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Changzhou International School was a key provincial school in the Xinbei district of Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. It had around 1,000 enrolled students from China and abroad.
History
Changzhou International School was founded in 1997 as a pilot middle school by the Changzhou Xin Bei government and the Changzhou education bureau. The school was founded with a 190 Million RMB initial investment.
Geography
The school sat on 12.6 hectares in Changzhou's Xin Bei district, approximately 10 km north of Changzhou city centre.
External links
Official website
International schools in Changzhou
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changzhou%20International%20School |
Ryan Young (born June 28, 1976) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League for the New York Jets, Houston Texans and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Kansas State University.
Early years
Young (nicknamed Big Marker), graduated from Parkway Central High School in Chesterfield, Missouri, in 1994. He played as a two-way tackle, receiving All-state and All-conference (twice) honors. He was a teammate of future NFL player Isaac Byrd. He practiced basketball and participated in the school's choir.
He accepted a football scholarship from Kansas State University, where he was named the starter at left tackle as a sophomore. He received All-Big 12 honors as a senior. He played in the Cotton, Fiesta and Alamo Bowls.
Professional career
New York Jets
Young was selected by the New York Jets in the seventh round (223rd overall) of the 1999 NFL Draft. He started the last seven games at right tackle as a rookie, after Jason Fabini was lost for the season. The next two years he was the regular starter at right tackle and helped to block for All-Pro running back Curtis Martin.
Houston Texans
Young was selected by the Houston Texans second overall in the 2002 NFL Expansion Draft. After playing in 48 straight games in his career, he suffered a torn muscle in his groin during training camp, missing most of the preseason and the first five games of the season. He also was limited in December with a knee injury. He appeared in nine games (eight starts) at right tackle. At the end of the year, he was declared a free agent and did not accept the Texans contract offer.
Dallas Cowboys
On March 5, 2003, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, reuniting him with his former Jets head coach Bill Parcells. He began the season as the right tackle starter, but suffered a right knee injury that although the Cowboys tried to manage, after starting six of the first seven games, he would only appear in four additional games (two starts). On March 2, 2004, he was waived because of his chronic knee condition.
References
1976 births
Living people
Players of American football from St. Louis
American football offensive tackles
Kansas State Wildcats football players
New York Jets players
Houston Texans players
Dallas Cowboys players
Parkway Central High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Young |
Chad Steven Henne (; born July 2, 1985) is an American former football quarterback who played 15 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan. While there, Henne became only the second freshman starting quarterback in Michigan history, accumulated a total of 32 wins in regular season play, 8,740 offensive yards, and 87 touchdowns, and in his senior season led the Wolverines to a Capital One Bowl victory over Florida. He was subsequently named as the game's MVP after throwing for over 350 yards.
Henne's professional career began when he was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. Henne spent most of his rookie season on the bench as the back-up to veteran quarterback Chad Pennington. In his second season with the Dolphins, Henne started the majority of the 2009 season after Pennington was unable to play due to an injury. Henne would go on to act as a starter for several seasons for both the Dolphins and Jacksonville Jaguars, before serving as a backup for the Jaguars. In 2018 he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs serving as a backup as well, winning two Super Bowls with the team.
High school career
Henne moved into the Wilson School District prior to the start of his 3rd grade year in 1994. He played in 43 scholastic games for the Bulldogs (42 starts) over four seasons, earning a record of 33–10. His Wilson football teams won two Lancaster-Lebanon League Section 1 titles, the first his freshman year (2000) and the second his junior season (2002). Henne's third scholastic year was his most successful, both individually and as a team. His 2002 Wilson Bulldogs squad finished their regular season undefeated with a record of 10–0 and were the 2002 PIAA District 3 AAAA runner-up, falling to Central Dauphin in a thrilling championship game. He amassed 7,071 passing yards in his high school career, which was fourth-most all-time in PIAA history (and first in PIAA District 3) at the conclusion of the Henne's senior season in the fall of 2003, behind John Veach (Mount Carmel Area), Evan Kraky (Lakeland), and Ron Powlus (Berwick). Henne owns three significant Wilson football program records (as of February 2020): career passing yardage (7,071); career passing touchdowns (74), and most touchdown passes in a game (5; tied). He was named to the Pennsylvania All-State Football Team as a senior in 2003, selected to participate in the 47th Annual Big 33 Football Classic in July 2004, was named the Pennsylvania Football Gatorade Player of the Year for 2003–2004, and earned national recognition as a member of the 2003–2004 Parade High School All-American Football Team. In October 2014, Henne was inducted into the Wilson High School Athletic Hall of Fame. In addition to his football accomplishments, Henne was also a member of the Wilson varsity basketball team for three years as well as an outstanding athlete for the Bulldogs track and field team, finishing as the PIAA runner-up in the javelin as a senior after finishing first at the District 3 meet two weeks earlier. Henne aspires to become a coach at his alma mater following his lengthy NFL career.
In 2000, his freshman season at Wilson Senior High School in West Lawn, Pennsylvania, Henne played QB in all 11 of Wilson's games, with 10 starts. He rotated at QB with junior Ian Firestone in the Week 1 storm-delayed win vs Harrisburg but would start the final 10 games for the Bulldogs and play the majority of the positional snaps. Henne led come-from-behind victories against Wilson's first three opponents – Harrisburg, Stroudsburg, and Boyertown – before a setback at Cedar Crest to open League play. Henne's Wilson team would win their next six contests, including a thrilling comeback victory at Reading, before falling in the 2000 District 3 AAAA semifinals to eventual champion Cumberland Valley, 21–7. His freshman season was an overwhelming success, with the team finishing 9–2 and earning a share of the Lancaster-Lebanon League Section 1 title (with Cedar Crest and Reading).
Henne's Wilson football team would struggle during his second campaign as a starter. The Bulldogs ended their season with an overall record of 6–4 and suffered three consecutive losses for the first time since the 1988 season.
At the end of his junior year in 2002, having been offered forty scholarships from various collegiate athletic programs, Henne narrowed his college options down to five schools: Miami, Michigan, Georgia, Tennessee, and Penn State.
Before his first game as a senior, Henne announced his plans to become a Wolverine at the University of Michigan. He was named to the preseason Pennsylvania All-State Football First-team. Following high school, Henne played in the 2004 U.S. Army All-American Bowl as a member of the East team.
College career
In 2004, Henne entered the season as a freshman for the Wolverines, and third on the depth chart behind redshirt sophomore Matt Gutierrez and redshirt freshman quarterback Clayton Richard. The Monday prior to the season opener against the Miami RedHawks, Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr announced Gutierrez would start even though he was suffering from a sore shoulder. A few days later, Carr decided to allow Henne to start in relief of Gutierrez.
Henne ended his first career game with a 43–10 win, completing 14 of 24 passes for 142 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception. Henne was just the second true freshman in Michigan history to start on opening day, a feat not seen at Michigan since Rick Leach in 1975.
Alongside freshman running back Mike Hart, he galvanized an explosive offensive unit that featured receivers Braylon Edwards, Jason Avant, and Steve Breaston. All five would later go on to the NFL. Henne's freshman season was highlighted by a triple-overtime win over in-state rival Michigan State and a record-tying performance in the Rose Bowl against Texas. He also tied the Michigan season record for touchdown passes with 25, first set by Elvis Grbac in 1991.
Henne was criticized in 2005 after Michigan, ranked in the top five of the preseason polls, stumbled to a 3–3 start. The sophomore quarterback was particularly scrutinized after his performance in a close loss to Notre Dame, in which he completed fewer than half of his pass attempts and lost a fumble on the goal line. After their 3–3 start, Michigan won four consecutive games to clinch the program's 21st consecutive winning season.
As a junior in 2006, Henne earned Rivals.com All-American third-team honors. He was a Manning Award finalist, Maxwell Award semifinalist, Davey O'Brien Award semifinalist, and Walter Camp Award candidate. The All-Big Ten Conference second-team choice started all thirteen games. He hit on 203-of-328 passes for 2,508 yards and 22 touchdowns with eight interceptions, ranking fifth in Michigan's season record list for touchdown passes, eighth in attempts and completions and tenth in passing yards. For the third straight year Michigan concluded their season by losing to Ohio State and then dropping their bowl game, this time to Southern California.
During his senior year in 2007, Henne completed 162 of 278 passes for 1,938 yards, 17 touchdowns, and nine interceptions. The first game of the season ended in disaster for Michigan, a loss to Appalachian State that was considered one of the biggest sports upsets of all time. In the following game Henne suffered a knee injury in the first half against Oregon, and sat out the second half, as well as subsequent games against Notre Dame and Penn State, before returning to the starting lineup against Northwestern. In the final regular season game, Michigan fell to Ohio State 14–3, completing an 0–4 career record for Henne and fellow seniors Mike Hart and Jake Long against the Buckeyes. Henne played his final collegiate game against Florida in the Capital One Bowl. Henne was named the MVP of the game after he led his team to a 41–35 victory over the Gators and reigning Heisman Trophy winner, Tim Tebow.
For his collegiate career, Henne completed 828 of 1,387 passes for 9,715 yards, 87 touchdowns, and 37 interceptions. All five marks are school records. Henne's passing touchdown total is second in Big Ten Conference history.
College statistics
Professional career
Miami Dolphins
Henne was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the second round (57th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. He was the fourth quarterback chosen, following Matt Ryan, Joe Flacco, and Brian Brohm. His left tackle at Michigan, Jake Long, was the first selection of the draft and would again play alongside Henne in Miami.
2008 season
Henne agreed to a four-year, $3.5 million contract with the team on July 26. Out of training camp, Henne earned the backup quarterback role behind starter Chad Pennington. During the second game of the 2008 season, Henne made his NFL debut with 9:42 left; down 31–3 against the Arizona Cardinals. Henne spent the remainder of the season on the bench and played in only two other games, both divisional matchups with the New England Patriots.
2009 season
During the third game of the 2009 season, in the early third quarter of a road game versus the San Diego Chargers, San Diego linebacker Kevin Burnett knocked Chad Pennington out of the game with a season-ending injury to his shoulder and rotator cuff. Henne came off the bench in relief. Though he led the Dolphins offense to ten points in the final 20 minutes of the game, he also had an interception returned 31 yards for a touchdown by Eric Weddle.
Henne made his first career start on October 4, 2009, against the Buffalo Bills at home. Henne went 14–of–22 with one touchdown in a 38–10 victory, lifting the team to a 1–3 record. In his second NFL start, he led the underdog Dolphins to a 31–27 win over the New York Jets in a Monday Night Football game. He completed 20 out of 26 passes for 241 yards with two touchdowns. This was Henne's second straight win as starter and included a 53-yard touchdown pass to Ted Ginn Jr.
Henne consistently improved as the season went on, passing for 335 yards against the New England Patriots in Week 13. In Week 15, Henne passed for 349 yards in a loss to the Tennessee Titans. In Week 16, Henne passed for 322 yards in a loss to the Houston Texans. In Week 17 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Henne had gained 140 yards on 16–of–20 passing with one touchdown and interception, but had to leave the game with an eye injury.
2010 season
On November 10, 2010, after a 4–4 start to the 2010 season, Henne lost his starting job to Pennington. Pennington had led the Dolphins to an AFC East championship in 2008. On November 14, during the game against the Tennessee Titans, Henne came in relief for Pennington who went out with an apparent shoulder injury. During the third quarter, Henne himself was injured with an apparent knee injury and was replaced by Tyler Thigpen. Henne returned to action in Week 12 against the Oakland Raiders winning 33–17. In Week 13, Henne went back to his inconsistencies. He completed 16 of 32 passes and throwing 3 picks in a loss to the Browns. The following week, he went 5–of–18 for 53 yards and one touchdown in a 10–6 win against the New York Jets on an extremely rainy day. In week 15, he faced the Buffalo Bills going 33–of–45 for 176 yards with one touchdown and one interception. This came in a loss, which officially eliminated Miami from the playoffs. In Week 16, Henne faced the Detroit Lions and finished with a loss. Henne went 29 of 44 for 278 yards with one touchdown and two interceptions. Henne had two opportunities in the fourth quarter to lead a game-winning drive and a game-tying drive, but poor play calling led to a loss. In the last week of the season against the New England Patriots, Henne went 6–16 for 71 yards with an interception. Henne finished the year with 3301 yards along with 15 touchdowns and 19 interceptions.
His job as starter was thought to be in question during the off-season when it was rumored that the Dolphins sought to acquire Kyle Orton from the Denver Broncos. Coupled with the acquisition of Carolina Panthers quarterback Matt Moore and rookie draft pick Pat Devlin, it was unclear if Miami would continue its commitment with Henne. The Orton rumor eventually fizzled and Devlin was waived and signed to the practice squad, leaving Moore and Henne as the two quarterbacks on the active roster. It would later be announced that Henne would have the starting job in 2011.
2011 season
Henne's 2011 starting campaign began well, throwing for 416 yards and a professional career-best passer rating of 93.6. These improvements were overshadowed by Tom Brady's 517 pass yards and the resulting loss to the New England Patriots. It was the seventh game of all time to have two quarterbacks surpass 400 yards passing. On Sunday October 2, 2011, in a game against the San Diego Chargers, Henne hurt his left shoulder at the end of a run on a broken play on the Dolphins' second possession and did not return. His injury was later revealed to be a dislocated shoulder in his left (non-throwing) arm. Slated to undergo surgery, Henne was placed on injured reserve and missed the remainder of the 2011 season. The Miami Dolphins announced on February 21, 2012, that they would not re-sign Henne, making him a free agent.
Jacksonville Jaguars
Henne signed a two-year deal with the Jacksonville Jaguars on March 14, 2012. In the Jaguars Week 11 game against the Texans, Henne came in for an injured Blaine Gabbert and threw for 354 yards and 4 touchdowns. Henne and Steve Young are the only two players in NFL history since the merger to not start the beginning of a game and throw 4 touchdowns without an interception. He started the final six games of the season for the team after an injury to Gabbert. After Gabbert was benched midway through the 2013 season, Henne became the starter for the rest of the season, starting a total of thirteen games. The Jaguars would go on to finish the season with a 4–12 record.
On March 7, 2014, Henne signed a two-year, $8 million extension for $4.5 million guaranteed with the Jaguars. Following a disappointing first half in the 2014 home opener in Week 3, Henne was benched in favor of rookie first-round draft pick Blake Bortles. Bortles remained the starter for the rest of the season, leaving Henne as the backup. In 2015, Henne remained the backup for Bortles. He did not see any action in the 2015 season. Henne signed another two-year, $8 million contract extension on February 18, 2016, to remain as the backup to Bortles. Over the next three seasons, he saw action in a total of four games as an alternate. On February 15, 2017, the Jaguars restructured Henne's contract.
Kansas City Chiefs
On March 16, 2018, Henne signed a two-year contract with the Kansas City Chiefs. In the 2018 season, Henne was the backup to Patrick Mahomes. He appeared in one game in the 2018 season, Week 17 against the Oakland Raiders. On September 1, 2019, Henne was placed on injured reserve. He was designated for return from injured reserve on October 23, 2019, and began practicing with the team. On November 2, he was activated off injured reserve. Henne did not play a snap all season but won his first championship when the Chiefs defeated the San Francisco 49ers 31–20 in Super Bowl LIV.
Henne re-signed with the Chiefs on a two-year contract on March 19, 2020. In Week 7, against the Denver Broncos, he came into the game in relief of Mahomes and scored a rushing touchdown in the 43–16 victory. It was his first rushing touchdown since December 2, 2012, against the Buffalo Bills. On December 30, 2020, with the Chiefs locking up the number 1 seed, head coach Andy Reid announced that Henne would start the Chiefs season finale against the Los Angeles Chargers due to them resting their starters. It would be Henne's first start since Week 3 of the 2014 season when he was with the Jaguars. In the game, Henne threw for 218 yards and 2 touchdowns in the 38–21 loss. On January 17, 2021, in the Chiefs divisional playoff game against the Cleveland Browns, Henne came into the game in relief of Mahomes in the third quarter after Mahomes left the game with a concussion. Henne threw for only 66 yards and an interception; however, Henne had a 3rd down run late in the 4th quarter that gained 12 yards, which ran critical time off the clock and left the Chiefs inches from a first down. On the subsequent play, his pass to Tyreek Hill led to the first down, allowing the Chiefs to run out the clock and preserve a 22–17 victory.
Henne signed a one-year contract with the Chiefs on March 24, 2022.
On January 21, 2023, Henne replaced an injured Patrick Mahomes and led a team playoff record 98-yard touchdown drive in the AFC Divisional Round victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars.
Retirement
On February 12, 2023, after the Chiefs defeated the Eagles in Super Bowl LVII, Henne announced via his Instagram that he would be retiring from the NFL. On September 17, 2023, it was reported that Henne had been offered a contract by the New York Jets after quarterback Aaron Rodgers suffered an Achilles injury earlier in the season; however, Henne declined the offer and reiterated his desire to remain retired from playing professional football.
NFL career statistics
Regular season
Postseason
Personal life
On July 3, 2010, Henne married Brittany Hartman in Perkasie, Pennsylvania.
See also
Lists of Michigan Wolverines football passing leaders
References
External links
Kansas City Chiefs bio
Michigan Wolverines bio
1985 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Michigan Wolverines football players
Miami Dolphins players
People from Wyomissing, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Berks County, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad%20Henne |
A (, literally sub-municipality), or section (French), is a subdivision of a municipality in Belgium and, until March 2014, in the Netherlands as well.
Belgium
Each municipality in Belgium that existed as a separate entity on 1 January 1961 but no longer existed as such after 1 January 1977 as the result of a merger is considered a section or within most municipalities. In addition, the City of Brussels is also divided in four sections that correspond to the communes that existed before their merger in 1921.
The term is used in Dutch and the term section in French to refer to such a subdivision of a municipality anywhere in Belgium, municipalities having been merged throughout the country in the 1970s. Herefor, sections or deelgemeenten usually were independent municipalities before the fusions in the 1970s. In French, the term section is sometimes confused with commune (for: municipality), especially in larger cities like Charleroi and Mons as the sections composing the municipality used to be individual communes before the 1970s. It is therefore not rare to hear that Mons comprises "19 communes" when in fact Mons is a single municipality (commune) divided into 19 sections. In addition, there is the term ancienne commune (former municipality), which has no official existence.
A section or does not bear any administrative powers. However, the Belgian Constitution provides the possibility of implementing districts for any municipality with at least 100,000 inhabitants, giving de facto political and administrative jurisdiction to the sections. Only the municipality of Antwerp has implemented nine districts, Belgium's lowest level of administration.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, deelgemeenten were administrative divisions that could be instituted by any municipality. The city of Amsterdam was the first to do this. In the early 1980s, the municipality was divided into fifteen deelgemeenten. This amount was decreased to eight in 2010. Seven of these were officially called stadsdeel.
Rotterdam followed in the 1990s and was divided into fourteen deelgemeenten. Deelgemeenten had their own mayor, the deelgemeentevoorzitter, their own aldermen, deelgemeentewethouders, and their own elected assembly, the deelgemeenteraad. Deelgemeenten were abolished in March 2014, after the 2014 municipal elections. Since 2014, districts of Amsterdam have a bestuurscommissie (literally "governance commission"), and the deelgemeenten of Rotterdam are now called gebieden (literally "areas").
References
Boroughs of the Netherlands
Types of administrative division
Dutch words and phrases
Fifth-level administrative divisions by country | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deelgemeente |
Séraphin: Heart of Stone (, Lit. "Séraphin: A man and his sin") is a Quebec film released in 2002. The script is based on the novel Un homme et son péché by Claude-Henri Grignon. The film won six Prix Jutra for Best Actor (Pierre Lebeau), Best Actress (Karine Vanasse), Cinematography, Art Direction, Musical Score and Sound. An earlier film, A Man and His Sin (Un homme et son péché), based on the same novel, was released in 1949; the same novel was also the basis for the long-running dramatic television series Les Belles histoires des pays d'en haut.
Plot
In a small Quebec community at the end of the 19th century, due to her father's financial hardships, Donalda Laloge (Vanasse) is forced to marry the village miser (also the mayor), Séraphin Poudrier (Lebeau), and to leave behind the young man that she truly loves. Her beloved, Alexis (Roy Dupuis), returns from working at the lumber camps, unaware of these events.
Donalda is extremely unhappy living with Séraphin, as his miserly lifestyle is often at the expense of her personal well-being. This includes refusing to father children, and severely rationing meals. Donalda becomes very sick with a pneumonia-like illness. Alexis returns home meanwhile, and his realizing of the situation sparks tension among the villagers. Donalda dies from the disease shortly after his arrival. During Donalda's funeral, Séraphin realizes his home is on fire. He panics and runs into the blaze, succumbing to the flames as he attempts to save his wealth. Alexis pulls him out of the burning house. The villagers pry open Séraphin's hands, which are revealed to have been clutching coins.
External links
Un homme et son péché Official web site (Alliance Atlantis Vivafilm)
Régie du Cinéma Québec: Séraphin: un homme et son péché
2002 films
2000s French-language films
Canadian drama films
Canadian Screen Award-winning films
Films set in Quebec
2002 drama films
Films directed by Charles Binamé
French-language Canadian films
2000s Canadian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9raphin%3A%20Heart%20of%20Stone |
Life Goes On is the third studio album by American R&B singer Donell Jones. It was released by LaFace Records on June 4, 2002, in the United States. The album featured two singles, "You Know that I Love You", which was a minor hit in both the US and the UK and "Put Me Down", a more popular non-album version featuring Styles P and Lady May. The album reached number 3 on the US Billboard 200 and went gold. On September 16, 2003, Arista Records re-released Life Goes On with the bonus track, "I'll Go", which first appeared on the Love & Basketball soundtrack.
Critical reception
AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine rated the album four out of five stars. He called the project another "consistently satisfying" effort within Jones' discography and added: "Jones may not be as flashy as some of his modern soul peers [...] but that's what makes his records work, and what makes Life Goes On another fine addition to his catalog." Craig Seymour from Entertainment Weekly noted that the album "uses fluid '80s grooves for tales of straying lovers, reformed commitment-phobes, and incarcerated romantics. With his tenderly earnest young-Stevie Wonder-like delivery and consistently sharp lyrics, Jones hits the right notes."
Chart performance
Life Goes On debuted and peaked at number three on the US Billboard 200 in the week of June 13, 2002, with first week sales of 110,000 units. It marked Jones' first top ten album in the United States as well as his biggest sales week yet. The album also reached number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On January 11, 2006, Life Goes On was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). By May 2006, the album had sold 610,000 copies in the US.
Track listing
Notes
signifies a co-producer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
[ Life Goes On] at Allmusic
Donell Jones albums
2002 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20Goes%20On%20%28Donell%20Jones%20album%29 |
Viralg is a Finnish company, which won the 2003-2004 Venture Cup with their business plan for anti file sharing technologies. In April 2005 they claimed to be able to stop 99% of illegal file sharing. Their web site stated that their technique was enabled by use of an in-house developed virtual algorithm. Virtual algorithm is not a commonly known concept in computer science, Viralg being the only entity that may actually know what it is. The company name Viralg, also works as an abbreviation for virtual algorithm. In 2007 Viralg offered some of their intellectual property for sale on eBay.
Legal Inspection
The police were asked to investigate Viralg, since Finnish law prohibits interfering with telecommunications. The police, however, declined, stating that there was no cause to suspect a crime. In a complaint to the Finnish parliamentary ombudsman the ombudsman concluded that the police officer in charge of the investigation did not, by his own admission, have relevant technical expertise, and that a proper inquiry would have been more appropriate. However, the ombudsman also stated that the decision was a proper judgement call by the police.
References
File sharing
Software companies of Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viralg |
Fatman the Human Flying Saucer is a fictional character, a comic book superhero created by artist C. C. Beck and writer Otto Binder in the 1960s.
Beck and Binder created Fatman long after Beck's popular creation Captain Marvel was canceled partly due to a copyright infringement suit with DC Comics.
Overview
Fatman's costume was green and yellow with a yellow flying saucer emblem on the chest. Fatman was fat and could change into a human flying saucer. His comic ran for only three issues and was published by Lightning Comics, an almost equally short lived company. Fatman comics were produced in small numbers and are considered valuable because of Beck's artwork and their rarity.
Van Crawford became Fatman after coming to the aid of an alien flying saucer. The saucer itself turned out to be a shapeshifting alien, which rewarded Crawford by giving him a chocolate drink with the ability to transform him into a human flying saucer. Being a wealthy man, like many superheroes of the era, Crawford decided to use this newfound power to become a superhero. He teamed up with a teenage sidekick, Tin Man, who could turn into a robot.
In popular culture
Fatman was also mentioned on the second episode of series 2 of the British panel show Question Time in 2022.
References
External links
International Hero entry
1967 comics debuts
American comics titles
Characters created by Otto Binder
Comics characters introduced in 1967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatman%20the%20Human%20Flying%20Saucer |
David John Hugh Cockayne FRS FInstP (19 March 1942 – 22 December 2010) was Professor in the physical examination of materials in the Department of Materials at the University of Oxford and professorial fellow at Linacre College from 2000 to 2009. He was the president of the International Federation of Societies for Microscopy from 2003 till 2007, then vice-president 2007 to 2010.
Cockayne was an electron microscopist who played an important role in the development of weak-beam transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in the application of high resolution TEM to diamond, fullerenes and semiconductors.
Biography
Cockayne was born in Balham, London, the second of three children of John Henry Cockayne, policeman and later staff manager, and his wife, Ivy, née Hatton. In 1950, when he was 8, the family sailed from Tilbury on the Otranto, bound for Melbourne; their new home was to be in the Geelong area of Victoria. In 1952 they moved to a newly-built house in Geelong, and Cockayne attended a new school, from where he was awarded a scholarship to Geelong Grammar School in 1953, where he excelled in chemistry, physics and mathematics.
In 1961 Cockayne enrolled at the University of Melbourne to read physics; he graduated in 1964 with first-class honours. He went on to do research on electron diffraction for an MSc, again gaining a first in 1966. He was then awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship to read for a DPhil at Magdalen College, Oxford.
David joined the Department of Metallurgy in Oxford in September 1966 to conduct research on electron microscope images of defects in crystal lattices, under the supervision of Dr M J Whelan. He was awarded a DPhil in 1970.
At the age of 32, Cockayne took up the post of director of the University of Sydney Electron Microscope Unit (EMU) in June 1974. He also held the position of associate professor. He was promoted to full professor in 1986, and then to a personal chair (Professor in Physics (Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis)) in 1992. He built up an important research base at Sydney; with David McKenzie he developed a high-precision electron diffraction technique within an electron microscope to study the structure of amorphous materials.
Cockrayne moved back to Oxford in 2000, to take up the post of Professor in the Physical Examination of Materials, at the Department of Materials. He also became Professorial Fellow at Linacre College. In the department of materials he “built up an outstanding electron microscopy group”, and followed up studies started in Sydney on the properties of nanometer-sized crystals (quantum dots) insemiconductor alloys.
The man and his family
“Cockayne was an inspirational lecturer and mentor. He cared deeply about research, teaching, and university administration, and brought lucidity and commitment in equal measure to all three.” […] His interests included “theatre, music, literature, photography, travel, and bushwalking”.
When he was an undergraduate at Trinity College, Melbourne University he met Jean Kerr, who enrolled a year after Cockrayne and was reading French and English honours. She was resident in the next-door hall, and they got to know each other early in 1962 and became close friends in 1964 Shortly before he left for Oxford in September 1966, he proposed to Jean and they announced their engagement. She travelled to England in January 1967, and they were married in Shilton, Oxfordshire on 28 July 1967. The couple had three children: Sophie was born in Oxford in 1973; Tamsin in Sydney in 1975; and James in Sydney in 1977.
David Cockayne died from lung cancer on 22 December 2010. He was cremated in Oxford following a funeral service at the University Church of St Mary the Virgin on 5 January 2011. He wrote his own eulogy to give himself 'the pleasure of knowing what will have been said at my funeral'.
Honours and distinctions
When Cockayne was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1999 his certificate of election noted that he was:
References
British physicists
Microscopists
Fellows of the Royal Society
1942 births
2010 deaths
Place of birth missing
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Presidents of the International Federation of Societies for Microscopy
Fellows of Linacre College, Oxford
Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Cockayne |
The Free Party was a minor political party in the United Kingdom. They were founded to promote the free party scene during the 2001 general election. They stood candidates for the three Parliamentary seats within the city of Brighton and Hove, under names associated with the Church of the SubGenius. They proposed to select their policies from a wheel of fortune.
Bob Dobbs
In the 1997 general election, a candidate stood for election in Brighton, Pavilion, using the description Church of the SubGenius, and the name of the "church" leader, J. R. "Bob" Dobbs. This was the election when the Labour Party was swept into power, winning the election in Brighton and making Tony Blair prime minister. The Labour government introduced the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, legislation requiring the registration of political parties, and at the 2001 election, the Free Party was registered with the Electoral Commission, the registered party symbol chosen being an image of Dobbs' face.
At the 2001 election, the party stood candidates in all the local constituencies, with Bob Dobbs achieving 1 per cent of the total votes for the Pavilion seat, beating the UK Independence Party into seventh place. This was not enough, however, to secure the return of the candidates' £500 deposits.
After the 2001 election, the party failed to submit the required returns of electoral expenses, and the party was deregistered in March 2002.
At the following election, two candidates named Dobbs were again on the ballot, but without the party name their votes dropped dramatically.
Elections contested by Free Party and allies
References
External links
Party website(Archived link)
Urban 75 on Election 2001
Defunct political parties in England
Political parties established in 2001
Political parties disestablished in 2002
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
2002 disestablishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Party%20%28UK%29 |
A separate account is a segregated accounting and reporting account held by an insurance company not in, but rather "separate" from its general account. A separate account allows an investor to choose an investment category according to his individual risk tolerance, and desire for performance. An account may be a generic conservative or aggressive investment allocation, or a specific mutual fund-type account. Some offshore companies allow the account owners to specify the type of separate account to open.
Separate accounts in the U.S. markets are often characterized as either managed or non-managed. A managed separate account is synonymous to a mutual fund in the sense that the investments of the separate account are actively managed (such as stocks, bonds or other debt instruments, loans, derivative instruments, etc.). A non-managed separate account is one that invests more "passively" in that it typically owns shares of other managed pools of investments such as mutual fund shares. This is similar to a "fund of funds" whereby the separate account ("fund") simply invests in shares of one or more mutual funds. This arrangement is sometimes more efficient and cost-effective rather than the insurance company maintaining many separate accounts with similar baskets of securities.
Separate accounts are sometimes confused with separately managed accounts (SMAs), which are privately managed investment accounts opened through a brokerage or financial adviser that uses pooled money to buy individual assets. These differ from mutual funds because the investor directly owns the securities instead of owning a share in a pool of securities. Most SMAs require a minimum investment of $100,000 or more.
References
Insurance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate%20account |
"Amsterdam" is a song by Jacques Brel. It combines a powerful melancholic crescendo with a rich poetic account of the exploits of sailors on shore leave in Amsterdam. Musically, it takes its base melody line from the melody of the English folk song Greensleeves.
Brel never recorded this for a studio album, and his only version was released on the live album Olympia 1964. Despite this, it has been one of his most enduringly popular works. It was one of the songs Mort Shuman translated into English for the musical Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris.
Brel worked on the song at his house overlooking the Mediterranean at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, the house he shared with Sylvie Rivet, a publicist for Philips; a place she had introduced him to in 1960. "It was the ideal place for him to create, and to indulge his passion for boats and planes. One morning at six o'clock he read the words of Amsterdam to Fernand, a restaurateur who was about to set off fishing for scorpion fish and conger eels for the bouillabaisse. Overcome, Fernand broke out in sobs and cut open some sea urchins to help control his emotion."
Originally the song was situated in Zeebrugge, but moved to Amsterdam as "it sounded better to the ear".
Cover versions
David Bowie version
Scott Walker recorded several of these translated Brel songs in the late 1960s. This inspired David Bowie to record his own versions of "Amsterdam" in the early 1970s. Bowie's studio version was released as the B-side to his single "Sorrow", released in September 1973. (This recording may have been made in the summer of 1973 or in late 1971.) Brel refused to meet Bowie when he visited Paris, saying he did not wish to meet a "pédé" ("faggot"), but the latter nevertheless still admired him.
Bowie's version is also found on several other releases:
The original mix, as heard on the 1973 single B-side, was included on the RCA Records compilation album Rare, in December 1982, and on Re:Call 1, part of the Five Years (1969–1973) compilation, in September 2015.
Bowie's recording was released as picture discs in both the RCA Life Time picture disc set and the Fashion Picture Disc Set.
A remix was included as a bonus track on the 1990 Rykodisc CD release of Bowie's 1973 album Pin Ups under the title "Port of Amsterdam", and on the bonus disc of the 2002 Ziggy Stardust - 30th Anniversary Reissue.
The July 1982 German rerelease of the single "Alabama Song" had "Amsterdam" as the B-side.
On the 1989 Living Legend Records Publishing CD Chameleon Chronicles Vol.3 (LLRCD 050) "Amsterdam" was recorded for D.L.T. (Dave Lee Travis Show) as "David Bowie and Junior's Eyes" 20 October 1969; broadcast date 26 October 1969.
"David Bowie and the Tony Visconti Trio (aka The Hype)" recorded "Amsterdam" for the BBC radio show The Sunday Show introduced by John Peel on 5 February 1970 (broadcast date 8 February 1970). This performance may be heard on the 2000 Virgin Records CD Bowie at the Beeb.
Other English covers
Scott Walker recorded a version on his 1967, debut solo album, Scott.
Dave Van Ronk recorded a version on his 1971 album, Van Ronk.
Fred Holstein recorded a version for his 1977 album "Chicago and Other Ports."
The Dresden Dolls often play a cover of the song live with English lyrics. More recently, Amanda Palmer has performed the original French version in her live solo show with Jason Webley playing accordion.
The Bolshoi recorded a version for their debut single Sob Story in 1984.
Goodbye Mr Mackenzie recorded a version for their debut album Good Deeds and Dirty Rags.
Irish cabaret singer Camille O'Sullivan performs a cover of the song as part of her show with the Spiegeltent. Irish singer-songwriter Jack L has also recorded a version of the song.
John Denver released a version of this song on his album, Take Me To Tomorrow (1970). He released a live version on Live In London (1976). The song was also included as a bonus track on the 2001 reissued CD set of the 1975 live album, An Evening With John Denver. The bonus track performance was taken from John's concert on August 14, 1973, at the Red Rocks Park Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado.
Bellowhead have recorded Amsterdam on their 2010 album Hedonism.
Rod McKuen made his own translation of "Amsterdam" and included it on his album Rod McKuen Sings Jacques Brel.
In 2007 Marc Almond recorded a version for the EP "Brel Extras" released 2008 (http://www.discogs.com/Marc-Almond-Brel-Extras/release/1481753)
Dutch covers
Both Dutch band De Dijk and Dutch artists Acda en De Munnik recorded Dutch language versions of the song, called "Amsterdam" and "De stad Amsterdam" (The city Amsterdam) respectively. Other Dutch versions can be found by Liesbeth List (Liesbeth List zingt Jacques Brel), Jan Mesdag (Jan Mesdag zingt Brel) and Jeroen Willems (Jeroen Willems zingt Jacques Brel).
Other languages
Finnish: Finnish singer-songwriter Hector recorded a cover of the song in Finnish for his album Yhtenä iltana (1990). Finnish actress and singer Susanna Haavisto sang this song in Finnish translation in a theatrical stage variety based on Brel's songs. A version is included on a compilation album Laulusi elää, Brel! (1984) of songs from this revue.
German: The song was translated into German and regularly sung by Hildegard Knef at the end of her live performance career, usually to conclude her concerts. A different German translation was also recorded by Klaus Hoffmann in 1975. German chanteuse Ute Lemper included a version of "Amsterdam", in English and French, on her 2002 album But One Day....
Greek: Translated and performed by Giorgos Arapakis. Also performed by Manos Xidous, and by Vassilis Papakonstantinou.
Hebrew: Translated by Dan Almagor and originally performed by Dani Litani in 1970. Later on also performed by Corinne Allal and by Sassi Keshet.
Polish: The Polish version of "Amsterdam", with lyrics translated by Wojciech Młynarski, was performed by, among others, Piotr Zadrożny, Katarzyna Groniec and Marcin Czarnik.
Slovenian: Slovenian actor Branko Završan translated and recorded "Amsterdam" in his album Senca tvojga psa (Shadow of your dog), realised in 2008.
Basque: Basque poet and singer Xabier Lete translated "Amsterdam" and sang it in his last concert in Errenteria, on 25/09/1999. The concert, given for the basque festival Kilometroak, was recorded and finally released in 2011.
Turkish: Adapted from the original French lyrics together with the English lyrics of David Bowie version by Şamil Şirin in 2018 and performed by the band Hanımlar&Beyler in the IzTech SpringFest'18.
Spanish: Asturian singer-songwriter Pablo Und Destruktion recorded a Spanish cover called "Gijón" for his 2020 album "Futuros Valores".
Italian: Translated and recorded in 1996 by Duilio Del Prete and released on his posthumous album Duilio Del Prete canta Brel (2002). Translated and recorded by Pippo Pollina for his album Versi per la libertà (2001). Also translated by Sergio Secondiano Sacchi and performed by Peppe Voltarelli for his album Planetario (2021).
References
External links
David Bowie songs
Jacques Brel songs
Songs written by Jacques Brel
1964 songs
French-language songs
Songs about Amsterdam
Songs about sailors
Music in Amsterdam
Scott Walker (singer) songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam%20%28Jacques%20Brel%20song%29 |
Sima Pumacocha (possibly from Spanish sima deep and dark cavern/abyss, Quechua puma cougar, puma, qucha lake) is a limestone cave located in the Lima Region, Yauyos Province, Laraos District, in central Peru near the village of Laraos, high in the Andes mountains. At 638 meters deep, it held the record for deepest known cave in South America from 2001 to 2006 when it was surpassed by Abismo Guy Collet. With the entrance being 4372 meters above sea level and the depth being over 500 meters, it is the highest major cave in the world. and It is located at .
Physical and geological setting
At 4,300 m to 4,400 m above sea level, the Pumaqucha valley is a typical Andes 'puna' – high, treeless, and surrounded by 5,000 m peaks. The valley is traversed by a dirt road serving active and abandoned mines nearby, and is dotted with stone huts used by locals tending flocks of sheep, llamas and alpacas. At the head of the valley is Pumaqucha, a small lake which along with its catchment area sits atop Miocene age granodiorite. Where the lake's outfall stream meets near-vertically bedded Cretaceous age Jumasha limestones, it has carved a short, shallow canyon containing several abandoned and one active sinkpoint where the entire stream disappears underground. Underlying the limestone is the Lower Cretaceous Pariatambo Formation.
A small concrete canal, intended to keep the lake outfall on the surface by diverting it around the canyon, is in poor shape and normally does not function at all. When local repairs occur, the active sinkpoint (SP1) becomes enterable, but considerable water then leaks into the abandoned sinks (SP2 and SP3).
On a regional scale, the long, irregular band of limestone containing Sima Pumaqucha and several other caves runs roughly south-southeast to north-northwest. The Pumaqucha waters sink at an elevation of 4,375 m above sea level, and are thought to resurge in the Rio Alis valley some 14 km to the north at an elevation of about 3,300 m above sea level.
Cave description
Following the steeply-dipping limestone beds, Sima Pumaqucha generally consists of several vertical shafts connected by short sections of horizontal to steeply-sloping passages. Although closely grouped together, the three main entrances each lead to extensive independent passages before meeting underground. SP1 and SP2 are within 60 m of each other but their passages join at about the –300 m level, while SP3, a further 30 m away, is thought to join the main cave at a depth of –550 m based on observations of relative water volumes (SP3 is blocked at –120 m). All three entrances lead to big shafts: SP1 has the deepest shaft in the Andes (282 m), SP2 leads to the 113-meter-deep Ammonite Shaft, and SP3 is a 120 m shaft. Several fossilized ammonites up to 20 cm in diameter were observed within Ammonite Shaft’s walls. Below the junction of SP1 and SP2 are several wet shafts between 15 m and 75 m in depth, leading to a gravelled sump at –638 m. All explored passages have been surveyed, with a total length of 1,427 m.
It was hoped that the strong inward draught indicated a junction with a large underground river, but after losing the draught near the sump some cavers concluded that it might be due to the cave’s own stream.
Cave exploration
Sima Pumaqucha was explored and surveyed during three international expeditions.
In June 2001 an expedition of five cavers ran out of rope and time at the head of The Perfect Storm at about –375 m.
In September 2002 an expedition of nine cavers reached the sump at –638 m, and located other cave entrances within the same limestone formation.
In September 2004 an expedition of fourteen cavers explored the SP1 series and five other caves, including Qaqa Mach'ay.
See also
Qaqa Mach'ay
Wamp'una
References
Further reading
The Canadian Caver nos. 57, 59, 63
Caves of Peru
Limestone caves
Landforms of Lima Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima%20Pumacocha |
Skater may refer to:
Sports
Someone who practices skateboarding
Someone who practices roller skating
Someone who practices inline skating
Someone who practices ice skating
An ice hockey player who is not a goaltender
Skater (subculture), a subculture involving skateboarding
Arts and entertainment
Skater (band), a Slovenian dance music trio
Skaters (band), a New York rock band
The Skater, a 1782 painting by Gilbert Stuart
"The Skaters", a 1964 poem by John Ashbery
Other uses
Gerridae, a family of insects in the order Hemiptera, commonly known as water skater or pond skater
See also
Les Patineurs (disambiguation)
Skate (disambiguation)
Skating (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skater |
Ian McOrist (born 6 November 1949) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
McOrist was recruited from Northcote, where he finished third for the J. J. Field Trophy (Victorian Football Association Division 2 Best & Fairest) in 1971. He was a half-forward flanker who played one year of senior football at Collingwood in 1972; he played only 12 games, for 16 goals under coach Neil Mann, including six goals in his first full match, after being a reserve in his first match.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
Northcote Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20McOrist |
John Rut (fl. 1512 – 1528) was an English mariner, born in Essex, who was chosen by Henry VIII to command an expedition to North America in search of the Northwest Passage. On 10 June 1527 he set sail from Plymouth with two ships, Samson and Mary Guilford. The voyage was arranged by Cardinal Wolsey at the wishes of Robert Thorne, a Bristol merchant. Samson was commanded by Master Grube and Mary Guilford was commanded by Rut.
During the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, the ships separated during a storm, and it is assumed that Samson was lost. In early July Mary Guilford met heavy ice and turned southward; they reached the Labrador coast near St. Lewis Inlet, which they explored. In late July Mary Guilford set sail for St. John's. They entered St. John's harbour on 3 August where they reported encountering eleven Norman fishing vessels, one Breton fishing vessel and two from Portugal.
It was at St. John's, Newfoundland on 3 August 1527 that the first known letter in English was sent from North America. While in St. John's, Rut wrote to King Henry on his findings and his planned voyage southward to seek his fellow explorer. The letter in part reads:
Pleasing your Honourable Grace to heare of your servant John Rut with all his company here in good health thanks be to God.
…and concludes:
...the third day of August we entered into a good harbour called St. John and there we found Eleuen Saile of Normans and one Brittaine and two Portugal barks all a fishing and so we are ready to depart towards Cap de Bras that is 25 leagues as shortly as we have fished and so along the Coast until we may meete with our fellowe and so with all diligence that lyes in me toward parts to that Ilands that we are command at our departing and thus Jesu save and keepe you Honourable Grace and all your Honourable Reuer. In the Haven of St. John the third day of August written in hast 1527, by your servant John Rut to his uttermost of his power.
After leaving Newfoundland for warmer climes, Mary Guilford sailed along the east coast, past the Chesapeake Bay to Florida, apparently the first English ship to do so. Rut returned to England the following year; no further record of him remains.
See also
List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
References and notes
External links
Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador
English sailors
English explorers of North America
16th-century births
16th-century deaths
People from Essex
Newfoundland Colony people
16th-century English people
Explorers of Canada
Explorers of Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rut |
Carl Johan Petter Hansson (; born 14 December 1976) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. He most notably represented Halmstads BK, SC Heerenveen, Rennes, and Monaco during a career that spanned between 1994 and 2012. A full international between 2001 and 2009, he won 43 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 2004 and 2008 UEFA European Championships as well as the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
Club career
Early career
Hansson started his career at Söderhamns FF and was transferred to Halmstads BK in 1998. He made his Allsvenskan debut on 4 October 1998 against AIK. Petter Hansson became a popular player at Halmstads BK, mainly because his fighting spirit and a strong will to win a match. Hansson played as a defensive midfielder and as a central defender and became a key player for the club. This resulted in a growing popularity among fans and he became the team's captain. While at Halmstads BK he helped them win the fourth championship in their history in 2000.
SC Heerenveen
In 2002, he moved to the Netherlands to play at Eredivisie side SC Heerenveen. At Heerenveen he developed as a more consistent player and became a fan's favourite again. Heerenveen supporters voted him to be SC Heerenveen's best player of the season several times.
Rennes
On 1 May 2007, he signed a contract at Stade Rennais, playing in Ligue 1. On 15 May 2010, Hansson announced that he would be leaving the club when his contract expired at the end of the season.
Monaco
On 4 June 2010, he signed a contract with the Ligue 1 club AS Monaco FC. On 30 May 2012, Hansson officially announced, through his agent Fabrice Picot, his retirement as a player.
International career
Hansson earned his first cap for the Sweden national team in 2001, in a match against Finland. He was part of their squad during Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup. On 2 June 2007, in the rivalry match against Denmark, he scored his first goal for the national team. During qualification for Euro 2008, he was partnered with Olof Mellberg. On 10 June 2008, at the Euro 2008, he scored his second goal for the national team in the opening match of their campaign, a 2–0 defeat of Greece.
After losing away against Denmark on 10 October 2009, it was obvious that Sweden had failed to qualify 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa the following year. Due to this, Hansson along with several other players decided to end their international careers after the final qualifying match against Albania, which Sweden won 4–1. In October 2010, Hansson made a brief comeback to the national team due to defender Mellberg's suspension in Sweden's UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier away against the Netherlands on 12 October. Hansson was an un-used substitute. Sweden was defeated 4–1.
Career statistics
International
Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hansson goal.
Honours
Halmstads BK
Allsvenskan: 2000
Individual
Stor Grabb: 2007
References
External links
Stade Rennais Online profile
(archive)
1976 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Swedish men's footballers
Sweden men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
Allsvenskan players
Eredivisie players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Halmstads BK players
SC Heerenveen players
Stade Rennais F.C. players
AS Monaco FC players
Swedish expatriate men's footballers
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
Expatriate men's footballers in Monaco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter%20Hansson |
Doug Lund was the former co-anchor of the 5 and 6 news at KELO-TV.
Biography
As a child, Doug Lund dreamed of being on television. He reported that the personalities at KELO-TV were idols of his; and, years later, they became his colleagues.
In 1974, Doug Lund started his career at KELO-TV as a commercial announcer. In 1975, he joined the Keloland news team; and, he and Steve Hemmingsen co-anchored of the 10pm newscast. In 1977, Lund and Hemmingsen co-anchored the 6pm newscast for the next twenty-five years. Later, Lund was moved from the 10pm newscast to the new 5pm newscast.
Doug Lund's last newscast was broadcast on December 29, 2006. KELO-TV aired a special on Doug Lund's career entitled, Doug Lund: 32 Years at Large.
External links
Doug Lund's biography
Doug Lund Retiring
People from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
South Dakota television anchors
South Dakota television reporters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Journalists from South Dakota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Lund |
Judith Ann Blumberg (born September 13, 1957) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With Michael Seibert, she is a three-time World bronze medalist (1983–85), the 1980 Skate Canada International champion, the 1981 Skate America champion, and a five-time U.S. national champion (1981–85).
Personal life
Blumberg was born in Santa Monica, California, and is Jewish. She is the daughter of a clothing manufacturer and grew up in Tarzana, California.
She majored in special education at California State University, Northridge. She adopted a girl, Etienne. Her daughter was born 2006.
Career
On the ice from the age of ten, Blumberg trained nearly three hours every morning and a few more hours following school in Tarzana, California. She switched from singles to ice dancing when she was around 19 years old and had one early partnership.
Partnership with Seibert
Blumberg met Michael Seibert at the 1977 U.S. Championships in Hartford, Connecticut. They soon tried out successfully but delayed the partnership for a year and a half until they had both relocated to Colorado Springs, Colorado. In 2014, recalling the start of their partnership, Blumberg stated, "I knew this would be the boy I would skate with. You know when you move similar to someone, when your knees work with someone."
In 1979, Blumberg/Seibert were awarded the bronze medal at their first U.S. Championships, having finished third behind Stacey Smith / John Summers and Carol Fox / Richard Dalley. The following year, they passed Fox/Dalley to take the silver medal behind Smith/Summers at the 1980 U.S. Championships in Atlanta. They were included in the U.S. team to the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. After placing 7th at the Olympics, the two concluded their season with a 6th-place result at the 1980 World Championships in Dortmund, West Germany.
Blumberg/Seibert began the 1980–81 season with gold at the 1980 Skate Canada International, ahead of British duo Karen Barber / Nicky Slater. They then outscored Fox/Dalley to win the first of five straight U.S. national titles, at the 1981 U.S. Championships in San Diego, and ranked fourth at the 1981 World Championships in Hartford.
In the 1981–82 season, the duo obtained gold at the 1981 Skate America and the 1982 U.S. Championships in Indianapolis. They finished fourth at the 1982 World Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark. At the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki, they won the first of three consecutive World bronze medals. Their skating-related expenses, $50,000 per year, were mainly covered by their families until the 1983–84 Olympic season when they received funding from the United States Olympic Committee, U.S. Figure Skating, one corporate and several private sponsors.
Blumberg/Seibert finished fourth at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. They had ranked third in the compulsory and original dances before being overtaken by Marina Klimova / Sergei Ponomarenko of the Soviet Union. The Italian judge, Cia Bordogna, scored them lower in the free dance than other judges, saying later that she considered their music unsuitable for ice dancing.
Blumberg/Seibert agreed in early September 1984 to compete one more season as amateurs. They were initially coached by Bobby Thompson in London and then by Claire O'Neill Dillie in Pittsburgh and New York City. The two won their fifth national title, in Kansas City, Missouri, and then bronze at the 1985 World Championships in Tokyo, Japan.
Blumberg/Seibert won the 1988 World Professional title. They parted ways in 1992. Although Blumberg wanted to continue performing together, Seibert decided to end their partnership in order to focus on choreography and directing.
Later career
In 1992, Blumberg teamed up with Jim Yorke and skated professionally with him for 3½ years. She was inducted into the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1996. In January 2014, she was inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.
Blumberg has worked as a figure skating commentator for CBS Sports, the ensemble director for the Ice Theatre of New York, and a skating coach in Sun Valley, Idaho. She has also appeared as a motivational speaker and as an ISU Technical Specialist.
Programs
Results
with Seibert
References
External links
List of notable Jewish figure skaters
Care to Ice Dance? - Blumberg & Seibert
Jews in Sports bio
Navigation
1957 births
American female ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
International Skating Union technical specialists
Jewish American sportspeople
Living people
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Sportspeople from Santa Monica, California
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Dancers from California
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy%20Blumberg |
In mathematics, convex geometry is the branch of geometry studying convex sets, mainly in Euclidean space. Convex sets occur naturally in many areas: computational geometry, convex analysis, discrete geometry, functional analysis, geometry of numbers, integral geometry, linear programming, probability theory, game theory, etc.
Classification
According to the Mathematics Subject Classification MSC2010, the mathematical discipline Convex and Discrete Geometry includes three major branches:
general convexity
polytopes and polyhedra
discrete geometry
(though only portions of the latter two are included in convex geometry).
General convexity is further subdivided as follows:
axiomatic and generalized convexity
convex sets without dimension restrictions
convex sets in topological vector spaces
convex sets in 2 dimensions (including convex curves)
convex sets in 3 dimensions (including convex surfaces)
convex sets in n dimensions (including convex hypersurfaces)
finite-dimensional Banach spaces
random convex sets and integral geometry
asymptotic theory of convex bodies
approximation by convex sets
variants of convex sets (star-shaped, (m, n)-convex, etc.)
Helly-type theorems and geometric transversal theory
other problems of combinatorial convexity
length, area, volume
mixed volumes and related topics
valuations on convex bodies
inequalities and extremum problems
convex functions and convex programs
spherical and hyperbolic convexity
Historical note
Convex geometry is a relatively young mathematical discipline. Although the first known contributions to convex geometry date back to antiquity and can be traced in the works of Euclid and Archimedes, it became an independent branch of mathematics at the turn of the 20th century, mainly due to the works of Hermann Brunn and Hermann Minkowski in dimensions two and three. A big part of their results was soon generalized to spaces of higher dimensions, and in 1934 T. Bonnesen and W. Fenchel gave a comprehensive survey of convex geometry in Euclidean space Rn. Further development of convex geometry in the 20th century and its relations to numerous mathematical disciplines are summarized in the Handbook of convex geometry edited by P. M. Gruber and J. M. Wills.
See also
List of convexity topics
Notes
References
Expository articles on convex geometry
K. Ball, An elementary introduction to modern convex geometry, in: Flavors of Geometry, pp. 1–58, Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ. Vol. 31, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1997, available online.
M. Berger, Convexity, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 97 (1990), 650–678. DOI: 10.2307/2324573
P. M. Gruber, Aspects of convexity and its applications, Exposition. Math., Vol. 2 (1984), 47–83.
V. Klee, What is a convex set? Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 78 (1971), 616–631, DOI: 10.2307/2316569
Books on convex geometry
T. Bonnesen, W. Fenchel, Theorie der konvexen Körper, Julius Springer, Berlin, 1934. English translation: Theory of convex bodies, BCS Associates, Moscow, ID, 1987.
R. J. Gardner, Geometric tomography, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1995. Second edition: 2006.
P. M. Gruber, Convex and discrete geometry, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2007.
P. M. Gruber, J. M. Wills (editors), Handbook of convex geometry. Vol. A. B, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993.
G. Pisier, The volume of convex bodies and Banach space geometry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989.
R. Schneider, Convex bodies: the Brunn-Minkowski theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993; Second edition: 2014.
A. C. Thompson, Minkowski geometry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
Articles on history of convex geometry
W. Fenchel, Convexity through the ages, (Danish) Danish Mathematical Society (1929—1973), pp. 103–116, Dansk. Mat. Forening, Copenhagen, 1973. English translation: Convexity through the ages, in: P. M. Gruber, J. M. Wills (editors), Convexity and its Applications, pp. 120–130, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1983.
P. M. Gruber, Zur Geschichte der Konvexgeometrie und der Geometrie der Zahlen, in: G. Fischer, et al. (editors), Ein Jahrhundert Mathematik 1890–1990, pp. 421–455, Dokumente Gesch. Math., Vol. 6, F. Wieweg and Sohn, Braunschweig; Deutsche Mathematiker Vereinigung, Freiburg, 1990.
P. M. Gruber, History of convexity, in: P. M. Gruber, J. M. Wills (editors), Handbook of convex geometry. Vol. A, pp. 1–15, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993.
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20geometry |
Qaqa Mach'ay (Quechua for "rock cave") is a limestone cave located in the Yauyos Province of the Lima Region in central Peru, high in the Andes Mountains that was explored and surveyed in 2004 by an international expedition. At 4,930m above sea level, it is the highest surveyed cave in the world. The entrance to the cave is in the mountain named Wamp'una.
Cave description
"It is thought that Qaqa Mach'ay is an abandoned glacial sink formed on a geologically-favourable bedding plane. Its enormous entrance, approximately fifty metres long, thirty metres wide and fifty metres deep, leads to a square-shaped descending passage twenty metres high and twenty metres wide. Although this large passage is almost completely blocked by boulders, two possible continuations were noted. Blue Lips Passage essentially follows the left (as you face into the cave) wall down past boulders and ice masses. Four pitches of 20m, 10m, 10m and 5m lead to a disappointing boulder ruckle 104m below the entrance. Red Face Passage descends down pitches of 18m, 9m, 4m and 38m to a breakdown floor at –125m. Both passages draught slightly. These passages were named for the effects of high altitude, cold and sun on the cavers’ complexions. About a third of the rigging in these passages was off ice screws. No open leads remain in the cave."
- excerpt from Pumaqucha 2004 Expedition Report (unpublished)
See also
Pumaqucha
Sima Pumaqucha
References
McKenzie, I. A Hole in the Sky Alpine Karst Vol 2, 2006
The Canadian Caver no. 63, 2005
Pumaqucha 2004 Expedition Report (unpublished)
External links
Expedition website
Caves of Peru
Limestone caves
Landforms of Lima Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqa%20Mach%27ay |
Henri Charles Manguin (; 23 March 187425 September 1949) was a French painter, associated with the Fauves.
Manguin entered the École des Beaux-Arts to study under Gustave Moreau, as did Henri Matisse and Charles Camoin with whom he became close friends. Like them, Manguin made copies of Renaissance art in the Louvre.
Manguin was greatly influenced by Impressionism, as is seen in his use of bright pastel hues.
He married in 1899 and made numerous portraits of his wife, Jeanne, and their family. In 1902, Manguin had his first exhibition at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d'Automne. Many of his paintings were of Mediterranean landscapes; and would soon represent the height of his career as a Fauve artist.
1905 Indépendants
From 24 March to 30 April, the burgeoning of Fauvism was visible at the Indépendants, prior to the infamous Salon d'Automne exhibition of 1905 which historically marks the birth of the term Fauvism, after critic Louis Vauxcelles described their show of work with the phrase "Donatello chez les fauves" ("Donatello among the wild beasts"), contrasting the paintings with a Renaissance-style sculpture that shared the room with them.
At the 1905 Indépendants Manguin exhibited with Henri Matisse, Albert Marquet, Jean Puy, Othon Friesz, Raoul Dufy, Kees van Dongen, André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, Charles Camoin and Jean Metzinger. This exhibition was reviewed by Vauxcelles in Gil Blas on 4, 18 and 23 March 1905.
Matisse was in charge of the hanging committee, assisted by Manguin, Metzinger, Bonnard, Camoin, Laprade Luce, Marquet, Puy and Vallotton.
From 1920
In 1920, Manguin exhibited at the Gallery Marcel Bernheim together with Ottmann, Tirman, Alexandre-Paul Canu and others.
He traveled extensively with Albert Marquet throughout Southern Europe. In 1949, Manguin left Paris to settle in Saint-Tropez, where he died soon after, on 25 September 1949.
Gallery of paintings
References
External links
Henri Manguin, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
Henri Manguin, biography, Gallery Fleury
Henri Manguin, Web Gallery of Impressionists
Henri Manguin, Artcyclopedia
1874 births
1949 deaths
Painters from Paris
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
Fauvism
19th-century French male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Manguin |
Matemo Island (Kisiwa cha Matemo, in Swahili)forms part of the pristine Quirimbas Islands and is located northeast of Ibo island, in northern Mozambique, about 100 km from the city of Pemba. It is approximately 24 square kilometres in area, with palm groves and beaches.
It contains five villages, inhabited by native Mozambicans, as well as the Matemo Island Resort, falling within the Rani Resorts group.
External links
Matemo Resort
Quirimbas Islands
Islands of Mozambique | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemo%20Island |
The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC) is a Canadian Army Primary Reserve Royal Canadian Armoured Corps regiment based in Toronto and Aurora. The regiment is part of 4th Canadian Division's 32 Canadian Brigade Group. The regiment consists of one cavalry squadron (D Squadron), as well as the Headquarters and Training Squadron. The regimental family also includes The Queen's York Rangers Band (volunteer), along with two Royal Canadian Army Cadet corps and a Royal Canadian Air Cadet squadron. The unit mottos are 'remembering their glories in former days' and 'swift and bold'. Among its own members and those of other regiments, the unit is referred to as the Rangers. The name is abbreviated as QY Rang, and sometimes pronounced .
Lineage
Pre-Confederation
The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC) trace their direct origins to Robert Rogers and his Rangers in 1756 during the French and Indian Wars. Disbanded after seven years of hard service, Rogers reformed the Rangers in 1775 and they soon were carried on the British Army list as The Queen's Rangers, First American Regiment. The Rangers were particularly distinguished under John Graves Simcoe in 1777 at the Battle of Brandywine and were shipped to New Brunswick at the end of the war in 1783. When Simcoe was appointed as the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, he made a stop in New Brunswick and raised the Queen's Rangers again and brought them with him in 1793 to Upper Canada. The Rangers were stood down again in 1802 and became the York Militia. They became active again during the War of 1812 and again during the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837-38.
The York Rangers
The York County Militia was reconstituted again on 14 September 1866 as the 12th "York Battalion of Infantry". It was redesignated as the 12th Battalion of Infantry or "York Rangers" on 10 May 1872, as the 12th Regiment "York Rangers" on 8 May 1900 and, following the Great War, as The York Rangers on 1 May 1920. On 15 December 1936, it was amalgamated with The Queen's Rangers (1st American Regiment) and redesignated The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (MG). It was redesignated as the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) on 5 March 1942, as The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (Reserve) on 15 September 1944, as The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) on 30 November 1945, as the 25th Armoured Regiment (Queen's York Rangers), RCAC on 19 June 1947, The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (25th Armoured Regiment) on 4 February 1949, The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC) on 19 May 1958, The Queen's York Rangers (RCAC) on 3 September 1985 and The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC) on 12 November 2004.
The Queen's Rangers (1st American Regiment)
The Queen's Rangers (1st American Regiment) was formed in Toronto, Ontario on 15 January 1921 as The West Toronto Regiment. On 1 August 1925, it was amalgamated with the 2nd Battalion (35th Battalion, CEF), The York Rangers and redesignated The Queen's Rangers. It was redesignated The Queen's Rangers (1st American Regiment) on 1 December 1927. On 15 December 1936, it was amalgamated with The York Rangers.
Lineage chart
Perpetuations
War of 1812
The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC) perpetuate the Battalion of Incorporated Militia of Upper Canada and the 1st and 3rd Regiments of York Militia.
The Great War
The regiment perpetuates the 20th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, the 35th Battalion, CEF, 127th Battalion (12th York Rangers), CEF and the 220th Battalion (12th Regiment York Rangers), CEF.
Commanders
In 2011, the Minister of National Defence approved the ex officio honorary appointment of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario as the unit's Colonel of the Regiment in perpetuity. The appointment recognizes the regiment’s links to John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada and the regiment's commander during the American War of Independence.
Operational history
North-West Rebellion
The 12th Battalion of Infantry (York Rangers) mobilized four companies for active service on 10 April 1885. The companies served with the York and Simcoe Provisional Battalion in the Alberta Column of the North West Field Force. The companies were removed from active service on 24 July 1885.
First World War
The 20th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Britain on 15 May 1915. It disembarked in France on 15 September 1915, where it fought as part of the 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. For much of the war, the commanding officer of the battalion was Lieutenat-Colonel C.H. Rogers, a descendant of Robert Rogers. The battalion performed particularly well at the Battle of the Somme, Vimy Ridge, Hill 70, Passchendaele, and at Amiens and Canal du Nord in 1918. Two of its members, Lieutenant Wallace Lloyd Algie and Sergeant Frederick Hobson, were posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.
The 20th Battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920. Altogether, 4,310 officers and men had served in the battalion; 843 were killed in action or died of wounds (often having been wounded earlier) and 1,855 were wounded—often several times. Some 22 members of the battalion had been taken prisoner during the war with the largest haul being when nine were taken when evacuating casualties at Passchendaele.
The 35th Battalion, CEF was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Britain on 16 October 1915. The battalion was redesignated the 35th Reserve Battalion, CEF on 9 February 1915, and it provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 4 January 1917 when its personnel were absorbed by the 4th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion was disbanded on 8 December 1917.
The 127th Battalion (12th York Rangers), CEF was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 21 August 1916. It provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 20 November 1916 when it was reorganized as a railway battalion. It disembarked in France on 13 January 1917, and was redesignated the 2nd Battalion, Canadian Railway Troops, CEF on 3 February 1917, where it provided special engineering services to the British Expeditionary Force in France and Flanders until the end of the war.
In April 1918 as the second great German offensive of the year rolled back over the old Somme Battlefield, the 127th was pressed into service as infantry near Amiens. Although initially trained as infantry, the battalion had not been employed as such but the men were apparently eager to show they could fight even if they were only armed with rifles. Combing through the chaos of Amiens, a large number of 'surplus' Lewis guns were 'acquired' and the battalion entered the line with considerably more firepower than might have been expected. At any rate, the German advance was being slowed up by exhausted troops and the usual logistical problems created in moving over World War I battlefields. The attempt to dislodge the 127th was not a determined one and the battalion's inordinate firepower debarred further attempts. The position they secured remained the Allied front line until the Amiens Offensive of 8 August 1918. Once relieved, the 127th returned to its previous duties. The battalion was disbanded on 23 October 1920.
The 220th Battalion (12th Regiment York Rangers), CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Britain on 26 January 1917, where its personnel were absorbed by the 3rd Reserve Battalion, CEF on 7 May 1917 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was disbanded on 1 September 1917.
Second World War
Details from the regiment were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and placed on active service on 1 September 1939 for local protection duties until disbanded on 31 December 1940. The regiment subsequently mobilized the 1st Battalion, The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment), CASF on 5 March 1942.40 It served in Canada in a home defence role as part of Military District No. 2, until disbanded on 15 October 1943. Altogether, over 2,000 Rangers served in the Second World but those who went overseas did so in other regiments.
Battle honours
The following list are the battle honours awarded to the battalions perpetuated by the Rangers as well as to the Rangers themselves. They are organized by the campaign. Battle honours in small capitals are for large operations and campaigns and those in lowercase are for more specific battles. Bold type indicates honours emblazoned on the regimental guidon.
Alliances
- The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires)
- The Royal Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot)
Order of precedence
Band
Since the 1970s, the regiment has maintained a volunteer fife and drums band. Over the years, the number of bandsmen were lowered until the unit was reduced to nil strength. The Streetsville Pipes and Drums were formed in 1986 and in 2009, made an arrangement with the regiment that they would adopt a second persona as the Regimental Band of The Queen’s York Rangers.
The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC) Museum
The museum preserves and displays the history of The Queen’s York Rangers (1st American
Regiment) and its several predecessors for the benefit of both the members of the Regiment and the
public at large. The museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, OMMC and Virtual Museum of Canada.
Armouries
See also
List of armouries in Canada
United States Army Rangers
References
Further reading
The Queen's York Rangers: An Historic Regiment by Stewart H. Bull (1984).
The Queen's Rangers in the Revolutionary War by Colonel C.J. Ingles, D.S.O., V.D. (1956).
Queen's Rangers: John Simcoe and his Rangers During the Revolutionary War for America by John Simcoe (1787).
External links
Regimental website
Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment)
Ranger regiments of Canada
Armoured regiments of Canada
Military units and formations of Ontario
British colonial regiments
Regimental museums in Canada
Infantry regiments of Canada in World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s%20York%20Rangers%20%281st%20American%20Regiment%29 |
Michael Seibert (born January 1, 1960) is an American figure skating choreographer and former competitive ice dancer. With Judy Blumberg, he is a three-time World bronze medalist (1983–85), the 1980 Skate Canada International champion, the 1981 Skate America champion, and a five-time U.S. national champion (1981–85). They also competed at two Winter Olympics. In 2003, Seibert was one of the winners of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography.
Personal life
Seibert was born on January 1, 1960, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father was a high school principal.
Seibert moved from Washington, Pennsylvania to Colorado Springs, Colorado around 1978. By the early 1980s, he was living in New York City. He moved to Palm Springs, California in the 2000s but had returned to New York state by 2016.
Career
Although he started skating in the first grade, Seibert began taking formal lessons only at age 13. Seen as too old for single skating, he decided to train in ice dancing. He had one early partnership.
Partnership with Blumberg
Seibert met Judy Blumberg at the 1977 U.S. Championships in Hartford, Connecticut. They soon tried out successfully but delayed the partnership for a year and a half until they had both relocated to Colorado Springs, Colorado. In 2014, recalling the start of their partnership, Blumberg stated, "I knew this would be the boy I would skate with. You know when you move similar to someone, when your knees work with someone."
In 1979, Blumberg/Seibert were awarded the bronze medal at their first U.S. Championships, having finished third behind Stacey Smith / John Summers and Carol Fox / Richard Dalley. The following year, they passed Fox/Dalley to take the silver medal behind Smith/Summers at the 1980 U.S. Championships in Atlanta. They were included in the U.S. team to the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. After placing 7th at the Olympics, the two concluded their season with a 6th-place result at the 1980 World Championships in Dortmund, West Germany.
Blumberg/Seibert began the 1980–81 season with gold at the 1980 Skate Canada International, ahead of British duo Karen Barber / Nicky Slater. They then outscored Fox/Dalley to win the first of five straight U.S. national titles, at the 1981 U.S. Championships in San Diego, and ranked fourth at the 1981 World Championships in Hartford.
In the 1981–82 season, the duo obtained gold at the 1981 Skate America and the 1982 U.S. Championships in Indianapolis. They finished fourth at the 1982 World Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark. At the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki, they won the first of three consecutive World bronze medals. Their skating-related expenses, $50,000 per year, were mainly covered by their families until the 1983–84 Olympic season when they received funding from the United States Olympic Committee, U.S. Figure Skating, one corporate and several private sponsors.
Blumberg/Seibert finished fourth at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. They had ranked third in the compulsory and original dances before being overtaken by Marina Klimova / Sergei Ponomarenko of the Soviet Union. The Italian judge, Cia Bordogna, scored them lower in the free dance than other judges, saying later that she considered their music unsuitable for ice dancing.
Blumberg/Seibert agreed in early September 1984 to compete one more season as amateurs. They were initially coached by Bobby Thompson in London and then by Claire O'Neill Dillie in Pittsburgh and New York City. The two won their fifth national title, in Kansas City, Missouri, and then bronze at the 1985 World Championships in Tokyo, Japan.
Blumberg/Seibert won the 1988 World Professional title. They parted ways in 1992. Although Blumberg wanted to continue performing together, Seibert decided to end their partnership in order to pursue other interests.
Later career
Seibert decided to focus on choreography and directing for ice shows. A long-time choreographer for Stars on Ice, in 2003 he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography along with Sandra Bezic, A.C. Ciulla, Christopher Dean, and Jamie Isley. He was also an assistant choreographer for Carmen on Ice. Seibert worked on Battle of the Blades in Toronto in 2009-11 and 2013; he was involved in coaching, choreography, and the overall production.
Seibert has also worked as an interior designer and as a real estate agent at Houlihan Lawrence. His New York and California residences, both of which he designed, were featured in Elle Decor, Metropolitan Home, and Interior Design.
Programs
Results
with Blumberg
References
1960 births
American male ice dancers
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Living people
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
World Figure Skating Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Seibert%20%28figure%20skater%29 |
The Spectronic 20 is a brand of single-beam spectrophotometer, designed to operate in the visible spectrum across a wavelength range of 340 nm to 950 nm, with a spectral bandpass of 20 nm. It is designed for quantitative absorption measurement at single wavelengths. Because it measures the transmittance or absorption of visible light through a solution, it is sometimes referred to as a colorimeter. The name of the instrument is a trademark of the manufacturer.
Developed by Bausch & Lomb and launched in 1953, the Spectronic 20 was the first low-cost spectrophotometer. It rapidly became an industry standard due to its low cost, durability and ease of use, and has been referred to as an "iconic lab spectrophotometer". Approximately 600,000 units were sold over its nearly 60 year production run. It has been the most widely used spectrophotometer worldwide. Production was discontinued in 2011 when it was replaced by the Spectronic 200, but the Spectronic 20 is still in common use. It is sometimes referred to as the "Spec 20".
Design
The Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 20 colorimeter uses a diffraction grating monochromator combined with a system for the detection, amplification, and measurement of light wavelengths in the 340 nm to 950 nm range.
As shown in the schematic optical diagram (see left), polychromatic light from a source in the system passes through lenses which are reflected and dispersed by the diffraction grating to restrict the range of light wavelengths. This restricted range of wavelengths is then passed through the sample to be measured. The intensity of the transmitted light is determined by a phototube detector. Mechanical movement of the diffraction grating by means of the cam attached to the wavelength control enables the user to select for various wavelengths. This is the "λ knob", wherein λ refers to wavelength of light used for the measurement.
Quantitative measurements
Many substances absorb light in the ultraviolet - visible light range. Absorption at any particular wavelength in the ultraviolet visible range is proportional to the concentration of the substances in the solution or other medium, in accord with the Beer–Lambert relationship. In a practical sense, the Beer–Lambert relationship can be stated as:
A = ε x l x c
in which A is the absorbance measured by the instrument, ε is the molar absorption coefficient of the sample, l is the pathlength of the light beam through the sample, and c is the concentration of the substance in the solution or medium. The Spectronic 20 is thereby commonly used for quantitative determination of the concentration of a substance of interest. The Spectronic 20 measures the absorbance of light at a pre-determined concentration, and the concentration is calculated from the Beer–Lambert relationship.
The absorbance of the light is the base 10 logarithm of the ratio of the Transmittance of the pure solvent to the transmittance of the sample, and so the two absorbance and transmittance can be interconverted. Either transmittance or absorbance can therefore be plotted versus concentration using measurements from the Spectronic 20. Plotting a curve using percent transmittance of light yields an exponential curve. However, absorbance is linearly related to concentration, and so absorbance is often preferred for plotting a standard curve. This type of standard curve relates the concentration of the solution (on the x-axis) to measures of its absorbance (y-axis).
To obtain such a curve, a series of dilutions of known concentration of a solution are prepared and readings are obtained for each of the dilutions (see plot at left). In this plot, the slope of the line is the product ε x l. By measuring a series of standards and creating the standard curve, it is possible to quantify the amount or concentration of a substance within a sample by determining the absorbance on the Spec 20 and finding the corresponding concentration on the calibration curve. Alternatively, the logarithm of percent transmittance can be plotted versus concentration to create a standard curve using the same procedure.
The absorbance measured by the Spectronic 20 is the sum of the absorbance of each of the constituents of the solution. Therefore, the Spectronic 20 can be used to analyze more complex solutions. For example, if a sample solution has two light-absorbing compounds in it, then the user performs measurements at two different wavelengths and constructs standard curves for each compound. Then the concentration of each compound can be calculated algebraically.
The Spectronic 20 can be used for turbidimetric measurements. In microbiological work, the turbidity of a liquid culture of bacterial cells relates to the cell count, and OD600 measurements can be conducted for this purpose using the Spectronic 20. Likewise the turbidity of water suspensions of clays and other particles of size suitable for light scattering can be quantitatively determined by means of a Spectronic 20. In the past, the Spectronic 20 was used for clinical diagnostic purposes.
Use
Before testing a sample, the Spectronic 20 is calibrated using a blank solution, which is the pure solvent that is used in the experimental sample. It is typically water or an organic solvent. In this calibration, the transmittance is set at 100% using the calibration knob of the instrument (the amplifier control knob in the figure at right). The instrument can also optionally be calibrated with a stock solution of a sample at a concentration known to have an absorbance of 2 or else vendor supplied standards, using the light absorption knob in the diagram shown at right. After calibration, the user places a 1/2 inch test tube or cuvette containing the sample solution to be measured into the sample compartment. Calibration is repeated each time the wavelength is changed. It or a standard reference sample is generally used to periodically check for drift. To measure wavelengths above 650 nm, the bottom of the instrument is opened, and a red filter and a red-sensitive photocell is installed.
The original design of the Spectronic 20 utilized an analog dial for readout of transmission from 100%T to 1%T (top scale), 0A - 2A (lower scale). Using the original instrument requires manual setting of the wavelength and making readings from a moving-needle analog display.
Replacement
The Spectronic 20D (launched in 1985) and later the 20D+ replaced the analog dial with a red digital LED readout, offering greater precision in the readout, if not greater accuracy in the actual reading. A side-by-side comparison of the features of the 20+ and 20D+ is available in the 2001 operating manual.
The Spectronic 20 was replaced by the Spectronic 200 in the Thermo Scientific spectrophotometer product line in 2011. The Spectronic 200 utilizes an array detector and digital control of the measured wavelength, while retaining the characteristic λ knob of the Spec 20 for setting the wavelength. In addition to replicating the user modes of the Spec 20D+ (which it can emulate on a color LCD screen) the Spec 200 accommodates both test-tubes and square cuvettes without needing to install an adapter. Software modes described in the Spectronic 200's specifications include scanning, four wavelength simultaneous measurement, and quantitative analysis with up to four standards, in contrast to the SPEC 20D+ which offered only single point calibration.
Product line history
Originally introduced by Bausch & Lomb in 1953, the product line was sold to Milton Roy in 1985. Milton Roy sold its instrument group to Life Sciences International, renamed Spectronic Instruments, Inc. in 1995. Spectronics Instruments was purchased by Thermo Optek in 1997, renamed Spectronic-Unicam in 2001 and Thermo-Spectronic in 2002. In 2003 the product line was moved to Madison, WI and the brand renamed to Thermo Electron.
With the merger of Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific in 2006 the brand changed to Thermo Scientific, and remained such until the end of the production run. Spectronic 20 instruments found in labs today may bear any of the Bausch and Lomb, Milton Roy, Spectronic, Thermo Electron or Thermo Scientific brand names.
Popular culture
The Spectronic 20 is apparently one of the few lab instruments to remain intact after the destruction of the laboratory in the movie Back to the Future.
References
External links
Spectronic 20, ChemLab Images and instructions (from Dartmouth College)
Manufacturer's SPEC 200 webpage (from current manufacturer)
Spectrometers
Scientific instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectronic%2020 |
J20 or J-20 may refer to:
Vehicles
Aircraft
Chengdu J-20, a Chinese fighter
Reggiane J 20, an Italian fighter in service with the Swedish Air Force
Soko J-20 Kraguj, a Yugoslavian light attack aircraft
Automobiles
Jeep J20, an American pickup truck
Toyota Land Cruiser (J20), a Japanese off-road vehicle
Locomotives
LNER Class J20, a British steam locomotive class
Ships
, an Östergötland-class destroyer of the Swedish Navy
, a Sandhayak-class survey ship of the Indian Navy
Other uses
J20 Nationell, a Swedish junior hockey league
Acute bronchitis
County Route J20 (California)
DisruptJ20, founded to protest the inauguration of Donald Trump in January 2017
Elongated pentagonal cupola, a Johnson solid (J20)
January 20, 2005 counter-inaugural protest, held in Washington, D.C. and other American cities
Nissan J20, an automobile engine
See also
J2O, with a letter "O" instead of a zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J20 |
Carlile Pollock Patterson (August 24, 1816 – August 15, 1881) was the fourth superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. He was born in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, the son of Commodore Daniel Todd Patterson. He was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy in 1830. He studied Civil Engineering at Georgetown College, graduating in 1838, and returned to the Navy, assigned to work with the U.S. Coast Survey. He left the Navy in 1853 and captained mail steamers in the Pacific Ocean. In 1861, as a civilian, he was appointed as Hydrographic Inspector of the U.S. Coast Survey. In 1874, he was made Superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey (renamed the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878), a position he held until his death. In 1880, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.
Biography
Family
Patterson was born in Shieldsboro (now Bay St. Louis, Mississippi), the son of Captain Daniel Patterson. He was the brother of Admiral Thomas H. Patterson, of Elizabeth Catherine Patterson who married George Mifflin Bache (brother of Alexander Dallas Bache) and of George Ann Patterson who married Admiral David Dixon Porter.
Patterson married Elizabeth Pearson (daughter of Congressman Joseph Pearson of North Carolina) on January 23, 1851, in the Pearson family home "Brentwood" in Washington D.C. They had several children; at least three daughters reached adulthood.
Navy service
Patterson was appointed Midshipman on the US frigate Brandywine in 1830 and served in the Mediterranean Squadron for five years. He was warranted Midshipman in 1831 and Passed Midshipman in 1836. He graduated from Georgetown College in Kentucky as a civil engineer in 1838, and was attached to the United States Coast Survey from 1838 to 1841. In 1839 he was an officer of the Coast Survey brig when it captured the Spanish slave ship La Amistad, which the slaves had taken over, off Montauk, New York. (This incident became the subject of the film Amistad). He was commissioned Lieutenant in 1841. Patterson, as first commander of the Coast Survey schooner Phoenix, led the first USCS hydrographic expedition to the Gulf of Mexico in 1845, and subsequently commanded the Coast Survey steamer Robert J. Walker. He left active naval service in 1849 and resigned from the Navy in 1853.
Steamer captain
Leaving Naval service for the commercial world, he commanded steamers of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, such as the Oregon and the Golden Gate from 1849 to about 1853, primarily running between the West Coast of Panama and San Francisco. His ships sometimes carried as many as a thousand gold-seeking men per voyage north during the California Gold Rush. He appears frequently as ship-captain in the reports of the newspaper The Daily Alta California. When California was made a state by Act of Congress, it was Patterson who brought the news to San Francisco, arriving on October 18, 1850, resulting in city-wide celebrations lasting well into the night.
Shortly after this, Patterson moved his wife and child from Washington, D.C., to Oakland. With James B. LaRue and John R. Fouratt he sought to found one of the first ferry services across San Francisco Bay, fighting all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court to win the right to provide service against a competitor. It is unclear, however, if he and his partners actually started a separate ferry line, and if so, how long it operated before being sold to another operator or shut down. He also engaged in real estate investments in San Francisco and San Diego. Several more children were born during this time in the Bay Area.
Civil War
In 1861, on the outbreak of the Civil War, the family returned to Washington, D.C. and Patterson returned to federal service, this time as a civilian hydrographic inspector in the Coast Survey. The Hydrographic Inspector was in charge of the charting and marine survey work, and that office was traditionally held by a naval officer. Patterson's experience and good connections let him step into the role smoothly. During the Civil War, the role of the Coast Survey included preparing charts and other material to help Naval ships execute the blockade of Southern ports (the strategy known as the "Anaconda Plan"). He remained in the Coast Survey after the war, eventually becoming its superintendent in 1874. During his superintendency, it was renamed the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878.
Friendship with President Grant
Patterson first met Ulysses S. Grant in mid-1852, when Grant was taking a detachment of troops across Panama for eventual posting in Oregon, and Patterson commanded the steamer that took most of Grant's troops north to San Francisco. It was during that posting in Oregon that Grant eventually, in 1854, decided to resign from the Army. During the Civil War, Grant coordinated with Patterson's brother-in-law, David Dixon Porter, in the Vicksburg Campaign, and may have met Patterson's brother, Thomas H. Patterson, who was a naval officer fighting in the Civil War. As a result of these pre-war and wartime connections, the Pattersons were well-known to Grant and other leading Union officers. From 1861 through the 1880s, the Pattersons occupied the Brentwood Mansion, designed by Benjamin Latrobe and inherited by Patterson's wife, in Brentwood, Washington, D.C., (since demolished), and it became a social center during the administration of President Grant.
Patterson was one of the early members of Washington's Metropolitan Club, which included numerous Union generals, admirals, and other officers. A large oil portrait of Patterson's brother-in-law, David Dixon Porter, hangs in the first-floor lobby (as of 2007). Many of Patterson's papers can be found in the Manuscript Division of the U.S. Library of Congress.
Death and honors
Patterson died at home in mid-1881. His unexpected death was a heavy blow to the Survey and led to the appointment of J.E. Hilgard as his successor; Hilgaard's term ended in controversy a few years later.
Patterson, along with his wife, mother-in-law, and infant children who died in California, are buried in the Worthington vault of Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington D.C. His sister Eliza Catherine was also interred at Oak Hill Cemetery, while there is a cenotaph in Congressional Cemetery for her husband George Mifflin Bache, who was lost at sea. Patterson's father, Commodore Daniel Patterson, and his mother and brother, Thomas H. Patterson, were buried at Congressional Cemetery. Another sister, George Ann, and her husband David Dixon Porter were interred at Arlington National Cemetery.
The survey ship , in service from 1884-1919, was named in his honor. The Patterson Glacier, and the Patterson River that runs from it, located south of Juneau, Alaska, near the town of Petersburg, a spectacular valley glacier featured in helicopter tours, are named for him. Patterson Street in northeast Washington, D.C., near his Brentwood estate, may also have been named for him.
A bill for Patterson's widow
On June 6, 1884, three years after Patterson's death, Congress enacted a private bill, House bill No. 4689, entitled "An act for the relief of Eliza W. Patterson", Patterson's widow, excusing accumulated District of Columbia property taxes on the Patterson land, in light of the fact that Patterson had served as Superintendent without taking a salary and had, through inattention, placed the family finances in jeopardy. President Chester A. Arthur neither signed nor vetoed the bill, but held it ten days and allowed it to become law without his signature. In a message dated June 21, 1884, the President explained "I do not question the constitutional right of Congress to pass a law relieving the family of an officer, in view of the services he had rendered his country, from the burdens of taxation, but I submit to Congress that this just gift of the nation to the family of such faithful officer should come from the National Treasury rather than from that of this District, and I therefore recommend that an appropriation be made to reimburse the District for the amount of taxes which would have been due to it had this act not become a law."
A portion of this property later became the subject of a lawsuit that reached the Supreme Court, Winslow v. Baltimore & O R Co, 188 U.S. 646 (1903), which includes excerpts of the will by which Mrs. Patterson came into the property on the death of her mother, Catherine Worthington Pearson, in 1868. The suit, which the Patterson family won, involved renewal of a lease of some of the land to a railroad.
Descendants
In 1881, shortly after Patterson's death, his daughter, Harriet Livingston Patterson (1859-1923), married Lt. Francis Winslow USN (1851-1908), who had previously served under Patterson in the U.S. Coast Survey. They had six children, including Mary Nelson Winslow. Lt. Winslow was the brother of Rear Admiral Cameron McRae Winslow, a first cousin once removed of Rear Admiral John Ancrum Winslow, and great-uncle of the Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Robert Lowell. Patterson's grandson and namesake Carlile Patterson Winslow (1884-1960) was an engineer and head of the USDA Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin 1917-1946.
References
Further reading
"Carlile Patterson, The great captain of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1874-1881", John Cloud, NOAA 49 pp.
1816 births
1881 deaths
United States Coast Survey personnel
American civil engineers
United States Navy officers
American hydrographers
People from Bay St. Louis, Mississippi
Engineers from Washington, D.C.
Engineers from California
People from Oakland, California
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel
Georgetown College (Kentucky) alumni
Engineers from Mississippi
Military personnel from California
Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlile%20Pollock%20Patterson |
Hardy Otto Nickerson Sr. (born September 1, 1965) is an American former football coach and professional player. He played as linebacker for four teams over 16 seasons, from 1987 to 2002, in the National Football League (NFL). He was a fifth round draft pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1987 NFL Draft. Nickerson spent the prime of his career with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The hiring of head coaches Sam Wyche and Tony Dungy allowed Nickerson to play in the middle in a 4–3 defense for both coaches; Nickerson played in a 3–4 defense with the Pittsburgh Steelers. While playing in the 4–3, Nickerson went to five Pro Bowls, and was selected for the National Football League 1990s All-Decade Team.
Early life
Nickerson attended Verbum Dei High School, a Catholic school located in Watts, Los Angeles. He earned a BA degree in sociology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1989.
Broadcasting and coaching
In 2006, Nickerson became the color analyst for the Buccaneer Radio Network, teaming him with the longtime veteran play-by-play man Gene Deckerhoff.
On February 23, 2007, Nickerson was named linebackers coach of the Chicago Bears, where he coached for his former Tampa Bay position coach, Lovie Smith. On January 8, 2008, he resigned from the Bears due to health issues within his family.
On April 15, 2010, Nickerson was hired as the head football coach at Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland, California, a traditional powerhouse that has produced future NFL players such as Tarik Glenn, Langston Walker, Kirk Morrison, and Eric Bjornson. During Nickerson's tenure, he led the Dragons to back to back league titles and was also responsible for producing nearly 20 scholarship athletes in a period of three years. Nickerson stepped down from the head coaching position on November 18, 2013.
Nickerson was named the linebackers coach for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers under Lovie Smith on January 7, 2014. On January 23, 2016, Nickerson was hired by the San Francisco 49ers as linebackers coach under new head coach Chip Kelly. On March 10, 2016, Nickerson was hired by the University of Illinois as defensive coordinator under new head coach Lovie Smith.
On October 30, 2018, Nickerson announced his resignation as defensive coordinator citing health reasons.
NFL career statistics
Regular season
Personal life
His son Hardy Nickerson Jr. is a linebacker who has played in the National Football League for the Cincinnati Bengals and the Minnesota Vikings.
References
External links
Illinois profile
1965 births
Living people
American football middle linebackers
California Golden Bears football players
Chicago Bears coaches
Green Bay Packers players
Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches
Jacksonville Jaguars players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers announcers
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
High school football coaches in California
Players of American football from Compton, California
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
Verbum Dei High School alumni
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%20Nickerson |
Erik Reece is an American writer, the author of two books of nonfiction - Lost Mountain: A Year in the Vanishing Wilderness: Radical Strip Mining and the Devastation of Appalachia (New York: Riverhead Books, 2006) and An American Gospel: On Family, History, and The Kingdom of God (New York: Riverhead Books, 2009),
and numerous essays and magazine articles, published in Harper's Magazine, The Nation, and Orion magazine. He also maintains a blog The Future We Want for True/Slant.
He is writer-in-residence at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, where he teaches environmental journalism, writing, and literature.
Life
Reece was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky. He received two degrees from the University of Kentucky, where he studied with Guy Davenport.
Work
Prose
Reece's first book-length prose was a companion essay to Guy Davenport's collection of his drawings and paintings, A Balance of Quinces. Before that, he published a collection of poems, My Muse Was Supposed to Meet Me Here.
Reece's 2006 book Lost Mountain: A Year in the Vanishing Wilderness (New York: Riverhead Books, 2006), with photos by John J. Cox and a foreword by Wendell Berry, chronicles the devastating effects of mountaintop removal mining in Appalachia from October 2003 through November 2004. The book grew out of an essay for Harper's Magazine entitled "Death of a Mountain: Radical Strip Mining and the Leveling of Appalachia," which was published in the April 2005 edition and which would win the John B. Oakes Award for Distinguished Environmental Journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
In 2009, Reece published An American Gospel: On Family, History, and The Kingdom of God (New York: Riverhead Books, 2009), a book about Reece's upbringing as the son and grandson of Baptist preachers, his father's suicide, and his own subsequent struggle to find a form of Christianity with which he would feel comfortable—and the guidance he received from the writings of Thomas Jefferson, Walt Whitman and other American geniuses. This book, too, grew out of an essay for Harper's Magazine, "Jesus Without the Miracles: Thomas Jefferson's Bible and the Gospel of Thomas".
Poetry
Reece's first published book was a collection of poems, My Muse Was Supposed to Meet Me Here.
He edited the 2007 anthology Field Work: Modern Poems from Eastern Forests (Lexington, KY: The University of Press of Kentucky, 2007), an anthology of poems about the landscape and ecology of the eastern United States. It includes the work of modern American poets (among them, Robert Frost, Wendell Berry, Hayden Carruth, Charles Wright) plus that of four classical Chinese poets, who wandered and wrote about an area of southeastern China that is similar in landscape and ecology to the eastern woodlands of the United States.
Awards
In addition to the John B. Oakes Award for Distinguished Environmental Journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, in 2006 Erik Reece received the Sierra Club's David R. Brower Award for Environmental Journalism.
References
The Future We Want Erik Reece's blog at True/Slant
Erik Reece's website
Lost Mountain website
Erik Reece interview Fresh Air with Terry Gross
Erik Reece interview via buzzflash
Reece, Erik. Death of a Mountain: Radical strip mining and the leveling of Appalachia via Harper's Magazine
Reece, Erik (February 9, 2006 [February 27, 2006 issue]) Who Killed the Miners? The Nation
Reece, Erik (April 3, 2009) Save Jesus, Ignore Easter Controversial "On Faith" column in The Washington Post
Reece, Erik (October 4, 2013) The End of Illth: In search of an economy that won't kill us. Harper's Magazine.
University of Kentucky faculty
American investigative journalists
American environmentalists
Living people
Environmental bloggers
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Reece |
The Rare Breed is a 1966 American Western film directed by Andrew V. McLaglen and starring James Stewart, Maureen O'Hara and Brian Keith in Panavision. Loosely based on the life of rancher Col. John William Burgess, the film follows Martha Evans' (O'Hara) quest to fulfill her deceased husband's dream of introducing Hereford cattle to the American West. The film was one of the early major productions to be scored by John Williams, who was billed as "Johnny Williams" in the opening credits.
Plot
In 1884, Martha Evans and her daughter Hilary sail to the United States from England, pursuing the dream of Martha's husband, who dies on board, to bring Hereford cattle to the West. They are left with Hilary's bull named Vindicator. He exhibits the gentility of breeding, including an odd willingness to follow Hilary at the whistle of "God Save the Queen."
At auction, Vindicator is the object of a bidding war won by Charles Ellsworth, who has come to purchase stock for his partner, Texas rancher Alexander Bowen. Sam ‘Bulldog’ Burnett, a local wrangler, is hired to transport the bull to Bowen's ranch. Ellsworth bought the bull primarily to woo Martha, who decides to ensure Vindicator's delivery by accompanying him to his destination.
Hilary learns that Burnett has made a deal with competing rancher John Taylor to steal the bull. Hilary does not yet know that Burnett made the deal mostly to ensure that an injured wrangler, double-crossed by Taylor, would receive money to take care of himself and his wife. One of Taylor's men, Deke Simons, gets into a fight with Burnett over the terms of the journey. Martha, witnessing the brawl, comes to trust Burnett. Despite his objections, he accepts responsibility for the Evans women on the train ride to Dodge City and the trip down the wagon trail.
One night while Evans and Burnett have finished brewing coffee over the campfire, a gunshot knocks the coffee pot out of Burnett's hand. Burnett believes this is a signal from Taylor's men, who find a barbed wire fence that has been cut for the Evans' wagon to pass. They conclude that Burnett double-crossed them. Simons, determined to catch up with Burnett, shoots his companion and rides after the wagon.
In a canyon, Burnett runs into Jamie Bowen, Alexander's son, who has appropriated a herd of his father's longhorn cattle as payment for his work and is running away to start his own ranch. Simons catches up with Burnett and shoots a cowhand, setting off a stampede. Jamie falls in the path of the cattle and is trampled.
Battered and unconscious, Jamie is carried to the Evans' wagon. Simons is there, holding Evans and her daughter hostage. He demands the money Burnett was paid by Taylor for the bull. Simons also demands the women's money, but Burnett grabs his rifle. Simons gallops away; Burnett follows. After their horses collide, Simons falls onto a rock and dies.
Burnett returns with the money, to be berated by Martha for his dishonesty and the trouble he has caused. After a few days of travel, they reach the Bowen ranch.
There they are introduced to Jamie's father, Alexander Bowen, a retired Scottish military officer turned cattle rancher. While Hilary nurses Jamie back to health, Martha begins teaching the local children in school. Bowen and Burnett insist that the Evans women should leave for the East before they are snowed in, but they refuse to go until Jamie is well and they have taught the men to properly care for Vindicator.
Bowen insists that Hereford cattle cannot survive the tough conditions of North Texas, making them unsuitable for ranching. Martha realizes that until Vindicator proves himself, they will never have the men on their side. Hilary then releases Vindicator into the wild.
The Evans women announce it is time for them to go. Jamie insists that he is in love with Hilary, who returns the proclamation. Martha realizes she needs to stay as well. This suits Bowen and Burnett, who both love Martha.
A brutal winter arrives, and Burnett insists on finding Vindicator and bringing him back to shelter. Despite making repeated trips to the range, he cannot find the bull. Bowen is sure Vindicator is dead but tells Burnett he can have any calves that may have been sired by him.
When spring arrives, Burnett resumes searching for Vindicator, hoping for calves. He begins building a new ranch, where the animals are treated better and Herefords can thrive. After finding Vindicator under a snowdrift, he still insists calves may be coming.
Reluctantly, Martha agrees to marry Bowen - but only after there is no more chance of calves from Vindicator. Burnett finds a crossbred Hereford calf and brings it to Bowen's fort. The two fight over Martha, Burnett declares his love for her, and Bowen steps aside.
An entire herd of Herefords is later seen, with Martha and Burnett musing they are glad they kept "a few longhorns, to remember the way it used to be." Hilary and Jamie, now married, ride up. Hilary whistles "God Save The Queen", hoping one of the cattle descended from Vindicator will respond, and claims, "Sometimes, I see a glimmer of him in one of them."
Cast
James Stewart as Sam Burnett
Maureen O'Hara as Martha Evans
Brian Keith as Alexander Bowen
Juliet Mills as Hilary Price
Don Galloway as Jamie Bowen
David Brian as Charles Ellsworth
Jack Elam as Deke Simons
Ben Johnson as Jeff Harter
Harry Carey Jr. as Ed Mabry
Perry Lopez as Juan
Larry Domasin as Alberto
Silvia Marino as Conchita
Alan Caillou as Taylor
Gregg Palmer as Rodenbush
Barbara Werle as Gert
Joe Ferrante Estaban
James O'Hara as Sagamon (as Jimmy O'Hara)
Production
Portions of the film were shot in the Coachella Valley, California. Train scenes were filmed in the Red Hills area near Jamestown in Tuolumne County, California, utilizing the famous Sierra Railway 3 locomotive.
References
External links
1966 films
1960s Western (genre) comedy films
1966 drama films
1960s historical drama films
American Western (genre) comedy films
American historical drama films
1960s English-language films
Films directed by Andrew McLaglen
Films scored by John Williams
Films set in Texas
Films shot in California
Universal Pictures films
1960s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rare%20Breed |
Telegraph stamps are stamps intended solely for the prepayment of telegraph fees. The customer completed a telegraph form before handing it with payment to the clerk who applied a telegraph stamp and cancelled it to show that payment had been made. If the stamp was an imprinted stamp, it formed part of the message form.
Usage
In most countries, the cost of sending a telegram was paid using normal postage stamps. These can often be identified by their distinctive telegraphic cancels or punched holes. In some countries and at some times, special telegraph stamps were produced or postage or revenue stamps overprinted to pay the fee (e.g. Nicaragua, Ecuador). Private companies also issued telegraph stamps in countries where the telegraph network was in private ownership.
The first telegraph stamps issued might be those of the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company, released in 1853. The first government-issued telegraph stamps were issued in India in January 1860.
Occasionally postage stamps ran out and telegraph stamps were used for letter postage as an emergency measure, for example in Spain in 1879.
Collecting
Telegraph stamps are regarded by many philatelists as collectable. They are listed in most country specific catalogues though not usually in general stamp catalogs. The French Yvert & Tellier and the latest Stanley Gibbons catalog of British Commonwealth stamps do list these stamps. Telegraph and Telephone Stamps of the World by S.E.R. Hiscocks (1982) and Telegraph Stamps of the World by John Barefoot (2013) are the only catalogues which list worldwide telegraph stamps. American telegraph stamps are also listed and described in detail in United States Telegraph Stamps and Franks by George Jay Kramer. The first American telegraph stamps were issued by the New York City and Suburban Printing Telegraph Co., probably in 1859.
The Royal Philatelic Collection of Queen Elizabeth II has many telegraph stamps as George V was an enthusiastic collector. It includes examples of British and Commonwealth stamps as well as private companies such as Bonelli's Electric Telegraph Co. Ltd., the Electric Telegraph Company and the British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company.
The Stock Exchange forgery
One sideline to the story of telegraph stamps is the Stock Exchange forgery of 1872–73, which was discovered in 1898 by Charles Nissen when examining used stamps from telegraph forms. The stamps were found to be forged due to the absence of a watermark and because they had impossible corner lettering. It is believed that a clerk in the Stock Exchange Post Office, London had been using forged one shilling green stamps on the forms instead of genuine stamps and keeping the fees. The culprit was never identified, but examples of the forgery are now sold for many times the price of the genuine stamps.
Demise
The telegraph was superseded by the fax, email, and mobile telephone text messages. The last telegraph stamps are thought to have been issued in 1993 by Honduras.
See also
Cinderella stamp
Langmead Collection
Walter Morley
References
Further reading
Telegraph Stamps of the World by J. Barefoot Ltd, York, 2013. .
Catalogue of the Telegraph Stamps of the World by Walter Morley, London, 1900.
Catalogue de Timbres-Fiscaux by A. Forbin, Yvert & Tellier, France, 1915.
Indian Telegraphs, 1851–1914 by Ilyas Patel and Dhananjay Desai, India, 1995.
Telegraph Seals: A World Catalogue by S.E.R. Hiscocks, Woking, 2007.
Telegraph & Telephone Stamps of the World: A priced and annotated catalogue by S.E.R. Hiscocks, Woking, 1982.
The Telegraph Stamps and Stationery of Great Britain, 1851–1954, by Alan K. Huggins & Peter Langmead, Great Britain Philatelic Society, United Kingdom, 2003.
United States Telegraph Issues by Joseph and Stephen Rich, United States, 1947.
U.S. Telegraph Stamps and Franks by George Jay Kramer, United States, 1992.
External links
The Road Less Travelled: Telegraph Stamps by Rick Miller.
Telegraph stamps of the World by Steve Panting.
The Post Office Telegraph Stamps of Great Britain.
Telegrams
Philatelic terminology
Cinderella stamps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph%20stamp |
SpinnWebe was the personal website of Greg Galcik, also known as "spinn." It gathered the most fame as the home of the Dysfunctional Family Circus, which ran in the late 1990s. Additionally, the site was the showcase for a number of Galcik's other projects, which generally had interactive humor as the unifying theme; in this respect, it anticipated the development of later sites such as Fark and Something Awful. The name SpinnWebe comes from an infamously bad machine translation of the German word for "spider web."
Origin
In March 1993, Galcik started an FTP site on a machine called "spider," named after the song Spider by They Might Be Giants. This site began as a way to serve files for various personal projects, including audio samples from TMBG songs. As the site continued to grow and as Web technology began to emerge, he began to phase out the FTP site in June 1994 and created "The Spider WWW Site."
Galcik later shortened the name to "SpiderWeb", but after receiving a letter from a company called Spiderweb Communications warning they carried a trademark on the name "Spiderweb", he changed the name of the site to "SpinnWebe" in April 1995. Galcik also derived his Internet alias, "spinn", from this word.
Dysfunctional Family Circus
In 1995, Galcik started the SpinnWebe version of Dysfunctional Family Circus (DFC), an interactive parody of the comic strip The Family Circus where visitors were invited to submit alternative captions for the widely syndicated Bil Keane comic strip. Galcik and a group of editors hand-picked the best captions for publication on the site. This curated approach is unusual, especially for a website with as much traffic as the DFC: the pool of submissions often exceeded a thousand captions per comic, and were generally edited down to around sixty. Fans of the DFC claim that this editing process helped maintain a higher standard of humor that other Family Circus parodies could not reach.
Bil Keane has stated that he was initially unbothered by the parody, but he began to become uncomfortable with it due to the prevalence of blue humor in the published captions, and because readers were complaining to him. In September 1999, King Features Syndicate, the distributor of Family Circus, sent a cease-and-desist letter to Galcik. While the case could certainly have been contested on the basis of fair use, Galcik elected to honor the request out of courtesy toward Keane.
Other highlights
SpinnWebe was home to many different features, some of which had their own domain names. Projects included:
A-1 AAA AmeriCaptions and its earlier incarnation It's a Dysfunctional Life, a feature similar to the DFC where visitors write captions for candid photos
Trapezoidal Inclination, or Brainshots, a blog that has run, on and off, since December 2000
amusing.org, which presents a different visitor-submitted sentence or phrase six times a week, often of a surreal or absurd nature, and also allows users to submit illustrations of past entries
abevigoda.com, a site that shows Abe Vigoda's current "status" (alive or dead)
Scribs, a webcomic that also has a "reader mail" section, in which readers submit questions for the two central characters to answer
Other notable projects included the Nipple Server (in which users rated pictures of Galcik's left nipple based on a rubric of panache, color, perkiness, and overall impression), and 1-900-ZWEBLÖ (an advice column in which web-submitted questions were answered by members of a fictitious secret cabal or shadow government).
References
Further reading
Cool Site of the Day Wayback Machine archive of listing on September 29, 1994 for SpinnWebe site
Cool Site of the Day Wayback Machine archive of listing on November 20, 1995 for Dysfunctional Family Circus
"CYBERSCENE - Aaron' comic strip has its own Web site - Comic `Adventures' wow Web-sters", Boston Herald, May 17, 1996.
"Only Connect / Web Sightings", The New Yorker, June 10, 1996.
Weirdest of the Web Internet Underground, December 1996
Pegoraro, Rob. "CLICK: http://WWW.SPINNWEBE.COM/NIPPLE", The Washington Post, June 19, 1997.
Abe Vigoda Fulfills Internet Meme, The Daily Beast, January 27, 2016.
Dysfunctional Family Circus controversy
Cartoonist Draws The Line CBS News
Family Circus Parody Folds Tent Wired Magazine
Keane KO's Family Circus Parody Getting It
External links
SpinnWebe Archived link
American comedy websites
Internet properties established in 1995
1995 webcomic debuts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpinnWebe |
Carol Jean Fox (born July 11, 1956 in Ypsilanti, Michigan) is an American figure skater. She competed in ice dance with Richard Dalley at the 1984 Winter Olympics.
Prior to ice dancing, Carol and her partner Richard Dalley were competitive roller figure skaters and competed out of the Riverside Skating Club in Livonia, Michigan..
Results
(with Richard Dalley)
References
1956 births
Living people
American female ice dancers
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Ypsilanti, Michigan
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Fox%20%28figure%20skater%29 |
Ian McMullin (born 1 September 1964) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL/AFL.
McMullin, an ex-Old Melbournian footballer, was recruited by Collingwood in the 1980s. As a half-forward he was a noted goal-kicker. In 1987 he was delisted from Collingwood. McMullin was drafted by Essendon in the 1990 Pre-Season Draft. After a few years at the Bombers, Collingwood showed interest once again, drafting him in the 1992 Mid-Season Draft, but McMullin only played another year; McMullin was released by Collingwood in 1993, after playing one game.
External links
1964 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
Essendon Football Club players
Old Melburnians Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Victorian State of Origin players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20McMullin |
Richard John Dalley (born August 2, 1957) is an American former competitive ice dancer.
Born in Detroit, Michigan, he competed in ice dance with Carol Fox at the 1984 Winter Olympics. The dance team is probably the most decorated team never to have won the US Championships.
Richard and his partner Carol Fox were competitive roller figure skaters prior to changing to ice skating. They competed out of the Riverside Skating Club in Livonia, Michigan.
Results
(with Carol Fox)
References
American male ice dancers
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters from Detroit
1957 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Dalley |
Andrew Alexander Lindberg (born 29 April 1953) is an Australian businessman.
From 2000 until February 2006, he held the positions of managing director and board member of AWB Limited. He resigned from these positions in the wake of his appearance at the Cole Inquiry. Despite "the trial by media" that occurred throughout the inquiry, in November 2006, he was exonerated. But this revelation came too late, as the reputation of Lindberg, AWB and many other parties involved, had already been tainted. Despite being cleared by the Cole Inquiry, Andrew was pursued by ASIC. The Judge in charge of the case has criticised ASIC for its conduct in relation to their charges against Lindberg and the long protracted proceedings. Lindberg was eventually fined and banned from managing a company for one year for his role in the scandal.
Prior to that, he had been Chief Executive of WorkCover in Victoria and worked for the Victorian Accident Compensation Commission since 1987.
After completing his Bachelor of Science at University of Melbourne, he had first worked as an industrial relations advisor in the mining and food production industries.
He migrated from Scotland to Australia with his family at age six.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
Australian businesspeople
University of Melbourne alumni
Fellows of the Australian Institute of Company Directors
Scottish emigrants to Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Lindberg |
There are an estimated 20,000 Muslims in the Czech Republic, representing 0.2% of the country's population. The growing Turkish community form the largest Muslim population in the country.
According to the 2010 census, there are around 3500 Muslims in the Czech Republic (less than 0.1% of country's population), compared to 495 in 1991.
In the Czech Republic, there are three mosques in Prague, Brno and one mosque in Karlovy Vary.
History
The first documented visit of a person with knowledge of Islam was made (964-965) by Íbrahím ibn Jaqúb, a Jewish merchant from then-Muslim Spain. His memoirs were later published to become one of the first accounts about Central Europe in the Islamic world.
During both sieges of Vienna, reconnaissance war-parties of the advancing Ottoman armies reached Moravia. Strong trade links between Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire emerged during the 19th century. Individual Muslims from the late 19th century began to settle in Czech lands after Bosnia became part of the Austro-Hungarian empire.
Traditionally, the influence of Islam on the culture of Czech lands has been small.
Modern era
A law 1912 by the Austro-Hungarian monarchy recognised Islam as a "state religion" and officially allowed its presence in what is now the Czech Republic. The first community (Muslimské náboženské obce pro Československo) was established in 1934 and disbanded in 1949. An attempt to set up a new community in 1968 failed. In 1991, the Center of Muslim communities () was established. In 1998 the first mosque was opened, in Brno and a year later another, in the capital, Prague . Attempts to open mosques in other cities have been stopped by local citizens. In 2004 Islam was officially registered in the Czech Republic: the community is thus eligible to obtain funds from the state.
The largest Muslim community are of Turkish origin. Other Muslims have also come from Bosnia-Herzegovina (early 1990s), Kosovo (late 1990s) and former countries of Soviet Union (mostly from Caucasus region, from the late 1990s until the present). A significant and influential part are the middle-class people of Egyptian, Syrian and other Middle Eastern ancestries (typically those who studied in Czechoslovakia and decided to stay). A few hundred Muslims are Czech converts.
See also
Turks in the Czech Republic
References
Miloš Mendel, Jiří Bečka, Islám a české země, Olomouc, Votobia, 1998.
Miloš Mendel, Bronislav Ostřanský, Tomáš Rataj, Islám v srdci Evropy, Praha, Academia, 2008.
External links
Portal of Islam in the Czech Republic
History of Islam in the Czech Republic
Religion in the Czech Republic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20the%20Czech%20Republic |
Michael Weishan (born 7 August in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an author, designer, popular historian and former American television personality. He was host of the public television series The Victory Garden from 2001 through 2007. He was the fourth host of the series, and retired after five seasons to resume active direction of his landscape design firm, Michael Weishan and Associates, which specializes in creating traditionally inspired landscapes for homes across the US and Canada.
In addition to his work on PBS, Weishan has appeared on numerous national TV programs in the United States, including the Today Show on NBC, as well as the CBS Early Show. On radio, he hosted his own weekly NPR program, The Cultivated Gardener from 1999 to 2001, and still appears as a guest contributor on NPR's venerable environmental news program Living on Earth, where he first appeared in the early 1990s. Weishan is also the author of three books on horticulture: The New Traditional Garden (1999); From a Victorian Garden (2004); and The Victory Garden Companion (2006).
The gardening editor at Country Living for five years, Weishan was a frequent contributor to various national periodicals, including New Old House Magazine where he wrote a quarterly gardening column. Weishan's research in landscape design overlaps with a lifelong love of architecture, architectural design and archaeology, and his first published work (1991) was as editor and co-contributor (along with noted Harvard archaeologist George M.A. Hanfmann) of The Byzantine Shops at Sardis, volume 9 of the Sardis Archaeological Series published by the Harvard University Press.
An honors graduate of Harvard College in Classics and Romance Languages, Weishan is active in many charities and non-profit institutions, especially those relating to history and FGLI (first generation/lower income) college programming at Harvard as well as institutions across the country. Among these, he is a member of the Adams House Senior Common Room at Harvard, where he is founding executive director of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation, an organization that has completed the restoration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's student rooms – the FDR Suite at Adams House, Harvard University. The Foundation has restored the Suite to its original 1904 appearance as a memorial to the 32nd president of the United States, which is the only one at Harvard.
In addition, the FDR Foundation sponsors a host of educational activities, including the annual Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial lecture at Adams House; and an intensive undergraduate summer internship program, The Roosevelt Scholars, which promotes study and research opportunities for first-generation, lower income students at Harvard. The Foundation is also home to a think-tank, The FDR Center for Global Engagement, which seeks practical solutions to real-world problems of climate change, governance, and social justice.
In his role as executive director of the Foundation, Weishan co-authored (with Dr. Cynthia Koch, past director of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum) a new biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt entitled FDR: A Life in Pictures in 2013.
As president and CEO of the Southborough, Massachusetts Historical Society, he published two books, "Lost Southborough" and "Tales of Old Southborough". He is currently leading the construction of Southborough's new history and arts center in a restored 1910 village hall. Opening of the new center is slated for 2024.
Major publications
Weishan, Michael. (1999)The New Traditional Garden: A Practical Guide to Creating and Restoring Authentic American Gardens for Homes of All Ages.
Weishan, Michael. (2004) From a Victorian Garden: Creating the Romance of a Bygone Age Right in Your Own Backyard.
Weishan, Michael. (2006) The Victory Garden Companion.
Weishan, Michael. (2013) FDR: A Life in Pictures.
Weishan, Michael. (2019) Lost Southborough.
Archaeological Exploration of Sardis (Book 9, 1991). The Byzantine Shops at Sardis. (Contributor/editor)
External links
Michael Weishan's World of Gardening
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation
People from Milwaukee
American television hosts
American garden writers
American male non-fiction writers
Living people
Harvard College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Weishan |
The Animal Procedures Committee advised the British Home Secretary on matters related to animal testing in the UK. The function of the committee was made a statutory requirement by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (the ASPA), which mandated that it should have at least 12 members, excluding the chair. The APC no longer exists as the ASPA has been revised in accordance with EU legislation. It was disbanded on 31 December 2012 and was replaced by the Animals in Science Committee in 2013.
Composition of members
The Act stipulated that at least two-thirds of the members had full registration as medical practitioners or veterinary surgeons, or that they be qualified in a relevant biological subject; that one member be a barrister, solicitor, or advocate; that at least half the membership should not have held an animal-testing licence during the last six years; and that the interests of animal welfare should be adequately represented.
There was normally an academic philosopher on the committee, although this was not required by the Act.
Members were appointed for terms of up to four years and may be re-appointed once. Apart from the Chair, members received only expenses.
Work of the committee
The committee advised the Home Secretary on matters concerned with the Act and his functions under it; and also to examine other related subjects considered worthy of further study.
There were four sub-committees: The Applications Sub-committee considered licence applications referred to the Committee for advice; the Education and Training Sub-committee advised on the requirements for training and education of those who held responsibilities under the Act or who carried out duties under the controls of the Act; the Housing and Husbandry Sub-committee considered housing and husbandry issues on a case by case basis as requested by the Committee; the Primate Sub-committee advised on issues relating to the acquisition, housing, care and use of non-human primates in regulated procedures.
In addition, a number of working groups were established. They were created for a particular task and then disbanded. As of March 2010 there were two working groups: The Revision of Directive 86/609 working group is reviewing the directive; the Suffering and Severity working group is reviewing aspects of the system of severity limits and bands.
Membership
As of March 2010, the committee members (and their professional affiliations) were:
Sara Nathan (chair), freelance journalist
Professor Hannah Buchanan-Smith, Professor of Behaviour and Evolution Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Stirling;
Mike Dennis, Research Scientist, Centre for Emergency Preparedness & Response, Health Protection Agency;
Dr John Doe, Head of Health Assessment, Syngenta;
Dr Simon Glendinning, Fellow in European Philosophy in the European Institute at the London School of Economics and Political Science;
Dr Penny Hawkins, Deputy Head, Research Animals Department, RSPCA;
Dr Peter Hunt, Biological Standards Officer, Cardiff University;
Robert Kemp, retired animal technician;
Professor Keith Kendrick, Head of Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, The Babraham Institute and Professor of Physic, Gresham College;
Professor Dawn Oliver, Professor of Constitutional Law, University College London;
Dr Ian S Peers, Director of Statistics, AstraZeneca;
Professor John Pickard, Professor of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Chairman and Clinical Director Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Director of Studies for Medical Sciences, St Catharine's College, Cambridge;
Dr Mark Prescott, Programme Manager, National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research;
Dr Kenneth Simpson, Scottish Liver Transplantation Unit, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh;
Dr David Smith, Senior Director, AstraZeneca;
Sarah Wolfensohn
Past Chairs
Sara Nathan 2006 onwards
Michael Banner 1998 to 2006.
Margaret Brazier 1993-98.
References
Website of the Animal Procedures Committee
Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, Home Office
Further reading
, Animal Procedures Committee.
"Unhappy Anniversary: Twenty years of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986", Animal Aid, retrieved July 15, 2006.
Animal testing in the United Kingdom
Animal rights
Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
Home Office (United Kingdom)
2012 disestablishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Procedures%20Committee |
James Wadsworth Symington ( ; born September 28, 1927) is an American lawyer and politician who represented Missouri from 1969 to 1977 as a four-term member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Prior to that, in the late 1960s, he served as Chief of Protocol of the United States.
Biography
Youth, family, and education
Symington, son of Stuart (U.S. senator, Missouri) and Evelyn (Wadsworth) Symington, was born on September 28, 1927, in Rochester, New York. He is the great-grandson of James Wolcott Wadsworth (U.S. Congress, New York) and grandson of James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. (U.S. Congress, New York) and great-grandson of John Hay. James attended St. Bernard's School in New York City, St. Louis Country Day School in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1945, he graduated from Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts and enlisted in the United States Marine Corps at the age of 17. He served in the Marine Corps as a private first class from 1945 to 1946. Symington earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University in 1950 where he sang as a member of the Whiffenpoofs and the Glee Club. He also joined Berzelius secret society (according to the 1950 Yale Banner). He graduated from Columbia Law School in 1954.
Early legal career and public service
After graduating from law school, Symington served for two years as Assistant City Counselor (1954–1955) for St. Louis. In 1958, Symington entered the United States Foreign Service and was posted to London as assistant to John Hay Whitney, the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom and his cousin once removed on his mother's side. He served in this role until 1960, when he returned to private practice in Washington, D.C. He served in a series of roles in government from 1961 to 1968: deputy director, Food for Peace (1961–1962); administrative assistant to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (1962–1963); director, President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency (1965–1966); consultant, President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1965–1966); and Chief of Protocol of the United States (1966–1968).
Congressional career
In 1968, Symington was elected as a Democrat to the 91st Congress to represent Missouri's 2nd Congressional District. He served four terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977. While in Congress, he served on the House Commerce Committee and the Committee on Science and Technology, chairing the subcommittees on Space Science and Applications; Science, Research & Technology; and International Cooperation.
In the 1976 election, he chose not to seek his seat for a fifth term; rather, he made an unsuccessful bid for the Democratic nomination to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by his father, who retired after serving four terms. He faced Missouri Governor Warren Hearnes and Congressman Jerry Litton in the Democratic primary. Litton won the primary but was killed when his plane crashed en route to the victory party. Hearnes was named the Democratic candidate and ultimately lost to Republican Party candidate John Danforth. At the end of his congressional term, Symington returned to the D.C.-based law firm Smathers, Symington & Herlong as a partner.
Post-congressional roles
Symington served as director of The Atlantic Council from 1986 to 2001, and as director of the Library of Congress Russian Leadership Program in 2001. In 1992, he founded the American-Russian Cultural Cooperation Foundation]], which he chaired from its inception until 2015. Symington was awarded the Order of Friendship by president Vladimir Putin in 2008. He also made occasional appearances as a singer.
Symington appeared as a commentator in the 1990 Ken Burns film The Civil War. As of 2001, he was practicing law with the law firm of Nossaman LLP/O'Connor & Hannan, where he specializes in legislative and administrative representation. Symington is also a writer. A collection of his poems, songs, and prose, A Muse 'N Washington: Beltway Ballads and Beyond , was published in 1999.
Notes
References
This article incorporates text from the U.S. government publication, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1771-Present.
Further reading
External links
James W. Symington Papers (1964–1976) at the Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-St. Louis
1927 births
Living people
United States Marines
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Deerfield Academy alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Yale University alumni
Politicians from Rochester, New York
Politicians from St. Louis
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
St. Bernard's School alumni
Lawyers from Rochester, New York
Military personnel from Rochester, New York
Wadsworth family
Chiefs of Protocol of the United States
Members of Congress who became lobbyists
Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20W.%20Symington |
A sandglass is a device for measuring time, including:
Hourglass
Marine sandglass
Egg timer
It can also refer to:
Sandglass (TV series), a 1995 Korean drama series
See also
Hourglass (disambiguation)
Sandglaz, a task management app and competitor of Astrid and Wunderlist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandglass |
The Kano Accord was preceded by the collapse of central authority in Chad in 1979, when the Prime Minister, Hissène Habré, had unleashed his militias on February 12 against the capital N'Djamena and the sitting president, Félix Malloum. To route the President's forces, Habré had allied himself with the rival warlord Goukouni Oueddei, who entered N'Djamena on February 22 at the head of his People's Armed Forces (FAP).
The situation alarmed the country's neighbours, worried of a possible spill-over; as a result, already on February 16 the Sudanese minister Izz Eldine Hamed had arrived in N'Djamena where he negotiated a ceasefire among the rival factions. The Sudanese proposed organizing a peace conference in neutral territory, and Nigeria's President Olusegun Obasanjo offered Kano, in Northern Nigeria, as seat for the conference. He also invited as observers Chad's neighbouring countries (Libya, Sudan, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Niger).
The conference started with some days of delay on March 11, with the arrival of Malloum, Habré, Goukouni and Aboubakar Abdel Rahmane. Among the four, Malloum represented the French-backed national government, Habré and Goukouni the county's biggest insurgent forces, while Aboubakar, leader of a minor insurgent group, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Chad (MPLT), could count on the support of Nigeria.
These four signed the Kano Accord on National Reconciliation on March 16, and it became effective on March 23, when Malloum and Habré formally resigned. The six points of the accord were:
The demilitarization of N'Djamena
An amnesty for all political prisoners
Dissolution of the militias
Formation of a new national army
Pull-out of French troops
Nigerian forces would supervise the ceasefire
It also projected the foundation of a Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT), which would have governed Chad till new elections. Malloum and Habré were excluded from the GUNT, but all of the four factions present at the conference would have two ministries in the Provvisional State Council that would govern in Chad till the full establishment of the GUNT. Goukouni was to be President of this Council.
The French troops, present in Chad from 1978, were to leave the country and be substituted with a multi-national African peacekeeping force under the aegis of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), represented principally by Nigerian troops.
The Kano Accord was a failure, for it offended Libyan interests by excluding pro-Libyan factions like Abba Siddick's "Original FROLINAT" and Ahmat Acyl's Volcan Army, that menaced to form a counter-government if excluded from the GUNT. This brought Nigerians to search a new accord that would include a major number of factions; and from this was to emerge the Lagos Accord, signed on August 21 in the Nigerian city of Lagos, which took the place of the Kano Accord.
See also
FROLINAT
Civil war in Chad (1965–1979)
External links
All peace agreements for Chad, UN Peacemaker
References
Chadian–Libyan War
1979 in Chad
Peace treaties of Chad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano%20Accord |
The King's Commendation for Bravery and the King's Commendation for Bravery in the Air are United Kingdom awards, open to both military personnel and civilians. They were established in 1994, when the award of the Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct and the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air were discontinued.
Criteria
The two awards are granted for bravery entailing risk to life and meriting national recognition, but not to the standard required of the King's Gallantry Medal. Classed as 'level 4' awards by the Ministry of Defence, they are the lowest level of bravery award, alongside a mention in dispatches. The awards do not give rise to post-nominal letters.
The King's Commendation for Bravery is open to both to civilians in peacetime conditions and to all ranks of the British Armed Forces for actions not in the presence of an enemy. It is denoted by a silver spray of laurel leaves.
The King's Commendation for Bravery in the Air is awarded on the same basis, but for acts of bravery in the air. It is denoted by a flying eagle in silver.
King’s Commendations can be awarded posthumously, and are not restricted to British subjects.
Manner of wear
The holder is entitled to wear the appropriate device in a similar manner to a mention in despatches. If awarded for bravery in a theatre for which a campaign medal has been granted, it is worn on the ribbon of the appropriate medal. When awarded in peacetime conditions and when no medal is issued, the emblem is worn on the uniform or coat after any medal ribbons. Recipients with no medals wear the device in the position that a single medal would be worn.
From 2003, in addition to British campaign medals, commendation and mention in despatches devices can be worn on United Nations, NATO and EU medals. Originally only one commendation or mention in dispatches emblem of each category could be worn on any one medal ribbon. In a change introduced in 2014, those with multiple awards may wear up to three of each commendation and mention in dispatch devices on a single campaign medal and ribbon bar.
Recipients
King's and Queen's Commendation awards
This table summarises the various King's and Queen's Commendations awarded by the United Kingdom:
References
Civil awards and decorations of the United Kingdom
Decorations of the Merchant Navy
Military awards and decorations of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s%20Commendation%20for%20Bravery |
Chinchilla is a rural town and locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Chinchilla had a population of 7,068 people.
Chinchilla is known as the 'Melon Capital of Australia', and plays host to a Melon Festival every second year in February.
Geography
The town is approximately west-northwest of Brisbane.
History
Indigenous
The Baranggum people lived in the region for thousands of years before British colonisation. They spoke the now extinct Barunggam language.
They appear to have had kinship ties with the neighbouring Mandandanji, Bigambul and Yiman people.
The name Chinchilla is a corruption of the Aboriginal word "tintinchilla" or "jinchilla" indicating cypress pine, possibly recorded by explorer and naturalist Ludwig Leichhardt.
British colonisation
British exploration through the region began in the 1840s, most notably with the 1844 expedition of Ludwig Leichhardt. Leichhardt named Charleys Creek (upon which the modern town of Chinchilla is located) after Charley Fisher, a Wiradjuri man who accompanied Leichhardt's group.
In 1847, British pastoralist squatter, Matthew Buscall Goggs, claimed around 37,000 acres of land along the Condamine River and Charleys Creek, calling his property Chinchilla. He fought a long war with the resident Baranggum people to take ownership. In 1849, with the help of military actions of Native Police units under Frederick Walker, Goggs was able to defeat and disperse most of the Baranggum resistance. In 1857, Goggs the sold Chinchilla property for £25,000 to the influential pastoralist and politician Gideon Lang.
The town of Chinchilla was established in 1877. As the Western railway line was extended west across the Darling Downs from Toowoomba and Dalby, a temporary construction camp was established on the banks of Charley's Creek which developed into a town.
Chinchilla Post Office opened on 3 January 1878.
Civic infrastructure and schools
Chinchilla State School opened on 22 January 1883. A secondary department was opened in 1954, closing in 1963 when Chinchilla State High School opened. The school celebrated its centenary in 1983.
Mulga Provisional School opened circa 1896. On 1 January 1909, it became Mulga State School. Between 1914 and 1915, the school operated as a half-time school, sharing a single teacher with Hill Top Provisional School (later Boonarga State School). It closed in 1915 but reopened as the full-time Mulga State School in 1917. It closed circa 1943.
Riversdale Provisional School opened in 1902. On 1 January 1909, it became Riversdale State School. It closed in 1915. It was at the south-western end of Windmill Road (approx ).
Monmouth Provisional School opened on 16 August 1904. On 1 January 1909, it became Monmouth State School.It closed in April 1921, reopening as Monmouth Provisional School in 1930. It closed circa 1946. It was at 33 Hunter Road off Monmouth Bridge Road ().
In 1911, the Queensland Railway Department built a tramway from Chinchilla to Wongongera (now Barakula) to transport railway sleepers made from logs taken from the state forest at Barakula and milled at the Barakula sawmill. The route of the Barakula tramway was based on an earlier plan to construct a railway line from Chinchilla to Taroom that was subsequently abandoned in favour of a railway line from Miles to Taroom. The tramway operated until 1970. It was a gauge tramway.
Speculation Provisional School opened in 1908 and closed circa 1915.
Park View Provisional School opened circa 1910 and closed circa 1916.
The town was part of the Shire of Chinchilla local government entity from 1912, formed after splitting from the Shire of Wambo, until 2008 when it amalgamated with the Town of Dalby and the Shires of Murilla, Tara and Wambo and the southern part of Taroom to form the Western Downs Region.
Fairy Meadow Road State School opened on 5 November 1915 and closed in 1919.
Wilga Park Provisional School and Wombo Creek Provisional School both opened on 1916 as half-time schools (meaning they shared a single teacher). Wilga Park Provisional School closed in late 1917 or early 1918. It is not known if Wombo Creek Provisional School then also closed or operated on a full-time basis. From 9 July 1919 Wombo Creek Provisional School was operating on a half-time basis with the newly opened Gunbar Provisional School. Wombo Creek and Gunbar schools both closed circa 1925/6.
Logyard Provisional School opened in 1918, closing circa 1919. Logyard State School opened circa 1941 and closed in 1959.
Sixteen Mile Creek Provisional School opened on 5 February 1918 as a half-time provisional school (possibly in conjunction with Wombo Creek Provisional School). It closed on 1936.
The Chinchilla War Memorial was originally located near the railway overpass and was unveiled on 30 January 1919 by the Queensland Governor, Hamilton Goold-Adams. In 1977, it was substantially refurbished and relocated to the Returned and Services League of Australia club and was unveiled on 17 March 1979.
Gunbar Provisional School opened on 9 July 1919 as a half-time school in conjunction with Wombo Creek Provisional School. It closed circa 1925–1926.
Colamba Provisional School opened on 14 October 1919. It closed in 1939.
Cambey Provisional School opened in 1922. It closed circa 1935.
Unity Provisional School opened on 16 November 1922. It closed in 1931.
St Joseph's Catholic School was officially opened by Archbishop James Duhig on 27 January 1923, with the school commencing operation on 29 January 1923. It was established by three Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart with an initial enrolment of 63 students. Since 1992 the school has operated under lay leadership.
The town saw a resurgence after the defeat of the prickly pear. Experimental work took place in the town to assess the success of the Cactoblastis cactorum moths in the eradication of the pest. In 1926, the first moth was released and by 1933 most of the affected land had been cleared of prickly pears.
Oak Park State School opened on 13 February 1946. It closed in 1962.
Wambo Creek State School opened on 2 April 1946. It closed in 1961.
Chinchilla State High School opened on 29 January 1963, replacing the secondary department at Chinchilla State School.
Chinchilla Christian School opened 1 January 1983. It was established by a group of local Christian parents. In 2014 it was renamed Chinchilla Christian College and in 2015 it joined the Christian Community Ministries network.
The Warwick Public Library opened in 1999 with a major refurbishment in 2012 and a minor refurbishment in 2016.
In the the locality of Chinchilla had a population of 6,612 people:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 5.8% of the population.
80.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was New Zealand at 1.6%.
84.5% of people spoke only English at home.
The most common responses for religion were Catholic 20.1%, Anglican 20.1% and No Religion 18.7%.
In 2018, Chinchilla won a national competition run by Wotif to create the Next Big Thing as a new tourist attraction. The long Big Melon was installed next to the town's information centre in November 2018.
In the , the locality of Chinchilla had a population of 7,068 people.
Heritage listings
Chinchilla has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
57 Heeney Street: Chinchilla Digger Statue
First and second Chinchilla cemeteries
Chinchilla Court House
Chinchilla Hospital Complex
Chinchilla Railway Complex
Chinchilla War Memorials (including Anzac Park and Googs Memorial)
Speculation Oil Well & Camp
Economy
Agriculture is the mainstay of the community, with beef and pork production, wool growing, and horticulture traditionally underwriting the local economy. However, with the recent resources boom, the Kogan Creek Power Station (and other coal and gas projects) have begun to inject welcome cash into the town and Chinchilla is experiencing mass growth and development. House prices in Chinchilla have boomed as a result of the need to house new workers.
The Western Downs Green Power Hub commenced construction in the Chinchilla region in July 2020. The project is located approx 20km south-east of Chinchilla in the Western Downs Region, in close proximity to a transmission line and less than 6kms from Queensland Powerlink's Western Downs Sub-station. Once operational, it is expected to be one of Australia's largest solar farms.
Education
Chinchilla State School is a government primary (Early Childhood-6) school for boys and girls at 34-40 Bell Street (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 570 students with 50 teachers (43 full-time equivalent) and 29 non-teaching staff (20 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
St Joseph's Catholic Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 74 Middle Street (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 235 students with 17 teachers (13 full-time equivalent) and 9 non-teaching staff (6 full-time equivalent).
Chinchilla Christian College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at 88 Oak Street (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 261 students with 21 teachers (16 full-time equivalent) and 16 non-teaching staff (12 full-time equivalent).
Chinchilla State High School is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at 7 Tara Road (). In 2014, the school had 524 students and 43 teachers (42 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 654 students with 62 teachers (56 full-time equivalent) and 30 non-teaching staff (23 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
The Southern Queensland Institute of TAFE annex is located in the high school grounds and works closely with local business and industries.
Leichhardt House is a hostel that provides accommodation for students from homes in remote areas.
Facilities
Chinchilla has its own hospital, with an emergency ward, maternity ward and operating theatre. It can also care for long stay patients, and has other services such as social work, child health, physiotherapy, dietician, speech therapy, occupational therapy, mental health, community health services, a women's clinic and an x-ray facility.
In town, there is also a private dental practice, along with the public dental hospital. Five general practitioners operate in the area, along with an occupational therapist, optometrist, podiatrist, physiotherapists and chiropractors.
Amenities
Chinchilla has a Cultural Centre, which includes a 700-seat auditorium, cinema and function room, outdoor patio, theatrette, plus bar and kitchen facilities. Also included in the complex are the White Gums Art Gallery and the Library.
The Cultural Centre also houses a cinema showing recently released movies.
Chinchilla White Gums Art Gallery houses a new display every month.
The Western Downs Regional Council operates a public library in Chinchilla at 80-86 Heeney Street ().
The Chinchilla branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association has its hall at 53 Heeney Street ().
Chinchilla & District Uniting Church is at 31 Middle Street ().
Trinity Lutheran Church is at 25 Sheriff Street ().
Sport
Chinchilla has a range of sports facilities and a variety of sports clubs. Chinchilla Aquatic Centre houses an indoor 25m heated pool, an outdoor 50m pool and a gymnasium. The Chinchilla Family Sports Centre provides facilities for many sports and clubs. There are also clubs and facilities for soccer (Chinchilla Bears,) touch football, rugby league, cricket, tennis, squash, motocross, gymnastics, indoor netball, taekwondo, football and lawn bowls. A fishing club, Pony Club, and shooting range also operate in the area. In addition, there are Polocrosse grounds, a race track, and 9 hole golf course. A Multipurpose Sports Centre Stadium is currently being developed.
Media
Rebel FM 97.1 (formerly Sun FM) was Chinchilla's first commercial FM radio station. Rebel FM has a new rock & classic rock music format. Rebel FM's sister station, The Breeze broadcasts on 95.5 FM with an easy adult contemporary & classic hits format. Both stations are part of the Gold Coast-based Rebel Media Group which operates a radio network that reaches the Gold Coast and South Brisbane to many centres throughout regional and outback Queensland.
Chinchilla News and Murilla Advertiser is the local newspaper. The publication transitioned to digital only in June 2020 prior to that it was published every Thursday.
Attractions
Chinchilla is one of the towns located on the Warrego Highway, which is a main highway leading out west to Charleville, and a popular tourist route. The mainstays of Chinchilla's tourism industry are the Historical Museum, fishing and fossicking for petrified wood. 'Chinchilla Red' petrified wood is unique to the area, and known for its colour and quality. The Chinchilla White Gum (Eucalyptus argophloia) is also unique to the area, and can be seen on some of the tourist drives which are marked around the region.
An accredited Visitor Information Center is located on the Highway.
Events
The Chinchilla Grandfather Clock Campdraft is a major event held every October, where entrants compete for the Grandfather Clock prize. Chinchilla also hosts horse races four times a year.
Chinchilla Melon Festival
As Chinchilla produces 25% of Australia's melons (including watermelon, rockmelon and honeydew), the first Chinchilla Melon Festival was held in 1994 by local producers and businessmen, to lift the town's spirits after the severe drought experienced in the early 1990s. Estimated numbers at the first Festival were approximately 2,500 which grew to an estimate that there were 10,000 visitors on the main day of the 2011 festival.
In 2009, the Melon Festival won the Queensland Regional Achievement and Community Award for Tourism Event.
The Festival features interactive and unique events, such as Melon Skiing, Melon Bungee, Melon Bullseye, Melon Ironman, Melon Chariot, a pip spitting competition, and melon eating races. A special event held in 2009 saw John Allwood secure the Guinness World Record of Melon Head Smashing - cracking open as many watermelons as possible using only the head. Currently his record is 47 melons in a minute.
Transport
Chinchilla is connected to Brisbane, Toowoomba and Roma by the Warrego Highway.
Greyhound Australia operates bus services daily between Brisbane and Miles via Chinchilla. Bus Queensland operates 2-3 daily bus services between Brisbane and Mount Isa via Longreach and Charleville, and three buses a week between Toowoomba and Rockhampton, along the Dawson Highway. Murrays Coaches also operates a daily service to and from Brisbane.
The Westlander train also comes through Chinchilla twice a week, on its way between Brisbane and Charleville.
As it is a small town, there is no public transport (besides a taxi), although many coal and gas companies run contracted buses out to their sites.
Notable locals
John Gleeson, rugby league player, went on to captain Queensland and play for the Australia national rugby league team in the 1960s.
David Littleproud, Leader of the National Party (2022–present)
George Miller, film producer
Pete Murray, Australian folk/country singer, grew up in Chinchilla.
Dean Ray, singer/performer
Nathan Reardon, cricketer
Gerard Rennick, Senator for Queensland
Ben Ross, rugby league player
References
External links
Towns in Queensland
Towns in the Darling Downs
Populated places established in 1877
1877 establishments in Australia
Western Downs Region
Localities in Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla%2C%20Queensland |
Intrastat is the system for collecting information and producing statistics on the trade in goods between countries of the European Union (EU). It began operation on 1 January 1993, when it replaced customs declarations as the source of trade statistics within the EU. The requirements of Intrastat are similar in all member states of the EU, although there are important exceptions.
Motivation
Trade statistics are an essential part of a country's balance of payments account and are regarded as an important economic indicator of the performance of any country. Export data in particular can be used as an indicator of the state of a country's manufacturing industries as a whole. The statistics are used by government departments to help set overall trade policy and generate initiatives on new trade areas. The volume of goods moving is also assessed to allow the planning of future transport infrastructure needs. Intrastat is also being used as a tool against VAT fraud, permitting the comparison between Intrastat and VAT declarations, for example in the UK and in Italy (as suggested by rules governing Intrastat in that country).
The commercial world uses the statistics to assess markets within the country (e.g. to gauge how imports are penetrating the market) and externally (e.g. to establish new markets for their goods).
In addition, the statistics are passed on to European and International bodies such as Eurostat (the Statistical Office of the European Communities), the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund.
Intrastat data forms an integral part of these statistics and therefore it is important that the data submitted be of a high quality.
Practicalities
Each member country establishes an annual threshold value below which a business is not required to file Intrastat forms. The reporting thresholds vary from country to country and, within one country, may be different for dispatches (exports) and arrivals (imports). For the eurozone countries excluding Italy, thresholds for 2013 average 316,000 and 422,000 euro for arrivals (imports) and dispatches (exports), respectively. As established by Regulation (EC) No 222/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009, the current thresholds are designed to cover 97% of dispatches and 95% of arrivals. This regulation raised thresholds with the purpose of reducing the statistical and, hence, financial burden on small operators. According to an EU Memo of 2013, the increased thresholds reduced the number of reporting enterprises by one third and saved them 134 million euro.
Italy is the only EU country to set no thresholds, so all operators (excluding only new, young entrepreneurs in a facilitated tax regime) must file Intrastat forms.
For the Intrastat system, the customs authorities provide the national authorities with statistics on dispatches and arrivals of goods. Member states
then transmit their data to Eurostat on a monthly basis, generally within 40 days. The national authorities collect the following data:
the identification number allocated to the party responsible for providing information;
the reference period;
the flow (arrival, dispatch);
the commodity;
the value of the goods;
the quantity of the goods;
the partner Member State;
the nature of the transaction.
Since 2010, Intrastat reporting also applies to services in both Italy
and France. The collection of data on the intracommunity trade in services is not a part of the European Intrastat system, but is instead required by the EU VAT Directive. So, in these two countries, Intrastat forms replace EC Sales lists.
Specifically concerning the commodity codes according to the Combined Nomenclature (CN), it needs to be acknowledged that although the CN is revised annually and published as a Commission Regulation in the EU Official Journal in October of the preceding year, the Member States have the right to collect more detailed information such as a more detailed commodity code by adding another digit to the end of the EU level 8 digit CN code (Article 9(2) of regulation 638/2004).
References
External links
UK BusinessLink, Introduction to Intrastat and Guide Lines.
Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff, for the latest version see the amendments
CN regulation for CN2010, List of Intrastat Codes
Unofficial, legally non-binding Intrastat database (DB) versions of CN2010, List of Intrastat Codes
Unofficial, legally non-binding transposition tables from one year to another, like CN2007-CN2008, Tables
Intrastat database (Combined Nomenclature) multilingual full-text search engine .
International trade
Economy of the European Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrastat |
The eastern theater of the American Civil War consisted of the major military and naval operations in the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, and the coastal fortifications and seaports of North Carolina (Operations in the interior of the Carolinas in 1865 are considered part of the western theater, while the other coastal areas along the Atlantic Ocean are included in the lower seaboard theater.).
The eastern theater was the venue for several major campaigns launched by the Union Army of the Potomac to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia; many of these were frustrated by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by General Robert E. Lee. President Abraham Lincoln sought a general to match Lee's boldness, appointing in turn Maj. Gens. Irvin McDowell, George B. McClellan, John Pope, Ambrose Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George G. Meade to command his principal eastern armies. While Meade gained a decisive victory over Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, it was not until newly appointed general-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant arrived from the western theater in 1864 to take personal control of operations in Virginia that Union forces were able to capture Richmond, but only after several bloody battles of the Overland Campaign and a nine-month siege near the cities of Petersburg and Richmond. The surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox Court House in April 1865 brought major operations in the area to a close.
While many of the campaigns and battles were fought in the region of Virginia between Washington, D.C., and Richmond, there were other major campaigns fought nearby. The Western Virginia Campaign of 1861 secured Union control over the western counties of Virginia, which would be formed into the new state of West Virginia. Confederate coastal areas and ports were seized in southeastern Virginia and North Carolina. The Shenandoah Valley was marked by frequent clashes in 1862, 1863, and 1864. Lee launched two unsuccessful invasions of Union territory in hopes of influencing Northern opinion to end the war. In the fall of 1862, Lee followed his successful Northern Virginia Campaign with his first invasion, the Maryland Campaign, which culminated in his strategic defeat in the Battle of Antietam. In the summer of 1863, Lee's second invasion, the Gettysburg Campaign, reached into Pennsylvania, farther north than any other major Confederate army. Following a Confederate attack on Washington, D.C., itself in 1864, Union forces commanded by Philip H. Sheridan launched a campaign in the Shenandoah Valley, which cost the Confederacy control over a major food supply for Lee's army.
Theater of operations
The eastern theater included the campaigns that are generally most famous in the history of the war, if not for their strategic significance, then for their proximity to the large population centers, major newspapers, and the capital cities of the opposing parties. The imaginations of both Northerners and Southerners were captured by the epic struggles between the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, under Robert E. Lee, and the Union Army of the Potomac, under a series of less successful commanders. The bloodiest battle of the war (Gettysburg) and the bloodiest single day of the war (Antietam) were both fought in this theater. The capitals of Washington, D.C., and Richmond were both attacked or besieged. It has been argued that the western theater was more strategically important in defeating the Confederacy, but it is inconceivable that the civilian populations of both sides could have considered the war to be at an end without the resolution of Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865.
The theater was bounded by the Appalachian Mountains to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. By far, the majority of battles occurred in the 100 miles between the cities of Washington and Richmond. This terrain favored the Confederate defenders because a series of rivers ran primarily west to east, making them obstacles rather than avenues of approach and lines of communication for the Union invaders. This was quite different from the early years of the Western theater, and since the Union Army had to rely solely on the primitive road system of the era for its primary transportation, it limited winter campaigning for both sides. The Union advantage was control of the sea and major rivers, which would allow an army that stayed close to the ocean to be reinforced and supplied.
The campaign classification established by the United States National Park Service (NPS) is more fine-grained than the one used in this article. Some minor NPS campaigns have been omitted and some have been combined into larger categories. Only a few of the 160 battles the NPS classifies for this theater are described. Boxed text in the right margin show the NPS campaigns associated with each section.
Principal commanders of the eastern theater
Early operations (1861)
After the fall of Fort Sumter in April 1861, both sides scrambled to create armies. President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion, which immediately caused the secession of four additional states, including Virginia. The United States Army had only around 16,000 men, with more than half spread out in the West. The army was commanded by the elderly Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott, veteran of the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War. On the Confederate side, only a handful of Federal officers and men resigned and joined the Confederacy; the formation of the Confederate States Army was a matter initially undertaken by the individual states. (The decentralized nature of the Confederate defenses, encouraged by the states' distrust of a strong central government, was one of the disadvantages suffered by the South during the war.)
Some of the first hostilities occurred in western Virginia (now the state of West Virginia). Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, commanding the Department of the Ohio, ordered troops to march from Grafton and attack the Confederates under Col. George A. Porterfield. The skirmish on June 3, 1861, known as the Battle of Philippi, or the "Philippi Races", was the first land battle of the Civil War. His victory at the Battle of Rich Mountain in July was instrumental in his promotion that fall to command the Army of the Potomac. As the campaign continued through a series of minor battles, General Robert E. Lee, who, despite his excellent reputation as a former U.S. Army colonel, had no combat command experience, gave a lackluster performance that earned him the derogatory nickname "Granny Lee". He was soon transferred to the Carolinas to construct fortifications. The Union victory in this campaign enabled the creation of the state of West Virginia in 1863.
The first significant battle of the war took place in eastern Virginia on June 10. Union Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler, based at Fort Monroe, sent converging columns from Hampton and Newport News against advanced Confederate outposts. At the Battle of Big Bethel, near Fort Monroe, Colonel John B. Magruder won the first Confederate victory.
First Bull Run (First Manassas)
In early summer, the commander of Union field forces around Washington was Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, an inexperienced combat officer in command of volunteer soldiers with even less experience. Many of them had enlisted for only 90 days, a period soon to expire. McDowell was pressured by politicians and major newspapers in the North to take immediate action, exhorting him "On to Richmond!" His plan was to march with 35,000 men and attack the 20,000 Confederates under Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard at Manassas. The second major Confederate force in the area, 12,000 men under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley, was to be held in place by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson with 18,000 men menacing Harpers Ferry, preventing the two Confederate armies from combining against McDowell.
On July 21, McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia executed a complex turning movement against Beauregard's Confederate Army of the Potomac (Confederate), beginning the First Battle of Bull Run (also known as First Manassas). Although the Union troops enjoyed an early advantage and drove the Confederate left flank back, the battle advantage turned that afternoon. Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson inspired his Virginia brigade to withstand a strong Union attack, and he received his famous nickname, "Stonewall" Jackson. Timely reinforcements arrived by railroad from Johnston's army; Patterson had been ineffective in keeping them occupied. The inexperienced Union soldiers began to fall back, and it turned into a panicky retreat, with many running almost as far as Washington, D.C. Civilian and political observers, some of whom had treated the battle as festive entertainment, were caught up in the panic. The army returned safely to Washington; Beauregard's army was too tired and inexperienced to launch a pursuit. The Union defeat at First Bull Run shocked the North, and a new sense of grim determination swept the United States as military and civilians alike realized that they would need to invest significant money and manpower to win a protracted, bloody war.
George B. McClellan was summoned east in August to command the newly forming Army of the Potomac, which would become the principal army of the eastern theater. As a former railroad executive, he possessed outstanding organizational skills well-suited to the tasks of training and administration. He was also strongly ambitious, and by November 1, he had maneuvered around Winfield Scott and was named general-in-chief of all the Union armies, despite the embarrassing defeat of an expedition he sent up the Potomac River at the Battle of Balls Bluff in October.
North Carolina coast (1861–65)
North Carolina was an important area to the Confederacy because of the vital seaport of Wilmington and because the Outer Banks were valuable bases for ships attempting to evade the Union blockade. Benjamin Butler sailed from Fort Monroe and captured the batteries at Hatteras Inlet in August 1861. In February 1862, Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside organized an amphibious expedition, also from Fort Monroe, that captured Roanoke Island, a little-known but important Union strategic victory. The Goldsboro Expedition in late 1862 marched briefly inland from the coast to destroy railroad tracks and bridges.
The remainder of operations on the North Carolina coast began in late 1864, with Benjamin Butler's and David D. Porter's failed attempt to capture Fort Fisher, which guarded the seaport of Wilmington. Union forces at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher, led by Alfred H. Terry, Adelbert Ames, and Porter, in January 1865, were successful in defeating Gen. Braxton Bragg, and Wilmington fell in February. During this period, the western theater armies of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman were marching up the interior of the Carolinas, where they eventually forced the surrender of the largest remaining Confederate field army, under Joseph E. Johnston, on April 26, 1865.
The Valley (1862)
In the spring of 1862, Confederate exuberance over First Bull Run declined quickly, following the early successes of the Union armies in the western theater, such as Fort Donelson and Shiloh. George B. McClellan's massive Army of the Potomac was approaching Richmond from the southeast in the Peninsula Campaign, Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's large corps was poised to hit Richmond from the north, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's army threatened the rich agricultural area of the Shenandoah Valley. For relief, Confederate authorities turned to Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, who earned his nickname at First Bull Run. His command, officially called the Valley District of the Department of Northern Virginia, included the Stonewall Brigade, a variety of Valley militia units, and the Army of the Northwest. While Banks remained north of the Potomac River, Jackson's cavalry commander, Col. Turner Ashby of the 7th Virginia Cavalry, raided the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Banks reacted by crossing the Potomac in late February and moving south to protect the canal and railroad from Ashby. Jackson's command was operating as the left wing of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army, and when Johnston moved from Manassas to Culpeper in March, Jackson's position at Winchester was isolated. On March 12, Banks continued his advance to the southwest ("up the Valley") and occupied Winchester. Jackson had withdrawn to Strasburg. Banks's orders, as part of McClellan's overall strategy, were to move farther south and drive Jackson from the Valley. After accomplishing this, he was to withdraw to a position nearer Washington. A strong advance force began the movement south from Winchester on March 17, about the same time that McClellan began his amphibious movement to the Virginia Peninsula.
Jackson's orders from Johnston were to avoid general combat because he was seriously outnumbered, but at the same time he was to keep Banks occupied enough to prevent the detachment of troops to reinforce McClellan on the Peninsula. Receiving incorrect intelligence, Banks concluded that Jackson had left the Valley, and he proceeded to move east, back to the vicinity of Washington. Jackson was dismayed at this movement because Banks was doing exactly what Jackson had been directed to prevent. When Ashby reported that only a few infantry regiments and some artillery of Banks's corps remained at Winchester, Jackson decided to attack the Union detachment in an attempt to force the remainder of Banks's corps to return. But Ashby's information was incorrect; actually, an entire Union division was still stationed in the town. At the First Battle of Kernstown (March 23, 1862), fought a few miles south of Winchester, the Federals stopped Jackson's advance and then counterattacked, turning his left flank and forcing him to retreat. Although a tactical defeat for Jackson, his only defeat during the campaign, it was a strategic victory for the Confederacy, forcing President Lincoln to keep Banks's forces in the Valley and McDowell's 30,000-man corps near Fredericksburg, subtracting about 50,000 soldiers from McClellan's Peninsula invasion force.
The Union reorganized after Kernstown: McDowell's command became the Department of the Rappahannock, Banks's corps became the Department of the Shenandoah, while western Virginia (modern West Virginia) became the Mountain Department, commanded by Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont. All three commands, which reported directly to Washington, were ordered to remove Jackson's force as a threat to Washington. The Confederate authorities meanwhile detached Richard S. Ewell's division from Johnston's army and sent it to the Valley. Jackson, now reinforced to 17,000 men, decided to attack the Union forces individually rather than waiting for them to combine and overwhelm him, first concentrating on a column from the Mountain Department commanded by Robert Milroy. While marching on a devious route to mask his intentions, he was attacked by Milroy at the Battle of McDowell on May 8 but was able to repulse the Union army after severe fighting. Banks sent a division to reinforce Irvin McDowell's forces at Fredericksburg, leaving Banks only 8,000 troops, which he relocated to a strong position at Strasburg, Virginia.Cozzens, pp. 228–229, 243, 255–257.
After Frémont's forces halted their advance into the Valley following McDowell, Jackson next turned to defeating Banks. On May 21, Jackson marched his command east from New Market and proceeded northward. Their speed of forced marching was typical of the campaign and earned his infantrymen the nickname of "Jackson's foot cavalry". He sent his horse cavalry directly north to make Banks think that he was going to attack Strasburg, but his plan was to defeat the small outpost at Front Royal and quickly attack Banks's line of communication at Harpers Ferry. On May 23, at the Battle of Front Royal, Jackson's army surprised and overran the pickets of the 1,000-man Union garrison, capturing nearly 700 of the garrison while suffering fewer than forty casualties himself. Jackson's victory forced Banks from Strasburg into a rapid retreat towards Winchester. Although Jackson attempted to pursue, his troops were exhausted and looted Union supply trains, slowing them down immensely. On May 25, at the First Battle of Winchester, Banks's army was attacked by converging Confederate columns and was soundly defeated, losing over 1,300 casualties and much of his supplies (including 9,000 small arms, a half million rounds of ammunition, and several tons of supplies); they withdrew north across the Potomac River. Jackson attempted pursuit but was unsuccessful, due to looting by Ashby's cavalry and the exhaustion of his infantry; after a few days of rest, he followed Banks's forces as far as Harpers Ferry, where he skirmished with the Union garrison.
In Washington, President Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton decided that the defeat of Jackson was an immediate priority (even though Jackson's orders were solely to keep Union forces occupied away from Richmond). They ordered Irvin McDowell to send 20,000 men to Front Royal and Frémont to move to Harrisonburg. If both forces could converge at Strasburg, Jackson's only escape route up the Valley would be cut. The immediate repercussion of this move was to abort McDowell's coordinated attack with McClellan on Richmond. Starting on May 29, while two columns of Union forces pursued him, Jackson started pushing his army in a forced march southward to escape the pincer movements, marching forty miles in thirty-six hours. His army took up defensive positions in Cross Keys and Port Republic, where he was able to defeat Frémont and James Shields (from McDowell's command), respectively, on June 8 and June 9.
Following these engagements, Union forces were withdrawn from the Valley. Jackson joined Robert E. Lee on the Peninsula for the Seven Days Battles (where he delivered an uncharacteristically lethargic performance, perhaps because of the strains of the Valley Campaign). He had accomplished his mission, withholding over 50,000 needed troops from McClellan. With the success of his Valley Campaign, Stonewall Jackson became the most celebrated soldier in the Confederacy (until he was eventually eclipsed by Lee) and lifted the morale of the public. In a classic military campaign of surprise and maneuver, he pressed his army to travel 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days of marching and won five significant victories with a force of about 17,000 against combined foes of 60,000.
Peninsula Campaign (1862)
George B. McClellan spent the winter of 1861–62 training his new Army of the Potomac and fighting off calls from President Lincoln to advance against the Confederates. Lincoln was particularly concerned about the army of General Joseph E. Johnston at Centreville, just 30 miles (50 km) from Washington. McClellan overestimated Johnston's strength and shifted his objective from that army to the Confederate capital of Richmond. He proposed to move by water to Urbanna on the Rappahannock River and then overland to Richmond before Johnston could move to block him. Although Lincoln favored the overland approach because it would shield Washington from any attack while the operation was in progress, McClellan argued that the road conditions in Virginia were intolerable, that he had arranged adequate defenses for the capital, and that Johnston would certainly follow him if he moved on Richmond. This plan was discussed for three months in the capital until Lincoln approved McClellan's proposal in early March. By March 9, however, Johnston withdrew his army from Centreville to Culpeper, making McClellan's Urbanna plan impracticable. McClellan then proposed to sail to Fort Monroe and then up the Virginia Peninsula (the narrow strip of land between the James and York rivers) to Richmond. Lincoln reluctantly agreed.
Before departing for the Peninsula, McClellan moved the Army of the Potomac to Centreville on a "shakedown" march. He discovered there how weak Johnston's force and position had really been, and he faced mounting criticism. On March 11, Lincoln relieved McClellan of his position as general-in-chief of the Union armies so that he could devote his full attention to the difficult campaign ahead of him. Lincoln himself, with the assistance of Secretary of War Stanton and a War Board of officers, assumed command of the Union armies for the next four months. The Army of the Potomac began to embark for Fort Monroe on March 17. The departure was accompanied by a newfound sense of concern. The first combat of ironclad ships occurred on March 8 and March 9 as the CSS Virginia and the USS Monitor fought the inconclusive Battle of Hampton Roads. The concern for the Army was that their transport ships would be attacked by this new weapon directly in their path. And the U.S. Navy failed to assure McClellan that they could protect operations on either the James or the York, so his idea of amphibiously enveloping Yorktown was abandoned, and he ordered an advance up the Peninsula to begin April 4. On April 5, McClellan was informed that Lincoln had canceled the movement of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's corps to Fort Monroe, taking this action because McClellan had failed to leave the number of troops previously agreed upon at Washington, and because Jackson's Valley Campaign was causing concern. McClellan protested vociferously that he was being forced to lead a major campaign without his promised resources, but he moved ahead anyway.
Up the Peninsula
The Union forces advanced to Yorktown, but halted when McClellan found that the Confederate fortifications extended across the Peninsula instead of being limited to Yorktown as he had expected. After a delay of about a month building up siege resources, constructing trenches and siege batteries, and conducting a couple of minor skirmishes testing the line, the Siege of Yorktown was ready to commence. However, Johnston concluded that the Confederate defenses were too weak to hold off a Union assault and he organized a withdrawal during the night of May 3–4. During the campaign, the Union Army also seized Hampton Roads and occupied Norfolk. As the Union forces chased withdrawing Confederate forces up the Peninsula (northwest) in the direction of Richmond, the inconclusive single-day Battle of Williamsburg took place at and around Fort Magruder, one mile (1.5 km) east of the old colonial capital.
By the end of May, the Union forces had successfully advanced to within several miles of Richmond, but progress was slow. McClellan had planned for massive siege operations and brought immense stores of equipment and siege mortars but poor weather and inadequate roads kept his advance to a crawl. And McClellan was by nature a cautious general; he was nervous about attacking a force he believed was twice his in size. In fact, his imagination and his intelligence operations failed him; the proportions were roughly the reverse. During Johnston's slow retreat up the Peninsula, his forces practiced deceptive operations. In particular, the division under John B. Magruder, who was an amateur actor before the war, was able to fool McClellan by ostentatiously marching small numbers of troops past the same position multiple times, appearing to be a larger force.
As the Union Army drew towards the outer defenses of Richmond, it became divided by the Chickahominy River, weakening its ability to move troops back and forth along the front. McClellan kept most of his army north of the river, expecting McDowell to march from northern Virginia; only two Union corps (IV and III) were south of the river. Pressured by Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his military advisor Robert E. Lee, Johnston decided to attack the smaller Union force south of the river, hoping that the flooded Chickahominy, swollen from recent heavy rains, would prevent McClellan from moving to the southern bank. The Battle of Seven Pines (also known as the Battle of Fair Oaks), fought on May 31 – June 1, 1862, failed to follow Johnston's plan, due to faulty maps, uncoordinated Confederate attacks, and Union reinforcements, which were able to cross the river despite the flooding. The battle was tactically inconclusive, but there were two strategic effects. First, Johnston was wounded during the battle and was replaced by the more aggressive General Robert E. Lee, who would lead this Army of Northern Virginia to many victories in the war. Second, General McClellan chose to abandon his offensive operations to lay siege and await reinforcements he had requested from President Lincoln; as a consequence, he never regained his strategic momentum.
Lee used the month-long pause in McClellan's advance to fortify the defenses of Richmond and extended the works south of the James River to a point below Petersburg; the total length of the new defensive line was about 30 miles (50 km). To buy time to complete the new defensive line and prepare for an offensive, Lee repeated the tactic of making a small number of troops seem more numerous than they really were. Lee also sent Brig. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry brigade completely around the Union army (June 13–15) in order to ascertain if the Union right flank was in the air. In addition, Lee ordered Jackson to bring his force to the Peninsula as reinforcements. Meanwhile, McClellan shifted most of his forces south of the Chickahominy, leaving only Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter's V Corps north of the river.
Seven Days
Lee then moved onto the offensive, conducting a series of battles that lasted seven days (June 25 – July 1) and pushed McClellan back to a safe but nonthreatening position on the James River. McClellan actually struck first on June 25 at the Battle of Oak Grove, during which two Union divisions attempted to seize ground on which McClellan planned to build siege batteries. McClellan planned to attack again the next day but was distracted by the Confederate attack at Mechanicsville or Beaver Dam Creek, on June 26. Lee observed that McClellan had positioned his army straddling the Chickahominy River and could be defeated in detail. He planned for the division of A.P. Hill to demonstrate in Porter's front while Jackson marched behind the Union positions and attacked from the rear. However, Jackson was late in arriving to his assigned position, while Hill started his attack without waiting for Jackson and was repulsed with heavy casualties. Despite being a Union tactical victory, McClellan still ordered Porter to retreat south towards the rest of the Union army, fearing that Porter would be surrounded by vastly superior Confederate forces by morning. Porter set up defensive lines near Gaines's Mill, covering the bridges over the Chickahominy.
Lee continued his offensive at the Battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27, launching the largest Confederate attack of the war against Porter's line. (It occurred in almost the same location as the 1864 Battle of Cold Harbor and had similar numbers of casualties.) The attack was poorly coordinated, and the Union lines held for most of the day, but Lee eventually broke through and McClellan withdrew again, heading for a secure base at Harrison's Landing on the James River.
The next two days saw minor battles at Garnett's and Golding's Farm and Savage's Station, as McClellan continued his withdraw and Lee attempted to cut off the Union retreat. The Battle of Glendale on June 30 was a bloody battle in which three Confederate divisions converged on the retreating Union forces in the White Oak Swamp, near Frayser's Farm, another name for the battle. Because of a lackluster performance by Stonewall Jackson, Lee's army failed in its last attempt to cut off the Union army before it reached the James.
The final battle of the Seven Days, July 1, consisted of uncoordinated Confederate assaults against the Union defenses—buttressed by artillery placements and the naval guns of the Union James River squadron—on Malvern Hill. McClellan was absent from the battlefield, instead remaining on the gunboat Galena; the Union corps commanders cooperated in selecting the positions for their troops but none of them exercised overall field command. Lee's army suffered over 5,600 casualties in this effort, compared to only 3,000 Union casualties. Although the Union corps commanders felt that they could hold the field against further Confederate attacks, McClellan ordered the army to retreat back to Harrison's Landing.
Malvern Hill signaled the end of both the Seven Days Battles and the Peninsula Campaign. The Army of the Potomac withdrew to the safety of the James River, protected by fire from Union gunboats, and stayed there until August, when they were withdrawn by order of President Lincoln in the run-up to the Second Battle of Bull Run. Although McClellan retained command of the Army of the Potomac, Lincoln showed his displeasure by appointing Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck to McClellan's previous position as general-in-chief of all the Union armies on July 11, 1862.
The cost to both sides was high. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia suffered almost 20,000 casualties out of a total of over 90,000 soldiers during the Seven Days, McClellan almost 16,000 out of 105,445. After a successful start on the Peninsula that foretold an early end to the war, Northern morale was crushed by McClellan's retreat. Despite heavy casualties and Lee's clumsy tactical performance, Confederate morale skyrocketed, and Lee was emboldened to continue his aggressive strategy through Northern Virginia and Maryland Campaigns.
Northern Virginia and Maryland (1862)
Following his success against McClellan on the Peninsula, Lee initiated two campaigns that can be considered one almost continuous offensive operation: defeating the second army that threatened Richmond and then continuing north on an invasion of Maryland.
Army of Virginia
President Lincoln reacted to McClellan's failure by appointing John Pope to command the newly formed Army of Virginia. Pope had achieved some success in the western theater, and Lincoln sought a more aggressive general than McClellan. The Army of Virginia consisted of over 50,000 men in three corps. Three corps of McClellan's Army of the Potomac later were added for combat operations. Two cavalry brigades were attached directly to two of the infantry corps, which presented a lack of centralized control that had negative effects in the campaign. Pope's mission was to fulfill two objectives: protect Washington and the Shenandoah Valley, and draw Confederate forces away from McClellan by moving in the direction of Gordonsville. Pope started on the latter by dispatching cavalry to break the railroad connecting Gordonsville, Charlottesville, and Lynchburg. The cavalry got off to a slow start and found that Stonewall Jackson had occupied Gordonsville with over 14,000 men.
Lee perceived that McClellan was no longer a threat to him on the Peninsula, so he felt no compulsion to keep all of his forces in direct defense of Richmond. This allowed him to relocate Jackson to Gordonsville to block Pope and protect the railroad. Lee had larger plans in mind. Since the Union Army was split between McClellan and Pope and they were widely separated, Lee saw an opening to destroy Pope before returning his attention to McClellan. Believing that Ambrose Burnside's troops from North Carolina were being shipped to reinforce Pope, and wanting to take immediate action before those troops were in position, Lee committed Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to join Jackson with 12,000 men, while distracting McClellan to keep him immobilized.
On July 29, Pope moved some of his forces to a position near Cedar Mountain, from whence he could launch raids on Gordonsville. Jackson advanced to Culpeper on August 7, hoping to attack one of Pope's corps before the rest of the army could be concentrated. On August 9, Nathaniel Banks's corps attacked Jackson at Cedar Mountain, gaining an early advantage. A Confederate counterattack led by A.P. Hill drove Banks back across Cedar Creek. By now Jackson had learned that Pope's corps were all together, foiling his plan of defeating each in separate actions. He remained in position until August 12, when he withdrew to Gordonsville.
On August 13, Lee sent Maj. Gen. James Longstreet to reinforce Jackson and on the following day sent all of his remaining forces except for two brigades, after he was certain that McClellan was leaving the Peninsula. Lee himself arrived at Gordonsville to take command on August 15. His plan was to defeat Pope before McClellan's army could arrive to reinforce it by cutting bridges in Pope's rear and then attacking his left flank and rear. Pope spoiled Lee's plans by withdrawing to the line of the Rappahannock River; he was aware of Lee's plan because a Union cavalry raid captured a copy of the written order.
A series of skirmishes between August 22 and August 25 kept the attention of Pope's army along the river. By August 25, three corps from the Army of the Potomac had arrived from the Peninsula to reinforce Pope. Lee's new plan in the face of all these additional forces outnumbering him was to send Jackson and Stuart with half of the army on a flanking march to cut Pope's line of communication, the Orange & Alexandria Railroad. Pope would be forced to retreat and could be defeated while moving and vulnerable.
On the evening of August 26, after passing around Pope's right flank, Jackson's wing of the army struck the railroad at Bristoe Station and before daybreak August 27 marched to capture and destroy the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction. This surprise movement forced Pope to leave his defensive line along the Rappahannock and move toward Manassas Junction in the hopes of crushing Jackson's wing before the rest of Lee's army could reunite with it. During the night of August 27–28, Jackson marched his divisions north to the First Bull Run (Manassas) battlefield, where he took position behind an unfinished railroad grade. Longstreet's wing of the army marched through the Thoroughfare Gap to join Jackson, uniting the two wings of Lee's army.
Second Bull Run
In order to draw Pope's army into battle, Jackson ordered an attack on a Federal column that was passing across his front on August 28, beginning the Second Battle of Bull Run, the decisive battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign. The fighting lasted several hours and resulted in a stalemate. Pope became convinced that he had trapped Jackson and concentrated the bulk of his army against him. On August 29, Pope launched a series of assaults against Jackson's position along the unfinished railroad grade. The attacks were repulsed with heavy casualties on both sides. At noon, Longstreet arrived on the field and took position on Jackson's right flank. On August 30, Pope renewed his attacks, seemingly unaware that Longstreet was on the field. When massed Confederate artillery devastated a Union assault, Longstreet's wing of 28,000 men counterattacked in the largest simultaneous mass assault of the war. The Union left flank was crushed and the army driven back to Bull Run. Only an effective Union rearguard action prevented a replay of the First Bull Run disaster. Pope's retreat to Centreville was precipitous, nonetheless. The next day, Lee ordered his army in pursuit.
Making a wide flanking march, Jackson hoped to cut off the Union retreat. On September 1, Jackson sent his divisions against two Union divisions in the Battle of Chantilly. Confederate attacks were stopped by fierce fighting during a severe thunderstorm; both Union division commanders, Isaac Stevens and Philip Kearny, were killed during the fighting. Recognizing that his army was still in danger, Pope ordered the retreat to continue to Washington.
Invasion of Maryland
Lee decided that his army, despite taking heavy losses during the spring and summer, was ready for a great challenge: an invasion of the North. His goal was to penetrate the major Northern states of Maryland and Pennsylvania and cut off the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad line that supplied Washington. He also needed to supply his army and knew the farms of the North had been untouched by war, unlike those in Virginia. And he wished to lower Northern morale, believing that an invading army wreaking havoc inside the North might force Lincoln to negotiate an end to the war, particularly if he would be able to incite an uprising in the slave-holding state of Maryland.
The Army of Northern Virginia crossed the Potomac River and reached Frederick, Maryland, on September 6. Lee's specific goals were thought to be an advance towards Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, cutting the east–west railroad links to the Northeast, followed by operations against one of the major eastern cities, such as Philadelphia. News of the invasion caused panic in the North, and Lincoln was forced to take quick action. George B. McClellan had been in military limbo since returning from the Peninsula, but Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington and ordered him to deal with Lee.
Lee divided his army. Longstreet was sent to Hagerstown, while Jackson was ordered to seize the Union arsenal at Harpers Ferry, which commanded Lee's supply lines through the Shenandoah Valley; it was also a tempting target, virtually indefensible. McClellan requested permission from Washington to evacuate Harpers Ferry and attach its garrison to his army, but his request was refused. In the Battle of Harpers Ferry, Jackson placed artillery on the heights overlooking the town, forcing the surrender of the garrison of more than 12,000 men on September 15. Jackson led most of his soldiers to join the rest of Lee's army, leaving A.P. Hill's division to complete the occupation of the town.
McClellan moved out of Washington with his 87,000-man army in a slow pursuit, reaching Frederick on September 13. There, two Union soldiers discovered a mislaid copy of the detailed campaign plans of Lee's army—General Order Number 191—wrapped around three cigars. The order indicated that Lee had divided his army and dispersed portions geographically, thus making each subject to isolation and defeat in detail. McClellan waited 18 hours before deciding to take advantage of this intelligence, a delay that almost squandered his opportunity. That night, the Army of the Potomac moved toward South Mountain where elements of the Army of Northern Virginia waited in defense of the mountain passes. At the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, the Confederate defenders were driven back by the numerically superior Union forces, and McClellan was in a position to destroy Lee's army before it could concentrate.
Lee, seeing McClellan's uncharacteristic aggression, and learning through a Confederate sympathizer that his order had been compromised, frantically moved to concentrate his army. He chose not to abandon his invasion and return to Virginia yet, because Jackson had not completed the capture of Harpers Ferry. He also feared the effect on Confederate morale if he gave up his campaign with only the capture of Harpers Ferry to show for it. Instead, he chose to make a stand at Sharpsburg, Maryland.
Antietam
On September 16, McClellan confronted Lee near Sharpsburg, defending a line to the west of Antietam Creek. At dawn on September 17, the Battle of Antietam began, with Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's corps mounting a powerful assault on Lee's left flank. Attacks and counterattacks swept across the Miller Cornfield and the woods near the Dunker Church. Union assaults against the Sunken Road ("Bloody Lane") eventually pierced the Confederate center, but the Federal advantage was not pressed. In each case, Confederate reinforcements from the right flank prevented a complete Union breakthrough and McClellan refused to release his reserves to complete the breakthrough.
In the afternoon, Burnside's corps crossed a stone bridge over Antietam Creek and rolled up the Confederate right. At a crucial moment, A.P. Hill's division arrived from Harpers Ferry and counterattacked, driving back Burnside's men and saving Lee's army from destruction. Although outnumbered two to one, Lee committed his entire force, while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army. This enabled Lee to shift brigades and concentrate on each individual Union assault. At over 23,000 casualties, it remains the bloodiest single day in American history. Lee ordered the battered Army of Northern Virginia to withdraw across the Potomac into the Shenandoah Valley. Despite being tactically inconclusive, the battle of Antietam is considered a strategic victory for the Union. Lee's strategic initiative to invade Maryland was defeated. But more importantly, President Lincoln used this opportunity to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, after which the prospect of European powers intervening in the war on behalf of the Confederacy was significantly diminished.
Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville (1862–63)
On November 7, 1862, President Lincoln relieved McClellan of command because of his failure to pursue and defeat Lee's retreating army from Sharpsburg. Ambrose Burnside, despite his indifferent performance as a corps commander at Antietam, was appointed to command the Army of the Potomac. Once again, Lincoln pressured his general to launch an offensive as quickly as possible. Burnside rose to the task and planned to drive directly south toward Richmond. He hoped to outflank Robert E. Lee by quickly crossing the Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg and placing himself in between the Confederate army and their capital. Administrative difficulties prevented the pontoon bridging boats from arriving on time, and his army was forced to wait across the river from Fredericksburg while Lee took that opportunity to fortify a defensive line on the heights behind the city. Rather than giving up or finding another way to advance, Burnside crossed the river and on December 13, launched massive frontal assaults against Marye's Heights on Lee's left flank. His attacks were more successful on Lee's right, briefly breaking through Jackson's line; but due to a misunderstanding continued to pound the fortified heights with waves of attacks, believing that this would enable the troops opposite Jackson to exploit their advantage. The Union Army lost over 12,000 men that day; Confederate casualties were approximately 4,500.
Despite the defeat and the dismay felt in Washington, Burnside was not yet relieved from command. He planned to resume his offensive north of Fredericksburg, but it went amiss in January 1863 in the humiliating Mud March. Following this, a cabal of his subordinate generals made it clear to the government that Burnside was incapable of leading the army. One of those conspirators was Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, who was appointed to command the Army of the Potomac on January 26, 1863. Hooker, who had an excellent record as a corps commander in previous campaigns, spent the remainder of the winter reorganizing and resupplying his army, paying special attention to health and morale issues. And being known for his aggressive nature, he planned a complex spring campaign against Robert E. Lee.
Both armies remained in their positions before Fredericksburg. Hooker planned to send his cavalry, under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman, deep into the Confederate rear to disrupt supply lines. While one corps remained to fix Lee's attention at Fredericksburg, the others were to slip away and make a stealthy flanking march that would put the bulk of Hooker's army behind Lee, catching him in a vise. Lee, who had dispatched a corps of his army under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet to forage in southern Virginia, was outnumbered 57,000 to 97,000.
The plan began executing well, and the bulk of the Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River and was in position on May 1. However, after minor initial contact with the enemy, Hooker began to lose his confidence, and rather than striking the Army of Northern Virginia in its rear as planned, he withdrew to a defensive perimeter around Chancellorsville. On May 2, Robert E. Lee executed one of the boldest maneuvers of the war. Having already split his army to address both wings of Hooker's attack, he split again, sending 20,000 men under Stonewall Jackson on a lengthy flanking march to attack Hooker's unprotected right flank. Achieving almost complete surprise, Jackson's corps routed the Union XI Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. Following this success Jackson was mortally wounded by friendly fire while scouting in front of his army.
While Lee pounded the Chancellorsville defense line with repeated, costly assaults on May 3, the Union VI Corps, under Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick, finally achieved what Ambrose Burnside could not, by successfully assaulting the reduced forces on Marye's Heights in Fredericksburg. The corps began moving westward, once again threatening Lee's rear. Lee was able to deal with both wings of the Army of the Potomac, keeping the stunned Hooker in a defensive posture and dispatching a division to deal with Sedgwick's tentative approach. By May 7, Hooker withdrew all of his forces north of the Rappahannock. It was an expensive victory for Lee, who lost 13,000 men, or 25% of his army; Hooker lost 17,000, but had a lower casualty rate than Lee had incurred.
Gettysburg and fall maneuvering (1863)
In June 1863, Robert E. Lee decided to capitalize on his victory at Chancellorsville by repeating his strategy of 1862 and once again invading the North. He did this to resupply his army, give the farmers of Virginia a respite from war, and threaten the morale of Northern civilians, possibly by seizing an important northern city, such as Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, or Baltimore, Maryland. The Confederate government agreed to this strategy only reluctantly because Jefferson Davis was concerned about the fate of Vicksburg, Mississippi, the river fortress being threatened by Ulysses S. Grant's Vicksburg campaign. Following the death of Jackson, Lee organized the Army of Northern Virginia into three corps, led by Lt. Gens. James Longstreet, Richard S. Ewell, and A.P. Hill.
Lee began moving his army northwest from Fredericksburg into the Shenandoah Valley, where the Blue Ridge Mountains screened their northward movements. Joseph Hooker, still in command of the Army of the Potomac, sent cavalry forces to find Lee. On June 9, the clash at Brandy Station was the largest predominantly cavalry battle of the war but ended inconclusively. Hooker started his entire army in pursuit; over the next few weeks, Hooker would argue with both Lincoln and Halleck over the role of the garrison at Harpers Ferry. On June 28, President Lincoln lost patience with him and relieved him of command, replacing him with V Corps commander, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade. After reviewing the positions of the army's corps with Hooker, Meade ordered the army to advance into southern Pennsylvania in a wide front, with the intention of protecting Washington and Baltimore and finding Lee's army. He also drew up plans to defend a line behind Pipe Creek in northern Maryland in case he could not find suitable ground in Pennsylvania to fight a battle to his advantage.
Lee was surprised to find that the Federal army was moving as quickly as it was. As they crossed the Potomac and entered Frederick, Maryland, the Confederates were spread out over a considerable distance in Pennsylvania, with Richard Ewell across the Susquehanna River from Harrisburg and James Longstreet and A. P. Hill behind the mountains in Chambersburg. His cavalry, under Jeb Stuart, was engaged in a wide-ranging raid around the eastern flank of the Union army and was uncharacteristically out of touch with headquarters, leaving Lee blind as to his enemy's position and intentions. Lee realized that, just as in the Maryland Campaign, he had to concentrate his army before it could be defeated in detail. He ordered all units to move to the general vicinity of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
The Battle of Gettysburg is often considered the war's turning point. Meade defeated Lee in a three-day battle fought by 160,000 soldiers, with 51,000 casualties. It started as a meeting engagement on the morning of July 1, when brigades from Henry Heth's division clashed with Buford's cavalry, and then John F. Reynolds's I Corps. As the Union XI Corps arrived, they and the I Corps were smashed by Ewell's and Hill's corps arriving from the north and forced back through the town, taking up defensive positions on high ground south of town. On July 2, Lee launched a massive pair of assaults against the left and right flanks of Meade's army. Fierce battles raged at Little Round Top, Devil's Den, the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard, East Cemetery Hill, and Culp's Hill. Meade was able to shift his defenders along interior lines, and they repulsed the Confederate advances. On July 3, Lee launched Pickett's Charge against the Union center, and almost three divisions were slaughtered. By this time, Stuart had returned, and he fought an inconclusive cavalry duel to the east of the main battlefield, attempting to drive into the Union rear area. The two armies stayed in position on July 4 (the same day the Battle of Vicksburg ended in a stunning Union victory), and then Lee ordered a retreat back across the Potomac to Virginia.
Meade's pursuit of Lee was tentative and unsuccessful. He received considerable criticism from President Lincoln and others, who believed he could have ended the war in the aftermath of Gettysburg. In October, a portion of Meade's army was detached to the western theater; Lee saw this as an opportunity to defeat the Union army in detail and to threaten Washington so no more Union forces could be sent west. The resulting Bristoe Campaign ended with Lee retreating back to the Rapidan River, having failed in his intentions. Meade was pressured by Lincoln into making one final offensive campaign in the fall of 1863, the Mine Run Campaign. However, Lee was able to cut off Meade's advance and construct breastworks; Meade considered the Confederate defenses too strong for a frontal attack and retreated back to his winter quarters.
Grant versus Lee (1864–65)
In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and given command of all the Union armies. He devised a coordinated strategy to apply pressure on the Confederacy from many points, something President Lincoln had urged his generals to do from the beginning of the war. Grant put Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman in immediate command of all forces in the West and moved his own headquarters to be with the Army of the Potomac (still commanded by George Meade) in Virginia, where he intended to maneuver Lee's army to a decisive battle; his secondary objective was to capture Richmond, but Grant knew that the latter would happen automatically once the former was accomplished. His coordinated strategy called for Grant and Meade to attack Lee from the north, while Benjamin Butler drove toward Richmond from the southeast; Franz Sigel to control the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade Georgia, defeat Joseph E. Johnston, and capture Atlanta; George Crook and William W. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia; and Nathaniel P. Banks to capture Mobile, Alabama.
Most of these initiatives failed, often because of the assignment of generals to Grant for political rather than military reasons. Butler's Army of the James bogged down against inferior forces under P.G.T. Beauregard before Richmond in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. Sigel was soundly defeated at the Battle of New Market in May and was soon afterward replaced by David Hunter. Banks was distracted by the Red River Campaign and failed to move on Mobile. However, Crook and Averell were able to cut the last railway linking Virginia and Tennessee, and Sherman's Atlanta campaign was a success, although it dragged on through the fall.
Overland Campaign
In early May, the Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River and entered the area known as the Wilderness of Spotsylvania. There, in dense woods that nullified the Union army's advantages in artillery, Robert E. Lee surprised Grant and Meade with aggressive assaults. The two-day Battle of the Wilderness was tactically inconclusive, although very damaging to both sides. However, unlike his predecessors, Grant did not retreat after the battle; he sent his army to the southeast and began a campaign of maneuver that kept Lee on the defensive through a series of bloody battles and moved closer to Richmond. Grant knew that his larger army and base of manpower in the North could sustain a war of attrition better than Lee and the Confederacy could. And although Grant suffered high losses—approximately 55,000 casualties—during the campaign, Lee lost even higher percentages of his men, losses that could not be replaced.
In the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Lee was able to beat Grant to the crossroads town and establish a strong defensive position. In a series of attacks over two weeks, Grant hammered away at the Confederate lines, mostly centered on a salient known as the "Mule Shoe". A massive assault by Winfield S. Hancock's II Corps on the "Bloody Angle" portion of this line on May 12 foreshadowed the breakthrough tactics employed against trenches late in World War I. Grant once again disengaged and slipped to the southeast.
Intercepting Grant's movement, Lee positioned his forces behind the North Anna River in a salient to force Grant to divide his army to attack it. Lee had the opportunity to defeat Grant but failed to attack in the manner necessary to spring the trap he had set, possibly because of an illness. After rejecting a frontal assault on Lee's positions as too costly and initially approving a plan to move around Lee's left flank, Grant changed his mind and continued moving southeast.
On May 31, Union cavalry seized the vital crossroads of Old Cold Harbor while the Confederates arrived from Richmond and from the Totopotomoy Creek lines. Late on June 1, two Union corps reached Cold Harbor and assaulted the Confederate works with some success. By June 2, both armies were on the field, forming on a seven-mile (11 km) front. At dawn on June 3, the II and XVIII Corps, followed later by the IX Corps, assaulted the line and were slaughtered at all points in the Battle of Cold Harbor. Grant lost over 12,000 men in a battle that he regretted more than any other and Northern newspapers thereafter frequently referred to him as a "butcher".
On the night of June 12, Grant again advanced by his left flank, marching to the James River. He was able to disguise his intentions from Lee, and his army crossed the river on a bridge of pontoons that stretched over 2,100 feet (640 m). What Lee had feared most of all—that Grant would force him into a siege of the capital city—was poised to occur.
Petersburg
Grant had decided, however, that there was a more efficient way to get at Richmond and Lee. A few miles to the south, the city of Petersburg contained crucial rail links supplying the capital. If the Union Army could seize it, Richmond would be taken. However, Benjamin Butler had failed to capture it earlier and then indecisive advances by Grant's subordinates also failed to break through the thin lines manned by P.G.T. Beauregard's men, allowing Lee's army to arrive and erect defenses. Both sides settled in for a siege.
In an attempt to break the siege, Union troops in Ambrose Burnside's corps mined a tunnel under the Confederate line. On July 30, they detonated the explosives, creating a crater some 135 feet (41 m) in diameter that remains visible to this day. Almost 350 Confederate soldiers were instantly killed in the blast. Despite the ingenuity of the Union's plan, the lengthy, bloody Battle of the Crater, as it came to be called, was marred by poor tactical planning and was a Confederate victory.
Through the fall and winter, both armies constructed elaborate series of trenches, eventually spanning more than 30 miles (50 km), as the Union Army attempted to get around the right (western) flank of the Confederates and destroy their supply lines. Although the Northern public became quite dispirited by the seeming lack of progress at Petersburg, the dramatic success of Sherman at Atlanta helped ensure the reelection of Abraham Lincoln, which guaranteed that the war would be fought to a conclusion.
Shenandoah Valley (1864–65)
The Shenandoah Valley was a crucial region for the Confederacy: it was one of the most important agricultural regions in Virginia and was a prime invasion route against the North. Grant hoped that an army from the Department of West Virginia under Franz Sigel could seize control of the Valley, moving "up the Valley" (southwest to the higher elevations) with 10,000 men to destroy the railroad center at Lynchburg. Sigel immediately suffered defeat at the Battle of New Market on May 15 and was soon replaced by David Hunter, who won a victory at the Battle of Piedmont on June 5. Hunter began burning Confederate agricultural resources as well as the homes of some prominent secessionists, earning him the nickname "Black Dave" from the Confederates. In Lexington he burned the Virginia Military Institute.
Robert E. Lee, now besieged in Petersburg, was concerned about Hunter's advances and sent Jubal Early's corps to sweep Union forces from the Valley and, if possible, to menace Washington, D.C., hoping to compel Grant to dilute his forces around Petersburg. Early got off to a good start, driving back Hunter's force in the Battle of Lynchburg. He drove down the Valley without opposition, bypassed Harpers Ferry, crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. Grant dispatched a corps under Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright and other troops under George Crook to reinforce Washington and pursue Early.
At the Battle of Monocacy (July 9, 1864), Early defeated a smaller force under Lew Wallace near Frederick, Maryland, but this battle delayed his progress enough to allow time for reinforcing the defenses of Washington. Early attacked a fort on the northwest defensive perimeter of Washington (Fort Stevens, July 11–12) without success and withdrew back to Virginia. He successfully fought a series of minor battles in the Valley through early August and prevented Wright's corps from returning to Grant at Petersburg. He also burned the city of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, retaliating against Hunter's earlier actions in the Valley.
Grant knew that Washington remained vulnerable if Early was still on the loose. He found a new commander aggressive enough to defeat Early: Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan, the cavalry commander of the Army of the Potomac, who was given command of all forces in the area, the Middle Military Division, including the Army of the Shenandoah. Sheridan initially started slowly, primarily because the impending presidential election of 1864 demanded a cautious approach, avoiding any disaster that might lead to the defeat of Abraham Lincoln.
Sheridan began moving aggressively in September. He defeated Early in the Third Battle of Winchester on September 19 and the Battle of Fisher's Hill on September 21–22. With Early damaged and pinned down, the Valley lay open to the Union. Coupled with Sherman's capture of Atlanta and Adm. David Farragut's victory at Mobile Bay, Lincoln's re-election seemed assured. Sheridan pulled back slowly down the Valley and conducted a scorched earth campaign that presaged Sherman's March to the Sea in November. The goal was to deny the Confederacy the means of feeding its armies in Virginia, and Sheridan's army burned crops, barns, mills, and factories.
The campaign was effectively concluded at the Battle of Cedar Creek (October 19, 1864). In a brilliant surprise attack at dawn, Early routed two-thirds of the Union army, but his troops were hungry and exhausted and many fell out of their ranks to pillage the Union camp; Sheridan managed to rally his troops and defeat Early decisively. In late fall, Sheridan sent his infantry to assist Grant at Petersburg, with his cavalry arriving the following spring. Most of the men of Early's corps rejoined Lee at Petersburg in December, while Early remained to command a skeleton force until he was relieved of command in March 1865 after his defeat at the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia.
Appomattox (1865)
In January 1865, Robert E. Lee became the general-in-chief of all Confederate armies, but this move came too late to help the Southern cause. As the siege of Petersburg continued, Grant attempted to break or encircle the Confederate forces in multiple attacks moving from east to west; gradually, he cut all of the Confederate supply lines except the Richmond & Danville Railroad entering Richmond and the South Side Railroad supplying Petersburg. By March, the siege had taken an enormous toll on both armies, and Lee decided to pull out of Petersburg. Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon then devised a plan to have the army attack Fort Stedman on the eastern end of the Union Lines, forcing the Union forces to shorten their lines. Although initially a success, his outnumbered corps was forced back by a Union counterattack.
Sheridan returned from the Valley and was tasked with flanking the Confederate army, which forced Lee to send forces under Maj. Gen. George Pickett and Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee to defend the flank. Grant then deployed cavalry and two infantry corps under Sheridan to cut off Pickett's forces. Pickett and Fitzhugh Lee attacked first on March 31 at Dinwiddie Court House, and succeeded in pushing back the Union forces but did not gain a decisive advantage. They withdrew their forces to Five Forks that night. On April 1, Sheridan launched another attack, flanking Pickett's forces and destroying the Confederate left wing, capturing over two thousand Confederates. This victory meant that Sheridan could capture the South Side Railroad the next day.
After the victory at Five Forks, Grant ordered an assault along the entire Confederate line on April 2, called the Third Battle of Petersburg, resulting in dramatic breakthroughs. During the fighting, A.P. Hill was killed. During the day and into the night, Lee pulled his forces out from Petersburg and Richmond and headed west to Danville, the destination of the fleeing Confederate government, and then south to meet up with General Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina. The capital city of Richmond surrendered on the morning of April 3.
The campaign became a race between Lee and Sheridan, with Lee attempting to obtain supplies for his retreat and Sheridan attempting to cut him off, with the Union infantry close behind. At Sayler's Creek on April 6, nearly a quarter of the Confederate army (about 8,000 men, the majority of two corps) was cut off and forced to surrender; many of the Confederate supply trains, crossing the creek to the north, were also captured. Although Grant wrote to him suggesting that surrender was his last remaining course of action, Lee still attempted to outmarch the Union forces. In Lee's final attack at Appomattox on the morning April 9, John B. Gordon's depleted corps attempted to break the Union lines and reach the supplies in Lynchburg. They pushed back Sheridan's cavalry briefly but found themselves faced with the full Union V Corps. Surrounded on three sides, Lee was forced to surrender his army to Grant at Appomattox Court House that day, with the formal surrender ceremony taking place two days later.
There were further minor battles and surrenders of Confederate armies, but Lee's surrender on April 9, 1865, marked the effective end of the Civil War. Lee, rejecting advice from some of his staff, wanted to ensure that his army did not melt away into the countryside to continue the war as guerrillas, helping to heal the divisions of the country.
Major land battles
The costliest land battles in the eastern theater, measured by casualties (killed, wounded, captured, and missing), were:
See also
Bibliography of the American Civil War
Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln
Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant
List of American Civil War battles
List of costliest American Civil War land battles
Notes
References
Bonekemper, Edward H., III. A Victor, Not a Butcher: Ulysses S. Grant's Overlooked Military Genius. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004. .
Calkins, Chris. The Appomattox Campaign: March 29 – April 9, 1865. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, 1997. .
Cooling, B. F. Jubal Early's Raid on Washington 1864. Baltimore, MD: The Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989. .
Cozzens, Peter. Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. .
Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977. .
The Editors of Time-Life Books. Echoes of Glory: Illustrated Atlas of the Civil War. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1991. .
Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. . The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website.
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 3, Red River to Appomattox. New York: Random House, 1974. .
Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C. The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Da Capo Press, 1929. .
Furgurson, Ernest B. Chancellorsville 1863: The Souls of the Brave. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. .
Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. .
Hennessy, John J. Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. .
Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. .
Newell, Clayton R. Lee Vs. McClellan: The First Campaign. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1996. .
O'Reilly, Francis Augustín. The Fredericksburg Campaign: Winter War on the Rappahannock. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. .
Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. .
Sears, Stephen W. Gettysburg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. .
Sears, Stephen W. To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1992. .
Sears, Stephen W. Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. .
Trudeau, Noah Andre. Bloody Roads South: The Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May–June 1864. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989. .
Trudeau, Noah Andre. The Last Citadel: Petersburg, Virginia June 1864 – April 1865. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991. .
Further reading
Beatie, Russel H. Army of the Potomac: Birth of Command, November 1860 – September 1861. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. .
Beatie, Russel H. Army of the Potomac: McClellan Takes Command, September 1861 – February 1862. New York: Da Capo Press, 2004. .
Beatie, Russel H. Army of the Potomac: McClellan's First Campaign, March – May 1862. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. .
Browning, Robert Jr. From Cape Charles to Cape Fear: The North Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993. .
Burton, Brian K. Extraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2001. .
Catton, Bruce. Glory Road. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1952. .
Catton, Bruce. Mr. Lincoln's Army. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1951. .
Catton, Bruce. A Stillness at Appomattox. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1953. .
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. 3 vols. New York: Random House, 1974. .
Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. .
Freeman, Douglas S. R. E. Lee, A Biography. 4 vols. New York: Scribner, 1934.
Glatthaar, Joseph T. General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse. New York: Free Press, 2008. .
Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. .
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. .
Murfin, James V. The Gleam of Bayonets: Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. Covington, GA: Mockingbird Press, 1965. .
Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 1, The Eastern Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. .
Wert, Jeffry D. The Sword of Lincoln: The Army of the Potomac. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. .
Williams, T. Harry. Lincoln and His Generals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. .
External links
National Park Service Civil War at a Glance
Theaters of the American Civil War
Maryland in the American Civil War
North Carolina in the American Civil War
Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Virginia in the American Civil War
Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
West Virginia in the American Civil War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20theater%20of%20the%20American%20Civil%20War |
The International 14 is a British racing sailboat, crewed by two sailors. The class was established in 1928.
The boat is a developmental sailing class and so the design rules and the boats themselves have changed dramatically over time to keep the International 14 at the leading edge of sailing technology. Many designers have contributed to the boat.
Sailboatdata.com noted "the International 14 is a high performance 2-Man, development racing dinghy with a long history of performance developments that often been adopted in the design of later boats. Today, with hiking racks, a giant flat head main, and its 'skiff' like hull, an up-to-date racing model bears little resemblance to the earlier boats."
The design became an international World Sailing class in 1928.
Production
The design has been built by many builders over a century of construction. Today it is built by Ovington Boats and Composite Craft in the United Kingdom. From 1946 to 1970 it was built in the United States by the W. D. Schock Corp, with 26 boats completed over that 24-year period. It was also at one time built by the Henderson Boat Company in North America and China New Yachts in China.
Design
Before the class was formally established in 1928, many designers built open class 14 foot racing boats that were the forerunners of the official class. In 1923 Uffa Fox built his first 14-foot racer and by 1925 was creating designs for them. Fox introduced the first planing hull-equipped 14, named Avenger, in 1927.
The International 14 is a racing sailing dinghy. Over time the hulls have mostly been built from wood, glassfibre and more recently, carbon fibre reinforced polymer, although under class rules any materials are permitted for the hull. Modern boats built to the current Bieker 6 rules typically have a fractional sloop rig with carbon fibre spars; a plumb stem and transom; a transom-hung, hydrofoil-equipped rudder controlled by a tiller with an extension and a retractable centreboard. Hiking racks are also fitted, along with fully-battened mainsails. Carbon fibre boats typically displace .
The class was one of the first to allow a trapeze, adopted in 1938. A second trapeze was permitted starting in 1984, due to the large amount of sail carried on boats of that period. In 1996 the International version and the Australian models were merged into a single class.
For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an asymmetrical spinnaker, flown from a long carbon fibre bowsprit. The spinnaker size is unrestricted, but is typical.
The boat has a Royal Yachting Association Portsmouth Yardstick handicap of 780.
Operational history
The design is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the International 14 Class Association. There are 14 active fleets sailing in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the UK and the US.
Events
Boats on display
National Maritime Museum Cornwall, Falmouth, Cornwall, England
See also
List of sailing boat types
References
External links
International 14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%2014 |
The Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre is a Government of Canada research facility and office complex located in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
It is primarily used by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
External links
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre (NAFC)
The DFO: watchdog of our waters
Buildings and structures in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian federal government buildings
Research institutes in Canada
Oceanographic organizations
Biological research institutes
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest%20Atlantic%20Fisheries%20Centre |
Pemba may refer to:
Places
Pemba Island, in Tanzania
Pemba, Mozambique, the capital of Cabo Delgado Province
Pemba, Zambia, a small town
Individuals
George Pemba, South African painter
Tsewang Yishey Pemba, Tibetan doctor
Other
Pemba (chalk), a chalk used in Afro-Brazilian religions
Pemba (katydid), a genus of south American bush crickets in the tribe Teleutiini
See also
Pemba Airport (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemba |
Drew Emeric Stanton (born May 7, 1984) is a former American football quarterback who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 2007 NFL Draft, after playing college football at Michigan State. Stanton was a journeyman quarterback who has been a member of the New York Jets, Indianapolis Colts, Arizona Cardinals, Cleveland Browns, and for a short stint the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, coming out of retirement.
Early years
Stanton grew up in Okemos, Michigan, a large suburb of Lansing which borders the campus of Michigan State. His family moved to Lake Oswego, Oregon, a suburb south of Portland, where he played peewee-football and continued to play until his sophomore year at Lake Oswego High School. Eventually, the Stanton family moved to Farmington Hills, Michigan, northwest of Detroit, where he graduated from Harrison High School.
Stanton was ranked as a four-star prospect coming out of high school by Rivals.com, and was also ranked the #6 Pro-Style Quarterback in the country.
College career
Stanton redshirted through Michigan State's 2002 campaign before serving as the #2 quarterback behind Jeff Smoker in 2003. In 2003, he also played on special teams where he made several impressive open field tackles. On November 15, against Wisconsin, he scored his first collegiate touchdown, a 13-yard rush. However, Stanton injured his knee in the Alamo Bowl against Nebraska while covering a punt and had to undergo reconstructive surgery.
After becoming the starter in 2004, Stanton received regional and national praise for his play on the field and was also named an Academic All-American. On September 25, against Indiana, he threw for 172 yards and two interceptions but rushed for 134 yards and two touchdowns. On October 9, against Illinois, he recorded his first collegiate receiving touchdown on an 18-yard reception. On October 16, against Minnesota, he threw for 308 passing yards, three passing touchdowns, and two interceptions. In the 2004 season, he finished with 1,601 passing yards, eight touchdowns, and six interceptions.
Stanton continued his role of starting quarterback in the 2005 season. On September 17, against Notre Dame, he had 327 passing yards, three passing touchdowns, one interception, 48 rushing yards, and one rushing touchdown. In the next game, against Illinois, he had 259 passing yards and five touchdowns. Overall, in the 2005 season, he finished with 3,077 passing yards, 22 passing touchdowns, 12 interceptions, 338 rushing yards, and four rushing touchdowns.
Going into his senior season (2006), Stanton had been mentioned as a potential Heisman Trophy candidate and visited New York twice for the presentation. He had been listed as high as the #2 QB in the 2007 NFL Draft by ESPN. Despite not having any substantial injuries in his high school and early college years, Stanton suffered at least one significant injury in each of 2005, 2006 and 2007.
In 2006, Stanton led the Spartans to the largest point margin comeback in NCAA Division I-A history. Against conference foe Northwestern, he accounted for 331 total yards and three touchdowns, coming back from a 35-point third quarter deficit. He began his prime time performance with an 18-yard touchdown pass, and he later ran for a 12-yard score. In the fourth quarter, Stanton completed six straight passes before capping the game-tying march with a 9-yard strike with 3:43 remaining. He eventually directed the drive that resulted in a game-winning field goal to complete a 41–38 victory.
For his career at Michigan State, Stanton completed 64% of his passes throwing for 6,524 yards, with 42 touchdowns and 28 interceptions while also rushing for another 1,512 yards and 15 touchdowns.
Stanton participated as a quarterback in the 2007 Senior Bowl, where he helped lead the North to victory. He was named the Offensive MVP for the North.
Statistics
Professional career
Detroit Lions
Stanton was selected by the Detroit Lions in the second round with the 43rd overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft. He was placed on season-ending injured reserve during training camp on August 3, 2007, after having knee surgery.
In 2008, Stanton sprained his thumb on his throwing arm during preseason, keeping him out the remainder of the preseason. After Jon Kitna was placed on injured reserve, he moved up to second string quarterback, behind Dan Orlovsky.
Stanton made his NFL debut in a game against the Jacksonville Jaguars (entering in relief of Daunte Culpepper, whom the Lions had signed only days earlier after Orlovsky suffered a thumb injury). He threw a one-yard touchdown on his first career passing attempt and finished the game having completed 6 of 8 pass attempts for 94 yards.
The 2009 season began with Stanton as third string quarterback behind 2009 NFL Draft first overall choice Matthew Stafford and previous starter Culpepper. With Stafford injured for the Week 6 game against the Green Bay Packers, he relieved Culpepper who was also injured during the game. He threw two interceptions in a 0–26 loss for the Lions. Stanton appeared again in relief of Culpepper in Week 15 against the Arizona Cardinals. He was 10/19 passing with one interception, however he scored on a one-yard rushing touchdown on a draw play – with Arizona winning 24–31. Stanton made his first career start Week 16 against the San Francisco 49ers. In the 20–6 loss, he finished with 130 passing yards and three interceptions.
During the 2010 season, Stanton saw action again as Matthew Stafford and Shaun Hill went down with injuries. He came in as relief for Hill against the New York Giants and went 19/34 passing for 222 yards, with a touchdown and an interception. He made his second career start against the Bears in Week 13 and went 16/24 passing for 178 yards and one touchdown. He started the next game against the Green Bay Packers and led the Detroit Lions to a victory with a 13-yard touchdown pass to Will Heller. Drew also helped the Lions achieve their first road win in over three years, leading them to a 23–20 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
New York Jets
Stanton was signed by the New York Jets on March 16, 2012. After the Jets acquired Tim Tebow from the Denver Broncos on March 21, he requested a release or trade.
Indianapolis Colts
On March 23, 2012, the Jets traded Stanton to the Indianapolis Colts and a seventh round pick in the 2012 draft for a sixth round pick in the 2012 NFL Draft. The Indianapolis Colts chose first overall draft pick Andrew Luck over him for the starting position.
Arizona Cardinals
On March 13, 2013, Stanton signed a three-year, $8.2 million contract with the Arizona Cardinals. He served as backup quarterback to Carson Palmer whom the Cardinals acquired from the Oakland Raiders on April 2, 2013. After Palmer's shoulder injury in Week 1 of 2014, Stanton became the starter for Week 2 against the New York Giants, making his first start since 2010. On October 5, 2014, he sustained a concussion on a hit from Denver Broncos linebacker Von Miller.
After Carson Palmer suffered a season-ending injury in Week 10, Stanton stepped in and led the Cardinals to their eighth and ninth wins of the season. In December, he suffered an MCL sprain and then subsequent infection, missing the rest of the season. In the 2015 Week 17 matchup against the Seattle Seahawks, Drew Stanton was brought in for the second half of the game after Head Coach Bruce Arians pulled Palmer due to the Cardinals already having locked up the division and 2nd seed in the NFC.
On March 8, 2016, Stanton signed a two-year deal with the Cardinals worth $6.5 million with 4.5 million guaranteed that goes to 2018. Stanton primarily served as Palmer's backup again in 2016. He came in relief of Palmer after he suffered a concussion in Week 4 against the Los Angeles Rams, completing 4 of 11 passes for 37 yards and two interceptions in a 13–17 loss. He made his only start of the season the following week completing 11 of 28 passes for 124 yards and two touchdowns in a 33–21 win over the San Francisco 49ers.
In Week 7 of the 2017 season, Palmer suffered a broken arm during the game against the Los Angeles Rams, making Stanton the new starter. He then started the team's next two games. He did not start the team's Week 11 game due to a sprained right knee. However, he was still active as the backup to Blaine Gabbert. On December 18, 2017, Stanton was renamed the starter for Week 16 after struggles from Gabbert. Stanton started the final two games of the regular season and helped lead the team to victories over the New York Giants and Seattle Seahawks.
Cleveland Browns
On March 25, 2018, Stanton signed a two-year contract with the Cleveland Browns.
The Browns placed Stanton on injured reserve with a knee injury on September 16, 2019.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On December 24, 2020, Stanton signed with the practice squad of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers after spending most of the season as a free agent. He was elevated to the active roster on February 6, 2021, for Super Bowl LV against the Kansas City Chiefs, and reverted to the practice squad after the game. His practice squad contract with the team expired after the season on February 16, 2021.
NFL career statistics
Personal life
Stanton is committed to charity work and created the High 5ive Foundation in support of the Special Olympics and the Children's Miracle Network, his two favorite charities, among others. He is a member of the national fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon at Michigan State University. He married Kristin Schrock on June 27, 2009. He graduated with a major in kinesiology. He is a Christian. Stanton is also well known throughout the NFL for an extravagant touchdown dance.
References
External links
Michigan State Spartans bio
High5iveFoundation.org
1984 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Arizona Cardinals players
Cleveland Browns players
Detroit Lions players
Indianapolis Colts players
Lake Oswego High School alumni
Michigan State Spartans football players
New York Jets players
People from Farmington Hills, Michigan
Players of American football from Oakland County, Michigan
Sportspeople from Lake Oswego, Oregon
Sportspeople from Okemos, Michigan
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew%20Stanton |
Serua Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate was coextensive with Serua Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 election, Joketani Cokanasiga won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serua%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Dance 360 (2004-2005) was a modern hip-hop television series that aired on UPN in which different dancers competed to win 360 dollars, an Xbox or a cell phone from Boost Mobile, and a Fuse Sunbird scooter. Sometimes, clothing gear from Ecko Unlimited or Meoshe Sport was awarded. It was hosted by Fredro Starr and Kel Mitchell with DJ K-Sly providing the beats for the dancers.
The dancers were selected from the audience at the beginning of the show, and they competed one-on-one, with the winner going on to the next round. They were judged by the level of audience applause, according to a noise meter. In addition to the prizes awarded, the winner was also given the last few seconds of the show to give "shout-outs" to friends and family. The show's title comes from the circle on the dance floor where the dancers competed.
The first battle starts with Kel previewing the battle, "Tag Ya Man!", then points to one of the dancers to start after K-sly plays a beat, and another person comes to the dance floor and dance. The two people go for a face-to-face dance battle. The three people will be voted to go to the second battle.
The second battle is called, "Master the Move." The hosts, including a special guest from a radio station, will pick three people from the audience to dance a move of their own. Each of the contestants has to perform one of these dances. Two people will be voted to move on to the final battle of the show. If two dancers are tied with the same lower score, they will have to go head-to-head.
The third and final battle features two dancers dancing solo in two rounds with two different beats, and then go head-to-head. At the end, the audience decided who is the winner is by looking at videotapes of the dancers.
The program aired for one season in 2004 until cancellation in 2005 due to Paramount head executives being changed and new executives did not see the vision .
The show was filmed and located at Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.
Both hosts later starred in the straight-to-DVD film, Ganked in 2005.
Notable competitors
Actress Caity Lotz, who is known for her role as Sara Lance / White Canary in The CW's Arrowverse television series, and has appeared in Arrow, Legends of Tomorrow, The Flash, and Supergirl, competed in the competition in 2004 when she was 18 years old. Tiffany Haddish also appeared on an episode.
References
External links
Official Website (via Internet Archive)
Dance 360 Set Design
Glasstower Productions
Television series by CBS Studios
2004 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20360 |
Estonia attempted to enter the Eurovision Song Contest 1993, the first time the country tried to enter the Eurovision Song Contest. However, as Estonia was one of seven countries who wished to join the Eurovision Song Contest for the first time in 1993, a pre-selection was held for the first time to reduce this number to three countries who would compete in the final of the Contest in May, held in Millstreet, Ireland.
Background
On 15 January 1993, the Estonian national broadcaster, ETV, confirmed their intentions to debut at the 1993 Eurovision Song Contest. The Estonian national broadcaster ETV broadcasts the event within Estonia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. Along with their participation confirmation, the broadcaster announced the name of nation's representative at the contest and revealed that the song for the contest would be selected through a national final.
Before Eurovision
Artist selection
On 15 January 1993, ETV announced that they had internally selected Janika Sillamaa to represent Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 1993. Along with the announcement of the selected artist, ETV announced that a national final would be held to select the song for the contest.
Eurolaul 1993
ETV opened a public song submission from 15 January until 5 February 1993. A national final, Eurolaul, was held on 20 February 1993 at the ETV studios in Tallinn, hosted by Mart Sander, to select the song that she would sing at the contest.
The winning song, selected by an expert jury, was "Muretut meelt ja südametuld", which went on to compete for one of the three places in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993.
At Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the disintegration of Yugoslavia many newly independent countries were formed who became interested in competing in the Eurovision Song Contest. With this large influx of countries the European Broadcasting Union were forced to create a new measure to counter overcrowding in the contest. For the 1993 Contest the EBU decided to hold a one-off contest to select three countries to join the 22 countries already competing in the Eurovision Song Contest.
The Kvalifikacija za Millstreet (Qualification for Millstreet) contest was held in Ljubljana, Slovenia on 3 April at the TV studios of Slovene broadcaster Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV SLO). Seven countries in total competed, including Estonia, for a place in the final on 15 May 1993. Sillamaa performed third, following Croatia and preceding Hungary. She received 47 points, placing 5th in the line-up, and failing to qualify to the grand final in Ireland.
Voting
References
External links
Estonian National Final 1993
1993
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%201993 |
is a Japanese pop singer. She released her first single, "Anata no kisu o kazoemashô – You Were Mine" on September 15, 1999. This song was a huge hit in Japan and made the 17-year-old a sensation overnight. Her second album, Expansion, sold over 1.3 million copies, and it features her most biggest chart hit, "Aijo". She has done several albums (in English) of cover songs, including disco and movie standards.
After a break of several years, her album Sunrise was released in March 2007.
Life and career
Koyanagi was born in Saitama City, Japan to a Trinbagonian-American father and a Japanese mother. She is known for singing the English version of "Cross Colors", the ending theme of Dynasty Warriors 4. Before that, she worked with Nathan Morris and Shawn Stockman of Boyz II Men who wrote most of the songs on and produced her album Intimacy. She performed the songs in English, without understanding what she was singing.
Yuki sang the American and Japanese National Anthems during the 2006 World Baseball Classic in Tokyo. She also sang the Japanese National Anthem for an international soccer match between Japan and Trinidad & Tobago in 2006.
Discography
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Cover albums
FREEDOM (1999/11/25)
Koyanagi the Covers PRODUCT 1 (2000/5/24)
EXPANSION (2000/8/23)
Koyanagi the Live in Japan 2000 (2001/2/28)- 2 discs
my all... (2001/5/30)
KOYANAGI the BALLADS 1999～2001 (2001/11/28)
intimacy (2002/4/24)
buddy (2002/8/21)
KOYANAGI THE LIVE IN JAPAN 2001－2002 (2002/11/27)- 4 discs
KOYANAGI the DISCO (2003/3/26)
KOYANAGI the COVERS PRODUCT 2 (2003/9/25)
Type (2003/9/25)
Acoustic Concert at Orchard Hall (2003/11/12)- 2 discs
MY ALL＜YUKI KOYANAGI SINGLES 1999－2003＞ (2004/1/28)- CD+DVD
I'll Be Travelin' Home (2004/11/24)
Sunrise (2007/3/21)
The Best Now&Then ～10th Anniversary～ (2010/2/24)
Prelude (2019/9/4)
Singles
あなたのキスを数えましょう ～You were mine～ (1999/9/15)- JAP #7
fairyland (trans@k feat. 小柳ゆき) (1999/10/27)
あなたのキスを数えましょう Opus II (with trans@k) (Anata no Kisu o Kazoemashou) (2000/1/26)
愛情 (Aijou) (2000/4/12)- JAP #3
be alive (2000/7/26)
Koyanagi the Christmas (2000/11/15)
DEEP DEEP (2001/4/25)
beautiful world (2001/4/25)
my all... (2001/6/13)
remain～心の鍵～ (remain～Kokoro no Kagi) (2001/11/21)
HIT ON (2002/2/14)
Endless (2002/7/10)
Lovin' you (2002/10/17)
ON THE RADIO (2003/3/5)
恋のフーガ／会いたい (Koi no Fuga / Aitai) (2003/8/6）- JAP #36
Love knot～愛の絆～ (Love Knot – Ai no Kizuna) (2004/1/28)
Crystal Days (2004/11/24)
最後に記憶を消して (Saigo ni Kiwoku wo Keshite) (2005/4/27)
Fair Wind (2006/5/10)
誓い (Chikai) (2006/10/11)
we can go anywhere (2008/10/15) [1'669 copies sold – 2 weeks]
MacArthur Park (Donna Summer) / All at Once (2012.07.25)
Video/DVDs
KOYANAGI THE MOVIES PRODUCT 1 (2000/09/27)
KOYANAGI THE BUDOKAN KOYANAGI THE LIVE IN JAPAN 2000 (2001/07/11)
KOYANAGI THE MOVIES PRODUCT 2 (2001/09/05)
References
External links
Yuki-Koyanagi.jp – Koyanagi Yuki's official website
Universal Music profile
Warner Music profile
Cross Colors lyrics in English version
1982 births
Living people
Singers from Saitama (city)
Japanese women pop singers
Universal Music Japan artists
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki%20Koyanagi |
S2 Games was a video game development company which was founded by Marc "Maliken" DeForest, Jesse Hayes, and Sam McGrath, based in Rohnert Park, California. They also had a development location in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
History
Their first project (a real-time strategy, third-person shooter and role-playing game hybrid), Savage: The Battle for Newerth, was released in the Summer of 2003. They released its sequel, Savage 2: A Tortured Soul, on January 16, 2008, and are independently published and distributed it. Their third installment in the Savage series, Heroes of Newerth, based heavily around Defense of the Ancients, was released on May 12, 2010.
In 2015, S2 Games sold the rights to Heroes of Newerth to Garena to focus on Strife, their second-generation MOBA.
Garena subsequently moved Heroes of Newerth to Frostburn Studios, a Kalamazoo, Michigan based subsidiary of Garena.
Titles
Savage: The Battle for Newerth (2003) (Windows, Macintosh, Linux)
Savage 2: A Tortured Soul (2008) (Windows, Macintosh, Linux)
Heroes of Newerth (2010) (Windows, Macintosh, Linux)
Strife (2015) (Windows, Macintosh, Linux)
Savage Resurrection (2016) (Windows)
Brawl of Ages (2017) (Windows)
Key events
In 2003, S2 Games released Savage: The Battle for Newerth, their first commercial game.
In 2004, three former S2 Games employees left the company to form Offset Software.
In 2006, S2 Games re-released Savage: The Battle for Newerth, as freeware.
In 2008, S2 Games released Savage 2: A Tortured Soul.
In 2009, S2 Games re-released Savage 2: A Tortured Soul as freeware.
In 2010, S2 Games released Heroes of Newerth.
In 2011, S2 Games re-released Heroes of Newerth as freeware/free-to-play.
In 2012, S2 Games made all heroes in Heroes of Newerth completely free for online play.
In 2012, over 10,000,000 Heroes of Newerth user accounts had been registered.
In 2013, S2 Games announced Strife an upcoming "second generation MOBA".
In 2015, S2 Games sold the property of Heroes of Newerth from its label into the hands of Garena and Frostburn Studios.
In 2017, Savage Resurrection was re-released under a free-to-play model.
In 2018, Strife and Brawl of Ages servers were shut down and S2 Games was quietly closed.
References
External links
Video game companies based in California
Video game development companies
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Rohnert Park, California
Video game companies established in 2003
Video game companies disestablished in 2018
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
2003 establishments in California
2018 disestablishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2%20Games |
PPPoX (PPP over X) designates a family of encapsulating communications protocols implementing Point-to-Point Protocol.
Specific implementations:
PPPoE: PPP over Ethernet – which can use 802.1q VLANs
PPPoA: PPP over ATM
PPTP: PPP encapsulated over GRE with a parallel control connection and some optional encryption
L2TP v2 (and its ancestor L2F): PPP sessions multiplexed within tunnels and transported over UDP
Tunneling protocols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPoX |
Star Ship is a first-person space combat simulator video game programmed by Bob Whitehead and published by Atari, Inc. for its Video Computer System (later known as the Atari 2600). The game was one of the nine launch titles offered when the Atari VCS was released on September 11, 1977. Based on the Atari arcade game Starship 1, it was the first space-related game developed for the Atari VCS. The re-branded Sears TeleGames version is titled Outer Space.
Star Ship was removed from Atari's catalog in 1980.
Gameplay
The player(s) use the joystick controller to achieve one of the following objectives:
Destroying as many spacecraft and robots as possible within a time limit, all while dodging asteroids.
Alternating between avoiding enemy fire from spacecraft and firing at the opponent-controlled craft (human or computer).
Avoiding asteroids and other varied space objects to cover the greatest distance possible.
Landing the space module on a lunar landing pad. The moon can either be stationary or be computer- or human opponent-controlled.
Reception
Star Ship was reviewed in Video magazine as part of a general review of the Atari VCS where it was given a review score of 4 out of 10, and its individual games were described as "look[ing] nice but [being] hard to get a handle on".
References
External links
Star Ship at Atari Mania
Star Ship at AtariAge
1977 video games
Atari 2600 games
Atari 2600-only games
First-person shooters
Space combat simulators
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Ship |
The Frentani were an Italic tribe occupying the tract on the southeast coast of the Italian peninsula from the Apennines to the Adriatic, and from the frontiers of Apulia to those of the Marrucini. They were bounded on the west by the Samnites, with whom they were closely connected, and from whom they were originally descended. Hence Scylax assigns the whole of this line of coast, from the frontiers of Apulia to those of Picenum, to the Samnites. Their exact limits are less clearly defined, and there is considerable discrepancy in the statements of ancient geographers: Larinum, with its territory (extending from the Tifernus (modern Biferno) to the Frento), being by some writers termed a city of the Frentani, while the more general opinion included it in Apulia, and thus made the river Tifernus the limit of the two countries. The northern boundary of the Frentani is equally uncertain; both Strabo and Ptolemy concur in fixing it at the river Sagrus (modern Sangro), while Pliny extends their limits as far as the Aternus, and, according to Mela, they possessed the mouths both of that river and the Matrinus. The latter statement is certainly inaccurate; and Strabo distinctly tells us that the Marrucini held the right bank of the Aternus down to its mouth, while the Vestini possessed the left bank; hence, the former people must have intervened between the Frentani and the mouth of the Aternus. Pliny's account is, however, nearer the truth than that of Strabo and Ptolemy; for it is certain that Ortona and Anxanum (modern Lanciano), both of which are situated considerably to the north of the Sagrus, were Frentanian cities. The latter is indeed assigned by Ptolemy to that people, while Strabo also terms Ortona the port or naval station of the Frentani, but erroneously places it to the south of the river Sagrus. Hence, their confines must have approached within a few miles of the Aternus, though without actually abutting upon that river. On the west, they were probably not separated from the Samnites by any well-marked natural boundary, but occupied the lower slopes of the Apennines as well as the hilly country extending from thence to the sea, while the more lofty and central ridges of the mountains were included in Samnium.
Affiliations and history
The Frentani are expressly termed by Strabo as a Samnite people, and he appears to distinguish them as such from the neighbouring tribes of the Marrucini, Peligni, Marsi, and Vestini, with whom they had otherwise much in common. They, however, appear in history as a separate people, having their own national organisation; and though they may at one time have constituted one of the four nations of the Samnite confederacy, this seems to have been no longer the case when that power came into collision with Rome. Their conduct during the long struggle between the Samnites and Romans renders this almost certain. In 319 BC, indeed, when their name occurs for the first time in history, they appear in arms against Rome, but were quickly defeated and reduced to submission; and a few years afterwards (304 BC), at the close of the Second Samnite War, the Frentani are mentioned, together with the Marsi, Marrucini, and Peligni, as coming forward voluntarily to sue for a treaty of alliance with Rome, which they seem to have subsequently adhered to with steadfastness. Hence we find more than once express mention of the Frentanian auxiliaries in the war with Pyrrhus; and one of their officers, by the name of Oblacus Volsinius, distinguished himself at the battle of Heraclea. They gave a still more striking proof of fidelity during the Second Punic War, by adhering to the Roman cause after the battle of Cannae, when so many of the Italian allies, including the greater part of the Samnites, went over to Hannibal.
Throughout this period they appear to have been much more closely connected in their political relations with their neighbours the Marrucini, Peligni, and Vestini, than with their Samnite kinsmen: hence, probably, it is that Polybius, in enumerating the forces of the Italian allies, classes the Frentani with the Marsi, Marrucini, and Vestini, while he reckons the Samnites separately. Notwithstanding their vaunted fidelity, the Frentani joined in the general outbreak of the Italian allies in the great Social War, 90 BC: they do not, however, appear to have taken any prominent part, and we can only infer that they received the Roman franchise at the same time as the neighbouring tribes. Hence they are mentioned by Cicero, a few years later, as sending some of their chief men to support the cause of Cluentius, a native of Larinum. Their territory was traversed without resistance by Julius Caesar at the outbreak of the Civil War, 49 BC, and this is the last occasion on which their name appears in history. Their territory was formed into the fourth region of Augustus, together with that of the Marrucini, Peligni, Marsi, etc.; but at a later period it appears to have been reunited with Samnium, and was placed under the authority of the governor of that province.
Geography
The territory of the Frentani is for the most part hilly, but fertile. It is traversed by numerous rivers, which have their sources in the more lofty mountains of Samnium, and flow through the land of the Frentani to the Adriatic: the principal of these, besides the Tifernus, which constituted the southern limit of their country, are the Trinius (modern Trigno), which, according to Pliny, had a good port at its mouth; and the Sagrus (Sangro), which enters the Adriatic about halfway between Histonium (modern Vasto) and Ortona.
The Tabula Peutingeriana also gives the name of a river that it places between Ortona and Anxanum, calling it Clotoris. The name is probably corrupt; but the stream meant (if its position can be depended upon) could be the Moro, which falls into the Adriatic a few kilometers south of Ortona. The coast-line of this part of the Adriatic presents few remarkable features, and no good natural harbors. The mouths of the rivers, and the two projecting points of Termoli (ancient Buca) and the Punta della Penna, afford the only places of anchorage.
Towns
The towns of the Frentani mentioned by ancient writers are few in number; but the topography of the district has been thrown into great confusion by the perverted zeal of certain local antiquarians, and by the reliance placed on inscriptions published by some early writers, which there is great reason to regard as forgeries. The Antichità Frentane (1809) by Domenico Romanelli, who was a native of this part of Italy, is a very uncritical performance; but the author was led astray principally by the inscriptions and other documents put forth by Polidoro, an Italian antiquary of the 18th century, who appears to have had no hesitation in forging, or at least corrupting and altering them in such a manner as to suit his purpose. Along the sea-coast (proceeding from north to south) were situated Ortona, Histonium, and Buca. The two former may be clearly fixed, Ortona retaining its ancient name, and the ruins of Histonium being still extant at Vasto, but there is considerable difficulty in determining the site of Buca, which may however be fixed with much probability at Termoli; the arguments that have led many writers to place it near Villa Santa Maria being based principally upon the spurious inscriptions just alluded to. The existence of a town called Interamna, supposed by Romanelli and Cramer to have occupied the site of Termoli, is derived only from the same apocryphal source; and, even were the inscription itself authentic, the Interamna there meant is probably the well-known town of the Praetutii. The only inland town of importance among the Frentani was Anxanum (Lanciano); but, besides this, Pliny mentions, in the interior of the country, the "Carentini supernates et infernates", and the Lanuenses; the former (apparently a corruption of Caretini or Carricini) and the latter are otherwise unknown, and the site of their towns cannot be fixed with any approach to certainty. On the other hand, the Tabula gives the name of a place called Pallanum of which no other mention occurs, but the site of which, according to Romanelli, is marked by extensive ruins at a place called Monte Pallano, about 5 km southwest of Atessa. The previous station given by the same authority is called Annum; a name probably corrupt, but the true reading for which is unknown. Uscosium, a place given in the Itinerary of Antoninus, which reckons it 15 miles from Histonium, on the road into Apulia, is fixed by this distance at a spot near the right bank of the little river Sinarca, about 9 km southwest of Termoli, but in the territory of Guglionesi, where considerable remains of an ancient town are said to exist
Roads
There is considerable obscurity in regard to the Roman roads through the territory of the Frentani. The name of the Via Trajana Frentana rests only on the authority of a dubious inscription; nor is there any better evidence for the fact that the construction of the high road through this district was really owing to that emperor. But it is certain that an ancient road traversed the territory of the Frentani, in its whole length from Aternum to Larinum, keeping for the most part near the sea-coast, but diverging for the purpose of visiting Anxanum. The stations along it are thus given in the Itinerary of Antoninus:
Ostia Aterni to Angulum (Angulus), x. M.P.
Angulus to Ortona, xi. M.P.
Ortona to Anxano, xiii. M.P.
Anxano to Histonios, xxv. M.P.
Histonios to Uscosio, xv. M.P.
Uscosio to Arenio (Larinum ?), xiv. M.P.
Of these, Angulus or Angulum is certainly misplaced, possibly present day Città Sant'Angelo, and should have been inserted between Hadria (modern Atri) and the Aternus. The distance from the mouths of the Aternus at Pescara to Ortona is considerably understated, and that from Ortona to Anxanum as much overrated; but still the line of the road may be tolerably well made out, and an ancient Roman bridge, over the Sangro between Lanciano and Vasto, supplies a fixed point in confirmation.
The road given in the Tabula, on the contrary, strikes inland, from the mouth of the Aternus to Teate (modern Chieti), and thence to Ortona, and again between Anxanum and Histonium makes a bend inland by Annum and Pallanum. The distances given are very confused, and in many instances probably corrupt. They stand thus:
Ostia Aterni to Teano Marrucino, xvi. M.P.
Teano Marrucino to Ortona, xi. M.P.
Ortona to Anxana, iii. M.P.
Anxana to Annum, iiii. M.P.
Annum to Pallanum, xii. M.P.
Pallanum to Istonium, xxiii., M.P.
Istonium to Larinum, "corrupt"
Coinage
There exist copper coins with the Oscan legend "Frentrei", which may probably be referred to the Frentani rather than to the town of Ferentum in Apulia, to which they have been assigned by some writers. Others are of opinion that they indicate the existence of a city of the name of Frentrum as the capital of the Frentani, which is supposed to be the one referred to by Livy where he says "Frentanos vicit urbemque ipsam - in deditionem accepit", without naming the city.
The town Larinum issued coins of the 3rd century BC that bear a Latin legend "LARINOR(VM)".
See also
Ancient peoples of Italy
List of ancient Italic peoples
References
References
On the forms of the name, and for further details see R.S. Conway, Italic Dialects, p. 206 ff. and p. 212; for the coins id. No. 195-196.
Samnite tribes
Socii | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frentani |
Trimper Rides Of Ocean City is a historic amusement park located near the inlet at South First Street and the boardwalk in Ocean City, Maryland, United States. It was founded in 1893 as The Windsor Resort. It is located at the south end of the boardwalk and consists of three outdoor lots as well as an indoor section.
History
Daniel B. Trimper and his wife, Margaret, arrived in Ocean City in 1890. By 1893, they were owners of boardwalk property between South Division and South First Streets, including two hotels: The Eastern Shore and the Sea Bright.
Rebuilding the Sea Bright in 1900 following a severe storm, the Trimpers modeled the new structure after Great Britain's Windsor Castle. The two hotels, together with a theater and an amusement park, became known as Windsor Resort.
In 1912, Daniel Trimper purchased a massive carousel from the Herschell-Spillman Company in North Tonawanda, NY. It was 50 feet in diameter, with the only other carousel made by the firm at that time having been sent to Coney Island, and that one was later destroyed by fire.
The carousel's 45 animals, three chariots, and one rocking chair were driven by a steam engine, with rides originally costing a nickel. It is now classified as one of the oldest still operating carousels in the nation. The carousel was declared a historic landmark in 2007.
In the 1950s, the Trimper family added outdoor rides. The pace of expansion has increased since the mid-1960s, with a new ride being added nearly every year.
Trimper's son, Daniel, Jr., managed Windsor Resort Corporation after his father's death and served as mayor of Ocean City for 16 years. In 1964, Granville Trimper teamed up with Bill Tracy to create the Haunted House. In 1965, WWII veteran, Daniel Trimper III, was handed leadership of the park and nearly doubled its size with the purchase of the land and attractions of Melvin Amusements. Five years later, John and Maria Bilious were hired to restore the cherished Herschell-Spillman Carousel to its formal glory.
Dan Trimper III retired in 1981, passing the reigns to his cousin Granville Trimper. The most popular ride in the outdoor park was bought in 1985: the triple loop boomerang "Tidal Wave" roller coaster.
In 2020 and 2021, Trimper Rides held a Weekly Farmers Market during the season on Fridays from 9 am-12 pm. As of 2022, they have discontinued the Farmer's Market.
In 2021, Trimper Rides hosted a Winter Carnival with local vendors, discounted select rides, and games. Also in 2021, Trimper's Rides owned an arcade on the boardwalk, Boardwalk Games, which is now permanently closed.
Beginning In 2021, Trimper Rides began construction on an outdoor food hall. Trimper Rides previously owned or leased space to The Red Apple, Jessica’s Fudge House, Chick-Fil-A, Nana’s Hot Chicken, Smoked BBQ, On The Boards, and Sticky Fingers.
In 2022 the park opened Trimper Treats, Trimper Sweets, and Trimper Carousel Corner.
Rides
The Indoor Area contains most of the rides for younger kids. It plays host to a collection of vintage amusement park memorabilia and paraphernalia, ranging from antique ticket booths, to operating antique rides. The main attractions inside this part of the building are a large collection of operating vintage William F. Mangels kiddie rides, a circa 1912 Herschell-Spillman Carousel, a bumper car ride, and a shooting gallery.
The three outdoor areas are where most of the major rides are located.
Some of the outdoor rides for the 2023 season are:
Balloons
Endeavor
Fun Slide
Himalaya
Rock N Roll
Spinning Coaster
Tea Cups
"The Tidal Wave", a tall looping roller coaster
Tilt A Whirl
Trimper’s also has 2 attractions accessible from the outside:
Mirror Maze
"Pirate's Cove", built 1971, a Bill Tracy designed walk-through fun house; one of only two left in the world
Former rides
Area 51 (2021-2022)
Aladdin’s Lamp (Retired, 2018)
Crazy Cabs (2020)
Super Shot (2020)
Slingshot (2007)
Freak Out (Retired 2019)
Fun Slide (2020) A new one currently operates at the park.
Hangten (2020)
Inverter
Kid's Swings (2022)
Magic Maze (2022)
Magnum (2021-2022)
OC Big Wheel (2020-2022)
Rockstar (Retired 2019)
Rock-O-Plane
Rockin Tug
Round Up (2020)
Scrambler (Retired 2019)
Techno Power (2021-2022)
Tilt-A-Whirl (Retired 2019) A new one currently operates in the park.
Toboggan (Retired 2009)
Wacky Worm (Retired 2019)
Yo-Yo (2022)
Wild Mouse
Zipper (Retired 2019)
Arcades
Trimper Rides owns Marty’s Playland, which is an arcade on The Ocean City Boardwalk. Marty’s Playland is known to be a popular arcade featuring Skee Ball, Claw Machines, and more.
Events
During the 2020 Season, Trimper Rides added new events to help bring people into the park. Some of these included karaoke nights, DJ nights, car shows, and bike shows.
During Halloween, Trimper Rides had a children’s hay maze, hay rides, face paintings and costume contests.
Further reading
References
Amusement parks in Maryland
Buildings and structures in Worcester County, Maryland
1893 establishments in Maryland
Tourist attractions in Worcester County, Maryland
Ocean City, Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimper%27s%20Rides |
The Florida Highway Patrol (FHP) is a division of the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles. It is Florida's highway patrol and is the primary law enforcement agency charged with investigating traffic crashes and criminal laws on the state's highways.
Duties
A 2011 study by the Florida Highway Patrol Jurisdiction Team noted that "For all practical purposes, the FHP currently investigates all traffic crashes in the unincorporated areas of 24 counties, and in an additional 26 counties, the majority of crashes. In 17 counties, the Sheriff's Office conducts more crash investigations than the FHP."
The FHP's functional role and responsibilities vary significantly among counties. The 2011 report noted, "The staffing methodology of the FHP is largely based on historical agency decisions, formal and informal arrangements with local governments, and to some degree political influence...There is a disparity in the level of services provided to local governments that cannot be explained. In places like Orange, Escambia, Marion, and many rural counties, the FHP handles all traffic crash investigations in unincorporated areas. In other counties like Duval, Broward, and Palm Beach, the Sheriff handles a majority of traffic crash investigations on the same type of roadways. All other Florida counties fall somewhere among or between these extremes."
FHP has statewide jurisdiction, but shortfalls in FHP staffing sometimes lead to sheriff's offices and city police forces picking up more work, straining resources. Of the annual average long-form traffic crash reports completed by Florida law enforcement agencies, the 2011 study found that FHP investigated 32% of crashes, county sheriff's offices 23%, and municipal police and other agencies 45%. FHP investigates 58% of traffic fatalities in the state; these investigations are substantially more complicated than non-fatal traffic investigations. The Florida Highway Patrol differs from most State Agencies in the Country as it is not considered a State Police. Troopers are however sworn law enforcement officers with Statewide Arrest Powers, but unlike for example the Louisiana State Police, FHP only handles Traffic Enforcement and Traffic Crash Investigation on the State of Florida roadways. In Florida, the constitutional Sheriff is the Chief Law Enforcement Officer. The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Florida's equivalent to the FBI, handles Criminal Investigations and Officer Records and Training and provides Statewide Crime Lab Services. FHP does have a Bureau of Investigation and Intelligence, but it does not do the same thing FDLE does. Its function is slightly different but works hand in hand with FDLE and other agencies. BCII handles odometer fraud, VIN number fraud, and in some cases Auto Theft Rings.
The Director of the Florida Highway Patrol serves as one of the 19 members of the Florida Criminal Justice Standards & Training Commission.
History
The FHP was established in 1939 under Colonel H. Neil Kirkman. Troopers originally patrolled on motorcycles; among the first patrol cars used by the force was the 1940 Ford De Luxe.
In 1948, Florida received national recognition for its driver license program from the National Safety Council.
In 1994, the FHP, in collaboration with all ten cellular phone companies operating in Florida, launched a "Dial *FHP" program, which allowed the public to make free phone calls to FHP to report highway offenses (such as drunk and reckless driving) as well as motorists in distress. The program became very popular.
On July 1, 2011, the Office of Motor Carrier Compliance (a state law enforcement agency responsible for commercial vehicle laws in the state) was transferred from the Florida Department of Transportation to the FHP (which is a division of the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles). The consolidation was a result of Senate Bill 2160, passed by lawmakers during the 2011 Legislative Session, which gave responsibility for commercial vehicle licensing, registrations, fuel permits, and enforcement to DHSMV.
In 2013, the agency fired a trooper who declined to give speeding tickets to two state legislators who had been pulled over. The trooper won reinstatement after arguing that he was following an unwritten FHP practice of not issuing citations to state legislators, who control the agency's budget.
The FHP has launched a series of anti-aggressive driving campaigns, including "Operation Safe Ride" (2004–2005). FHP also launched the "Statewide Overtime Action Response" (SOAR) program targeting traffic enforcement in areas deemed high priority. An investigation by the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles' office of inspector general into the SOAR program found that more than a dozen troopers, including several with decades of service had committed misconduct by receiving overtime pay for hours spent not working, among other offenses; some of the troopers were fired, while others were suspended or internally disciplined. The troopers' lawyers argued that their clients had followed a longstanding unwritten FHP rules.
Racial discrimination
In 2019, the Office of Inspector General conducted a review of Florida Highway Patrol
Troopers and bias based profiling. The results of the review were published January 14, 2020.
A 2021 study in the American Economic Review found that minorities were significantly less likely to receive discounts on their traffic tickets than White drivers; the study estimated that 42% of FHP troopers practiced racial discrimination.
Ranks and organization
The director of the Division of Highway Patrol is the commander of the FHP, and has the rank of Colonel; there are two deputy directors of the Division of Florida Highway Patrol, both hold the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. The FHP is divided into two bureaus: the Bureau of Records and Training (which, among other duties, operates the Florida Highway Patrol Academy in Tallahassee) and the Bureau of Field Operations. The enforcement activity of the Bureau of Field Operations is divided into a Northern Region and a Southern region, each headed by a chief. FHP's Special Services Command and Commercial Vehicle Enforcement are also headed by a chief of equal rank to the regional commanders.
The Northern region consists of Troops A, B, C, G and H, and the Southern region consists of Troops D,F,K,L and E . These troops are assigned responsibility for enforcement activity with specific areas (a cluster of counties). A few troops have statewide or regional responsibilities, including troops charged with weigh station enforcement. Troop K patrols Florida's Turnpike, Troop I covers commercial vehicle enforcement for North Florida, and Troop J covers commercial vehicle enforcement for South Florida. The troop commander of each troop holds the rank of Major.
Promotion of troops to the ranks of Corporal (Trooper II), Sergeant, Lieutenant, and Captain require specific minimum times in service and passage of a promotional examination. Promotion to Corporal requires a written examination; promotion to Sergeant and Lieutenant requires a written examination and assessment, and promotion to Captain requires a written examination and interview.
A career development system was created for troopers through sergeants. This consisted of additional ranks within grade based on years of service and education/training with a plan for financial incentives, however; funding was never approved and the additional ranks are awarded based on recognition of years of service within grade only. Corporal ranks must additionally show proof of case experience before receiving the recognition of an advanced rank.
Trooper
Trooper Specialist- 2 years
Trooper First Class- 7 years
Senior Trooper- 13 years
Master Trooper- 20 years
Corporal
Senior Corporal
Master Corporal
Sergeant
Staff Sergeant - 3 years
Sergeant First Class- 5 years
Master Sergeant- 8 years
Size
As of 2004, the FHP had 1,654 full-time, sworn personnel. This was about 10 full-time troopers for every 100,000 residents, one of the lowest ratios in the country.
The FHP's website stated in 2021 that the agency was authorized for a total of 2,475 full-time employees (1,946 sworn and 529 non-sworn).
Employment demographics
In 1979, the United States Department of Justice sued the Florida Highway Patrol, alleging race and sex discrimination in employment. The State of Florida entered into a settlement with the Justice Department, which was incorporated into a consent decree entered by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida on July 12, 1979. The Consent Decree required the Patrol to hire more minorities and women. In 1985, following a policy change by the Reagan administration, the Justice Department changed its position and required agencies with existing affirmative action consent decrees, including the Florida Highway Patrol, to "end the use of numerical goals and quotas designed to increase employment of women, blacks or Hispanic Americans."
As of 2017, FHP sworn members are 61% white, 14% African American, 23% Hispanic, and 2% other. FHP sworn members are 89% male and 11% female.
Weapons, vehicles, and equipment
Florida law designates the prescribed colors as 'Florida Highway Patrol black and tan.' Florida law makes it a misdemeanor crime to cause a vehicle or motorcycle to be the same or similar colors as prescribed by FHP. A 1998 Legislative review determined the paint added $657 to the purchase of each vehicle. Prior to the vehicles being decommissioned, the Patrol defaces the cars so that they cannot be misconstrued as official law enforcement vehicles. The defaced, two-tone paint reduces each car's resale value by approximately $400.
In 2004, an anonymous Florida resident donated stealthy 18 Mercury Marauders for the FHP's use. In 2017, the FHP deployed a small number of "subdued cruisers" (nicknamed "Ghost Cruisers") for enforcement, assigning one to each of the state's dozen patrol troops.
As of 2007, FHP owned 8 airplanes.
In 2010, FHP adopted the Glock 37 Gen 4 and the subcompact Glock 39 , both in .45 GAP, as the patrol's duty weapon. As of 2021, FHP's primary service weapon is the Glock 45 MOS. The Glock 45 MOS is a compact 9x19mm handgun.
Troop Layout
The Florida Highway Patrol's troops cover the following counties as listed:
Florida Highway Patrol Auxiliary
The Florida Highway Patrol is authorized by Florida law to have an Auxiliary force. The Auxiliary personnel are volunteers who dedicate a minimum number of hours on a part-time, but regularly recurring basis to supplement the Florida Highway Patrol in its legislated duties. The maximum number of auxiliary personnel is limited by law. Auxiliary personnel receive no individual wages, health or insurance benefits, and may not work as auxiliary troopers for compensation (e.g. off duty employment).
Just as with any Florida law enforcement officer, auxiliary personnel who wish to be considered for a traditional Auxiliary trooper position must meet minimum statutory qualification criteria. Additionally, auxiliary members must successfully meet other requirements including submitting a State of Florida application and fingerprints, undergoing a background investigation, passing mandated Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) and agency law enforcement training requirements. Once certified, Auxiliary troopers are Florida certified auxiliary law enforcement officers. State law provides that while serving under the supervision and direction of a full-time trooper, auxiliary troopers have the power to bear arms and make arrests. The supervision and direction of a full-time trooper may come in the form being present at the scene or in radio contact with the auxiliary trooper. Auxiliary troopers wear agency issued sidearms, and similar but slightly distinctive uniforms.
The Auxiliary is overseen by a high ranking full-time command staff member of the Florida Highway Patrol who acts as the auxiliary coordinator. Throughout the state, each auxiliary unit is supervised by a full-time member who comes under the purview of the troop commander within each troop.
Auxiliary duties include: patrolling the highways of the state, assisting motorists, participating in vehicle equipment and license checkpoints, operating the mobile Breath Alcohol Testing (BAT) Unit, and participating in specialized events or details relevant to traffic related matter.
See also
References
External links
1939 establishments in Florida
Government agencies established in 1939
State agencies of Florida
State law enforcement agencies of Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20Highway%20Patrol |
Sandglass () is a South Korean television series. It is one of the highest-rated Korean dramas in history, and is also considered one of the most significant. Written by Song Ji-na, directed by Kim Jong-hak and produced by their own company Jcom, it aired on SBS in 1995 in 24 episodes.
A depiction of the tragic relationship among three friends affected by the political and civilian oppression of 1970s and 1980s Korea, the series mixed politics, melodrama, and action. It recorded a peak rating of 64.5%, the fourth highest of all time, and launched its leading trio of Choi Min-soo, Go Hyun-jung, and Park Sang-won into stardom. Its reenactment of the Gwangju Uprising (interspersed with archival video footage) has been called one of the most realistic and memorable moments in Korean TV history.
Synopsis
Sandglass is the story of two men whose friendship is put to the test through the 1970s and 1980s, one of Korea's politically tumultuous periods. Park Tae-soo (Choi Min-soo), tough and loyal, grows up to become a gangster. Kang Woo-suk (Park Sang-won), smart with firm moral values, grows up to become a prosecutor. Yoon Hye-rin (Go Hyun-jung), a beautiful and spirited daughter of a very wealthy casino owner, is a classmate of Woo-suk in college. Hye-rin is introduced to Tae-soo via Woo-suk and they fall in love.
A notable aspect of the series is its handling of the 1980 Gwangju Democratization Movement, an event during which the head of the military junta (which had taken over South Korea after the assassination of President Park Chung Hee), General Chun Doo-hwan, sent paratroopers into Gwangju to put down the uprising resulting in a massacre of hundreds of civilians. A taboo subject during the airing of the series, the violent scenes (based on individual accounts) resulted in shock and grief for the South Koreans at that time. (The mid-90s South Korea had not come to terms with what happened after government muzzled free speech.) After the drama aired, there was a visible output of films dealing with the subject (such as A Petal (1996) and Peppermint Candy (2000)). It even influenced the prosecution of ex-President Chun Doo-hwan responsible for the massacre (he was finally jailed, decades after the incident).
Cast
Choi Min-soo as Park Tae-soo
Park Sang-won as Kang Woo-suk
Go Hyun-jung as Yoon Hye-rin
Lee Jung-jae as Baek Jae-hee
Park Geun-hyung as President Yoon, Hye-rin's father
Jung Sung-mo as Lee Jong-do
Jo Min-su as Woo-suk's wife
Lee Seung-yeon as Reporter Shin
Kim Jong-gyul as Lawyer Min
Jo Kyung-hwan
Kim Byung-ki as Kang Dong-hwan
Jo Hyung-ki
Kim In-moon as Tae-soo's father
Jang Hang-sun
Kim Young-ae as Tae-soo's mother
Im Hyun-sik as assistant prosecutor
Kim Jung-hyun
Hong Kyung-in
Lee Hee-do
Maeng Sang-hoon
Lee Doo-il
Park Young-ji
Son Hyun-joo
Jung Myung-hwan
Kim Jung-hak
Han Kyung-sun
Choi Jae-ho
Kim Myung-gook
Do Yong-gook
Park Sang-jo
Ratings
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
Reception
Traffic was visibly lighter and pubs reported slow business as government officials, students and office workers alike headed home early to watch Sandglass every Monday through Thursday evenings.
Sandglass remains one of the highest-rated TV series in Korean broadcasting history (by single episode viewership rating):
그대 그리고 나 - You and I (66.9% / 1998-04-26 / MBC)
첫사랑 - First Love (65.8% / 1997-04-20 / KBS2)
사랑이 뭐길래 - What is Love? (64.9% / 1992-05-24 / MBC)
모래시계 - Sandglass (64.5% / 1995-02-06 / SBS)
허준 - Hur Jun (63.5% / 2000-06-27 / MBC)
젊은이의 양지 - Youth's Sunny Place (62.7% / 1995-11-12 / KBS2)
아들과 딸 - Son and Daughter (61.1% / 1993-03-21 / MBC)
태조왕건 - Taejo Wang Geon (60.2% / 2001-05-20 / KBS1)
여명의 눈동자 - Eyes of Dawn (58.4% / 1992-02-06 / MBC)
대장금 - Dae Jang Geum (57.8% / 2004-03-23 / MBC)
A song, titled "Zhuravli" ("Crane"), by a Russian singer Joseph Kobzon was featured in the series. Although many Koreans did not understand the lyrics, it is still one of the most widely recognized song in Korea thanks to the show's popularity. The song actually mourns the Soviet soldiers killed while defending their homeland and who later became cranes. The lyrics blend well with the theme of the show since one of the major plot devices of the show, the Gwangju Massacre, commemorates the dead who were caught in the middle of the tragedy.
Accolades
Reruns
As a tribute to the late director Kim Jong-hak (who died on July 23, 2013), cable subsidiary SBS Plus aired reruns of Sandglass from July 29 to August 15, 2013, at 20:40 every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, with two consecutive episodes per night. This was exactly how the show was originally broadcast in 1995.
References
External links
Sandglass official SBS website
Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas
1995 South Korean television series debuts
1995 South Korean television series endings
Korean-language television shows
1990s South Korean television series
Television series set in the 1960s
Television series set in the 1970s
Television series set in the 1980s
South Korean political television series
Works about the Gwangju Uprising
Television shows written by Song Ji-na
Television shows set in Gwangju | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandglass%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Józef Chyliński (2 October 1904 — 9 June 1985) (codenames 'Kamień', 'Grom' and 'Julian') was a Polish soldier and resistance fighter, recipient of the Silver Star of the Virtuti Militari, Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych) and Gold Cross of Merit with Swords (Krzyż Zasługi z Mieczami).
Jabłonowski, born in Gosslershausen (Jabłonowo Pomorskie), West Prussia (today Poland), graduated from military academy in Poznań. Before the war, he served in the HQ of Okrągu Korpusu nr VII under gen. Tadeusz Kutrzeba, and in 1938 was the officer in charge of the special forces section.
During the Invasion of Poland with the rank of captain he took part in the Battle of Modlin. He organized a chapter of Służba Zwycięstwu Polski (later transformed into Związek Walki Zbrojnej and then into Armia Krajowa) in Pomorze. He was instrumental in coordinating the activities of various Polish resistance organizations in the Pomorze region, until the majority of them merged into Armia Krajowa. After the death of Józef Ratajczak in May 1940, he was the unofficial commander of Polish resistance in Pomorze. From 1943 he was commander of staff of Komenda Okręgu Armii Krajowej Pomorze under Komendant Okręgu Jan Pałubicki (codename 'Janusz'). During that time, he lived mostly in Toruń, although every few months he traveled to Warsaw for meetings with commanders of AK (Stefan Rowecki and Tadeusz Komorowski).
He was involved in the spying on the Peenemünde Nazi rocket facility, as one of the links between Polish operatives in the field, AK HQ, and through them, the Western Allies. Together with Marian Górski (codename "Wencel"), the chief of Kedyw espionage unit, he organized Operation Gotingen-Vulkan, involving spreading Polish resistance actions (espionage, sabotage, propaganda) throughout Germany itself.
His wife, a courier for the Polish resistance, died in the Warsaw Uprising, 1944.
From 1945 to 1947 he was imprisoned by the communist regime of the People's Republic of Poland. Released in 1947, he refused to join the communist Armia Ludowa, escaped through Sweden to the United Kingdom (where the Polish Government in Exile promoted him to Lieutenant Colonel), then emigrated to Toronto, Canada, where he lived the rest of his life.
References
Elżbieta Skerska, "Józef Chyliński (1904-1985), Żołnierz Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego", "Głos z Torunia", 43/2002, last accessed on 22 February 2006
1904 births
1985 deaths
People from Brodnica County
People from West Prussia
Polish resistance members of World War II
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland)
People detained by the Polish Ministry of Public Security | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef%20Chyli%C5%84ski |
30° Everywhere is the debut studio album by American rock band the Promise Ring. It was released in 1996 on Jade Tree.
Background
The Promise Ring were formed from the aftermath of several Midwest emo groups in February 1995: guitarists Jason Gnewikow and Matt Mangan (both formerly of None Left Standing), and drummer Dan Didier and bassist Scott Beschta (both formerly of Ceilishrine). Mangan moved to Indianapolis soon after the group formed, resulting in them inviting Cap'n Jazz guitarist Davey von Bohlen after he had moved to Milwaukee. He was friends with Gnewikow prior to this, but hadn't met Dider or Beschta before the group formed. The band recorded a three-track demo ("Jupiter", "12 Sweaters Red" and "Mineral Point") in early March, and played their first show shortly afterwards. In June, the group went on a 10-day East Coast tour; after a brief five-day rest, Bohlen went back on tour with Cap'n Jazz to support the release of their debut. After the ninth day of the tour, Cap'n Jazz broke up, and Bohlen was able to focus his time on the Promise Ring. Bohlen said being in Cap'n Jazz made it easier for the Promise Ring to book tours.
The band released a 7" vinyl single ("Watertown Plank" and "Mineral Point") through Foresight Records, which was owned by a friend of theirs. The band then went on tour, performing in church halls and basements across the US. While on tour, Texas Is the Reason guitarist Norman Brannon was given a copy of the band's demo and 7" single, and gave them to Jade Tree co-founder Tim Own, who was his roommate. Jade Tree's other co-founder Darren Walters initially scoffed at the tape, thinking it was a joke; he later claimed that "[f]or some reason [...] it reminded me of U2." When the band were touring near Walters, he took them out to dinner and promptly signed them. After further touring at the start of 1996, the Falsetto Keeps Time EP was released in February, and was followed by a split single with Texas Is the Reason in May. Both releases were successful, with the band continuing to tour and work on material that would feature on their debut album.
Production
According to Bohlen, the album was recorded in five days "in a situation where we had no idea what we wanted to do or how we wanted it to come out." Additionally, Bohlen was ill during the making of it, resulting in issues with his vocals. Zac Crainz of the Dallas Observer claimed the studio "apparently only had enough microphones to record the guitars." Didier later said in retrospect: "it was the wrong recording at the wrong time with the wrong person." Casey Rice had recently returned from touring around Europe with Tortoise, and to him, he felt that he was simply recording a punk rock act. Didier added: "So we were all like, 'This is our first record,' so it’s like 'Okay, cool, okay. Whatever. I love Tortoise!' We did that, and then listening back on the way home we were like, 'Fuck.
Musically, 30° Everywhere has been described as emo and avant-pop. "A Picture Postcard" details not wanting a partner's love to leave them.
Release and reception
Promotion and touring
The Promise Ring had sold around 4,000 copies of 30° Everywhere on tour prior to its release on September 10, 1996. Despite this, the album was an underground success, earning the group attention from independent publications. The artwork consists of sepia-tinted double-exposed images, as well as a picture of the band members sitting on a couch. The attention was aided by the inclusion of the emo staple "A Picture Postcard", which had been released earlier on the Falsetto Keeps Time EP. The band had 500–600 copies of the album to sell over the course of several gigs, however, during one show at CBGB's, they sold all copies in one go. After breaking for the Christmas period, the band went on a six-week US tour with Texas Is the Reason. In April and May 1997, the group embarked on a European tour. 30° Everywhere was released in Japan in October 1999 through Cutting Edge. The album was re-pressed on vinyl alongside Nothing Feels Good (1997) and Very Emergency (1999) in late 2015.
Critical response and legacy
AllMusic reviewer Blake Butler said the band "certainly know how to write sharp, powerful, and beautiful songs." Adding that the album was "very catchy, very intense, [and] very powerful." Author Andy Greenwald in his book Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo (2003) wrote that the album was "rough but winning; the only hurdle for prospective listeners is von Bohlen's often off-key warbling".
30° Everywhere sold 12,000 copies by September 1997. It has been cited as one of the popular emo releases from the era, serving as both a benchmark and a blueprint for it. LA Weekly included the album on their list of the top 20 best emo albums. Bohlen dismissed the album in a 1999 interview with Alternative Press, saying he would "never listen to our first record. If we could have put out [Very Emergency] for our first record, we would have". Gnewikow did not think it was a "very good record", explaining that they had been a band for that long prior to its creation, "we had no business making an album like that then".
Man Overboard included a cover of "Red Paint" on their compilation The Human Highlight Reel (2011).
Track listing
Personnel
Davey von Bohlen – vocals, guitar
Jason Gnewikow – guitar
Scott Beschta – bass guitar
Dan Didier – drums
Rachel Dietkus – violin on tracks 9 & 12
Casey Rice - engineer
Tim Owen & Scott Beschta – photography
References
Citations
Sources
External links
30° Everywhere at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
1996 debut albums
The Promise Ring albums
Jade Tree (record label) albums
Avant-pop albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30%C2%B0%20Everywhere |
is a shoot 'em up video game developed by G.rev and released in Japanese arcades in 2005. The game takes place in an alternate reality during World War II, where players control German-speaking characters (dubbed "the Empire") fighting against English-speaking characters ("the Union"). Their vehicles are patterned after those of real-life Allied and Axis powers. A port for the Dreamcast was released in 2006 and marketed as the last game for the system, although two more were released the following year. The game was commercially successful, but received average reviews from critics because of its traditional and derivative gameplay.
A high-definition remaster, Under Defeat HD, was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2012, published by Rising Star Games. The updated version contains improved visuals, new control scheme options, and a new gameplay mode to adapt the game for 16:9 displays. This version was re-released in arcades as Under Defeat HD+.
Gameplay
In Under Defeat, the player assumes control of a helicopter. The gameplay bears resemblance to early Toaplan games such as Twin Cobra. It uses 3D graphics, and a slightly angled perspective to give the game more depth than most other titles in the genre. The player's helicopter can move in eight directions, though its move speed is fixed in relation to the stage's scroll speed.
The player has 3 basic forms of attack: the machine gun, bombs, and options. The primary weapon is the machine gun, which can fire a continuous stream of bullets. Bombs unleash a screen-devastating blast, destroying most enemies instantly, and protects the player's ship from enemy fire. The player begins each life with three bombs and can accumulate up to six. Finally, the helicopter has three possible weapon assists, or "options", which provide extra firepower. The weapon options are a machine gun, cannon, and rocket grenade. Using the right one at any given time determines how tough certain battles and stages will be.
Development and release
Under Defeat was developed by G.rev for Sega's NAOMI arcade board. It was released in Japanese arcades on October 27, 2005, followed by a companion soundtrack release in December. A Dreamcast port was released on March 23, 2006, over five years after Sega announced they were pulling support for the system. G.rev promoted it as the last Dreamcast game, although Triggerheart Exelica and Karous were released for the system the following year. G.rev credited the promotion as helping its commercial success. It sold through its first printing within one week, becoming the best-selling game on the system since G.rev's own Border Down (2003). Dreamcast copies were released in limited numbers and continue to command high prices on secondary markets. A limited edition version with a pack-in soundtrack CD was also released (different from the soundtrack released earlier).
Under Defeat HD
In response to fan requests for a re-release, G.rev announced a high-definition version of Under Defeat for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in October 2011. The re-release was titled Under Defeat HD published by Rising Star Games. Most of G.rev's recent games were Xbox 360 exclusives, so out of fear of being framed exclusively as Xbox 360 developers in the industry, they decided to create a PlayStation 3 port as well. In addition to digital storefronts, G.rev produced physical copies as a show of gratitude to their fans. An arcade version was released in 2013 as Under Defeat HD+.
Building on the original, Under Defeat HD has a new gameplay mode, New Order mode, which stretches the gameplay to fill a 16:9 display and gives the player the ability to shoot at wider ranges. G.rev developed this mode in an effort to adapt the game for modern 16:9 displays. A new optional dual stick control setup was added as well. Under Defeat HD also has improved shadowing and textures. Because the textures were originally created in high resolution, the team used those to replace the lossy versions used in the original though some pixel art needed to be tediously enlarged. The team also needed to manually reproduce the deferred background polygon rendering, a process handled by PowerVR technology in the original arcade and Dreamcast hardware.
Reception
Reviewing the Dreamcast version, Edge and Eurogamer agreed that Under Defeat was traditional in its gameplay, absent of the more inventive bullet patterns, scoring methods, and controls seen in modern shooters. Edge wrote that it although it lacks the excitement of other shooters, it makes up for it through rewarding dedicated players. Eurogamer described it as "'80s gaming dressed in '00s visuals running on '90s hardware" and recommended it for shooter aficionados. They also argued that the scarcity of good shoot 'em ups may influence fans of the genre to overstate Under Defeat's quality. They concluded their thoughts by calling it "sweet and eloquent but, [...] also tired and relentlessly derivative. Whether that annoys you or not depends on whether you were looking simply some well-made twitch fun or a glorious resurrection." Both publications praised the graphics, particularly the explosions and smoke effects. In a retrospective review, Retro Gamer praised the game's particle effects and wrote that Under Defeat "shows how, with good developers, the Dreamcast was perfectly capable of hanging with the competition."
Critics reviewing the high-definition version primarily recommended the game for fans of the shooter genre. Push Square wrote that its longevity was mostly in beating high scores, for better or worse. GameRevolution called it "a game trapped in time" for its traditional feel, but felt the game's unique controls will give satisfying nuance for shooter fans. Destructoid wrote that "getting used to Under Defeat’s controls is both the game's blessing and curse", believing that perhaps the game was developed for arcade sticks and a standard controller was not ideal. Critics overall praised the graphical improvements.
Notes
References
External links
2005 video games
ALL.Net games
Arcade video games
Dreamcast games
Helicopter video games
Scrolling shooters
Sega video games
Sega arcade games
PlayStation 3 games
Video games scored by Shinji Hosoe
Xbox 360 games
Rising Star Games games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
G.rev games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under%20Defeat |
Lisa-Marie Allen (born September 16, 1960 in Glendale, California) is an American former figure skater. In 1979, she won gold at the inaugural Skate America (then titled Norton Skate). She is also the 1978 Skate Canada International champion, 1975 Nebelhorn Trophy champion, 1979 NHK Trophy Silver Medalist, and a four-time U.S. national medalist (three silver, one bronze). She competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics, placing fifth.
After retiring from amateur competition, Allen became the World Professional champion in 1990 and American Open Professional champion in 1997. She was the assistant choreographer for the feature film Blades of Glory (as well as making a cameo appearance) and assistant choreographer for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Salt Lake Olympic Games.
Results
References
External links
Lisa-Marie Allen's entry at Figureskatingmystery.com
1960 births
American female single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Living people
Sportspeople from Glendale, California
21st-century American sportswomen
Brighton Hall School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa-Marie%20Allen |
Campbell Hall can refer to:
Campbell Hall (UC Berkeley), an academic building
Campbell Hall School in North Hollywood, California
A hamlet in the town of Hamptonburgh, New York
Campbell Hall (Metro-North station), in the hamlet
A residence hall at Virginia Tech
A residence hall at Rutgers University
A residence hall at Mount Allison University
A residence hall at University of Northern Iowa
Architectural disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell%20Hall |
John the Orphanotrophos () was the chief court eunuch (parakoimomenos) during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos III (r. 1028–1034). John was born in the region of Paphlagonia. His family were said to be involved in a disreputable trade, perhaps money changing or, according to George Kedrenos, counterfeiting. John was the eldest of five brothers. Two, Constantine and George, were also eunuchs, while the other two, Niketas and Michael, were 'bearded' men; the latter became Michael IV the Paphlagonian after John introduced him to the reigning Empress Zoë. According to Michael Psellos, the two became lovers and may have plotted to assassinate Zoë's husband. Romanos was probably killed in his bath on 11 April 1034. Some contemporary sources implicate John in the assassination.
Background
John first comes to historical attention as a protonotarios and trusted confidant of Basil II (r. 976–1025). He supported the interests of Romanos before he became emperor. After his accession, Romanos made John praepositus sacri cubiculi (head of the imperial household and the highest eunuch position; this title is probably identical with parakoimomenos) and senator.
With the accession of Michael IV, John was able to vigorously pursue his goal of furthering his family's interests. The chronicler John Skylitzes goes so far as to say that 'with John's help all of his brothers became members of the emperor's household'. John saw to it that his sister Maria's husband Stephen was made admiral, his brother Niketas was made duke of Antioch (succeeded by his brother Constantine), and his brother George was made protovestiarios, succeeding Symeon, who resigned in protest at John's behaviour and retired to Mount Olympus. Anthony the Fat, a member of John's extended family, was appointed Bishop of Nicomedia. Although John himself ultimately remained an orphanotrophos, he effectively ran the state as a sort of prime minister. In 1037 John attempted to make himself Patriarch of Constantinople by unsuccessfully trying to have Alexius Studites dismissed from the Patriarchate.
John put Stephen in charge of the fleet that carried George Maniakes and his army to Sicily in 1038. After the disastrous desertions of the Normans, Salernitans and Varangians from Maniakes' army, John recalled Maniakes and had him imprisoned. John appointed Michael Doukeianos as Catepan of Italy.
Eyes on power
As Michel IV's epilepsy worsened, John's grip on power tightened. John persuaded the Empress to adopt Stephen's son Michael as her own, thus ensuring the continuation of the Paphlagonian line. Michael IV died on 10 December 1041, possibly in suspicious circumstances, and was succeeded by Michael V. Having seen Michael elevated to the imperial throne, John made his nephew Constantine his protégé, with the aim, according to Psellos, of ensuring his succession. Michael V exiled John to the monastery of Monobatae in 1041 and then, again according to Psellos, had all of John's male relatives castrated. John and his brother Constantine were blinded in 1042 by order of the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius. During the reign of Constantine IX, John was sent to Lesbos, where he died on 13 May 1043.
John's position at the head of the state, his ability to remain in power despite the installation of new emperors, and his shrewd pursuit of his family's interests make him one of the most fascinating eunuchs in Byzantine history. As Psellos' description of him in Book 4 of his Chronographia shows, he was a very complex figure, capable of inspiring both admiration and loathing in the same chronicler.
References
Michael Psellus (trans. E.R.A. Sewter), Fourteen Byzantine Rulers (London: Penguin Books, 1953)
Kathyrn M. Ringrose, The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 191–193.
11th-century Byzantine people
Byzantine eunuchs
1040s deaths
Parakoimomenoi
Year of birth unknown
Orphanotrophoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20the%20Orphanotrophos |
The concept of imagined geographies (or imaginative geographies) originated from Edward Said, particularly his work on critique on Orientalism. Imagined geographies refers to the perception of a space created through certain imagery, texts, and/or discourses. For Said, imagined does not mean to be false or made-up, but rather is used synonymous with perceived. Despite often being constructed on a national level, imagined geographies also occur domestically in nations and locally within regions, cities, etc.
Imagined geographies can be seen as a form of social constructionism on par with Benedict Anderson's concept of imagined communities. Edward Said's notion of Orientalism is tied to the tumultuous dynamics of contemporary history. Orientalism is often referred to as the West's patronizing perceptions and depictions of the East, but more specifically towards Islamic and Confucian states. Orientalism has also been labeled to as the cornerstone of postcolonial studies.
This theory has also been used to critique several geographies created; both historically and contemporarily—an example is Maria Todorova's work Imagining the Balkans. Samuel P. Huntington's Clash of Civilizations has also been criticized as showing a whole set of imagined geographies. Halford Mackinder's theories have also been argued by scholars to be an imagined geography that emphasised the important of Europe over non-European countries, and asserted the view of the geographical "expert" with the "God's eye view".
Orientalism
In his book Orientalism, Edward Said argued that Western culture had produced a view of the "Orient" based on a particular imagination, popularized through academic Oriental studies, travel writing, anthropology and a colonial view of the Orient. This imagination included painting the orient as feminine- however, Said's view on the gendered nature has been criticized by other scholars due to a limited exploration of the construct.
At a 1993 lecture located at York University, Toronto, Canada, Said stressed the role culture plays in Orientalism-based imperialism and colonialism. By differentiating and elevating a national culture over another a validating process of "othering" is undertaken. This process underlies imagined geographies such as orientalism as it creates a set of preconceived notions for self-serving purposes. In constructing itself as superior, the imperial force or colonizing agent is able to justify its actions as somehow necessary or beneficial to the "other".
Despite the broad scope and effect of orientalism as an imagined geography, it and the underlying process of "othering" are discursive and thereby normalized within dominant, Western societies. It is in this sense that Orientalism may be reinforced in cultural texts such as art, film, literature, music, etc. where one-dimensional and often backwards constructions prevail. A prime source of cinematic examples is the documentary-film Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. The film demonstrates the process of orientalism centric "othering" within Western films from the silent era to modern classics such as Disney's Aladdin. Inferior, backwards, and culturally stagnate constructions of Oriental "others" become normalized in the minds of Western consumers of cultural texts; reinforcing racist or insensitive beliefs and assumptions.
In Orientalism, Said says that Orientalism is an imagined geography because a) Europeans created one culture for the entirety of the 'Orient', and b) the 'Orient' was defined by text and not by the 'Orient'.
Theory
Said was heavily influenced by French philosopher Michel Foucault, and those who have developed the theory of imagined geographies have linked these together. Foucault states that power and knowledge are always intertwined. Said then developed an idea of a relationship between power and descriptions. Imagined geographies are thus seen as a tool of power, of a means of controlling and subordinating areas. Power is seen as being in the hands of those who have the right to objectify those that they are imagining.
Imagined geographies were mostly based on myth and legend, often depicting monstrous "others". Edward Said elaborates that: “Europe is powerful and articulate; Asia is defeated and distant." Further writers to have been heavily influenced by the concept of imagined geographies including Derek Gregory and Gearóid Ó Tuathail. Gregory argues that the War on Terror shows a continuation of the same imagined geographies that Said uncovered. He claims that the Islamic world is portrayed as uncivilized; it is labeled as backward and failing. This justifies, in the view of those imagining, the military intervention that has been seen in Afghanistan and Iraq. Edward Said mentions that when Islam appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages, the response was conservative and defensive. Ó' Tuathail has argued that geopolitical knowledges are forms of imagined geography. Using the example of Halford Mackinder's heartland theory, he has shown how the presentation of Eastern Europe / Western Russia as a key geopolitical region after the First World War influenced actions such as the recreation of Poland and the Polish Corridor in the 1918 Treaty of Versailles.
See also
Lila Abu-Lughod
Imagined communities
India (Herodotus)
Padaei
References
Further reading
Huntington, Samuel, 1991, Clash of Civilizations
Gregory, Derek, 2004, The Colonial Present, Blackwell
Marx, Karl, [1853] "The British Rule In India" in Macfie, A. L. (ed.), 2000, Orientalism: A Reader, Edinburgh University Press
Ó' Tuathail, Gearoid, 1996, Critical Geopolitics: The Writing of Global Space, Routledge
Said, Edward, [1978]1995, Orientalism, Penguin Books
Mohnike, Thomas, 2007, Imaginierte Geographien, Ergon-Verlag
Said, Edward. [1979] “Imaginative Geography and Its Representations: Orientalizing the Oriental.” Orientalism. New York: Vintage,
Sharp, Joanne P. [2009]. "Geographies of Postcolonialism." Sage Publications: London.
Human geography
Postcolonialism
Social constructionism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagined%20geographies |
Wendy Burge (born October 1, 1957) is an American former competitive figure skater. Born in Alaska, she won the silver medal at the 1975 U.S. Figure Skating Championships and placed 6th at the 1976 Winter Olympics. She retired in Orange County, California after working as a professional coach for over twenty years.
Results
References
American female single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Living people
1957 births
Sportspeople from Alaska
Sportspeople from Orange County, California
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy%20Burge |
The Hillcrest mine disaster, the worst coal mining disaster in Canadian history, occurred at Hillcrest, Alberta, in the Crowsnest Pass region, on June 19, 1914, 9:30 am.
The disaster was reported by several news outlets including the Calgary Herald as the world's third-worst mine disaster at the time, after the Fraterville Mine disaster and the Courrières mine disaster.
Explosion
The mine started operations at 7:00 a.m. on June 19, 1914. At approximately 9:30 a.m., an explosion ripped through the tunnels, up the slopes and burst from the entries of the mine. John Brown, the general manager of the mine, rushed to the fan room to reverse the suction of air, which would push depleted oxygen back into the mine in an attempt to save any survivors. Initial rescue efforts were hampered by the complete destruction of the one entrance to the mine.
Of the 237 men who entered the mine that day, only 48 were rescued, many of them suffering from the effects of toxic gases.
Aftermath
The accident had a profound effect on the town of Hillcrest Mines, which in 1914 had a population of about 1,000. A total of 189 workers died, about half of the mine's total workforce, which left 90 women widowed and about 250 children fatherless. Many of the victims were buried in a mass grave at the Hillcrest Cemetery. The Government of Alberta held an inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the explosion in 1915.
Condolences came from across the country, including a brief message from King George V, but the commencement of World War I soon overshadowed this event.
Of the 189 victims of the disaster, many were immigrants, including 43 from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, of whom an estimated 30 were Ukrainian by ethnic origin, including 6 from one village, Karliv (now Prutivka), Galicia.
Operations at Hillcrest mine continued until Hillcrest Collieries, the mine owners, went into liquidation in April 1938, and the mine was officially closed on December 2, 1939.
A monument to the Hillcrest mine disaster and the lives lost was placed at the Hillcrest Cemetery.
In 1990, Canadian folk-singer James Keelaghan recorded "Hillcrest Mine", one of his best-known songs. The disaster is also featured in the song "Coal Miner" (album Heads Is East, Tails Is West, 2014) by Joal Kamps, an Alberta-based Rocky Mountain folk-pop singer.
Other area mining accidents
On September 19, 1926, another explosion occurred in the Hillcrest mine when the mine was idle, killing two men.
Other explosions at other coal mines within the Crowsnest Pass region also caused deaths:
Coal Creek, 1902 (128 men killed)
Michel, 1904 (7)
Coleman, 1907 (3)
Bellevue, 1910 (30)
Michel, 1916 (12)
Coal Creek, 1917 (34)
Coleman, 1926 (10)
Michel, 1938 (3)
References
External links
Anderson, Frank W. Canada's Worst Mine Disaster. Frontier Books, 1969.
The Hillcrest Mine Disaster National Film Board of Canada, 2006.
Hillcrest Mine Disaster
Unofficial Hillcrest Mine Disaster website
Commission Appointed for the Investigation and Enquiry into the Cause and Effect of the Hillcrest Mine Disaster. Report. In Alberta. Dept. of Public Works. Mines Branch. Annual Report, 1914. Edmonton: J.W. Jeffery, Government Printer, 1915. p. 160-169.
Coal mining disasters in Canada
Disasters in Alberta
Explosions in Canada
1914 mining disasters
1914 in Canada
Underground mines in Canada
Explosions in 1926
Coal mines in Canada
Mines in Alberta
Crowsnest Pass, Alberta
1914 in Alberta
1914 disasters in Canada
History of immigration to Canada
Ukrainian diaspora in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillcrest%20mine%20disaster |
The People's Party or Socialist People's Party was a minor political party in the Furness region of England.
The party was founded in 1995 by four Labour Party borough councillors who had been suspended from Labour for opposing a reduction in the housing budget. It was initially known as the People's Labour Party, and stood their chair, Jim Hamezeian, in the Barrow and Furness constituency in the 1997 general election. He received 1,995 votes, 4.1% of the total in the constituency.
The party campaigned on a variety of local issues. A split led to two of its four councillors leaving and standing as independents in the 2003 local elections; the two People's Party councillors then lost their seats. However, in the 2006 local elections, party leader Jim Hamezian regained his seat in the Ormsgill ward.
In the 2008 local elections, one councillor was elected in Central Ward and three others elected in Ormsgill. Following this, in elections to Cumbria County Council in 2009, Jim Hamezeian was elected to serve for Ormsgill ward in Barrow-in-Furness.
After that, the party's support dropped: in the 2010 local elections the SPP lost two councillors, and lost all representation on the Borough council in 2011 local elections. The SPP retained one councillor on Cumbria County Council until the May 2013 elections, when they lost all representation. The party deregistered with the Electoral Commission in 2015 and its website is no longer active.
References
External links
Socialist People's Party
Labour Party (UK) breakaway groups
Political parties established in 1995
Political parties disestablished in 2015
Socialist parties in England
Furness
Defunct socialist parties in the United Kingdom
Politics of Cumbria
1995 establishments in England
2015 disestablishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist%20People%27s%20Party%20%28Furness%29 |
The Communist Party of Lithuania (; ) was a communist party in Lithuania. The party was established in early October 1918 and operated clandestinely until it was legalized in 1940 after the Soviet invasion and occupation. The party was banned in August 1991, following the coup attempt in Moscow, Soviet Union which later led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Lithuanian SSR.
History
The party was working illegally from 1920 until 1940. Although the party was illegal, some of its members took part in the 1922 Lithuanian parliamentary election under title "Workers Groups". It managed to gather 5.0 per cent of vote (or around 40,000 votes) and elect five members. Due to political instability, Seimas was dissolved and new elections took place in 1923. In these elections, the party lost half of its support.
In 1940 the party amalgamated with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) (CPSU). By the time of the formation of the Lithuanian SSR, the Communist Party of Lithuania (LKP) was headed by Antanas Sniečkus. In 1940, the LKP merged into the CPSU(b). The territorial organisation of the party in Lithuania was called Communist Party of Lithuania (bolshevik) (LKP (b)). In the Lithuanian territorial organisation, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the party (always a Lithuanian) was de facto ruler of the country. The second secretary for the most of Soviet era was a Moscow-appointed Russian. In 1952 the name of the old Lithuanian party, LKP, was re-adopted.
On 24 December 1989, during mass protests of the Singing Revolution against the Soviet Union in Lithuania, the party declared itself independent from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. By 1990, the main body of the CPL reorganized as the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, which in turn by 2001 merged with Social Democratic Party of Lithuania under the latter's name; but with leadership dominated by ex-communists.
A small portion of the party remained loyal to the CPSU, and reorganized as the Communist Party of Lithuania ('on platform of Communist Party of the Soviet Union') under the leadership of Mykolas Burokevičius after the "traditional" party declared independence from its Soviet Union counterpart. The party played a major role in the January 1991 Events in Lithuania.
The Communist Party of Lithuania was eventually banned on 23 August 1991.
Membership
Governance
First Secretaries
Second Secretaries
Icikas Meskupas-Adomas (9 February 1941 – 13 March 1942)
Vladas Niunka (April – 30 December 1944)
Alexander Isachenko (30 December 1944 – 24 November 1946)
Alexander Trofimov (24 November 1946 – 22 September 1952)
Vasily Aronov (25 September 1952 – 11 June 1953)
Motiejus Šumauskas (February 1954 – 24 January 1956)
Boris Sharkov (28 January 1956 – 27 September 1961)
Boris Popov (30 September 1961 – 13 April 1967)
Valery Khazarov (13 April 1967 – 10 December 1978)
Nikolay Dubenko (11 December 1978 – 17 September 1986)
Nikolay Mitkin (17 September 1986 – 9 December 1988)
Vladimir Beryozov (9 December 1988 – 1990)
Congresses
See also
Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Lithuania and Belorussia
References
Organizations of the Revolutions of 1989
Communist parties in the Soviet Union
Banned communist parties
Lithuania
Parties of one-party systems
Communist parties in Lithuania
Lithuanian collaborators with the Soviet Union (1940–41)
Lithuania
Political parties established in 1918
Political parties disestablished in 1991
Defunct political parties in Lithuania
1918 establishments in Lithuania
1991 disestablishments in Lithuania
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Singing Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist%20Party%20of%20Lithuania |
The Maurice Lamontagne Institute is a marine science research institute located in Mont Joli, Quebec and is part of the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
History
The Maurice Lamontagne Institute was created in 1987. Its mission was to help the Department of Fisheries and Oceans gather and organize documentary resources for the needs of the Québec region.
Description
The Maurice Lamontagne Institute employs around 300 people. Its fields of focus are ocean science and aquatic ecosystems management. Its activities include research on aquatic invasive species, fish stocks and marine mammals, and ocean ecosystem dynamics, forecasting and monitoring of water levels, and developing technological solutions for navigation.
The institute covers an area of 25,000 square metres and has 70 labs onsite.
Library
The library of the Maurice Lamontagne Institute focuses on specialized collections concerning oceans in Québec and in Canada. The library's collection is made of 61,000 monographs and 1100 periodicals.
Research
Researchers at the institute have access to the following vessels:
CCGS Calanus II
CCGS Frederick G. Creed
CCGS Martha L. Black
CCGS Alfred Needler
CCGS Hudson
CCGS Teleost
References
External links
Maurice Lamontagne Institute - official website
Canadian federal government buildings
Research institutes in Canada
Buildings and structures in Bas-Saint-Laurent
Biological research institutes
Oceanographic organizations
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Lamontagne%20Institute |
Ba East Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the eastern areas of Ba Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
is an electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 are reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, are elected by universal suffrage).
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 1999 election, Ponipate Lesavua won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%20East%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Football in Tasmania can refer to a number of sports played in Tasmania, Australia:
Major codes of football in Tasmania
Australian rules football in Tasmania
Soccer in Tasmania
Minor codes in Tasmania
Tasmanian Rugby Union
Rugby league in Tasmania
Tasmanian Gaelic Football and Hurling Association
See also
Sport in Tasmania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20in%20Tasmania |
South Africa is a diverse country with 12 official languages, and many citizens will speak two or more languages. It is very common to mix languages in casual conversations, on social media, or in music lyrics.
This is a list of commonly used terms and phases across Southern Africa per the United Nations geoscheme for Africa, including mainly South Africa and the neighbouring countries of Botswana, eSwatini (formerly Swaziland), Lesotho, and Namibia. From a linguistic perspective, the Eastern African countries of Mozambique and Zimbabwe are typically included, as well.
Curse words and slurs
South Africa is a country formed from centuries of immigrants, settlers, and colonisers. It has a long history of using racial slurs or derogatory phrases when speaking of the other. Some such words have more recently been reclaimed as a mark of pride and defiance (for example, coloured).
"Voetsek", or simply "tsek", is a fun way of telling someone to "fuck off". This is also used to scare unwanted animals away.
"Jou Ma se gat" or "Jou Ma se poes" is a derogatory phrase that literally translates to "Your Mom's hole" or "Your Mom's vagina". This is often seen as more aggressive than the aforementioned phrase "voetsek".
Colloquial phrases
Time
Normally, in other English-speaking countries, when you say you're doing something "now", you would assume it means that you will do said thing right away. In South Africa, the phrases "now now", "just now", and "right now" all have differing connotations: "Now now" often means minutes later; "just now" means hours later; and "right now" actually means now.
For example, the following line using South African slang:
...actually has the following meaning in standard usageL:
Slang words from English
South Africa uses British English spelling and punctuation, although some American spellings are common.
aswell – increasingly pronounced with emphasis on the "as".
awe – A word that could mean anything, but generally used to convey emphasis (e.g., "Awe, how you doing?"; "Awe, thank you boss").
boykie or boytjie – meaning a young male who is cool in the high-school stereotype kind of way. Sporty and tanned, uses a lot of slang. From English "boy" and the Afrikaans diminutive "-tjie".
boy – a disrespectful term used to describe a black man or a young male of any ethnicity, depending on context. A elderly black gardener may be referred to as a garden boy.
buddy - while the original English meaning stays intact, it also refers to the 500ml/440ml bottles of Soft drink, for example: "Can I get a buddy Coke?"
boss – originating from a person being a boss. People started calling people boss in a friendly manner.
baff – act of flatulence, for example: "Did you baff?"
boney – Bicycle or motorbike
bru – male friend (shortening of brother)
breakdown – an average pick-up truck that has been specially modified into a tow-truck. Often modified for performance.
buttons – mandrax tablet
canyon crab – derogatory term for Afrikaner
carrots – broken, done over, beaten up.
chase – leave, go; analogous to "blow" or "duck", as in "Bru, let's chase."; "This place is dof; I'm gonna chase, boet."
chips or cherps – "Watch out" or "Move out the way", as in "Chips chips everyone, here comes the teacher!" (distinct from the food or snack). Also often used when something gets thrown, or to ask someone to step out the way. Compare "heads up!"
choef - A vape, usually a disposable vape - can be used as a verb aswell; "Jonno was choefing"
chop – idiot
chow – to eat something (Bunny chow, an Indian South African fast food dish)
chot – an offensive term for a sexually active female
civvies – taken from the English term "civilian wear", it refers to day-to-day clothes worn when out of school or military uniform. Casual Fridays are encouraged annually due to the public school system's dress code employing a uniform, similar to European school dress codes. Once or twice a year students are encouraged to come to school in their civvies.
clutchplate – derogatory term for Afrikaner
coconut – lit. coconut fruit; can be used as a racist remark towards black people who behave like Caucasians, "brown on the outside, white on the inside".
connection – a friend, mate, chommie
cozzie – a swimsuit, short for swimming costume
crunchie – derogatory term for Afrikaner
diss – to intentionally disregard somebody else. That oke is totally dissing me
double-up – simply means a lesser-known shortcut
duck/dip – To leave or go, primarily when talking about leaving a location, from the English "duck" (derived from but not related to the bird)."Im gonna make a duck from this party, bru"
flip – A euphemism for the vulgar f-word. Used in various phrases to express anger, annoyance, contempt, impatience, or surprise, or simply for emphasis.
force -when someone does something unnecessarily, too many times for the given situation or adds something to a conversation that is not necessary (It is a noun and verb)
give rocks – to be indifferent. For example: "I give rocks about your concerns!" (I couldn't care about your concerns!) Can also be abbreviated to "Give rocks.", and the negative version "I don't give rocks" means exactly the same thing.
giyn – a homosexual male
graze – a term used in reference to food. "I'm starving, let's go get some graze."
grafting – for a person to be working
higher grade – a bit too complicated (from the South African matric division of exams into standard grade and higher grade. The system of dividing subjects into higher and standard grade has become non-existent as of 2008.)
howzit – lit. "how is it". An informal greeting similar to "hi", often replied to with another "howzit". It is important to note that the last thing anyone expects is for you to actually start telling them how things are. Similar to "How do you do?"
hundreds – good, fine, as in 100 percent; for example: Splaff: "Howzit bru, how are you?" Bazza: "I'm hundreds boet."
jukka – a lazy person or a loser
just now, sometime in the near future or the near past, not necessarily immediately. Expresses an intention to act soon, but not necessarily immediately, or expresses something that happened in the near past. Probably from the Afikaans netnou with the same meaning.
Dutchman – derogatory term for Afrikaner
glug-glug, ama-glug-glug – lit. the sound made by a flowing liquid through a small opening, like a bottle being emptied. Also refers to a viral television advertisement from the 1980s (involving a little boy playing with his toy Ferrari Testarossa) by the South African Oil company, Sasol. The term also became one of Sasol's signature slogans. Amaglug-glug is a youth football team.
isit – (pronounced: \izit\) the words "is" and "it" put together. Short term for "Is that so?" (For example: John: "Bra, I just found out I have a million dollars!" Charles: "Isit?"; or: John: "Bru, you would not believe how amazing it felt to footskate in front of all those people." Charles: "Isit?") Also, it can mean "really?"
kief – nice, good, cool
kokie pen – a felt tip pen, similar to a sharpie.
lokshin – a Bantu township, from the alternate term, "location".
now now – an immediate but not literal declaration of impending action, may be past or future tense. From the Afrikaans expression "nou nou".
OK – lit. "okay" (alternatively pronounced in Afrikaans as "oë-kah") while its original English meaning stays intact, it is also the name of a local retail franchise owned by Shoprite. When used in conjunction with the original word "okay", the franchise's name can become a source of comedy, for example: "I'm at the OK, okay!"
packet or "checkers packet" – a plastic bag
penalty – refers to someone tripping (usually shouted if someone almost trips)
Peppermint Crisp – is a milk chocolate bar invented in South Africa by Wilson-Rowntree, now produced by Swiss chocolatier Nestlé. It features thin layers of milk chocolate and tubes of mint-flavoured crunch. It is also popularly used as a topping on a milk-based tart that shares its name.
Prestik – brand name for a sticky substance normally used to attach paper to walls, similar to Blutack
pong – refers to a strong sense of stench or bad odor.
pull through (pull in) – come or arrive, especially to a place/event that is amenable: "We're having a great jol here, boet. You should pull through."
pull – to kiss someone
poes – an Afrikaans word for cat now turned swear word. Normally means something derogatory; "That oak was so rude bru." "Yeah no he was a proper poes bru."
rate – when you think you should do something; "I rate we go to the club on Friday."
robot – alongside its original English meaning, it is also used exclusively in South Africa, to refer to a traffic light. Originating from traffic guards during the British colonization period, for moving like a robot while directing traffic. Though the traffic guard has largely been replaced by the traffic light, the name stuck.
rockspider – derogatory term for Afrikaner. Though more well known as a national Battle of the Bands-style competition called Rockspaaider that was hosted by JIP, a teen-based lifestyle series, on the Afrikaans music channel MK.
rooinek – derogatory term for an Englishman, literally someone with fair skin whose neck is sunburned red.
rop – nice, radical. (e.g. "That was such a rop wave.") Also used as a verb meaning 'to steal'. (e.g. "I will rop you of that kief watch.")
saamie/saarmie – a sandwich
scheme – to think or plan to do something (e.g. "I scheme we should go home now"; usage evolved from the hyperbole "What are you scheming?" asked of a person deep in thought.)
schweet – a variation of the expression "sweet"
siff – if something is gross or disgusting or ugly. "Did you see her oufit? It was totally siff!"
skipper – a t-shirt
skyrocket/sky-rocket – refers to a portable toilet.
slops – flip-flops
speak goat – derogatory term for speaking Afrikaans
soutpiel – a derogatory term for someone of British descent. Lit. salt dick, one who has one foot in England and one foot in South Africa, with their penis dangling in the Atlantic Ocean. Sometimes shortened to soutie.
spinning – alongside its original English meaning (to spin or turn), it also refers to a popular local motorsport culture. Whereby a driver would spin his car's wheels while performing a doughnut and various other drift-style manoeuvres in front of an audience.
swak – see "swat". From the Afrikaans for "weak"
swat – carrying out an action resulting in an undesirable or negative outcome; "when you chaffed my cherrie the other day, it was swat oke. Totally swat"; "Moderating a list of slang words is impossible and totally swat oke"; "Changing this word to swak would be totally swat oke".
smaak – to like something; "Did you see that car driving down the road? Yeah, I smaak it so much."
shame – a casual South African re-action to something whether it is good or bad.
takkies, tekkies – sneakers; sports shoes, perhaps from when the soles were made of tacky crepe rubber. As in "slap takkie when the robot tunes favour:" hit the gas when the traffic light says go.
tata/ta ta/ta-ta – a goodbye greeting of British origin.
taxi – alongside the original meaning, it is also often shouted in bars or restaurants when someone accidentally spills their drink. Basically, this person is obviously so drunk that a taxi should be called immediately to take them home.
tickey – thruppence, three pence, from the days of pounds, shillings and pence before 1960. "You could get a tickey for returning a coke bottle and three tickeys would buy you an eskimo pie". A tickey-box was a payphone, which cost a tickey to make a call.
town – the city centre (CBD is used in more formal contexts), e.g. "It's too much of a headache to find parking in town, so I go to the mall instead". Also used to refer to the city of Durban when in any of the smaller towns along the south coast between Durban and Port Shepstone. "Hey china, lets go for a jol in town tonight!"
traffic circle – roundabout (road)
chune – to talk back or give someone lip ("Are you tuning me skeef?")
zamalek – Black Label Lager, locally brewed under licence; derived from the Egyptian football team of the same name because of the team colours. A very popular local beer because of its high alcohol content.
Slang words from Afrikaans (Afrikanerisms)
A–M
aya – brother and rasta
Abba – not to be confused with Swedish pop-group ABBA, it is a title given to God the Father, derived from the Aramaic word for father.
abba – to carry someone (normally a child) on one's back.
africtionary – Website for African Slang dictionary.
ag man – oh man; ag as the Afrikaans equivalent to "oh" (pronounced \jach\ like German ACHtung), "man" pronounced as in "mun" in "munches".
ag shame – both an expression of pity and sorrow, depending on context: Ag shame, daardie baba is te oulik! (Aw, that baby is so cute!); Ag shame, die arme hond is dood. (Ah shame, the poor dog died.)
antie – an older female authority figure. Derived from the English "aunt", with the original meaning still intact.
anties – breasts/boobs or plural of the word "aunt"
aweh/awe (pronounced \AAAH-WHE\) – said in excitement, as in: 'Aweh; my boss said I can go home early today.', 'or 'Ok, cool'.' Same as the English pop culture slang 'yas'. The word has many meanings or uses: "hello", "goodbye", "yes", "cool". Also associated with prison use. (Greeting) "Aweh, my bru." (Hello my friend). Similar: howzit, yooit, hoesit, yo.
babbelbekkie – someone who talks a lot
babelaas / babbelas – hangover (of Xhosa origin)
bakgat – cool; expression of appreciation for something very well accomplished
bakore - lit "bowl ears", refers specifically to people who have Protruding ears, like a bowl's handles.
bakkie – a utility truck or pick-up truck, now a mainstream word in South African English. Can also refer to a small plastic container/bowl.
balla – lit. "balls". Refers to the scrotum or penis.
ballie - close male friend. Sometimes used to refer to an older man. Can also be used to describe an old man as irritable or crabby.
ouballie - father. "My 'ouballie' always used to tell us this story."
balsak – lit. "ball-sack". Refers specifically to the scrotum.
bangbroek – lit. "scaredy-pants"
befok – really good, exciting, cool; as in "The rock-show was befok." (Do not confuse with gefok.). Also means to be extremely angry(kwaad); as in "Ek is nou so befok". Can also mean "crazy" in a very strong sense, as in "Are you befok?" – derogatory. Can also mean "to have sex with".
befoetered/bedonnered/bemoerd – lit. "extremely angry" similar to "diedonnerend", etc. Usually used to refer to a person who is often in a very bad mood.
bergie – from Afrikaans berg, which translates to "mountain", originally referring to vagrants who sheltered in the forests of Table Mountain; now a mainstream word for a particular subculture of vagrants, or homeless persons, especially in Cape Town.
beter bang Jan, as dooie Jan – lit. "better to be a scared Jan rather than a dead Jan". English equivalent is "better to be safe than sorry".
bietjie-baie – lit. "a little bit too much". "bietjie" (a little bit – "be-key") and "baie" (a lot – "bye-ya")
bielie – a butch, yet friendly and often brave man with a lot of stamina. Someone who will lovingly do something tough no matter if the odds are stacked against him. Derived from the folk song "Jan, Jan, Jan, die bielie van die bosveld". Which describes a man (Jan) who is willing to do any form of hard labour with a smile on his face.
blerrie/bladdy hell – damn/damnit. Originally from the British English phrase "bloody hell".
bliksem – strike, hit, punch; also used often as an expression of surprise/emphasis. It derives from the Dutch word for "lightning", and often occurs in conjunction with donner. "Bliksem! Daai weerlig was hard!". (Damn! That lightning-strike was loud!) Used as a curse in Afrikaans: "Jou bliksem!" (You bastard!)
bliksemse – lit. "damn thing" Used in conjunction with "donnerse".
bloutrein – literally "blue train", referring to methylated spirits, sometimes used for drinking (filtered through a loaf of white bread). Also refers to the Blue Train, a luxury train that travels from Johannesburg to Cape Town via the Trans Karoo rail-line aka "Transkaroo".
boef – lit. "law-breaker". Refers to any person who has broken a law and got away with it. Derived from the Afrikaans word of the same spelling for "to cuff" (i.e. to arrest, or get arrested). The plural "boewe", refers both to multiple persons in arrest and the handcuffs themselves. Considered outdated as "bliksem" and "skelm" are more commonly used.
boer – literally "farmer" in Afrikaans. (pronounced boo-(r)). Also the verb "to farm".
boer maak 'n plan – "farmer makes a plan" is an expression used to refer to a creative solution, often low-cost and rather innovative.
boererate – a number of local home remedies that are super effective and cheap. May also be applied to DIY projects.
boerewors – a very popular mixed-meat spiced sausage in South Africa. In Afrikaans, literally "farmer's sausage", used as a mainstream word in South African English.
boerewors roll/boerie roll – the South African equivalent of the hot dog, using the boerewors with an onion relish in a hot dog bun
boggerol/bugger-all – Anglicism with identical meaning (absolutely nothing), usually succeeding the words "sweet blou/blue" to emphasize the "nothingness" of the topic.
boland – refers to the geographic region north of Cape Town. See Boland.
bollie – lit "to poop". Of unknown origin, it is the Afrikaans equivalent of "poop". Due to the fact that it's the most child-friendly description of defecation.
bokkie – (diminutive of bok, literally meaning "little buck" or "doe") a popular term of endearment, comparable to "sweetheart", "honey", etc. Another meaning for the word bokkie (or bokbaardjie) is for a style of beard which is short (often pointy) and stylish and often surrounds just the mouth and chin in a circle (Goatee). Based on the Afrikaans word bok (lit. "buck", as well as goat).
boom – marijuana (literally tree)
bosberaad – strategy meeting held in a rural setting
bossies, or bosbefok – crazy, whacko, mad. Also a term for one who has shell shock. Refers to the time of the South African Border War where soldiers spent time in the bush ("bos/bosse") and would return home suffering battle flash-backs (Post-traumatic stress disorder).
braai – a barbecue, to barbecue (from braaivleis – grilled meat), used as a mainstream word in South African English. Specifically to grill meat on an open fire. As a noun, it is also the literal area/object used for the grilling of the meat (in that case, the barbecue grill and stand) as well as the social gathering around it.
braaivleis – same as braai
braaibroodjies – toasted sandwiches that are grilled over an open flame on a braai. Usually served as a side-dish to braaivleis.
brak – mongrel dog, can also refer to brackish water
branna – short for "brandewyn" (lit. "brandy")
broekie – panties or ladies underwear. From Afrikaans: broek, meaning "trousers/briefs". Common usage: "Don't get your broekies in a knot" which means "Calm down".
broekie lace – ornate ironwork found on Victorian buildings (lit. 'pantie lace'), the tie that you find on board shorts
bro/bra/bru/boet/boetie – a close male friend and a term of affection used by one male to another. All words are variations of the word "broer" in Afrikaans meaning "brother". Boetie (Pronounced 'Boet – tea') specifically means little brother in Afrikaans because of the "ie" diminutive suffix. You could say, "Hey bro, howzit" or "Thanks a million bro for lending me your car". When you refer to another male as bro is it because you consider that person to be such a good friend he is like a brother, a family member. Bro can also be used for strangers but only also if you wish to show a welcoming and friendly attitude towards them or when you want to deescalate tension in a friendly way as in "Chill out bro". However you would certainly not walk around calling every man you see, bro, because in South Africa the term is not used as loosely as it is in the US for example.
bring-en-braai/bring-and-braai – guests bring their own food and drink (usually pre-prepared, except for the meat) to the braai. Traditions surrounding the event usually stipulate that any left-over food and drinks are left behind with the hosts of the party as a parting gift, unless the food was pre-prepared in a personal container.
bromponie – lit. "a noisy pony", refers to a scooter motorcycle, because a full-size motorcycle is often referred to as an "ysterperd" (iron horse), considering a pony is much smaller than a horse.
brommer - lit. "a noise maker" refers to a noisy fly, more specifically to the genus Morellia (which is much larger than its cousin, the common housefly).
buk – duck your head down quickly, as in "Buk when you go in the door; it's really low."
bucks – from the English word meaning (antelope) it refers to money (currency), although borrowed from the American term of the same meaning, coincidentally there are two types of bucks featured on the coins of the South African Rand (Springbok on the R1 and Kudu on the R2). Not to be confused with the "Bokke" (Springbokke/Springbucks).
"chop/tjop" – it literally means a piece of meat ("pork chop" or "lamb chop") that you would often cook on a braai. If you can call someone a chop it means they are being silly or an acting like an idiot, "Don't be a chop". Calling someone a chop often does not mean any harm, it is a light and playful insult and this word is most commonly used in a friendly way between associates. It can also be meant in a teasing way, like "dont be silly".
chop-chop – lit. means "quickly". Is used when a person has had something done, or wants to have something done in a short amount of time. Derived from the chopping of a knife.
choty goty – beautiful girl
chrisco – a party/disco where Christian music mainly features; a combination of the words "Christian" and "disco"
Chwee chweereekeys – getting high
koeldrank/cooldrink – refers to a soft drink
dagga – most commonly used word for marijuana
dice – not to be confused with the game of dice, it refers to a form of amateur motor-racing where 2 or more vehicles sprint to an impromptu Finish Line on public roads. Often considered to be a part of illegal street racing, dicing under the legal limit though is usually permitted, though still frowned upon.
dik – lit. "thick". Can be a derogatory term for being overweight, similar to "dikgat", as well satiety (or the sensation of being full)
dikbek – grumpy, in a huff (literally: "thick mouth" (pout)
dikgat – lit. "fat-arsed". Derogatory term for overweight people, same as "vetgat"
diedonnerin; diemoerin; diebliksemin – lit. extremely angry. From "donner", "moer" and "bliksem", all meaning to "hit/ strike (someone)".
dinges – thingamabob, a whatzit or a whatchamacallit. Dutch – dinges.
dof – stupid or slow to understand. "Are you dof?"
Dog het gedog hy plant 'n veer en 'n hoender kom op – lit. "Thought thought it would plant a feather and then a chicken would come up". Used in retort when someone says they thought something was a good idea and it turned out not to be.
doos – literally "box". Depending on context, the slang/derogatory version can mean prat, twat, idiot but most commonly understood as a translation of "arsehole" or "cunt", which in that case would be considered highly offensive.
domkop – idiot (lit. dumbhead), same as German "Dummkopf" or Dutch "domkop"
dom nool – emphasis of "stupid idiot"
donner – to beat up. Same as "bliksem". Derived from "donder" (thunder, related to Thor).
donnerse – lit. "damn thing". Often used in frustration with another person or thing: "Die donnerse ding wil nie werk nie." ("The damn thing doesn't wanna work").
dop – alcohol, to drink alcohol, to fail a test. Originally refers to a tot (measure). The diminutive form "doppie" refers to a bottle cap.
doss, dorse, dossing – sleep or nap
draadsitter – lit. "fence sitter". Refers to someone who is uninterested in choosing a side in an argument and therefore remains neutral.
draadtrek – lit. pull wire, to masturbate
droëwors – (Afrikaans) dried boerewors, similar to biltong
drol – lit. a turd (vulgar); also refers to an arsehole/idiot; a cigarette, with a singly sold cigarette called a 'los drol' ("loose cigarette")
dronkie – drunkard
druk – to embrace or squeeze, hug (noun) "Gee my 'n drukkie," "Give me a hug"
druk 'n drie, druk a drol, druk 'n vinger in jou hol – lit. "score a try, squeeze a turd and insert your finger into your anus". A crude but humorous way to say "go finger-fuck yourself"
eh pappa! – lit. "whoa daddy!"
eina! – ouch!
eish! – Wow! What? Expression of surprise. Of Bantu origin.
ek sê – "I say!" Used when making a statement.
ent, entjie – cigarette, can also refer to the act of smoking a cigarette.
flou – an unfunny (weak) joke (from the Afrikaans word for weak), can also refer to weak coffee or tea or weak alcoholic drink. A person that is weak.
fok – Afrikaans for "fuck", can be used in most ways it is used in English. Fokken = fucking, gefok = fucked. Dutch – Fokken = breeding (animals).
fokker – lit. "fucker".
fokkoff – lit. "fuckoff" (vulgar)
fokkol – lit. "fuck-all". Literally means "absolutely nothing" (vulgar): Ek het fokkol geld ("I've got no money").
fok voort – lit. to proceed in a single-minded direction regardless of obstacles. Derived from the phrase: Kyk Noord en Fok voort. (Look North, and go forth).
fok weet – lit. "fuck knows". A response to an unanswerable question (vulgar).
FPK – flying poes klap, see poesklap
‘’gabba’’ - the section of anatomy between a man’s anus and scrotum. A combination of ‘gat’ and ‘ballas’: After cycling for five hours my gabba is a bit tender. Could also be used as a derogatory term to refer to a man.
gat – lit. "hole". Also refers lit. to "arse". Can also be used as a shortened version of the word "gaan" (going to).
gatkruip – lit. "arse creeping" or brown nosing
gatvol – lit. annoyed enough to the brink of getting angry: Ek is gatvol vir jou kak. (I've had enough of your shit.)
Gebruiker – cigarette
gemorsjors – lit. "a messy person". refers to a person who is behaving, and/or dressing, in a very messy (gemors) manner.
geit – (pronounced "gate", with the "g" sound in the back of the throat) It literally means "quirks". Usually a negative connotation in relation to a person being either: stubborn, fussy or demanding and sometimes also relating to hypochondriasis. Literal English translation will align it with "-ness" (a.i. hardness, stubbornness). An example is: "hardegat-geit" (lit. hard-arsed and cocky).
gham – A word to describe someone that acts out in an uncivilzed manner, or refer to lower class person. (other words would be "tappit", :kommen: or when someone is gham it portrays them as being poor and or dirty.). "Ew, that guy is so gham!"
gin-en-gaap - An expression of unknown origin, describes a person who is wasting time by either laziness or being too slow. Gaap is Afrikaans for yawn.
goffel – ugly girl or woman. For example, "What a G!". Also a degrading term for a person of coloured origin.
gomgat – bumpkin, redneck (in the US sense, not to be confused with rooinek, the literal translation of redneck).
goof, ghoef – swim, take a dip
goofed, ghoefed – stoned
gooi – throw, chuck or to "tune" (see below) someone
goose – also chick, cherry: a young woman or girlfriend (used mainly during the 1950s, now dated). Also a famous line by South African comedian Barry Hilton.
gril – (pronounced with the g-sound in the back of the throat) it refers to a person having an adverse sensory reaction to something that is considered disgusting, creepy or freaky in any way. The closest English equivalent would be "hair-raising". Usually used in the phrase "ek gril myself dood vir...." (i get freaked-out by...).
gwai – also cigarette. derived from "give me a cigarette. Translated – "gee da n gwai"
hardegat-, gheit – lit. "hard-arsed". Describes the stubbornness of a person.
Hier kom Groot Kak! – lit. "Here's comes big shit" Is an expression of revelation towards an often impending and undesired result.
hoesit, hoezit – derived from "How is it going? – contracted to how's it? In South African English context, howzit is more a greeting of "hello" rather than "how are you?", similar to South African black slang's "eta" or "ola"
hoer en remoer – lit "whoring around" by either throwing wild parties, or having casual sex with just about every attractive person you meet, applies to both genders.
hokaai stop die lorrie! – lit. "Whoa there! Stop the lorry!". Often used to call an immediate halt in whatever is being done, usually in conjunction with a possible undesirable outcome.
hol – lit. hollow. It also refers to "run very fast" ("Daai man hol so vinning"; "That man runs so fast"). Also refers to anus.
holskeurend – lit. "anus-ripping". Refers to hysterical laughter.
holvlos – lit. "arsehole-floss", refers to a G-string.
honne – informal spelling and pronunciation of "honde" (dogs).
hottentot – derogatory term describing people of multiracial ethnic backgrounds, especially those of Malaysian-descent (i.e. the majority of Capetonians). The word is derived from the early Dutch term for the Khoi-San people. "Hottentotsgod," or Hottentots' god, is Afrikaans for a Praying Mantis).
huistoegaantyd – lit. "time to go home". From "huis+toe" (to+home), "gaan" (go) and "tyd" (time).
hy sal sy gat sien – lit. "he'll see his arse" fig. "He'll have his come-uppance"
roomys-karretjie/ice-cream-karretjie – lit. "ice-cream car" refers to a purpose-modified vehicle that drives around and sells ice cream. Referred to in the U.S. as an "ice cream truck" and in the UK as an "ice-cream van". It also is considered a nickname for the Volkswagen Type 2 and Volkswagen Type 2 (T3), due to both vehicle's immense popularity in that configuration. Even though it is technically a panel van, it's still referred to as a "karretjie".
in sy moer in – badly damaged, destroyed (rude, often considered profanity due to 'moer' to beat up). often used in conjunction with "moer-in".
in sy glory in – same as above, considered to be less rude.
innie/oppie – informal combined spelling of the phrases "in die" (in the) and "op die" (on the).
in jou noppies – lit. "you are thrilled". Used to describe levels of excitement, similar to "tickled pink".
ipekonders – commonly pronounced as "iepie-corners", refers to Hypochondriasis. Unlike the actual disorder, it is often used to comically exaggerate a person's reaction to any kind of symptoms that are generally considered harmless regardless of the discomfort caused by them. Like when someone drinks cough-syrup after coughing just twice.
ja – yeah (literally "yes" in Afrikaans)
Jakob regop – lit. "Jacob upright". Refers to an erect penis.
jakkals trou met wolf se vrou – lit. "Jackal weds Wolf's wife". Refers to the weather phenomena known as a "monkey's wedding". Can be used to describe an unlikely situation. Also refers to a song of the same name by Afrikaans singer Karlien Van Jaarsveld.
jux/juks/jags – Meaning "horny". For example, "Jinne meisie, jy maak my nou sommer lekker jags."
ja-nee – literally "yes-no", an expression of positive confirmation. Example : Dis warm vandag. ("It's hot today") : Ja-nee ("Indeed")
Jan Allerman – lit. "Jan Every man". Local variant of the American term "Average Joe."
jippo - Bypass, hack, slacking, short-term fix. I'll jippo the alarm to not make a sound while we work on it. While the team was working hard all night, Byron was jippoing.
jippo-guts - Diarrhoea
jislaaik! – expression of surprise, can be positive or negative. Often used when you get a fright, but equally often during particularly exciting parts of a rugby game.
jissie – a shortened version of "jislaaik".
jinne – another variation of "jislaaik".
jip – informal for "yes".
jo – an exclamation e.g., "Jo, that was rude," "Jo, you gave me a fright!" Pronounced as in "yolk".
jol – to have fun, to party, can also refer to a disco or party, to commit adultery or even dating or courting
jou ma se poes! – lit. "your mom's pussy" (vulgar).
Juffie – the shortened version of "Juffrou". "Juffrou" is a shortened version of the formal title given to address a young unmarried woman "Mejuffrou" (Miss). It is also the formal title given to address a female teacher of any age or marital status, whereby "Juffie" would be considered informal.
kaalgat – lit. "naked arse". Derived from the word "kaal" (naked), it's simply a more humorous description. Similar to the English term "birthday suits".
Kaapse Dokter/Cape Doctor – A strong south-eastern wind in the Cape Peninsula-area. Called the "doctor" due to the belief that it clears the Cape Town air of its pollution.
Kaapse Draai – lit. "Cape turn", refers to a folk song (of the same name) that describes a flightpath around the Cape Peninsula literally as the Pied crow flies (known as a Witborskraai in Afrikaans), can now be applied to actual tours around the peninsula. Singer Nádine released a single based on the folk song, with the same name. It also jokingly refers to a car that turns far to wide (i.e. like crossing into the oncoming lane).
kafee/cafee/kaffie/caffie – refers to a café, though it can also refer to a small non-coffee serving grocery shop or Tuck shop.
kaffer – Offensive pejorative referring to a black African. Derived from the Arabic word Kafir meaning a non-Muslim, which included black Africans along the Swahili coast.
kaffer wil nie val nie – a phrase referring to the consumption of KWV. Often used by black South Africans at shebeens.
kak – Literal translation: shit, crap, rubbish, nonsense (vulgar), of very wide usage. Also used as a way of further expressing one's feeling in language, for example, instead of "that girl is pretty" one can say emphatically "that girl is kak pretty!"
kak en betaal – lit "shit and pay". Used when frustrated about spending all your hard-earned money on family, or friends, and having none left for yourself. Closest English equivalent is "Cough it up and pay up", but it doesn't have anywhere near the same power.
kakhuis – lit. "shithouse". Refers to both a toilet and the bathroom it is located in, as well as "a lot of".
kakspul – lit. "shithouse/shitload". Refers to a troublesome situation as well as an exaggerated amount of money.
Kannie is dood van kruiwa stoot - lit "(I can't) died from pushing a Wheelbarrow". The phrase "ek kan nie" (shortened to kannie = cannot/can't) is personified as a lazy man. The phrase is used as a form of motivation and discipline, implying that if you can do a physical task as easy as pushing a wheelbarrow, then you are more than capable enough to do any kind of hard work.
katspoegie – lit. "kat's spit". Refers to a very small amount of something, similar to "bietjie" (a little bit)
khaki – derogatory term for an English person. From the colour worn by British troops, as well as the traditional clothes worn by Boere (Afrikaans speaking white farmers).
kêrels – police (original Afrikaans meaning: guys, chaps). "The kêrels are coming, watch out!" (dated). More commonly referring to boyfriend or literal translation: Guy or young man. Dutch – kerels.
kerrie-en-rys – lit. "curry and rice", is a popular South African variant of a curry usually served with rice and blatjang
kief, kif, kiff – (adjective) wicked, cool, neat, great, wonderful. The word derives from the Arabic word kif كيف, meaning pleasure or marijuana. This may also be related to the Afrikaans word for poison: gif. Coastal pot-smokers used the term to refer to Durban Poison: "Gifs" [locally-grown marijuana]. The word evolved into kiff, an adjective or exclamation meaning "cool", among English-speaking people on the east coast.
kie-kie/kiekie/kiek-kie – pronounced "key-ki"; refers to a photograph
Klaas Vakie – (pronounced "klaas faacky") refers to the mythical creature known as the Sandman, can also ironically refer to people who had just now woken up late.
klankie – lit. "a sound", Can also mean unpleasant smell. Used in conjunction with "klank". Pronounced as in "clunk"
klap – to smack. (from Afrikaans). "He got klapped in the bar". Like a "bitch-slap", but much worse. Another variation on this is the "kopklap" (getting slapped hard over the head), typically done by a parent of authority figure as a form of discipline.
klikkie klik bek – lit. a tattle tale
klippies, klippies n coke – Klipdrift, a brandy preferred by mostly Afrikaans men, usually leading to chinas getting bliksemed
klipslag – lit. "stone-stroke". Used to jokingly refer to a person who can't swim even if their life depended on it and thus sinks like a stone in water, this is mostly a joking self-reference by pessimistic swimmers.
klokke – lit. "bells". The plural of the word "klok" (derived from "clock"). It also refers to a man's testes.
koebaai – an anglicism of "goodbye".
koek – lit. "cake". Can be used to refer to a response to a sticky situation: "O Koek" (Oh Shit); clumped hair that is messy: Jou hare is gekoek (Your hair is very messy and difficult to brush); Can also refer to a vagina.
Koeksister – A sweet pastry that's been fried and dipped in a honey syrup, and shaped in the form of a French-braid. It doesn't have anything to do with a sibling – "sister" is "suster" in Afrikaans. The "sis" refers to the sound it makes when fried in oil. Alternative spelling is koesister. It also can refer to lesbians, or female genitalia: "I can like to be teasing my koeksister while I are wearing a rokkie"
koffie-moffie – a camp male waiter or male flight attendant. See "moffie".
komme-sie komme-sa – lit. "either-or". An expression, of French origin, that states the user isn't sure about an answer and doesn't care either. Similar to the expression "tamato-tomato".
kont – same as "cunt" in English (profanity)
koppie – lit. "cup". Also refers to a relatively small hill, (with "koppie" being the diminutive form of "kop") in reference to it appearing like a small head (kop) poking out of the ground.
kopraas – lit. "head noise". someone who talks endlessly
kortgat – lit. "short arse". Cutesy nickname given to shorter-than average people, can be considered offensive unlike its antonym "langeraad".
kotch – (from "kots") lit. "to vomit" (vulgar)
krimpie – old person
kraaines – lit. "crow's nest". While the original English meaning stays intact, it can also refer to a big mess. Whether it be messy hair, a messy bedroom or a loud and messy gathering, like a party.
kreef – literally means "crayfish" but it refers to a promiscuous woman with the intent to attract men.
kry 'n kramp! – lit. "get a cramp". A definitive expression of strong disagreement, usually used to end an argument regardless if the issue was resolved. Can also be used to refer to exaggerated negative feelings towards a stubborn person: Ek wens hy kry 'n kramp! (I wish he gets a cramp!). Used in conjunction with "gaan kak!".
kwaai – cool, excellent (Afrikaans: "angry". Compare the US slang word phat.)
kydaar – visitor from northern provinces, especially Gauteng, to Cape Town; from "kyk daar!" – "just look at that!". See also "soppiekoppie".
kyk Noord en fok voort. - To continue without any clear plan in mind. To play it by ear. Directly translates to "Look North and fuck onward."
kyk teen jou ooglede vas – lit. "looking through closed eyes". Contrary to "kyk aan die binnekant van jou ooglede" (which means to take a nap, or go to sleep), it refers to a person who is wide awake, yet cannot spot the item they're looking for that's right under their nose. Used in conjunction with "As dit 'n slang was, dan sou hy jou gepik het"
laatlammetjie – lit. "late lamb", refers to the youngest child in a family, specifically if there is a significant age-gap between the child and their older sibling (or more specifically when there is 3 or more siblings; the 2nd youngest sibling). It should also be considered that the parents' are at an advanced age at that point. Laatlammetjies refer to a set of youngest siblings that are close in age to each other, but with a significant age gap between their older siblings. For example: Charlie Duncan (4yrs old) and Toby Duncan (1yr old), from the Disney Channel series Good Luck Charlie, are 12 and 16 years younger (respectively) than their older middle-brother Gabe Duncan.
laf - to be silly or funny. Jy's laf! You're laf boet! "Ek klap 'n ding wat laf raak!" (Jokingly "clap"). (Soft way of saying you've lost it or you're a clown!)
lag – to laugh. For example: They lag at the joke.
laaitie, lighty – a younger person, esp. a younger male such as a younger brother or son
lank – lots/a lot
langeraad – (pronounced: "lung-A-raat") cutesy nickname given to a really tall person
lang maer blonde man – a slight contrast to the phrase "tall, dark and handsome", it describes a goodlooking tall blonde-haired, and usually blue-eyed, man.
laanie, larny – (n) boss, used in a different tone. (adj.) fancy
las – 1. an act that is undesirable to commit, a burden. 2. To tell someone or suggest to stop doing an act. (origin: something that is slowing you or an object down; for example, "'n Las in die pad.", meaning "An object as in a stone in the road."). 3. To physically join two separate objects together: (Las die punte van die twee toue aanmekaar; Tie the two ends of the ropes together.)
leeuloop – lit. "lion walk". Popularized by singer-comedian Robbie Wessels in the song of the same name, it refers to a sexual dance (but slightly more humorous than vulgar). The song mainly describes a man getting down on all fours, clenching two balls (of "any" type) between his legs and pretending to be a lion by roaring.
lekker – (lit. tasty) It means pleasing, tasty, nice, good, great, delicious. Lekker is used for just about anything you find nice. "How was the party? Lekker", "I met a lekker chick last night", "local is lekker, a popular slogan promoting South African culture and produce", "How is that steak? Lekker bro". Unlike its English counterpart "nice", use of the word "lekker" is actually promoted instead of frowned upon despite being very commonly used. It is speculated that "lekker" will never become clichéd.
lorrie – lit. "truck". Derived from the English word "lorry" with an identical meaning, the term gained popularity after the British colonized South Africa. Though "trok" (the proper Afrikaans translation for "truck") is still in use, it has been heavily replaced with the slang term "lorrie". Is sometimes used to jokingly compare cars that are just as difficult to drive as an actual truck.
los or loskind – lit. "loose, loose child." A really slutty girl, usually wears revealing clothes and is easy to get with (for example: "Sarah is 'n fokken loskind!")
loskop – air head, literally a "lost head" refers to someone whose head is in the clouds, clumsy, forgetful.
loslappie – a person who sleeps around a lot (i.e. "whore/manwhore", but not as derogatory)
lus – to have a craving for. "I lus for a cigarette". (Also see "smaak".)
ma-hulle/ma-le/pa-hulle/pa-le – collective references to both parents which can be either centered around the mother (ma) or father (pa). Based on the word hulle (them).
maag wil werk – lit. "stomach wants to work", a polite way to say you need to shit as soon as possible. Often used in conjunction with "maag is omgekrap" (upset stomach).
maak soos Rokoff en fokkoff! – lit. "make like Rokoff and fuckoff!" Of unknown origin, is a crude way of telling someone to go away. Is similar to the English sayings like: Make like hay" and "Make like eggs, and scramble".
maaifoedie – motherfucker, as in "Jou maaifoedie"
maat – friend (OED), also partner (wife, girlfriend)
mal – mad, crazy, insane
malhuis – lit. "looney bin"
mallie – mother
mamparra – idiot. Also refers to a dud or a brick made from recycled clay/mortar.
melktert/milk tart – a traditional custard tart of Dutch origin. Unlike a conventional custard tart, a melktert has a strong milk flavour and is best served with a dash of cinnamon sprinkled on top.
mengelmoes-kardoes – lit. "variety-case". Refers to a larger variety of "thrift" being on offer.
mielie – millet corn (AmE) / maize (BrE), staple diet. The base ingredient of Mielie-meal, which is the flour of choice to make Pap (also called mieliepap), a popular type of porridge.
mmchakawally – cigarettes
moegoe – stupid person, coward, or weakling
moffie – male homosexual (derogatory). Can be compared to "fairy". From "mofskaap", castrated sheep.
moer – to hit / to fight with, for example: "he is gonna moer you" Also a word for a nut used with a bolt
moerkoffie – is a strong blend of ground-coffee usually served with minimal milk in a tin-based mug.
moer-meter – comically describes a person's temperament for their tolerance of bullshit. Derived from the red thermometer and used as a metaphor as illustrated by Donald Duck when he gets mad. Used in conjunction with "bloediglik vererg".
moerse – a very strong word for big, for example: "that's a moerse house"
moer strip – a point in time when a person's patience has worn so thin, he could snap violently at any moment. Derived from a nut (moer) that strips its threads when excessive force is applied.
moer-toe – stuffed up or destroyed (my car is moer-toe)
mompie – retard ("Liesl, you are such a mompie!")
mooi, man! – "well done, man", used as an expression of appreciation in another person's achievement.
Moola – lit. "money". Is the English slang term for money as well as the name of the actual mobile-currency used in the now defunct Mxit.
morne – boring, sterile, unexciting ("This is more morne than watching Saracens play!")
mos – Afrikaans, implies that what has been said is well known or self-evident (a formal part of grammar, the closest English equivalent would be "duh!"). "Ek drink mos tee." ("I drink tea, duh!"). Used at the end of a sentence, as in "...Jy weet mos." ("...Obviously, as you know.")
mossie-poep – lit. "sparrow-fart" based on the definition of "poep-ruik" (oversleeping in the morning), it refers to a very early "waking up time" in the morning, often more specifically before 6:00AM (before sparrows wake up, but after the cock's crow)
muggie – bug, especially a little flying gnat
mugwaai – cigarette
"mung" – the term mung means to lose a life playing video games and it also represents Pallsmoor jail, you gonna go to the"mung" when you stolen something and you get caught by police.
mxit taal – lit. "mix it language". Refers to the text-based grammar usage that was popularized by the now-defunct Mxit, a free instant messaging service. For example: Eng: How R U? Afrikaans: Hoe ganit? (Hoe gaan dit?); Eng: I'm gr8 (I'm great).
N–Z
naai (Afrikaans) – copulate; but strictly speaking "sew", from the action of a sewing machine needle.
nè? – do you know what I mean/agree?, oh really?, is it not so? or British English "innit?". Similar to the French "n'est-ce pas" and the Portuguese "né?", meaning "Isn't it?", e.g. "Jy hou van tee, nè?" ("You like tea, not so?") (informal). The South African English equivalent is "hey", for example "Eish, its cold hey?".
neuk – lit. "to hit", less vulgar than "moer", "donner" and "bliksem"
negentien-voetsek – "nineteen-voetsek" (Commonly pronounced "neëntien"; "nie'an teen"), refers to a date in the early 20th century, with "voetsek" (go far away) referring to a very early date. Translation: a very long time ago, often used when the specific date isn't known.
nogal – of all things. Term expressing a measure of surprise.
nooit – lit. "never." No way, unbelievable!
nou – lit. "Immediately/now". Also means "narrow".
nou-net – lit. "just now". Refers to an event that happened within a few minutes ago.
nou-nou/now now – contrary to the original meaning of the English word "now", it means "in due time", and therefore can mean anything from "in the next five minutes" to "in the next five years".
net-nou – lit. "just now." Can refers to an event that happened a while ago, maybe within 12hrs ("I saw him just now"). Or some time in the future ("I'm coming just now"), which could mean anything from 5 minutes to 5 years, or never.
net-net – lit. "just just". Refers to something/someone that has either impeccable timing and/or is just shy from, and just far enough to, winning any competitive event. English equivalents are: "Just in the nick of time", "just shy of winning", "almost". For example: Ek het my eksamen vraestel net-net deur gekom (I just barely passed my exam).
Nou gaan ons Braai! – lit. "Now we're gonna Braai!". Pokes fun at the procrastination of the braaier, who intends to start immediately, but doesn't start till much much later.
O Griet! – lit. "Oh Gosh!". A catchphrase uttered by the beloved witch Liewe Heksie when calling out her magic horse, Griet, whom she's able to conjure-up with the phrase, though she never remembers his name and as a result she only ever summons him by accident whenever she's in panic. The popularity of the catchphrase ensured that it gained use via the general public and therefore is used by a person whenever their in a state of panic.
O gonna Madonna – ("g" sound pronounced in the back of the throat) Derived from "O Gonna" ("Oh Shit", but not vulgar), the singer Madonna's name was added to the phrase by Leon Schuster for comedic rhyming effect, it has since become one of his signature catchphrases along with: "O gatta patata" and "Oh Schucks" (both mean "Oh Shit", and the latter was inspired by Leon's own last name).
oom – an older man of authority, commonly in reference to an older Afrikaans man (Afrikaans for "uncle")
ou (diminutive outjie, plural = ouens, outjies) man, guy, bloke (also oke) (literally "old")
ou toppie – lit. "old head." Refers usually to an elderly man and a father.
ouballie – lit. "old little ball(s)." Old man, dad; as in: "shaft me, ouballie" "My ouballie (father, dad) will be home soon".
pap – also called "mieliepap", is a traditional maize ("mielie") porridge similar to grits; can also mean "deflated". Pap (porridge) is primarily known in three stages; all three are variant to the water-to-maize ratio: stywepap (lit. "stiff-pap"; 3/4 water-to-maize), phutupap/krummelpap (pap with a crumbly texture; 1/4 water-to-maize) and slap-pap (pap with a runny texture; 4/3 water-to-maize). Unlike most international porridges, pap (specifically the aforementioned phutupap and stywepap variations) is commonly served at both breakfast and dinner times in the Northern half of the country.
paplepel – lit. "pap-spoon"; a wooden spoon used in the making of pap, but can also be used to give a hiding
papgat – lit. "flat/uninflated hole." Tired or weak.
pap-sop-nat – very wet
pak – lit. "to pack". Also means "to give a hiding", as the shortened version of pakslae, a "parcel of hidings"
patat – lit. "sweet potato". A favourite side-dish for Afrikaners, the name "patat" ("pah-tut") can also become a pet-name or term of endearment.
plak – lit. "to stick". Can also refer to starting an informal settlement like a Township (Plakkerskamp)
plakkerskamp/township – an informal settlement primarily housing non-whites of very low-income in poorly self-constructed houses known as "shacks"
paraat – disciplined. Somebody who is paraat, generally has "houding" i.e. style / character
paw-paw – lit. a Paw-paw fruit. Can refer to an idiot, but is less derogatory and often used to lightly joke with the person in question.
perdedrolle is vye – lit. "Horseshit is figs". When someone is accusing another person of bullshitting them: Jy probeer my se dat perdedrolle is fye! (You're trying to tell me that horseshit is figs!)
plaas – lit. "farm". Also, when someone falls down: Plaas gekoop. As a verb, it translates to "placed down" or "put down"
platteland – lit. "flat land", refers to a rural area, country (as in living in the country, as opposed to living in the city). The "flatness" refers to the fact that the area is geographically similar to farmlands.
plaas se prys - lit. "the price of a farm". Refers to anything that is considered too expensive regardless of its actual worth, considering that a farm is one of the most expensive pieces of property one could privately own.
platsak – lit. "flat pocket." Out of cash, flat broke
piel – derogatory term for a male genitalia ("cock" or "dick")
piele – everything is cool, e.g.: piele vir Sannie
piesang, piesang, paw-paw – lit. "banana, banana, paw-paw". Children's rhyme used when a person makes a fool of himself and/or is a sore loser.
Piet Pompies – used to identify an anonymous man, similar to Joe Soap.
poepol – (from poephol, arse) an idiot. lit. an arsehole (more specifically the anus), but not as derogatory. Can be used as source of comedy: Ek voel soos 'n poepol.
poepolletjie – lit. Diminutive form of poepol, strictly reserved as a term of endearment between couples.
poep – lit. "to fart". Derived from the English term "poop", it literally means "to pass gas".
soos 'n poep teen donderweer – lit. "it's like farting against a thunderstorm". Meaning the argument being presented is falling on deaf ears due to either a much more intimidating defense, or just plain ignorance, i.e. the sound of the fart is being drowned-out by the sound of thunder. Its closest English counterpart would be "it's like talking to a brick wall".
poepruik – lit. "to smell a fart". Refers to a person who is sleeping in late, though it specifically points to the person wasting time because of it.
poes – derogatory term for female genitalia ("pussy" or "cunt" or "Ezekiel" )
poesklap – lit. "vagina hit." A very hard slap. similar to "klap" (to smack/slap), but far more painful: Ek gaan jou so 'n harde poesklap gee, jou tanne gaan vibreer vir maande lank. (I'm gonna smack you so hard, that your teeth will vibrate for months). Poesklap therefore is far more life-threatening than a "bitch-slap".
FPK or flying poesklap – the deadliest of all the poesklaps
poplap – derived from "lappop" (rag doll). It is a term of endearment towards young beautiful women, and can also extend to much younger girls usually via a grandfather-figure. The closest English equivalent would be "poppet".
pote – lit. "animal paws". Is an informal reference to a person's feet ("voete" in Afrikaans) directly relating the condition and size of the feet to that of an animal's paws. Also derogatory term for police officers (plural).
potjie – (pronounced "poi-key") lit. the diminutive form of the English/Afrikaans word "pot", referring to the cooking utensil, but more specifically a small-to-large sized cast iron pot that is traditionally used to make potjiekos, phutupap and samp (stampmielies).
Potjiekos – lit. "small pot food". Is a meat and vegetable dish that is specially cooked in a potjie. It is traditionally slow-cooked over an open fire for a couple of hours before being served during a Braai (social gathering). Though it is similar to a stew, the main differences are: a stew has much water/sauce, while a potjiekos has very little water/sauce; and you stir a stew, you don't stir potjiekos as it is intended to not have the individual ingredients' flavor mixing. Potjiekos is traditionally served with phutupap or samp. Though it is considered a meal on its own, it can also be served as a side dish to braaivleis and Mielies (corn on the cob) (as both would take up a considerable amount of space on the plate).
Potte – lit. "Pots". Also refers to a huge behind.
pouse – (pronounced "po-ze"). As an anglicism it is derived from its English counterpart which means to temporarily stop an audio or video, or a musical break. In its Afrikaans pronunciation it refers specifically to an intermission in theatre and a school recess. Due to code-switching, the English pronunciation (in its original meaning) is also regularly used by Afrikaners, though it is separated from the Afrikaans pronunciation's meaning. For example: Ek moet die video pause (Eng pro.) omdat ons nou op pause (Afr pro.) gaan. (I have to pause the video because we're going on recess now.)
praatsiek – lit. "talk sick." Verbal diarrhea. A person who talks non-stop.
praat 'n gat innie kop – lit. "speaking a hole in someone's head". To strongly convince someone to agree with you.
quarter-past kaal arm – lit. "quarter-past naked arm". A sarcastic response to the question "What time is it?", whereby the user either doesn't know the time or doesn't care. "Naked arm" refers to the person not wearing a wristwatch.
rammetjie-uitnek – lit "ram with its head held high". Big-headed. Refers more to sporadic bragging rights, than egocentrism.
reën katte en honde – lit. raining cats and dogs, i.e.: excessive rain
renoster-snot – lit "rhinoceros snot". Prestik (a South African product similar to Blu Tack).
rigting bedonnerd – lit. "directionless". Refers to any person who becomes easily disorientated when no visual references are helping their navigation, i.e. they feel lost very easily. It can also be used to humorously describe a person's poor sense of direction, for example: "James May can get lost in his own house."
rietkooi – lit. "Reed bed", i.e. "bunk bed", considered out-dated as references to bunk beds in general fell out of use in favour of the English term. Original Afrikaans translation for "bunk-bed" is "stapelbed". Riet ("Reed") refers to the bunk bed frame's flimsy appearance while "kooi" is the slang term for a bed (specifically a single-bed), derived from the Capetonian dialect. "Kooi" is still in use in the Southern regions.
rol – ("roll") A fight or brawl. Rolling – to fight.
rooinek – ("red neck") Afrikaner derogatory term for English person or English-speaking South African. Derived in the 19th century due to native British not being used to the hot African sun and getting sunburnt, especially on the neck. Alternative explanation, reference to the fact that British officers during the two Boer Wars had red collars.
rooijasse/rooibaadtjies – lit. a red jacket/coat. Refers to the British soldiers of the Anglo-Boer Wars that wore red coats.
s'n - Pronounced similar to "sin" ("i" is less emphasized), it indicates possession. English Equivalent is the apostrophe ('s). Used in conjunction with "syne" (his) and "hare" (hers)
saffa – lit. "a South African". Taken from the initials "S.A." as well as an informal pronunciation of the name "South Africa" (as Saf-Africa), the term refers to any South African-born person who also grew up in the country. This sometimes also extends to the South African Expats.
sakkie-sakkie – Also known as the Sokkie dans, is a style of sensual Ballroom dance.
sat – tired, dead – "Ek is siek en sat van sy nonsens" – "I'm sick and tired of his nonsense", see 'vrek' below (pronounced as "sut" in English)
schoepit – pronounced "s-choo-pit", is the informal pronunciation of the word "stupid".
scrompie – slang for "hobo" or bergie. (Liesl told her 7-year-old son, Karl, to walk away from the scrompie walking towards them.)
se gat – expression of strong disagreement often used in conjunction with "se moer" & "jou gat" (your arse).
sies, "sis" – expression of disgust, disappointment, annoyance, as in: Ag sies man.
Sie-sah – expression of goodness, or of disgust, depending on context.
sien jou gat – lit. "seeing your own arse". Refers to making an enormous fool of yourself and being out-performed & out-classed.
skommel(draadtrek) – to masturbate
soos Siebies se gat – lit. "like Siebies' arse". Refers to a job done badly and a messy room. Derived from a man of unknown origin known as "Siebies" (short for Siebert or Sieberhagen)
soos 'n poep innie bad – lit "like a fart in a bathtub of water". Refers to something rising very quickly (literally like the bubbles caused by a fart), for example: Soos wat die vliegtuig opgestyg het, toe klim ons soos 'n poep innie bad tot by ons cruising altitude. (As the plane took off, we ascended like a fart in a bathtub to our cruising altitude).
soutpiel – a derogatory term for someone of British descent. Lit. salt dick, one who has one foot in England and one foot in South Africa, with their penis dangling in the Atlantic Ocean. Sometimes shortened to soutie.
sit gat, rus bene – lit. "sit arse, rest legs". Refers to relaxing after a long hard day.
skapie – someone who might be referred to as a "pussy". Literally "little sheep".
skeef – skewed, gay, as in: hy het 'n bietjie skeef voorgekom (he seemed a bit gay)
skief – to glare at someone (root: Afrikaans 'skeef', skew)
skiet kat – Vomiting
skop, skiet en boomklim – literally "kicking, shooting and climbing trees". A colloquial description of an action film, usually of the lighter, more humorous kind. (Think Jackie Chan.)
skop, skiet en donner – literally "kicking, shooting and beating people up". A colloquial description of an action movie of the more violent kind. (Think Jean-Claude Van Damme and Arnold Schwarzenegger.)
skelm – (pronounced: skellem) crook or trouble-maker, mistress, secret lover, on the sly
skilpad het nie vere nie, en appels is nie pere nie – lit. "tortoises don't have feathers, and apples aren't pears". It is a children's rhyme that discusses a mistruth. It is the Afrikaans equivalent of "liar liar pants on fire."
skinner, skinder – gossip
skinderbek/skinnerbekkie – refers to the person(s) who is spreading gossip, not to be taken as a compliment.
skort – watch out, be careful or something is wrong here
skraal – "thin" or "emaciated"
skrik – fright; also used in the phrase skrik my gat af (very big fright)
skyf – cigarette, a puff, and also less commonly marijuana or dagga
skuit – (pronounced "skate") lit. "to shit"; similar to "taking a dump"
skwaanz – to snitch and sue; a bru dat overreacts to situations or activities they themselves participate in, like, they choke out people in the choking game and thinks dat is fun, but when someone chokes THEM out, they snitch and sue. Also, "squanz"; "Yo, dat bru is skwaanz! We don't hang wit daardie fok."
slapgat – English translation is "lazy arse", also can refer to something badly put together, "Hy het dit slapgat gemaak" (he put it together haphazardly)
slaptjips/ slapchips – (pronounced as "slup chips") similar to thick-cut British chips; usually soft, oily and soaked in vinegar. Slap is Afrikaans for "limp". French fries refers to thinly cut chips. Crispy potato/corn chips are referred to as 'chips'.
smaak – "taste" also means, to like another person or thing.
smaak stukkend – to like very much or to love to pieces (literal meaning of stukkend). "Ek smaak you stukkend" = "I love you madly".
sneeudier – old person
snoepie – (pronounced "snoopy") refers almost exclusively to a tuck shop based in a school. Tuck shops that are outside school property are often just called a "winkel" or "winkeltjie" (meaning "a small shop"), and sometimes also called a kafee (referring to a café, though not necessarily one that serves coffee). The original English usage of the term "Tuck shop" stays intact.
snotklap – "i'll slap you so hard the snot will fly". Usually used to discipline a child.
sel – lit."cell" in all definitions of the word, i.e.: selfoon (cellphone); tronk sel (jail sel); plant sel (plant cell)
soek – to look for trouble with someone/to antagonise/to stir up trouble = "you soeking with me?" – Afrikaans: "to seek or look for".
sommer – for no particular reason, "just because"
sopdrol – diarrhea, someone with a weak constitution, literally soup poo
soutpiel/soutie – derogatory term for English person, literally salty penis. Someone with one foot in England, the other in South Africa and their penis hanging in the Atlantic Ocean.
soutpilaar – lit. "salt pillar". Refers to anyone who is standing and staring unnecessarily at something (whether it is at an object or into blank space, i.e. daydreaming) and isn't paying attention to his/her surroundings. Based on the biblical figure Lot's wife, who turned into a pillar of salt after disobeying God's command by looking back at the Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.
spaarbussie/spaarbus – lit. "save-bus". Refers to a piggy bank.
spookasem – lit. "ghost-breath". Refers to candy floss.
springbok – lit. "springbok". As the antelope is the national animal of South Africa, its name has been used in several specialized fields to indicate a "belonging" to the country, incl: the former Springbok Radio (operated by the SABC), the South Africa national cricket team (was originally called the Sprinkboks, now called the Proteas due to disassociation with the Apartheid regime and the Springbok-emblem), the South Africa National Rugby Union Team (commonly called "the Springboks, or Bokke") and the call sign of South African Airways.
spuitpoep – lit. "Diarrhea"
spyker – lit. "a nail". Can also refer to rough sex, similar to "naai".
steek – stab, poke (with a knife). "He/she steeked her/him" = "He/she poked her/him". Also see "naai" = Nick steeked me stukkend.
stoepkakker – a dismissive term for a small, yappy dog, usually of mixed breed and with white curly fur. While putting on a big show of barking, this dog is actually too afraid to leave the porch (stoep) and so ends up having to defecate (kak) there.
stukkie, stekkie – a woman (from the Afrikaans meaning "a piece") – mostly used when referring to a woman that you have/have casual encounters with, girlfriend.
stok sweet, lit. "a stick sweet", combination of Afrikaans word for stick (stok) and sweet. A lollipop.
stompie – a cigarette butt, a short person or impolite term to refer to the remaining arm/leg/finger after an amputation.
stukkend – (Afrikaans) broken, a lot. Also commonly used when someone is hungover. For example, "I am so stukkend".
Stuur Groete aan Mannetjies Roux – lit. "Send greetings to Mannetjies Roux" a popular folk song by Laurika Rauch about the titular Springbok Rugby Player. The song describes a young girl going to live on a farm with her aunt and uncle, who are avid supporters of South African Rugby Union player Mannetjies Roux (pronounced Munne-keys (in Afrikaans) Roux (as in French)). A film based on the song was eventually released in 2013.
suig 'n duik in my kop – lit. "sucking a dent in my skull". Refers to a very strong sucking sensation caused by a thick viscous drink when drinking it through a straw, especially a McDonald's milkshake, which is famous for the sensation.
swak – broke. Original Afrikaans: weak. "I'm swak, ek sê". Also used to suggest that someone's behaviour was harsh (with varying degrees of seriousness, depending on tone and context), for example: "It's swak that I failed the test."
sy naam is Kom Terug en sy van is Bloedbek/Bloedneus – lit. "its first name is Come Back, and its last name is Bloody-mouth/nose/Or Else". A verbal warning given to a person who wants to borrow something.
te-moer-en-gone - an expression that comically states the levels of being lost. Can refer to either an object that is thrown out-of-bounds and is therefore lost, or more specifically getting lost in an area that is far from the nearest civilization. The closest English equivalent is "in the middle of nowhere".
tekkies – running shoes. (The Anglicized pronunciation tackies has become mainstream in South African English.) Sports shoes that are specifically designed for running and often used for comfort.
tiet – English equivalent "boob" or "breast" (from "teat"); tiete (plural); tietie (diminutive) and tieties (plural diminutive)
tietie bottel – lit. "baby bottle".
tet – breast or boob
tjor/tjorretjie/tjorrie – diminutive description of a car, especially one that's being admired: This is a nice tjorretjie you got here!. (The "tj" is pronounced as the "ch" in chat.)
tjorts – defecation, can also refer to the sound droplets of liquid make, often referring to a very minimal amount of a liquid ingredient, similar to "kat spoegie".
toppie, ou toppie – father – see ouballie
tos – lit. to masturbate
trek – to move or pull. (The word has become international with the meaning of "making a pioneering journey"; the slang usage more closely resembles the standard Afrikaans meaning.)
trekker – lit. "mover". Also refers to a tractor, as it can be used to tow (pull) trailers and/or cars.
tannie – lit. "aunt/mother". Derived from the Dutch word tante (aunt), it refers to any older female authority figure. The female counterpart of "oom" (uncle). Though the original English meaning stays intact, the term has come to indicate a sign of tremendous respect towards a much older woman. Rules in using the term correctly are: The woman must be at least 10 years older than oneself, otherwise they might consider it offensive towards their age if they are young; unless she is one's real-life aunt, referring to a woman as "tannie" is purely permission-based, i.e. if she doesn't accept the term (and she'll tell you), then you should refrain from using it when addressing her.
tiekie/tie-kie/ticky – taken from the word "tiekieboks/ticky box", is the popular name of the now outdated streetside payphone. Though ticky boxes are still in use, they have been largely replaced by cellphones. The ticky box takes its name from the limited time-period per call, based on the ticking of a timer. Also the name given to the old 2 and a half cent piece and later the 5 cent piece.
tok-tok-tokkie – refers to a woodpecker, with "tok-tok" being the onomatopoeia of the sound the bird makes while pecking. Also refers to the woodpecker-style birds used in some cuckoo clocks.
toktokkie – a children's game where you knock on someones door and run away before they answer.
trek deur jou hol – lit. "pulling something through your arse" refers to someone who has a tendency to ruin any property that was given to them whether they do it intentionally or not. Contrasts with the expression "kan dit deur 'n ring trek" (can pull it through a ring), which refers to something or someone that is extremely well polished, clean and organized.
TVP (tiener velprobleem) – acne problems
vaalie – mildly derogatory term used by people on the coast for a tourist from inland (Root: Old Transvaal province)
vark – lit. "pig". Identical meaning to the English word in all of its interpretations, i.e.: pig, pork (varkvleis), arsehole (vulgar).
van die os op die wa af – lit. "from the ox onto the wagon and off". Similar to "speaking of which" and "while we're on the subject"
van toeka se dae af – lit. "since the olden days". Derived from the acronym "toeka", which is defined as the foundation of God's Word, which means it has been used since biblical times.
veë jou gat aan dit af - lit. "wiping your arse on it". Refers to blatant ignorance against any person or object, no matter the consequences. Closest English equivalent is: "You don't give a shit."
vellies – veldskoene, traditional Afrikaans outdoors shoes made from hide
verkramp – politically conservative or pessimistic, the opposite of verlig, or enlightened
vetkoek – a deep-fried pastry that can either have a sweet filling of jam, honey, and syrup, or a savory filling of beef, chicken, pork, etc. Though the name literally translates as "fat cake", that name was already reserved by an English dessert, so in order to distinguish between the two very different dishes, vetkoek remains the universal name across all languages.
viswyf – lit. "fish female", refers to a woman that throws a "bitch-fit" when she doesn't get her way. "Jy gaan soos 'n viswyf tekere!" (You're being really bitchy now!).
voertsek, voetsek – get lost, buzz off, go away, run, scram, stuff off, bugger off (it can be considered rude, depending on the context) – usually used when referring to an animal. From the Dutch "vort, zeg ik" – used with animals, meaning "Go away!" or "Get moving". Voetsek is considered to be far more assertive than its English counterparts.
voetjie-voetjie – lit. a game of footsie
voël – lit. "bird". While the original meaning remains intact, it also refers to a penis (vulgar), due to "eiers" (eggs) being another nickname for testicles.
voshaarnooi – lit. "a red-headed girl". Derived from the song of the same name, by Afrikaans singer Louis Van Rensburg, the song describes the beauty of a young fiery red-headed girl (voshare = red hair). The original Afrikaans term for a "red-head" is a rooikop.
Volksie – (pronounced as "folk-see") Is the local name of the Volkswagen Type 1 "Beetle" (based on the German/Afrikaans pronunciation – "folks-vach-en"). It essentially translates to "little Volkswagen". Also known as a "Volla".
vrek – Afrikaans, meaning an animal dying. Possibly from Dutch verrekken to dislocate? Is considered extremely rude when used to refer to a person that has died, as the person would be likened to a mere animal.
vroeg ryp, vroeg vrot – lit. "the quicker the fruit ripens, the quicker it will rot". Refers to anything that is being rushed.
vrot – bad, rotten, putrid, sometimes drunk
vrotbek – someone who swears a lot or is swearing a lot at the moment, as well as someone with bad breath.
vry – to make out or courting (equivalent to American "necking", British "snogging" or Australian "pashing")
Vrystaat vernier – shifting spanner
vuilbek – lit. "dirty mouth", refers someone who swears a lot or is swearing a lot at the moment.
vuil uil – lit. "dirty owl", an unsavoury character, a person of ill repute, guilt of transgressions
waai – Afrikaans for "wave hello/goodbye". Slang for "to go". Durbanites like to say "Hey, let's waai pozzy." = "Let's go home." Also refers to the blowing of wind.
dis n Weber dag/maand/koffie – Afrikaans slang to describe a good day or thing, using Weber. Originated from a High School teachers attitude and the students adopted it.
waar val jy uit die bus uit/van die bus af? – lit. "Where did you fall off the bus?". Is a question usually asked when the person you are talking to, wasn't paying attention to the topic changing when they joined the discussion, and as a result they usually interrupt the discussion with an off-topic question.
watookal – lit. "what also all." Whatever.
wakkerslaap – despite its original Dutch meaning "worry", it can also be used to verbally "wake-up" a drowsy person.
windgat – lit. "wind hole." A loquatious over-talkative, perhaps bragging person.
woes – wild, untidy, unkempt or irreverent. A general term pertaining to either a person, behaviour or situation. Also could mean angry, in a rage, or sexually aroused.
word wakker, die dag word al swakker! – lit. "become awake, the day is getting ever-weaker." A wake-up call in military fashion, usually is accompanied with loud banging on the door.
wys – multiple meanings – to insult (see tune) or to say e.g. "Yoh, John wys me after I told him to shut up!". Also refers to "wysheid" (wisdom/wise) in a sarcastic tone: "O jy dink jy's wys né! (You think you're smart huh, do you!)
yoh – an expression of surprise e.g., "Yoh, that was rude" "Yoh, you gave me a fright!", (Police-chief talking about the poor physique of his policemen): "They should look at our men and say "yoh!".
ysterperd – "iron horse", describes a motorcycle, specifically a Harley-Davidson-style "full-size" motorcycle. Is derived from the fact that a motorcycle, with all its uses, is the modern day equivalent of a horse-and-rider.
ystervarkie(s) – lit. "iron piglets". Also known by their English/Australian name "Lamingtons", these are small cubes of sponge cakes dipped in chocolate syrup and covered in desiccated coconut. It takes its Afrikaans name from the ystervark (Afrikaans for porcupine) due to its resemblance to the animal.
zap – while the original English usage remains intact, though the term "to shock" is preferred, it also refers to one's obscene usage of the middle finger, while a "double-zap" would be where both middle fingers are extended at the same time.
zef – from the Ford Zephyr car, cheap to tune up; cool, rough guy; common person; kitsch, trashy
zol – a homemade cigarette rolled with old newspaper or Rizla pape, possibly marijuana-filled, equivalent to American "doobie"
Words from Khoi languages
aitsa – is usually used when exclaiming agreement like you would when saying "sweet!", "nice!", "lekker!", and "got it!".
buchu – a wonderful smelling range of medicinal plants.
dagga – marijuana (has become a mainstream word in South African English) (from Khoe daxa-b for Leonotis plant)
eina – exclamation of pain, as in ouch (from Khoekhoe exclamation of pain or surprise)
goggo – bug (from Khoe xo-xo, creeping things, here the g is pronounced like ch in Scottish loch)
kaross – garment made of animal skin (from Khoe meaning skin blanket)
kierie – a walking stick, or cane, usually made of wood. Primarily used by the elderly as general usage of a cane fell out of fashion among younger generations, though people still have a habit of when carrying a stick to use it as a walking stick, even though they don't necessarily need it.
Words from Xhosa, Zulu and other Nguni languages
The following lists slang borrowings from the Nguni Bantu languages (which include Zulu and Xhosa). They typically occur in use in the South Africa townships, but some have become increasingly popular among white youth. Unless otherwise noted these words do not occur in formal South African English.
abba – the act of carrying a child on your back. Is a tradition of tribal African women to carry their young hands-free on their backs by literally binding them in a sarong-like garment, emulating the pouch of a Kangaroo.
Aikhona! – not on your nellie; nice try. Sometimes a strong refusal/disagreement, No!
tjhaile/tshayile – (pronounced: chai-leh) "time to go home"
chaai – used to describe a feeling of loss or disappointment (It is what it is or it's over in other words) e.g. "That test was chaai!" or "i lost my money it's chaai because I won't get it back "
cherry – "meddie" could mean girl or girlfriend e.g. "is that your cherry "
chommie – a friend (similar to English "chum")
cava – meaning "to see: (the c is pronounced as a dental click). It can be used meaning both "to see" or "to understand" as in "Did you cav that ?" or as in "Do you cav what I am saying?"
cocopan – small tip truck on rails used in mines (from Nguni nqukumbana, Scotch cart)
donga – lit. "wall" (Xhosa). Small erosion channel, akin to arroyo in Mexico.
eish! – an interjection expressing resignation
fundi – expert (from Nguni "umfundisi" meaning teacher or preacher) – used in mainstream South African English
faka – to put (pronounced as fuh-kuh) from the common Nguni word meaning the same thing, faka
gogo – grandmother, elderly woman (from Mbo-Nguni, ugogo)
hawu! – expression of disbelief, surprise. Pronounced like English "how!". From the Zulu "hawu".
hayibo! – has no direct English translation. It's used as an exaggerated response to something and can be apply to any situation (from Zulu, 'definitely not').
indaba – meeting of the community (from Nguni, 'a matter for discussion'); has become a mainstream word in South African English in the sense of consultative conference.
inyanga – traditional herbalist and healer (compare with sangoma)
jova – injection, to inject (from Zulu)
laduma! – a popular cheer at soccer matches, "he scores!" (literally: "it thunders", in Nguni)
nca – meaning something is nice or tasty (the nc is a nasalised dental click)
Vati – water, kasi word for water,also the name of a water purification company from standerton Sakhile
muti – medicine (from Nguni umuthi) – typically traditional African
Mzansi – South Africa (uMzantsi in Xhosa means "south"), specifically refers to the South Africa.
Ngca – (pronounced "Ngc-ah", dental click) an expression of appreciation or admiration, similar to "nice"
ousie – Term used to refer to a maid, usually a black female; also used by black females to call/refer to each other (from Sesotho for 'sister)
sangoma – traditional healer or diviner
shongololo (also spelt songalolo) – millipede (from Nguni, ukusonga, 'to roll up')
Tshisa Nyama - of Xhosa origin, lit means to "burn meat". Is the Zulu equivalent to the braai.
spaza – an informal trading-post/convenience store found in townships and remote areas (also a term referring to something cheap and nasty – i.e. of poor quality)
tokoloshe – a dwarf-like water sprite, taken from tokoloshe.
toyi-toyi – (more commonly spelt toi-toi) protest-dancing; used in mainstream South African English
tsotsi – gangster, layabout, no gooder
ubuntu – compassion or kindness, humanity, connectedness
Vuvuzela – a traditional horn made from the hollowed-out horns of a Kudu bull. It produces a monotonous tone and is often used as a summonings. A modernized version is made from plastic and more closely resembles a straight trumpet. The modern version is commonly used by the audience at soccer games, though usage of it has been highly frowned upon and in some cases banned because of noise-regulations, due to its incredibly loud blaring monotonous tone.
Ntwana yam> A friend of yours
Ewe – lit. "yes" (Mbo-Nguni)
wena – Literally "you" (Mbo-Nguni). Commonly used in a sentence "Hayiwena!"
Slang originating from other countries
The following slang words used in South African originated in other parts of the Commonwealth of Nations and subsequently came to South Africa.
bint – a girl, from Arabic بِنْت. Usually seen as derogatory.
buck – the main unit of currency: in South Africa the rand, and from the American use of the word for the dollar.
china – friend, mate (from Cockney rhyming slang china [plate] = "mate").
chow – to eat
coaster – a state of affairs that surpasses cool
pom – name for an English person originating from England
shab short for shebeen.
Slang originating from ethnic minorities
South African Coloured slang
The majority of Coloureds in South Africa speak Afrikaans. Those who speak English use the equivalent English words as slang.
Girl – Meisie
Girlfriend – Noi
Awe – "Howzit", "hello"; a slang way of greeting someone
befok – "mad"; also possibly "super cool", as in My broe daai kar is befok. Pronounced \ber fork\.
betters – "To replenish" or "refill". Example: Ekse lets make a betters with the mineral
boss – "nice" – "that girl is boss, ek sê"
boppin – "Very Good", example: "awe ekse my brah, howzit your side?"; in reply: "nei, eks (i am) boppin brah"
bot – refer to gaam usually associated with a person, act or object that is either dodgy or gangster-like. (Originated from Afrikaans slang bot.)
bushie – derogatory term for a "Coloured" person. Derived from the word bushman. Bushman are predominantly light in complexion.
guy – similar to the American English word "dude"
bok – girlfriend
bolt/ace out – used extensively in KZN. Means "by yourself" or "only one".
chop – "stupid" or "pathetic" – "don't be such a chop (idiot)"
chup – "tattoo" – "cool chup exse"
chow – "eat" or food
chuck – "leave". Equivalent of American "to bounce". Examples: "Come bru lets chuck" or "sorry can't go to the braai i gotta chuck." If you are funny you might say, "boet, I have to make like Norris and Chuck."
crown/kroon – "money"; can also refer to virginity.
dowwel – "gamble"/ "nice or tasty" Examples: "He is going to dowwel all his money he earned." "That food dowwel."
dasifouti – "no problem", lit. "there is no fault"
duidelik – direct from Afrikaans, meaning "clear"; used to express clarity on something or excitement about something.
eksê – from Afrikaans, translated it means "I say". Used in greeting i.e. "Whakind eksê" or in general speech.
gaam – dodgy/gangster i.e. That person is gaam. (He is a gangster.)That place is gaam. (it is dodgy.)
gam – derogatory term for Coloured people in South Africa. Derived from "Gham" or "Ham" referring to Ham in the Old Testament. It is a reference to the children of Noah's son Ham who were illegitimate and cursed into slavery by God.
gammie – diminutive of "Gam", derogatory term for coloured people in South Africa, particularly in Cape Town.
gatsby – large chip roll with meat and lekker sauces (Cape Town)
gully – "area" or "corner" (KZN)
hard up – "in love"
Hosh – "Hello"; also used before combat. Example in combat: Hosh, jy raak wys ("Hello, show me what you made of"). This gang-related word occurs inside as well as outside of prison: use at own discretion (Black Slang).
jas – "horny". The first form occurs in Cape Town; the second predominates on the east coast of South Africa. May also mean "crazy" or "mad". Examples: Person A: I want to get robbed Person B: Are you jas? or Person A: Ek wil my werk verloor Person B: Is jy jas?.
jap/jep – "steal". "They jepped that okes car" used in Gauteng.
lekker/lukka – "nice" (from Afrikaans). The first form occurs more commonly; the second predominates in Kwa-Zulu Natal.
lappie(pronounced *luppee*) – "cloth", "dish towel", "face cloth"
maader – "the best", "excellent"
meet up – Used in the Kwa-Zulu Natal region, a term usually used when saying "goodbye". For example: Lukka meet up ekse.
miff – "gross", "disgusting". "That's completely miff!" "Oh my god it was so miff"
min – to be very interested or excited in something, or for something. For example, "so min for that jol" or "when you're min you win"
mineral – pronounced 'min ral'; used by Indians as well. "Fizzy drink" such as Coke, Fanta, Sprite, etc. (KZN)
motjie – wife/woman
naai – "sex" (Western Cape) Also used as a noun "Jou ou naai" (literally "You screw") and used in the plural: "naaie" (literally more than one "screw"), meaning an undesirable person rather than the sexual act. Definitely not polite language.
oweh – pronounced \ow where\, a way of saying "oh yes" or expressing delight.
posie/pozzie – "home". Afrikaans-speakers tend to use the first for; English-speakers the second.
press – "sex", as in: "I want to press my young one tonight" (KZN)
shot – "good", "cool", "correct" or "thanks" (depending on context). Example for the meaning "good" – Person A: What is 3+3? Person B: six Person A: shot. Example for the meaning "thanks": – Person: A I have bought you a sweet Person B: Shot.
sunno – initially an insult, but used amongst friends as a greeting, as in: Whakind son
Stukkie – "girl" or possibly "girlfriend"
Tannie – "aunt", used by Afrikaans-speakers
Taah-nie – "Mother", used by some Cape Townians
tops – "excellent", "the best", "great!"
Toppie – "old man", used by Afrikaans-speakers, can also mean 'dad', ex: 'My friend recently became a Toppie'
Whakind – a greeting (Used as "Howzit" in KZN), usually used amongst guys only, and frowned upon when used in greeting women. This word can also express an enquiry about something, especially when used outside the Kwa-Zulu Natal region.
What say/What you say/Wat sê jy – alternative for Whakind in the greeting-sense. English-speakers use the first and second forms; Afrikaans-speakers the third.
Young one – Refer to "Stekkie"
Skommel – masturbate
onetime – of course, without delay; often used as a positive reply to a question.
operate – lets perform or to have sex
ou – a boy/man/guy, homo sapiens
Charr Ou/Charou/charo – Charr is from charring from the sun like charcoal (burnt wood) derogatory term for an Indian, Bangladeshi or Pakistani person
Bruin Ou – a Coloured person – mixed race
Wit (pronounced as vit) Ou – a White person
Correct Ou – a good guy
Gorra Ou – a White person (insulting usage)
Darkie ou/ darky ou – a derogatory term for African/black person
Pekkie Ou – a Black African person (derogatory; from the Zulu word for "cook")
Slum Ou – a Muslim person (derived from the words Islam/Muslim)
Exploding Ou – a Muslim person (insulting, derogatory usage)
boss – a salute to a person, usually of higher authority or status (usually to a male), as in "you know what it is boss".
bra – a way of addressing a friend, as in 'Howzit my bra'. 'bra' derived from 'brother'
bung – (from Afrikaans 'bang' – to be scared) to be afraid of someone.
condai – bus conductor.
graft – work, e. "hey kazzie, I'm grafting at coconut grove, lakkaz ekse"
kêrel – boyfriend
hit a luck – expression, to meet with good fortune, as in, "hey my bru hit a luck, eee got graft at the Casino".
choon/tune – talk/to tell someone something.
clips – Money, 1 clip = R100
laanie – From the Afrikaans word meaning "fancy", but used by Indian people to mean "smart guy" ("Smart" as in "well-to-do") or, more frequently, "boss". Compare larnie.
lakkaz – meaning lekker from the Afrikaans language.
late – A euphemism for dead/deceased; as in 'My daddy is two years late'. (Unconnected with the idea of tardiness.)
let's vye – let's go; (waai pronounced as vuy, same like buy) (From Afrikaans, "kom ons waai") Used mostly by Durban Indians. "Dave let's vye sook a betters.""
maader – excellent, very good (used especially by KZN people of Indian origin)
min-rill – from the English word "mineral", meaning mineral water; taken to mean any fizzy drink in a bottle, normally Coke, Fanta, etc.
plot – pursue romantically, courting
poke – stab
pozzy – house or home; place where one lives or hangs out.
perrie – paranoid; "He is moerse perrie"
pehrer – a fight. (Often heard as "Who's gunning a pehrer?" meaning "Who's looking for a fight?")
slaan – wear (as in clothes), ex "He is ge (prefix) slat (slaan) clothingwise"; meaning "He's dressed well"
Vrou – my wife, as in 'Ek sê, I must first ask my Vrou'; from the Afrikaans word for 'wife"/"woman".
vying – going, as in we vying to the soccer
vriete – "food" from the Afrikaans word "Vreet" – "to eat like an animal". Used as a noun, ex: He must kyk(look) sy(his) eie(own) vriete(food) translated: He must find his own food
dite – food(noun), ex: "i smaak(like to) a dite(food) kry(to get)"
dite – food(verb), ex: "ek(i) gaan(to go) eers (firstly) dite(to eat)"
speech – an argument/fight
stekie – girl/girlfriend
swaai – to dance. (For example: "Lets vaai (go) swaai.")
swak – bad or weak
what kind – Greeting, similar to Howzit
what what – mostly used in arguments, meaning "this and that". Often heard as what you say what what
spiet – to fight
slow boat – Splif/joint – normally related to marijuana
para/pareh – to fight/argument
pulling moves – related to doing some sort of crime or fraud
100's / hundreds – relating to being ok, for example: "I am hundreds today after last night's jol"
bust up – a big party involving abundant drugs and booze
pull in – literally means to come; example: "Pull in to my pozzy tonight, gona have a bust up"
benou – (pronounce BER-NOW) – marijuana or dagga. Commonly used by Indians in Gauteng. "no benou there?"-do you have any dagga?
sharp – goodbye, ("shap im out" – goodbye I'm leaving)
aspriss – to do something deliberately ("I closed the door on him aspriss")
gusheshe – BMW 325is (Black Slang).
arrawise – greeting, derived from the English word 'otherwise' ("arrawise bra watse?")
Salut – Hello, hi, as in a greeting, or "dis (it's) salut (good) my bra (friend/brother)"
Ben 10 – someone dating a woman who is 1–10 years older than him or a young male partner of a cougar. The name comes from the Cartoon Network animated series of the same name.
Blesser – This is a high level sugar daddy, but with a lot more money. He's filthy rich, and can set a lady up with clothing accounts, overseas holidays and sometimes even a car in exchange for sex benefits. The lady is expected to be readily available at all times when the blesser needs her (Black Slang).
Blessee – a lady who dates a blesser (Black Slang).
Bosoh – Commonly known as weed or dagga. "Jdogger roll the bosoh there. Im keen to get blazed"
Make the thing there – This is commonly used with the word betters referring to the purchasing of a bag." Make the thing there Lyles. Make a betters for the boys"
Chow a bean – A bean which is also known a blue boy, is commonly used at the end of a sesh to cut things before they get dangerous "We on day 4 now Cheeno. Time to call it and chow a bean."
Beef – A small Muslim boy also known as tokoloshe.
Gup – Indian slang for a lie. Can be used as a verb which is "gupping" or past tense "gupped". "I told Cheeno I got a backdoor into Wikipedia. That guy got gupped hard""
Let's have it – A commonly used phrase to instigate the start of a past time activity. Can be used for anything leisure, from FIFA to a betters (Please refer to the definition of betters above). "Lets have it there quick Stanosh before more owes come"
Jux – To be horny or excited. "Ekse this betters is making me jux"
Catch a press – To have sexual intercourse which lasts only a few moments due to being jux. "Bra, im so jux, lets vye catch a press said Cheens"
South African Portuguese slang
maburro – slang for a white Afrikaans person, usually derogatory but sometimes used affectionately depending on context. (a "burro" in Portuguese is an ass, donkey or stupid person.)
padece – slang for a white Afrikaans person, usually derogatory but sometimes used affectionately depending on context.
South African Indian slang
Many of these terms occur in the Cape Town and Durban areas, and few in Indian areas in Gauteng. Many words are shared with Coloured slang, such as pozzie (in Durban) and let's waai.
cake – idiot
cameway – to go with someone, like come with me. Used in Durban.
Charo – a person of Indian origin. From the word "curry" (or tea).
eeuww man! – an informal way of greeting. The South African Indian equivalent of "Hey dude!"
guzzie – friend (from the Zulu gaz'lami)
Jaaver – an Afrikaner person
kassam – serious, not joking. From Islamic meaning "oath".
mooing – to flirt. From the Afrikaans word mooi meaning "nice"/"pretty".
ou – person
Roti Ou / Bread Ou Hindi person
Wit Ou – a White person
Porridge Ou – a Tamil person
paining – having pain
pano – money, from the Tamil word for "money". Commonly used by all South African Indian linguistic groups as a euphemism for money (not slang).
patla, flouie – usually refers to poor (unfunny) jokes. Patla can also refer to any kind of damp squib. Patla Patla often refers obliquely to having sex; imitating the sound of two bodies meeting.
potter-marie – means a dumbass (Hindu language roots)
right – an affirmation, mostly used while giving traffic directions, as in "Go straight, Right. Turn Left, Right."
sheila – an ugly woman
slaat – action like hit. For example: Don't choon me what what an' all, I slaat you one time laanie.
this thing/"dis ting" – watchamacallit
y'all – "you all" appears across all varieties of South African Indian English. Its lexical similarity to the y'all of the United States is attributed to coincidence.
South African Jewish slang
chattis, khateis (plural chatteisim, khateisim. Yiddish: "a sinner"): approximately equivalent to "white trash". The word refers particularly to poor, white, Afrikaans-speaking communities with endemic social problems. Sometimes used as an ethnic slur against Afrikaners in general. From Talmudic phrase Eyn bor yerey khet – a bor – (uncouth ignoramus) is not afraid of sin. The bor-Boer assonance gives a case for quibble: if not afraid of sin must be therefore a sinner.
kugel: an overly groomed, materialistic woman (from the Yiddish word for a plain pudding garnished as a delicacy). Older-generation Jews coined this usage as a derogatory label for Jewish women who aspired to become part of the privileged English-speaking white community. usage, often humorously intended, applies the word to any nouveau riche women in South African society who appear overly groomed and materialistic. Bagel and bagel-boy occur as labels for the male counterpart of the kugel. (Compare the American-English term Jewish-American princess which has subtly differing connotations.)
Peruvian / Peruvnik: a low-class, unmannered and unsophisticated person regardless of wealth, usually Jewish. The etymology is unclear. (Theories: (a) Yiddish corruption of Parvenu; (b) derives from an acronym for "Polish and Russian Union", supposedly a Jewish club founded in Kimberley in the 1870s, according to Bradford's Dictionary of South African English.) The more assimilated and established Jews from Germany and England looked down on this group, and their descendants remain stigmatised.
Schwarzer: Yiddish / German for "black" – a black person
shiksa: as in other Jewish communities, this means "non-Jewish girl". Traditionally "slave-girl", from the Yiddish version of the Hebrew word for "dirty, unclean, loathsome" In South Africa, however, it has the additional meaning of a "female domestic worker".
weisser: Yiddish for "white" – a white person
South African Lebanese slang
bint: from the Lebanese word for "girl"; used in reference to women in general (as in "check out that hot bint over there.")
drib: from the Lebanese word for "hit" (as in "hey ghey ... if you don't stop talking gara, I may have to drib you!")
khara: from the Lebanese word for "faeces" or "dung"; refers to something that is crap (as in "that guy is talking khara!")
ghei: literally translated from the Lebanese word for "brother"; in colloquial South African refers to "a tinted-windows, lots-of-jewellery" kinda guy (pronounced like gHAY but with a /x/, like a guttural "g" or the "ch" in Scottish loch)
stiffle: so what: "if you don't like it stiffle!"
Special-use slang
Kasi/township slang
411 – giving someone the latest news and gossip.
5 Jacket, Half clipper, 5 Tiger, pinkies, 5Ten – R50 note
2 Bob – 20-cent coin
442 (Four, four, two) – lies or lying.
150 – Ladysmith/Emnambithi (KZN)
69 (Six nine) – It is to pee.
9 (nine) – Girlfriend as in a love relationship.
Peepee, 45 (four five) or Ntutu – Penis.
6 no 9 – "same difference". Like "potato, potatoe".
99 (nine nine) – "for real"
ayoba – expression of excitement
bokgata or Bo 4 – "the police"
cake/ikuku/kuku – Vagina or a scone depends on context.
Chalk/choc – R20 note
chommie – More likely to be used by young girls than guys, the word refers to a friend. A music artist goes by this name.
clipper/lkippa – R100 note
doing a bafana – demanding more smeka (money) for being mediocre
doing a benni – The saying comes from the formerly much-lauded Bafana Bafana striker Benni McCarthy's "uncharitable habit of turning his back on his country" following many instances of failing to turn up to play in the South Africa national football team. Meaning "showing disloyalty / being irresponsible".
eish – [compare Bantu usage above] (pronounced like /aysh/ but also, less often, as /ish/) – Used to express everything ranging from frustration to surprise to disapproval, but also just everyday acknowledgement of things you can't change like "Eish, the traffic is bad today". Heard frequently each and every day! Also used to indicate displeasure. For example: 'At the time I was the only black guy and I used to ask myself "Eish, what am I doing here?"'
fong kong – cheap and fake products that one can buy from vendors on the streets.
Tiger – R10 note (from the word "jacket")
Yoh – Exclamation/reaction to something shocking or surprising
juish (pronounced /Joowish/) – refers to nice and flashy clothes that someone has on.
moegoe – a fool, idiot or simpleton. For example: "moegoe of the week". Related to the Nigerian term mugu, fool, fraud victim.
mzansi – from the isiXhosa words, Mzantsi Afrika; a common term which means South Africa. [Mzansi] List of colloquial South African place names first published in Y magazine.
Pinkies – R50 note, because of its colour
roogie – R50 note
Ova – To talk
O zo fa ntja! – You will die, dog
skoon – Kaal voël steek (without a condom). Generally unprotected sex
starter pack – (Origins: Terminology first used by mobile-phone companies but quickly adapted by car thieves and car hijackers.) Refers to entry-level cars, especially vehicle-makes occurring commonly on the road and therefore less easy to spot as stolen. Thieves can "chop up" the parts at an illegal "chop shop" and used them for repairs on more expensive vehicles.
Stena/isitina (from the Afrikaans word for brick) – A stack of money amounting to R1000
umlungu – white South African or the boss (baas) of the company
yebo – a Zulu word which means "yes".
Z3 – refers to HIV and AIDS, because of its speed. This is a reference to the BMW Z3.
Coconut – Referring to a self hating African black person who is dualistic in their nature. Black on the outside and White on the inside.
Machangura – Refers to cash or money.
Zaka – Money
Pompo – Tap water
Dintshang? – What's happening?
Ke shap – I am good.
Sati – Saturday
Spani – Work
Achuz – Friend (from "accused". Someone with whom you have committed a crime and appear in court alongside. "Can accused no.1 and accused no.2 please stand."
Choof – Crystal Meth
Gayle language (gay slang)
Slang developed in the 1970s to allow the speakers to converse in public without drawing attention – usually referring to girls' names often with the first letter in common with the intended meaning: See the article Gayle language.
abigail – abortion
ada – backside
agatha – a gossip
aida – AIDS
amanda – amazing
annie – anus
barbara – straight man
belinda – blind
bella – to hit or slap "I will bella you if you don't stop staring at that beulah."
bertha – Hilda's big sister (really, really ugly), after Big Bertha, the giant cannon
beulah – beautiful, usually referring to a good looking man
cilla – cigarette
betty bangles – policeman
carol – cry
chlora – coloured person
connie – come
cora – common
diana – disgusting or dead
dora – a drink; drunk
elsie geselsie – chatterbox
erica – erection
esterjie – ecstasy
ethel – old person
frieda – sexually frustrated
fuella – furious
gail – chat
gayle – the name for this slang
gonda – a vagina
grazelda – extremely ugly
harriet – hairy man
hilda – ugly (or horrible), usually referring to a not-so good looking guy
iona – Indian
jenny – masturbate
jessica – jealous
julia – jewellery
lana – penis (from alliteration Lana Lunch)
laura – lover
lettie – lesbian
lily – law (the police)
lisa – male model
lulu – laugh
marie – mad
marjorie – margarine
mary – obvious homosexual
mathilda – migraine
maureen – murder
mavis – effeminate queen
mildred – mentally deranged
milly – crazy (mad) – milder than mildred
mitzi – small
monica – money
nancy – no
natalie – native person
nelly – neurotic
nora – stupid or naive
olga – old and ugly
pandora – inquisitive queen
patsy – dance, party
polly – Portuguese homosexual
priscilla – policeman
reeva – revolting
rita – rent boy
sally – suck
sheila – shit (action or insult)
stella – steal
trudy – someone that's beyond help
ursula – understand/understanding
vast – very ("She's vast nora, my dear!")
vera – vomit
wendy – white (caucasian)
lodge – house
pram – car
Example
Jinne man, just put on your tekkies and your costume, don't be dof! We're going to walk to the beach and then go for a swim, if you want to come with you better hurry up, chyna. Ag nee, I stepped on a shongololo, I just bought new tekkies the other day! You know what, lets just forget about the beach and have a braai instead, all we need is some meat, mieliepap, some cooldrinks, maybe a brinjal and some other veggies. And if someone can bring some biscuits for a banofi pie that would be great. Hey bru, it's lekker day today for a jol ek sê! I'm warning you my dad won't tolerate any gesuipery, he'll klap you stukkend! Is it? Ja, he's kwaai! He was tuning me just now from his bakkie my bokkie is a soutie and a rooinek. Eish! Well at least he's duidelik.
See also
Gayle language
Languages of South Africa
List of colloquial South African place names
List of lexical differences in South African English
South African English
References
Bibliography
External links
Languages of South Africa
South African
Slang
South African English | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20South%20African%20slang%20words |
Albertina Natalie "Tina" Noyes (born January 7, 1949) is an American former figure skater. She is a four-time U.S. national silver medalist and the 1967 North American bronze medalist. She represented the United States at the 1964 Winter Olympics, where she placed 8th, and at the 1968 Winter Olympics, where she placed 4th. She was coached by Cecilia Colledge.
Noyes coaches at the Hayden Recreation Centre in Lexington, Massachusetts. In 2017, she received the Dorothy Franey Langkop Ambassador Award from the U.S. Olympians and Paralympians Association.
She is married to Larry Zimmerman.
Results
References
1949 births
Living people
American female single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Cambridge, Massachusetts
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina%20Noyes |
A search fund is an investment vehicle through which an entrepreneur raises funds from investors in order to acquire a company in which they wish to take an active, day-to-day leadership role. Search funds can also be financed through self-funding. In this scenario, the entrepreneur leading the acquisition will use their own resources to purchase and take ownership of the business, rather than relying on funding from external private investors.
In the first stage, a small group of investors back operating managers to search for a target company to acquire. A fund may or may not find a target acquisition company. Investors are able to invest a pro-rata share in the target company, subject to their individual liking. In the second stage, the general managers of the search fund take operating roles in the acquired company, such as CEO and President.
Traditional Search funds typically target companies in the $5 million to $50 million price range, requiring $2 million to $10 million of equity capital, in fragmented industries, with sustainable market positions, histories of stable cash flows, and long term opportunities for improvement and growth. Self funded search funds generally target businesses less than $5 million. Service and light manufacturing companies outside high tech industries are popular targets. Often these companies are under-managed prior to the acquisition.
Most search funds are started by entrepreneurs with limited operational experience and possibly no direct experience in the target industry. The goal of the investor is to place promising, motivated managers in an environment with a high probability for success given the oversight and experience of the investors themselves.
The origins of the search fund are often traced back to H. Irving Grousbeck, a professor at Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, who originated the concept in 1984. Since then, it is estimated that 627 traditional funds have been or are currently being formed, with 198 operating currently. The bulk of successful search funds have been raised by alumni of elite MBA programs with access to strong private equity networks. Stanford University has documented more than 177 search funds.
References
External links
Search Fund Resource for Relevant Information
Search fund resources at the Stanford Center for Entrepreneurial Studies
Private equity
Investment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20fund |
Reggie Gibson (born August 23, 1970), better known as Saafir, is an emcee, producer, and actor. He is also a member of the rap group "Golden State Project" (formerly known as Golden State Warriors) with Ras Kass and Xzibit. Born in Oakland, California, he lived with Tupac Shakur and became a dancer for Digital Underground. Saafir took part in one of the most notorious Bay Area rap battles, when he and members of the Hobo Junction went against Casual and members of the Hieroglyphics Crew. The battle took place live on KMEL.
Saafir made his recording debut on several cuts on Digital Underground's The Body-Hat Syndrome in 1993, followed by an appearance on Casual's Fear Itself in early 1994. He appeared in the film Menace II Society as Harold Lawson and was featured on the film's soundtrack. With a deal from Qwest Records, Saafir recruited the Hobo Junction production team (J Groove, J.Z., Rational, Big Nose, and Poke Martian) for his freestyle debut, Boxcar Sessions (1994). He recorded an album called Trigonometry under the alias Mr. No No before returning as Saafir in The Hit List (1999). The Hit List was considered Saafir's attempt at commercial acceptance. The album featured production by Stevie J (made famous for his work with P. Diddy's Hitmen production team) and guest vocals from West Coast heavyweights Kam and Jayo Felony and controversial East Coast lyricist Chino XL. In 2006, he released his fourth album, Good Game: The Transition (ABB Records, 2006). The album covers the major transitions throughout his life, most notably his spinal tumor, and his conversion to Islam.
In February 2013 on Davey D's Hip-Hop Corner, Digital Underground leader Shock-G revealed that Saafir had begun using a wheelchair due to complications from his spinal surgery. Saafir later appeared on Sway & King Tech's The Wake Up Show to confirm his condition and clear up some of the misconceptions stemming from Shock-G's announcement.
Saafir was one of the passengers flying on TWA Flight 843; he suffered a back injury as a consequence of evacuating an aborted takeoff and consequent hard landing, crash and fire on July 30, 1992.
Starting in 2012 Saafir's son, Saafir Gibson began to release music under the moniker Saafir.
Discography
1994: Boxcar Sessions
1998: Trigonometry
1999: The Hit List
2006: Good Game: The Transition
2009: Fast Lane (EP)
References
External links
Interview by Mark Pollard (October 1998)
Saafir @ TheRapCella.com
Movie Cant Stop Wont Stop with Saafir
Interview with Garrett Caples (March 2013)
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Qwest Records artists
1970 births
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saafir |
161P/Hartley–IRAS is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 21 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years).
This was one of six comets discovered by the infrared space telescope IRAS, in 1983.
References
External links
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
161P/Hartley-IRAS – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
161P at Kronk's Cometography
Periodic comets
Halley-type comets
161P
0161
Discoveries by Malcolm Hartley
Discoveries by IRAS
IRAS catalogue objects
19831104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/161P/Hartley%E2%80%93IRAS |
"Jump (For My Love)" is an electro-pop song by American vocal group the Pointer Sisters, released on April 11, 1984, as the third single from their tenth studio album Break Out (1983). The song hit the top ten on the US Billboard Hot 100, R&B, and Dance charts, and it was the best-selling American dance single of 1984, sold as a trio of songs including "I Need You" and "Automatic". The song features June Pointer on lead vocals and scored global chart success.
Girls Aloud remade the song as "Jump", which saw a release in November 2003.
History
"Jump (For My Love)" features June Pointer on lead vocals. It was co-written by regular collaborators Marti Sharron, Gary Skardina, and Stephen Mitchell. Skardina and Mitchell were responsible for the chord progressions, melody, and arrangement while Sharron's focus was on the lyrics and melody. According to Sharron the instrumental track for the demo of "Jump" was completed before the lyrics: on first hearing the playback of the instrumental track in the studio (Marti Sharron quote:) "My partners and I...were so happy with the results we jumped up and down" which led to the song being called "Jump". Eventually it was titled "Jump (For My Love)". Sharron recalls phoning Richard Perry, who was producing the Pointer Sisters' upcoming album, and telling him: "I have the album's big hit" and - although Perry considered giving the song to Julio Iglesias, Perry being a contributing producer to the singer's 1100 Bel Air Place album - "Jump" did become the final song slated for the Pointer Sister's 1983 album release Break Out.
Despite being one of the last songs recorded for the album, "Jump (For My Love)" would be the first song on the album's song listing. It would be released as the album's third single, with the ballad "I Need You" being the first single, which continued the Pointer Sisters' presence at R&B radio. Automatic" eventually became the album's second single as it had enjoyed dance club airplay as an album cut and the record company wanted to capitalize on that. "Automatic" returned the Pointer Sisters to top ten after a three-year absence. "Jump..." became the most successful US single off of Break Out upon its release as the album's third single in April 1984. "Jump" ascended to a peak of #3 on both the US Hot 100 and R&B chart in Billboard magazine that July, with the song also charting on Billboards adult contemporary chart at #11.
"Jump (For My Love)" would give the Pointer Sisters an international hit, charting in Belgium (#3 on the Flemish chart), West Germany (#20), Ireland (#2), the Netherlands (#9), New Zealand (#3), Switzerland (#13), and the UK (#6). In Australia, "Jump..." was issued as the lead single off Break Out in December 1983 and peaked at #79: reissued after "Automatic," it would reach an Australian chart peak of #8 in September 1984. "Jump" featured June Pointer on lead vocals and the international release was somewhat unique. The Australian single release featured as the B-side the Break Out song "Operator" with Anita Pointer on lead. In other territories, the sing's B-side was "Heart Beat", a song with Ruth Pointer on lead, and that was initially on the Pointer Sisters' previous album So Excited!. Released prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics, "Jump (For My Love)" featured footage of athletes competing in track and field events, as well as NBA stars Julius Erving and Magic Johnson.
The Pointer Sisters won the 1985 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "Jump...", and co-writer Stephen (Steve) Mitchell received his nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance in 1985 for his musical performance as the principal musician on the song's recording. Although the group scored several Top 20 hits on the Hot 100, "Jump (For My Love)" is viewed as the signature song for the group.
At the 1985 ASCAP Pop Awards, "Jump (For My Love)" received "Most Performed Song" honors for songs in the ASCAP repertory during the 1984 ASCAP Survey Year.
"Jump (For My Love)" is published by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Anidraks Music, Inc., and Stephen Mitchell Music, Inc.
Personnel The Pointer Sisters June Pointer – lead vocals, backing vocals
Ruth Pointer – backing vocals
Anita Pointer – backing vocals Musicians Stephen Mitchell – synthesizers, synthesizer programming, drum machine programming, additional synthesizers
Howie Rice – Minimoog, additional synthesizers, electronic drums
Reek Havoc – electronic drums programming
Louis Johnson - bass
Paulinho da Costa – percussionProduction Producer - Richard Perry
Associate producers - Gary Skardina & Stephen Mitchell
Writers - Stephen Mitchell, Marti Sharron & Gary Skardina
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Girls Aloud version
{{Infobox song
| name = Jump
| cover = Jump1.jpg
| type = single
| artist = Girls Aloud
| album = Sound of the Underground (reissue), and Love Actually soundtrack
| B-side =
| released =
| recorded = August 2003
| genre =
| length = 3:40
| label = Polydor
| writer =
| producer =
| prev_title = Life Got Cold
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = The Show
| next_year = 2004
| misc =
}}
In 2003, British girl group Girls Aloud covered "Jump" for the soundtrack to the romantic comedy film Love Actually (2003) although ultimately it was not used in the movie; the Pointer Sisters' original version was used instead. Girls Aloud's version was produced by Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, recorded at the request of Love Actually director Richard Curtis. Upon its release in November 2003, "Jump" continued Girls Aloud's string of hits, peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart and receiving a gold certification from the British Phonographic Industry. Their version appeared on the re-release of their debut album Sound of the Underground and was also included on the group's 2004 album What Will the Neighbours Say?. The song was also featured in Just Dance 3 for the Wii, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3.
The music video was intertwined with scenes from Love Actually to make it appear that Girls Aloud snuck into 10 Downing Street to spy on the Prime Minister (Hugh Grant). "Jump" was promoted through various live appearances and has since been performed on all of the group's concert tours.
Background and release
The director of Love Actually, Richard Curtis, phoned Xenomania while they were in a taxi in Berlin to tell them he thought "Jump" would make a good Girls Aloud single. Girls Aloud's version of "Jump" was not featured in the film itself. Love Actually uses the Pointer Sisters' original version due to international audiences being unaware of Girls Aloud, who feature in the end credits. Girls Aloud do, however, appear on the British soundtrack. The fourth single would have been the album track "Some Kind of Miracle" had the soundtrack opportunity not arisen. Girls Aloud's version retains the 1980s feel of the original, using a Roland Jupiter-6 in the chorus.
The single was released on November 17, 2003, in the UK in two different CD single formats and as a cassette tape. The first disc includes "Girls Allowed", a track from Girls Aloud's debut album Sound of the Underground, and a cover of "Grease" which was recorded for ITV1's Greasemania. The second CD format featured another track from Sound of the Underground, the Betty Boo-produced "Love Bomb", and the Almighty Vocal Mix of "Jump". Meanwhile, the cassette tape (and the European CD) feature the single and the Almighty Vocal Mix of "Girls Allowed". Flip & Fill's remix of "Jump" appeared on CD1 of Girls Aloud's next single, "The Show", and the original Almighty Remix of "Jump" appeared on the "Long Hot Summer" 12" single.
According to Cheryl Cole in Girls Aloud's 2008 autobiography Dreams That Glitter - Our Story, the single was "the point when we realized everything we'd been doing was quite down and moody [...] and that's not what people wanted." Nicola Roberts further stated it was "meant to be. It was a turning point and everyone loved it." A promo CD was released with various remixes previously unreleased or part of the singles collection. This Promo CD is unavailable to purchase or download.
Reception
Critical response
Girls Aloud's version received some negative reviews. One music critic said, "...the listener is certainly fed up by the time the song finishes." Alexis Petridis of The Guardian exclaimed, "Xenomania throw everything they have at the track, but can't rescue a duff song." The track was slated by Lisa Verrico of The Times, who said it "takes whatever credibility [Girls Aloud] had left and runs off with it. Horrible bass, klutzy production and so-so singing put the girls at the bottom of the pop pile". RTÉ.ie said that "fans of the group will love it, but the rest of us will just wonder why, particularly since the original is so much better." On the other hand, David Hooper of BBC Music complimented the track in his review of Girls Aloud's second album: "Twenty years on, this version updates the song nicely with a welcome return of those buzzy synth sounds and gnarly bass noises from "The Show". Good work." Paul Scott of Stylus Magazine was similarly favourable, saying it "demonstrates their phenomenal power in finding a certain joy in ugliness. It’s an authentic inauthenticity set to the sound of a thousand discothèques. It’s being surrounded by a drunken hen party and finding enchantment instead of repulsion."
Chart performance
The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind Westlife’s Mandy. Coincidentally, both bands were managed by Louis Walsh at the time. "Jump" was number four on the chart the following week. The single spent four more weeks inside the top twenty. Overall, the song spent a total of fourteen weeks inside the top 75. It was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry.
On the Irish Singles Chart, "Jump" entered at number two and spent three consecutive weeks at its peak. In its fourth week on the Irish chart, "Jump" slipped just two positions to number four. It spent two more weeks in the top ten at numbers seven and nine respectively, before rising up the chart again to spend two weeks at number six. "Jump" spent a final week in the Irish top ten before falling down the chart.
"Jump" is one of the few Girls Aloud songs that received an international release outside of the United Kingdom and Ireland. Although Girls Aloud's version was not a US hit, it reached the top ten in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
Music video
The music video for "Jump", directed by Katie Bell, was made to appear as if it was intertwined with the film Love Actually. During the video, the members of Girls Aloud sneak into the residence of the Prime Minister, played by Hugh Grant in the film. The group sneaks into 10 Downing Street through a bedroom window before tiptoeing down a set of stairs and looking around an empty, unlit conference room. Girls Aloud eventually re-exit through the window. Various shots of the women singing and dancing, like those featured on the single's artwork, are shown throughout the video. A Grant lookalike was also hired for the music video.
A version of the music video without scenes from Love Actually can be found on Girls Aloud's 2005 DVD release Girls on Film. The video also appears on 2007's Get Girls Aloud's Style.
Live performances
"Jump" was promoted through various live appearances on television shows across the UK. Girls Aloud appeared on programmes like CD:UK, GMTV, Popworld, The Rolf Harris Show, Top of the Pops, Top of the Pops Saturday (twice), UK Top 40: CBBC Viewers' Vote, and Xchange. They also performed at events such as the UK's National Music Awards and 2003's Children in Need telethon. In Europe, Girls Aloud performed "Jump" on the Netherlands' national lottery Staatsloterij (The State Lottery). During the summer of 2004, Girls Aloud performed the show at a number of festivals and open-air concerts, such as Live & Loud, O2 in the Park, Pop Beach, and CBBC's Junior Great North Run charity concert. Girls Aloud also performed it on their MTV special in October 2004, as seen on the subsequent DVD Girls on Film. In 2006, the group performed "Jump" for a television show entitled All Time Greatest Movie Songs.
Since its release, "Jump" has been included on each of Girls Aloud's tours in some capacity. The track was included as the penultimate song on their 2005 tour What Will the Neighbours Say...? Tour. Performed amidst neon lights, the song's arrangement was closer to the Pointer Sisters' original version. For 2006's Chemistry Tour, "Jump" was included as the encore. The performance included a dance breakdown over a military drum. As the song reached its climax, pyrotechnics went off and confetti fell. There is a final explosion as Girls Aloud descend beneath the stage. It was included in the first section of 2007's The Greatest Hits Tour. The song was included as the penultimate song again for 2008's Tangled Up Tour. The performance included an extended intro in which Girls Aloud commanded the crowd to jump. The song was slightly remixed for this tour. For 2009's Out of Control Tour, "Jump" was included in a greatest hits medley which closed the show.
The single has also been performed at Girls Aloud's appearances at V Festival in 2006 and 2008. They also performed it at Twickenham Stadium in 2006 after a rugby match between the England national rugby union team and New Zealand's.
Track listings and formats
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Jump".
UK CD1 (Polydor / 9814103)
"Jump" – 3:39
"Girls Allowed" (Brian McFadden, J. Shorten) – 3:26
"Grease" (Barry Gibb) – 3:25
UK CD2 (Polydor / 9814104)
"Jump" – 3:39
"Love Bomb" (Betty Boo, M. Ward, S. Ward) – 2:52
"Jump" (Almighty Vocal Mix) – 7:34
Australia (Polydor / 7642342)
"Jump" – 3:39
"Girls Allowed" – 3:26
"Grease" (Beatmasters Remix) – 4:26*
"Jump" (Video) – 3:39
UK Cassette / Europe (Polydor / 9814531)
"Jump" – 3:39
"Girls Allowed" (Almighty Vocal Mix) – 6:15The Singles Boxset (CD4) "Jump" – 3:39
"Girls Allowed" – 3:26
"Grease" – 3:25
"Love Bomb" – 2:52
"Jump" (Almighty Vocal Mix) – 7:34
"Girls Allowed" (Almighty Vocal Mix) – 6:15
"Jump" (Almighty Dub) – 7:08Promo CD "Jump" (Almighty Mix) 7:34
"Jump" (Almighty Alternative Vox Up Mix) 7:37
"Jump" (Almighty 12" Dub) 7:32
"Jump" (Almighty 12" Instrumental) 7:32Digital EP'''
"Jump" – 3:39
"Girls Allowed" – 3:24
"Grease" – 3:27
"Love Bomb" – 2:52
"Girls Allowed" (Almighty Radio Edit) – 4:05
"Jump" (Almighty Vocal Mix) – 7:36
"Jump" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 6:15
"Girls Allowed" (Almighty Vocal Mix) – 6:15
"Jump" (Almighty Dub Mix) – 7:33
*The sleeve lists the running time of 4.26 instead of the UK's 3.25, and includes the beatmasters remix of the track as found on the Greasemania album, instead of the normal track, which appears on the UK single.
Members
Nadine Coyle – co-lead vocals
Sarah Harding – co-lead vocals
Nicola Roberts – co-lead vocals
Cheryl Tweedy – co-lead vocals
Kimberley Walsh – co-lead vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1984 singles
2003 singles
The Pointer Sisters songs
Girls Aloud songs
Song recordings produced by Xenomania
Song recordings produced by Richard Perry
1984 songs
Planet Records singles
RCA Records singles
Polydor Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump%20%28For%20My%20Love%29 |
Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi (FMS Delhi or The Red Building of Dreams) is a leading business school located in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1954 under the umbrella of the University of Delhi and is often cited as one of the best business schools in India. The institute was started at the Delhi School of Economics premises under Dean A. Dasgupta of the Delhi College of Engineering (DCE).
The department of commerce of the Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) now, the Delhi Technological University (DTU), was abolished and the Faculty of Management Studies was established.
The first set of professors were trained at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. The institute has since then expanded on the number of management courses available.
Academics
FMS offers a full-time MBA, an executive MBA, an executive MBA in health care administration and doctoral programmes. In addition to all these programs, FMS also regularly conducts Management Development Programmes.
Admissions
The admission to the course is done on the basis of score in Common Admission Test (CAT) conducted by the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). FMS earlier had its own entrance exam which was discontinued starting session 2012–14. For the Doctoral program, the maximum number of Seats is 20. The candidates are required to appear in the entrance test conducted every year in November–December. However, candidates falling under some categories are exempted from appearing in this entrance test. The MBA Executive program has an intake of 159 students, whereas MBA Executive (Health Care Administration) programme has an intake of 39 students.
Recently the admission process has been modified for full-time students wherein CAT weightage is 60%, while remaining is kept for past academic records, group discussions, extempore and personal interviews.
Student Life and Participation
FMS is the only business school which conducts the Management fest (Fiesta) and Cultural & Sports fest (Elysium) separately. For the sports fest, FMS being a part of University of Delhi, has access to the sports facilities of other colleges of Delhi University like Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi School of Economics and Shri Ram College of Commerce.
As a Full Time MBA student at FMS, one gets an opportunity to join the Management Science Association (MSA), a completely student run body, which coordinates all these activities. The various societies that form part of MSA at FMS are:
Alumni Relations Cell - strengthens the relationship with alumni
Media Relations Cell - serves as the official mouthpiece of the Management Science Association (MSA). Extensive research for surveys and establishing two-way relationship with various media houses are done by them
Systems Society (SysSoc) - official IT and Operations Management Society)
Cultural Society (CulSoc) - responsible for managing cultural activities (Intra as well as inter-college)
Entrepreneurship Cell (E-Cell) - assists students who take up entrepreneurship as a career choice
Finance Society (FinSoc) - for students that aspire to endorse finance as a career opportunity
HR & OB Society (HRSoc) - provides students a snapshot of what the corporate world Club activities include a mentorship program, placement preparation, and workshops.
The Consulting Club (ConClub) is a student-run organization with the agenda of liaising with Global Consults to increase their presence at FMS while working towards preparing the students for a career in management consulting.
Scholastic Council (FSC) - acts as a bridge between faculty and the student community and is also an official representative of the college for liaison with international universities.
Sports Society - conducts Intra FMS sports competition
Team Fiesta - responsible for the successful conduction of business events
Vihaan-The Social Service Cell - ensures greater student involvement in the welfare of the community.
Apart from these primary clubs, FMS has voluntary associations like Alpha Investment and Research Club which runs a mutual fund by themselves, Strategy Labs puts forward various live projects and business case studies and Oratory Club aims to improve literary and socio-cultural aspects.
International Associations
As a founding member of the Association of Management Development Institutions of South Asia (AMDISA), FMS has collaborations with the following institutions:
ESADE, Barcelona, Spain
INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Manchester Business School, England
Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Netherlands
Bielefeld University, Germany
University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, USA
University of Wisconsin–Whitewater, White Water, USA
Academic chairs
In 2005, Ministry for Human Resource Development, Govt. Of India has proposed a new chair in the name of the former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, now known as Rajiv Gandhi Chair for Technology Management and Innovation (MHRD, GOI) to promote management of innovation. The Industrial Finance Corporation of India Chair is also one of the professional chairs instituted by industry at FMS.
Rankings
FMS Delhi was ranked 11th in Outlook India "Top Public MBA Institutions" of 2022
Notable alumni
Harit Nagpal, MD & CEO, Tata Sky
Ira Singhal, Indian Civil Services Examination Topper 2014 (conducted by UPSC)
Mahesh Verma, VC of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Raghav Bahl, Founding/Controlling Shareholder & Managing Director, Network 18
Sandip Das, Managing Director, Reliance Jio Infocomm
Sat Parashar, Head of the Banking Center at the Bahrain Institute of Banking and Finance, Director at the Indian Institutes of Management, and was also the director of the Indian Institute of Management Indore, India from 2004 to 2008.
Sandeep A. Varma, film director and writer
References
External links
Business schools in Delhi
Delhi University
Universities and colleges established in 1954
University departments in India
1954 establishments in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty%20of%20Management%20Studies%20%E2%80%93%20University%20of%20Delhi |
The Ohio Virtual Academy (OHVA) is one of many virtual charter schools that is powered by the curriculum provider Stride Inc. The academy, like most Stride-supplied schools, provides the student with textbooks, materials, and a loaned computer, so the student can access their online lessons.
Curriculum
The course lessons and lessons are on the K12 Online School (OLS) here parents are allowed to customize their student's school calendar and add/remove course lessons from the daily plan and add/remove vacation days. However the student must have completed each core course (Math, English, Science, and Social Studies) to 90% or higher by the first Friday of June and have had at least 920 hours logged. Course lessons include online reading followed by offline textbook work and then the lesson test, also called an assessment. The test consists of an online multiple choice quiz and/or a textbook quiz that has multiple choice and/or short answer. The offline textbook multiple choice and/or short answer questions are answered by the student, the answers are then graded with the teacher guide answer key book by the parent who enters the results into the online test. The online questions are then graded by the computer and the test grade is then displayed. At the end of the school day the parent records attendance on the OLS of what courses their student worked on that day and how much time they spent.
Notable alumni
Leelah Alcorn, transgender girl who committed suicide in 2014
Anthony De La Torre, actor and singer
Isabela Merced, actress and singer
Criticism
Criticisms have been levelled against this schooling approach due to poor test scores.
See also
K12 Inc.
Wisconsin Virtual Academy
References
Sources
Lawriter - ORC - 3314.041 Distributing statement concerning state-prescribed testing and compulsory attendance law to parents.
Online schools in the United States
Public high schools in Ohio
Public middle schools in Ohio
Public elementary schools in Ohio
Charter schools in Ohio
Online K–12 schools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%20Virtual%20Academy |
WLOH (1320 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Lancaster, Ohio, southeast of Columbus. Owned by the WLOH Radio Company, WLOH broadcasts a country music radio format. It also serves as a local affiliate for the Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network and the Ohio State Sports Network.
By day, WLOK transmits 500 watts, but to protect other stations on 1320 AM from interference, at night it reduces power to 16 watts. It uses a non-directional antenna. The transmitter is on Duffy Road in Berne Township. WLOH simulcasts over three FM translators: W283BO 104.5 MHz in Lancaster, W275CT 102.9 MHz in Somerset and W257EQ 99.3 MHz in Logan; and is also available online.
History
The station signed on the air on , the first broadcasting station in Lancaster. Its original call sign was WHOK, which stood for its owner, the Hocking Valley Broadcasting Company. WHOK was a daytimer, broadcasting at 500 watts and required to go off the air at sunset. Dr. Nelson Embrey was the General Manager and the studios were on Memorial Drive.
In 1958, it added an FM station, WHOK-FM at 95.5 MHz. (The FM station was later sold and is today Urban AC outlet WXMG.) By the 1970s, WHOK was airing a full service, middle of the road format of popular adult music, news and sports, while the FM station had an authomated country music sound. WHOK 1320 AM changed its call letters to WLOH in 1981, while the FM station kept the WHOK-FM call sign.
In 2001, WLOH was acquired by Frontier Broadcasting for $325,000. The station changed to a country music format on January 30, 2015.
Translators
Former on-air staff
Stan Robinson was recipient of the Russell W. Alt Award for his 43+ years of promoting county fairs in Ohio. Each year he'd broadcast from The Fairfield County Fair and he hosted The Stan Robinson @ RJ Pitcher Inn.
References
External links
FM Translator
LOH | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLOH |
Christine "Christy" Haigler (married name: Krall, born January 5, 1948) is an American former competitive figure skater. She is the 1963 and 1965 U.S. silver medalist and 1964 bronze medalist. She represented the United States at the 1964 Winter Olympics, where she placed 7th.
Krall graduated from Cheyenne Mountain High School and Colorado College and trained at the Broadmoor Skating Club. She began coaching part-time at age 18 as an assistant to Carlo Fassi. From 1996 to 2002, Krall served as the senior director of athlete programs for U.S. Figure Skating and was a member of the delegation at the 2002 Winter Olympics in that capacity. She was one of the developers of the USFSA's moves in the field test structure.
Krall coaches in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Her current and former students include Patrick Chan (from mid-December 2009 to April 2012), Agnes Zawadzki (from June 2011 to October 2013), Armin Mahbanoozadeh (from December 2011), Angela Wang, and Joshua Farris.
She began coaching two-time US National Champion Alysa Liu in November 2021.
Competitive highlights
References
External links
Christy Krall a World-Class Act at Ice Skating International
American female single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics
American figure skating coaches
Living people
Figure skaters from Colorado Springs, Colorado
1948 births
Female sports coaches
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20Haigler |
LeMay - America's Car Museum is a museum in the city of Tacoma, Washington. The museum is adjacent to the Tacoma Dome and opened on June 2, 2012. Many of the cars on display were donated to the museum by the family of Harold LeMay.
Details
Harold LeMay owned a successful refuse company, Harold LeMay Enterprises, within the Tacoma metro area and amassed the world's largest private car collection. After his death, the city of Tacoma donated of land next to the Tacoma Dome for the museum that would contain some of his car collection. The majority of the collection remains at the LeMay Family Collection at Marymount in nearby Spanaway. The museum has of exhibit space, and contains a 350-car gallery showing cars notable for their speed, technology and design, as well as their importance to car culture. The building also contains gift shops, restoration shops, lecture halls, galleries, a banquet room, and a café.
From the mezzanine level, main level, and outside patio, there are views of Downtown Tacoma, Thea Foss Waterway, Commencement Bay, and the Olympic Mountains. Outside the museum is a courtyard and clubhouse for car clubs. The outdoor area is suitable for hosting car shows, auctions, swap meets, car club events, new car launches, and a concours d'Elegance.
The museum has had "Club Auto" satellite locations in Tacoma, Kirkland, Washington, and Lakewood, Colorado.
Donors and sponsors
The projected cost of the museum is $100 million. Harold LeMay's wife, Nancy LeMay, donated $15 million to the museum. The land donated to the museum by the City of Tacoma is estimated to be worth $17 million.
The American Automobile Association (AAA) of Washington made the largest corporate donation to date with its 2008 commitment of $1.6 million.
Other major museum sponsors are Bonhams, Boeing, The News Tribune, and State Farm Insurance. Other donors include various car collectors, auto clubs and citizens worldwide.
The architect for the museum is the Los Angeles-based firm LARGE architecture. JTM Construction of Seattle was the general contractor for the museum.
References
External links
LeMay America's Car Museum
Automobile museums in Washington (state)
Museums in Tacoma, Washington
Museums established in 2012
2012 establishments in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s%20Car%20Museum |
The Society for News Design (SND), formerly known as the Society of Newspaper Design, is an international organization for professionals working in the news sector of the media industry, specifically those involved with graphic design, illustration, web design and infographics.
Founded in 1979, it is a United States-registered non-profit organization with about 1,500 members worldwide. Among other activities, it runs an annual Best of News Design competition open to newspapers from around the world at Syracuse University every February, an updated Best of Digital Design international competition at Ball State University, and a yearly conference (rotating through various cities) that brings in visual journalists from all over the world.
SND also has a number of offshoot organizations, including student chapters (the largest including those at Ohio University, Michigan State University, the University of Missouri and Syracuse University) and international chapters.
Leadership
Officers serve a one-year term and are selected by election of the SND membership. While the positions are decided on by election, historically most positions are held by prior position holders in a hierarchical style, in this way officers have generally progressed up a leadership ladder through other areas on the board of directors.
Publications
The organization publishes a number of publications throughout the year:
Best of News Design, a yearly full-color book featuring images of the winners of the society's annual news design competition (), formerly called Best of Newspaper Design through volume 30, 2008 (, )
Design magazine, a biannual full-color magazine notable for changing its typography with every issue and focusing on the latest news design trends (, )
SND Update, a web-based (formerly print) newsletter that tends to focus more on breaking industry news and organization-related events (, )
Área-11, the digital newsletter in Spanish for Mexico, Central & South America (R-11 & 12)
Events
SND holds a number of regional and international events, with the purpose of educating and allowing opportunities for members to network. The society's annual fall workshop rotates through various cities around the world. Although generally in the United States, the workshop has visited locations in Canada, Puerto Rico, Denmark and Spain and Argentina (2009). The weekend-long event has featured a number of guest speakers on a variety of topics along with critiques, an auction and an awards dinner.
SND Orlando 2006 hosted "The Intern" competition. Ten students were chosen from a pool of applicants to compete for internships at The San Jose Mercury News, The Orlando Sentinel, and The Arizona Republic. The students competed for a week and attended the conference, where the winners were announced.
Throughout the year, SND members put on a number of one-to-two-day educational quick courses held throughout the world and designed to focus on a specific visual journalism topic.
From October 23 to 25, 2015, SND organized the second edition of the Creative News Design at Dubai Knowledge Village at Dubai (UAE).
On 3 November 2017, SND organized the first London conference: "The Future of Media is Visual". Keynote speakers were The New York Times Magazine art director Matt Willey and the graphic designer Neville Brody.
References
External links
Society of Publication Designers – A similar professional organization, focusing on magazines and other publications
News design
Art and design-related professional associations
Journalism-related professional associations
Organizations established in 1979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20News%20Design |
Catherine Louise Machado (born April 20, 1936 in Santa Monica, California) is an American former figure skater. She is a two-time U.S. national bronze medalist. In 1956, Machado became the first Latina to represent the United States at a Winter Olympics. After the 1956 World Championships, she turned professional. She was inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 2005.
Results
References
American female single skaters
Figure skaters at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Sportspeople from Santa Monica, California
1936 births
Living people
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Machado |
Pequea Creek (pronounced PECK-way) is a tributary of the Susquehanna River that runs for from the eastern border of Lancaster County and Chester County, Pennsylvania to the village of Pequea, about above the hydroelectric dam at Holtwood along the Susquehanna River in Lancaster County.
History and notable features
The name of the creek is Shawnee for "dust" or "ashes", referring to a clan that once dwelt at the mouth of the creek.
The stream flows through a pastoral landscape farmed extensively by Pennsylvania German farmers, generally members of Mennonite, Amish, and German-speaking Reformed churches. The Old Order Amish in this watershed were historically called Peckwayers to distinguish them from other Amish who lived along the Conestoga River watershed.
The course of the stream is generally flat, though the last flow through a steeper, wooded gorge, rapidly changing from a placid stream to a twisting flume until reaching the last mile, which is backwater from the Susquehanna.
See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
External links
U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gaging stations
Old postcard view of Pequea Creek along trolley line near Colemanville, PA
Pequea Creek rapids
history of Conestoga, PA along the Pequea
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the Susquehanna River
Rivers of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Chester County, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequea%20Creek |
Bayt al-mal () is an Arabic term that is translated as "House of money" or "House of wealth." Historically, it was a financial institution responsible for the administration of taxes in Islamic states, particularly in the early Islamic Caliphate. It served as a royal treasury for the caliphs and sultans, managing personal finances and government expenditures. Further, it administered distributions of zakat revenues for public works. Modern Islamic economists deem the institutional framework appropriate for contemporary Islamic societies.
History
Bayt al-mal was the department that dealt with the revenues and all other economical matters of the state. In the time of Muhammad, there was no permanent Bait-ul-Mal or public treasury. Whatever revenues or other amounts were received were distributed immediately. During Prophethood, the last receipt was tribute from Bahrain amounting 800000 dirham which was distributed in just one sitting. There were no salaries to be paid, and there was no state expenditure. Hence the need for the treasury at public level was not felt. In the time of Abu Bakr as well there was no treasury. Abu Bakr earmarked a house where all money was kept on receipt. As all money was distributed immediately the treasury generally remained locked up. At the time of the death of Abu Bakr, there was only one dirham in the public treasury.
According to Rahman, the word 'bayt mal al-muslimin' (or 'bayt mal-Allah''') referred originally to the building in early Muslim history where war spoils and other public properties of the caliphate were stored and re-distributed to the community, but over time the term evolved to refer to the societal institution owning such public properties of the Muslims, and hence encompasses the authority in control of the state's public revenue and expenditures.
Establishment of Bait-ul-Maal
In the time of Umar, things changed. With the extension in conquests money came in larger quantities, Umar also allowed salaries to men fighting in the army. Abu Huraira, who was the Governor of Bahrain, sent a revenue of five hundred thousand dirhams. Umar summoned a meeting of his Consultative Assembly and sought the opinion of the Companions about the disposal of the money. Uthman ibn Affan advised that the amount should be kept for future needs. Walid bin Hisham suggested that like the Byzantines, separate departments of Treasury and Accounts should be set up.
After consulting the Companions, Umar decided to establish the Central Treasury at Madinah. Abdullah bin Arqam was appointed as the Treasury Officer. He was assisted by Abdur Rahman bin Awf and Muiqib. A separate Accounts Department was also set up and it was required to maintain record of all that was spent. Later, provincial treasuries were set up in the provinces. After meeting the local expenditure, the provincial treasuries were required to remit the surplus amount to the central treasury at Madinah. According to Yaqubi, the salaries and stipends charged to the central treasury amounted to over 30 million dirhams.
A separate building was constructed for the royal treasury by the name bait ul maal, which in large cities was guarded by as many as 400 guards. In most of the historical accounts, it states that among the Rashidun caliphs, Uthman ibn Affan was first to struck the coins, some accounts however states that Umar was first to do so. When Persia was conquered, three types of coins were current in the conquered territories, namely Baghli of 8 dang; Tabari of 4 dang; and Maghribi of 3 dang. Umar ( according to some accounts Uthman ) made an innovation and struck an Islamic dirham of 6 dang.
Charity
The concepts of welfare and pension were introduced in early Islamic law as forms of Zakat (charity), one of the Five Pillars of Islam, under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century. This practice continued well into the Abbasid era of the Caliphate. The taxes (including Zakat and Jizya) collected in the treasury of an Islamic government were used to provide income for the needy, including the poor, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. According to the Islamic jurist Al-Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–1111), the government was also expected to stockpile food supplies in every region in case a disaster or famine occurred. Thus, according to Shadi Hamid, the Caliphate can be considered the world's first major "welfare state". (see online )
During the Rashidun Caliphate, various welfare programs were introduced by Caliph Umar. Umar himself lived "a simple life and detached himself from any of the worldly luxuries," like how he often wore "worn-out shoes and was usually clad in patched-up garments," or how he would sleep "on the bare floor of the mosque." Limitations on wealth were also set for governors and officials, who would often be "dismissed if they showed any outward signs of pride or wealth which might distinguish them from the people." This was an early attempt at erasing "class distinctions which might inevitably lead to conflict." Umar also made sure that the public treasury was not wasted on "unnecessary luxuries" as he believed that "the money would be better spent if it went towards the welfare of the people rather than towards lifeless bricks."
Umar's innovative welfare reforms during the Rashidun Caliphate included the introduction of social security. In the Rashidun Caliphate, whenever citizens were injured or lost their ability to work, it became the state's responsibility to make sure that their minimum needs were met, with the unemployed and their families receiving an allowance from the public treasury. Retirement pensions were provided to elderly people, who had retired and could "count on receiving a stipend from the public treasury." Babies who were abandoned were also taken care of, with one hundred dirhams spent annually on each orphan’s development. Umar also introduced the concept of public trusteeship and public ownership when he implemented the Waqf, or charitable trust, system, which transferred "wealth from the individual or the few to a social collective ownership," in order to provide "services to the community at large." For example, Umar brought land from the Banu Harithah and converted it into a charitable trust, which meant that "profit and produce from the land went towards benefiting the poor, slaves, and travelers."
During the great famine of 18 AH (638 CE), Umar introduced further reforms, such as the introduction of food rationing using coupons, which were given to those in need and could be exchanged for wheat and flour. Another innovative concept that was introduced was that of a poverty threshold, with efforts made to ensure a minimum standard of living, making sure that no citizen across the empire would suffer from hunger. In order to determine the poverty line, Umar ordered an experiment to test how many seers of flour would be required to feed a person for a month. He found that 25 seers of flour could feed 30 people, and so he concluded that 50 seers of flour would be sufficient to feed a person for a month. As a result, he ordered that the poor each receive a food ration of fifty seers of flour per month. In addition, the poor and disabled were guaranteed cash stipends. However, in order to avoid some citizens taking advantage of government services, "begging and laziness were not tolerated" and "those who received government benefits were expected to be contributing members in the community."
Further reforms later took place under the Umayyad Caliphate. Registered soldiers who were disabled in service received an invalidity pension, while similar provisions were made for the disabled and poor in general. Caliph Al-Walid I assigned payments and services to the needy, which included money for the poor, guides for the blind, and servants for the crippled, and pensions for all disabled people so that they would never need to beg. The caliphs Al-Walid II and Umar ibn Abdul-Aziz supplied money and clothes to the blind and crippled, as well as servants for the latter. This continued with the Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi. Tahir ibn Husayn, governor of the Khurasan province of the Abbasid Caliphate, states in a letter to his son that pensions from the treasury should be provided to the blind, to look after the poor and destitute in general, to make sure not to overlook victims of oppression who are unable to complain and are ignorant of how to claim their rights, and that pensions should be assigned to victims of calamities and the widows and orphans they leave behind. The "ideal city" described by the Islamic philosophers, Al-Farabi and Avicenna, also assigns funds to the disabled.
When communities were stricken by famine, rulers would often support them though measures such as the remission of taxes, importation of food, and charitable payments, ensuring that everyone had enough to eat. However, private charity through the Waqf trust institution often played a greater role in the alleviation of famines than government measures did. From the 9th century, funds from the treasury were also used towards the Waqf'' (charitable trusts) for the purpose of building and supporting public institutions, often Madrassah educational institutions and Bimaristan hospitals.
References
See also
Islamic economics in the world
Early social changes under Islam
Reforms of Umar's era
Financial services organizations
Zakat
Islamic terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt%20al-mal |
Pi Kappa Delta () is a Forensics (Public Speaking and Debate) Honor Society for undergraduate university students and a professional organization for graduates, typically university Speech and Debate Coaches.
Pi Kappa Delta, or PKD, encourages the education of articulate citizens through a three part focus: the commitment to and promotion of ethical, humane and inclusive communication and educational practices; the commitment to and promotion of professional development of forensics educators; and the commitment to and promotion of comprehensive forensics programming. More than 60,000 men and women have been initiated into PKD. Active chapters are located on more than 200 college and university campuses. Schools in PKD range in size from some of the largest universities to some of the smaller liberal arts colleges, teaching colleges, and church related colleges.
Programs and Initiatives
National Convention
PKD sponsors a National Convention every other year at which time the business of the organization is conducted along with an annual national tournament in individual events and debate. Competition is open to all undergraduate students who are members of PKD. Competitors who place highly enough in competition at this tournament earn points toward qualifying for the American Forensic Association National Speech Tournament and competing for a national championship. This tournament can justifiably be considered a "team" tournament because both individual events and debate points add up to create the final sweepstakes total for a school. Quite often, PKD sponsors experimental events at the National Tournament.
Journal
PKD publishes a refereed journal entitled The Forensic of Pi Kappa Delta. This journal is the oldest national forensic journal and has been a leader in pedagogical forensic research throughout its history. A cross-section of articles would include topics ranging from debate to individual events to philosophical issues related to competition and forensic education. The Forensic accepts submissions from all members of the forensic community.
National Communication Association Convention
PKD sponsors and co-sponsors programs at the annual National Communication Association convention. In addition, a variety of awards are presented on an annual basis. These include the Pi Kappa Delta Hall of Fame, the L.E. Norton Award for Outstanding Scholarship, the John Shields Award for Outstanding Contributions to Pi Kappa Delta, the E.R. Nichols Award for Outstanding Contributions to Furtherance of the Forensic Discipline, the R. David Ray Award for Outstanding New PKD Chapter, the Carolyn Keefe Award for Outstanding Alumni, and the Bob Derryberry Award for Outstanding New Forensic Educator.
Symbols and traditions
The colors of the Fraternity are Cardinal red and White. However, when used for academic cords or stoles, Cardinal red and Slate grey are substituted.
The flower of the Fraternity is the Yellow Daffodil.
External links
ΠΚΔ National website
Honor societies
Student organizations established in 1913
1913 establishments in Kansas
Public speaking competitions
Public speaking organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%20Kappa%20Delta |
Night Passage is the ninth studio album by Weather Report, released in 1980. The tracks were recorded on July 12 and 13, 1980 at The Complex studios in Los Angeles (before a crowd of 250 people who can be heard on a couple of tracks), except for "Madagascar", recorded live at the Festival Hall, Osaka, Japan on June 29 of the same year.
The album introduces a new member to the band, namely percussionist Robert Thomas Jr. Night Passage dials back the elaborate production of some of Weather Report's earlier releases (most notably 1978's Mr. Gone). What is lost in overdubs is made up in solo improvisation in the classic jazz tradition.
Trivia
The 7th track on the album "Three Views of a Secret" would be re-recorded for Jaco Pastorius' second solo studio album entitled Word of Mouth (1981).
Critical reception
Richard S. Ginell of Allmusic gave a four out of five stars review saying "All things being relative, this is Weather Report's straight-ahead album, where the elaborate production layers of the late-'70s gave way to sparer textures and more unadorned solo improvisation in the jazz tradition, electric instruments and all." Don Heckman of High Fidelity called Night Passage "one of the finest albums Weather Report has ever made".
Night Passage was Grammy-nominated in the category of Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal or Instrumental.
Track listing
Personnel
Weather Report
Josef Zawinul – keyboards and synthesizers
Wayne Shorter – saxophones
Jaco Pastorius – fretless bass
Peter Erskine – drums
Robert Thomas Jr. – percussion
Production
Brian Risner – engineer
George Massenburg – engineer
Jerry Hudgins – engineer
Joseph Futterer – art direction
Richie Powell – art direction
Nicholas DeVore III – cover photography
Pete Turner – cover photography
References
External links
Weather Report Annotated Discography: Night Passage (1980)
Weather Report - Night Passage (1980) album releases & credits at Discogs
Weather Report - Night Passage (1980) album to be listened on Spotify
Weather Report - Night Passage (1980) album to be listened on YouTube
Weather Report albums
1980 albums
Columbia Records albums
ARC Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20Passage%20%28album%29 |
Ormiston Sudbury Academy is an 11–18 secondary school in the town of Sudbury, Suffolk. The school was established in 1972 as Sudbury Upper School, following the country wide introduction of the comprehensive school system, to serve the expanding town of Sudbury, and its surrounding villages. Sudbury Upper School was an amalgamation of Sudbury Grammar School, the High School for Girls and the Secondary Modern School. The school became an Academy in 2012, operated by the Ormiston Academies Trust.
The Academy has a student population of approximately 600, previously there was a sixth form but it was discontinued in September 2022. The Academy draws students from several priority primary schools, in and around Sudbury. In addition, the academy attracts students from outside its catchment area. The academy specialises in Performing Arts.
The Academy is the lead associate school for the Royal Shakespeare Company in the Eastern Region, one of just 25 in the country. The Academy gained platinum Arts Mark award and gold Sport England's Award.
School site
Accommodation includes a separate performing arts block and a sports centre open to the public. Building of a new vocational teaching block on the site to house construction was completed in September 2008.
Notable incidents at Sudbury Upper School
In August 2007, a former maths teacher was sentenced to a year's imprisonment after pleading guilty to six counts of abusing a position of trust. In spring 2008, a supply teacher was filmed on a camera phone removing his shirt in a cover lesson at the school. As soon as the headteacher found out, the teacher was asked to leave the premises immediately and was banned from working in schools in Suffolk.
Notable former pupils
Hannah Dodd (born 1995), actress
Tyler French (born 1999), professional footballer who plays for Wrexham
References
External links
Official website
Secondary schools in Suffolk
Educational institutions established in 1972
Sudbury, Suffolk
Academies in Suffolk
1972 establishments in England
Ormiston Academies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormiston%20Sudbury%20Academy |
Hyder can refer to:
Places
Hyder, Alaska, U.S.
Hyder Seaplane Base
Hyder, Arizona, U.S.
Hyder Valley
Hyder Creek, is a river in New York, U.S.
Other uses
Hyder (defunct company), a former Welsh utility company
Hyder Consulting, a subsidiary company, an advisory and design consultancy
Hyder (name)
See also
Haydar (disambiguation)
Heydari (disambiguation)
Haider (surname)
Hyderi (name)
Ghulam Hyder Siyal, village in Sindh, Pakistan
Hyderabad, a city in Telangana, India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder |
The Horse Latitudes is an EP by the emo band The Promise Ring. It was released in 1997 on Jade Tree Records. The album was released between their debut album 30° Everywhere and their hit record Nothing Feels Good.
Track listing
Tracks 1-2 originally released on the Watertown Plank 7"
Tracks 3-5 originally released on the Falsetto Keeps Time 7"
Track 6 originally on The Promise Ring/Texas is the Reason Split 7"
Tracks 7-8 never before released
Personnel
Davey von Bohlen – vocals, guitar
Jason Gnewikow – guitar
Scott Beschta – bass guitar
Dan Didier – drums
References
External links
The Horse Latitudes at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
The Promise Ring albums
1997 compilation albums
1997 EPs
Jade Tree (record label) EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Horse%20Latitudes |
Come By Me is a big band album by American artist Harry Connick Jr., released in 1999, eight years after his previous big band recording, Blue Light, Red Light.
Connick and his Big Band went on a year-long world tour (the U.S., Europe, Japan and Australia), in support of the album.
Track listing
"Nowhere With Love" (Harry Connick Jr.) – 3:57
"Come By Me" (Connick) – 4:01
"Charade" (Henry Mancini, Johnny Mercer) – 3:40
"Change Partners" (Irving Berlin) – 5:43
"Easy for You to Say" (Connick) – 4:54
"Time After Time" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 5:30
"Next Door Blues" (Connick) – 4:11
"You'd Be So Easy to Love" (Cole Porter) – 3:06
"There's No Business Like Show Business" (Berlin) – 4:48
"A Moment With Me" (Connick) – 4:26
"Danny Boy" (Frederick Weatherly) – 5:15
"Cry Me a River" (Arthur Hamilton) – 4:46
"Love for Sale" (Porter) – 8:29
Japan bonus track
"Just a Closer Walk With Thee" (Sallie Martin)
France bonus track
"Parle Plus Bas" (Boris Bergman, Nino Rota)
Personnel
Harry Connick Jr. – Vocals, Piano, Arranger, Orchestration
Peter Doell – Engineer
Tracey Freeman – Producer
Ryan Hewitt – Engineer
Vladimir Meller – Mastering
Charles Paakkari – Engineer
Gregg Rubin – Engineer, Mixing
Charts
Come By Me made the first position in the Jazz charts in 1999, and was number 36 on the Billboard 200.
Certifications
Awards and nominations
Grammy nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance.
1999 albums
Harry Connick Jr. albums
Columbia Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20by%20Me |
GOLD may refer to:
Gold (disambiguation)
Science and technology
Gold, a chemical element
Genomes OnLine Database
Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, a NASA Explorer Mission of Opportunity
GOLD (parser), an open-source parser-generator of BNF-based grammars
Graduates of the Last Decade, an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers program to garner more university level student members
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, guidelines for aiding chronic obstructive lung disease from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization
Gathered or linked data, in the staging tables of a data warehouse
Other uses
GOLD (ontology), an ontology for descriptive linguistics
Gold (British TV channel), television channel stylised as "GOLD"
See also
Gold (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOLD |
164P/Christensen is a periodic comet in the Solar System.
References
External links
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
164P/Christensen – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
Elements and Ephemeris for 164P/Christensen – Minor Planet Center
Periodic comets
0164
164P
20041221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/164P/Christensen |
Mark Barrowcliffe (born 14 July 1964), also known as M.D. Lachlan and Mark Alder, is an English writer. He was born in Coventry and studied at the University of Sussex. After graduating, Barrowcliffe worked as a journalist before penning his first novel, Girlfriend 44. He then made a name for himself writing "lad lit". He currently lives and writes in Brighton, East Sussex, and South Cambridgeshire with his son, James, and daughter, Tabitha.
Barrowcliffe wrote under the pseudonym "M.D. Lachlan" for the Wolfsangel series, which began with Wolfsangel in 2010 and continued to Lord of Slaughter in 2012. A fourth novel in the series, "Valkyrie's Song", is in progress. He was drawn to fantasy after penning The Elfish Gene.
In 2013, Barrowcliffe began a new series, 'The Banners of Blood', under another pseudonym "Mark Alder", with the first book titled Son of the Morning.
Early life
Barrowcliffe felt that, as he was growing up, he kept his distance from girls and "cool kids", and he turned his attention to the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons. His experiences as a child are detailed in his memoir, The Elfish Gene.
Bibliography
The Wolfsangel series
Wolfsangel (2010, as M.D. Lachlan)
Fenrir (2011, as M.D. Lachlan)
Lord of Slaughter (2012, as M.D. Lachlan)
Valkyrie's Song (2015, as M.D. Lachlan)
The Night Lies Bleeding (2018, as M.D. Lachlan)
The Banners of Blood series
Son of the Morning (2014, as Mark Alder)
Son of the Night (2017, as Mark Alder)
Stand-alone works
Girlfriend 44 (2000)
Infidelity for First-Time Fathers (2002)
Lucky Dog (2004)
The Elfish Gene (2007)
Mr. Wrong (2008)
Celestial (2022, as M.D. Lachlan)
Adaptations of his works
Ron Howard has secured the film rights for Barrowcliffe's novel Girlfriend 44, and Infidelity for First-Time Fathers is in development with 2929 Entertainment.
References
External links
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
20th-century English male writers
21st-century English male writers
21st-century English memoirists
1964 births
Living people
English male novelists
English male non-fiction writers
Dungeons & Dragons
Alumni of the University of Sussex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Barrowcliffe |
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