which mimics their thought processes.
Receiving generally positive critical reviews, the book notably won the prestigious Somerset Maugham Award, issued by the Society of Authors.
Inspiration
On his website, Jon McGregor explains that the book began partly as a book about the reaction to the death of Princess Diana, set in 'a street where life was going on regardless'. His aim was 'to take a day in the life of one street in a city, and try to show the vast multiplicity of stories which were happening there, and to look at how those stories interacted with each other in an environment where people were constantly moving in and out and rarely knew each other’s names'. He goes on to state that the setting is Bradford, where McGregor lived in the late 1990s.
Plot summary
If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things eschews a traditional narrative structure, instead moving from one resident of an unnamed English street to another, describing their actions and inner world over the course of a single day, the last day of Summer in 1997. These characters are not named, and are described by an omniscient third person narrator. These sections are intercut with another character, a young woman who has recently discovered that she is pregnant, who narrates in the first person and whose story covers several days. She regularly refers ambiguously to a day in the past when something terrible happened, and it gradually becomes clear that the rest of the novel is set during this day.
Awards and nominations
If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things was longlisted for the Booker Prize, and in 2003 won both the Betty Trask Award and the Somerset Maugham Award.
Reception
If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things received largely favourable reviews from critics. William Leith, writing for The Daily Telegraph, stated "this is an ordinary world, shabby and melancholy, but McGregor describes it with mesmeric power...It all works extremely well," and David Wiegand said in the San Francisco Chronicle that the characters "become momentarily vivid through his keen sense of detail and lyrical writing style." Writing for The Guardian, however, Julie Myerson stated that "though you couldn't say this is a poor novel...it would be hard to imagine a paler one, its lifeblood sucked out by a Virginia Woolfish adherence to the fey, the pretend, the fortuitously elegant."
See also
2002 in literature
Even the Dogs
Somerset Maugham Award
References
2002 British novels
Bloomsbury Publishing books
Fiction set in 1997
Bradford
Novels set in Bradford
Novels set in Yorkshire
Novels by Jon McGregor
2002 debut novels
Novels set in one day
Novels set in the 1990s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%20Nobody%20Speaks%20of%20Remarkable%20Things |
The 51st British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 19 April 1998, honoured the best in film for 1997.
Peter Cattaneo's The Full Monty won the award for Best Film, while Nil by Mouth, from writer/director Gary Oldman, was voted Outstanding British Film.
The nominations were announced on 9 March 1998.
The ceremony was hosted by Rory Bremner.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
70th Academy Awards
23rd César Awards
3rd Critics' Choice Awards
50th Directors Guild of America Awards
11th European Film Awards
55th Golden Globe Awards
9th Golden Laurel Awards
18th Golden Raspberry Awards
2nd Golden Satellite Awards
12th Goya Awards
13th Independent Spirit Awards
3rd Lumières Awards
24th Saturn Awards
4th Screen Actors Guild Awards
50th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
External links
Film in 1998 at BAFTA
BAFTA Awards (1998) at IMDb
051
1997 film awards
1998 in British cinema
April 1998 events in the United Kingdom
1998 in London
1997 awards in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
Greatorex may refer to:
Clement Greatorex (1869–1937), Royal Navy admiral
Eleanor Greatorex (1854–1917), American painter and illustrator
Eliza Pratt Greatorex (1819–1897), American artist
Henry Wellington Greatorex (1816–1858), English-American composer
Jonathan Greatorex (born 1970), English music educator and consumer advocate
Ken Greatorex (born 1936), English rugby league footballer
Louis Greatorex (born 1996), English actor
Ralph Greatorex (c.1625–1675), English mathematical instrument maker
Ted Greatorex (1901–1964), Australian rugby union player
Theophilus Greatorex (1864–1933), English cricketer
Thomas Greatorex (1758–1831), English composer, astronomer and mathematician
Valentine Greatrakes or Greatorex (1628–1683), Irish faith healer
Walter Greatorex (1877–1949), English composer
Wilfred Greatorex (1922–2002), English television and film writer
See also
Greatrex
Greatrakes
Electoral division of Greatorex, Northern Territory, Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatorex |
Radomyshl () is a historic city in Zhytomyr Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, northern Ukraine. Prior to 2020, it was the administrative center of the former Radomyshl Raion. It is located on the left bank of the Teteriv River, a right tributary of the Dnieper. Its population is approximately It is located within the historic region of Right-bank Ukraine.
Name
In addition to the Ukrainian (Radomyshl), in other languages the name of the city is and .
History
Since 1150, it was known as Mychesk. The settlement probably was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, after which the region fell under Mongol suzerainty. In the 14th century it became part of Lithuania and subsequently the Polish–Lithuanian union after the Union of Krewo (1385). The town was raided by Tatars in 1399, 1416 and 1462. As part of the Kingdom of Poland from 1569 it was known under the name of Radomyśl. Administratively it was part of the Kyiv Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. In the beginning of the 17th century the Radomysl paper mill was founded, the first paper mill of present-day central Ukraine. After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 the town was annexed by the Russian Empire and renamed to its current name. It was included in the Kyiv Governorate.
Radomyshl was historically a centre of Jewish settlement. In the year 1797 a total of 1,424 people or 80% of the total population were Jewish. In 1847 it had increased to 2,734 and it further increased to 7,502 (67%) in 1897. In 1910 Radomyshl had a Talmud-Torah and five Jewish schools. In 1919 during the Russian Civil War a pogrom by militants under ataman Sokolovsky struck the community. Many were massacred and others fled. In 1926 a fire in the town damaged Radomyshl Synagogue. It was finally demolished in the 1930s. By 1926 the Jewish population had declined to 4,637 (36% of the total population). In 1939, 2,348 Jews were living in the town which represented 20% of all population.
World War II
During World War II, Radomyshl was occupied by the German Army from 9 July 1941 to 10 November 1943 then again from 7 to 26 December 1943. In August 1941, the Germans established an open ghetto for the Jews. On 5 and 6 August 1941, 276 Jews were killed in two mass executions. On 6 September 1941, Sonderkommando 4a in collaboration with Ukrainian Auxiliary Police shot 1,107 adults and 561 children in the forest during the ghetto liquidation Aktion. Six mass graves have been discovered in the area. Only 250 Jews remained by 1970.
Population
According to the 2001 census, Ukrainians accounted for 94.16% of the population, and Russians for 4.55%.
Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:
Sights
Nowadays Radomyshl is known primarily for the Museum of Ukrainian home icons located in Radomysl Castle, a private museum founded by Olha Bohomolets. Another landmark of the town is the St. Nicholas Cathedral, built in the 19th century.
Gallery
Notable people
Oleksandr Zinchenko (footballer for Arsenal F.C.)
References
External links
Radomyshl Ukraine by Eli Kislyuk
Radomyshl (Ukrainian and Russian language): Last news, city photos, events, forum; by Max Gryschenko
RADOMYSHL IS OUR HOME photos, videos, radio, article, references, maps; by Pavel Tuzhyk
The Official Site of Radomysl Castle
Cities in Zhytomyr Oblast
Zhytomyr Raion
Radomyslsky Uyezd
Kiev Voivodeship
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine
Drevlians
Cities of district significance in Ukraine
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Museums in Zhytomyr Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomyshl |
Government House, St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda, is the official residence and office of the governor-general of Antigua and Barbuda. It was built in the 17th-century colonial style with Georgian architecture and extensive gardens. The residence is not open to the public.
History
An early Government House was burnt to the ground in 1710, when the unpopular governor of the Leeward Islands, Colonel Daniel Parke, was killed. Later governors resided in rented homes, although Thomas Pitt (governor 1728–1729) proposed a new permanent residence.
The current Government House was built in the early 1800s. The stately home fell into disrepair, but a private society (along the government) raised funds to have the building restored.
See also
Government Houses of the British Empire
Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
References
Buildings and structures in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
Official residences
Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20Antigua%20and%20Barbuda |
Aigburth railway station serves the Aigburth district of Liverpool, England. It is situated on the Southport–Hunts Cross route of the Northern Line of the Merseyrail suburban system.
History
The station, originally called Mersey Road & Aigburth, opened in 1864 as part of the Garston and Liverpool Railway line between Brunswick and Garston Dock. In 1865 the station and line were incorporated into the Cheshire Lines Committee.
The station closed in April 1972 but reopened in January 1978 as part of the Kirkby–Garston line of the Merseyrail system. Services were extended from Garston to Hunts Cross in 1983, and diverted to Southport instead of Kirkby in 1984.
From 11 December 2006 the Monday to Saturday evening service was increased to run every 15 minutes, instead of half-hourly as previously.
Facilities
The station is staffed during all opening hours. There is a payphone, booking office and live departure and arrival screens for passenger information. The station has a free car park with 16 spaces, as well as secure indoor storage for 10 cycles. The station does not have step-free access for either platform and is not suitable for wheelchairs and prams.
Services
Trains operate every 15 minutes, Monday-Saturday to Southport via Liverpool Central to the north, and Hunts Cross to the south. On Sundays, services are every 30 minutes in each direction.
Gallery
Notes
References
Station on navigable O.S. map
External links
Railway stations in Liverpool
DfT Category E stations
Former Cheshire Lines Committee stations
Railway stations served by Merseyrail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1864
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1972
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigburth%20railway%20station |
The 50th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 29 April 1997, honoured the best films of 1996.
Anthony Minghella's The English Patient won the award for Best Film (and previously won the Academy Award for Best Picture), while Mike Leigh's Secrets & Lies was voted Outstanding British Film. Geoffrey Rush won for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role in Shine and Brenda Blethyn won for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her role in Secrets & Lies, respectively.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
69th Academy Awards
22nd César Awards
2nd Critics' Choice Awards
49th Directors Guild of America Awards
10th European Film Awards
54th Golden Globe Awards
8th Golden Laurel Awards
17th Golden Raspberry Awards
1st Golden Satellite Awards
11th Goya Awards
12th Independent Spirit Awards
2nd Lumières Awards
23rd Saturn Awards
3rd Screen Actors Guild Awards
49th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
External links
Film in 1997 at BAFTA
BAFTA Awards (1997) at IMDb
050
1996 film awards
1997 in British cinema
April 1997 events in the United Kingdom
1997 in London
1996 awards in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
Four Deadly Questions was an American band from Brooklyn, New York, made up of ex-members of Dick Army and Books Lie (who were signed to Level Plane). Most DIY bands and Recess Records affiliates utilize this band for setting up gigs in the New York City area as all members of this band have been in the punk scene for many years and have access to setting up shows for bands who would otherwise have no way of booking themselves at larger clubs.
Discography
Self-titled 7-inch EP - Geykido Comet Records 2004
This Just In... Benefit For Indy Media - Geykido Comet Records 2005
Split CD with The Answer Lies - Geykido Comet Records 2006
Chemical X DVD music video compilation - Geykido Comet Records 2008
Interesting fact
In the late 1990s, Recess Records put out a benefit CD (entitled 'Workers Comp') for Dawn (previous Four Deadly Questions singer) after she was assaulted in NYC one night and stabbed in the eye for all her money. Blag Dahlia produced and mastered the CD which featured bands such as Dillinger Four, Boris the Sprinkler, Dick Army (whose band members later went on to form Four Deadly Questions), and No Fraud among others.
Band in the media
Maximum Rocknroll
Write up for debut ep:
The songs on the A-side have a raucous yet melodic punk tinge, sort of like early Jawbreaker mixed with Against Me! The first song on the B-side, "Gotta Let it Go," however, rocks with more of a bootylicious swagger, and the boy-girl interplay is evocative of Cupid Car Club. "These Creeping Doubts" round off the fun in the style of the A-side tunes. I believe this is the first release from these Brooklynites and it hints at a bright future.
(AM) MAXIMUMROCKNROLL, Issue No. 257, October 2004
Razorcake Magazine
Write up for debut ep:
I can't say enough good things about Dick Army. Yeah, maybe they were just a cheap, goofy Black Flag knockoff, but damnit, they had that underdog charm and you've just gotta love that. Matt from Dick Army started this band, and to say that I was looking forward to it would be a huge understatement. It lived up to my expectations. Where Dick Army mostly played simple, sloppy three-chord punk, FOUR DEADLY QUESTIONS sound a lot more original and hard-to-pin-down. It's still fun and scrappy, to be sure, and it's not like they turned into Hawkwind or anything, but the choppy rhythms and female backups make this stand out a whole lot. Me likey.
(Josh) Razorcake Issue No. 22, October/November 2004
References
External links
GC Records
Geykido Comet Records
Punk rock groups from New York (state)
Musical groups from Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20Deadly%20Questions |
The 49th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 23 April 1996, honoured the best films of 1995.
Ang Lee's Sense and Sensibility won the award for Best Film. The film also won awards for Best Actress (Emma Thompson) and Supporting Actress (Kate Winslet). Il postino (The Postman), directed by Michael Radford, won the awards for Best Director, Film Not in the English Language, and Original Music. Nigel Hawthorne won Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance in The Madness of King George; the same film was voted Outstanding British Film of the Year. Additionally, Tim Roth won the award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Archibald Cunningham in Rob Roy.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
68th Academy Awards
21st César Awards
1st Critics' Choice Awards
48th Directors Guild of America Awards
9th European Film Awards
53rd Golden Globe Awards
7th Golden Laurel Awards
16th Golden Raspberry Awards
10th Goya Awards
11th Independent Spirit Awards
1st Lumières Awards
22nd Saturn Awards
2nd Screen Actors Guild Awards
48th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
049
B
1996 in British cinema
April 1996 events in the United Kingdom
1996 in London
1995 awards in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
Gordon Glen Kluzak (born March 4, 1964) is a Canadian former professional hockey player who played for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1982 to 1991. He was selected first overall by the Bruins in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft.
Playing career
Gord Kluzak was born in Climax, Saskatchewan. He grew up on a wheat farm in Saskatchewan, and attended high school in Wilcox, Saskatchewan at Athol Murray College of Notre Dame.
Kluzak played junior hockey for two seasons with the WHL's Billings Bighorns, where he was paired on defence with future NHLer Bob Rouse. He missed half of the 1981–82 season and entire 1982 playoffs after he tore ligaments in his left knee in a game against the Medicine Hat Tigers on Feb. 9, 1982, which would be the first of many knee problems for Kluzak.
The injury did not hurt his draft placement however, as he was rated as the No. 3 overall prospect and the No. 2 WHL prospect for the 1982 NHL draft by The Hockey News.
Harry Sinden, the Boston Bruins general manager, was sold on the young defenceman, and made him the 1st overall pick in that year's NHL Entry Draft. Sinden passed up on Kitchener Rangers star Brian Bellows, who was the popular choice amongst Bruin fans, and Gary Nylund of the Portland Winter Hawks, who many, including The Hockey News, felt was the better defenceman. Sinden made a deal with the Minnesota North Stars, who had the second pick that year, where he agreed to let them have Bellows with the second overall pick in exchange for Brad Palmer and Dave Donnelly.
Minnesota did end up picking Bellows, who went on to become a star in the NHL, with 485 goals and 1022 points over nearly 1200 NHL games. Nylund was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs and ended his career with 608 NHL games under his belt. Other notable NHL players drafted after Kluzak include Scott Stevens (5th, 1635 NHL games played), Phil Housley (6th, 1495 NHL games played), Dave Andreychuk (16th, 1639 NHL games played), Tomas Sandstrom (36th, 983 NHL games played), Pat Verbeek (43rd, 1434 NHL games played), and Doug Gilmour (134th, 1474 NHL games played). Kluzak, on the other hand was out of hockey at the age of 27 - felled by knee injuries, after playing in only 299 NHL games. He managed to avoid knee injuries for his first two NHL seasons. However, on Oct. 7, 1984, Kluzak tore ligaments in his left knee when he collided in mid-ice with New Jersey Devils defenceman Dave Lewis. This required major reconstructive surgery and forced Kluzak to miss the entire 1984–85 regular season and 1985 playoffs. He would re-injure the knee again in September 1986 and miss another season.
His best year in the NHL may have been 1987–88. Kluzak managed to play 66 of Boston's 80 games during the 1987–88 season, and all 23 playoff games, as Boston went to the Stanley Cup Finals. After that Kluzak's career stalled because of chronic knee problems that resulted in 11 surgeries. He would play in only 13 more games, his last being on November 5, 1990 against the New York Rangers. He announced his retirement on November 12, 1990.
International play
In 1982 Kluzak was chosen to represent Canada at the World Junior Championships. Prior to 1982 Canada had sent the defending Memorial Cup champions to represent the country at the world juniors. Due to the Memorial Cup champion's lack of success, 1982 became the first year that the top players in the country were sent.
Led by Kluzak and Kingston Canadians goaltender Mike Moffat, the Canadians outscored the opposition 45–14, including a 7–0 rout of the Soviet Union, en route to the country's first gold medal at the event.
In perhaps one of the most memorable moments in tournament history, Kluzak and his teammates stood at the blue line and sang the Canadian national anthem. Apparently, the organizers in Rochester, Minnesota had not expected Canada to win and did not have a recording of "O Canada".
Post-retirement
After being forced to retire prematurely, Kluzak enrolled at Harvard University, graduating in 1994 with a degree in Economics, and spent two years as the Chief of Staff for the state lottery. He then returned to Harvard, earning an MBA in 1998. Since then, he has worked for Goldman Sachs.
Kluzak also worked as a color commentator on Bruins telecasts from 1995–96 through 2003–04. He worked for NESN as a studio analyst from 2005-15.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards
World Junior Championships: 1982 (gold medal)
World Junior Championships Best Defenceman: 1982
World Junior Championships All-Star First Team: 1982
WHL All-Star Second Team: 1981–82
Canadian Amateur Junior Male Athlete of Year: 1982
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy: 1989–90
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Billings Bighorns players
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Boston Bruins draft picks
Boston Bruins players
Boston Bruins announcers
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Hockey League first-overall draft picks
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Harvard Business School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord%20Kluzak |
Edition Lilac is an American independent record label formed in 2004. It specializes in early music and historically informed performances. The label has issued performances by New Trinity Baroque, Furor Musicus, Minstrel, Canso, London Symphony Orchestra, Predrag Gosta, Evelyn Tubb, Michael Fields, Antoinette Lohmann, Darko Karajic, Edicole Grevi and Brad Hughley. It has featured music by composers such as Handel, J. S. Bach, Charpentier, Carissimi, Buxtehude, as well as Andreas Makris.
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Official site
American independent record labels
Record labels established in 2004
Early music record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edition%20Lilac |
Bangkok Dangerous () is a 1999 Thai action film written and directed by the Pang Brothers. Stylishly edited, the story of a deaf and mute hitman was the debut film for the twin-brother team of filmmakers. A 2008 remake of the same name starring Nicolas Cage was also directed by the Pangs.
Plot
Kong is a deaf-mute gunman, an assassin for hire who can neither hear nor see his gunshots or victims. He receives his guidance through Aom, a stripper in Bangkok, who rides on his back and gives him directions. Because of his disability, he was taunted by other children and grows up into an angry young man.
At a target range, he finds he has a knack for target shooting when he visualizes the faces of the boys that taunted him in the target. His deafness gives him an edge in shooting, as he does not react to the gunshots.
One day while cleaning up, a customer named Joe is at the shooting range with his girlfriend, Aom. Joe notices Kong watching them and he offers the pistol to Kong, who impresses Joe and Aom with his shooting. Joe agrees to be Kong's partner and teaches him how to shoot, while standing behind him. When Joe injures his gun hand in a battle, Kong is ready to take on more work.
Working for a mob boss, Kong is sent on a job to Hong Kong and when he returns to Bangkok, he catches a cold and needs medicine, so he stops at a pharmacy and meets Fon, a pretty pharmacist, who he eventually takes out a few times. This encounter changes Kong's perspective on life as he realizes that life can be meaningful, even for a deaf-mute assassin like him.
Aom has trouble with one of the mob boss' henchmen. She spurns him, but he rapes her. Enraged, Joe kills the henchman, which brings the mob's wrath down on Joe, which in turn leads to more revenge killing by Kong, and a final big shoot-out in a water bottle plant. Severely injured in the battle and cornered by the police, Kong puts his head next to the mob boss's and then shoots himself in the head, killing the two of them.
Cast
Pawalit Mongkolpisit as Kong
Premsinee Ratanasopha as Fon
Patharawarin Timkul as Aom
Pisek Intrakanchit as Joe
Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 51% based on 37 reviews, with an average score of 5.5/10.
Awards and nominations
2000 Toronto International Film Festival - won the international critics' (FIPRESCI) Award
2001 International Film Festival Rotterdam - nominated for a Tiger Award.
Remake
At the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, the Pang Brothers announced they would remake Bangkok Dangerous with Nicolas Cage in the lead role, though Cage's character would not be deaf/mute. With the working titles One Night in Bangkok and Time to Kill, shooting took place in Bangkok in August 2006, and the remake was released on September 5, 2008.
See also
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
References
External links
Bangkok Dangerous at MovieSet
Bangkok Dangerous Production Notes
Films set in Thailand
1999 action thriller films
1990s crime action films
Thai thriller films
Thai action films
Film Bangkok films
Films about deaf people
Films about contract killing
1999 directorial debut films
Thai films remade in other languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok%20Dangerous%20%281999%20film%29 |
Raybon Brothers were an American country music duo from Sanford, Florida, consisting of brothers Marty Raybon and Tim Raybon. Prior to the duo's inception in 1997, Marty Raybon was the lead singer of the country music band Shenandoah, having left in 1997, before rejoining in 2014.
The Raybon Brothers charted in 1997 with a cover of Bob Carlisle's pop hit "Butterfly Kisses". Their version was a top 40 hit on both the Billboard country music charts and the Billboard Hot 100. A second single, "The Way She's Lookin'", reached the lower regions of the country charts. Marty recorded a number of solo projects before rejoining Shenandoah.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Music videos
References
Country music groups from Florida
Country music duos
Sibling musical duos
MCA Records artists
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups disestablished in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raybon%20Brothers |
The 48th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1995, honoured the best films of 1994.
Mike Newell's Four Weddings and a Funeral won the award for Best Film. It also won the awards for Best Director (Newell), Actor (Hugh Grant), and Supporting Actress (Kristin Scott Thomas). Pulp Fiction won the awards for Best Supporting Actor (Samuel L. Jackson) and Original Screenplay. Susan Sarandon won the award for Best Actress for her role in The Client.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
67th Academy Awards
20th César Awards
47th Directors Guild of America Awards
8th European Film Awards
52nd Golden Globe Awards
6th Golden Laurel Awards
15th Golden Raspberry Awards
9th Goya Awards
10th Independent Spirit Awards
21st Saturn Awards
1st Screen Actors Guild Awards
47th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
External links
Film in 1995 at BAFTA
BAFTA Awards (1995) at IMDb
BAFTA Awards
1994 awards in the United Kingdom
BAFTA Awards
048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
Just the Two of Us is a British television reality singing contest hosted by Vernon Kay and Tess Daly, to date the only show that the couple have worked together on. The first series of the BBC show saw eight celebrities team up with professional singers and sing each night in duets, with one pair being eliminated every night. After each performance they were judged by a panel of industry experts. The basic format of the show was first used in another BBC programme, Strictly Come Dancing. It was cancelled in April 2007 after two series.
Format
During the week-long run each day all the celebrities perform a duet with a professional singer. The judges then give comments on each performance. Once the contestants have returned to the "Green Room" (Backstage), the judges each then each give the couple a score from 1 to 10. The scores create a leaderboard which forms 50% of the final result, the other half comes from the public vote via telephone and text entries.
Once the scores and votes are combined to form the final leaderboard for that day's show, the two couples at the bottom compete in a final "Sing Off", where they perform their duet again. Once both couples have performed their song for the judging panel, the four judges decide on who deserves to stay and cast their votes. The couple with the most votes from the judges leaves the show that day.
So far there have been two series, the first won by Russell Watson and Sian Reeves and the second was won by Hannah Waterman and Marti Pellow.
Only four professionals have performed in both series - Natasha Hamilton, Alexander O'Neal, Jocelyn Brown and Beverly Knight.
The panel of judges were seen as four industry professionals. The judges for series one were singer Lulu, singer and musician Stewart Copeland, celebrity vocal coach CeCe Sammy and radio DJ Trevor Nelson. In 2007 for series two, Lulu was replaced by Jackson Five star Tito Jackson. Sammy, Nelson and Copeland all returned for series two. Tara McDonald the well known UK dance vocalist was on backing vocal duty for both series.
Series 1
The first series began on 24 February 2006 and ended on 5 March 2006.
Notes
Watson replaced Rick Astley after Astley was unable to continue as his partner Lene Bausager had been nominated for an Oscar and the awards ceremony clashed with filming for the show.
The Judges
Trevor Nelson
Lulu
Cece Sammy
Stewart Copeland
Contestants received vocal coaching by Joshua Alamu.
Series 2
The second and final series began on 2 January 2007 and ended on 7 January 2007.
Singer Russell Watson was originally supposed to be participating on the series with Hollyoaks actress, Loui Batley. However, after having had surgery to remove a tumour from his brain, he decided to pull out of the competition. Unlike the previous year, however, he was not replaced, so Batley was also dropped from the show.
Jo O'Meara did not participate in the second series as she was taking part in Channel 4's Celebrity Big Brother at the time.
Contestants received vocal coaching by Joshua Alamu.
The Judges
The judges were:
Trevor Nelson
Stewart Copeland
Cece Sammy
Tito Jackson
Judges' scoring summary
Bold scores indicate the highest for that week. Red indicates the lowest score. * indicates the couple was in the bottom two or three.
International versions
These versions of the format are distributed by BBC Worldwide, the commercial arm of the BBC.
Currently airing franchise
Status unknown
Franchise with an upcoming season
Franchise no longer in production
References
External links
2000s British reality television series
2006 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
BBC Television shows
Singing competitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20the%20Two%20of%20Us%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Princess Margarita of Baden (Margarete Alice Thyra Viktoria Marie Louise Scholastica; 14 July 1932 – 15 January 2013) was the only daughter of Berthold, Margrave of Baden, and Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark. She was the eldest cousin of King Charles III and eldest niece of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Early life
Princess Margarita was born at Schloss Salem, Germany, on 14 July 1932 and grew up there. She was the eldest child and only daughter of Berthold, Margrave of Baden, who ran a school jointly with Kurt Hahn, and Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (1906–1969), older sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Margarita was the first great-great-great-grandchild of Queen Victoria.
She came to live in London in 1948, and trained as a nurse at St Thomas' Hospital. During this time, she was often seen with her cousins Princess Christina of Hesse and Princess Beatrix of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. Princess Beatrix was briefly engaged to Princess Margarita's brother Prince Maximilian, and Princess Christina became Princess Margarita's future sister-in-law by marrying Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia. Also during this time, Princess Margarita attended the 1953 coronation of her aunt, Queen Elizabeth II. While in London, she met Prince Tomislav, a member of the exiled Yugoslav royal family as a younger brother of the former King Peter II of Yugoslavia. Tomislav was a third cousin of Margarita's mother; both were great-great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Margarita and Tomislav became engaged on January 2, 1956.
Marriage
On June 5, 1957, Princess Margarita married Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia, younger brother of the former King Peter II of Yugoslavia, in a civil ceremony in Salem followed by Lutheran and Serbian Orthodox church services on 6 June. She wore a "plain white corded silk dress with a V-neckline, long sleeves, and a full skirt, and an old family train" with an orange blossom garland. Her train was carried by her first cousins Princes Welf and George of Hanover. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (her maternal uncle), and King Simeon of Bulgaria were among the guests. From this marriage were born:
Prince Nikola of Yugoslavia (born 15 March 1958, London)
Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia (born 28 November 1959, London)
The couple settled in the United Kingdom, running a fruit farm near Billingshurst in Sussex. They were divorced in 1981.
Later years
Princess Margarita was a champion of Serbian charities and was also president of the Convent of Martha and Mary in Moscow.
Princess Margarita died in Farnham, Surrey, on 15 January 2013 after a long illness. Her funeral was held at Serbian Orthodox Church of Saint Sava in Notting Hill on 24 January 2013. Her uncle the Duke of Edinburgh, Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, and her nephew Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia, were among the mourners. Princess Margarita was buried in the family cemetery at Stefansfeld near Baden, Germany, on 28 January 2013.
Ancestry
References
1932 births
2013 deaths
House of Zähringen
Yugoslav princesses
Princesses of Baden
People from Billingshurst | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Margarita%20of%20Baden |
The 47th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1994, honoured the best films of 1993.
Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List won the award for Best Film (and previously won the Academy Award for Best Picture). The film also won the awards for Best Director (Spielberg), Supporting Actor (Ralph Fiennes), Adapted Screenplay, Cinematography, Editing, and Original Music. Anthony Hopkins won the award for Best Actor (The Remains of the Day) and Holly Hunter was voted Best Actress for her role in The Piano while The Age of Innocence won one award—Best Supporting Actress (Miriam Margolyes). Additionally, Shadowlands was voted Best British Film of 1993.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
66th Academy Awards
19th César Awards
46th Directors Guild of America Awards
7th European Film Awards
51st Golden Globe Awards
5th Golden Laurel Awards
14th Golden Raspberry Awards
8th Goya Awards
9th Independent Spirit Awards
20th Saturn Awards
46th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
External links
Film in 1994 at BAFTA
1993 awards in the United Kingdom
047
1994 in London
British Academy Film Awards
British Academy Film Awards
British Academy Film Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
Fleshies is an American punk rock band from Oakland, California, United States, that released three albums on Jello Biafra's Alternative Tentacles, Kill the Dreamer's Dream, The Sicilian, and Scrape the Walls. Fleshies have also released albums on Recess Records ("Brown Flag"), Adeline Records ("The Futbol EP"), Life is Abuse Records, Thrillhouse Records and S.P.A.M. Records, as well as singles, 7" records and splits on a variety of labels. They are known for their outlandish stage presence, their left-wing politics and their non-stop world touring schedule from 1999 to 2006. From their inception, they were an influential presence at events such as Geekfest, held in the late 1990s, The Fest in Gainesville, Florida, and Wantage Records' Total Fest. As of May 2019, the band released Introducing The Fleshies on Portland's Dirt Cult Records, its first album in ten years.
Members of the band have also played (or currently play) in projects such as Triclops!, Harbinger, Meercaz and the Visions, Street Eaters, Swiftumz, Pigs, and Pins of Light
Discography
Studio albums
Arbgabdo, Baby! (Tape only, 1999)
Fleshies (CD demo also known as The Baby, S.P.A.M. 2000; reissued on Thrillhouse Records in 2010 on LP)
Kill The Dreamer's Dream (S.P.A.M / Alternative Tentacles, 2001)
The Sicilian (Alternative Tentacles, 2003)
Gung Ho! (7" Tracks, B-sides, Comp Tracks Collection), (Life is Abuse Records, 2004)
Scrape the Walls (Alternative Tentacles, 2006)
Brown Flag (Recess Records and Recess Records Japan, 2009 and 2010)
Introducing The Fleshies (Dirt Cult Records, 2019)
Singles and EPs
Playdough EP (Split 7" with The Jocks, S.P.A.M. Records/Risk Records, 2000)
The Phantom Limbs / Fleshies (Split 7" with The Phantom Limbs, S.P.A.M./Mungaso Records, 2001)
Federation X / Fleshies (Split 7" with Federation X, Molasses Manifesto Records, 2001)
Victim's Family / Fleshies (Split 7" with Victim's Family, Alternative Tentacles, 2001)
The Game Of Futbol (Adeline Records, 2002)
Fleshies / Toys That Kill (split picture disc 7", Geykido Comet Records, 2003)
Compilation contributions
Apocalypse Always (Alternative Tentacles, 2002)
Dropping Food On Their Heads is Not Enough: Benefit For RAWA (Geykido Comet Records, 2002)
This Just In... Benefit For Indy Media (Geykido Comet Records, 2005)
Noisy DVD compilation - four tracks filmed live in London (Punkervision, 2005)
Noise Ordinance LP compilation, put out by Maximumrocknroll Magazine (MRR, 2011)
See also
Alternative Tentacles
Adeline Records
Life Is Abuse Records
Geykido Comet Records
Maximumrocknroll
References
External links
Official site
Alternative Tentacles
GC Records
Thrasher Magazine Article on Fleshies, October 2003
Fleshies page on mtv.com
Review of Scrape The Walls on about.com
Review of "The Sicilian" from SF Weekly
Interview with Fleshies in OC Weekly, May 2002
Anarcho-punk groups
Geykido Comet Records
Musical groups from Oakland, California
Alternative Tentacles artists
Adeline Records artists
Punk rock groups from California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleshies |
Duice was an American Miami bass duo consisting of Los Angeles native Ira 'L.A. Sno' Brown and Barbados native Anthony 'Creo-D' Darlington. The two were enlisted in the military at Fort Gordon, Georgia when they were discovered. Their lone hit single, "Dazzey Duks", was an instant smash in 1993, selling over two million copies and peaking at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The single was certified 2× platinum on January 27, 1994, by the RIAA. Their album, Dazzey Duks, was certified gold on the same date. The song was inspired by the short shorts worn by the character Daisy Duke on the CBS TV series The Dukes of Hazzard. L.A. Sno later produced the gold certified "Whatz Up Whatz Up" along with Playa Poncho for the first So So Def Bass All Stars project. L.A. Sno also produced and co-wrote the first single for the LaFace Records Bass project entitled "And Then There Was Bass", following this with "My Baby Daddy" for B-Rock and the Biz.
Discography
1993: Dazzey Duks - RIAA: Gold - US #84, US R&B #26
1994: Shake
References
External links
American hip hop duos
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Hip hop duos
Miami bass groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duice |
Lienen is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 15 km south-east of Osnabrück and 30 km north-east of Münster.
Lienen is a sister city with Saint Marys, Ohio in the United States. Lienen's neighboring municipalities, Ladbergen and Lengerich, are sister cities with Saint Marys' neighbors New Knoxville and Wapakoneta, respectively.
References
Steinfurt (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienen |
The Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, previously known as Indian Botanic Garden and the Calcutta Botanic Garden, is a botanical garden situated in Shibpur, Howrah near Kolkata. They are commonly known as the Calcutta Botanical Garden and previously as the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. The gardens exhibit a wide variety of rare plants and a total collection of over 12,000 specimens spread over 109 hectares. It is under Botanical Survey of India (BSI) of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
History
The gardens were founded in 1787 by Colonel Robert Kyd, an army officer of the East India Company, primarily for the purpose of identifying new plants of commercial value, such as teak, and growing spices for trade. In a written proposal to Governor-General John Macpherson to establish the garden, Kyd stated it was "not for the purpose of collecting rare plants as things of mere curiosity, but for establishing a stock for disseminating such articles as may prove beneficial to the inhabitants as well to the natives of Great Britain, and which ultimately may tend to the extension of the national commerce and riches." India was undergoing mass famine in the 18th century as a result of political turmoil, in addition to severe socio-economic crises. Robert Kyd's Garden proposal was motivated by the desire to increase agricultural revenue in an effort to end food scarcity and promote economic growth. Furthermore, Robert Kyd was accustomed to growing various plants (spices) from the East Indies, which were obtained from East India Company's voyages. The East India Company's Court of Directors supported Kyd's ambitions to establish cinnamon, tobacco, dates, Chinese tea, and coffee in the Garden due to its economic benefits. Tea, for example, was a highly commodified plant that was indispensable to the European economy. The indigenous tea plants of India were not able to be produced in mass quantities, leading to the kidnapping of Chinese gardeners and their tea plants. Chinese tea was first transplanted to the Calcutta Garden and larger tea plantations in Ooty and Nilgiris were established by forcing the people of Assam and Ooty to relocate. Additionally, Cacti such as Nopal were imported from Mexico and established in the Garden to produce textile dyes, an industry which Spain dominated.
Joseph Dalton Hooker says of this Botanical Garden that "Amongst its greatest triumphs may be considered the introduction of the tea-plant from China ... the establishment of the tea-trade in the Himalaya and Assam is almost entirely the work of the superintendents of the gardens of Calcutta and Seharunpore (Saharanpur)."
A major change in policy, however, was introduced by the botanist William Roxburgh after he became superintendent of the garden in 1793. Roxburgh brought in plants from all over India and developed an extensive herbarium. This collection of dried plant specimens eventually became the Central National Herbarium of the Botanical Survey of India, which comprises 2,500,000 items. During the early years of the garden Joseph Dalton Hooker writes:
Botany and power
The Calcutta Gardens, along with gardens such as Singapore Botanic Gardens, Botanic Gardens St. Vincent and others located in Southeast Asia formed a large network of scientific institutions through which plants were transferred, classified according to the Linnaean system, and used to justify colonial expansion.
Along with the policy change enacted by William Roxburgh, the East India Company was itself undergoing political and historical changes. Pitt's India Act formally brought the Company under British rule, although the Company had governing power and ruled alongside the Nawabs of Bengal from 1786-1787. The development of botanical science in India happened alongside the expansion of the East India Company as it acquired control of the agricultural economy. The Company conducted extensive scientific research in India as it was gaining power and territory in South Asia. A large amount of botanical surveys were collected that provided information on the estimated revenue that could be made from economically valued plants. In addition, the surveys were used as a means to establish credibility that the British government would benefit from the Company's involvement with governing affairs. Although it was a trading company, it had the power to collect revenue as an ordinary government could. Specifically, the revenue collection system was purposely structured in a way that prevented officials and agricultural cultivators from interacting. The collection procedures, which involved local Indian officials as well as British officials, were set in place by the Court of Directors and ensured to be as objective as possible. An increasing number of botanists and scientists were gaining access to new areas in India, leading to an era of acquiring as much scientific data as possible. Other key figures in developing the Calcutta Garden were Nathaniel Wallich, who was superintendent of the Calcutta Garden after William Roxburgh, and William Griffith, who had a well-known reputation at the time.
Over the years attractive display gardens for the public have been developed and many kinds of plants have been cultivated for scientific observation. During the 1970s the garden initiated a program to introduce improved food plants and other varieties of economic benefit to the people of India.
The garden was designated the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden on June 25, 2009, in honor of Jagadish Chandra Bose, the Bengali polymath, and natural scientist.
This garden is a No Plastic Zone.
Calcutta Botanic Garden layout
Griffith was instrumental in rearranging the Calcutta Garden in a way that reflected scientific practice at the time, emphasizing the importance of scientific classification in the Garden's appearance. Griffith often criticized the layout of the Botanic Garden under Wallich's control as he believed it did not have the qualities of a traditional European garden. These qualities included "uniformity of design, adaptation of particular parts to particular purposes, including those of science and instruction." The ways in which the Garden was restructured from 1816 to 1846 reflected the demands of a rapidly growing scientific field that fueled European colonial influence. Key features of the 1816 map depict four nurseries, housing for laborers, a farm, and a small Linnaean Garden. The map titled "Plan of the Botanical Gardens December 1845" was developed in 1843 by Griffith and shows key differences compared to the 1816 plan created by Wallich. Major illustrations of natural features such as rivers and trees, which appeared alongside the nurseries, are either not included in the map or depicted using symbols. A large teak plantation replaces the native housing and the landscape is clearly divided into large divisions, indicating that science was used to categorize the natural landscape. An emphasis was placed on labelling plants and categorizing the different areas of the Garden which, according to Griffith, allowed it to be "gardens of science and instruction."
Attractions
The best-known landmark of the garden is The Great Banyan, an enormous banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) that is reckoned to be the largest tree in the world, at more than 330 metres in circumference. It partially inspired the novel Hothouse by Brian Aldiss. The gardens are also famous for their enormous collections of orchids, bamboos, palms, and plants of the screw pine genus (Pandanus).
Animals seen inside the Botanic Garden include the Jackal (Canis aureus), Indian mongoose and the Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis). Many species of snake are also to be found in the garden.
Gallery
References
225 years of Botanic History by Shakunt Pandey (PDF, 2.0 MB)
External links
Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta Index, ca. 1830
Botanical Survey of India
ENVIS Centre on Floral Diversity
Buildings and structures in Howrah
Botanical gardens in India
Tourist attractions in Howrah district
1787 establishments in British India
Tourism in West Bengal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya%20Jagadish%20Chandra%20Bose%20Indian%20Botanic%20Garden |
Walker and Weeks was an architecture firm based in Cleveland, Ohio, founded by Frank Ray Walker (September 29, 1877 - July 9, 1949) and Harry E. Weeks (October 2, 1871 - December 21, 1935).
Background
Harry Weeks was born October 2, 1871, in W. Springfield, MA, the son of Charles F. and Clarissa Allen Weeks. He attended MIT where he studied architecture in the Beaux-Arts tradition, graduating in 1893. He then worked for several prominent Massachusetts architectural firms before owning his own firm in Pittsfield, MA, for 3 years, where he would meet his future business partner. At the suggestion of John M. Carrere, a member of the Cleveland Group Plan Commission, Weeks moved to Cleveland in 1905, where he went to work for the prominent Cleveland architect J. Milton Dyer (1870-1957).
Frank Walker was born September 29, 1877, in Pittsfield, MA, the son of Frank and Helen Theresa (Ranous) Walker. He also studied architecture in the beaux-arts tradition at MIT, from which he was graduated in 1900. He subsequently moved to France to study at the Atelier of Monsieur Redon in Paris, and then lived a year in Italy. He returned to practice architecture in Boston, New York, and Pittsburgh before moving to Cleveland in 1905 to work for the firm of J. Milton Dyer.
After working together in Dyer's office, Walker and Weeks opened their own practice in 1911; the office continued to produce work even after Weeks's death, until the early 1950s. As was often the case with architecture firms, Walker was the designer while Weeks was primarily the businessman.
Works
The firm is most noted for its bank buildings; several dozen were designed in the teens alone. Their best-known bank was the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, built in 1923. However, they also designed a wide variety of commercial, public, ecclesiastic and residential buildings, as well as a number of bridges, during the course of the firm's life. Walker and Weeks were responsible for the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza in Indianapolis, which features a cenotaph based on the Mausoleum of Maussollos.
Walker and Weeks frequently employed sculptor Henry Hering to create sculpture for their projects.
Like many architects the firm produced work in a variety of styles, from Neoclassical, Italian Renaissance and finally, the 1930s, ending in Moderne and/or Art Deco.
Notable buildings
The buildings designed by the firm include:
Lorain County Savings and Loan Building, Elyria, Ohio, 1916
First National Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland, 1917
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Building, Akron, Ohio, 1917
Steubenville Bank and Trust Building, Steubenville, Ohio, 1919
Public Auditorium, Cleveland, 1922
Superior Building, Cleveland, 1922
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland, 1923
Tate House, Tate, Georgia, 1923
Cleveland Public Library Building, Cleveland, 1925
Old National Bank Building, Lima, Ohio, 1925
Allen Memorial Medical Library, Cleveland, 1926
Indiana World War Memorial, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1927
Thirty-seventh Division Memorial Bridge, Eyne, Belgium, 1927
Wolfe Music Building, Cleveland, 1927
Epworth-Euclid Methodist Church (with Bertram Goodhue), Cleveland, 1928
St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Cleveland Heights, Ohio 1928
First Baptist Church, Shaker Heights, Ohio, 1928
First Church of Christ, Scientist, Cleveland, 1929
Municipal Stadium, Cleveland, 1931
Severance Hall, Cleveland, 1931
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland - Pittsburgh Branch, Pittsburgh, 1931
Central Branch of the Evansville Public Library, Indiana, 1932
Hope Memorial Bridge (Originally the Lorain-Carnegie Bridge), Cleveland, 1932
Tomlinson Hall, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, 1945
Highland View Hospital, Highland Hills, Ohio, 1952
Saint Ann Church, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, 1952
References
Notes
Sources
Gaede, Robert C. & Kalin, Robert, editors, Guide to Cleveland Architecture, Cleveland Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, Cleveland, 1990.
Johannesen, Eric, A Cleveland Legacy: The Architecture of Walker and Weeks, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1999.
Johannesen, Eric, Cleveland Architecture: 1876-1976, Western Reserve Historical Society, 1981.
Rarick, Holly M., Progressive vision: The Planning of Downtown Cleveland 1903 - 1930, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, 1986.
External links
Walker and Weeks materials available in the Digital Gallery from Cleveland Public Library
Architecture firms based in Ohio
History of Cleveland
Companies based in Cleveland
Design companies established in 1911
1950s disestablishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker%20and%20Weeks |
Muley Point refers to:
Muley Point (Iron County, Utah), a cliff
Muley Point (San Juan County, Utah), a cliff and overlook | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muley%20Point |
The Government House is the heritage-listed vice-regal residence of the governor of New South Wales, Australia, located on Conservatorium Road in the Sydney central business district adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden, overlooking Sydney Harbour, just south of the Sydney Opera House. Constructed between 1837 and 1843, the property has been the vice-regal residence of the Governor since Sir George Gipps, except for two brief periods; the first between 1901 and 1914, when the property was leased to the Commonwealth of Australia as the residence of the Governor-General of Australia, and the second from 1996 to 2011.
The property was returned as the Governor's residence in October 2011 and was managed by the Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales from March 1996 to December 2013. Completed in 1847 and constructed in the Gothic revival style, the building is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register.
History
1845–1901
In 1835 the British Government agreed that a new Government House in Sydney had become a necessity, and the royal architect, Edward Blore, was instructed to draw up plans. Construction commenced in 1837 and was supervised by colonial architect Mortimer Lewis and Colonel Barney of the Royal Engineers. Stone, cedar, and marble for the construction were obtained from various areas of New South Wales. A ball in honour of the birthday of Queen Victoria was held in the new building in 1843, although construction was not complete. The first resident, Governor George Gipps, did not move in until 1845.
Government House, with its setting on Sydney Harbour, has a garden area of and is located south of the Sydney Opera House, overlooking Farm Cove. It was designed in a romantic Gothic revival stylecastellated, crenellated, turreted and is decorated with oil portraits and the coats of arms of its successive occupants. Additions have included a front portico in 1873, an eastern verandah in 1879 and extensions to the ballroom and governor's study in 1900–1901. From 1845 until 1901, the building served as the Governor's residence, office and official reception space.
1901–1914
Between 1901 and 1914, the building was used to house the new role of Governor-General, created by the Federation of Australia. During this period, three Governors of New South Wales occupied Cranbrook, namely Harry Rawson, Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford and Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland.
In 1913, the decision was taken to establish a residence for the Governor-General at Admiralty House.
1914–1996
From 1914 to 1996, the building again served as the residence, office and official reception space for the Governor of New South Wales.
1996–2011
However, in 1996, at the direction of the then Premier of New South Wales, Bob Carr, the property ceased to be used as a residence; the Governor's day office was relocated to the historic Chief Secretary's building nearby, at 121 Macquarie Street. On 16 January 1996 Carr announced that the next Governor, Gordon Samuels, would not live or work at Government House. On these changes, Carr said "The Office of the Governor should be less associated with pomp and ceremony, less encumbered by anachronistic protocol, more in tune with the character of the people". Carr later quipped that his decision had been "for Jack Lang", referring to the Premier of a former state Labor Government that was dismissed by a Governor, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Philip Game, in 1932 during a constitutional crisis.
The state's longest-serving governor, Sir Roden Cutler, was also reported as saying:
This move generated further controversy, as the proclaimed cost savings of over $2 million never materialised. The Auditor-General found it cost $600,000 more to maintain the building without a resident Governor; and public attendance decreased (resident Governors had maintained public access during their tenures). This led the group Australians for Constitutional Monarchy to organise a protest, resulting in one of the largest marches in Sydney history: a crowd of 15,000 protested outside Parliament House, blocking Macquarie Street. On the day before Gordon Samuels' swearing-in, a petition bearing 55,000 signatures was handed in, calling on the Premier to reconsider. During the hiatus of resident governor, Government House was consistently used for vice-regal purposes and remained the official reception space of the state, including as a key meeting venue of APEC Australia 2007 in September 2007, at which time the political leaders of the 21 member states of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation met.
2011–present
In October 2011, the then Premier Barry O'Farrell announced that the then Governor, Marie Bashir, had agreed with O'Farrell's offer to move back into Government House: "A lot of people believe the Governor should live at Government House. That's what it was built for ... [A]t some stage a rural or regional governor will be appointed and we will need to provide accommodation at Government House so it makes sense to provide appropriate living areas". However, because Government House had not been a residence for fifteen years, O'Farrell also announced that the Governor would initially move into a smaller adjacent building, called the chalet, while refurbishments of the main wing occurred, with a proposed move into the main house "before Christmas". From December 2013, management of Government House was returned to the Office of the Governor from the managers since 1996, the Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales.
Description
Grounds
Much of the 19th-century character of the grounds remains. The grounds include private gardens as well as formal open areas. Near the house (on its south-east side) is a giant Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla), planted soon after the house's construction was completed. This tree is the surviving one of a former pair which stood either side of the terrace. The formal grounds of sweeping annual displays, manicured lawns, exotic trees and shrubs as well as the carriageways, paths and terraces provide a strong link with Sydney's colonial and Victorian heritage.
The garden maintains a distinctly 19th-century character, drawing on Regency and Italianate styles, and featuring a collection of native and exotic species. Most changes to the garden were at the initiative of past governors and their wives, including Denison's five acre vegetable garden and Lady Game's much-loved project, the "Spring Walk". Some areas of the garden are true to their 19th-century design, while others are more modern. Thousands of visitors enjoy the garden every year, both as public visitors and guests at functions ranging from garden parties for Royal visits, open days, award ceremonies and charity events. The garden is a crucial part of Government House – chef Christine Ware regularly sources honey (the current governor keeps bees), herbs and flowers for food served at functions. Florist Marjan Medhat has also been known to use flowers and natural ephemera from the grounds in her floral displays, alongside potted plants grown in the greenhouse.
The first private garden – the Western Terrace – sits around a rocky outcrop and knoll and features an extensive sandstone wall and plantings of olive trees.
Western terrace, 1836-1845
Lies inside the entrance gates to the left of the drive. This is the oldest part of the garden, established when the house was being built (1836–45) to provide screening and privacy for the house. The evergreen trees planted here – many of them native species – were chosen to block out "disagreeable scenery", but the large two-level terrace also functioned as a pleasure garden. The original sandstone walls, some of the gravel paths and plantings of olive trees and hedges survive. An evergreen or southern magnolia or bull bay (M. grandiflora) dating from the 1859s is at the northern end of the terrace. The terrace was restored in 2000 by Sydney Living Museums (fmr. Historic Houses Trust of NSW).
Eastern terrace, 1869
The eastern terrace's design was laid out in 1869 and remains the main feature of the garden. From the house's arcade (colonnade) you can view across bisecting pathways lined with flowerbeds to a view of Sydney Harbour. Through Cook's pines (Araucaria columnaris) and other trees you can see Fort Denison, Mrs Macquarie's Chair, Garden Island and beyond. Originally the view was wider to the east including towards the heads of the harbour). The Eastern Terrace has a central sandstone pond with its original stone fountain. Various garden schemes have been installed in the eastern terrace's formal garden borders flanking the central path.
Palm Grove, 1870s
North of the Eastern Terrace is the palm grove, established in the 1870s for the Countess of Belmore, wife of the 13th governor. Here native and exotic palms including the Lord Howe Island's Kentia (Howea fosteriana) and curly (H.belmoreana)(named for the governor) can be found.
Spring Walk, 1930s
Governor and Lady Game were both keen gardeners and Lady Game "set out to produce an outstanding array of trees, shrubs and planters". She established the Spring Walk on the southern end of the Eastern Terrace, where she supplemented surviving 19th century Camellia japonica cv's with new plantings of modern varieties. Surviving very old camellias include C.j.'Cleopatra Rosea' (pink) and "Wellbankiana" (white), some of which are over 100 years old. Wife of Governor Game's private secretary, writer Ethel Anderson, had this to say about Lady Game's garden:
'under the grey green olives, late daffodils still star the grass. Watsonias, double cherries, magnolias, spireas, purple eupatoriums and primulas, set in a spring border among standard white wisterias form, like a sea... Lady Game's border - so lovely with pomegranates, bougainvilleas, cistus and Madonna lilies - keeps its date with beauty.' The entrance stones to the Spring Walk are said to be convict-made blocks from the first Government House built for Arthur Philip, now the site of the Museum of Sydney. Like many houses of the time, Government House was self sufficient with kitchen gardens, orchards and farm animals. The kitchen garden is now part of the Royal Botanic Gardens.
Official plantings
To the west of the driveway is a large paperbark (Melaleuca leucadendra) and peppermint (Eucalyptus nicholli) planted by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh in 1954 during the first visit of a reigning monarch to Australia. Many of the garden's trees are ceremonial plantings. Among the roses on the Eastern Terrace the "Dame Marie Bashir Rose" can be found (bred in that Governor's honour), as well as the "Governor Macquarie" rose Dame Bashir planted in 2009 as patron of the Rose Society of New South Wales. Dame Marie Bashir was just one of the many governors past and present with a passion for plants and their pollinators.
The Lodge
One of two Gothic style buildings to have survived around Government House. It is a copy of a guardhouse at Windsor Castle.
Gatehouse
Brick gatehouse replacing an earlier timber one.
The Chalet
Designed by Colonial Architect W. L. Vernon, the chalet breaks with the Gothic style of Government House. However, it has Tudor Gothic elements such as half timbered gables and broad brick chimneys.
House
Government House is a Gothic Revival two-storey building with crenellated battlements, turrets, detailed interiors, extensive cellars and a porte-cochère at the entrance. An open cloister on the east elevation forms a verandah room which is supported by Gothic arches and forms an open balcony above. The ground floor contains twelve rooms and the first floor contains thirteen bedrooms. It is built of stone with a slate roof, timber floors, unpainted cedar joinery and a stone-flagged verandah. There are extensive staff offices and quarters.
Moveable Collection
A collection of moveable heritage noted in the Historic Houses Collection inventory as being of high and exceptional significance are also included in the State Heritage Listing. Items of exceptional significance are those deemed to be rare or outstanding and of major cultural or historic significance to NSW and Australia. Such items have a documented provenance to NSW Governors, their families and entourages from 1845 to the early 20th Century or with the first five Governors-General of Australia between 1901 and 1915. Items of high significance are objects considered to be rare or unusual and to have a cultural or historic significance to NSW. These objects date from 1845 through to the present and may contribute to the understanding of the house occupants and use or through their connection to artists, architects, craftsmen or suppliers associated with the construction and decoration of Government House.
Condition
As at 27 August 2014, the physical condition is excellent; and the archaeological potential is good. The whole assembly is relatively intact within its 1915–17 boundaries – including house, garden, gatehouse, Chalet, courtyards, garages, greenhouses etc. – and can show the development of the site and the management and workings of Government House.
Modifications and dates
1846-47 - Guardhouse built at entrance to the domain at the intersection of Bridge and Macquarie Streets
1854 - First coats of arms mounted on building
1863 - Deer House, Cow House and Conservatory constructed.
1873 - A porte cochere added
1879-80 - Construction of Colonnade and eastern arcade
1890-91 - Chalet commissioned and built
1899 - Ballroom extended.
1902-03 - Alterations and additions to accommodate Governor-General
-21 - Summer House in formal garden removed.
Mid 20th c. - Eastern Terrace's main axial path paved with lage rectangular stones, side paths with crazy paving (and also widened in proportion, destroying the original path hierarchy) and stylish grass borders removed.
1948-54 - Additions and Renovations for Royal Visit by Queen Elizabeth II & Prince Philip.
1979-80 - Demolition of earlier outbuildings and construction of a new group of buildings.
1990-96 - Reconstruction of Vestibule interiors, restoration of East Terrace and various other construction and restoration works.
2004 - reinstatement of the c.1840 garden layout and treatment of the Western Terrace.
2010 - replacement of Eastern Terrace side paths, new drainage, irrigation and planting of central beds.
Heritage listing
As at 28 March 2013, Government House built in the early 1840s as the home of the monarch's representative and as the seat of power, symbolised British authority in the colony. Like the Governors themselves, the house is a powerful symbol of state.
From the time of its completion, the house and its occupants were seen as the "pinnacle" of society, and the Governor and family as social exemplars, ideas that continued well into the twentieth century. Home to twenty four governors of New South Wales and their families, and the first five Governors-General, all chosen for their various pre-eminent positions, it reflects the many changes that have taken place in public and private life. Guests and visitors ranged from citizens paying their respects or receiving awards, to the reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, other members of the Royal family and other heads of states.
The finest example of a castellated Gothic house in Australia, the house with its landscaped gardens reflected its English ties and was the model that inspired others. It is a grand ensemble of buildings, gardens and contents whose history and use are richly documented. Developments to the place over 150 years demonstrate changing tastes and social attitudes, and showcase the talents of leading architects, artists and craftsmen.
Located in Governor Phillip's domain, it provides a tangible link with the earliest years of the colony, and is associated with the development of significant public places such as the Conservatorium (formerly its stables), Royal Botanic Gardens (formerly its grounds), and the Opera House.
Government House in Sydney is significant as one of the two original official residences selected for the Governor-General following the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901. Rivalry between New South Wales and Victoria led the Commonwealth Government to designate Government House in Sydney and Melbourne Government House as official residences of equal status for the Governor-General. The Sydney Government House served as the Governor-General's Sydney Residence until 1912 when the NSW government sparked a major controversy by effectively evicting the governor-general. The place is significant for its association with the first five occupants of the high office of Governor-General from the time of federation until 1912.
A rare example of a great harbourside landscape estate virtually intact. A typical 19th century 3-part estate landscape of park, parterre and pleasure grounds. The formal grounds of sweeping annual displays, manicured lawns, exotic trees and shrubs as well as the carriageways, paths and terraces provide a strong link with Sydney's colonial and Victorian heritage
It is perhaps the last of the great harbourside estates to have survived relatively intact and to still be carrying on its original function; a combination of private residence, office complex and official function venue. The garden is one of the oldest continually maintained gardens in Australia. Whilst it has been altered to some extent over the years, it nevertheless provides an appropriately grand setting for the house.
The heritage significance of Government House at a State level is enhanced by the extraordinarily rich and diverse collection of moveable heritage ranging from furniture, paintings, ceramics, glassware textiles and sculpture to garden ornaments and kitchenalia dating back to the 1820s. It is a rare and intact collection of items with an ongoing and continuous association with the vice regal function and clearly demonstrates 150 years of changing style and taste. The collection is inherently linked to the house (and specific locations in the house). The comprehensive collection of portraits of NSW governors contains one of the earliest official portraits to be commissioned in NSW and Australia, that of Governor Thomas Brisbane by Augustus Earle. The collection of colonial furniture is significant and contains the most extensive collection of furniture by noted craftsman Andrew Lenham between 1845 and 1860 as well as furniture and other objects associated with colonial and international exhibitions and demonstrate excellence in local design, manufacturing and materials.
Government House, Sydney was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 December 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
This site replaced the original government house in 1845 as the seat of power and the symbol of the Crown and British authority in the colonial period. It was the seat of executive power under the constitution of New South Wales from 1856 to 1901 and 1915 to 1996. It can demonstrate its changing role as the seat of executive power, the residence of the Governors of New South Wales, and as an important place of State ceremony.
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.
The site has close associations with the many Governors and Governors-General who have resided there as well as the many international heads of state who have visited and stayed there. As the seat of British authority in NSW and Australia, Government House is significant for its important association with the British royalty, especially those who have been accommodated at the house including Prince Albert (who after being shot was treated and nursed back to health in the Drawing Room of Government House), the Queen Mother, King Charles III (then Prince of Wales), Princess Diana, Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips and significantly Queen Elizabeth II and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh on a number of occasions. The historic significance of Government House is also enhanced through its association with those involved in its design and construction: Edward Blore, an eminent British architect who completed the original design of the house; Colonial Architect Mortimer Lewis who adapted these plans to suit Australian conditions; James Barney who designed and supervised significant repairs and alterations to the house; and Walter Liberty Vernon who was also responsible for significant additions and repairs.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The quality of Edward Blore's design and detailing, and the degree to which his intent was realised in the finished house, resulted in a unique building for the colony. It remains the finest example of a castellated Gothic House in Australia. The Gothic style of the house and the character of its landscaped gardens were perceived to be quintessentially English and calculated to maintain the emotional ties between a distant colony and the motherland. It served as an inspiration for other Gothic buildings in Sydney including harbourside villas, and was also a model for the unrealised Government House in Hobart. Furthermore, it was an impetus for the Gothic revival in Australia. The construction of such a large and sophisticated building was a major technical achievement for the time. It had a seminal influence in raising the standards of building and craftsmanship in the colony. The additions to the house by James Barnet and Walter. L. Vernon between 1870 and 1902, were notable examples of the later Victorian Gothic revival style. The Chalet is a fine example of an Arts and Crafts inspired style of domestic architecture and a forerunner of the Australian Federation style of the early 20th century.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The house was seen as a pinnacle of society and the roll of Governor as social "exemplar", ideas that continued well into the 20th century. The place can demonstrate the changing emphasis in the selection of Governor; from military, to career administrators, to aristocrats. By the end of the 19th century the role was perceived to be more social than political, and post-war Australian Governors were installed into this esteemed position. At each stage in its history, Government House was a place of work for personnel involved in the business of the Governor, in domestic service, in securing the site, or in the keeping of the grounds, most being resident on the site. The role of domestic servants, and later domestic staff, continued until the mid 1990s, well after such service had become anachronistic in most other great houses in Australia.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Government House demonstrates at a high level the design, layout, construction techniques and finishes of a colonial grand house in the Gothic style as well as that of an early colonial harbour-side estate charged with the carriage of viceregal functions including symbolic functions of authority in polity and society. The ensemble of House, outbuildings and gardens can demonstrate the development of the site and its functions from the colonial period to today. The Government house interiors as they have evolved from the 1840s reflect the development of taste and style over 170 years. The Government House garden has the archaeological potential to provide information on early roads and drives and terrace arrangements. The important interiors (such as the Lyon and Cottier wall Drawing Room ceilings and hand painted cloth panels) and the extensive moveable heritage collection (including the collection of Colonial Australian furniture, portraits of Governors, and some of the more recent furnishings and fittings) demonstrate 150 years of changing style and taste.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
It is a rare surviving example where the original and early planning remains relatively intact and demonstrates the prevailing social order and domestic arrangements of the "place".
Gallery
See also
First Government House, Sydney, residence of the Governor from 1788 to 1845
Old Government House, Parramatta, the country retreat for the early Governors
Government Houses of Australia
Government Houses in the Commonwealth
Government House Sydney 360° Virtual Tour
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Government House Sydney 360° Virtual Tour
Government House section of Governor's Website
Official Government House website (Historic Houses Trust)
Old Government House Website
Old Government House (NSW National Trust)
School excursion information – Old Government House
Australian National Heritage listing for Old Government House and Government Domain
Pictures of Old Government House, Parramatta
[CC-By-SA]
Houses completed in 1845
Houses in Sydney
Museums in Sydney
Government buildings in Sydney
Gothic Revival architecture in Sydney
Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales
Government of New South Wales
Victorian architecture in Sydney
Historic house museums in New South Wales
Official residences in Australia
1845 establishments in Australia
Sydney
Edward Blore buildings
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Sandstone buildings in Australia
Governors' mansions
Event venues in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Bridge Street, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20Sydney |
Government Dockyard () is a dockyard of Hong Kong Government responsible for the design, procurement and maintenance of all vessels owned by the Government.
The dockyard occupies a site of 98 hectares on the northeast coast of Stonecutters Island in Hong Kong and has an 8.3-hectare protected water basin as an operational base for vessels operated by the Marine Department. The dockyard has a shiplift system and three ship-hoists capable of drydocking vessels of up to 750 tonnes. An on-line computerised information system is employed to co-ordinate the maintenance activities and support services to maximise maintenance efficiency and vessel availability.
The dockyard is adjacent to Stonecutters Island Sewage Treatment Plant is accessible by Ngong Shuen Road.
Former Tenants
This dockyard was the final Tamar shore station prior to the handover and used briefly by the Royal Navy. The base was closed on April 11, 1997 a few months prior to the handover and centenary of HMS Tamar's arrival to Hong Kong.
The base was used to service 3 of the Peacock class patrol ships:
HMS Peacock
HMS Plover
HMS Starling
The ships remained at the decommissioned base before being sold to the Philippine Navy.
Current tenants
List of government departments with vessels serviced here:
Hong Kong Police launches
Hong Kong Fire Services fireboats
Hong Kong Marine Department vessels
Hong Kong Customs and Excise vessels
See also
Ngong Shuen Chau Naval Base - PLA base that replaced Tamar
People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison
Chinese People's Liberation Army Forces Hong Kong Building - former Tamar shore station
Central Government Complex, Tamar and Tamar site - location of naval basin for HMS Tamar
References
Hong Kong government departments and agencies
Stonecutters Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Dockyard |
Sprankle Mills is a small unincorporated rural community in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located between the boroughs of Punxsutawney and Brookville.
History
Sprankle Mills was founded in 1833 by Frederick Sprankle, who owned a mill in the middle of town. A post office was established at Sprankle Mills in 1857, and remained in operation until 1984.
References
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
1833 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprankle%20Mills%2C%20Pennsylvania |
Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz were an American hip hop duo, composed of rappers Sean "Lord Tariq" Hamilton and Peter "Peter Gunz" Pankey, from The Bronx, New York. They are best known for their 1997 single "Deja Vu (Uptown Baby)", which reached the top ten on the US Billboard Hot 100.
Career
Initially performing as The Gunrunners, the duo made their debut on Whodini's 1996 album Six, on which they featured on the track "Can't Get Enough" and assisted in the writing of two other tracks. Peter Gunz collaborated with Shaquille O'Neal on the latter's albums You Can't Stop the Reign (1996) and Respect (1998), in addition to the single "Men of Steel" from O'Neal's film Steel (1997). Lord Tariq worked with Jay-Z and Nas on the 1998 single "Analyze This".
Their debut single, "Deja Vu (Uptown Baby)", was released in December 1997 and sampled the 1977 Steely Dan song "Black Cow". It peaked at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100, topped the Billboard Hot Rap Songs chart, and reached #21 on the UK Singles Chart in May 1998. The single was certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of over one million.
Following the track's success, Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz released their only album in 1998, Make It Reign, which peaked at #38 on the Billboard 200 and #8 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. Despite containing guest appearances by Big Pun, Fat Joe, Sticky Fingaz, Kurupt and Cam'ron, the album failed to produce further hits.
The pair broke up in 1999 without releasing any other material.
Later career
From 2013 to 2020, Peter Gunz has appeared on the VH1 reality series Love & Hip Hop: New York and is currently (as of late 2020) the new host of the long running reality series Cheaters. He was married to singer Amina Schmahl. His son, Peter Cory Pankey, Jr. (born 1987), is a rapper who goes by the stage name of Cory Gunz and was signed to Young Money Entertainment, the Cash Money Records imprint founded by rapper Lil Wayne.
In June 2005, Lord Tariq released a non-charting solo album, The Barcode, that featured both Peter and Cory Gunz.
Discography
Lord Tariq & Peter Gunz
Lord Tariq
Filmography
Peter Gunz
Personal life
Peter Gunz
Peter Gunz has ten children: rapper Cory Gunz, Whitney, Kennedi, Brandon, Phoenix, Jamison, Kaz, Cori, Gunner, and Bronx. Peter has two granddaughters.
References
External links
African-American musical groups
Musical duos from New York (state)
Columbia Records artists
American hip hop duos
Hip hop groups from New York City
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
Musical groups from the Bronx
Rappers from the Bronx
Participants in American reality television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Tariq%20and%20Peter%20Gunz |
The UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking was used by UEFA from 1995 to the 2015–16 season to grant three berths for the first qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League. Since that time it has granted a monetary prize to winning associations.
Qualification system
1995–1998
The three highest-performing associations in the UEFA Fair Play ranking were given an extra UEFA Cup berth for the best-finishing team in their top division who have not qualified for the following season's UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup or UEFA Cup. Which round the teams started from depended on their association's UEFA coefficient.
1999–2008
The highest-finishing club in the Fair Play rankings of a qualifying association, not yet participating in either the UEFA Champions League or the UEFA Cup (the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup became defunct after 1998–99), were potential contenders for the three remaining berths. The club from the association which won the Fair Play ranking qualified automatically for the First Qualifying Round of the UEFA Cup. The two other associations were drawn from the rest that have reached the threshold of minimum games and had a score of at least 8.0.
2009–2015
The three highest placed national associations in the UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking each automatically gained an extra qualification berth for the first qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League, providing they exceeded the threshold of games played, and had a minimum average score of 8.0. These berths were then allocated to the highest placed club in that association's own Fair Play league that had not yet qualified a UEFA competition.
2015–present
Based upon a UEFA Executive Committee decision, approved in December 2014, from the 2015–16 season onwards, Fair Play no longer grants entry to the Europa League, instead only netting the victorious association a cash prize to be put towards "fair play or respect-themed projects". It is assessed on three categories: overall fair play, year-on-year fair play (most improved association) and spectator behaviour, with each association being scored and an association being declared the winner for each category. No association can win more than one category, meaning that on receiving one category award, an association becomes ineligible to win either of the other two, with the three categories being ranked in importance so that it can be determined which category takes preference.
Ranking
All representative teams from a football association are responsible for the score of the Fair Play ranking of that association. This includes matches of all national teams and all clubs in all UEFA competitions. The ranking assessment period was also changed in 2015, and is now from 1 July to 30 June the following year. For the transitional season of 2015–16, the ranking assessment period covered all matches between 1 May 2015 and 30 June 2016).
Criteria
Teams are judged on the following criteria:
Yellow and red cards: If no cards are shown the score will be 10. Every yellow card will deduct this total by 1. A red card will cost a team 3 points in the ranking. If the red card is the result of a second yellow card, the deductions of the second yellow card will be ignored. But if a player gets a direct red card after he got a yellow card earlier, the yellow card will be counted as a deduction. This score could become negative.
Positive play: e.g. attacking tactics, acceleration of the game, efforts to gain time, and continued pursuit of goals. A team can score a maximum of 10 points and a minimum of 1 point
Respect to the opponent: e.g. returning the ball to the opponent at a throw-in, helping an injured opponent: maximum 5 points, minimum 1 point
Respect to the referee: maximum 5 points, minimum 1 point
Behaviour of the team officials: maximum 5 points, minimum 1 point
Behaviour of the fans: maximum 5 points, minimum 1 point
NB: this criterion is ignored when the number of fans is negligible e.g. if there are no fans at all or because of penalty that was given by the UEFA
The total number of points are divided by the maximum number of points, 40 (or 35 if there are a negligible number of fans), and multiplied by 10 which will result in a score between 0 and 10. The score is calculated to two decimal points and not rounded up.
2014–15 final ranking
The ranking below covers matches from 1 May 2014 to 30 April 2015 and is the final ranking.
The top three associations (Netherlands, England, Republic of Ireland) gained an extra qualification berth for the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round.
Cut-off: 37 matches played
Group 1: 37 or more matches played; Group 2: fewer than 37 matches played.
Winners (1995–2015)
The UEFA Fair Play winners in the rankings by year since 1995 to 2015 were:
Notes:
Teams that performed the best in a given year when compared to the other two Fair Play qualifiers, either by advancing further or earning more points, are listed in italic.
(a): Both Randers and MYPA made to the 3rd Qualification round however MYPA had more wins in the tournament.
Most wins
By association
By team
Best performances
The furthest that a team progressed from a fair-play entry was the quarter-finals, achieved by Aston Villa (1997–98), Rayo Vallecano (2000–01) and Manchester City (2008–09), with Manchester City being the only team to have progressed beyond the group stage since this was introduced in 2004–05.
Winners (since 2015–16 season)
The UEFA Fair Play winners by category in the rankings (with updated format) are:
See also
UEFA coefficient
Notes
References
Fair Play ranking
Association football rankings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Respect%20Fair%20Play%20ranking |
is the first compilation album released by Japanese singer Maaya Sakamoto. The album was originally released in Japan by Victor Entertainment in 1999, this collection was also released in the United States market by Geneon Entertainment (USA) in 2005. It was re-released in 2010 as a part of Maaya's Debut 15th anniversary reissue series.
Track listing
Note: "24" is the only English-language song in the track list.
Charts
References
Maaya Sakamoto albums
Albums produced by Yoko Kanno
1999 compilation albums
Victor Entertainment compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20Collection%3A%20Hotchpotch |
Warkari (Marathi: वारकरी; Pronunciation: [ʋaːɾkəɾiː]; Meaning: 'The one who performs the Wari') is a sampradaya (religious movement) within the bhakti spiritual tradition of Hinduism, geographically associated with the Indian state of Maharashtra. Warkaris worship Vitthal (also known as Vithoba), the presiding deity of Pandharpur, regarded as a form of Vishnu. Saints and gurus of the bhakti movement associated with the Warkaris include Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Chokhamela, Eknath, and Tukaram all of whom are accorded the title of Sant. Recent research has suggested that the Varkaris were historically the followers of Krishna.
Influence
The Warkari tradition has been part of Hindu culture in Maharashtra since the thirteenth-century CE, when it formed as a panth (community of people with shared spiritual beliefs and practices) during the Bhakti movement. Warkaris recognise around fifty poet-saints (sants) whose works over a period of 500 years were documented in an eighteenth-century hagiography by Mahipati. The Warkari tradition regards these sants to have a common spiritual line of descent.
Practices
The Warkari movement includes the worship of Vithoba and a duty-based approach towards life emphasising moral behavior and strict avoidance of alcohol and tobacco, the adoption of sattvic diet, a modified lacto-vegetarian diet that excludes onion and garlic and fasting on Ekadashi day (twice a month), self-restraint (celibacy) during student life, equality and humanity for all rejecting discrimination based on the caste system or wealth, the reading of Hindu texts, the recitation of the Haripath every day and the regular practice of bhajan and kirtan.
The Warkaris wear tulashi-mala, a rosary made from the wood of the sacred Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) plant. The Warkari men may be known by their three upright brow lines, a black between two white gopichandan or white clay and sandal-paste lines which is also popular with other Vaishnavaite devotees.
Varkaris look upon God as the Ultimate Truth and ascertained grades of values in social life but accept ultimate equality among men. Varkaris bow in front of each other because "everybody is Brahma" and stressed individual sacrifice, forgiveness, simplicity, peaceful co-existence, compassion, non-violence, love and humility in social life.
The Warkari poet-saints are known for their devotional lyrics, the abhang, dedicated to Vithoba and composed in Marathi. Other devotional literature includes the Kannada hymns of the Haridasa, and Marathi versions of the generic aarti songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. Notable saints and gurus of the Warkaris include Jñāneśvar, Namdev, Chokhamela, Eknath, and Tukaram, all of whom are accorded the title of Sant.
Pilgrimages
Warkari people undertake an annual pilgrimage called wari, to Pandharpur, gathering there on Ekadashi (the 11th day) of the Hindu lunar calendar month of Ashadha, corresponding to a date falling sometime between late June to July in the Gregorian calendar. Pilgrims carry Palkhi of the saints from their places of Samadhi (Enlightenment or "spiritual birth"). The tradition of carrying the paduka (sandals) of the sants in a Palkhi was started by the youngest son of Tukaram, Narayan Maharaj, in 1685. Further changes were brought to the pilgrimage by descendants of Tukaram in the 1820s and by Haibatravbaba, a courtier of the Scindias and devotee of Dnyaneshwar.
Devotees of Vitthal were holding pilgrimages prior to the 14th century. In the present day, about 40 palkhis and their devotees from all over Maharashtra do so. Another pilgrimage is celebrated on the Ekadashi of the month of Kartika, which falls in November of the Gregorian Calendar.
Events such as Ringan and Dhava are held during the pilgrimage. During the Ringan, an unmounted sacred horse called Maulincha Ashva, who is believed to be the soul of the saint whose idol is being carried in the litter, runs through the rows of pilgrims, who try catching the dust particles kicked off and smear their head with the same. Dhava is another kind of race where everyone wins and it is held to commemorate the manner in which Tukaram first saw the temple at Pandharpur and started running in sheer exhilaration.
References
Further reading
Turner, Victor. “The Center out There: Pilgrim’s Goal.” History of Religions, vol. 12, no. 3, 1973, pp. 191–230. JSTOR, . Accessed 23 Oct. 2022.
13th-century establishments in India
Anti-caste movements
Bhakti-era Hindu sects
Hinduism in Maharashtra
Krishnaite Vaishnava denominations
Religions that require vegetarianism
Sant Mat
Vaishnava sects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warkari |
The Úhlava () is a river in the Czech Republic, a right tributary of the Radbuza River. It flows through the Plzeň Region. It is long, which makes it the 19th longest river in the Czech Republic.
Etymology
The name is probably of Slavic origin and is derived from úhel (i.e. 'angle'), which refers to its relatively tortuous course.
Characteristic
The Úhlava originates in the territory of Železná Ruda in the Bohemian Forest at the elevation of , on the slope of the Pancíř mountain, and flows to Plzeň, where it enters the Radbuza River at the elevation of . It is long, which makes it the 19th longest river in the Czech Republic. Its drainage basin has an area of .
The longest tributaries of the Úhlava are:
Settlements
The river flows through the municipal territories of Železná Ruda, Hamry, Nýrsko, Janovice nad Úhlavou, Bezděkov, Klatovy, Dolany, Švihov, Červené Poříčí, Borovy, Nezdice, Lužany, Příchovice, Přeštice, Dolní Lukavice, Předenice, Čižice and Štěnovice before flowing into the Radbuza at the southern edge of Plzeň.
Bodies of water
There are only 38 bodies of water larger than 1 ha in the basin area. The largest body of water is the Nýrsko Reservoir with an area of , built directly on the Úhlava. In the basin area is also Černé jezero – the largest natural lake in the Czech Republic.
Sport
On the upper courses of the Úhlava, the Czech Paddler's Cup, organized by the Czech Canoe Union, is held every year. Higher river flow at the time of the event is ensured by the organizer from the Nýrsko Reservoir.
References
External links
River flow at Štěnovice station – Flood Warning and Forecasting Service of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
Rivers of the Plzeň Region
Bohemian Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ahlava |
Salem's Seven is a fictional team of magical beings and former supervillains appearing in Marvel Comics. They were initially foes of the Scarlet Witch and the Fantastic Four, but became allies to both. All seven are the children of Nicholas Scratch and the grandchildren of Agatha Harkness. They are humans with magic powers who can transform into fantastic creatures with super-powers.
Publication history
The team first appeared in Fantastic Four #186 (September 1977), and was created by Len Wein and George Pérez.
Fictional history
Salem's Seven originated in New Salem, Colorado, a hidden town in an unsettled part of the Rocky Mountains, populated entirely by magic users who mostly lived in fear of normal humanity due to the persecution they faced during the Salem witch trials. Salem's Seven were fathered by Nicholas Scratch with different mothers. Scratch's own mother Agatha Harkness was the most powerful of the town's inhabitants, but she chose to live among humanity. In time, she becomes the governess for Franklin Richards (son of Invisible Woman and Mister Fantastic of the Fantastic Four). Scratch has Salem's Seven abduct Agatha purportedly for betraying the New Salem community. They bring Franklin back with them to give to Scratch a new host-body, which forces the Fantastic Four to pursue. Although initially overcome and imprisoned, the Four defeat their captors, banish Scratch from this dimension, and save Harkness. When Salem's Seven try to retaliate against Harkness later, she removes their ability to change forms.
Over the years, Salem's Seven manage to reverse the spells locking them away from their enhanced forms, greatly weakening Harkness in the process. They take control of New Salem, and with Vertigo as their leader, they turn the community against Harkness and burn her at the stake. The Scarlet Witch and the Vision are drawn to New Salem, where they are captured by the Seven. Gazelle disagrees with the group's plans of sacrifice, and is thrown in with the prisoners. The Vision escapes and battles Vertigo, who draws the powers of the other 665 residents of New Salem into herself. When the Vision defeats Vertigo, she loses control of the power. The Scarlet Witch manages to channel some of it off, but in the ensuing explosion all of New Salem is apparently wiped out, including the Seven.
The next Halloween, Wanda attempts to commune with Harkness's spirit, but instead is drawn into the land of the dead, where she confronts spirits of the Seven (except Gazelle) who had aligned themselves with a being that called itself Samhain. Wanda defeats Samhain and binds him within the spirits of six of the Seven.
Through samples of their DNA, Brutacus, Hydron, Reptilla, Thornn, and Vakume are later reanimated as some of Arnim Zola's proto-husks. They are all introduced and then promptly slain for humorous effect by Deadpool.
All members of Salem's Seven are resurrected when the Scarlet Witch's mental breakdown and manipulation of magic restore them to life. Scratch manipulates them into releasing Shuma-Gorath, but they later aid the Fantastic Four, Diablo, and Doctor Strange in defeating Scratch and Shuma-Gorath. The seven subsequently live with Doctor Strange and are friends of the Fantastic Four.
In the 2014 New Warriors series, Salem's Seven are seen living as the resident protectors of New Salem, which has become a haven for all people "born of magic".
Through the advice of a mysterious benefactor called Quiet Man, Wizard enlists Gazelle, Reptilla, and Vertigo to join his Frightful Four. They attack Mister Fantastic in Chicago until Scarlet Witch arrives to help him.
During the "Hunted" storyline, Gazelle is among the animal-themed superhumans captured by Taskmaster and Black Ant for Kraven the Hunter's Great Hunt, sponsored by Arcade's company Arcade Industries. In the ensuing chaos, Gazelle is stabbed by a Hunter-Bot controlled by one of the participants.
Members
Brutacus: Transforms into a lion-like humanoid with red horns. In this form, he has strength and durability sufficient to match the Thing or Vision.
Gazelle: Transforms into a cloven-hoofed deer-like person with super-speed and agility.
Hydron: Transforms into a fish-man who can fire controllable streams of water from the stump-end of his left arm.
Reptilla: Transforms into a snake-like form with a single long snake tail instead of legs, and two poisonous snakes instead of her arms. She can constrict and bite with her hand-snakes.
Thornn: Transforms into a yellow demon-like humanoid with large red thorns jutting from the arms and legs. He can throw explosive thorns or stunning thorns.
Vakume: Transforms into a featureless purple humanoid. He can become intangible and control air, creating winds and vacuums.
Vertigo: Eldest daughter of Scratch with no special transformation. She is not the same character as Vertigo of the Savage Land Mutates, but possesses the same ability to attack a person's sense of balance.
Other versions
Ultimate Marvel
Appearing in Ultimate Fantastic Four and operating out of Salem, Oregon, the Seven are a new superhero team. Although they save many people, they are just as quick to fight the Fantastic Four. Members include:
Alpha Dog: Leader of the Seven. He can alter the density of objects to make it appear he has super strength and invulnerability.
Ghostware: Member of the Seven who can phase others and self through solid matter.
Neuropath: Member of the Seven with emotional induction that can control others' emotions.
Penultimate: Member of the Seven with cybernetically-enhanced body and high-tech weaponry.
Primal Screamer: Member of the Seven with powerful vocal blasts.
Filament: Member of the Seven who creates hyper-dimensional threads which cut through all matter
Synchron: Member of the Seven who can alter probability in such a way that he can be in several positions at once, attacking from many directions.
In issue #56, it is revealed that the group are one being: a creature known as the Dragon-of-Seven that can separate into multiple forms. As a single entity, the Dragon-of-Seven takes the form of Agatha Harkness. The Dragon-of-Seven poses as Harkness in order to make the Fantastic Four doubt how they work as a team, and as the Seven so that they would doubt even further, as part of a plot to kidnap the Human Torch, to force him to explode, and give birth to more just like him. The Dragon-of-Seven is killed when the Invisible Woman finds a way to reverse the heat waves, so that the Dragon-of-Seven, in the form of the Seven, explodes instead.
In other media
Salem's Seven appeared in The Avengers: United They Stand episode "The Sorceress Apprentice". Alongside Nicholas Scratch, they kidnap Agatha Harkness. Scarlet Witch and Vision fight them while the other Avengers fight Grim Reaper.
References
External links
Salem's Seven at Marvel Wiki
Salem's Seven at Comic Vine
Villains of Marvel Comics article on Salem's Seven
Marvel Directory's article on Salem's Seven
Marvel Comics witches
Marvel Comics characters who use magic
Marvel Comics supervillain teams
Fantastic Four characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem%27s%20Seven |
The Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society was formed as the result of the merger in 1957 of a previous Heraldic Society (founded 1948) with the Cambridge University Society of Genealogists (founded 1954).
About
The first Cambridge University Heraldic Society was founded in 1948 from the remnants of the late nineteenth-century Monumental Brass Society. In 1954, a separate Cambridge University Society of Genealogists was formed. Not surprisingly many members of one society were members of the other and on 10 June 1957, sponsored by some vice-presidents, by agreement between the secretaries, special general meetings of both societies were held and resolutions passed abolishing both societies on condition that a new joint society was formed later in the day. Meetings held earlier in the term had led to the formal culmination of a series of discussions for the consolidation and amalgamation.
The structure of the new society was to include a patron and a number of honorary vice-presidents. The committee was to consist of a president, a secretary, a senior treasurer, a junior treasurer and ordinary committee members.
Four speaker meetings are held in each of the Michaelmas and Lent terms and a ninth at the beginning of the Easter term. These are in the general area of heraldry and genealogy but also include cognate subjects such as ceremonial dress, tartan, local history, customs, military medals or indeed anything of an antiquarian nature. There are generally two outings each year—one in Michaelmas and one in Lent-–to places of heraldic and genealogical interest. In recent years, the society has visited the College of Arms, the Society of Genealogists and various cathedrals and museums. The society also hosts one large dinner each term with the Annual Dinner (in the Lent term) attracting up to 70 diners. In March 2023 this was held at the House of Lords. There is also a garden party in the Easter term.
In 2022 the society hosted the 35th International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences patronized by HRH The Earl of Wessex (now the Duke of Edinburgh), and attended by officers of arms from many different nations (including Garter King of Arms, Lord Lyon King of Arms, York Herald, Rothesay Herald, and the Deputy Chief Herald of Canada).
Patrons
Patrons of the society since 1957:
Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, 1957–1979.
Bruno Heim, 1980–2003.
Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, 2003–present.
Sir Arthur Cochrane, former Clarenceux King of Arms, was Patron of the original Heraldic and Genealogical Societies until his death in 1954. The position was still vacant when the amalgamation took place. The Cambridge University Society of Genealogists had had a president in the person of the late Earl Mountbatten of Burma, a keen genealogist. Therefore, Lord Mountbatten was invited to be Patron of the new (1957) society, a post which he held until his assassination in 1979.
Lord Mountbatten was succeeded as Patron by Archbishop Bruno Heim, a leading authority on the heraldry of the Roman Catholic Church who designed armorial bearings for several Popes. Heim donated a copy of a number of his own publications to the society. After his death he was followed by the Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England.
Presidents
The current and 59th President is Jan MacKinnon. The following people have held the office of president of the society:
Current Honorary Vice Presidents
Source:
Sir Henry Paston-Bedinfeld Bt, former Norroy and Ulster King of Arms
David White OStJ, Garter Principal King of Arms, (President 1982-1983)
Peter O'Donoghue, York Herald, (President 1993-1994)
Derek Palgrave
Dr Paul Fox (President 1984-1985)
Richard van der Beek, (President 2016-2018)
The Rev. Canon Joseph Morrow CVO CBE KStJ KC DL, Lord Lyon King of Arms
Publications
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the society transcribed the registers of the Cambridgeshire parishes of Shepreth and Westley Waterless and published a small number of copies. Its most ambitious project, however, was to produce The Cambridge Armorial showing the arms of all the corporate armigers in Cambridge (including town, university, colleges, theological colleges and schools) with blazons and brief histories of each. Although begun in 1966, it was to be nineteen years before it was published through the efforts of Wilfrid Scott-Giles, Heather Peak, Cecil Humphery-Smith and Dr Gordon H Wright. In 1995 the society launched a magazine, called the Escutcheon, which appears each term, edited by Derek Palgrave. It is now edited by Terence Trelawny-Gower.
Notable past speakers and guests
The society is primarily a discussion group. Notable past speakers have included:
The Mountbatten Commemorative Lecture
Following the Assassination of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, the society wished to honour its late Patron. With the permission of his elder daughter, Countess Mountbatten of Burma, the society inaugurated the Mountbatten Commemorative Lecture. This remains the most important meeting of the year and the lecture has frequently been given by senior members of the College of Arms which have included five successive Garter Kings of Arms (as well as two Lord Lyon Kings of Arms). In 1994, the society was greatly honoured when the Lecture was given by (as he now is) Prince Michael of Kent. The lecture for the year 1984–1985 was concerned with the genealogy of Lord Mountbatten himself and was delivered in the presence of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh who was at that time an undergraduate at Jesus College.
Coat of arms
References
External links
English heraldry
1957 establishments in England
Heraldry
Student organizations established in 1957
Heraldic societies
Family history societies in the United Kingdom
Student history societies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20University%20Heraldic%20and%20Genealogical%20Society |
Edward Richard Lambton, 7th Earl of Durham (born 19 October 1961), commonly known as Ned Lambton, is a British peer and musician. He has played guitar in a country band named Pearl, TN.
Life and career
He was born in 1961, the youngest child and only son of Belinda Blew-Jones and Antony, Viscount Lambton, who was the eldest surviving son of John Lambton, 5th Earl of Durham. A bonfire was lit at the top of Penshaw Hill (formerly part of the Lambton Estate) to mark his birth.
On 23 April 1962, he was baptised by Maurice Harland, Bishop of Durham, in the church of St Barnabas, Burnmoor, and an ox was roasted as part of the celebrations. Lady Lucinda Lambton, the broadcaster, is the eldest of his five sisters.
His maternal grandparents were Douglas Holden Blew-Jones and the former Violet Hilda Margaret Birkin. Her sister was Freda Dudley Ward, the mistress of Edward, Prince of Wales, before his relationship with Thelma Furness and then Wallis Simpson.
Upon his paternal grandfather's death on 4 February 1970, Lambton's father succeeded as 6th Earl of Durham but disclaimed his peerage titles on 23 February that same year. During this short period, Lambton was known by the courtesy title Viscount Lambton, but afterwards was styled Lord Durham (as if using the courtesy title Baron Durham) to avoid confusion with his father, who improperly continued to style himself Lord Lambton.
Lambton stood for the Referendum Party in his father's former constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed in the 1997 general election, gaining 3.4% of the vote.
He succeeded his father as 7th Earl of Durham in 2006, and he has been involved in an inheritance dispute with some of his sisters. Lambton owns Villa Cetinale, a 17th-century villa in Tuscany that was inherited from his father.
Marriages and children
Lambton has been married three times and divorced twice. In 1983, he married Christabel Mary McEwen, daughter of Rory McEwen (a younger son of Sir John McEwen, 1st Baronet) and Romana von Hofmannsthal (a daughter of Raimund von Hofmannsthal and Ava Alice Muriel Astor). They had one son:
Frederick Lambton, Viscount Lambton (born 23 February 1985).
Lambton and McEwen divorced in 1995. She has since married the musician Jools Holland. On 19 October 1995, Lambton married Catherine FitzGerald, an Anglo-Irish aristocrat who is a daughter of Desmond FitzGerald, 29th Knight of Glin, and Olda Ann Willes. Their marriage did not produce any children, and they divorced in 2002. She is now married to actor Dominic West. Lambton also has a daughter, Molly (born 2000), from another relationship.
In January 2011, Lambton married 28-year-old ex-model Marina Hanbury, who worked as a parliamentary assistant to Kate Hoey, M.P., until 2010. Marina's sister is Rose Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley. He and Marina have three children:
Lady Stella Rose Lambton (born 25 October 2011).
The Hon. Claud Timothy Lambton (born 1 September 2015).
Lady Acony Belle Lambton (born 8 November 2017).
References
1961 births
Living people
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Edward Lambton, 7th Earl of Durham
Referendum Party politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Lambton%2C%207th%20Earl%20of%20Durham |
Lotte may refer to:
Businesses
Lotte Corporation, a South Korean industrial conglomerate
Lotte Holdings, a Japanese holding company
Lotte Capital, a South Korean financial company
Lotte Card, a South Korean credit card provider
Lotte Chilsung, a South Korean manufacturer of food products
Lotte Cinema, a chain of movie theatres in South Korea
Lotte Confectionery, South Korean confectionery
Lotte Department Store, a Korean Department Store
Lotte Liquor, South Korean distiller
Lotte World, a recreation complex in Seoul, South Korea
Entertainment
Lotte (film), a 1928 German silent film directed by Carl Froelich
Lotte in Weimar, a 1975 East German drama film directed by Egon Günther and produced by DEFA
Lotte (TV series), a Dutch TV series based on the Colombian telenovela Betty, la fea
Lotte, the title character of a series of Estonian animated TV programs and films, including:
Lotte from Gadgetville, a 2006 film
Lotte and the Moonstone Secret, a 2011 film
Cities
Lotte, Germany, a municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia
People
Lotte (name), a feminine given name
Sport
Chiba Lotte Marines, a baseball team in Chiba City, Japan
Lotte Giants, a baseball team in Busan, South Korea
Sportfreunde Lotte, an association football club in Lotte, Germany
Fictional characters
Lotte, the object of Werther's affection in Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther
Lotte Körner (Lottie Horn in the English translation), nine-year-old girl, one of the protagonists of Erich Kästner's novel Lottie and Lisa
Lotte (Estonian literature), the main character in Estonian children book series and animated films
Charlotte Buff (Lotte), the main character in Thomas Mann's 1939 novel Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns
Lotte Jansson, a main character in Little Witch Academia
Lotte Weeda, a character in the eponymously titled 2004 novel by Dutch author Maarten 't Hart
Buildings
Lotte Center Hanoi
Lotte New York Palace Hotel
Lotte Shopping Avenue (a shopping centre that is part of the Ciputra World Jakarta complex in Jakarta, Indonesia)
See also
Lot (disambiguation)
Lott (disambiguation)
Lotta (disambiguation)
Lottie (disambiguation)
Lotty, a given name | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte |
Gwinnett Ballet Theatre is a nonprofit dance organization and school located in Lawrenceville, Gwinnett County, Georgia (Atlanta vicinity). The artistic director is Wade Walthall, and the music director and conductor is Predrag Gosta. The founding director is Lynne Snipes. GBT was under the Artistic Direction of Lisa Sheppard Robson from 1997-2011.
As Gwinnett County’s first and oldest nonprofit performing arts organization, GBT was founded in 1977, and since then it also exists as a school that provides training to those interested to pursue a professional dancing career.
Notable productions
The Nutcracker
Alice in Wonderland
Stravinsky's The Firebird
Mendelssohn's A Midsummer Night's Dream
Cinderella
Journey - an original ballet by Wade Walthall
Giselle
Bits and Pieces
Disney...Songs and Pictures
Friends and Famous Dances
External links
GBT MySpace page
GBT YouTube page
Ballet companies in the United States
Theatre in Atlanta
1977 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Performing groups established in 1977
Tourist attractions in Gwinnett County, Georgia
Dance in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinnett%20Ballet%20Theatre |
Kill The Scientist (also known as The Band Formerly Known as Kill The Scientist) was an experimental music, performance art and sound collage band. The group created music from 1989 until 2003. The group was heavily influenced by Negativland, Crass and Skinny Puppy. In 2003 the band finished their first full-length album before parting ways, but instead of shelving the album they put it up on their official website for free download.
Before disbanding however, the band played shows in art galleries, dorm rooms, and the like spreading their performance art bug into the formation of newer and greater bands.
Discography
We're Not Generation X comp - 1999
You Call This Music?! Volume 1 comp - 2000
Your Machinery is Too Much For Me four band split 7-inch - 2001
You Call This Music?! Volume 2 comp - 2002
Dropping Food On Their Heads is Not Enough: Benefit For RAWA comp - 2002
Fall of Mankind (Full-length album free for download on their official website) - 2003
Chemical X DVD Music Video Compilation - 2008
Reviews
Your Machinery Is Too Much For Me Four Band split 7-inch reviews-
This is a good strange 7" comp. It features Intro5pect with a techno/77 punk type song, two catchy melodic songs from ESL, a song called "Hitler in the Toy Store" by No Erasers Allowed, and some noisy crazy weird noises from KTS. Inside are lyrics and a well written article dealing with the theme. Oh yeah, it's also on blue vinyl! So whether it be for the music, the blue vinyl, or to warp your mind…Get this!
(Adam) PUNKROCKLOVE, Issue #4, July 2001
A mix bag on this 4 band 7". Intro5pect plays straight up melodic punk. No Erasers Allowed do the forgettable punk thing. Kill the Scientist definitely have more than one later-era Vinyl Communication release in their collection. Finally ESL play some kick ass punk reminiscent of some bay area stuff from the early 1990s, complete with great lyrics. Worth the cash for the ESL songs.
MAXIMUMROCKNROLL, Issue #17, June 2001
Intro5pect has a track on here, so I was already into it. They play a different version of a song off their A-F Records album that features their rapid drum machine beats with punk rock music. It's great. The other bands are No Erasers Allowed, Kill The Scientists and ESL. I really liked ESL's pop-punk tracks and found myself wanting to hear more of them.
(CM) IMPACT PRESS, October/November 2003
Anarcho-hardcore concept release featuring Introspect, Kill the Scientist, ESL and no Erasers Allowed. The sound collage opening of Introspect's "See the End" is better than any of the songs, which turn out to be standard mid-tempo riff-rock. The theme is: corporate greed and technology feeds the machinery of destruction and vice versa, which in turn east away at our souls, destroying us as humans. A self-fulfilling prophecy. Baudrillard's already been there; thumbs up for trying. Keep on keepin' on.
(Anthony) SHREDDING PAPER, Issue #10, September 2001
External links
Official site
GC Records
Free Full length album
Geykido Comet Records | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill%20the%20Scientist |
Christopher James Weddle (born 1983) is a bodhrán player and instructor. He has taught workshops nationwide including Mountain View Arkansas, the Dublin Irish Festival, SE Missouri State University, Westminster College and in his home town of St. Louis Missouri.
Chris Weddle has represented the United States in the Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann seven times, winning Silver and Bronze Medals in the All Ireland in the solo competitions as well as a gold medal in the Grapaí Cheoil. He has performed in Canada, Ireland, throughout the United States, he has opened for various artists such as the Chieftains, and has played before the U.S. Congress. He has recorded several CDs consisting of traditional Irish music as well as rock and bluegrass. In recognition of his accomplishments, he has received the highest Congressional award given to civilians - the Congressional Award gold medal which was presented to him in June 2002 in Washington, D.C. He graduated from Webster University in 2006 with a degree in Film Production and is son of Jim Weddle, managing partner for Edward Jones Investments.
Notes
1983 births
Living people
21st-century American drummers
American drummers
Bodhrán players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Weddle |
Lotte is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Lotte is situated on the north side of the Teutoburg Forest, close to the border of Lower Saxony and approx. 10 km west of Osnabrück.
Division of the town
The municipality consists of 5 districts:
Bueren
Wersen
Halen
Alt Lotte
Osterberg
Sports
Well-known is the team of Sportfreunde Lotte. In 2016–17, they play 3. Liga (League) of German (association) football and on 8 Febr 2017, they have reached the participation of cup quarterfinals in 2016–17 DFB-Pokal.
References
External links
Steinfurt (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte%2C%20Germany |
Norsjö aerial tramway is a 13.2 kilometre long aerial tramway (cable car) between Örträsk and Mensträsk in the Norsjö Municipality in Sweden.
Norsjö aerial tramway went in service for passenger traffic in 1989 as a tourist attraction. It is a section of the longest ropeway conveyor in the world at 96 km, built in the 1940s by the predecessors of Boliden AB to transport buckets of ore from Kristineberg, Lycksele to Boliden. Between 1943 and 1987 this ropeway moved 12 million tons of ore concentrates containing copper, lead, zinc, sulfur, silver and gold.
In technical terms, the Norsjö aerial tramway is a bi-cable gondola lift with detachable cabins suspended from a track rope and moved by a haul rope. The cabins can each carry four people at a speed of 10 km/hour, taking 1 hour and 45 minutes to ride one way. 3 km of the ride is above lakes and streams.
Kristineberg-Boliden ropeway
The shortage of fuel and rubber during World War II made road transport of ore increasingly expensive for Boliden AB. With a straight-line distance of around 90 kilometers, the copper mine in Kristinberg was farthest from its main facility in Boliden. In addition to the rationed imports, steel and even concrete were precious commodities at the time. So while a couple of railway solutions, including a narrow gauge railway, were evaluated the ropeway came out on top because of its favourable construction material requirements.
Planning started in 1941, the initial idea was run the ropeway straight between Boliden and Kristineberg, with supports made from arsenic-treated wood to keep construction costs at a minimum. To make the most of the investment, however, it was decided to run the line across a number of newly discovered ore bodies to allow loading onto the ropeway once exploration was commenced - intermediate stations were required around every 13 km in any case. Reinforced concrete supports were chosen in lieu of wood, making them substantially longer-lasting with less maintenance. The supports and mechanical systems were identical to the 42 km Forsby-Köping limestone cableway completed in 1941 in middle Sweden, which served as a proof-of-concept for the enormous technological undertaking.
By April 1942, a workforce of 1500 men was deployed to pave support roads, clear forest (in a 40 m wide corridor to avoid damage from falling trees), cast and assemble supports and mechanical stations. 514 poles - with 16 standing in waterways - were raised, along with 10 driving- and loading stations as well as 25 intermediate tension stations. The tallest pillars at the crossing of the Skellefte river were 38 m tall with an internal staircase. Pole-to-pole span ranged between 11 and 429 meters.
The first ore gondola was sent across the 96 km line on 14 April 1943, 370 days after construction commenced and 4 ½ months ahead of schedule. During its 45 years of operation, the cableway was periodically evaluated for its competitiveness with road transport. Numerous optimizations, including lighter gondolas and full-on automation were enacted to maintain its lead. Eventually in 1986 the circumstances had changed to the point where heavy trucks were more economical, and the ropeway was closed and demolished in the following years.
At the time of decommissioning a society was founded, Världens längsta linbaneförening ("World's longest ropeway society"), for the preservation of the cableway. Section IV, one of the eight parts of roughly 13 km, was preserved and converted to passenger transport. As of 2013 it is still operated during the summer and a few other occasions by Linab i Norsjö AB.
While all mechanical installations for the rest of the system, as well as gondolas and cables were torn down, most of the support pillars were left standing along their path through the woods. The cut-down corridor is still clearly visible on satellite images, a number of support pillars can also be seen at road crossings in Google street view.
See also
Ropeway conveyor
Aerial lift
Kalklinbanan
COMILOG Cableway
References
External links
Official website
Buildings and structures in Västerbotten County
Cable cars in Sweden
1989 establishments in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsj%C3%B6%20ropeway |
is Maaya Sakamoto's second singles collection. The limited edition version of the album was available with a DVD containing music videos. The album debuted at #3 on the Oricon weekly charts and sold 69,966 copies, this is Maaya Sakamoto's best selling album so far.
Track listing
Charts
References
Maaya Sakamoto albums
Albums produced by Yoko Kanno
2003 compilation albums
Victor Entertainment compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20Collection%3A%20Nikopachi |
The Minimum Data Set (MDS) is part of the U.S. federally mandated process for clinical assessment of all residents in Medicare or Medicaid certified nursing homes and non-critical access hospitals with Medicare swing bed agreements. (The term "swing bed" refers to the Social Security Act's authorizing small, rural hospitals to use their beds in both an acute care and Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) capacity, as needed.)
Description
This process provides a comprehensive assessment of each resident's functional capabilities and helps nursing home and SNF staff identify health problems.
Resource Utilization Groups (RUG) are part of this process, and provide the foundation upon which a resident's individual care plan is formulated. MDS assessment forms are completed for all residents in certified nursing homes, including SNFs, regardless of source of payment for the individual resident. MDS assessments are required for residents on admission to the nursing facility and then periodically, within specific guidelines and time frames. Participants in the assessment process are health care professionals and direct care staff such as Registered Nurses, Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurses, Therapists, Social Services, Activities and Dietary staff employed by the nursing home. MDS information is transmitted electronically by nursing homes to the MDS database in their respective states. MDS information from the state databases is captured into the national MDS database at Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
Sections of MDS (Minimum Data Set):
Identification Information
Hearing, Speech and Vision
Cognitive Patterns
Mood
Behavior
Preferences for Customary Routine and Activities
Functional Status
Functional Abilities and Goals
Bladder and Bowel
Active Diagnoses
Health Conditions
Swallowing/Nutritional Status
Oral/Dental Status
Skin Conditions
Medications
Special Treatments, Procedures and Programs
Restraints
Participation in Assessment and Goal Setting
Care Area Assessment (CAA) Summary
Correction Request
Assessment Administration
The MDS is updated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Specific coding regulations in completing the MDS can be found in the Resident Assessment Instrument User's Guide. Versions of the Minimum Data Set has been used or is being utilized in other countries.
See also
Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS), US
National minimum dataset, in health informatics
National Minimum Data Set for Social Care (NMDS-SC), England
References
General
CMS - MDS Quality Indicator and Resident Reports
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Long Term Care Facility Resident Assessment Instrument 3.0 User's Manual Version 1.16 October 2018
Health informatics
Medicare and Medicaid (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20Data%20Set |
The Pires do Rio Microregion is a statistical region of south-central Goiás state, Brazil. The most important city is Pires do Rio. The area includes 10 municipalities with a population of 90,327 (2007) in an area of 9,449.80 km2. The most populous municipality in the region is Pires do Rio with 26,857 inhabitants and the least populous is Palmelo with 2,260 inhabitants. The largest municipality in land area is Silvânia with 2,860.1 km2 and the smallest is Palmelo with 59 km2. Palmelo is the smallest municipality in the state of Goiás.
Municipalities
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20Pires%20do%20Rio |
Marco Ferrando (born 18 July 1954, in Genoa) is an Italian Trotskyist activist and politician, the leading member of the AMR Progetto Comunista current in the Movimento per un Partito Comunista dei Lavoratori (Movement for the Communist Workers' Party), and a member of the Co-ordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International.
In February 2006, in the build-up to the 2006 Italian general election, he was removed from the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)'s list of candidates for the Senate of Italy because of his support for the right of Iraqis to resist occupation, and criticism of Zionism.
When the PRC joined the current center-left government, the AMR Progetto Comunista left the PRC. After that, they dissolved and formed the Movement for the Communist Workers' Party.
He is an atheist.
References
External links
article on him
article from Workers' Party (Argentina) with photo
statement from AMR-PC with photo
Movement for the Communist Workers' Party Official Website(Italian)
1954 births
Living people
Politicians from Genoa
Communist Refoundation Party politicians
Italian atheists
Italian communists
Italian Trotskyists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Ferrando |
Alfred Dockery (December 11, 1797 – December 3, 1873) was an American Congressional Representative from North Carolina.
Early life and career
Alfred Dockery was born near Rockingham, North Carolina. He attended the public schools and engaged in planting. Dockery was a member of the North Carolina House of Commons in 1822. He was also the father of Oliver Hart Dockery, who was born in 1830. Dockery was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1835, where he advocated the liberal position "that free blacks should continue to be allowed to vote, which the convention rejected."
He then served in the North Carolina State Senate from 1836 to 1844.
Dockery was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847). He declined to be a candidate for re-election in 1846 to the Thirtieth Congress, but was elected to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853). He was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of North Carolina in 1854.
Later life
After the Civil War, he mostly retired from public service and returned to being a planter for his remaining years. He was the National Union (Republican) candidate for governor in 1866, but he did not seek the nomination, or campaign for the position. The conservative incumbent Governor, Jonathan Worth, won the election easily amid low turnout.
Dockery died in Rockingham, Richmond County, N.C. and was interred there in the family cemetery.
The Alfred Dockery House near Rockingham was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
See also
Twenty-ninth United States Congress
Thirty-second United States Congress
References
U.S. Congressional Biographical Directory
Notes
1797 births
1873 deaths
Republican Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Republican Party North Carolina state senators
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
19th-century American politicians
People from Rockingham, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Dockery |
The Masada cableway is an aerial tramway at the ancient fortress of Masada, Israel.
History
The cableway was built in 1971 by the Karl Brändle company of Switzerland to carry people to the ruins at the top of the plateau. It had one aerial tramway support pillar and two cabins with a length of 900 metres and an elevation change of 290 metres. It was replaced in 1998 by an aerial tramway built by Von Roll without any support pillar, thus allowing the cabin's hanger to completely enclose the two track ropes and the haul rope.Its bottom station is 257 m below and its summit station is 33 metres above sea level, thereby making it the lowest aerial tramway in the world.
The cars run every fifteen (15) minutes during operating hours.
See also
Tourism in Israel
References
External links
Report with pictures (French)
Aerial tramways in Israel
1998 establishments in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada%20cableway |
Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) designates any straight chain 20:4 fatty acid. Eicosatetraenoic acid belongs to the family of eicosanoids, molecules synthesized from oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to mediate cell-cell communication. The eicosanoids, working in tandem, contribute to a lipid signaling complex widely responsible for inducing an inflammatory immune response. Common signs of inflammation are both internal and external, with effects like visible redness, pain in the surrounding area, swelling, and the sensation of heat—many of these an effect of varying eicosanoid species. These effects are associated with and have been observed in patients with cancers and various neurological/metabolic disorders.
See Essential Fatty Acid for nomenclature.
Two isomers, both of them essential fatty acids, are of particular interest:
all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid is an ω-6 fatty acid with the trivial name arachidonic acid. It is formed by a desaturation of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3 ω-6).
all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid is an ω-3 fatty acid. It is an intermediate between stearidonic acid (18:4 ω-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3)
Some chemistry sources define 'arachadonic acid' to designate any of the eicosatetraenoic acids. However, almost all writings in biology, medicine and nutrition limit the use of the term 'arachidonic acid' to all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (ω-6).
Related studies
ETA is found in green-lipped mussel and appears to act as dual inhibitor of arachidonic acid oxygenation by both the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase pathway.
Mutants of Mortierella alpina 1S-4 is a fungus employed for producing arachidonic acid. These mutants produce larger amounts of ETA due to the expression of an ω-3-desaturase gene, typically responsible for the significant production of the more abundant PUFAs.
In addition to their inflammatory nature, eicosanoids such as ETA can also contribute to an anti-inflammatory response.
See also
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
List of omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-6 fatty acids
References
Fatty acids
Alkenoic acids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosatetraenoic%20acid |
Smithfield () is an area on the Northside of Dublin. Its focal point is a public square, formerly an open market and common, now officially called Smithfield Plaza, but known locally as Smithfield Square or Smithfield Market. Historically, Smithfield formed the western part of Oxmantown and lay close to Oxmantown Green.
Originally, Smithfield lay within the civil parish of St. Paul's, and was served by the Church of Ireland St. Paul's Church, on North King Street, now the SPADE Business Centre, and the Catholic St. Paul's Church, on Arran Quay, now used by the Catholic Youth Council, and Mission Ministry.
The area known as Smithfield roughly incorporates the area bounded by the River Liffey to the south, Bow Street to the east, Queen Street to the west, and North Brunswick Street in the suburb of Grangegorman to the north.
Notable landmarks include the Old Jameson Whiskey Distillery and the Observation Tower.
History
Smithfield Market was laid out in its current form in the mid-17th century as a marketplace close to the site of the former Oxmantown Green. Until its renovation in the early 21st Century, the square was lined with inner city 'farm yards' housing livestock. In 1964 Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor spent time here, as Burton worked on the film set in Smithfield for the film adaptation of John le Carré's novel The Spy Who Came in from the Cold. Smithfield featured as Checkpoint Charlie in the movie.
Smithfield was rejuvenated under the HARP (Historic Area Rejuvenation Plan). An architectural competition was held and won by McGarry NiEanaigh Architects in 1997. The restoration involved lifting more than 400,000 one-hundred-and-twenty-year-old cobblestones, cleaning them by hand and re-laying them.
Contemporary architecture and twelve 26.5 metre gas lighting masts, each with a 2-metre flame, now flank the square. Although the flames are rarely lit, the lighting mast shades can at times be seen in different colours, reflecting cultural events throughout the year. For example, they change to a vivid green shade as part of St Patrick's Day celebrations and were changed to rainbow colours for the opening night of the 2015 GAZE International LGBT Film Festival at Smithfield's Light House Cinema.
Smithfield has held many horse fields for hundreds of years and the tradition still continues today. Horse fairs take place every first Sunday of each month. The smell of horses can still be experienced at Smithfield at the Horse Market. And the sight and sounds on these Sundays give an impression of what Smithfield was once like, with a number of surrounding alleys and laneways bearing obscure names relating to the equine heritage of the site.
The square was used to hold several concerts after its renovation but these were discontinued following complaints from local residents. Although the site has not developed as a 'Western IFSC' as had been originally anticipated (in reference to the city's main financial hub to the east and its related significant 'white-collar professional' residential zones), the plaza is providing a convenient through route for local residents as well as for a number of professionals and users of a range of court and legal-related services and buildings in the area. These range from the Prison Probation Services through to the Family Court and the Law Society of Ireland, amongst others, with Smithfield and Smithfield Market situated in convenient proximity to Dublin's legal/prosecution hub of The Four Courts.
Horse fair
The area is known for the historical horse market which is held on the first Sunday of March and September.
The Horse Fair used to take place every month. A Bye-law passed on 14 January 2013 reduced it to twice a year and this also established some new rules and regulations. The main causes for the change were some violent incidents and objections of nearby residents who are uncomfortable with its atmosphere, noise, perceptions of animal abuse and neglect. The Smithfield Horse Fair continues to draw heavy and sustained criticism from a wide range of sources, including the Garda Síochána and the Dublin Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (DSPCA), legal difficulties in closing down and/or moving away the market, coupled with its centuries-old heritage, have left the city council and the horse fair defenders locked in an ongoing battle without any clear resolution ahead.
Features
The old Jameson Distillery Chimney tower, and its observation deck, reopened to the public in 2018 after a prolonged closure, however, it has to be accessed via 244 steps rather than the lift as before.
The Light House Cinema was resurrected in May 2008 in Smithfield Square, after it had been forced to close its doors on Abbey Street on 27 September 1996.
Smithfield is home to the Metropolitan Children's Court, where defendants under the age of 18 are usually dealt with.
Developments
Smithfield may include the satellite, and developing, Museum district to the west, and the Four Courts district to the east. These districts are largely residential and combined with the area around Smithfield Square they comprise the main Liffey river frontage of Dublin 7.
Recent commercial, residential and cultural developments led to the area becoming newly fashionable in the first decade of the 21st century. However, most notably in the period 2008 to 2010, stagnation set in as developments stalled and the Irish economy/property market nose-dived once the post-Celtic Tiger economic recession struck. The significant issues of variable apartment occupancy rates, coupled with closed retail spaces and a number of unfinished and unoccupied commercial units at Smithfield Market have created a highly visible reminder of the economic and community challenges still to be addressed in this historic part of Dublin.
Transport
Smithfield Luas stop is on the Red Line, which skirts the square to the south, providing a convenient link to the nearby city centre, or to the far south of the city, to Tallaght or Saggart.
Accommodation
Several hotels are situated in Smithfield Square itself. The biggest is the 3-star Maldron Hotel Smithfield, with 92 rooms, from junior suites to family rooms. The well-known European accommodation chain Generator is adjacent to Jameson Distillery Bow St, and the newest addition is The Hendrick, which opened in 2019. All three hotels also have their own bars and restaurants.
References
External sources
Dublin Historical Record, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 105–118
Towns and villages in Dublin (city)
Agricultural shows in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield%2C%20Dublin |
Japanland: A Year in Search of Wa is a 2004 documentary television series (broadcast in late 2005) and book by American documentary filmmaker and travel author Karin Muller, who spent a year in Japan searching for wa, the Japanese concept of harmony.
Production
Muller, a former Peace Corps volunteer, became interested in judo while working in Washington, D.C., and her teachers there encouraged her to visit Japan to gain an understanding of Japanese culture, particularly the concept of "wa". Her subsequent one-year solo trip around Japan was the basis of the book Japanland as well as a three-hour set of documentaries shown on U.S. television channel PBS. Muller observed Japanese cultural activities such as archery and sword-making. She also walked on hot coals, shared a meal with sumo wrestlers, attempted to harvest rice, and completed a pilgrimage around Shikoku.
Reception
In its review of the book Japanland, The New York Times praised Muller's "fresh eye" but also suggested that "an element of fiction has crept in". Writing for Library Journal, Harold Otness criticized Muller as "prone to generalizations" and noted that she "complains too much about her problems with her host family and other self-imposed discomforts". The Chicago Tribune summarized the book as "smart, funny, and entertaining". The Los Angeles Times commended the book's "refusal to romanticize Japanese culture and traditions, particularly certain aspects of women's lives", while noting in a review of the documentary series that Muller has a "gift for pointing her camera in the right direction and holding it still".
References
External links
Film homepage
Books about Japan
2005 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2000s American documentary television series
Television series about Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanland%3A%20A%20Year%20in%20Search%20of%20Wa |
Robert Dickinson (born 23 July 1965) is a British musician, multi-instrumentalist, and singer-songwriter previously of the band Catherine Wheel. Dickinson was raised in Norfolk, England, and is the paternal cousin of Iron Maiden frontman Bruce Dickinson. He is now a solo artist and the founder and creative director of Singer Vehicle Design since 2009, which performs restoration and modification of client vehicles.
Career
While a member of Catherine Wheel from 1990 to 2000, Dickinson co-wrote and sang lead vocals on several hit singles. However, after the 2000 release of Catherine Wheel's last album, Wishville, the group disbanded.
Dickinson contributed vocals to two tracks on The Jimmy Chamberlin Complex album, Life Begins Again, which was released in January 2005. Dickinson returned to the music scene in September 2005 with the release of his debut solo album, Fresh Wine for the Horses. The album includes tracks written by Dickinson while a member of Catherine Wheel, as well as newer material. The release was supported by a tour of small venues across the United States and Canada, where Dickinson performed intimate acoustic sets of both Catherine Wheel and solo material. Dickinson ultimately moved to United States in the same year.
In February 2006, he discussed his new solo record and his career with Catherine Wheel in an interview with Auralgasms.com prior to his solo set in Ferndale, Michigan.
At the invitation of Marty Willson-Piper of The Church, Dickinson toured the US with The Church during July and August 2006, opening each show and joining the band on stage for two encores.
On 10 June 2008, Fresh Wine for the Horses was re-released by Universal/Fontana with the new song "The End of the World" and a bonus disc, "Nude", which features Dickinson's re-workings of six Catherine Wheel songs including "Black Metallic" and "Crank".
His song "The Storm" was featured on an episode of Discovery's series Deadliest Catch.
Discography
Catherine Wheel
Solo
Fresh Wine for the Horses (2005)
Guest appearances
Provided vocals on the singles Life Begins Again and Love Is Real on the 2005 album Life Begins Again by The Jimmy Chamberlin Complex
Provided vocals on the single Where We Are on the 2007 album Act 2: The Blood and the Life Eternal by Neverending White Lights
Provided vocals on the singles Always and The Unbreakable on the 2010 album These Hopeful Machines by BT
Provided vocals on the 2010 cover single Mercy Street by Spotlight Floodlight, originally recorded by Peter Gabriel for the 1986 album So
Videography
"Oceans" (2005), directed by Mike Hodgkinson
Singer Vehicle Design
In 2009, Dickinson founded Singer Vehicle Design, which restores and modifies the 911/964 version of these automobiles (Soon 930 Turbo models). The company, located in Los Angeles, California, was named both in honor of renowned Porsche engineer, Norbert Singer, and Dickinson's other career as a vocalist.
References
External links
MySpace.com page
Dickinson's commercial venture Singer Vehicle Design
1965 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Norwich
English male guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Dickinson |
Bianca Jackson (also Butcher) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders played by Patsy Palmer. The character was introduced by executive producer Leonard Lewis and appeared initially from 1993 to 1999, when Palmer opted to leave. In 2002 executive producer John Yorke brought the character back for a special spin-off show. She returned to EastEnders as a full-time character in April 2008, reintroduced by executive producer Diederick Santer. Palmer took maternity leave in 2010 and Bianca left the series in January 2011. The character returned in December 2011 after Palmer signed a "working mums" contract, which granted her leave from the soap between April and November 2012. The actress quit EastEnders in 2014 and Bianca departed in September that year. Palmer reprised the role on 2 September 2019 for a guest stint and a second guest stint was scheduled for 2020, but later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
During her first run on the show during the 1990s, she was known for her bizarre sense of style, her sharp tongue, fiery temper and for screaming "Rickaaaaaaay!" at her husband. Bianca has been featured in storylines including affairs, feuds, bereavements, family problems, spina bifida and abortion; two problematic marriages to Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) – the first of which ended after it transpired that she had a previous affair with her mother's boyfriend Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass); her troubled and dysfunctional reconciliation with her estranged biological father David Wicks (Michael French); her friendship with Tiffany Mitchell (Martine McCutcheon); feuding against Tiffany's volatile husband Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp); embarking on tug-of-love for Ricky's affections against his first wife and Grant's younger sister Sam (Danniella Westbrook); discovering her 15-year-old stepdaughter, Whitney Dean (Shona McGarty), is being sexually abused by her fiancé, Tony King (Chris Coghill), and his subsequent arrest for paedophilia; and forming a relationship with Terry Spraggan (Terry Alderton).
Storylines
1993–1999
Bianca Jackson first arrived with her family; including mother Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson), her love interest Alan Jackson (Howard Antony), and Bianca's three half-siblings Robbie Jackson (Dean Gaffney), Sonia Jackson (Natalie Cassidy) and Billie Jackson (Devon Anderson). She initially works at her uncle Ian Beale's (Adam Woodyatt) fish and chip shop before becoming the market assistant of Sanjay Kapoor (Deepak Verma). Later she runs her own clothing stall on Bridge Street market. Bianca has a short relationship with an older man, Richard Cole (Ian Reddington), but he swiftly dumps her when he grows bored and Bianca gets revenge by harassing him with pranks and stealing his credit card. David Wicks (Michael French) then enjoys mutual flirtation with Bianca until Carol informs David that Bianca is his daughter. Horrified, David promptly keeps his distance, and Bianca remains unaware of their biological relationship. Bianca enters into a relationship with Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) and they move into a bedsit together. Bianca spends much time clubbing with her childhood friend Tiffany Raymond (Martine McCutcheon) and Ricky starts an affair with Bianca's other childhood friend Natalie Price (Lucy Speed). When Bianca discovers the affair, she breaks up with Ricky and drives Natalie from Walford. One night an intoxicated Bianca is nearly assaulted. She is rescued by David and when she tries to kiss him, he confesses that he is her father. Bianca is left stunned and humiliated. Initially she feels hostile and resentful over David's absence for the majority of her life. Eventually, Bianca has a change of heart and comes to accept David as her father, becoming keen to bond with him. The relationship is further complicated, when during July 1995 David confides in the Samaritans charity (unbeknownst to any of his family) that he still feels sexually attracted to Bianca despite the knowledge that he is her biological father. A case of GSA, this was one of EastEnders most controversial and daring storylines at this point in the show's history. There is further tension when Bianca makes David uncomfortable by reconciling with and dating his stepbrother Ricky again. Bianca is confused by David's unexplained strange and occasionally hostile behaviour. David never admits to Bianca the truth behind his initial feelings towards her, but she and David eventually bond naturally as a father and daughter.
Ricky and Bianca reunite and get engaged but she has sex with Lenny Wallace (Des Coleman), but soon regrets it when she fears she is pregnant by him. It's a false alarm, but she realises how much Ricky means to her, so she marries him. She becomes pregnant, but a prenatal scan shows her unborn child has spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Distraught, Bianca has an abortion, which strains her marriage. Ricky learns of her infidelity with Lenny after a STD scare. Ricky considers ending their marriage, but Bianca convinces him to give her another chance and she becomes pregnant again. She gives birth to baby Liam on Christmas Day in The Queen Victoria public house, helped by her enemy Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp), her best friend Tiffany's volatile husband. Carol returns to Albert Square with her new fiancé Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass), unaware that Bianca had a past relationship with him when she was underage (although Dan was unaware of this fact). Bianca and Dan rekindle their affair behind Carol and Ricky's backs, until Carol discovers she is pregnant by Dan. Bianca and Ricky plan to move to Manchester so Bianca can attend fashion college there. After finding an old photo of Bianca and Dan together, Carol demands to know their history. Dan tells Carol they had a romance years ago and swears on his unborn child's life that it's all over, but Bianca confesses when questioned and is disowned by Carol. Bianca leaves for Manchester after confessing to Ricky that she no longer loves him.
"Ricky & Bianca"
In the two-part special episode, "Ricky & Bianca", Ricky visits Bianca in Manchester in 2002, to discuss Liam. Bianca has been expelled from university and is working in a nightclub. Struggling to support Liam, Bianca gets caught up in a plan to steal £50,000 from her drug-dealing boss, Vince (Craig Charles). Ricky persuades her to return the money but Vince catches them and forces them to become his drug couriers. He sets them up, the dealers turn violent, and Bianca and Ricky narrowly escape when armed police raid the establishment. Fleeing, Ricky and Bianca spend the night together in a hotel room and decide to reunite. Ricky breaks the news to his fiancée Cassie (Sally Ann Triplet), who refuses to let him go, and tries to convince Bianca that she will be bored with Ricky, and to give Ricky custody of Liam. Bianca decides that this is right, and Ricky looks on heartbroken as she hitches a ride in a car and departs for a destination unknown.
Off-screen events (2002–2008)
Off-screen, unbeknownst to Ricky, Bianca is pregnant. She starts a relationship with trucker Nathan Dean, who believes her unborn child is his. Bianca acts as stepmother to Nathan's daughter Whitney (Shona McGarty), but Nathan is killed in a traffic accident. Bianca becomes Whitney's guardian and gives birth to a daughter, Tiffany (Maisie Smith), named after her deceased best friend, but struggles financially. She becomes pregnant again during a brief relationship with Ray Dixon (Chucky Venn). Bianca meets Tony King (Chris Coghill), who supports her through her pregnancy and adopts Ray's son, Morgan Jackson-King (Devon Higgs), when he is born. Tony appears to be a good father figure to her children; however, he is a paedophile. Tony grooms a 12-year-old Whitney and they begin a sexual relationship. After Morgan is born, Liam returns to live with Bianca when Ricky begins dating a woman named Melinda (Siobhan Hayes), who does not like children. Tony and Whitney's relationship continues secretly until Tony is imprisoned for assaulting a boy who propositions Whitney.
2008–2014
Bianca is evicted from her home and her children are taken into care. Bianca moves in with her grandmother Pat Evans (Pam St Clement) in Walford and with Ricky's help, she gets her children back and a waitress job. She rebuffs Ricky's declaration of love, deciding to stand by imprisoned lover Tony. When he is released, Tony resumes his abuse of Whitney while Bianca wants to set a date for their wedding. He eventually agrees after winding down his abuse of Whitney, to whom he is no longer attracted now that she is not a child. Whitney tells Bianca about their relationship, just as she thinks that she and Tony will run away together. There is a massive row and Tony leaves but he is arrested by the police on suspicion of rape of a minor. Bianca and Whitney's relationship is tested while they deal with what has happened but they eventually bond again and Bianca supports Whitney through Tony's trial.
A DNA paternity test confirms that Ricky is Tiffany's father. Bianca slowly realises she is in love with him, but her attempt to rekindle their romance is ruined when Ricky announces his engagement to Sam Mitchell (Danniella Westbrook). Knowing Sam is evading a prison sentence, Bianca reports her whereabouts and Sam is arrested. A rift forms between Bianca and Ricky when the truth is revealed. However, Bianca's discovery that Sam is cheating on Ricky ends the engagement and Bianca and Ricky reunite, when Ricky accepts her marriage proposal. The couple remarry. During the ceremony, Carol arrives and brawls with Bianca but they settle their differences and begin to rebuild their relationship. When Bianca's younger brother, Billie, dies from alcohol poisoning, Carol is distraught. She is comforted by Billie's friend, Connor Stanley (Arinze Kene), and they begin an affair, while Connor is also dating Whitney. Bianca vows to remove Connor from her family's life and attacks Connor, leaving him hospitalised and eventually turns herself in to the police, refusing bail. She is sentenced to six months imprisonment. Bianca is released for Christmas and is devastated when Pat dies from pancreatic cancer. When Bianca discovers Ricky had sex with Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton) in her absence, they separate, and he leaves Walford. Bianca struggles as a single parent and gets into debt. Owing money, Bianca steals from a market trader in desperation, but she is caught and sent back to prison. In prison, she passes a hair and beauty course and on her release, is offered a trial at Tanya Cross' (Jo Joyner) salon. However, Bianca struggles to cope and breaks down when she is alone.
Bianca and Kat Moon (Jessie Wallace) form a friendship and set up a market stall together. Liam plays truant from school and Bianca worries when the police tell her she may face prison again if Liam does not return. Bianca discovers that Liam is involved in a mugging and that he has some dubious new friends. When Liam does not come home, she goes to an estate to confront the gang and collect Liam but he decides to stay with the gang and when he does come home, Bianca locks him in his room to stop him seeing the gang. She seeks advice from Ava Hartman (Clare Perkins), whose son Dexter (Khali Best) used to be in a gang. Liam returns to the gang and eventually they are arrested and released on police bail. They blame Liam and he is stabbed but is not seriously injured. When Bianca lets Liam stay at home alone, Kane sneaks in and invites Liam back to the gang. Bianca finds them as Kane is attacking Liam and attacks Kane; he is arrested. Bianca allows Liam to stay with his father. When Bianca, Shirley Carter (Linda Henry) and Jean Slater (Gillian Wright) break into Ian's restaurant, Shirley accidentally starts a fire. Bianca worries that she could go back to prison, and tells Whitney, who has been blamed for it. Jean tells Ian what happened and Ian agrees not to involve the police on the condition that Tiffany and Bobby are no longer friends.
When Carol sees that Bianca is still interested in fashion, she arranges for her to attend a course in Manchester. During this time Bianca's father, David, returns and moves in. When Bianca returns, she surprises her family by announcing that her new boyfriend, Terry Spraggan (Terry Alderton), and his children, TJ Spraggan (George Sargeant) and Rosie Spraggan (Jerzey Swingler), are moving in. Bianca is devastated when Carol learns that she has breast cancer. Carol and David get engaged and Bianca learns that she has not inherited Carol's faulty cancer gene and supports her mother throughout her cancer. She ends her relationship with Terry due to the jealousy of his former wife, Nikki Spraggan (Rachel Wilde), and David leaves before marrying Carol. Bianca and Terry continue their relationship in secret and she learns that he is planning to move out of London. Terry and Bianca reunite, and at the last minute, Bianca gives Liam and Whitney her blessing to stay with Carol before taking Tiffany and Morgan to live in Milton Keynes.
The following year, Robbie moves with his son Sami Jackson (Shiven Shankar) to Milton Keynes near Bianca. Bianca is invited to Whitney's wedding to Lee Carter (Danny-Boy Hatchard) the following year, however, she cannot attend and Tiffany and Morgan attend instead. Whitney later visits Bianca after her engagement to Woody Woodward (Lee Ryan) ends. Months later, Bianca is informed that Abi has died, but cannot attend. When Tiffany returns to Walford, she reveals that Bianca has tried to kill herself, but later confesses that she is lying and actually feels neglected by Bianca and Terry; Bianca consequently agrees to Tiffany living with Whitney. When Tiffany becomes involved in a drug ring, Sonia informs Bianca, who is unable to return to help.
2019
Bianca returns to Walford for Whitney's wedding to Callum "Halfway" Highway (Tony Clay) and wakes up in a police cell with Kat after a night out. Bianca mentions she has recently been released from prison. When Ben Mitchell (Max Bowden) arrives at the venue and reveals the truth about his affair with Callum, Bianca threatens him. She then tries to discourage Whitney from marrying Callum but Whitney, albeit doubtful, is determined. Whilst at the wedding reception, Bianca witnesses a man giving Tiffany a kiss on the cheek and threatens him to stay away. She attempts to make amends with Tiffany, who is upset with her because of her absence and ignoring her for Terry's children. Bianca later reveals to Tiffany that she was arrested and released with an electronic tag which prevented her from returning. When Bianca sees Whitney getting drunk at The Queen Vic, she suggests that she attends her honeymoon alone to take her mind off Callum. Bianca then arranges a spa day with Tiffany, and when she sees the man from the wedding again, she threatens him to stay away, revealing him to be Tony's son, Leo King (Tom Wells). Leo reveals that Bianca inherited his grandmother's money and threatens to hurt Whitney and Tiffany if Bianca does not give him the money. After spending time with Sonia and Robbie, Bianca leaves Walford for a holiday with Tiffany. Bianca later returns off-screen to console Whitney after she learns Leo, who she has been dating, is Tony's son. Bianca and Carol both visit Tiffany in Germany in December 2022, leaving them unable to attend her step-grandmother, Dot Branning's (June Brown) funeral.
Creation
Background
In his book EastEnders: The First 10 Years: A Celebration, EastEnders scriptwriter Colin Brake describes 1994 as a "historic" year for EastEnders, as in April, a third weekly episode was introduced. Due to the programme's increased frequency, a number of new characters were introduced to the regular cast in the latter part of 1993 and early 1994. Among them were the Jackson family, created by Tony McHale: mother Carol (Lindsey Coulson), her four children, Bianca (Patsy Palmer), Robbie (Dean Gaffney), Sonia (Natalie Cassidy), and Billie (Devon Anderson), as well as Carol's partner Alan Jackson (Howard Antony). Though Carol and Alan were not initially married in the serial, and though Alan was only the biological father of Billie, the whole family took on Alan's surname. It later transpired that David Wicks (Michael French) was Bianca's father.
Various members of the family began to appear sporadically from November 1993 onwards, but in episodes that aired early in 1994, the Jacksons moved from Walford Towers, a block of flats, to the soap's focal setting of Albert Square. Their slow introduction was a deliberate attempt by the programme makers to introduce the whole family over a long period. The Jacksons have been described by Brake as a "classic problem family".
Casting
Future Spice Girl Emma Bunton auditioned for the role of Bianca; however, it was actress Patsy Palmer who was eventually cast. Hester Lacey of The Independent has described Palmer's casting as an "accident", as she did not formally audition for the role. EastEnders casting director Jane Deitch and writer–director McHale visited her drama class at the Anna Scher Theatre looking for a girl aged 16 or under. Palmer was not on the list of people they wanted to see as she was older, but she caught the attention of Deitch when she was messing around and giggling with friends. At the end of the class, Palmer was asked by McHale to do something, so Anna Scher asked her to improvise a monologue based on the line "I can't believe you just said that." The next day, Scher contacted Palmer to say she had been offered an audition. When she arrived at the audition, McHale told producers Palmer was 16 as she would have been refused the part. She was offered a three-month contract the same day. In 1996, Palmer commented to Lacey: "I've been a lucky girl. I always used to say I'd love to get in EastEnders, because I used to think 'God, I'll never get a part where I have to speak really posh', – I'm not very good at accents." Palmer was 21 when she first appeared on-screen as 16-year-old Bianca.
Personality
Bianca has been classified by Rupert Smith, author of EastEnders: 20 years in Albert Square, as a drama queen, a "strong passionate [woman]" and "Walford's trouble-maker-in-chief". She has also been described by Reuters as "feisty" and someone "who never minced her words". In 1996, Palmer described Bianca as someone who deserves "a good slap". She added, "I probably wouldn't like Bianca if I knew her in real-life. But I do love playing the character. She is so cheeky and gets to say outrageous things".
Deemed "a woman you would not want to cross" by James Rampton of The Independent, Bianca is a tenacious foe, but a loyal friend. The way the character is portrayed, as a "person who wouldn't take nonsense from anyone", has led Rampton to comment that she embodies "girl power", a cultural phenomenon of the mid-late 1990s. He added, "Bianca could sulk for Britain – and we adored her for it." However, Rampton also noted that underneath Bianca's bravado, the character is capable of showing "the most affecting vulnerability".
Development
In her first six years in the soap, Bianca's storylines included affairs, feuds, bereavements, abortion, and a problematic marriage to Ricky Butcher.
Marriage to Ricky Butcher
Bianca's relationship with mechanic Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) has been central to her narrative; their affiliation began in 1994. Palmer and Owen already knew each other before working together on the soap, as both attended the Anna Scher theatre school. Owen has said, "We practically grew up together. We'd known each other for years. It was weird when she started on the show and we began playing the 'Ricky & Bianca Get To Know Each Other' bit. I had already spent a lot of time with Patsy. I think we were both seven when we met."
The dynamics of their relationship were clear from the start, with Bianca portrayed as the dominant, bossy and authoritative partner, while Ricky was shown as the hen-pecked, dim-witted "loser" or "soft touch", comically under the thumb of his female counterpart. James Rampton from The Independent has commented, "to her eternally put-upon husband, Ricky, Bianca was a ferocious reincarnation of H Rider Haggard's 'She Who Must Be Obeyed'." Bianca was notorious for shouting the catchphrase "Rickaaaaaaay!" (a cockney pronunciation of Ricky) at her lover, and Palmer admitted in 2008 that "not a day has gone by in nine years when someone hasn't shouted that from cars and even up at my bedroom window at night." Rampton has suggested that Bianca's catchphrase – "Rickaaaaaaay!" – transitioned, becoming "shorthand for any sort of heinous henpecking." On Friday Night with Jonathan Ross on 18 April 2008, Palmer explained that it was actually Ross, as a DJ, who had originally inspired the catchphrase.
One of the first notable storylines featuring the couple occurred in 1995, when Ricky embarked on an affair with Bianca's "put-upon sidekick", Natalie Price (Lucy Speed). On-screen Natalie and Ricky found themselves sidelined and bullied by Bianca, forcing them together and leading to their eventual affair, which continued for several weeks on-screen, with Ricky seeing both Natalie and Bianca. The storyline reached its climax on 21 February 1995; 17.0 million viewers tuned in to witness Bianca discovering that her boyfriend was sleeping with her best friend. The characters separated but reconciled later in the year when Ricky supported Bianca through a personal crisis: the revelation that she had unknowingly tried to seduce her estranged father David Wicks (Michael French).
Various crises between the characters were featured over the following years, causing them to break up and reconcile numerous times. In the book Seeing Things: Television in the Age of Uncertainty, author John Ellis uses the couple's combustible relationship as an example of emotional intensity and pathos: "A couple like Ricky and Bianca [...] can have constantly sniped at each other for several episodes, for no apparent dramatic purpose except that it is the nature of their relationship. Then they will suddenly be confronted by a life-changing decision [...] There is suddenly a shift in emotional intensity for the audience. Every word now counts, and all the previous audience attitudes of irritation or even condescension to this 'not very bright couple' [...] become a feeling of utter absorption in their dilemma." The BBC has reported that Bianca and Ricky's on-off romance "captivated millions of fans", and in April 1997 attracted "one of the biggest soap audiences ever", with 22 million viewers tuning in to see them marry. In 2000, Owen stated that the storyline he most enjoyed in EastEnders was the build up and marriage to Bianca, because "the public's enthusiasm for the event was a great motivation".
Spina bifida
In 1997, the character was featured in a storyline about hydrocephalus ("water on the brain") and spina bifida, a developmental birth defect resulting in an incompletely formed spinal cord of the baby. After becoming pregnant with Ricky's baby, a pre-natal scan revealed that her unborn foetus had the conditions. In the storyline, Bianca agonised about whether or not to have an abortion, but eventually decided to terminate her pregnancy at 20 weeks. In scenes shown after the abortion, Bianca and Ricky were given the chance to see and hold their dead daughter, named Natasha, after the birth (Ricky was unable to do this, though Bianca later said her baby had been "perfect"), and a period of heavy grief followed as the characters came to terms with what they had done. The Peterborough-based Association for Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus (ASBAH) helped and provided information to the programme makers during the storyline.
Bianca's decision to abort reportedly angered a proportion of viewers, including parents with disabled children, who rang the BBC to complain that they showed the abortion of a disabled baby. However, many were "moved" by the storyline, and Patsy Palmer received critical acclaim for her acting throughout. Palmer was nominated in the 'Best Actress' category at the Royal Television Society Awards – the first soap actress to ever be nominated.
The storyline was later used to spread a public message. When Bianca became pregnant once again in 1998, the scriptwriters included scenes of a practitioner advising the character to take folic acid, which protects against spina bifida. The ASBAH issued a public plea to EastEnders, urging them to allow Bianca's second baby to be born with spina bifida, in order to show parents that having a baby with spina bifida is "not the end of the world". This did not occur, however, and Bianca was shown to give birth to a premature but healthy baby, Liam, in an episode that aired on Christmas Day 1998.
Departure (1999)
The character was featured in various other storylines, including a close friendship with her childhood friend Tiffany Raymond (Martine McCutcheon); a feud with Tiffany's volatile husband Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp); a tug-of-love for Ricky's affections with his first wife and Grant's younger sister Sam (Danniella Westbrook); a one-night stand with Lenny Wallace (Des Coleman), causing a sexually transmitted disease scare; and coping with Tiffany's death. In November 1998, the BBC announced that Patsy Palmer had decided to leave EastEnders to spend more time with her family. The BBC said that Bianca would not be killed off, and a spokesman commented: "Bianca has always been an amazingly powerful character and the door is open to her if she wants to return in the future. She has been fantastic in the years she has been in EastEnders and we will miss her." Palmer was one of several high-profile EastEnders stars to announce their departures that year; McCutcheon and Kemp also decided to leave, and Gillian Taylforth left the serial in 1998 after 13 years playing Kathy Beale. The BBC said, "no-one is bigger than the show, which is doing extremely well at the moment. We will send her off with all our very best wishes." Richard Stokes, EastEnders''' series editor and producer of Palmer's exit storyline commented, "you don't expect people to stay here for ever. But it's a double-edged sword. Yes, it's a shame when a well-loved character announces they're going, but the flipside is that it provides us with the space to do the best possible story. If someone is going, you can up the stakes. The whole of Bianca's story was developed once we knew she was going to go."
Bianca's exit storyline revolved on an extramarital affair with her mother's new boyfriend Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass). Lindsey Coulson, who played Bianca's mother Carol, returned to the serial especially to facilitate Palmer's exit. Carol had last been seen on-screen in 1997. When the affair was uncovered, Bianca was disowned by Carol, and her marriage to Ricky ended after Carol forced her to confess the affair to him too. Bianca's exit week was spread out over five episodes, beginning with an hour-long special on Sunday 5 September 1999 (at the time the typical weekly broadcast was 3 episodes a week). Mal Young, BBC's Controller of Continuing Drama Series, described the revelatory hour-long Bianca special as a Play For Today, and Kathryn Flett of The Guardian described the week's episodes as a "bravura, edge-of-the-sofa, five-night performance". Commenting on her exit in 1999, Palmer said, "It was really sad. We were all crying our eyes out – the crew as well as the cast. The tears you see on screen are real."
Nicola Methven of the Daily Mirror has described the discovery of Bianca's affair as "one of the truly great emotion-charged scenes in soap history". Bianca left Walford on a train for Manchester with her son Liam, in an episode that aired in September 1999. In 2005, Bianca's exit storyline was voted as one of "Top 20 greatest soap moments of all time". Chosen by thousands of TV viewers, the televised countdown was presented by Dale Winton and aired on ITV in 2001.
Spin-off (2002)
In 2001, the BBC announced that Patsy Palmer and Sid Owen would reprise their roles as Bianca and Ricky, for a special spin-off, entitled EastEnders: Ricky & Bianca. Filmed in Manchester in January 2002, the two part, hour-long special reunited the characters for the first time in over two years. The spin-off or "soap bubble" was part of plans by Mal Young, the BBC controller of drama serials, to expand the EastEnders brand. He created a "bubbles unit" to make, at most, six one-off specials a year. EastEnders: Ricky & Bianca aired in May 2002, and proved a ratings winner, with more than 10 million viewers tuning in.
In the spin-off, Bianca had fallen upon hard times, and accidentally got a visiting Ricky embroiled in a drugs heist. Despite talk of reconciling, Bianca opted to leave Ricky behind once again, leaving Liam in his care. The spin-off brought in various characters unrelated to the main serial, including Vince, Bianca's drug dealing boss played by Craig Charles, and Ricky's fiancée Cassie, played by Sally Ann Triplett. Both Ricky and Liam returned to the main serial as regular characters later that year, without Bianca. In an interview, Palmer discussed the spin-off and the reasons why she did not want to return to EastEnders: "I have absolutely no desire to return to EastEnders. Not at all. In fact, I think that brief spin-off of a storyline for Ricky and Bianca was a double-edged sword. On one hand, I don't think we should ever have done it, it was a mistake on my behalf. But on the other, it convinced me that Bianca was someone that I did not want to see again. She was past history as far as I was concerned, I certainly learned that. Don't get me wrong, I had the time of my life when I was in EastEnders in the middle and late nineties and I worked with some terrific people both in front of and behind the camera. But that was then and this is now – the cast has nearly all changed and going back would be worse than foolish." In August 2005, Palmer reiterated that she had no desire to return to EastEnders and branded the show "rubbish".
Reintroduction (2008)
Despite Palmer's earlier reservations, it was announced on 29 October 2007 that she would be reprising the role of Bianca. EastEnders executive producer Diederick Santer said he was "delighted" that Bianca was returning, commenting: "Millions grew up with her and, like the audience, I can't wait to see her back in the show. I'm really looking forward to the next chapter in her story."
On 30 October 2007, a day after the announcement of Bianca's return, it was announced that Sid Owen would also be returning to the show as Ricky. Owen commented: "It will be interesting to see what has been happening to Ricky and Bianca over the last few years. Although I must admit I'm not looking forward to her nagging me by shouting his name." Santer commented: "First Patsy comes home, now Sid! Ricky and Bianca were a hugely popular and well-loved partnership on the show, spawning one of the best (and perhaps most irritating) of TV catchphrases – Rickaaaaay!"
On 18 March 2008, Mark Jefferies of the Daily Mirror announced that Bianca would return with four children: Whitney Dean (Shona McGarty), the fifteen-year-old daughter of Bianca's deceased partner Nathan; Liam Butcher (James Forde), Bianca and Ricky's son who previously appeared in the serial; Tiffany Dean (Maisie Smith), Bianca's five-year-old daughter with Nathan; and Morgan Jackson-King (Devon Higgs), Bianca's three-year-old son who "gets spoilt the most out of all of the kids".
To promote the characters' return, the BBC began airing trailers across the BBC network in March 2008. One trailer utilised Bianca's "trademark holler" of Ricky's name, which is so loud that it smashes the windows of The Queen Victoria public house. The trailer features The Righteous Brothers's "Hung on You". Another trailer sees Bianca singing The Jackson 5 hit "I Want You Back" and performing a dance routine with her four children. The advertisement uses the tag line "Introducing The Jackson 5". Within three days of being posted on the video sharing website YouTube, the trailer had been viewed 52,000 times.
The character returned on-screen on 1 April 2008, but made her first appearance back in the soap's setting of Albert Square the following week, drawing 10.4 million viewers and 42.6% of the total TV viewing audience. In the storyline, Bianca had fallen on hard times, and after being evicted from her flat her children were taken into custody, so Bianca returned to Walford to seek help from her grandmother Pat Butcher (Pam St. Clement). In the documentary EastEnders: Ricky and Bianca, which aired to celebrate the character's return, the changes in Bianca's character were noted: "The carefree, wild child of yesterday, has been replaced by the wore-torn and downtrodden single mum of four. Bianca has done what she always wanted to avoid, repeating the mistakes that her mother Carol had made." EastEnders' series consultant Simon Ashdown has commented, "Bianca's still the same Bianca in a way, she still speaks before she thinks, comes out fists flying. She's got that family of misfit kids with different fathers [...] She's like Carol." The BBC described the character's comeback as a "big hit". However, James Walton from The Telegraph accused the Jackson family of being melodramatic and "boring", adding "Perhaps the storyline is meant to be an updated version of [1966 BBC drama] Cathy Come Home – yet if so, the writers have forgotten one important thing. We're supposed to be rooting for the mother rather than for Social Services."
Tony King and pedophilia
Bianca's most notable initial storyline upon her return was a pedophilia plot revolving around her new boyfriend Tony King (Chris Coghill), and her 15-year-old step daughter, Whitney. The idea for the storyline was conceptualized by writer Simon Ashdown and other scriptwriters, when they were brainstorming ideas for Bianca's return to EastEnders. They had seen a documentary about homelessness and had been struck by an image of a woman and child at a bus stop with nowhere to go, a scene that was used to similar effect in Bianca and her family's return episode. They considered the homeless family's predicament and were left pondering "What might happen to them? They would be easy prey... What if a pedophile noticed the child, who might be, say, 12, and pretended to be the woman's saviour? She would be too grateful to notice that this was unusual behaviour, that he seemed to have few friends or family". They pitched the idea to John Yorke, controller of BBC drama production, who said that "It drew a sharp intake of breath. Most EastEnders stories that have been good and successful have been the ones that caused the sharp intake of breath, so they're always the kind of stories you look for." However, pedophilia as a storyline had been pitched before, but the idea had been vetoed because they could not find the right storyline and characters to proceed and, as the topic was so controversial, producers had been unwilling to take the risk. Diederick Santer commented, "We knew that something like 16% of under-16s have been sexually abused at some point, but if you can't find a story, it's an issue that sits there, dead, on the show." It has been noted in the media that pedophilia is a subject rarely shown on pre-watershed terrestrial television, and although EastEnders had broached it in 2001 with Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace) and her abusive uncle Harry (Michael Elphick), this was scripted to have happened in the past and focused on the effect it had on the victim as an adult.
Yorke was initially unconvinced at the Jackson pedophilia storyline proposal. He commented to The Guardian in 2008, "My standpoint has always been that there has to be a good editorial justification. If it's just entertainment, or just sensation, or just the bogeyman in this case, then I don't think that's a good enough reason." However, Yorke was convinced by Santer, who opined that "it would be a talking point that could truly educate and inform". It was decided that Bianca's stepdaughter Whitney would be the character that Bianca's boyfriend Tony groomed for sex. According to Bianca's backstory, Tony was "a Mancunian who [...] had one day given Bianca a lift home, three years before her return to Walford, and noticed, standing in the hallway, 12-year-old Whitney in her pyjamas." EastEnders worked closely with NSPCC when devising the storyline. The NSPCC's statistics suggested that 11% of children under 16 experienced "sexual abuse by a person known but unrelated to them, often a boyfriend or girlfriend, while only 5% have been interfered with by someone unknown or whom they had just met; 1% by a parent or carer; and fewer than 1% by a professional in a position of trust". Thus it was decided that Whitney, unrelated to Tony in any biological sense, would be his victim and that Tony deliberately targeted the Jackson family, wooing Bianca, in order to groom Whitney. This idea, according to a BBC researcher, was based on real life cases. The truth was revealed to Bianca in an episode that aired in December 2008, when Whitney confessed to her stepmother, professing to love Tony. There followed Tony's imprisonment and a court case in 2009. Palmer was widely praised by critics for her performance during the reveal episodes. The storyline prompted an increase in calls to the children's help-line, ChildLine. A ChildLine director, Julie Crossan, said, "Child sex abuse storylines on programmes such as EastEnders also encourage children to speak out. As a result, more children now understand what sexual abuse is and are increasingly willing to turn to ChildLine for help."
When asked how she felt about the storyline, Palmer commented: "It would be brilliant if it helped somebody. If one person out there who's been abused saw that [the legal system] go out of their way to make it easier on the victim – Whitney's evidence is given by video link – it will be worth it."
Reunion with Ricky Butcher
In November 2009 it was announced that coinciding with the return of her on-screen family and the 25th anniversary of EastEnders, Bianca and Ricky would remarry in February 2010. Entertainment website Digital Spy reported that: "Show producers have confirmed that the divorced pair's latest love twist will begin at Christmas when Ricky [...] decides to pop the question to his childhood sweetheart. Their wedding will take place in February to coincide with the Walford soap's 25th anniversary celebrations." A spin-off DVD focusing on preparations for the wedding, EastEnders: Last Tango in Walford, was released in February 2010. It features Tiffany arranging a comeback for Bianca's family, plus archive footage and interviews. Palmer told What's on TV magazine: "I prefer it when Ricky and Bianca are not together but it's great too when they are. I'm looking forward to the return of her family. Bianca hasn't spoken to her mum since the whole Dan thing so it'll be good stuff." The wedding scenes were filmed at St. Peter's Church in the St. Albans city centre.
Talking about the 25th anniversary week, Santer explained that he wanted great stories to get people talking, saying "That's [...] why we're doing the soap wedding of the year – and perhaps the soap wedding of the decade – with Ricky and Bianca. The romance played against the thriller story is a great balance, which I hope the audience will be both gripped by and satisfied with. The wedding is the perfect opportunity for us to bring back the much-loved Jackson characters – Carol, Sonia, Robbie and Billie."
Temporary departures (2011–2012)
On 1 August 2010, it was reported that Palmer was pregnant with her fourth child and that she would take maternity leave from EastEnders. To facilitate the departure, Bianca will feature in a major storyline, which executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said was the only possible reason Bianca would have for leaving her family. In December 2010, it was announced that Natalie Cassidy would return as part of Bianca's departure storyline which started in January 2011. Bianca's departure was broadcast on 21 January 2011. Palmer gave birth earlier than expected, meaning that she started leave three weeks before she planned to. Key moments were therefore not filmed, and changes had to be made to the storyline to accommodate her absence. Bianca reappeared from December 2011, though Palmer stated in February 2011 that she was in no hurry to return, did not miss it and did not know when she would be back. On 19 July 2011, Palmer revealed that she had signed a new 'working mums' contract and would be returning before the end of the year.
It was confirmed in April 2012 that Bianca, Carol and Bianca's children would depart Albert Square later that month for six months. Explaining her temporary departure, Palmer said, "I'm only taking time off now because this is when the kids' holidays are. When I re-signed my contract I said, 'I love EastEnders, but I love my kids more'. Listen, I can imagine staying in the show till I'm in my 60s, but it's a full-on job. If they hadn't been prepared to give me time off, I'd have had to choose the kids." Bianca left the show on 27 April 2012, when she was sent back to prison for attempting to steal from the market, before returning on 27 November of that year.
Relationship with Terry Spraggan and departure (2014)
It was announced on 23 August 2013, that Bianca's latest boyfriend, Terry Spraggan (Terry Alderton) would arrive on the square, a short time after meeting him off-screen in Manchester.Tweets from Terry Alderton:
It was confirmed in April 2014 that Palmer would be leaving EastEnders and her final scenes will air in the Autumn. A spokesman for Palmer said: "Patsy is really sad to be leaving the show as she loves playing Bianca and working with executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins but she knows it's the right decision at this time in her life." The soap's executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins, who has decided not to kill off Bianca, said: "We are so sad that Patsy has decided to leave us but completely understand it's the right time for her. Bianca won't be leaving Albert Square until the Autumn so there's still a lot more to come from her on screen this year – and the door will be left wide open for her return. We won't be getting rid of Bianca's puffa jacket just yet". It was revealed months later that an upcoming storyline would involve Bianca and Terry departing alongside their children, minus Liam and Whitney. A teaser for the storyline was released on 29 August 2014.
Returns (2019–2020)
On 22 May 2019, it was announced that Palmer would reprise her role as Bianca for a guest stint, five years after her departure. The decision to reintroduce the character was made by Jon Sen, the show's new executive producer, who revealed that this was "high on [his] wish list" when he joined the soap. He revealed that Bianca would feature in "a blistering storyline that will grip fans" and expressed his delight at her return. Palmer appeared on This Morning during the following month to discuss her return, confirming that she would be filming for three weeks. On the character's return, Palmer commented, "I've always said it's odd when major characters don't return when something [major is happening]." The actress also explained that as she lives in the US, she would not be able to commit to a longer contract so the shorter one worked better for her. A trailer promoting Bianca's return was released on 23 August 2019, and the character returns in episode 5982, originally broadcast on 2 September 2019.
Palmer's return marks the first time she has been invited back to EastEnders. Her agent informed her that the story team had planned a story for Bianca, so she agreed to a return. The show's senior executive producer, Kate Oates, revealed that she planned for the character to return for the show's autumn launch, since she wanted to reintroduce "some classic names in the show". Bianca returns for Whitney's wedding to Callum Highway (Tony Clay), although Callum is struggling with his sexuality and having an affair with Ben Mitchell (Max Bowden). Palmer thought that Bianca would be angry with Callum's deceit but would "just love him" after realising how much he cares for Whitney as he is "such a sweet guy". On the wedding drama, Palmer commented, "like any Walford wedding, things don't quite go to plan... at all." On the night before the wedding, Bianca meets with Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace) for a night out, but they are arrested and have to race to the wedding. Palmer expressed how Bianca is proud to see Whitney getting married.
Bianca also becomes involved in the plots featuring Tiffany. Palmer pointed out that Bianca understands that her absence in Tiffany's life has repercussions. The actress also confirmed that Bianca has been involved in trouble during her off-screen absence, which explains her silence. Palmer explained that both Bianca and Tiffany have things they should tell each other, but they are avoiding it as they want to "protect" each other. She hoped that they would be able to rebuild their relationship.
Palmer enjoyed filming with the soap, but found the experience exhausting. The costume department purchased a new wardrobe for Bianca, which Palmer liked and thought reflected more modern clothing. She also liked reuniting with the cast and crew and revealed that she had maintained contact with Cassidy and McGarty, in particular, since leaving in 2014. The actress also commented on returning to the show's set, describing it as a "second home".
The character's return sparks a long-term storyline for the show which would last "12 to 18 months". Oates wanted to reintroduce Bianca as part of a bigger story and wanted to create a story that "propels after she's gone". Sen added that the show's "diligence to the audience and the drama meant that we had to make sure it kicked off a story". He also confirmed that Bianca's surrounding characters would be featured in the new story as he believed that is how the "soap works best". The story was revealed during the final episode of Bianca's return stint with actor Tom Wells introduced as Leo King, the son of Tony. It emerges that Bianca spent time in prison during her absence after attacking Leo and after seeing him in Walford, Bianca threatens Leo to stay away from her family. Sen confirmed the new plot, describing it as "a gripping new story".
On 21 February 2020, it was reported that Palmer had reprised the role again for a second guest stint. A show spokesperson confirmed that producers had invited Palmer to return again for Whitney's story involving Leo after she kills him in self defence. They also hinted that Bianca may not be "helpful" for Whitney. Palmer began filming the guest return in early 2020, but was unable to complete filming due to EastEnders pausing production following the COVID-19 pandemic. The actress confirmed during an October 2020 appearance on Loose Women that plans for Bianca to appear were then scrapped.
Reception
Awards and nominations
Palmer's portrayal of Bianca earned her a nomination for "Best Actress" at the 1997 Royal Television Society Awards – being the first soap actress to ever be nominated – and in 2000 she was awarded "Best Actress" at The British Soap Awards, a prize voted for by viewers. She commented on her role in her acceptance speech: "It's completely changed my life. It just turned it around. I have had my ups and downs as you all know. I just want to warn all the young people. Be careful because it really does change your life." The role has also garnered Palmer nominations as "Most Popular Actress" at the 1996 National Television Awards, "Best Actress" at the 1999 British Soap Awards, "TV Soap Personality" at the 2009 Television and Radio Industries Club Awards, "Best On-Screen Partnership" (with Sid Owen) in the 2001 British Soap Awards, and "I'm a Survivor" at the 2009 All About Soap Bubble Awards.
Critical response
The character of Bianca Jackson has received critical acclaim from critics and fans alike. EastEnders executive producers Diederick Santer and Jon Sen have described Bianca as "one of the most popular characters EastEnders has ever had", and an "iconic creation", respectively. James Rampton, journalist for The Independent, has commented that she is "adored". Palmer has suggested that viewers "rooted" for Bianca because "people love a stroppy girl". In 2000, she commented, "[Bianca] makes them laugh. A character like that is about living out your fantasies. Everybody would love to be like Bianca and really say what they think." Following her exit from the serial in September 1999, Palmer said that members of the public would approach her to plead with her to return to EastEnders, as they missed her character and relationship with Ricky. She commented in 2000, "It makes me feel bad. I sometimes think I should go back [to EastEnders] for everyone else's sake." When the character departed the serial in 1999, Molly Blake of the Birmingham Evening Post said "Good riddance!" She described Bianca as a "king-sized pain in the backside [...] A screeching and screaming virago with a big mouth and pea-sized brain" and a "prize slapper [who] tormented all those whose paths [she] crossed."
In 1995, Chris Barker carried out television research on post-transmission perspectives of British Asian teenage viewers of EastEnders, using the character Bianca as one of the focus points. He discovered that the participants were both active and implicit in the reproduction of ideology about family relationships and gender. The males regarded Bianca as a "saucy cow", with implications of unacceptable assertiveness in women. They disliked that Ricky was pushed around by Bianca and treated as a subordinate by her friends. The author comments that "such a relationship appears to these boys as the world turned upside down." Girls also viewed Bianca unfavourably in 1995, and the author noted that tensions in "girl-culture" – attraction to the traditional private world of interpersonal relationships and the desire to take up more assertive characteristics in public – manifested themselves in discussions about Bianca and her friend Natalie Price. Natalie was constructed as a "nice person" in contrast to Bianca, "she can relate to Ricky [...] cares for other people and doesn't just think about herself [like Bianca does]", qualities that were said to be constitutive of the traditional identity of women.
In 2008, when it was announced that both Ricky and Bianca were being reintroduced, Santer described them as "a hugely popular and well-loved partnership on the show", and Reuters branded them two of "the most popular characters on the soap". However, Hazel Davis of The Guardian was critical about their reintroduction. She commented, "It's a no-brainer on the show's part. Last year, ratings for EastEnders were at an all-time low. But, just for once, wouldn't it be nice if a soap opera actually introduced new characters with verve and staying power rather than digging up the oldies?" Conversely, Mark Wright from The Stage said that the decision to bring these much-loved character back "is very welcome". Ruth Deller of entertainment website Lowculture praised Bianca stating: "Bianca and Ricky's return has been one of the best things about [EastEnders] in the past year [...] and even when Bianca and co don't have storylines as big as the Whitney/Tony one, they still give good telly."
In March 2010, Bianca was voted the 'Most Popular TV Mum' in an online poll conducted by Yahoo!, gaining 26% of votes. Yahoo!'s TV editor Paul Johnston commented "As loud and garish as Bianca can be, she also has a huge heart when it comes to her children and would do anything to protect them. You certainly wouldn't want her turning up on your doorstep if your kids had been fighting with hers!"
In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Bianca 29th on their ranked list of the best EastEnders characters of all time, calling her a "Flame-haired, fiery-tempered market stall holder" who was most famous for "having affairs", moving to Manchester and Milton Keynes and shouting Ricky's name. In 2021, Angie Quinn from MyLondon called Bianca one of the "icons who are no longer on the square".
In popular culture and other media
In 1999, BBC Books published a book about the character, entitled Bianca's Secret Diary. The paperback details the affair between Bianca and her mother Carol's lover, Dan. A BBC source reportedly told the Sunday Mirror: "We've recently dethroned Coronation Street at the top of the viewing charts, and this book has the potential to make No.1 in the best-sellers list." It was released on 10 September 1999, just as the TV storyline reached its conclusion.
The character was spoofed in the BBC comedy sketch show The Real McCoy. One of the show's recurring sketches featured a spoof version of EastEnders, with black comedians taking over roles of well known EastEnders characters, who frequent a pub called Rub-a-Dub. Actress and comedian Judith Jacob played the role of Bianca in the sketches. Jacob had previously appeared as a regular character in EastEnders'' between 1986 and 1989, as health visitor Carmel Jackson (unrelated to Bianca's family).
References
External links
EastEnders characters
Fictional market stallholders
Fictional criminals in soap operas
Television characters introduced in 1993
Fictional hairdressers
Fictional beauticians
Fictional waiting staff
British female characters in television
Beale family (EastEnders)
Fictional homeless people
Fictional prisoners and detainees
Teenage characters in television
Branning family
Butcher family (EastEnders) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca%20Jackson |
The Diocese of Linares (also known as the Diocese of San Ambrosio de Linares; ) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Linares, Chile. It was established by Pope Pius XI on October 18, 1925 in his papal bull Notabiliter Aucto.
The Diocese of Linares is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile. The diocese is located in the geographical center of the country. The diocesan territory comprises two Chilean full provinces, Linares Province and Cauquenes Province, and part of a third, Talca Province, all of them in the Maule Region of Chile. Compared to other Chilean dioceses, Linares has a higher proportion of rural inhabitants. Numerous chapels have been raised particularly in rural areas. The total number of chapels in the diocese exceeds 450.
Brief history of the diocese
In 1963, the territory of the Diocese of Linares expanded to include the parishes of the then Province of Maule (currently known as the Province of Cauquenes) that belonged to the Diocese of Chillán, and a parish (Putú), carved out from Talca Province. Prior to 1925, the territory now comprised by the Diocese was part of the ancient Diocese of La Santísima Concepción –- now the Archdiocese of Concepción. The see of the Diocese and residence of the bishop is the city of Linares. The beautiful Cathedral Church is dedicated to Saint Ambrose of Milan.
Beginnings of Catholicism in the region
Catholic evangelization in Chile began in the middle of the 16th century, shortly after the arrival of the Spaniards. Pedro de Valdivia granted Juan Jofré de Loaiza the encomienda of Peteroa, north of the Maule river on November 1, 1552, and shortly after, on 1554, Doctrina de Peteroa was created under the care of priest Juan de Océs, son of Don Rodrigo de Océs, with orders to cross to "other towns" of remaining Indians to the north and south of the Maule river. As a result of the successful campaigns in southern Chile, the Diocese of Imperial was created on March 22, 1563. Following the Arauco War Bishop Don Reginaldo de Lizárraga went to the King Felipe III to obtain from the Pope the annexation of his Bishopric to the one of Santiago, to which the Supreme Pontiff acceded provisionally. This situation persisted from 1609 until 1623.
On February 18, 1585, the third Bishop of Santiago in his detailed report to King Felipe II mentions the missions of "Longomilla and Purapel", "Chanco and Loanco" taken care of by the presbítero Francisco de Maestanza, with a salary of three hundred and eighty pesos in gold and food.
The Doctrinas of Cauquenes and Putagán
When the dioceses of Santiago and La Imperial were erected (in 1561 and 1564, respectively), the Maule river was considered the dividing line between the two dioceses. However, it seems that the division was not sufficiently clear because the Bishop of Santiago, Fray Diego de Medellín (1576–1592), created two docrinas south of the Maule river that remained under the jurisdiction of the Santiago bishops for more than one hundred and seventy years. The doctrinas at issue were Cauquenes and Putagán. Cauquenes was erected in an area inhabited by the "cauquenes" Indians, who gave name to the region and the doctrina that was based there. In 1739 the Doctrinero Don José de Rozas and Amaza, who resided in Chanco, built a chapel in the seat of Cauquenes, the same place where Don José Antonio Manso de Velasco later founded the Villa de Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes de José de Manso de Tutuvén (Town of Our Lady of the Mercedes de José de Manso of Tutuvén, now Cauquenes) on May 9, 1742.
The Cathedral of San Ambrosio de Linares
The Cathedral Church of San Ambrosio, of Linares Diocese, is considered to be one of the most important and finest religious buildings erected in Chile in the twentieth century. It replaced the original cathedral, after the latter was destroyed by an earthquake, in 1928. The new cathedral was conceived by bishop Juan Subercaseaux Errázuriz and its works were conducted by the renowned Chilean architects Carlos Bresciani and Jorge del Campo, the same duo that would be responsible, several years later, for the construction of another remarkable religious building, that of the parish church of Sagrado Corazón (Sacred Heart) in Providencia, Santiago de Chile.
Mgr. Subercaseaux gave a great initial impulse to the construction of the Linares Cathedral, which has been characterized as "the plastic expression of his refined artistic culture". Mgr. Subercaseaux, a dynamic and enterprising man, was not deterred by the shortage of resources available for the great work that had to be done. In his travels abroad, he was untiring to ask for greater resources for his diocese, which badly required some material aid that would help to finance the cathedral works and additional priests. In several countries (Italy, Germany, the United States, France, the Netherlands) Mgr. Subercaseaux appealed to the local Catholics in their own languages, urging them to contribute to the progress of his far-away diocese.
The cathedral was built according to the model of the famous Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio of Milan, built in Romanesque style and begun in the 4th century. The cathedral apse is remarkable for the outstanding mosaic work made by the Italian-born artist Giulio Di Girolamo. This mosaic work is one of the most important of its sort in South America. On the 18 October 2006 the remains of Giulio Di Girolamo's wife, Elvira, brought from Italy, were buried in the Cathedral together with those of her husband, who had died in 1998 and had been buried in the Cathedral years before.
Diocesan statistics
The Diocese of Linares has an area of 15,111 km² and a population close to 350,000. More than 70% of its inhabitants consider themselves Catholic (2002 Census).
Deaneries, parishes and priests of the diocese
There are 33 parishes grouped into six Deaneries, including: Urban Linares, Parral, Cauquenes, Constitución, San Javier, Rural Linares.
Parishes of the diocese
Urban Linares and rural Linares deaneries
El Sagrario (Cathedral), Linares
Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Linares
Inmaculado Corazón de María, Linares
María Auxiliadora, Linares
Jesús Obrero, Linares
Nuestra Señora del Carmen, Linares
María Peregrina, Linares
San Antonio de Padua, Linares
Santos Chilenos, Linares
Nuestra Señora de la Buena Esperanza, Panimávida
San Miguel Arcángel, Colbún
De la Santa Cruz, Yerbas Buenas
San Javier Deanery
San Francisco Javier, San Javier
Santísima Virgen de la Merced, San Javier
Santa Rosa, Melozal
Del Niño Jesús, Villa Alegre
San Francisco, Huerta de Maule
San Juan, Orilla de Maule
Parral Deanery
San José de Parral, Parral
San Francisco de Parral, Parral
San Sebastián de Los Cuarteles, Parral
San Lorenzo, Longaví
San Ramón, Retiro
Constitución Deanery
San José, Constitución
Nuestra Señora del Tránsito, Putú
Nuestra Señora del Carmen, Nirivilo
San Ignacio, Empedrado
Cauquenes Deanery
San Pedro, Cauquenes
San Alfonso, Cauquenes
Convento San Francisco, Cauquenes
Santo Toribio, Curanipe
San Luis Gonzaga, Sauzal
San Ambrosio, Chanco
Priests of the diocese
Francisco Lavín, Juvenal Pereira, René González, Erasmo Salazar, Plácido Grove, Hernán González, Rolf Schnitzler, Gabriel Lacaux, Jaime Vallet, Ramón Iturra, Luis Alarcón, Germán Cáceres, Silvio Jara, Lorenzo Solari, José Ulloa, Luis Retamal, Benjamín Retamales, Francisco Hormazábal, José Prado, Gonzálo Aravena, Luis Fuentealba, Raúl Moris, Alejandro Quiroz, Waldo Alfaro, Mario Agurto.
Ordinaries
Bishops of Linares
Miguel León Prado (1925–1934)
Juan Subercaseaux Errázuriz (1935–1940), appointed Archbishop of La Serena
Francisco Javier Valdivia Pinedo (1940–1941)
Roberto Moreira Martínez (1941–1958)
Augusto Osvaldo Salinas Fuenzalida (1958–1976)
Carlos Marcio Camus Larenas (1976–2003)
Tomislav Koljatic Maroevic (2003–present)
Notes
External links
Website of the diocese (in Spanish)
Diocese of Linares at the www.catholic-hierarchy.org website
Roman Catholic dioceses in Chile
Christian organizations established in 1925
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Linares, Roman Catholic Diocese of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Linares |
HMS Pegasus was a 28-gun sixth rate. This frigate was launched in 1779 at Deptford and sold in 1816. Pegasus had a relatively uneventful career and is perhaps best known for the fact that her captain from 1786 to 1789 was Prince William Henry, the future King William IV. By 1811 Pegasus was a receiving ship at Chatham; she was sold in 1816.
Service
Pegasus was commissioned in May 1779 under Captain John Bazely and attached to George Rodney's fleet for the relief of the Great Siege of Gibraltar. She therefore was present at both of Rodney's actions in the campaign to relieve the fortress, participating in the seizure of a Spanish armaments convoy off Cape Finisterre on 8 January 1780 and subsequently fighting at the Battle of Cape St Vincent eight days later. Pegasus continued on with Rodney to Gibraltar and then to the West Indies where she participated in the inconclusive Battle of Martinique in April 1780. Bazely carried the dispatches of the battle back to Britain and was soon given command of Apollo.
Pegasus sailed again, now under Captain John Stanhope, for the Leeward Islands in January 1781. She returned home in August, but subsequently returned to the Caribbean. On 23 January 1783 she captured the Allegeance, a former Royal Navy sloop that the French were using as a transport and that was carrying 200 troops. Pegasus paid off into ordinary in April 1783.
In 1786 Henry Harvey became captain of the recommissioned Pegasus for service on the North America station but was disappointed to discover that his first lieutenant was Prince William Henry. The issue was that the Admiralty expected Harvey to turn over the captaincy to his subordinate as soon as the ship was at sea. Controlling his disappointment, Harvey conducted the affair with "such discretion as secured to him the lasting friendship of His Royal Highness". Within weeks, Harvey had been transferred to HMS Rose and aboard her joined Pegasus in peacetime maneuvers off the North American station until Rose was paid-off in 1789.
From 1786 to 1788, Pegasus, under Prince William Henry, was largely assigned to patrol the east coast of British North America, as well as the West Indies. In late 1786, Pegasus was stationed in the West Indies under Horatio Nelson, who wrote of Prince William Henry, "In his professional line, he is superior to two-thirds, I am sure, of the [Naval] list; and in attention to orders, and respect to his superior officer, I hardly know his equal."
Prince William Henry's First Lieutenant was William Hargood, who the prince had brought with him. Other officers or crew aboard Pegasus at this time who would rise in rank were Thomas Byam Martin, John Pasco, and Charles Rowley. The prince was given a mentor, Isaac Schomberg, but that did not go well and required Nelson's intervention to resolve. Nelson also arranged for the transfer of William Johnstone Hope, who too had been appointed to Pegasus but had failed to get on with the prince. Pegasus returned to Plymouth and was decommissioned in March 1788.
Herbert Sawyer was promoted to Post-Captain in January 1789, and took command of Pegasus to begin her next commission. He served aboard her on the North American Station, operating off Newfoundland. On 8 July 1790 she grounded on Annet, within the Isles of Scilly but refloated on the flood tide undamaged.
French Revolutionary Wars
On 14 July 1793 Pegasus sailed with the Channel fleet from St. Helen's. On 18 July she was west of the Scilly Isle. On 31 July she briefly sighted but was unable to close the French fleet, so she returned to Torbay on 10 August. Thirteen days later she was with the Channel Fleet, escorting the Newfoundland trade and West Indian convoys while they were in home waters. By 23 October she was sailing in search of the French fleet and squadrons. On 18 November the Fleet in a brief skirmish with a French squadron; by mid-December the fleet had returned to Spithead.
In May–June 1794 the Channel Fleet fought the Battle of the Glorious First of June, during which it captured six ships of the line and sank a seventh. On 13 June the fleet arrived back in home ports. While under the command of Robert Barlow, who had been posted to Pegasus, she had served as a repeating ship for Admiral Howe's signals at the battle. Barlow transferred to the frigate as a reward. At the battle, Pegasus had as passenger Nicholas Pocock, the maritime artist.
On 14 February 1795 the Channel fleet sailed from Torbay for a brief cruise and to see various convoys safe out of the Channel.
In May 1796 news reached Admiral Adam Duncan, operating in the North Sea, that a Dutch squadron consisting of the 36-gun Argo and three brigs and a cutter had departed Flickerve, Norway, bound for the Texel. Duncan despatched a squadron of his own to intercept them, consisting of the frigate Phœnix, under Captain Lawrence William Halsted, the 50-gun , Pegasus and the brig-sloop , all under the overall command of Halsted. The British intercepted the Dutch at 5am on 12 May, with Phoenix and Leopard chasing Argo, while Pegasus and Sylph made after the brigs. Leopard eventually fell some way behind, and consequently it was Phoenix alone that brought Argo to the action of 12 May 1796. Meanwhile, Pegasus and Sylph forced two of the brigs aground and took the small vessel accompanying the Dutch, which turned out to be a former British vessel, Duke of York. They then captured the third brig, the 16-gun Mercury. The Royal Navy took both Argo and Mercury into service, the Argo becoming Janus while Mercury became .
In 1800, under Capt. John Pengelly, Pegasus was fitted out as a troopship, armed en flûte. Between 8 March and 2 September 1801 Pegasus participated in the siege of Alexandria. Because Pegasus served in the navy's Egyptian campaign, her officers and crew qualified for the clasp "Egypt" to the Naval General Service Medal that the Admiralty authorised in 1850 to all surviving claimants.
Napoleonic Wars
In 1803 she was in the Mediterranean. By May 1805 she was a guardship at Harwich. By 1811 Pegasus was a receiving ship at Chatham.
Fate
Pegasus was sold in 1816.
Notes
Citations
References
Allen, Joseph (1852) Battles of the British navy. (London: Henry G. Bohn), Vol. 1.
Robert Gardiner, The First Frigates, Conway Maritime Press, London 1992. .
David Lyon, The Sailing Navy List, Conway Maritime Press, London 1993. .
Rif Winfield, British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1714 to 1792, Seaforth Publishing, London 2007. .
External links
1779 ships
Pegasus (1786) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Pegasus%20%281779%29 |
is the debut studio album of Japanese singer Maaya Sakamoto. Production and all music composition was by Yoko Kanno, but Sakamoto wrote the lyrics for the songs "Migi Hoppe no Nikibi" and "Orange Iro to Yubikiri", and co-wrote a third, "Feel Myself", with Yūho Iwasato.
Track listing
Charts
References
Other track appearances
"Yakusoku wa Iranai" has been used as part of the soundtrack for the Vision of Escaflowne anime.
1997 albums
Maaya Sakamoto albums
Albums produced by Yoko Kanno
Victor Entertainment albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit%20%28Maaya%20Sakamoto%20album%29 |
Dive is the second studio album released by Japanese singer Maaya Sakamoto. As the first album, Yoko Kanno produced this album as well. Lyrics of the album's songs were written by Sakamoto and Yūho Iwasato, except "Baby Face" and "Heavenly Blue" were co-written with Tim Jensen.
Track listing
Charts
References
1998 albums
Maaya Sakamoto albums
Albums produced by Yoko Kanno
Victor Entertainment albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive%20%28Maaya%20Sakamoto%20album%29 |
Below is a list of official residences of Australia.
Current official residences
Federal
Government House, Canberra, residence of the Governor-General of Australia in Canberra
Admiralty House, Kirribilli, residence of the Governor-General of Australia in Sydney
The Lodge, Canberra, residence of the Prime Minister of Australia in Canberra
Kirribilli House, Sydney, residence of the Prime Minister of Australia in Sydney
State and territory
Government House, Adelaide, residence of the Governor of South Australia
Government House, Brisbane, residence of the Governor of Queensland
Government House, Darwin, residence of the Administrator of the Northern Territory
Government House, Hobart, residence of the Governor of Tasmania
Government House, Melbourne, residence of the Governor of Victoria
Government House, Norfolk Island, residence of the Administrator of Norfolk Island
Government House, Perth, residence of the Governor of Western Australia
Government House, Sydney, residence of the Governor of New South Wales
Former official residences
First Government House, Sydney, former residence of the Governor of New South Wales, 1788-1845
Old Government House, Parramatta, former residence of the Governor of New South Wales, built in 1799
Cranbrook, Bellevue Hill, former residence of the Governor of New South Wales, 1901–1917
Old Government House, Queensland, former residence of the Governor of Queensland, 1862–1910
Old Government House, South Australia, former residence of the Governor of South Australia, 1860–1880
Old Government House, Hobart, former residence of the Governor of Tasmania
Toorak House, former residence of the Governor of Victoria, 1854–1876
Stonington mansion, former residence of the Governor of Victoria, 1901–1931
Summer residences
Hillview, Sutton Forest, former summer residence of the Governor of New South Wales, 1885–1957
Harlaxton House in Toowoomba, former summer residence of the Governor of Queensland
Fernside in Toowoomba, former summer residence of the Governor of Queensland
Gabbinar in Toowoomba, former summer residence of the Governor of Queensland
Marble Hill, South Australia, former summer residence of the Governor of South Australia, 1880–1955
See also
Government Houses of the Commonwealth
*
Australia
Residences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20official%20residences%20of%20Australia |
Lucy is Maaya Sakamoto's third studio album. In addition to writing the lyrics of seven of the songs, she added her own acoustic guitar playing to the mix of several tracks.
Track listing
Charts
References
2001 albums
Maaya Sakamoto albums
Victor Entertainment albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20%28Maaya%20Sakamoto%20album%29 |
The club is the first soccer representative of the first port of Peru, Callao, which laid the foundations for future Chalacos clubs, going from being a school club to being a professional club, gaining recognition, prestige and trust among fans of the Callao, from Lima and Peru, since today there are many clubs with the name of Atlético Chalaco, but only one is the original and traditional. [At present, Atlético Chalaco is called the "Historical Soccer Heritage of the Constitutional Province of Callao ".
He has several championships won at the district, regional and national level. In 1918 he obtained recognition as a national champion when he beat the team of the nascent Peruvian Football League, which he defeated by 2 to 1. He has been champion of the First Division of Peru on two occasions: 1930 and 1947. And he also has four runners-up. nationals those of 1948, 1957, 1958 and 1979.
His classic and historic rival is Sport Boys, with whom he plays the Clásico Porteño as both clubs are from the Callao region, and are the most successful clubs in the famous Peruvian port. It also had rivalries with the Lima clubs, with which the Lima-Callao classics were born, among them was the Association Football Club, which would later merge with the Club Unión Ciclista Peruana, to form the Ciclista Lima Association club, a club that is its successor. And he not only wears the colors of his jersey, but also the nickname of Dean for his predecessor, who was the first Peruvian soccer club. Also with Alianza Lima with which he played the old classic Lima-Callao. Fierce encounters that delineated the cultural and social boundaries of Lima and Chalacos.
His clothing is legendary, as it has the white and red colors that the Peruvian soccer team would later have. Through the ranks of "León Porteño", great players and scorers passed that nurtured and formed the character of Peruvian football, such as Telmo Carbajo, Claudio Martínez Bodero, Alfonso Saldarriaga, Enrique Salas, Antonio Maquilón, Manuel Puente, José Arana, Humberto Crescimbeni, René Rosasco, Domingo Raffo, Félix Mina, Carlos Torres, Andrés Bedoya, Óscar Arizaga, Augusto Prado.
The club played for long periods at the Telmo Carbajo stadium until its discontinuation due to the inauguration of the Miguel Grau stadium. The old model stadium later named in honor of the greatest idol of Atlético Chalaco, Telmo Carbajo, was always the stronghold of the chalaca fury that every day could be heard rumbling with a loud voice "chalaco fury, chalaco fury". Currently the Chalaco has returned to train at his home, the Telmo Carbajo stadium.
The club also participates in junior, youth and master football tournaments.
History
The club was founded on 9 June 1902 by young students of the Instituto Chalaco in the Marco Polo Nº 19 street, house of the captain Mr. Federico Rincón, father of one of the student founders. His first President was Cesar Rivera, who at the same time was the captain of the team and he was appointed like Honorary President to August Cazorla, director of the institute. Very fast the club conquer the affection of the Callao leaving indelible testimonies through many generations who won the triumphs that helped the contact and development of the town. He is known popularly as the León Porteño and the "Decano del Futbol Porteño".
Its debut was a 24 September of the year 1902, facing to the Sport Victoria, winning Chalaco for 1–0. Little by little went emphasizing among the clubs of the Callao of that epoch beginning to compete against the Lima clubs in some encounters that even they finished in pitched battle. The first National Olympic was carried out by the year 1917, and in the Championship was imposed as unbeaten, obtaining as prize a great shield that was exhibited in its old localities of the (Today Av. Sáenz Peña) counting in its rows with some of the most representative players of the epoch as Telmo Carbajo and Claudio Martínez.
On 7 September 1924, forming a combined with the club Unión Buenos Aires, rout to the Uruguayan selection for 1 to 0, in a historic match set against the Uruguayans. They emphasized in said match the players: Enrique Álvarez, Alfonso "El sereno" Saldarriaga, Antonio Maquilón, Faustino Mustafich, José "Patuto" Arana, Enrique Salas, Félix Muñoz, Esteban Dagnino, Manolo Puente and Juan Sudman.
In 1928 it becomes the first Peruvian football team that travelled to Quillota, Chile, before the teams of San Luis, Santiago Wanderers, Colo-Colo and others, in order to curing injuries on the War of the Pacific between both countries and of 8 matches that maintains with the main teams, alone loses one in his début front upon Colo-Colo.
In 1930, the club crowned Primera División champion after beating Alianza Lima 2–1 in the last round, with the following line-up: Enrique Álvarez; P.Ureta, Martínez, Enrique Salas, Juan Rivero, Faustino Mustafich, José Arana, Miñán, Miguel Rostaing, Manolo Puente, Miguel Arana.
In 1947, after a great campaign and under the presidency of Mario Chiabra, the Atlético Chalaco, be consecrated again National Champion, they participated in said championship under the direction of the coach "Patuto" Arana the following players: Humberto Becerra, Eliseo Moral, Rene Rosasco, Juan Lecca, Félix Mina, "Perejil" Reynaldo Luna, Ernesto "Chicha" Morales, Guillermo Aguilar, Luis Rodriguez, Domingo Raffo (captain), Carlos Torres, Juan "Cartucho" Castillo. Also they participated Juan Alcazar, Francisco Viacava, Julio Navarrete, Armando Agurto, Bejar and Leon.
In 1948 they were national Sub-Champions, in that year they travelled to Guayaquil, Ecuador after a brilliant campaign they returned unbeaten.
In the 1950s the team earned the nickname 'Ballet Porteño' by its good play emphasizing the Paraguayan goalkeeper Adolfo Riquelme, Andrés Bedoya, Sabino Bártoli, Luis Portanova, Jacinto Villalba, Germán Colunga, Rene Rosasco, Felix Mina, Santiago Armandola, Gualberto Bianco, Antonio Aguiar and Luis López. In that decade the club achieved the subchampionships of the 1957 and 1958. The first one lost it before the Centro Iqueño and in the following one defined in a Clasico Porteño in last date before its rival neighbor the Sport Boys, to which surpassed in the board by a point, but could not celebrate that classic therefore fell defeated by 1 to 0 and consequently lost the National Title.
In 1962 it entered a phase of economic difficulties that carried it to lose the category descending to play in the Second Division where was maintained until 1965, when descends to the First Amateur in the League of the Callao.
After an intense fight by recovering its seat of honor, in 1971 was champion in the League of the Callao and upon winning the home run of the Interligas to the teams of Lima elevates to the Second Division. In 1972, including Alberto "Toto" Terry as the coach, champion in the Second Division after winning for 2 – 1 to the Porvenir Miraflores achieving the ascent to the First Division. The Callao entire dressed of festival with the triumph of the Chalaco and its return to the top division of Peruvian football.
In 1979, with the technical direction of Cesar Cubilla, the club of Callao was runner-up and is classified to represent to Peru in the Copa Libertadores 1980 next to the team of the Sporting Cristal facing to the teams champions from Argentina the River Plate and the Vélez Sársfield. Of that staff they emphasized Fernando Apolinario, Augusto Prado, Oscar Arizaga, Victor Benavides, Javier Chirinos and Alberto Castillo. The year 1985 remains last in the Metropolitan tournament and descends. Since then, carried out irregular campaigns in the League of the Callao.
In 1987 it could return to the first division although the team lost via penalty shoot-out to Guardia Republicana. In recent years the León Porteño assembled good teams and advanced in the Peru Cup, but failed to surpass the Regional phase of the versions 2000, 2002, 2005 and 2007.
15 October 2003, the new history for the club is written, the third penal room of justice of the Callao, returns to the historic club to the port next to its supporters after 20 years of arduous fight, this process had its fruit therefore in a very slow lethargy after 10 "committee of recovery" the last one that achieved this great feat, was the headline by.
In the 2008 it is elected president Alex Kouri, doing an important investment to achieve the title of the Peru Cup and the ascent to First Division, nevertheless again only he would arrive to the Regional Phase where would be eliminated by the Union Supe that defeated it in both matches. 18 February 2009 Kouri renounced the presidency, taking on the job in a temporary way Abelardo D´Angelo Cobos.
Honours
National
Peruvian Primera División:
Winners (2): 1930, 1947
Runner-up (4): 1948, 1957, 1958, 1979
Peruvian Segunda División:
Winners (1): 1972
Runner-up (1): 1971
Regional
Liga Departamental del Callao:
Winners (4): 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008
Runner-up (2): 2001, 2006
Cuadrangular de Ascenso a Segunda División:
Winners (1): 1970
Liga Provincial del Callao:
Winners (5): 1932, 1934, 1935, 1966, 1970
Liga Distrital del Callao:
Winners (11): 1992, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2022
Runner-up (3): 2002, 2009, 2013
Performance in CONMEBOL competitions
Copa Libertadores: 1 appearance
1980: First Round
Managers
Demetrio Medina (1987–1988)
Attilio Escate (1988–1989)
Rafael Farfán (1989)
Gabriel Sánchez (1990)
Lorenzo Company (1993)
Alfredo Humberto Morales Isla (1995–1997)
Mario Vega (2004)
Moisés Barack (2005)
Attilio Escate (2006)
Sigifredo Montes de Oca (2007)
Horacio Baldessari (2008)
Manuel Campos (2009)
Attilio Escate (2009)
Cristóbal Suárez (2010)
César Roca (2011–2012)
Juan Carlos Rodríguez (2013)
César Roca (2014–2016)
Carlos Tori (2019)
Juan Carlos Tupac Yupanqui Niño de Guzmán (2020)
Omar Zegarra (2021)
José Ramírez Zacarías (2022)
Carlos Tori (2022)
Jorge La Rosa (2023-)
See also
List of football clubs in Peru
Peruvian football league system
References
External links
Youtube Club Atlético Chalaco
Twitter Club Atlético Chalaco
Football clubs in Peru
Association football clubs established in 1902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico%20Chalaco |
is the first mini-album released by Japanese singer Maaya Sakamoto with music composed by Yoko Kanno. The songs "Afternoon Repose" and "Another Grey Day in the Big Blue World" are sung in English.
Track listing
Charts
References
Maaya Sakamoto albums
Albums produced by Yoko Kanno
2001 EPs
Victor Entertainment EPs
Japanese-language EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy%20Listening%20%28Maaya%20Sakamoto%20EP%29 |
Amatus of Montecassino (), (11th century) was a Benedictine monk of the Abbey of Montecassino who is best known for his historical chronicles of his era. His History of the Normans (which has survived only in its medieval French translation, L'Ystoire de li Normant), is one of three principle primary sources for the Norman Conquest of southern Italy--the other two being the histories of William of Apulia and Geoffrey Malaterra. Amatus describes the Normans from the perspective of his abbey, one of the most important religious and cultural centers in Italy at the time. His history is the earliest extant account of the Norman sieges of Bari and Salerno, their conquest of Sicily, and the careers of both Robert Guiscard and Richard Drengot, as well as the Gregorian Reforms seen from the papal point of view.
Background
Nothing is known for certain about Amatus before he became a monk. Possibly having been born in Salerno, Graham Loud suggests that he might have served as the Bishop of Paestum in the 1050s, prior to his admission into the monastery. He wrote primarily while Desiderius (later Pope Victor III) ruled as abbot. Previous to the ascension of Desiderius, the relationship between Montecassino and the Normans in the area had been an antagonistic one. Desiderius' election as abbot, however, coincided with Richard Drengot's annexation of Capua, after which Dregnot became the protector and patron of the abbey, which heavily affected Amatus' writings. His extremely negative treatment of Gisulf II of Salerno throughout his history may indicate some previous hostilities between the two, and Gisulf is known to have been limiting church privilege around Salerno in the 1050s.
The History of the Normans
Amatus' L'Ystoire de li Normant chronicles the history of the Normans in Southern Italy, from their arrival to the death of Richard Drengot of Capua. Kenneth Baxter Wolf hypothesizes that, because the stated purpose of the history is to commemorate the deeds of Richard of Capua and Robert Guiscard, that Amatus (or Abbot Desiderius) was prompted to write because of Richard's death in 1078. Amatus' chronicle was written soon after 1080, making it the first of the Norman histories of Southern Italy to be written Originally written in Latin, the text now only survives in a fourteenth-century French translation commissioned by a "conte da Militrée," who was possibly connected to the Angevin dynasty of the Kingdom of Naples. However, the work was not only translated, but also summarized and abridged at points. Despite this, Wolf argues that comparisons with the second version of the Chronica monasterii Casinensis, written by Leo Marsicanus and incorporating parts of Amatus's original text, suggest that the corrupted French translation is not completely inaccurate.
In popular culture
The historical novel by Gabriella Brooke, The Words of Bernfrieda: A Chronicle of Hauteville (Cheney: Eastern Washington University Press, 1999) tells of the Lady Fredesenda of Hauteville, mother of Robert Guiscard, as seen by her handmaid, who has met Amatus and intends to record "all that Amatus' chronicle will leave out".
References
(Prescott N. Dunbar, translator), 2004. The History of the Normans by Amatus of Montecassino (Boydell)
John Howe, 2006. "Amatus of Montecassino: The History of the Normans" English Historical Review CXXI: 268-269
People from Salerno
11th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
11th-century Italian historians
11th-century writers in Latin
Italian Benedictines
Benedictine bishops
Benedictine scholars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatus%20of%20Montecassino |
The 386SLC was an Intel-licensed version of the 386SX (32-bit internal, 16-bit external, 24-bit memory addressing), developed and manufactured by IBM in 1991. It included power-management capabilities and an 8KB internal CPU cache, which enabled it to yield comparable performance to 386DX processors of the same clock speed, which were considerably more expensive. Known inside IBM as "Super Little Chip" for its initials, it was used in the IBM PS/2 35, 40 and 56 Series and in the IBM PS/ValuePoint 325T, but never gained much market share. This was mainly due to an agreement with Intel, in which IBM was not allowed to sell their CPUs if they were not part of a system or upgrade board. It was also marketed as an optional upgrade for 8086-equipped IBM PS/2 25 Series computers.
Design and Technology
Built with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the IBM 386SLC had a 161-square millimeter die. It was available with clock speeds of 16, 20, and 25 MHz. The 25 MHz model produced only 2.5 watts of dissipated power, making it especially well suited for laptops and other portable devices.
Despite the fact that the SLC and DLC chips are bus compatible with i386SX and i386DX respectively, they can not be used as drop-in replacements as they are not pin-compatible.
IBM 486SLC
The 486SLC is an improved version of the IBM 386SLC, based on the Intel core. IBM 486SLC featured 16KB of L1 cache and the i486 instruction set. It had 1.349 million transistors and a 69mm² die. It was manufactured in 1992. It came in a 100-pin BQFP package, with 33 MHz FSB speed. The 486SLC was also available in a clock-doubled version, the 486SLC2 (50 & 66 MHz), and later in a clock-tripled version, the 486SLC3 (60, 75, & 100 MHz). Clock-for-clock, it was substantially faster than the similarly-named Cyrix part, yielding performance broadly comparable to a similarly-clocked 486SX in the 16-bit applications of its day. However, its narrow 16-bit bus, limited memory addressing capability (16 MB) and lack of on-chip FPU would prove to be major disadvantages under the new generation of 32-bit operating systems (such as Windows 95) that would become popular in following years.
It is suspected the clock tripled 486SLC3 part did not in fact actually exist as a stand-alone product. All known instances of 486SLC3 CPUs are reportedly in the 132-pin PQFP packaging with the extra address lines not connected (a 486BL3 running in 16-bit mode).
IBM 486BL (Blue Lightning)
The 486BL is a fully 32-bit version of the 486SLC, with 1.4 million transistors on a 82mm² die, using a 0.8 µm CMOS process. It came in a 132-pin QFP package. In July, 1993 IBM produced clock-doubled and clock-tripled versions of the chip, the 486BL2 and 486BL3. The chips were available from 50 to 100 MHz and were sold by IBM only.
IBM later marketed Socket 3 168-pin PGA Blue Lightning 486 CPUs, but these are technically not related to earlier Blue Lightning models as they are based on the Cyrix Cx486 CPU core. They can be distinguished by the inclusion of a "DX" (or DX2, DX4) legend somewhere on the label, setting them apart from the earlier 386-derived, nominally 486SX-equivalent processors.
IBM's adoption of Cyrix cores for their self-manufactured CPUs, very restricted release of information regarding the earlier generations, and policy of only printing cryptic in-house part numbers on first-generation Blue Lightning chips rather than any easily recognised family name has led to some confusion amongst the retro/low-end PC community as to their actual name. As a result the first-generation BLs are often commonly referred to as "486DLC" (and 486DLC2, DLC3/4) CPUs, a logical and 386-alike progression from the 16-bit SLC models - even though IBM themselves do not appear to have used that name in any official materials, simply calling them "Blue Lightning" or shortening the name to "486BL". The "486DLC" name itself is instead one used by Cyrix for their wholly distinct (from IBM/Intel's product) predecessors to the "4x86" generation (itself the basis of IBM's later 486DX line), as openly and clearly printed on the processor cases. However, in the absence of any better common name for the line, "IBM 486DLC" has stuck, and in practice it would be difficult to confuse any two of the three different model lines for each other due to clearly different packaging and branding.
See also
Intel 386
IBM PS/2
IBM PS/ValuePoint
IBM ThinkPad
IBM 5x86C - based on the Cyrix core
IBM Personal Computer
References
PC Magazine's article
IBM parts
RedHill CPU Guide, Page 4
386Slc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20386SLC |
Punkrockacademyfightsong is the third album by American punk rock band Down by Law, released in 1994. It contains a cover of the Proclaimers' hit song "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)". Singer Dave Smalley considered it the band's best known album.
Production
The album was produced by Michael Douglass. It was recorded at A&M Studios, in Hollywood, California. Down by Law was in the studio at the same time as the Rolling Stones; the Stones allegedly complained about the volume of the band's punk rock.
Critical reception
The Chicago Reader labeled the album "punk as pabulum," and considered the band an "alternative-rock Raffi." The Las Vegas Review-Journal deemed it "19 terse, incisive tunes that epitomize the California sound." The Boston Herald opined: "Fast and loud, yet marvelously melodic, Down By Law takes punk to a new level and proves it can be more than just angry noise."
AllMusic called the album "a solid, polished album of raw punk rock."
Track listing
"Punk Won" (Phillips, Smalley) – 2:57
"Hit Or Miss" (Smalley) – 3:22
"Flower Tattoo" (Oswald) – 1:20
"Sympathy For The World" (Oswald) – 3:15
"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" (Reid) – 4:04
"Brief Tommy" – 0:05
"Bright Green Globe" (Smalley) – 3:37
"Minusame" (Oswald, Williams) – 2:25
"Drummin' Dave, Hunter Up" (Oswald) – 0:30
"Punk As Fuck" (Smalley) – 1:34
"1944" (Smalley) – 3:56
"The King & I" (Oswald) – 2:16
"Haircut" (Smalley) – 2:21
"Chocolate Jerk" (Oswald) – 1:51
"Sam I" (Oswald) – 1:08
"Heroes & Hooligans" (Oswald, Smalley) – 3:29
"Soldier Boy" (Smalley) – 3:59
"Goodnight Song" (Smalley) – 3:51
"Sam II" (Oswald) – 0:27
Personnel
Dave Smalley - Vocals, Guitar
Hunter Oswald - Drums, Vocals
"Angry" John Di Mambro - Bass
Sam Williams III - Lead Guitar
References
Down by Law (band) albums
1994 albums
Epitaph Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkrockacademyfightsong |
Sebastian Piras is a photographer and filmmaker from Italy.
Sebastian has lived in Italy, England, France and Germany before settling in New York City in 1985.
His main photographic subject has been portraiture. His exhibition "Artists Exposed" contains a collection of captivating portraits of known artists, such as Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein, and lesser known ones. David Ross, former director of the Whitney Museum of American Art, who wrote the preface for the book Artists Exposed, heralded Piras' photos as: "probing and extraordinarily beautiful portraits of artists . . . that ultimately produces winners at both ends of the camera."
His photographs have been published, exhibited and collected worldwide. He has worked in film as a cameraman/steadicam operator and director. He has directed and filmed documentaries, including "Taylor Mead Unleashed", which also featured Allen Ginsberg and Quentin Crisp.
Books
Piras, Sebastiano. Artists exposed: Ritratti fotografici di Sebastiano Piras. Testi di Anna Maria Montaldo, David A. Ross, Paul Brach. [Cagliari, Italy]: Comune di Cagliari, Assessorato alla cultura, c1996.
"A Pocketful of Contemporary Artists Portraits", Published by images, Melbourne 2008
References
External links
Piras's site
Italian photographers
Italian emigrants to the United States
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Piras |
is the 4th studio album released by singer Maaya Sakamoto. Many of the songs are of a completely different style than her previous work.
Track listing
Charts
References
2003 albums
Maaya Sakamoto albums
Albums produced by Yoko Kanno
Victor Entertainment albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen%20Alice |
Sir Walter John George Verco (18 January 1907 – 10 March 2001) was a long-serving officer of arms who served in many capacities at the College of Arms in London.
Biography
Walter John George Verco was born in London on 18 January 1907. He was educated at Tollington Park Central School.
In 1954 he was appointed Rouge Croix Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary. He was on the Earl Marshal's staff for the funeral of King George VI in 1952, the Queen's coronation in 1953, the funeral of Sir Winston Churchill in 1965 and the Investiture of the Prince of Wales in 1969. He was also appointed Earl Marshal's Secretary in 1961. In 1960, Verco was promoted to Chester Herald of Arms in Ordinary. He was promoted to Norroy and Ulster King of Arms in 1971. He was appointed Surrey Herald Extraordinary in 1980, a post he held until May 1996.
Verco was also Honorary Genealogist to the Royal Victorian Order.
Honours and appointments
Verco was appointed a member of the Royal Victorian Order in 1952. He was advanced to the degree of Commander of the same Order in 1970, and was made a Knight Commander in 1981.
Coats of Arms designed by Walter Verco
Mr Anthony Cronk, FSA, FRSA
City of Ryde, New South Wales, Australia (1963).
Arms
See also
Herald
The Heraldry Society
Officer of Arms
References
English officers of arms
1907 births
2001 deaths
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Verco |
Karin Muller (born June 8, 1965) is a Swiss-born author, filmmaker, photographer, and adventurer. She graduated from Williams College in 1987.
Career
Muller has spent the past twenty years traveling alone to remote cultures and conflict zones to bring home stories about people and places. She has published three books (Hitchhiking Vietnam, Along the Inca road, and Japanland), produced numerous international television documentary series, and is a frequent lecturer for the National Geographic Society and universities throughout the United States.
Her first expedition took her to the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Vietnam, which enabled her to produce a PBS television special, Hitchhiking Vietnam, and a companion book by Globe Pequot Press of the same name.
Her second expedition took her to the Inca Road, a four-thousand-mile trek from Quito, Ecuador to Santiago, Chile resulting in a 3-part television series, Along the Inca Road for National Geographic and a book published by the Adventure Press.
Muller's third adventure took her to Japan, where she lived with a pre-Buddhist mountain ascetic cult, joined a samurai-mounted archery team, and completed a 1,300-kilometer pilgrimage around Shikoku. This journey was published in Japanland: A Year in Search of Wa, as both a 4-hour documentary series and book. She took no camera crew or companions, or even much money, and went on foot and emerged profoundly changed and understanding more, but also realized as a "typical" American she could not really become Japanese.
In February 2013 PBS released Muller's documentary, Cuba's Secret Side. Part one, titled Under The Radar, looks at the results of the 1959 Communist Cuban revolution by examining the day-to-day life of a variety of Cuban citizens.
Part two of Cuba's Secret Side is titled The Truth Revealed. It delves into Cuba's unique religious combination of Catholicism and Santería. This part of the documentary also looks at spear fisherman and their home-made fishing tackle. The second part of the series ends with the examination of a large festival in the town of [?}. Light displays, fireworks and a float parade inspire both competition and cooperation in the local citizens.
Filmed over the course of three months, and without the supervision or permission of the Cuban government, Muller was detained by Cuban authorities over 12 times. The resulting documentary strives to be even-handed, documenting both the successes and failures of the Cuban government. Most remarkably, it details a Cuban humanitarian crisis that happened in the early 1990s only 90 miles from the shores of the United States.
In March, 2014, PBS released Muller's next documentary, Sudan's Secret Side., documenting Muller's three-three month journey alone through Chad and Sudan. Muller explored the thriving Sudanese refugee camps, embedded with rebels and government soldiers, and filmed stories of nomadic goat herders and sultan's wedding ceremonies.
In May, 2016, Muller's current documentary, Egypt Beyond the Pyramids will premiere nationwide on public television. Muller spent 9 weeks in Egypt, living with Cairo's garbage collectors, Nile fishermen, and Bedouin nomads. She spent weeks in Tahrir Square covering the Morsi revolution, only to be severely injured by a mob in a remote village in the Nile Delta and flown back to the States for emergency surgery.
Muller lives in Ventura, California.
Non-profit activities
Muller has founded an educational organization named Take 2: The Student's Point of View whose mission is to help students develop global citizenship and leadership skills. Muller provides the raw footage used to create her international documentary series - along with comprehensive curricula - to schools throughout the USA and Canada. Students are encouraged to use the materials to create documentaries or short films and in the process, develop deeply personal connections with the local people whose stories they are telling. The first projects have involved footage from Sudan, Chad, and Cuba; 60 hours of footage were provided to schools, and a number of documentary programs have been completed. Approximately 180 schools have joined the project thus far. In-depth footage is available on a variety of topic, including Cuba, North Africa, and the Environment.
Filmography
2017: (Ongoing) Our Human Planet on YouTube
2016: Egypt Beyond the Pyramids: 2-hour documentary television series for public television (USA) and PBS Distribution (internationally)
2014: Sudan's Secret Side: 2-hour documentary television series for public television (USA) and PBS Distribution (internationally)
2013: Cuba's Secret Side: 2-hour documentary television series for public television (USA) and PBS Distribution (internationally)
2006: Japanland: 4-hour public television series (filmed, written, edited, narrated, and produced by Karin Muller)
2001: Along the Inca Road: 3-part TV Mini-Series documentary for National Geographic (filmed, written, narrated, and produced by Karin Muller)
1997: Hitchhiking Vietnam: 1-hour PBS special (filmed, written, narrated, and produced by Karin Muller)
References
External links
PBS educational website on Japanland - Muller's latest documentary series
PBS-hosted site on Muller's one-hour PBS documentary on Vietnam
Photo essay on Japan by Muller for Nikon's magazine
Karin Muller's profile on National Geographic website
website for purchasing Muller's books and documentary series
Interview by John Coyne
1965 births
Living people
Swiss women photographers
20th-century Swiss photographers
21st-century Swiss photographers
Williams College alumni
20th-century women photographers
21st-century women photographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin%20Muller |
is Maaya Sakamoto's 5th studio album. Her style changed once again, mostly because Yoko Kanno did not compose any of the songs. Her voice also changed because of acting in Les Misérables. The first pressing came with a CD-ROM featuring music videos for "Loop" and "Honey Come".
Track listing
Charts
References
2005 albums
Maaya Sakamoto albums
Victor Entertainment albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABnagi%20Loop |
All Scratched Up! is the fourth album by Down by Law, released in 1996. The band supported the album by touring with labelmates Millencolin.
Vinyl versions of the album were released as a double album, with Side D consisting of vinyl-only bonus tracks. Three songs on the album ("True Believers", "Post Office Lament", and "True Music", one per vinyl side) end with different performances of a short song called "Counting Crows Must Die", with Side D ending in seven different versions of the song.
Critical reception
The Chicago Tribune wrote that Down by Law "blends punk and pop with knowing ease but without a whole lot of flair." The Bradenton Herald determined that "musically, 'Radio Ragga' (a melancholy reggae number) and 'Far And Away' (the catchy melody switches motifs to rolling drums and stretched guitar sounds a la The Who, then back again) are most interesting." The Tampa Tribune thought that "the band dabbles in dime-store punk and tuneless wonk with limited success."
Track listing
"Independence Day"
"Cheap Thrill"
"All American"
"Hell Song"
"True Believers"
"Counting Crows Must Die"
"Giving It All Away"
"Gruesome Gary"
"Radio Ragga"
"Attention: Anyone"
"Superman"
"Post Office Lament"
"Counting Crows Must Die"
"Ivory Girl"
"No Has Beens"
"Kevin's Song"
"True Music"
"Counting Crows Must Die"
"Far And Away"
"Punks And Drunks"
"Memories Are Made of This" (hidden track)
Vinyl edition bonus tracks:
Daily
Neon Skies
Going Underground
Dag Punk
World Without Me
Green Hills of Virginia
Counting Crows Must Die
References
Down by Law (band) albums
1996 albums
Epitaph Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Scratched%20Up%21 |
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