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Jonathan Eric Faine (born 21 September 1956) is an Australian former radio presenter who hosted the morning program on ABC Radio Melbourne in Melbourne. Faine is recognised as a prominent and influential member of the Australian Jewish community.
Early life and education
Faine was born in Dunedin, New Zealand. He emigrated to Sydney with his parents at a young age. Later they moved to Melbourne in 1968, where he attended Melbourne High School.
Faine graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1979 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1981 at Monash University, where he worked as an intern at the Springvale Legal Centre, and is promoted as a prominent alumnus on the university's website. After graduation, he began his professional career as a solicitor at the Melbourne law firms Barker Harty and Co, and Holding Redlich and Co, and then at the Fitzroy Legal Service.
Career
Faine began his professional career practising as a solicitor in various Melbourne law firms, combining work with his love of cars by serving as a motoring reporter for a lawyers' magazine. He acted pro-bono for the Australian Democrats in a number of Court of Disputed Returns matters in the late 1980s with success. In 1989 he began working in radio, producing and hosting The Law Report on the Radio National channel of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and, since that time, has worked on various ABC radio and television programs.
From 1996 to 2019, Faine hosted ABC's local radio morning program, from 8:30 am to 12:00 noon in Melbourne, including the Conversation Hour, which was heard across Victoria from 11:00 am. He is known for vigorous debate and for fostering conversation on politics, law, arts and sport. His highest ratings peaked in September 2002 and in 2003 he received the ABC Local Radio "Broadcaster of the Year" award. He has also worked on scripts for a number of television and feature films.
After a leak of ABC presenters' salaries in 2013, Faine disclosed his taxpayer-funded salary to be $300,000 per annum in 2014.
In 2011, Faine was included by Australian Jewish News in its list of the 50 most influential members of the Jewish community in Australia with strong connections to Israel.
In 2019, Faine announced his intention to leave the ABC after 23 years presenting the morning program with ABC Melbourne. In May 2019, ABC announced that Virginia Trioli would be leaving the News Breakfast television program to replace Faine.
On 28 March 2018, Carly Findlay had appeared on ABC Radio's morning show to discuss microaggressions and disability.[26] During the interview, the host Jon Faine described Findlay as looking like a “burns victim” and having a face that wouldn't “be good at Halloween”, before asking about her sex life.
Faine's last day of presenting was 11 October 2019. The program was broadcast from the Melbourne Town Hall in front of a live audience.
Faine now serves as a columnist for The Age. His book, Apollo and Thelma, was published by Hardie Grant in March 2022.
Personal life
Together with his son Jack, who was aged 19 at the time, Faine used his long service leave in 2008 to drive overland from Melbourne to London, United Kingdom.
Faine has declared himself as an atheist and that his worldview is one of secular humanism.
Honours
Faine was made a Member in the General Division of the Order of Australia (AM) on 26 January 2019.
Political issues
Faine is claimed by some to be a former member of the Australian Labor Party, although he reportedly has never been a member of any political party.
AWU affair
Faine was reprimanded by the ABC for interviews that he conducted in 2013 regarding the AWU affair, in which he was found to have demonstrated bias in his handling of interviews defending Labor prime minister Julia Gillard's involvement in the AWU's slush fund scandal.
Abbott government
Faine likened the Abbott government's review of the ABC and SBS to Vladimir Putin's Russia. In a 2015 interview with Liberal prime minister Tony Abbott, Faine criticised Abbott for saying that taxpayers should not have to fund "lifestyle choices" and asked why the prime minister kept "saying stupid things" and suggested Abbott was a bully: "You yourself admit you have an aggressive streak - isn't that the core of bullying?"
References
External links
Jon Faine profile from ABC Radio Melbourne
ABC Radio Melbourne - Mornings
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-21/abc-melbourne-host-jon-faine-announces-retirement-at-end-of-2019/10723618
Radio personalities from Melbourne
Living people
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
New Zealand Jews
Australian Jews
People educated at Melbourne High School
Monash University alumni
Monash Law School alumni
1956 births
Members of the Order of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Faine |
Til ungdommen (English: "To the Youth"), also known by the words of the first line Kringsatt av fiender ("Surrounded by Enemies"), is a poem from 1936 by Norwegian poet and writer Nordahl Grieg (1902–1943) . It was set to music in 1952 by the Danish composer Otto Mortensen (1907–1986). The song has been recorded by various artists and has been sung at meetings held by various organizations. After the terror attacks of 22 July 2011, it was used in many memorial gatherings and services.
History
The poem was written in 1936 by Nordahl Grieg at Ny-Hellesund in Søgne for use by the Norwegian Students' Society after a request by Trond Hegna (1898–1992) who was a Member of Parliament. The poem is directly inspired by the Spanish civil war, which had broken out the same summer. It was set to music by composer Otto Mortensen in 1952, some nine years after Grieg's death.
In 1988 it was recorded by Grex Vocalis. In 2000 it was orchestrated by Tormod Tvete Vik and sung by Norwegian actress and singer Herborg Kråkevik in her CD titled Kråkeviks Songbok. Kråkevik's version excludes verses 7-10.
The song has also been recorded by Danish rock musician Kim Larsen, first on his album 231045-0637 from 1979. However, on this album it was called 682 A rather than Til Ungdommen, a reference to the song's listing in the Danish folk high school songbook. Kim Larsen also included the song on his live album Kim i Cirkus (1985), and on the live CD and DVD (2007), on these two occasions titling it by the first line in the Danish version of the poem, Kringsat af Fjender.
The song has also been recorded by Norwegian experimental band The Soundbyte. Til Ungdommen was sung by Norwegian singer Torhild Ostad on 23 November 2003 in Kleinmachnow near Berlin, Germany, as the memorial stone was unveiled at the site where the poet Nordahl Grieg died when the Lancaster bomber in which he was flying as a war correspondent hit the ground on 2 December 1943.
On 24 July 2011, under enormous worldwide media coverage, the song was sung by the congregation of the Oslo Cathedral memorial service in relation to the 2011 Norway attacks. It was also sung at Denmark's official Memorial Service at Vor Frue Kirke in Copenhagen on 27 July 2011.
Herborg Kråkevik's 2000 version of the song was re-released in 2011 immediately after the attacks, reaching #1 on VG-lista, the official Norwegian Singles Chart, in its first week of release.
Sissel Kyrkjebø sang the song as the concluding performer during the Norwegian National Memorial Ceremony on 21 August 2011 in the Oslo Spektrum arena, which was held to remember those killed in the 2011 Norway attacks. The program was broadcast on all TV channels across Norway. Ingebjørg Bratland sang the song on 30 July 2011 in the Oslo Cathedral.
Text of the poem
Til ungdommen by Nordahl Grieg.
Song recordings
Kim Larsen's version (in 1979) of the song is titled "682A" — a reference to its place in Højskolesangbogen, the Danish Folk High School songbook
The song was performed live in July 1988 by Kim Larsen, Björn Afzelius, Åge Aleksandersen and Jahn Teigen, with verses alternating between Danish and Norwegian. The song was recorded and shown live on television, but never released on CD or vinyl.
Anders Buaas has recorded his non-vocal version of a song called Til Ungdommen on his musical work "The Witches of Finnmark" (2017).
In popular culture
The instrumental song Closing the Circle by Danish progressive metal band Beyond Twilight (on their 2001 album The Devil's Hall of Fame) contains melody snippets taken from Til Ungdommen.
The song Songen Åt Fangen by Norwegian black metal band Vreid (on their debut album Kraft) uses Til Ungdommen as its primary melody.
References
Other sources
Andreassen, Jostein (1992) Nordahl Grieg på Sørlandet: Et studieheft om forfatterskap og miljø (J. Andreassen)
Nag, Martin (1989) Ung må Nordahl Grieg ennå være (Solum)
Hoem, Edvard (1989) Til ungdommen : Nordahl Griegs liv (Oslo: Gyldendal)
Norwegian poems
1936 poems
1952 songs
Number-one singles in Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til%20Ungdommen |
Refugee shelters are structures ranging from the most temporary tent accommodation through transitional shelter to building temporary pics and settlements and include the most basic kind of ad hoc structure. They are created in the aftermath of a conflict or natural disaster as a temporary residence for victims who have lost or abandoned their homes. Refugees and IDPs are people fleeing their homes or countries of origin due to natural disasters, war and political or religious persecution in search of refuge and resettlement. Living in these shelters refugees may force marriage crowded, noisy, dirty, disease filled grounds where thousands of families are cramped together and surviving day by day.
Refugees and IDPs can often be found living in refugee camps or IDP camps and in these shelters for upwards of a decade. Design models, disaster-relief programs, and land tenure issues play a large role in the progression of recovery and categorization of settlements as temporary.
Aims
The design of temporary houses is especially important as these are the first spaces that provide a degree of normality after the disaster. Temporary housing is initially modeled only to account for vital and functional needs of victims during the period of resettlement. Agencies design their models with the premise of meeting the individuals’ basic needs in addition to creating awareness regarding the need for a “home” instead of merely a shelter after a forced resettlement. After disasters, since people suffer a complete break in the social, economic, and physical aspects of life, there is an urgent need for protection and shelter. Temporary housing with minimum living conditions are almost always limited and loosely involve spaces to live, sleep and socialize as well as areas for food preparation, personal hygiene, and privacy. The basic stages and design of a post-disaster environment aim to create an ideal situation including temporary housing that is practical, aids in psychological recovery, and is environmentally sensitive.
Living conditions
Disasters, particularly those triggered by nature, are often followed by a swift humanitarian relief response. Emergency humanitarian relief focuses on responding to the immediate need for restoration of basic services, medical treatment and medical supplies, food, and temporary shelter; and is a short-term, strenuous and often improvised effort. Unlike most normal construction projects, post-disaster housing projects are diverse in nature, have unique socio-cultural and economical requirements and are extremely dynamic. Due to the immediate need of resources, shelter, and medical services created by disaster or conflict, a quick, affordable, and available solution in the form of tents is usually implemented. The aim of refugee shelter is to protect families from outside dangers and create spaces inside to protect their privacy and bring back feelings of security.
Tents
For the majority of refugee and IDP populations under direct aid via government or humanitarian relief groups, camps of thousands live in small scout-style tents. These emergency shelters consist of unplanned and spontaneously sought locations that are intended only to provide protection from the elements and typically constructed in large open areas. Simple tent structures, grouped together to form a "tent city", are commonly made of canvas military issue tents which are criticized for being heavy, bulky, uninsulated, poorly made and for rotting in under a year. Extensive issues – e.g. they soon become crowded, uncomfortable, and unsafe – have been encountered in refugee camps throughout the world.
Secondary disaster
Temporary housing situations often lack several qualities of homes that are significant at this stage for victims, such as windows, warmth, color, space, and security. The problem of noise also contributes negatively to the privacy of the residents of temporary houses. Sounds of crying people after an earthquake or other disaster are chronic in neighboring houses. Additional damage is caused by rain, leading to floods, and gas leaks which often create fires. In these secondary disasters, temporary housing units frequently become dysfunctional, and the disaster-victims become homeless once again. Other problems have been described as such: lack of privacy, lack of private life; lack of space; all family members forced to sleep in the same space; lack of opportunity to consider feelings of others, including fear, sadness and grief; weather conditions; disease-ridden; the presence of public toilets and their sanitation; considerations of hygiene; toilets constantly being blocked; lack of water, including for laundry and dish-washing; heating, cooling, electricity problems; humidity; leakage of rain water into the housing space; the presence of insects; lack of windows; lack of sunlight in the houses; transportation to and from the housing location; difficulty of obtaining food; and insufficient quantity of shelters. All this can be perceived, by the victims, as secondary disaster. A quote from a journalist recording the daily lives of refugees in Palestine expresses her feelings after visiting a camp for the first time:
"Entering the refugee camp, I feel I am entering some medieval ghetto. I walk along a narrow alleyway, skirting an open sewage ditch. I pass tens of dozens of one and two-room houses, each leaning on the other for support. I am in a ghetto without streets, sidewalks, gardens, patios, trees, flowers, plazas, or shops—among an uprooted, stateless, scattered people who, like the Jews before them, are in a tragic diaspora. I pass scores of small children, the third generation of Palestinians born in the ghetto that has almost as long a history as the state of Israel itself. Someone has said that for every Jew who was brought in to create a new state, a Palestinian Arab was uprooted and left homeless."
Design considerations
When considering emergency, temporary, housing the following revolve around the success of such shelter and relief efforts:
cost (how much per shelter? cost of resources? cost of living?)
availability (are necessary resources available? are they available under pressure/time? who will provide them?)
transport time (how long to require necessary materials?)
setup time (how long does it take to set up? how many people does it require? what if pieces are missing?)
quality (what is it made of? does it protect from the environment?)
durability (how long is it meant to last? can it easily be damaged, if so can it be fixed?)
size (number of persons per room. kitchen? wash space? sleep space?)
security (does the house have a lock? are there windows? is it surrounded by other emergency shelters? can belongings be left safely?)
weather proof (protection from environmental conditions, extreme heat, extreme cold, winds, rains)
design / look (color? aesthetics? is it culturally sensitive? religious space? is it near nature?)
privacy (separate rooms? locks on doors?)
noise
cleanliness
distance to work/ school/ religious services/ washroom.
The questions presented above are often incompletely answered and accounted for when preparing for a post-disaster settlement.
User involvement
Since the most effective relief and reconstruction policies result from the participation of survivors in determining and planning their own needs, the successful performance of assisting groups is dependent on the accountability to appeal to and include local aid. Psychologists and humanitarian groups suggest that it is advantageous for both individual and community participation in the financing of their own shelter programs, especially permanent reconstruction. Incorporation of potential users not only with regard to having a say in the shelter, but also in the design, planning and constructing of the shelters has been shown to contribute to pain relief and suffering. Architects and psychologists have been in collaboration to construct design models that are holistic and functional, providing for both the most basic, physical needs as well as the psychological expectations from a post-disaster reality.
Roles and responsibilities
In some cases, the entire burden of assistance and relief is placed on the national government, whereas in others, responsibility is varied across multiple levels of government and outside aid. Reconstruction is closely linked to land tenure, government policy, and all aspects of land-use and infrastructure planning. Resource management and availability is always a consistent issue in emergency recovery however there has been success when relief is found as locally as possible.
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or UNHCR, is a United Nations agency that protects and supports refugees. When the UNHCR was first established, material aspects of refugee relief (e.g., housing, food) were seen to be the responsibility of the hosting government. As many of the world's more recent major refugee communities have occurred in less developed countries, the UNHCR has acquired the additional role of coordinating material assistance for refugees and returnees. Although this was not UNHCR's original mandate, coordination of material assistance has become one of its principal functions alongside protection and the promotion of solutions.
Innovative practices
There are scores of innovative approaches to constructing temporary shelters, but few make it to the field. Architect Shigeru Ban has designed temporary and permanent structures with paper tubes as the underlying structure, used after the Kobe earthquake. Cal-Earth Institute has also developed "superadobe" which makes use of sandbags and barbed wire to form an emergency shelter for disaster relief.
Shigeru Ban is a Japanese architect famous for innovation with recycled paper/cardboard and has quickly and effectively housed disaster victims. He began working with cardboard tubing in cooperation with the UNHCR during the humanitarian crisis of war-torn Rwanda in 1994. Designed for easy construction by an unskilled labor force, each barn-shaped unit consists of a paper tube frame covered with plastic tarps. Polyurethane-coated cylinders are linked together with plywood joints and rope, resulting in a very stable, waterproof structure that maximizes internal space. Sand filled crates acts as a platform and floor for the shelters and protects from floods, rain, and snow. The paper is low cost low tech, recyclable, and replaceable. As designed the shelters take less than six hours to construct.
In addition, the social enterprise Better Shelter and the UNHCR have developed a modular refugee shelter in collaboration with the IKEA Foundation (philanthropic arm of a large furniture company notable for its user-friendly setup and mass production). These models include light-weight polymer panels attached to a steel frame. They take only about four hours to assemble and come flat-packed with panels, pipes, connectors, and wires, with a solar-powered LED light inside with a USB outlet.
Despite numerous attempts — Shigeru Ban's cardboard houses, the Better Shelter flat-pack shelter, the superadobe, and more — designing the appropriate shelter that encompasses all the necessary characteristics for refugees continues to be an ongoing process involving architects and psychologists alike.
References
Other sources
Evans, Gary W., and Nancy M. Wells. "Housing and Mental Health: A Review of the Evidence and a Methodological and Conceptual Critique." Journal of Social Issues 59.3 (2003): 475–500. Print.
Levine, J. N., A.-M. Esnard, and A. Sapat. "Population Displacement and Housing Dilemmas Due to Catastrophic Disasters." Journal of Planning Literature 22.1 (2007): 3–15. Print.
Gold, S. J. "Mental Health and Illness in Vietnamese Refugees." West J Med 157.3 (1992): 290–94. Print.
External links
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
Shelter Centre
Shigeru Ban
IKEA Flat Pack Shelters
Disaster preparedness
Temporary populated places
Emergency services | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee%20shelter |
A Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences (1750), also known as Discourse on the Sciences and Arts (French: Discours sur les sciences et les arts) and commonly referred to as The First Discourse, is an essay by Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau which argued that the arts and sciences corrupt human morality. It was Rousseau's first successful published philosophical work, and it was the first expression of his influential views about nature vs. society, to which he would dedicate the rest of his intellectual life. This work is considered one of his most important works.
Topic of the essay
Rousseau wrote Discourse in response to an advertisement that appeared in a 1749 issue of Mercure de France, in which the Academy of Dijon set a prize for an essay responding to the question: "Has the restoration of the sciences and arts contributed to the purification of morals?" According to Rousseau in his Confessions, "Within an instant of reading this [advertisement], I saw another universe and became another man." Rousseau had found the idea to which he would passionately dedicate the rest of his intellectual life: the destructive influence of civilization on human beings. Rousseau felt a sudden and overwhelming inspiration "that man is naturally good, and that it is from these institutions alone that men become wicked". Rousseau was able to retain only some of the thoughts, the "crowd of truths", that flowed from that idea—these eventually found their way into his Discourses and his novel Émile. Rousseau's First Discourse drew inspiration, from a variety of sources, and even copied passages from other works without inspiration. Some of these sources include Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws and Plutarch's Lives. The line with which Rousseau opens the discourse is a quote in Latin from Horace's On the Art of Poetry (line 25), which translates into: "We are deceived by the appearance of right."
According to Rousseau, the arts and sciences was accompanied by the corruption of morals. Before civilisation, humans lived "rustic but natural" lives untainted by the "perfidious veil of politeness", and by "all those vicious ornaments" of fashion. Using examples from Athens, Sparta, and Rome, Rousseau wrote that the arts and sciences sap humans of their virtue and ability to defend against invasion. Rousseau argued that human civilisation has become decadent as a result of their own cultural progress. However, Rousseau did not provide a clear account of how cultural progress had led to this decline.
In his work Rousseau, Judge of Jean-Jacques, Rousseau used a fictional Frenchman as a literary device to lay out his intent in the Discourse on the Arts and Sciences and his other systematic works. The character explains that Rousseau was showing the "great principle that nature made man happy and good, but that society depraves him and makes him miserable....vice and error, foreign to his constitution, enter it from outside and insensibly change him." The character describes the Discourse on the Arts and Sciences as an effort "to destroy that magical illusion which gives us a stupid admiration for the instruments of our misfortunes and [an attempt] to correct that deceptive assessment that makes us honor pernicious talents and scorn useful virtues. Throughout he makes us see the human race as better, wiser, and happier in its primitive constitution; blind, miserable, and wicked to the degree that it moves away from it. His goal is to rectify the error of our judgements in order to delay the progress of our vices, and to show us that where we seek glory and renown, we in fact find only error and miseries".
An example of one of "those metaphysical subtleties" that Rousseau may have been referring to was the consideration of materialism or Epicureanism. Scholar Victor Gourevitch, examining Rousseau's Letter to Voltaire, notes: "Although he returns to the problem of materialism throughout his life, Rousseau does not ever discuss it at any length. He chooses to write from the perspective of the ordinary course of things, and philosophical materialism breaks with the ordinary course of things. It is what he early called one of those metaphysical subtleties that do not directly affect the happiness of mankind".
Rousseau went on to win first prize in the contest and—in an otherwise mundane career as composer and playwright, among other things—he had newfound fame as a philosopher. Scholar Jeff J.S. Black points out that Rousseau is one of the first thinkers within the modern democratic tradition to question the political commitment to scientific progress found in most modern societies (especially liberal democracies) and examined the costs of such policies. In the Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, Rousseau "authored a scathing attack on scientific progress...an attack whose principles he never disavowed, and whose particulars he repeated, to some extent, in each of his subsequent writings."
Response
Rousseau anticipated that his essay would cause "a universal outcry against [him]", but held that "a few sensible men" would appreciate his position. He holds that this will be because he has dismissed the concerns of "men born to be in bondage to the opinions of the society in which they live in." In this he includes "wits" and "those who follow fashion". He maintains that those who reflexively support ways of thinking that mirror the times they live in merely "play the free-thinker and the philosopher", and had they lived during the age of the French Wars of Religion these same people would have joined the Catholic League and "been no more than fanatics" advocating the use of force to suppress Protestants.
Rousseau's argument was controversial, and drew a great number of responses. One from critic Jules Lemaître (1853–1914) called the instant deification of Rousseau as "one of the strongest proofs of human stupidity." Several critics argued that the idea of an ancient golden age was a myth, and argued that Rousseau failed to indicate at what point humans' moral decline occurred. Rousseau himself answered five of his critics in the two years or so after he won the prize. Among these five answers were replies to Stanisław Leszczyński, former King of Poland, the Abbé Raynal, and the "Last Reply" to the philosopher Charles Borde. These responses provide clarification for Rousseau's argument in the First Discourse, and begin to develop a theme he further advances in the Discourse on Inequality – that misuse of the arts and sciences is one case of a larger theme, that man, by nature good, is corrupted by civilization. Inequality, luxury, and the political life are identified as especially harmful. Critics also noted that Rousseau did not offer any solutions to the corruption of human morals. Rousseau acknowledged this, noting that he had only tried to locate its sources rather than to find a solution.
Oddly, Rousseau, who claims to be motivated by the idea of bringing forth something to promote the happiness of mankind, sets most of humanity as his adversaries. Scholar Jeff J. S. Black points out that this is because Rousseau wants his work to outlive him. Rousseau holds that if he wrote things that were popular with the fashionable and trendy, his work would fade with the passing of fashion, "To live beyond one's century, then, one must appeal to principles that are more lasting and to readers who are less thoughtless."
Rousseau's own assessment of his First Discourse was ambiguous. In one letter he described it as one of his "principal writings," and one of only three in which his philosophical system is developed (the others being the Discourse on Inequality and Émile), but in another instance he evaluated it as "at best mediocre."
Notes
References
Blair Campbell. "Montaigne and Rousseau's First Discourse." The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1. (Mar., 1975), pp. 7–31.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The Social Contract and Discourses. Trans. G.D.H. Cole. London: Everyman, 1993. Introduction referenced for general background.
External links
Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, full text in HTML format, at the Online Library of Liberty.
1750 essays
Works by Jean-Jacques Rousseau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse%20on%20the%20Arts%20and%20Sciences |
Yugambeh (or Mibanah, from , 'language of men' or 'sound of eagles'), also known as Tweed-Albert Bandjalang, is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Yugambeh living in South-East Queensland between and within the Logan River basin and the Tweed River basin, bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean (including South Stradbroke Island) and in the west by the Teviot Ranges and Teviot Brook basin.
Yugambeh is dialect cluster of two mutually intelligible dialects, one of four such clusters of the Bandjalangic branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family.
Nomenclature
In the Yugambeh language, the word means an emphatic 'no', 'never' i.e. 'very much no' and is a common exonym for the people and their language. Language speakers use the word which means 'man', 'human', 'wedge-tailed eagle' and is the preferred endonym for the people; they call their language meaning 'of man', 'of human', 'of eagle' (the suffix forming the genitive of the word ).
Yugambeh may also be referred to as:
Yugambir, Yugambeh (Yugambal/Yugumbal was evidently a separate language located further west)
Yubumbee
Jugumbir, Jukamba
Tweed-Albert language
Nganduwal
Ngarangwal
Manaldjali (a variant of Mununjali, the name of a Yugambeh-speaking clan)
Minjanbal (probably from Minjungbal, an alternate language term)
Geographic distribution
Yugambeh is spoken within the Logan, Albert, Coomera, Nerang, and Tweed River basins.
Dialects
Linguists such as Margaret Sharpe, relying on the previous work of others like Terry Crowley, described the Yugambeh language as having potentially upwards of 7 dialects. Recent analysis has found errors in these original studies and when corrected for these errors, two mutually intelligible dialects can be found; a western (freshwater) variety and an eastern (saltwater) variety with minor vocabularic differences.
Some differences noted by linguist Shaun Davies:
Phonology
Vowels
Yugambeh has a vowel system of four vowels that also contrast in length, resulting in eight phonemic vowels in total. The letter "h" is used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel.
Allophones
The low central vowel is fronted and raised between palatal consonants and a lateral/rhotic consonant.
Consonants
Compared to other Pama-Nyungan languages, Yugambeh has a smaller inventory of consonants. There are four places of articulation, with the consonants consisting of four obstruents, four nasals, two liquids, and two semivowels.
Obstruents
Obstruents do not have a voicing contrast, and can appear as fricative allophones. Obstruents are phonetically voiceless, except when following a homorganic consonant.
Grammar
The grammar of the Yugambeh language is highly agglutinative, making use of over 50 suffixes on nouns, verbs, adjectives and demonstratives.
Syntax
Syntax in the Yugambeh language is fairly free ordered, with a tendency towards SOV (subject–object–verb) structures. Adjectives and demonstratives part of noun phrases e.g. that man, a red car, stay adjacent to the noun they qualify.
Noun morphology
Nouns take a number of suffixes to decline for grammatical case.
Suffixes
Noun suffixes are placed into ten orders. A noun may not take more than one suffix from any order, and if more than one suffix is attached they must always be in the set order of the suffix orders, e.g. an order 7 suffix must always come after an order 5 suffix.
'X' stands for a homorganic obstruent.
'N' stands for a homorganic nasals.
#The comitative, purposive, desiderative, ablative and aversive suffixes are preceded by -bah on animate nouns.
1st order suffixes
-gali (typified by) – used to indicate an association or link
Examples:
'shoe' lit. 'typified by foot'
'womaniser' lit. 'typified by women'
2nd order suffixes
-gan (feminine) – used to form feminine nouns and some astrological terms
Examples:
'female singer'
3rd order suffixes
-bur (diminutive) – used to form the diminutive of a noun, referring to a smaller version
Examples:
'toy boomerang'
4th order suffixes
-Nah (possessive) – indicates current possession
Examples:
'our'
'of the moon/moon's'
-Nahjil (past possessive) – indicates past possession
Examples:
'was of the parrot' (Billinudgel)
Verb morphology
Verbs are conjugated with the use of suffixes. It is an aspect-dominant language, as opposed to tense-dominant like most Western languages. Yugambeh suffixes mostly conjugate for aspect and mood.
Suffixes
Verb suffixes are placed in six orders. A verb may not take more than one suffix from an order, and similar to nouns, suffixes are attached in a set order. Combinations of these suffixes express all possible conjugations of Yugambeh verbs, with only a small number of combinations possible. Yugambeh verb stems are commonly two syllables in length and always in a vowel.
Adjective morphology
Adjectives can be marked with a suffix to indicate the gender of the noun they qualify.
Suffixes
*N stands for a homorganic nasal.
Demonstratives
Yugambeh possesses a complicated set of demonstratives that make a three-way distinction, with proximal, medial, and distal sets. There is a further distinguishing of demonstrative adjectives and location demonstratives. The adjective set can be additionally suffixed to create demonstrative pronouns'. The adjective set has three forms for "things in sight", "things hidden or not in sight" and "things not there anymore", while the location set has forms to indicate the general area and definite area, whether in sight or not in sight, and past and present forms.
Adjective set
The above set can be suffixed with order 7 noun suffixes to form demonstrative pronouns that function like ordinary independent nouns. e.g. 'Take this with you!'
The 'not in sight' and 'not here anymore' forms can take the order 2 noun suffix -gan to form time words. e.g. 'recently'.
Location set
App
The Yugambeh Museum in Beenleigh currently maintains a free dictionary app for the Yugambeh language, available on Android, iOS and a desktop version.
Place names
Modern place names with roots in the Yugambeh language include:
Billinudgel – from , 'was of the parrot'
Canungra – from , 'a long flat or clearing'
Coomera/Upper Coomera – from , a species of wattle
Jumpinpi – Pandanus root
Mundoolun – from , the local name for the Common death adder
Nindooinbah – from , 'the remains of a fire'
Pimpama – from , 'a place of soldier birds'
Tabragalba – from , 'a place of clubs'
Tallebudgera – rotten or decayed logs
Wongawallan – from the words ('pigeon') and ('water')
References
Further reading
Dictionary of Yugambeh Including Neighbouring Dialects, compiled by Margaret Sharpe, Pacific Linguistics: Australian National University, 1998.
External links
Borobi and His Friends, virtual book, read in Yugambeh language by Axel Best. From the State Library of Queensland virtual book collection. (requires Adobe Flash)
Linguist List (2005) Synopsis of ''Grammar and Texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung Dialect Chain in Eastern Australia Accessed 20 May 2008
Yugambeh (South East Queensland - Logan, Gold Coast, Scenic Rim) Community Language Journey Digital Story, State Library of Queensland
Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages
South East Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugambeh%20language |
"The Show" is a song recorded by British girl group Girls Aloud for their second studio album, What Will the Neighbours Say? (2004). It was released by Polydor Records on 28 June 2004, as the lead single from the album. The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, Lisa Cowling, Jon Shave, and Tim Powell. The synth rhythm, composed by Shave, represents a change in musical direction from the band's previous releases. "The Show" is an uptempo dance-pop, electropop and Eurodance song with elements of the 1990 rave records.
"The Show" garnered a positive response from music critics, who deemed it another unique track produced by Xenomania, and it was considered one of the best songs of 2004 by The Times. It debuted and peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, continuing the band's string of hits by becoming their fifth consecutive single to chart within the top three. The song also peaked inside the top ten in Ireland and certain European territories. In 2006, it charted at number 67 on Australia's singles chart. The accompanying music video was directed by Trudy Bellinger, and portrays the five members as characters working in a salon. To promote the song, Girls Aloud performed "The Show" at the 2004 Royal Variety Performance and at London gay nightclub G-A-Y. It was also performed on five of the group's concert tours.
Background and release
Following a brief hiatus, Polydor Records enlisted Brian Higgins and Xenomania to produce Girls Aloud's second album in its entirety, following the success of their debut album. Higgins explained that Polydor were not going to continue with the group's contract unless he produced songs for the album. He continued, saying that his initial reaction was that he thought he would only be required to produce a couple of songs, however Polydor insisted that he produce the album in its entirety and that they thought only he understood what they wanted. The album was recorded from April to September 2004. For the lead single from What Will the Neighbours Say?, Polydor presented the band four song choices, including "The Show", "Wake Me Up", "Graffiti My Soul", and "Androgynous Girls". Although "Wake Me Up" was the preferred choice, it was deemed too hard sounding and the record company did not want to take the risk, and they also added "Androgynous Girls" as a b-side to the album's second single three months later. "The pressure to come up with singles was, as always, immense. But [...] we were able to have a lot of fun working on ideas that were maybe a little too odd to be on the radio," Higgins said. They decided to release "The Show", which was debuted on 28 June 2004, less than six months after the release of "Jump". It was released on two different CD single formats, but did not feature any new b-sides. A remix of "Jump" appears on the first disc, while the Gravitas Club Mix of "The Show" and an exclusive interview both appeared on the second disc. "The Show" was also released in Australia two years later, on 3 June 2006, as the second single from the Australian version of Chemistry.
Composition
The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, Lisa Cowling, Jon Shave, and Tim Powell. Contrary to the verse-chorus form that is typically used in modern pop music, "The Show" opts for a less conventional song structure. It was noted for its intricacy. The song's lyrics, which contain an anti-promiscuity message, "set in motion a writing style that would come to epitomise Girls Aloud's music." In the group's 2008 autobiography Dreams That Glitter – Our Story, Cheryl Cole described Girls Aloud's cover of the Pointer Sisters' "Jump" as "the point when we realized everything we'd been doing was quite down and moody [...] and that's not what people wanted." As their first single following the cover, "The Show" served as an introduction to Girls Aloud's new sound, being "their most risqué cut at the time." Rather than the guitar that dominated the band's first three singles, "The Show" mostly utilises synthesisers. The synth rhythm was composed by a Xenomania musician named Jon Shave. MusicOMH contributor John Murphy deemed the track's composition similar to "Love Machine", which he considered inspired by "'80s synth pop."
Reception
Critical response
"The Show" was described by BBC Music as "a feisty, thumping track with a positively rude bassline," while a reviewer for Virgin Media described the song as a "rush of thrilling synth stabs and natty vocal hooks." Paul Scott of Stylus Magazine referred to "The Show" as one of Girls Aloud's best songs, deeming it "audacious to say the least. With its clipped delivery and gnarled synth riffs barely sweetened, it’s SAW doing SST; tungsten and gristle polished to an FM sheen." Alexis Petridis of The Guardian considered "The Show" and "Love Machine" as the perfect examples of Xenomania's unique production, and added that the lead single "is based around a frantically exciting electronic noise that seems to have escaped from an early-1990s rave record." In their best-of-year countdown, The Times noted that the song helped Xenomania to establish themselves as the best pop music production team.
Chart performance
On the week ending 17 July 2004, "The Show" debuted at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, being held off the top spot by Usher's "Burn". It fell to number 5 the following week. "The Show" is Girls Aloud 17th best-selling single in the United Kingdom. The single also debuted and peaked at number 9 on the European Hot 100 Singles, falling to number 18 the following week. In Ireland, it debuted at number ten, and peaked at number 5 three weeks later. After its release in Australia in 2006, "The Show" failed to make impact and missed the top forty of the ARIA Charts, debuting and peaking at number 67.
Music video
The accompanying music video for "The Show" was directed by Trudy Bellinger. After the video shoot, Girls Aloud decided it was time to change their choreographer, hiring Beth Honan, who continued to work with the band for several years. Walsh also said that the music video for "The Show" was her least favourite from the band. The story takes place in a salon called "Curls Allowed." Each member of the band plays a character working in the salon, pampering and making-up a variety of men. Nicola Roberts is "Chelsea Tanner," who sprays insulting messages with fake bronzer onto her male customers; Nadine Coyle is "Frenchie", who ineptly tries to give her male customers facials; Sarah Harding is "Supa Styler", a hair stylist who fails to satisfy any of her customers; Cheryl Cole is "Maxi Wax", who makes the waxing process as painful as possible; and Kimberley Walsh is "The Boss", who looks on amusedly as her employees take their revenge on the salon's male customers.
Live performances
Girls Aloud performed "The Show" at 2004's Royal Variety Performance. They also performed the song at London gay nightclub G-A-Y, to promote the release of the single, on 26 June 2004. Girls Aloud have included "The Show" in five of their concert tours. For their first tour, 2005's What Will the Neighbours Say...? Tour, "The Show" served as the opening number. For 2006's Chemistry Tour, each member have individual "stations" modeled after beauty salons, referencing the song's music video. The stations are surrounded by frames, which are illuminated through the song. The group then uses the framework for their dance routine. The following year, on their first greatest hits tour, the band performed the song with a half-naked male dance partner, using a bed for a prop. "The Show" was also performed on 2009's Out of Control Tour, where the song was included in a greatest hits medley which closed the concerts. In 2013, the song was performed in full during the Ten: The Hits Tour in the style of a Victoria's Secret show .
Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "The Show".
CD single – Part 1
"The Show" – 3:36
"Jump" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 6:15
CD single – Part 2'
"The Show" – 3:36
"The Show" (Gravitas Club Mix) – 6:50
"The After Show" (Interview) – 5:30
"The Show" (video) – 3:38
"The Show" (karaoke video) – 3:38
"The Show" (game)
CD single – Part 3
"The Show" – 3:36
"Jump" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 6:15
"The Show" (Ringtone)
The Singles Boxset
"The Show" – 3:36
"Jump" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 6:15
"The Show" (Gravitas Club Mix) – 6:50
"The After Show" (Interview) – 5:30
"The Show" (Tony Lamezma Club Mix)
"The Show" (Bang Bang Klub Vocal Mix) – 8:48
"The Show" (Bang Bang Dub Mix) – 8:47
"The Show" (BBK Alternative Mix) – 7:41
"The Show" (video) – 3:38
"The Show" (karaoke video) – 3:38
"The Show" (game)
Personnel
Nadine Coyle – co-lead vocals
Cheryl Tweedy – co-lead vocals
Sarah Harding – co-lead vocals
Nicola Roberts – co-lead vocals
Kimberley Walsh – co-lead vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
2004 singles
2004 songs
2006 singles
Girls Aloud songs
Music videos directed by Trudy Bellinger
Polydor Records singles
Song recordings produced by Xenomania
Songs written by Brian Higgins (producer)
Songs written by Jon Shave
Songs written by Miranda Cooper
Songs written by Tim Powell (producer)
Songs written by Lisa Cowling
Number-one singles in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Show%20%28Girls%20Aloud%20song%29 |
"Word Is Out" is a song written by English musical duo Stock and Waterman for Australian singer Kylie Minogue's fourth studio album, Let's Get to It (1991). Produced by Mike Stock and Pete Waterman, it was released as the first single from Let's Get to It on 26 August 1991. The artwork for the cover was photographed by Ellen Von Unwerth in 1991 for the British edition of Esquire.
Critical reception
Chris True from AllMusic chose the track as one of Let's Get to Its track picks. Larry Flick from Billboard commented, "Folks who think Kylie Minogue is too light for them may change their minds when they hear "Word Is Out". With a little help from remixer Tony King, she has eschewed the frothy hi-NRG tone of past hits in favor of an easy paced-house sound, replete with disco-flavored strings and percussion." On Michael Wilton's review of the second night of her Anti Tour in Sydney, Australia—where she performed an a cappella rendition of the song—for musicOMH, he stated that "Word is Out" is "wildly underrated." Writing Minogue's biography for her special on Australian music video program Rage, they stated: "While in the past, her material had always been high energy, 'Word Is Out' showcased a far more seductive side to Kylie that many had suspected was there." In another hand, Nick Griffiths from Select called it one of the "odd songs" in the album. Sophie Lawrence reviewed it for Smash Hits, writing, "Sounds like Madonna's La Isla Bonita a bit, doesn't it? She's just been brilliant ever since Better The Devil You Know. You could listen to this 100 times and never get bored."
Commercial performance
The song was released as the first single in the summer of 1991 and was a top-20 hit in the United Kingdom, reaching number 16 and ending Minogue's run of 13 consecutive UK top-10 hits. In Australia, with the more laid back Summer Breeze Mix as the main mix, it peaked at number 10, becoming Minogue's 10th single to chart within the top 10. The Summer Breeze Mix received a UK release on a one-sided limited edition 12-inch vinyl single that has an engraved autograph on the B-side, making it highly collectable for fans.
Music video
Directed by James Lebon, it was filmed in London's famous Camden market and featured British television presenter Davina McCall as one of Minogue's dancers. An Australian version of the video later appeared on her 2002 (also the updated version in 2003) Greatest Hits DVD as one of the bonus features.
Live performances
Minogue also did an a cappella "sing-along" rendition of the song as requested by fans on her Anti Tour's concert in Big Top at Luna Park, Sydney, Australia on 20 March 2012. musicOMH's Michael Wilton said the performance was "decent."
Let's Get to It Tour
Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour (Impromptu a capella performance during technical difficulties)
Anti Tour (Acapella performance in Sydney)
Track listingsAustralian CD and cassette single "Word Is Out" – 3:41
"Say the Word - I'll Be There" – 4:00
"Word Is Out" (Summer Breeze 12-inch mix) – 7:41Australian 12-inch singleA1. "Word Is Out" (Summer Breeze 12-inch mix) – 7:41
A2. "Word Is Out" (instrumental) – 3:31
B1. "Word Is Out" (UK 12-inch mix) – 5:53
B2. "Say the Word - I'll Be There" – 4:00UK 7-inch and cassette single "Word Is Out" – 3:34
"Say the Word - I'll Be There" – 4:00UK 12-inch singleA1. "Word Is Out" – 5:53
B1. "Say the Word - I'll Be There" – 4:00
B2. "Word Is Out" (instrumental) – 3:31UK and Japanese CD single'
"Word Is Out" (7-inch version) – 3:34
"Word Is Out" (12-inch version) – 5:53
"Say the Word - I'll Be There" – 4:00
Charts
Release history
References
Kylie Minogue songs
1991 singles
1991 songs
Australian contemporary R&B songs
Mushroom Records singles
New jack swing songs
Pete Waterman Entertainment singles
Song recordings produced by Stock Aitken Waterman
Songs written by Mike Stock (musician)
Songs written by Pete Waterman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20Is%20Out |
The Kinzig is a river in southwestern Germany, a right tributary of the Rhine.
It runs for 93 km from the Black Forest through the Upper Rhine River Plains. The Kinzig valley and secondary valleys constitute the largest system of valleys in the Black Forest. Depending on the definition, the Kinzig is either the border between the Northern and Middle Black Forest or part of the Middle Black Forest. It is located entirely inside the State of Baden-Württemberg and its name is supposed to be of Celtic origin. During the last glacial period the Kinzig and the Murg created a common Kinzig-Murg river system.
Course of the river
The origin of the Kinzig is located on the land of the town of Loßburg in the district of Freudenstadt. It runs south, then makes a gradual turn to the west. It leaves the district of Freudenstadt just after it emerges from Alpirsbach, touches the district of Rottweil and continues to spend the largest part of its course in the district of Ortenau. The Kinzig leaves the Black Forest near Offenburg and flows into the Rhine near Kehl. The upper part the Kinzig is a true mountain river that over time has caused quite a few serious floods. Its middle and lower parts have been squeezed into a straight bed lined with tall levees. Renaturation is in progress in the area where the Schutter flows into the Kinzig.
Name
In 1099 the river was first mentioned as ad Chinzechun, ad aliam Chinzichun, in 1128 as Kinzicha. In 1539, 1543, 1560, 1620, 1652 and 1654 it was listed as Künzlin, Küntzgen, Kintzg, Kintzgen, Oberkentzgenwüß and Köntzig, respectively. In 1837 it was referred to for the first time as Kinzig.
According to Adolf Bach and Bruno Boesch there is some doubt about whether the name Kinzig can really be traced back to the ad Chinczechun, ad aliam Chinzichun of 1099. Bach points to the usage in the northern Breisgau where Kinzigs are described as "paths at the bottom of a canyon through the loess". In Upper Alsace and Graubünden rivers with the word Kinzig in their name usually describe a canyon. Some argue that the name developed from the Celtic kent meaning various kinds of quick movement or from the Lepontic word Centica (Cinti) which means "water".
With all these possibilities in mind, we can return to Adolf Bach and Bruno Boesch, who think these derivations doubtful. In addition, the question remains of how far the Celts or Pre-Celts had settled the Kinzig area, and which settlers had originally given the river its name. While these questions are difficult to answer for pre-historic times, the fact is that the Kinzig only created a small canyon in its upper part. A completely different river with many twists and turns presents itself as it moves towards the Upper Rhine River Plains. At the end of the last ice age it wound its way through the Plains for a long time, on the way absorbing the Murg and only joining the Rhine after it reached the general area of Hockenheim.
Tributaries
In the Black Forest many tributaries empty into the Kinzig, including several longer streams of 20-30 kilometres in length, most coming from the north or south. The following is a list of those over 10 kilometres in length:
Little Kinzig, from the right near the Schenkenzell railway bridge, 20.2 km and 62.9 km².
Schiltach, from the left in Schiltach, 29.5 km and 115.8 km².
Wolf, formerly the Wolfach, from the right in Wolfach, 30.8 km and 129.6 km².
Gutach, from the left near Gutach (Schwarzwaldbahn), 29.3 km and 161.5 km².
Mühlbach or Welschensteinachbach, from the left near Steinach, 10.5 km and 24.9 km².
Erlenbach, from the right near Biberach, 18.9 km (together with the rather larger Harmersbach, the much longer of its two headstreams, the Harmersbach and the Nordrach) and 102.9 km².
The largest tributary overall reaches the Kinzig a little before its mouth in the Upper Rhine Plain:
Schutter, from the left near Kehl, 56.8 km and 338.2 km².
Importance as a transport and trade route
Timber rafting
In the past, the Kinzig was very important for timber rafting. The earliest mention of this trade on the Kinzig dates to the year 1339. The rafting towns of Wolfach and Schiltach had their own rafting corporations, which organized timber rafting to the Rhine and on to Holland; these corporations were the so-called Schifferschaften ("boatmen's associations"). They were given the sole rights of timber export by their respective overlords and ran a lucrative business that helped the towns' prosperity. Sebastian Münster writes in his Cosmographia universalis: "The people living by the River Kyntzig, especially around Wolfach, earn a living from the great quantity of construction timber, which the float down the waters of the Kyntzig to Strasburg and into the Rhine, and earn a great deal of money every year." Rafting on the Kinzig reached its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries and then again in the 18th century, when the demand for wood began to rise rapidly, as the Netherlands and England began to build their mighty naval and merchant fleets. The rafters could not match the capabilities of the newly introduced railways, however, and the last commercial timber raft ran down the Kinzig in 1896. Today, timber rafting festivals, museums in Gengenbach, Wolfach and Schiltach, as well as numerous technical facilities, such as weirs recall the timber rafting era.
Historical Roman road
The width, length and the favourable east-west direction of the middle and lower valley of the Kinzig make it important for as a communication route. For example, the Romans built a road that passed through the valley: the Kinzig Valley Way (Kinzigtalstrasse) is a Roman road which was built under the Emperor, Vespasian, in 73/74 A.D. from Offenburg through the valley to the simultaneously founded Roman town of Rottweil (Arae Flaviae) and on to Tuttlingen. It was mainly intended to create a shorter strategic link from Mainz to Augsburg, which had for a long time had to take a long detour via the Rhine Knee (Rheinknie) at Basle. During the revolt of the Batavi in 69/70 this detour had proved a problem.
Fauna and flora
Fauna
A regeneration program has been in progress since 2002 to re-introduce salmon into the Kinzig by putting young salmon into the water and removing obstacles. These efforts seem to be successful as in early 2005, for the first time in 50 years, salmon spawn were found in a river in Baden-Württemberg.
Flora
The Kinzig valley is the deepest in the inner Black Forest. In the lower Kinzig valley the villages are below 200 metres above sea level. The climate in the valley is therefore milder than in most other areas of the Black Forest. In the lower valley fruit and wine are produced; Gengenbach, Ortenberg and Ohlsbach are well-known names of wine-growing villages, some of which are on the Baden Wine Road. The countryside around the Kinzig valley in spring blooms far earlier than the surrounding regions of the Black Forest.
Infrastructure
The width, length and favourable east-west direction in the middle and lower valley make the Kinzig Valley important for infrastructure. The Romans maintained a road that traversed the valley. The Kinzigtalstraße was a military road built under Emperor Vespasian in 73/74 AD from Offenburg through the Kinzig Valley into the Roman Rottweil (Arae Flaviae) and on to Tuttlingen. The main purpose of the road was to shorten the strategically important connection between Mainz and Augsburg. Until this road was built, the connection took troops via the Rhine bend at Basel and during the revolt of the Batavers in 69/70 AD, this had proved to be a problem. During construction of the road, several Castelles were built. In addition to Rottweil, the rest areas in Offenburg-Rammersweier, Offenburg-Zunsweier, Waldmössingen, Sulz and Geislingen-Häsenbühl, were augmented by part of the Alb Limes fortifications in Frittlingen, Lautlingen and Burladingen-Hausen. All of them were located in Upper Germanic country except for Burladingen which was in Rhaetian territory. The surprising discovery of the fortification in Frittlingen in 1992 only a few kilometers southeast of Rottweil shows that the Kinzigtalstraße was secured and covered with a tight net of military fortifications. The suggestion that the Kinzig Valley itself was home to another fortification has thus gained credibility. Until then, it was supposed that there must have been one or two more yet to be discovered fortifications merely on the basis that the distance between the known ones in Offenburg and Waldmössingen was very big. Another fortification is assumed in Rottenburg by the end of the 1st century however, it is not clear whether it existed as early as 73/74 AD or not until later in 98 AD.
Roughly at the same time that the Kinzigtalstraße was built, Roman forts were constructed further north on the right side of the Rhine in places like Frankfurt, Heddernheim, Karben, Groß-Gerau, Gernsheim, Ladenburg (Lopodunum), Heidelberg and Baden-Baden (Aquae). Whether these were advanced posts or the Roman border between 73 and 98 AD, (following a generally defined line east of the Rhine), has yet to be determined.
In 98 AD, in the area of present-day southwest Germany, the route between Odenwald and Neckar came under Roman control, making the connection from Mainz to Augsburg shorter yet. As a result, the Kinzigtalstraße lost superregional significance.
In present-day Germany, the federal highway B 33 runs parallel to the Kinzig from Offenburg until it leaves the Kinzig in the upper valley to follow the Gutach towards Villingen-Schwenningen. From Hausach on towards Freudenstadt, the federal highway B 294, follows the upper Kinzig.
For the Black Forest Railway (Schwarzwaldbahn) train service, the valley is also very important. It runs from Offenburg to Hausach where it turns into the Gutach Valley to continue on to Konstanz at Lake Constance. In the upper Kinzig Valley, the Kinzig Valley Railway (Kinzigtalbahn) provides a connection between Hausach and Freudenstadt.
Towns and villages
(starting at the origin)
Castles, abbeys and stately homes
Alpirsbach Abbey, Alpirsbach
Schenkenburg Castle, Schenkenzell
Schiltach Castle, Schiltach
Willenburg Castle, Schiltach
Schloss Wolfach, Wolfach
Husen Castle, Hausach
Haslach Abbey, Haslach
Hohengeroldseck Castle, between Seelbach and Biberach (Baden)
Gengenbach Abbey, Gengenbach
Schloss Ortenberg, Ortenberg (Baden)
See also
Mother Kinzig
References
Sources
Emil Imm (ed.) - Land um Kinzig und Rench, Rombach-Verlag (1974)
Kurt Klein - Leben am Fluss, Schwarzwald-Verlag (2002)
STALF, A. (1932): Korrektion und Unterhaltung der Kinzig. Die Ortenau 19. pp 124–144.
NEUWERCK, A. (1986): Der Lachsfang in der Kinzig. Die Ortenau 66. pp 499–525.
Bach, Adolf, Deutsche Namenkunde, Bd. II/2, Heidelberg 1981
Bahlow, Hans, Deutschlands geographische Namenwelt, Frankfurt 1985, p. 263
Boesch, Bruno, Kleine Schriften zur Namenforschung, Heidelberg 1981
Buck, M. R., Oberdeutsches Flurnamenbuch, Stuttgart 1880, p. 130
Keinath, Walther, Orts- und Flurnamen in Württemberg, Stuttgart 1951
Krahe, Hans, Unsere ältesten Flussnamen, Wiesbaden 1964
Obermüller, Wilhelm, Deutsch – Keltisches Wörterbuch, 1872, Reprint-Druck, Vaduz 1993, Bd. II, pp 178f
Springer, Otto, Die Flussnamen Württembergs und Badens, Stuttgart 1930, pp 53, 60
Traub, Ludwig, Württembergische Flußnamen aus vorgeschichtlicher Zeit in ihrer Bedeutung für die einheimische Frühgeschichte, in: Württembergische Vierteljahrshefte für Landesgeschichte, XXXIV. Jahrgang, 1928, Stuttgart 1929, p. 16
External links
Tourism site of the Kinzig Valley communities
Rafters' Museum Gengenbach
History of Rafting in Schiltach
Information about and images
Rivers of Baden-Württemberg
Rivers of the Black Forest
Rivers of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzig%20%28Rhine%29 |
Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen (1990–present), is a country at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula.
Yemen may also refer to:
North Yemen
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1961)
Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
South Yemen
Aden Protectorate (1917–1963)
Aden Colony (1937–1963)
Federation of the Emirates of the South (1959–1963)
Protectorate of South Arabia (1963–1967)
Federation of South Arabia (1963–1967)
People's Republic of South Yemen (1967–1970)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1970–1990)
Greater Yemen
Upper Yemen
Lower Yemen
See also
Yaman (disambiguation)
Yemenite (disambiguation)
Yamin (disambiguation)
Yamen, bureaucrats in imperial China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Turbo-Hydramatic 425 (TH425 or THM 425, later 325) was an automatic transmission developed and produced by General Motors. The THM425 was a derivative of the THM400; most parts directly interchange and some others will interchange with minor modifications. The internal parts spin the opposite direction in the THM425; the helical angle of the planetary gears is "reversed" and the one-way clutches freewheel in the opposite direction, for example. The THM425 was developed for the 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado and the 1967 Cadillac Eldorado. A lighter-duty transmission known as the THM325 (using components sourced from the THM200) replaced the THM425 in both car lines after the 1978 model year. 1979 and later longitudinal engine front-wheel drive vehicles used the THM325. The THM325 became the THM325-4L with an overdrive added in 1982, but all vehicles using this transmission switched to more-conventional transverse engine mounting in 1986. Bellhousing pattern used the 1967-90 Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac-Cadillac V8 pattern throughout its entire lifecycle.
Applications:
THM425
1971–1979 Cortez Motor Home
1966–1978 Oldsmobile Toronado
1967–1978 Cadillac Eldorado
1973–1978 GMC Motorhome
1973–1978 GMC TransMode multi-purpose vehicle
1972–1978 Revcon motorhome
1989–1993 Vector W8
THM325
1979–1981 Cadillac Eldorado
1979–1981 Oldsmobile Toronado
1980–1981 Cadillac Seville
THM325-4L
1982–1985 Buick Riviera
1982–1985 Cadillac Eldorado
1982–1985 Cadillac Seville
1982–1985 Oldsmobile Toronado
See also
Cadillac Eldorado
List of GM transmissions
References
External links
Troubleshooting manual (1969)
General Motors transmissions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-Hydramatic%20425 |
Nothing Feels Good is the second studio album by American rock band the Promise Ring, released on October 14, 1997. The album has gained a cult following, and is frequently regarded as one of the most influential records of the emo genre. The title of the album was used as the name of the book Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo by Andy Greenwald. Original bass player Scott Beschta is credited with writing and playing all the bass parts for the album, although he had been fired by the time the album was released.
The cover art for the album was shot in front of Trimper's Rides on the boardwalk in Ocean City, Maryland.
Background and production
The Promise Ring released their debut album 30° Everywhere in September 1996 through independent label Jade Tree. According to vocalist/guitarist Davey von Bohlen, it was recorded in five days "in a situation where we had no idea what we wanted to do or how we wanted it to come out." Additionally, Bohlen was ill during the making of it, resulting in issues with his vocals. Despite this, the release was an underground success, earning the group attention from independent publications. The attention was aided by the inclusion of the emo staple "A Picture Postcard", which had been released earlier on the Falsetto Keeps Time (1996) EP. The band had 500–600 copies of the album to sell over the course of several gigs, however, during one show at CBGB's, they sold all copies in one go. The band reissued their earlier work as part of The Horse Latitudes compilation in early 1997.
In April and May 1997, the group embarked on a European tour; at its conclusion, the band went on a brief break to complete writing for their next album. Guitarist Jason Gnewikow said the group worked on material through jamming. Following this, the group went to Memphis, Tennessee where they began recording at Easley Recording with producer J. Robbins of Jawbox. The album saw the group focus on cleaner production and refined their pop sensibility. Robbins aided the band, helping them work on song writing and improved the overall sound, when compared to 30° Everywhere. The band toned down the punk rock-esque Midwest emo sound that Bohlen pioneered when he was a member of Cap'n Jazz. Drummer Dan Didier had a strained relationship with bassist Scott Beschta throughout the sessions: "I’m shocked that we just didn't just off one another because it was a bad time."
Composition
Musically, the sound of Nothing Feels Good has been described as emo and power pop, drawing comparison to Superchunk and Knapsack. Throughout the album, Didier uses various syncopations, triplet fills and double-time cymbal hits. Beschta, instead of playing basic root notes, opted for more melodic and rhythmic basslines. Discussing the title, Bohlen said: "life is really bizarre, but at the same time, it feels totally good not to feel as if you know things". He incorporated geographical and color symbolism in his lyrics; he refers to his girlfriend as red, white and blue in "Red & Blue Jeans", while in "B Is for Bethlehem" the colors are representative of blood and flesh. While the record was not a concept album, it saw Bohlen reuse a handful of lines, giving it thematic cohesion: the title phrase Nothing Feels Good is mentioned in "Red & Blue Jeans", while being reused for the title-track, and serving as the basis for "How Nothing Feels". Similarly two lines, "not as good as the interstates are/I just can't take you that far", are used in both "Make Me a Chevy" and "A Broken Tenor". PopMatters writer Brian Stout said Bohlen "captures moments, engages in wordplay and repetitive words and phrases", and includes references to Air Supply and Television.
The opening power pop track "Is This Thing On?" begins with guitar interplay and aggressive drumming. It consists of five lines of lyrics that Bohlen repeats, and is anchored by Beschta's bass part. It leads into the punk rock-esque "Perfect Lines", which opens with Gnewikow's distorted guitar part. "Why Did Ever We Meet" was representative of the 1990s indie rock/emo sound in that it incorporated pop without abandoning the abrasiveness of punk rock. "Make Me a Chevy" sees Bohlen compare a woman to a car; it evolved out of someone tuning their instrument and Gnewikow playing harmonics over it. "How Nothing Feels" is an acoustic guitar and piano interlude with heavy tape hiss. It is followed by "A Broken Tenor", which opens with the sound of a house party, and one participant is heard quoting the Sylvia Plath poem "Daddy". The title-track sees Bohlen asking religious and personal questions, and is followed by the pop-orientated track "Pink Chimneys". An early version of the track had appeared on the (Don't Forget To) Breathe compilation. Stout said "B Is for Bethlehem" merged a "lover's spat into a thought about Jesus fishing for sinners".
Release
Prior to the supporting tour for their upcoming album, Beschta was replaced by Tim Burton in August 1997. Gnewikow played with Burton in his former band None Left Standing. Didier said a rift began to form between him and Beschta, though Gnewikow said there had been long-term issues since they started the band. The group, knowing Burton and aware that he was available at the time, asked him to join them. Preceded by a US tour with Compound Red in September and October 1997, Nothing Feels Good was released on October 14, 1997, through Jade Tree. The album's artwork was shot by Jade Tree co-founder Tim Owen and designed by Gnewikow; it shows a brightly lit photograph of a boardwalk against a white background with colored dots lined up around it. Gnewikow credited Owen for 80% of the artwork, while he did some organisation of the process. He said of the cover: "The record is really happy, but there's also a melancholy" feeling to it, juxtaposed with the closed amusement park photo with people scattered about.
Following the album's release, the band toured the East Coast with Compound Red and Castor, and then a Midwestern tour with Compound Red and Roadside Monument, through to November 1997. They ended the month with a West Coast tour with Compound Red and Jimmy Eat World. In February 1998, the Promise Ring were traveling back home from a show, while on tour with Hum, in the midst of a snowstorm. Their van flipped over after Bohlen hit a bump on the road; Bohlen flew head-first through the windshield. Bohlen (who had head trauma), Burton (who had broken bones) and Didier, were released from hospital the following morning. Gnewikow, however, was in the intensive care unit for three further weeks due to a broken collarbone and other injuries. Since the group were feeling Burton was not working out, coupled with his broken arm, they replaced him with Scott Schoenbeck. At the time, Schoenbeck had formed Pele with Beschta, and was the brother of their roadie Mike Schoenbeck.
The band returned to touring after a six-week break, though with Gnewikow suffering intermittent pain in his collarbone from the placement of his guitar strap. They went on a tour of the Southern states, prior to an East Coast tour with Jimmy Eat World in March 1998. After a few shows with Burning Airlines, they went on another tour with Jimmy Eat World in April 1998, and then embarked on a European trek with Jets to Brazil. A music video was made for "Why Did Ever We Meet", directed by Darren Doane, and featured Jade Tree co-founder Darren Walters, Ken Dario, Chris Duncan and Mike Schoenbeck. It shows the band performing in a living room, cut with footage of a game of football, a man swimming and rollerblading. It appeared on MTV's 120 Minutes, which the members subsequently hosted and were interviewed on by Matt Pinfield. The Promise Ring toured with Jets to Brazil again shortly afterwards, across the US in October and Japan in November. The album was re-pressed on vinyl alongside 30° Everywhere and Very Emergency (1999), and received its first cassette edition, in October 2015. A few months later, the band performed the album in its entirety during a one-off reunion show.
Reception and legacy
Critical response
Nothing Feels Good received favorable reviews from music critics. AllMusic reviewer Blake Butler said the release saw the group move into more poppy territory that they had previously teased on 30° Everywhere. While Nothing Feels Good continued the "beautifully odd" lyricism against "extremely catchy and powerful music," its overall sound conjured up "sentimentality and imagination" that their "music always seems to exude." Ox-Fanzine Joachim Hiller complimented Bohlen's improved vocals, serving as a weakness on their previous record. He called it a "seemingly calm" album that "strings together twelve melancholic-melodic guitar pop pearls." Punk Planet writer Dan Sinker said it blew "everything they've previously done out of the water", receiving the "production they deserve", which "allows them to shine through the entire album".
Pitchfork writer Nick Mirov felt that the "dearth of lyrics" was the release's "Achilles' heel". He added that Bohlen would repetitively sing "the same three lines over and over;" it served as a "minor blemish on an otherwise damn good album." In a retrospective review, Punknews.org staff member Joe Pelone said the record acted as the best starting point for people wishing to get into the group, calling it "catchy, rocking and heartfelt in equal measures." Bohlen's lyrics landed in the middle of two ideologies: "'90s indie rock bands [that] wrote really good, lo-fi rock songs that weren't actually about anything" and emo acts that "mean[t] everything."
Aftermath and accolades
Nothing Feels Good pushed the band to the forefront of the emo music scene, forging the way for releases such as Something to Write Home About (1999) by the Get Up Kids and Bleed American (2001) by Jimmy Eat World. The band became the most successful emo act of the era with sales of Nothing Feels Good reaching the mid-five figures, becoming a defining album in the genre's second wave. Paste writer Justin Jacobs said that "few albums sum up the mid-'90s emo movement in sound or attitude" than Nothing Feels Good. Bohlen later featured on "A Praise Chorus", a track from Bleed American, where he referenced "Why Did Ever We Meet". Mike Damante of the Houston Chronicle said "Red & Blue Jeans" acted as a blueprint for the likes of Taking Back Sunday and New Found Glory. Similarly, the polaroid-esque aesthetic of the album's cover influenced countless other emo groups. Eduardo Cepeda of Vice said the artwork was "one of the quintessential visual cues in the emo canon," and also within Jade Tree's roster as Owen and Gnewikow worked on a lot of releases for the label. In a 2002 interview, Gnewikow said that while he loved the album, it "colored everything we did after that because we were reacting to it".
Nothing Feels Good has appeared on various best-of emo album lists by Drowned in Sound, Kerrang!, LA Weekly, Louder, Rolling Stone, and Treblezine, as well as by journalists Leslie Simon and Trevor Kelley in their book Everybody Hurts: An Essential Guide to Emo Culture (2007). Similarly, tracks from it have appeared on best-of emo songs lists by NME, Stereogum and Vulture. The album's title was used for the book of the same name by Andy Greenwald. Mike Kinsella covered "Forget Me" under the moniker Owen for this album Other People's Songs (2014).
Track listing
Personnel
Davey von Bohlen – vocals, guitar
Jason Gnewikow – guitar
Scott Beschta – bass guitar
Dan Didier – drums
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Nothing Feels Good at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
1997 albums
The Promise Ring albums
Albums produced by J. Robbins
Jade Tree (record label) albums
Power pop albums by American artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%20Feels%20Good |
"Love Machine" is a song recorded by British girl group Girls Aloud from their second studio album, What Will the Neighbours Say? (2004). It was released by Polydor Records on 13 September 2004, as the second single from the album. The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, Tim Powell, Nick Coler, Lisa Cowling, Myra Boyle, and Shawn Lee. The instrumentation was inspired by The Smiths, and created by Powell and Coler. "Love Machine" is an uptempo pop rock song with elements of 1980s synthpop. The single was received favourably by contemporary music critics, who deemed it a joyful track that was different from the single releases by other artists at the time. According to research carried out for Nokia in 2006, "Love Machine" is the second "most exhilarating" song ever.
"Love Machine" debuted and peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, continuing the band's string of hits by becoming their sixth consecutive single to chart within the top three. The song also peaked inside the top ten in Europe and Ireland. The accompanying music video was directed by Stuart Gosling, and portrays the five members in a nightclub/restaurant scene dancing and sipping champagne whilst singing their song. Girls Aloud performed "Love Machine" on all of their tours and on several live appearances, including at Disney Channel Kids Awards, TMF Awards 2005, and at The Girls Aloud Party TV special in 2008.
Background and release
Following a brief hiatus, Polydor Records enlisted Brian Higgins and Xenomania to produce Girls Aloud's second album in its entirety, following the success of their debut album Sound of the Underground. Higgins explained that Polydor were not going to continue with the group's contract unless he produced songs for the album. He continued, saying that his initial reaction was that he thought he would only be required to produce a couple of songs, however Polydor insisted that he produce the album in its entirety and that they thought only he understood what they wanted. The album was recorded from April to September 2004, although its lead single "The Show" was released in June 2004. Bandmate Nicola Roberts said that "Love Machine" was recorded in 18 parts over three days. Roberts also revealed that the band initially was in disagreement with Polydor regarding its release as a single, with Sarah Harding adding that all the girls wanted to release "Deadlines & Diets" instead. Kimberley Walsh and Nadine Coyle in particular voiced their disapproval of the single release, Coyle stating it would be "career suicide" and that she thought the group would be known as laughing stocks if the song came out.
However, despite an "embarrassing" meeting between the label and the girls, "Love Machine" was picked as the second single from What Will the Neighbours Say?, being released on 13 September 2004. "The pressure to come up with singles was, as always, immense. But [...] we were able to have a lot of fun working on ideas that were maybe a little too odd to be on the radio," Higgins said. It was released on three different CD single formats, as well as an additional 7" picture disc, making it Girls Aloud's first single available on vinyl. The first disc included a Flip & Fill remix of "The Show". For the sleeve of the second CD, Artwork design group Form invented five fake magazines, one for each member, and used "Love Machine" lyrics as the headlines. The disc included an exclusive previously unreleased b-side entitled "Androgynous Girls", which had been initially considered to be released as the lead single of the album. The Gravitas Disco Mix of "Love Machine" was also included. The maxi-CD also included a task-based game, created by design agency Holler. The 7" picture disc included the radio edit and Tony Lamezma Remix of "Love Machine".
Cheryl Cole later stated that despite her initially hating the song, that the success of the single taught the group that they were not always right regarding single decisions and that they needed to listen to their label from time to time.
Composition
"Love Machine" was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, Tim Powell, Nick Coler, Lisa Cowling, Myra Boyle, Shawn Lee. They came up with some of the song's lyrics by singing "nonsense lyrics" over a backing track, which eventually evolved into real songwords. The instrumentation track was inspired by The Smiths, and created by Powell and Coler. It is written in G Major with a time signature in common time and a tempo of 121 beats per minute. The vocal range from the band members spans from F3 to B4. An early demo of "Love Machine" was included on the compilation album Popjustice: 100% Solid Pop Music, and later on an official Girls Aloud singles boxset; this version was sung by Cole, Nadine Coyle and Sarah Harding only, and featured radically different lyrics from the released version, even excluding the phrase "Love Machine". One of the song's lyrics, "What will the neighbours say / This time?" inspired the album's title, and it is a reference to Girls Aloud's debut single, where Cole sings, "Neighbour's banging on the bathroom wall / He's saying 'Crank the bass, I gotta get some more'". MusicOMH contributor John Murphy noted the track uses "a guitar line that sounds like it's been nicked from an old rockabilly tune", and compared its composition to other "'80s synth pop songs."
Critical reception
The track received generally favourable reviews from music critics. Alexis Petridis of The Guardian considered "The Show" and "Love Machine" as the "perfect examples of Xenomania's uniquely rousing approach to pop," adding that the latter "sounds, incredibly, like the Smiths' Rusholme Ruffians colliding head-on with that band's musical nemesis, chirpy 1980s synth-pop." A reviewer for Virgin Media stated the song's "bouncy drums, perky guitars and ditsy lyrics will probably cause a seizure," and commented further, saying that "it sounds so unlike anything else in the charts right now...proving once again that they're still one of the most exciting bands in pop right now." The song was a Track Pick from the Allmusic review of What Will the Neighbours Say? by Sharon Mawer, while Robert Copsey of Digital Spy stated that, despite having many previous releases, it wasn't until "Love Machine", "a swinging, big band track with ludicrous lyrics – that they were thrust into the wider public consciousness." A BBC Music critic, however, called it "upbeat but not particularly tuneful". According to research carried out for Nokia in 2006, "Love Machine" is the second "most exhilarating" song ever, after "Song 2" by Blur.
Billboard named the song #65 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.
Commercial performance
On the week ending 2 October 2004, "Love Machine" debuted at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, being held of the top spot by "Call on Me" by Eric Prydz. It stayed at the same position the following week, before falling to number 8. The song also reached number six on the UK Downloads Chart, and eventually became the band's 7th best-selling single in the UK. "Love Machine" also debuted and peaked at number 8 on the European Hot 100 Singles, staying on the top ten for two weeks. In Ireland, the song debuted at number nine on 16 September 2004, and remained at the same position for three weeks, becoming Girls Aloud's first single to fail to enter the top five. It spent one last week in the top ten at number ten. "Love Machine" also entered the Dutch chart Single Top 100 on 14 May 2005 at number 52, before falling of the chart after 4 weeks.
Music video
The accompanying music video for "Love Machine" was directed by Stuart Gosling for Image Dynamic Pictures, and filmed at the Titanic restaurant on London's Brewer Street. Gosling shot the project on 35mm film to give it the desired sleek, stylised, polished and glossy look. Girls Aloud members stopped in at Camden Post to view the footage and were impressed with the final results of it. The video depicts a nightclub/restaurant scene with the five women dancing and sipping champagne at the location whilst singing their pop number. A caption at the start of the video identifies the location as "The Eskimo Club", which explains the otherwise meaningless song lyrics "Let's go eskimo".
Live performances
"Love Machine" was promoted through several live performances, including at the Disney Channel Kids Awards on 16 September 2004, and at the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party in 2004. They also performed it at the Carling Academy London on 10 February 2005, and at the TMF Awards 2005 in Belgium. The same year, Girls Aloud went on their debut tour, the What Will the Neighbours Say...? Tour, where they performed "Love Machine" in schoolgirl uniforms. For 2006's Chemistry Tour, there was an interlude where the group danced to "1 Thing" by Amerie. There was a similar interlude during 2007's The Greatest Hits Tour, where a big band breakdown was included. Also in 2007, the song was performed at the T4 on the Beach special. "Love Machine" was performed on 2008's Tangled Up Tour, where the band members wore cabaret inspired costumes. Later that year, the band performed it at The Girls Aloud Party TV special held by ITV1, and at the V Festival. For 2009's Out of Control Tour, the song was given a brassier, retro arrangement and included a dance break. On 14 December 2012, the band appeared on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge, performing the song to promote their greatest hits album Ten, and also at The Graham Norton Show the same day. To further promote the greatest hits, "Love Machine" was also included on a promotional megamix. In 2013, the song was performed during the Ten: The Hits Tour. English indie rock band Arctic Monkeys covered the song on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.
Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Love Machine".
CD single – Part 1
"Love Machine" – 3:25
"The Show" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 5:35
CD single – Part 2
"Love Machine" – 3:25
"Love Machine" (Gravitas Disco Mix) – 7:30
"Androgynous Girls" (Cooper, Higgins, Powell, Coler, Cowling, Lee) – 4:39
"Love Machine" (video) – 3:39
"Love Machine" (karaoke video) – 3:39
"Love Machine" (game) – 3:39
7" Vinyl
"Love Machine" (Radio Edit) – 3:25
"Love Machine" (Tony Lamezma Mix) – 6:15
The Singles Boxset
"Love Machine" – 3:25
"The Show" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 5:35
"Love Machine" (Gravitas Disco Mix) – 7:30
"Androgynous Girls" – 4:39
"Love Machine" (Tony Lamezma Mix) – 6:15
"Love Machine" (video) – 3:39
"Love Machine" (karaoke video) – 3:39
"Love Machine" (game) – 3:39
Personnel
Nadine Coyle – co-lead vocals
Cheryl Tweedy – co-lead vocals
Sarah Harding – co-lead vocals
Nicola Roberts – co-lead vocals
Kimberley Walsh – co-lead vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
List of UK top-ten singles in 2004
List of Platinum singles in the United Kingdom awarded since 2000
References
2004 singles
Girls Aloud songs
Song recordings produced by Xenomania
Songs written by Brian Higgins (producer)
Songs written by Miranda Cooper
Songs written by Tim Powell (producer)
Songs written by Nick Coler
2004 songs
Polydor Records singles
Songs written by Lisa Cowling
Songs written by Shawn Lee (musician)
Music videos directed by Stuart Gosling
British pop rock songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Machine%20%28Girls%20Aloud%20song%29 |
Brian Bedford (16 February 1935 – 13 January 2016) was an English actor. He appeared in film and on stage, and was an actor-director of Shakespeare productions. Bedford was nominated for seven Tony Awards for his theatrical work, winning once.
He served as the voice of Disney's Robin Hood from the 1973 animated film of the same name.
Early life
Brian Bedford was born in Morley, West Yorkshire on 16 February 1935, the son of Ellen (née O'Donnell) and Arthur Bedford, a postman. He attended St Bede's Grammar School in Bradford, leaving at the age of 15. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London from 1952 to 1955. At RADA, he was in the same class as Albert Finney, Alan Bates and Peter O'Toole.
Career
Primarily a stage actor, he appeared in English-speaking interpretations of the French playwright Molière, including Tony Award nominated performances in Tartuffe, The Molière Comedies (a double bill of the short plays The School for Husbands and The Imaginary Cuckold) and The School for Wives, for which he received the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play.
He performed Shakespearean work, such as Ariel in The Tempest opposite John Gielgud's Prospero in 1958, and at the Stratford Festival in Ontario, Canada including Angelo in Measure for Measure, Malvolio in Twelfth Night and the title role in Richard III directed by Robin Phillips, and The Public Theater's New York Shakespeare Festival Shakespeare in the Park productions of As You Like It (as Jacques), and Timon of Athens (as Timon) on Broadway, with the National Actors Theatre in 1993. Bedford's additional Broadway credits include The Seven Descents of Myrtle, Private Lives, Two Shakespearean Actors, London Assurance and Jumpers.
Bedford appeared with James Garner in the 1966 film Grand Prix, and in 1967 he was a regular on the CBS series Coronet Blue. He provided the voice of the title character in the 1973 Disney film Robin Hood, which director Byron Howard credits as a major inspiration for the Academy Award-winning animated film, Zootopia. In 1988, he appeared as Mr. Stone, the head of the consortium that owns Cheers, and would later appear (as a different character) in its spin-off, Frasier, in 2000. In 1997 Bedford was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Other honours include the Obie Award, the Outer Circle Critics Award, the Drama Desk Award, and the L.A. Drama Critics Award.
In 2009, Bedford starred as Lady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest, marking 27 seasons of acting and/or directing, at the Stratford Festival in Canada.
He repeated the role in 2010 (in a double role as both actor and director) for the Roundabout Theatre in New York, which earned him a 2011 Tony Award nomination for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play.
Personal life
Bedford shared homes in Stratford, Ontario and in Santa Barbara, California with fellow actor Tim MacDonald, his partner after 1985 and husband from 2013.
Death
Bedford died of cancer on January 13, 2016 in Santa Barbara, California, at the age of 80; his remains were cremated.
Stratford Shakespeare Festival
Actor
Twelfth Night (1975) by William Shakespeare — Malvolio
Measure for Measure (1975) by William Shakespeare — Angelo
Richard III (1977) by William Shakespeare — Richard III
The Guardsman (1977) by Ferenc Molnár — The Actor
As You Like It (1977,1978) by William Shakespeare — Jacques
Private Lives (1978) by Noël Coward — Elyot
The Winter's Tale (1978) by William Shakespeare — Leontes
Uncle Vanya (1978) by Anton Chekhov — Dr Astrov
Much Ado About Nothing (1980) by William Shakespeare — Benedick
Twelfth Night (1980) by William Shakespeare — Malvolio
The Seagull (1980) by Anton Chekhov — Trigorin
The Misanthrope (1981) by Molière — Alceste
Arms and the Man (1982) by George Bernard Shaw — Bluntschli
Blithe Spirit (1982) by Noël Coward — Charles
Richard II (1983) by William Shakespeare — Richard II
Tartuffe (1983, 1984) by Molière — Tartuffe
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1984) by William Shakespeare — Bottom
Waiting for Godot (1984) by Samuel Beckett — Vladimir
The Relapse (1989) by John Vanbrugh — Lord Foppington
The Merchant of Venice (1989) by William Shakespeare — Shylock
The Lunatic, the Lover & the Poet (1989) by Brian Bedford — adapted Shakespeare texts
Macbeth (1990) by William Shakespeare — Macbeth
Julius Caesar (1990) by William Shakespeare — Brutus
The Lunatic, the Lover & the Poet (1990) by Brian Bedford — adapted Shakespeare texts
Timon of Athens (1991) by William Shakespeare — Timon
Much Ado About Nothing (1991) by William Shakespeare — Dogberry
The School for Wives (1991) by Molière — Arnolphe
Measure for Measure (1992) by William Shakespeare — Duke
Twelfth Night (1994) by William Shakespeare — Feste
The School for Husbands & The Imaginary Cuckold (1994) by Molière — Sganarelle
Amadeus (1995, 1996) by Peter Shaffer — Salieri
The Little Foxes (1996) by Lillian Hellman — Horace
Equus (1997) by Peter Shaffer — Dysart
Much Ado About Nothing (1998) by William Shakespeare — Benedick
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999) by William Shakespeare — Bottom
The School for Scandal (1999) by Richard Brinsley Sheridan — Sir Peter Teazle
Tartuffe (2000) by Molière — Tartuffe
Private Lives (2001) by Noël Coward — Elyot
The Seagull (2001) by Anton Chekhov — Sorin
The Lunatic, the Lover & the Poet (2002) by Brian Bedford — adapted Shakespeare texts
Present Laughter (2003) by Noël Coward — Garry Essendine
Love's Labour's Lost (2003) by William Shakespeare — Don Armado
London Assurance (2006) by Dion Boucicault — Sir Harcourt Courtly
Twelfth Night (2006) by William Shakespeare — Malvolio
King Lear (2007) by William Shakespeare — King Lear
The Importance of Being Earnest (2009) by Oscar Wilde — Lady Bracknell
Director
Titus Andronicus (1978, 1980) by William Shakespeare
Coriolanus (1981) by William Shakespeare
The Rivals (1981) by Richard Brinsley Sheridan
Blithe Spirit (1982) by Noël Coward
The Lunatic, the Lover & the Poet (1989, 1990, 2002) by Brian Bedford
Phaedra (1990) by Racine
Othello (1994) by William Shakespeare
Waiting for Godot (1996, 1998) by Samuel Beckett
Equus (1997) by Peter Shaffer
The Winter's Tale (1998) by William Shakespeare
Private Lives (2001) by Noël Coward
Present Laughter (2003) by Noël Coward
Noises Off (2004) by Michael Frayn
Fallen Angels (2005) by Noël Coward
London Assurance (2006) by Dion Boucicault
King Lear (2007) by William Shakespeare
The Importance of Being Earnest (2009) by Oscar Wilde
Blithe Spirit (2013) by Noël Coward
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Tony Awards
1971 Best Leading Actor in Play – The School for Wives (winner)
1992 Best Leading Actor in Play – Two Shakespearean Actors (nominee)
1994 Best Leading Actor in Play – Timon of Athens (nominee)
1995 Best Leading Actor in Play – The Molière Comedies (nominee)
1997 Best Leading Actor in Play – London Assurance (nominee)
2003 Best Leading Actor in Play – Tartuffe (nominee)
2011 Best Leading Actor in Play – The Importance of Being Earnest (nominee)
Drama Desk Awards
1969 Outstanding Performance – The Misanthrope (winner)
1970 Outstanding Performance – Private Lives (winner)
1971 Outstanding Performance – The School for Wives (winner)
1974 Outstanding Performance – Jumpers (winner)
1992 Outstanding Actor in a Play – Two Shakespearean Actors (winner)
1994 Outstanding Actor in a Play – Timon of Athens (nominee)
2011 Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play – The Importance of Being Earnest (winner)
Obie Awards
1965 Outstanding Performance – The Knack (winner)
References
External links
Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia entry
1935 births
2016 deaths
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
20th-century English LGBT people
21st-century English LGBT people
Alumni of RADA
British expatriate male actors in the United States
Deaths from cancer in California
Drama Desk Award winners
English expatriates in Canada
English expatriates in the United States
English male film actors
English male Shakespearean actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
English people of Irish descent
English gay actors
English LGBT actors
LGBT theatre directors
Male actors from Yorkshire
People from Morley, West Yorkshire
Tony Award winners
People educated at St. Bede's Grammar School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Bedford |
Raggejavreraige or Råggejávrrerájgge is a cave located in a mountain above the Hellemofjorden in the municipality of Hamarøy in Nordland county, Norway. The cave is located near the lake Råggejávrre, about south of the village of Musken. Råggejávrrerájgge is a limestone cave that has been eroded by this underground river. At deep, it is the deepest cave in Scandinavia and the only known deep cave north of the Arctic Circle.
Regional Setting
Generally, the area is a vast plateau (exceeding an elevation of above sea level) that is incised by the steep-walled Tysfjorden. Within the impermeable rock, there are three two-dimensional stripes of marble that run from the top of the plateau to below sea level (the fjord is deep), and continue on the other side. Raggejavreraige is located on the south side of the fjord within the westernmost stripe. In places, the cave occupies the entire width of the marble, which does not exceed .
Road access to the cave is limited. The nearest road ends at the village of Drag (via Bodø), about to the north. From Drag, there is scheduled boat service that can be taken to the small village of Musken. Accommodations at the local school and arrangements for trailhead drop-off and pickup by motor-boat can be arranged from Musken. After a stiff hike on a good trail up to an elevation of the upper entrance area is reached.
Cave Description
Surface water atop the plateau sinks where it encounters the marble, but the accessible entrance to Raggejavreraige ("RJR") is some away, a short distance above the shallow valley floor. This entrance is not particularly distinctive, but its strong, inward gust of wind erases any doubt that it is a large cave. The cave consists of about of passages that alternate between steep rifts or shafts and horizontal or low-slope passages.
RJR's dominant feature is the Storstupet ("Big Shaft"). All of the water falls down a parallel shaft only a few metres away. The Ulvgangen ("Wolf Walk") traverses across the cascades at the mouth of this wet shaft to the dry Storstupet. A pulldown descent of Storstupet is complicated by its low angle (about 80 degrees), and many teams prefer to detackle this pitch from above. Halfway down Storstupet is a window connecting back with the wet shaft, so descending cavers can enjoy all of the sound and fury of the wet shaft in relative comfort. All of the water from the parallel shaft sinks into the floor at its bottom, and is not seen again in the cave.
RJR's other major shaft is the impressive Litlestupet (Little Shaft), reduced to by a partial bypass known as Knivgangen ("Razor Passage"). Unlike Storstupet, Litlestupet is dry, quiet, and free-hanging.
As there are three entrances, cavers conducting a through-trip from the upper entrance at above sea level can exit at the Mistral exit at above sea level or at the lowest exit which is in a cliff a mere above the fjord.
Exploration
Norwegian geologist Steinar Foslie visited the RJR area in the late 1930s, and noted the presence of sinking streams resurging at sea level. In 1968, British caver David Heap of the Kendal Cave Club and Ulv Holbye (after whom Ulvgangen is named) led a school party to about partway down Storstupet, which was descended the next year by a KCC party using a winch, completing exploration of most of the cave and exiting via the middle entrance. The connection between the two lower entrances was made by a British team in 1979.
Doubts about the accuracy of the cave survey (stated depth was anywhere between ) led to a resurvey of most of the cave by Stein-Erik Lauritzen and others in 1991, which corrected the depth of the cave to . The entrances to the cave are located at elevations of , , and above sea level, with the low point of the cave at above sea level. The cave is known to resurge below sea level.
References
External links
Caving at Råggejávrrerájgge
Hamarøy
Caves of Norway
Wild caves
Landforms of Nordland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggejavreraige |
In chess, opposition (or direct opposition) is a situation in which two kings are two squares apart on the same or . Since kings cannot move adjacent to each other, each king prevents the other's advance, creating a mutual blockade. In this situation, the player not having to move is said to have the opposition. It is a special type of zugzwang and most often occurs in endgames with only kings and pawns. The side with the move may have to move their king away, potentially allowing the opposing king access to important squares. Taking the opposition is a means to an end, normally to force the opponent's king to move to a weaker position, and is not always the best thing to do.
There are extensions of direct opposition, such as diagonal opposition and distant opposition, which can be conducive to reaching direct opposition. All three types may be referred to simply as opposition if the type is unambiguous in context.
Direct opposition
Direct opposition is a position in which the kings are on the same rank or file and are separated by one square. When the term opposition is used, it normally refers to direct opposition.
In this diagram, the player whose turn it is not to move has the opposition. If it is Black's turn to move, White has the opposition and wins. (See King and pawn versus king endgame.) If it were White's turn to move, Black would have the opposition and the position would be a draw.
In order to ensure correct play in situations like in the diagram, it may be helpful to remember that each time the pawn steps forward, it must be without giving check. If the pawn checks the opponent's king, the opposition will be lost and the game drawn.
Example
In the game Svetozar Gligorić–Bobby Fischer, 1959, Black can draw by keeping the white king from getting to any of the key squares (marked by dots). This is accomplished by not allowing White to get the opposition, and seizing the opposition if the white king advances.
57... Kb8!
This is the only move to draw. (In the actual game the players agreed to a draw at this point.) Other moves allow White to get the opposition and then get to a key square. If the white king gets to a key square, White wins. For example 57...Kb7? 58.Kb5, then the black king moves and the white king gets to a key square and then wins by forcing promotion of the pawn.
58. Kc5 Kc7
59. Kb5 Kb7
60. Ka5 Ka7
and Black draws. In this sequence, any other moves by Black lose.
Diagonal opposition
Opposition along a is called diagonal opposition. Sometimes diagonal opposition is used to achieve direct opposition. An example is the position in the first diagram, with Black to move. White has the direct opposition in this position, but it does him no good because his king cannot attack the black pawn after the black king moves away. White needs to achieve direct opposition closer to the pawn.
1... Kf8 2. Kd6
and White has the diagonal opposition (second diagram).
2... Ke8 3. Ke6
White now has direct opposition on a useful square, and White wins:
3... Kf8 4. Kd7 Kg8 5. Ke7 Kh8 6. f6 gxf6 7. Kf7
7.Kxf6 also wins for White.
Distant opposition
Distant opposition is a position in which the kings are on the same rank or file but are separated by more than one square. If there are an odd number of squares between the kings, the player not having the move has the (distant) opposition. As with diagonal opposition, it is often converted to direct opposition, as in the diagram:
1. Ke2
White takes the distant opposition.
1... Ke7 2. Ke3 Ke6 3. Ke4
Taking the direct opposition; and now Black must step aside.
3... Kd6
If 3...Kf6 then White plays the corresponding 4.Kf4!
4. Kd4
4.Kf5 would lead to both pawns queening.
4... Kc6
4...Ke6 5.Kc5 and White is way ahead in the queening race.
5. Ke5
and White has a choice of which pawn he wins, using the created passed pawn as an outside passed pawn unless he can promote it directly.
Black can be tricky and try:
1... Kf8
The point is if 2.Ke3 then 2...Ke7 and now Black has the distant opposition and draws. Similarly, if 2.Kf3 then 2...Kf7. White must remember that the aim of the opposition is to penetrate, so to step sideways and forward with ...
2. Kd3 Ke7
Otherwise White will be able to penetrate with Kc5, and will win the race to queen.
3. Ke3!
White again has the distant opposition, transposing into the main line.
Teaching tool
This position is very similar to the previous position. White is to checkmate, moving the rook only once in the process. The main line is:
1. Kg2
Taking the distant opposition.
1... Kg7 2. Kg3 Kg6 3. Kg4 Kh6
Since the black king has been forced to step aside to the h-file, White can now penetrate on the f-file.
4. Kf5 Kg7
If 4...Kh5 then 5.Rh1.
5. Kg5 Kh7 6. Kf6 Kg8
If 6...Kh8 then 7.Kf7 Kh7 8.Rh1#.
7. Kg6 Kh8 8. Rf8#
Again, Black can be tricky and try:
1... Kh8 2. Kf3!
Again, White penetrates. If 2.Kg3 then 2...Kg7 3.Kh3 Kh7 gives Black the distant opposition.
2... Kg7
If 2...Kh7 then 3.Kf4!
3. Kg3 etc.
Purpose
Yuri Averbakh pointed out that the opposition is a means to an end; the end is penetration to a . This can be a square in front of a pawn, so the king can lead it to the queening square, or into a critical zone to win an enemy blocked pawn.
In the diagram, White should play
1. Kc5
Taking the opposition by 1.Ke4 merely draws.
This second position shows a simpler example. If White takes the opposition with 1.Ke6 he makes no progress. The winning move is
1. Kc7
(See King and pawn versus king endgame.)
See also
Corresponding squares
Triangulation (chess)
Zugzwang
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Chess terminology
Chess tactics
Chess theory
Chess endgames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition%20%28chess%29 |
Julius Erasmus Hilgard (January 7, 1825 – May 8, 1891) was a Kingdom of Bavaria-born American engineer.
Biography
Julius Erasmus Hilgard was born at Zweibrücken, Kingdom of Bavaria on January 7, 1825. His father, Theodore Erasmus Hilgard, was for many years Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals, but on account of his liberal opinions was so dissatisfied with conditions in his native country that in 1835 he emigrated to America. The journey from his native place to Havre was made in wagons. After a voyage of 62 days, the family landed at New Orleans at Christmas, and journeyed up the Mississippi to St. Louis, and thence to a farm at Belleville, Illinois. As the oldest son, Julius gave valuable help by his practical talents. His education was carried on at home. Music, chemistry, ancient and modern languages and mathematics (the higher branches of the latter being studied without outside help), occupied his attention until 1843, when he went to Philadelphia to study engineering and to obtain employment. In that city he made the acquaintance of Professor Bache, and commenced a lifelong friendship with Elisha Kent Kane, the arctic explorer.
The first work obtained was in the preliminary surveys of the Bear Mountain Railroad. Soon, however, Professor Bache, recognizing his abilities, procured young Hilgard a position in the United States Coast Survey, in which service he continued, with short interruptions, until his death. In the field work, in computations and investigations in the office, in the publication of the records and results of the Survey, in his influence on political leaders, Mr. Hilgard rendered highly intelligent and valuable aid to the service. Throughout the American Civil War he served the Union Army and United States Navy by the construction of maps and charts and by surveys as well as by tidal and other information. During the failing health of Professor Bache, Hilgard, who was at that time the in charge of the U.S. Coast Survey office, was obliged to perform the duties of superintendent, which he did without extra compensation until the appointment of Benjamin Peirce to the position. Though it seems fitting that Hilgard should have become superintendent upon the death of Bache, he did not receive the appointment until 1881, by which time the agency had been renamed the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. At that time his health was so impaired that, as he said, "it came too late." He was soon forced to resign. While assistant superintendent, his work in the Office of Weights and Measures gained him most favorable notice in Europe and he was invited to the directorship of an International Bureau of Weights and Measures about to be established in Paris. Declining this, but continuing his connection with the International Committee, a beautiful Sèvres vase was presented to him by President Theirs on behalf of the French Government in recognition of his services. He also had great satisfaction in being instrumental in bringing to a successful ending the operations for the telegraphic determination of transatlantic longitudes.
In 1863, Hilgard was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.
In 1872 he was one of the members of the International Metric Commission at Paris and was made a member of the permanent committee. In 1875, he was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Among his other valuable services, Hilgard delivered in 1876 a course of twenty lectures at Johns Hopkins University on the subject of "Extended Territorial Surveying."
Resigning his position as superintendent of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in July 1885, he lived in retirement, and died at Washington, D.C., on May 8, 1891.
Projects
One of the projects on which J.E. Hilgard worked, on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution and the U.S. Coast Survey, was the construction of a self-recording magnetometer of United States manufacture based on the design of Charles Brooke, and described in an 1860 report to the Smithsonian Institution. The significance of self-recording magnetometers, as they relate to geomagnetic storms was not fully understood until the late twentieth century and is not referenced in any of the nineteenth-century biographies of Hilgard. In 1859, the self-recording magnetometer at the Smithsonian Institution may have been only the second such device in operation, the original one being under the management of Balfour Stewart at the Kew Observatory in London. Unlike the instruments at the Kew Observatory, it is unlikely that the instruments at the Smithsonian were in continuous operation during any part of 1859. Alexander Dallas Bache was the superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey at the time and sponsored many studies pertaining to terrestrial magnetism. Records show that Bache was in regular correspondence with the Royal Society and even coordinated magnetic surveys of North America with them.
References
External links
"Sketch of Professor Hilgard," Popular Science Monthly, Volume 7, September 1875
People of the American Civil War
1825 births
1891 deaths
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Bavarian emigrants to the United States
American engineers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Erasmus%20Hilgard |
An hourglass (or sandglass, sand timer, or sand clock) is a device used to measure the passage of time. It comprises two glass bulbs connected vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated flow of a substance (historically sand) from the upper bulb to the lower one by gravity. Typically, the upper and lower bulbs are symmetric so that the hourglass will measure the same duration regardless of orientation. The specific duration of time a given hourglass measures is determined by factors including the quantity and coarseness of the particulate matter, the bulb size, and the neck width.
Depictions of an hourglass as a symbol of the passage of time are found in art, especially on tombstones or other monuments, from antiquity to the present day. The form of a winged hourglass has been used as a literal depiction of the Latin phrase ("time flies").
History
Antiquity
The origin of the hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the clepsydra, or water clock, is known to have existed in Babylon and Egypt as early as the 16th century BCE.
Middle Ages
There are no records of the hourglass existing in Europe prior to the Late Middle Ages; the first documented example dates from the 14th century, a depiction in the 1338 fresco Allegory of Good Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.
Use of the marine sandglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The written records about it were mostly from logbooks of European ships. In the same period it appears in other records and lists of ships stores. The earliest recorded reference that can be said with certainty to refer to a marine sandglass dates from , in a receipt of Thomas de Stetesham, clerk of the King's ship La George, in the reign of Edward III of England; translated from the Latin, the receipt says: in 1345:
Marine sandglasses were popular aboard ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, hourglasses using granular materials were not affected by the motion of a ship and less affected by temperature changes (which could cause condensation inside a clepsydra). While hourglasses were insufficiently accurate to be compared against solar noon for the determination of a ship's longitude (as an error of just four minutes would correspond to one degree of longitude), they were sufficiently accurate to be used in conjunction with a chip log to enable the measurement of a ship's speed in knots.
The hourglass also found popularity on land as an inexpensive alternative to mechanical clocks. Hourglasses were commonly seen in use in churches, homes, and work places to measure sermons, cooking time, and time spent on breaks from labor. Because they were being used for more everyday tasks, the model of the hourglass began to shrink. The smaller models were more practical and very popular as they made timing more discreet.
After 1500, the hourglass was not as widespread as it had been. This was due to the development of the mechanical clock, which became more accurate, smaller and cheaper, and made keeping time easier. The hourglass, however, did not disappear entirely. Although they became relatively less useful as clock technology advanced, hourglasses remained desirable in their design. The oldest known surviving hourglass resides in the British Museum in London.
Not until the 18th century did John Harrison come up with a marine chronometer that significantly improved on the stability of the hourglass at sea. Taking elements from the design logic behind the hourglass, he made a marine chronometer in 1761 that was able to accurately measure the journey from England to Jamaica accurate within five seconds.
Design
Little written evidence exists to explain why its external form is the shape that it is. The glass bulbs used, however, have changed in style and design over time. While the main designs have always been ampoule in shape, the bulbs were not always connected. The first hourglasses were two separate bulbs with a cord wrapped at their union that was then coated in wax to hold the piece together and let sand flow in between. It was not until 1760 that both bulbs were blown together to keep moisture out of the bulbs and regulate the pressure within the bulb that varied the flow.
Material
While some early hourglasses actually did use silica sand as the granular material to measure time, many did not use sand at all. The material used in most bulbs was "powdered marble, tin/lead oxides, [or] pulverized, burnt eggshell". Over time, different textures of granule matter were tested to see which gave the most constant flow within the bulbs. It was later discovered that for the perfect flow to be achieved the ratio of granule bead to the width of the bulb neck needed to be 1/12 or more but not greater than 1/2 the neck of the bulb.
Practical uses
Hourglasses were an early dependable and accurate measure of time. The rate of flow of the sand is independent of the depth in the upper reservoir, and the instrument will not freeze in cold weather. From the 15th century onwards, hourglasses were being used in a range of applications at sea, in the church, in industry, and in cookery.
During the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan around the globe, 18 hourglasses from Barcelona were in the ship's inventory, after the trip had been authorized by King Charles I of Spain. It was the job of a ship's page to turn the hourglasses and thus provide the times for the ship's log. Noon was the reference time for navigation, which did not depend on the glass, as the sun would be at its zenith. A number of sandglasses could be fixed in a common frame, each with a different operating time, e.g. as in a four-way Italian sandglass likely from the 17th century, in the collections of the Science Museum, in South Kensington, London, which could measure intervals of quarter, half, three-quarters, and one hour (and which were used in churches, for priests and ministers to measure lengths of sermons).
Modern practical uses
While hourglasses are no longer widely used for keeping time, some institutions do maintain them. Both houses of the Australian Parliament use three hourglasses to time certain procedures, such as divisions.
Sand timers are sometimes included with boardgames such as Pictionary and Boggle that place time constraints on rounds of play.
Symbolic uses
Unlike most other methods of measuring time, the hourglass concretely represents the present as being between the past and the future, and this has made it an enduring symbol of time itself.
The hourglass, sometimes with the addition of metaphorical wings, is often depicted as a symbol that human existence is fleeting, and that the "sands of time" will run out for every human life. It was used thus on pirate flags, to strike fear into the hearts of the pirates' victims. In England, hourglasses were sometimes placed in coffins, and they have graced gravestones for centuries. The hourglass was used in alchemy as a symbol for hour.
The former Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich in London used an hourglass on its coat of arms, symbolising Greenwich's role as the origin of GMT. The district's successor, the Royal Borough of Greenwich, uses two hourglasses on its coat of arms.
Modern symbolic uses
Recognition of the hourglass as a symbol of time has survived its obsolescence as a timekeeper. For example, the American television soap opera Days of Our Lives, since its first broadcast in 1965, has displayed an hourglass in its opening credits, with the narration, "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives," spoken by Macdonald Carey.
Various computer graphical user interfaces may change the pointer to an hourglass during a period when the program is in the middle of a task, and may not accept user input. During that period other programs, for example in different windows, may work normally. When such an hourglass does not disappear, it suggests a program is in an infinite loop and needs to be terminated, or is waiting for some external event (such as the user inserting a CD). Unicode has an HOURGLASS symbol at U+231B (⌛).
Hourglass motif
Because of its symmetry, graphic signs resembling an hourglass are seen in the art of cultures which never encountered such objects. Vertical pairs of triangles joined at the apex are common in Native American art; both in North America, where it can represent, for example, the body of the Thunderbird or (in more elongated form) an enemy scalp, and in South America, where it is believed to represent a Chuncho jungle dweller. In Zulu textiles they symbolise a married man, as opposed to a pair of triangles joined at the base, which symbolise a married woman. Neolithic examples can be seen among Spanish cave paintings. Observers have even given the name "hourglass motif" to shapes which have more complex symmetry, such as a repeating circle and cross pattern from the Solomon Islands. Both the members of Project Tic Toc, from television series the Time Tunnel and the Challengers of the Unknown use symbols of the hourglass representing either time travel or time running out.
See also
List of largest hourglasses
Marine sandglass
Water clock
Hourglass figure
Chemex
References
Further reading
Books
Periodicals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass |
Brandon Hugh "Babe" Laufenberg (born December 5, 1959) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the New Orleans Saints, San Diego Chargers, Dallas Cowboys, Washington Redskins, and Kansas City Chiefs. He also was a member of the Ohio Glory in the World League of American Football (WLAF). He played college football at Indiana University.
Early years
Laufenberg grew up in Encino, California and was dubbed Babe by his brother Jeff because he was the youngest in the family. He attended Crespi Carmelite High School, where he was a two-year starter at quarterback and left as the school's all-time leading passer with 2,678 yards on 184 completions.
As a senior, he received Parade All-American and All-Southern Section honors, after leading his team to the playoffs. He also played baseball and was drafted by the San Francisco Giants.
College career
Laufenberg accepted a football scholarship from Stanford University, where Bill Walsh was the head coach at the time. He was redshirted as a freshman behind Steve Dils. The next year John Elway enrolled at the school, so Laufenberg decided to transfer to the University of Missouri after being listed third-string on the depth chart. At the time, Missouri had just implemented the veer offense and Phil Bradley was the starting quarterback, so he opted to transfer at the end of his first semester to Los Angeles Pierce College near his home.
In 1980, Laufenberg passed for 1,590 yards and received offers from Big Ten Conference schools. He accepted a scholarship from head coach Lee Corso at Indiana University, where he became a two-year starter at quarterback.
As a junior, Laufenberg had a 3–8 record, registering 1,788 passing yards, 8 touchdowns and 11 interceptions. In his final year, he posted a 5–6 record, 2,468 passing yards, 11 touchdowns and 14 interceptions, receiving honorable-mention All-Big Ten honors.
Laufenberg finished his college career with school records for single-season passing yards (2,468), single-game passing yards (390), career pass completions (361), single-season pass completions (217), single-game pass completions (34), single-season attempts (364), career completion percentage (.586), single-season completion percentage (.596). He also was 2–0 against Purdue University.
Professional career
Washington Redskins (first stint)
Laufenberg was selected by the Washington Redskins in the sixth round (168th overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft. He was also selected by the Chicago Blitz in the 20th round (235th overall) of the 1983 USFL Draft. As a rookie, he was declared inactive for every game as the third-string quarterback, on a team that reached Super Bowl XVIII. The next year, he was placed on the injured reserve list with a strained shoulder.
In 1985, he competed with Jay Schroeder for the backup position behind Joe Theismann. He was waived on September 2, after the team decided to keep only two quarterbacks on the roster.
San Diego Chargers (first stint)
On October 1, 1985, Laufenberg was signed by the San Diego Chargers to backup Mark Herrmann after starter Dan Fouts suffered a knee injury, but was cut on October 15, to make room for quarterback Joe Dufek.
Washington Redskins (second stint)
On November 21, 1985, Laufenberg was signed to back up Jay Schroeder for the final five games of the season, after linebacker Lawrence Taylor broke Theismann's right leg on Monday Night Football.
In 1986, he competed for a backup position in preseason against the recently signed Doug Williams and rookie Mark Rypien. He was released on August 26.
Though he never appeared in a regular season or playoff game during his time with the Redskins, Laufenberg was a very popular player with the fans and the media. He was called "Mr. August" for his come-from-behind wins in preseason.
New Orleans Saints
On August 28, 1986, Laufenberg was claimed off waivers by the New Orleans Saints, but was released four days later, when the team decided to keep only two quarterbacks. On September 22, he was brought back after Bobby Hebert suffered a broken foot and got a chance to play in his first regular-season game, coming in to run out the clock in a 38–7 win against Tampa Bay.
Kansas City Chiefs
On May 28, 1987, Laufenberg was signed as a free agent by the Kansas City Chiefs and was released on September 1.
Washington Redskins (third stint)
On September 14, 1987, he was signed to serve as Williams' backup after Schroeder sprained his right shoulder in the season opener. The players would go on a strike on the third week of the season, those games were canceled (reducing the 16 game season to 15) and the NFL decided that the next games would be played with replacement players.
Although he didn't cross the picket line, he was released when Schroeder returned to the lineup on October 27. Because he only was on the roster for two games, he missed out on getting a Super Bowl share by one game.
San Diego Chargers (second stint)
On April 21, 1988, he was signed as a free agent by the San Diego Chargers, reuniting with new offensive coordinator Jerry Rhome who was his quarterback coach with the Redskins. Presented with an opportunity to compete for the starter job that was left open with Fouts retirement, he beat out Mark Malone and got a chance to record his first start and thrown pass in the NFL.
Laufenberg started the first 6 games of season, before suffering 3 broken ribs against the New Orleans Saints. He appeared in 8 games, registered 2 wins, while completing 69 of 144 passes for 778 yards with 4 touchdowns and 5 interceptions. He was cut on April 17, 1989.
Dallas Cowboys
In 1989, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys, reuniting with Rhome who was the team's quarterback coach. He would also make the roster by beating Scott Secules for the third-string quarterback job.
In 1990, he was moved to the backup quarterback position after Steve Walsh was traded to the New Orleans Saints, 3 games into the season. The Cowboys had a 7–8 record and needed one win to secure a playoff berth, when Laufenberg was forced into action after quarterback Troy Aikman injured his right shoulder against the Philadelphia Eagles, resulting in a 17–3 loss. Facing the Atlanta Falcons (4-11) in the last game of the year as the starter, he completed 10 passes in 24 attempts for 129 yards and one touchdown, in a 26–7 loss that positioned the Saints for the final playoff wild card spot.
The next season, the team went into training camp with Aikman, Laufenberg, Cliff Stoudt and fourth-round draft choice Bill Musgrave at quarterback. He was cut on July 30, 1991. On August 25, the Cowboys traded for Steve Beuerlein to improve the backup position and released Stoudt and Musgrave, opting to keep just 2 quarterbacks.
Laufenberg is also credited with giving Daryl Johnston the nickname "Moose". In the offensive meetings, Johnston towered over the other fullbacks and Laufenberg said that he looked like, "A moose in a herd of deer".
Ohio Glory (WLAF)
In 1992, he was working as a sportscaster for the Cowboys' flagship radio station KVIL, when he was drafted number 2 overall by the Ohio Glory of the World League of American Football. He started the first 2 games before being passed on the depth chart by Pat O'Hara. He later got a chance to start in one additional game for an injured O'Hara. He posted 622 passing yards, 2 touchdowns, 6 interceptions and was sacked 14 times.
Personal life
Laufenberg was the lead sports anchor and Sports Director for KTVT television in Dallas, Texas, from 1997 to January 14, 2015, but continues to serve as a color analyst on the Dallas Cowboys Radio Network. His co-host, Brad Sham, has called him the best color analyst in the business. The National Sports Media Association has named him 'Texas Sportscaster of the Year' three times.
In 2019, Laufenberg's son, Luke, died at age 21 of lymphoma.
References
External links
Laufenberg Showed Long Ago He's No Babe in the Woods
1959 births
Living people
Players of American football from Burbank, California
American football quarterbacks
Pierce Brahmas football players
Indiana Hoosiers football players
Dallas Cowboys players
San Diego Chargers players
Washington Redskins players
Kansas City Chiefs players
New Orleans Saints players
Ohio Glory players
Dallas Cowboys announcers
National Football League announcers
American television sports anchors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe%20Laufenberg |
Duham Hall may refer to:
Durham Hall, Surry Hills, an historic house in Sydney, New South Wales
Durham Hall, an academic building on the Campus of Virginia Tech
Durham Hall, a home built by Moses Austin in Potosi, Missouri
Architectural disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham%20Hall |
KSNF (channel 16) is a television station licensed to Joplin, Missouri, United States, serving the Joplin, Missouri–Pittsburg, Kansas television market as an affiliate of NBC. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group, which provides certain services to ABC affiliate KODE-TV (channel 12, also licensed to Joplin) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with owner Mission Broadcasting. The two stations share studios on South Cleveland Avenue in Joplin, where KSNF's transmitter is also located.
History
The station first signed on as KUHI-TV (for "Ultra High Frequency") on January 4, 1968, as a CBS affiliate. KUHI was the first station in the Joplin–Pittsburg market to broadcast on the UHF band.
It was originally owned by Marvin Caldwell & Associates. Mid-America Broadcasting sold the station to the owners of the Kansas State Network in 1975. The station changed its call letters to KTVJ ("Television for Joplin") in 1975. On August 23, 1982, the station changed its call letters to KSNF, and almost two weeks later on September 5, swapped affiliations with KOAM-TV (channel 7) to become an NBC affiliate. The station did limited simulcasting with Wichita NBC affiliate KSNW. KSN then sold KSNF to Price Communications in 1986, but the station continued the partial simulcast with KSNW. It stopped simulcasting KSNW completely after George Lilly (SJL Communications) acquired the KSN stations and, in a cost-cutting effort, cut the microwave links to KSNT and KSNF.
The "KSN" brand had become solidified in the market and continued to be used even though KSNF was no longer a part of the Kansas State Network nor made any references to it, although the KSN stations and KSNF were reunited under the same ownership in 2017 when Nexstar acquired the Kansas State Network stations.
On August 23, 1995, Price sold KSNF and fellow NBC affiliates KJAC-TV in Beaumont, Texas, and KFDX-TV in Wichita Falls, Texas, to Wakefield, Rhode Island-based upstart USA Broadcast Group for $42 million, retaining ABC affiliate WHTM-TV in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, as its sole television property (USA soon renamed itself to U.S. Broadcast Group after USA Network filed a trademark infringement complaint against the broadcasting company).
On January 12, 1998, Irving-based Nexstar Broadcasting Group acquired KSNF, KFDX-TV, and KBTV-TV from U.S. Broadcast Group for $64.3 million. Its digital signal on channel 46 signed on in 2003.
In 2002, it was announced KSNF and ABC affiliate KODE would merge, with building expansion planned at the KSN studios. Although some departments did in fact move to KSNF, by 2009 the process was not yet completed, leaving the Joplin market as the only one of the several Nexstar-owned duopolies to have failed to completely merge. In June 2008, KSNF began broadcasting NBC high definition programming to digital cable and satellite customers in the Joplin market. At the time, only NBC programming was provided in high definition, while local news and syndicated programs were still in standard definition, pending the upgrade of KSN's production systems and equipment to accommodate high definition content for non-network programming.
On May 8, 2009, severe thunderstorms affected the Joplin area. KSNF's tower was destroyed (falling on the studio and nearby homes) and the studio was heavily damaged. KSNF could not broadcast due to this tower collapse, so viewers could only receive NBC programming from stations airing on the fringes of the viewing area (KSNW, KJRH in Tulsa, and KYTV in Springfield, Missouri). However, several five- to ten-minute news updates were aired on fourstateshomepage.com each day until broadcasting resumed. The station returned to the air on June 17, 2009, as a subchannel of sister station KODE-TV on channel 43.2 (12.2 via PSIP). It constructed a news set inside of the KODE-TV studios where it was temporarily housed. It was made public in February 2010 that both KSNF and KODE would be moving to the remodeled KSNF studios at 1502 Cleveland, just down the road from the current KODE building.
On June 15, 2016, Nexstar announced that it has entered into an affiliation agreement with Katz Broadcasting for the Escape, Laff, Grit, and Bounce TV networks (the last one of which is owned by Bounce Media LLC, whose COO Jonathan Katz is president/CEO of Katz Broadcasting), bringing the four networks to 81 stations owned and/or operated by Nexstar, including KSNF and KODE-TV.
Programming
KSNF currently broadcasts the majority of the NBC schedule, although the station currently does not clear NBC's overnight rerun and lifestyle lineups, preferring to carry some syndicated programming in the designated time period. The station does not clear the Sunday edition of Today.
News operation
KSNF presently broadcasts hours of local newscasts each week (with hours each weekday and 30 minutes each on Saturdays and Sundays).
While in its role as airing partial simulcasts of KSNW programming, it used the "Hello News" music package until 1990. In November 2005, a graphics and music change took place. As part of the update (and with upcoming digital changes) the "16" was removed from KSN's logo, opens, and all other images, including station vehicles. In the fall of 2010, KSNF debuted the Four State area's first and only hour-long 6 p.m. newscast. In August 2011, KSNF dropped its 5 p.m. newscast in favor of a new, hour-long 4 p.m. lifestyle program called Living Well making that the area's first and only 4 p.m. newscast. (The channel chose to air new episodes of Jeopardy! in its 5 p.m. slot as a lead-in to NBC Nightly News.) On December 19, 2012, KSNF launched its local newscasts in 1080i high definition - and for the first time since the late 90s, re-branded itself as KSN Local News dropping Your Hometown News after 15 years.
On May 1, 2023, KSNF rebranded as KSN 16 with news programming being named KSN 16 Your Local News bringing back the channel number and adding the 16 to KSN's logo, opens, and all other images, including station vehicles. With the rebrand came a new state of the art set.
Notable former on-air staff
T. J. Holmes - anchor/reporter; later at CNN; and then with BET Networks and now with ABC's Good Morning America
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
On February 1, 2021, KSNF-DT4 brought Antenna TV back to the Joplin–Pittsburg market after it was dropped by KPJO-LD on June 3, 2019, in favor of Court TV.
References
External links
SNF
NBC network affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Missouri
Nexstar Media Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSNF |
The 4L30-E was an automatic transmission developed and produced by General Motors. It was developed for light-duty use in longitudinal engine rear-wheel drive vehicles, replacing the similar TH180/3L30. The 4L30-E was used in many European and Japanese vehicles, including the BMW 3- and 5 Series, Isuzu Rodeo and its derivatives, and Opel Omega/Cadillac Catera. It was replaced by the 5-speed 5L40-E/5L50. The 4L30-E was built at GM's transmission plant in Strasbourg, France.
Technical data
Gear ratios
Torque
The 4L30-E can handle up to 350 Nm of engine torque.
Applications
1996–2000 Acura SLX
1992–1998 BMW 318i
1997–1999 BMW 323i
1992–1995 BMW 325i
1996–1999 BMW 328i
1990–1996 BMW 518i: Type A
1990–1996 BMW 525i
1992–1996 BMW 525td: Type B
1996–1999 BMW 528i
1996–2000 BMW Z3
1997–2001 Cadillac Catera
1992-1998 Chevrolet Omega
1994–2001 Honda Passport
1998–2000 Isuzu Amigo
2002–2003 Isuzu Axiom
1999-2001 Isuzu VehiCROSS
1991–2003 Isuzu Rodeo
2001–2003 Isuzu Rodeo Sport
1990–2002 Isuzu Trooper
1996– Opel Frontera
1998- 1999 Opel Monterey
1995- 2001 Opel Omega B
References
Technical Data PDF
See also
List of GM transmissions
4L30-E | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM%204L30-E%20transmission |
A thin-film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR or TFBAR) is a device consisting of a piezoelectric material manufactured by thin film methods between two conductive – typically metallic – electrodes and acoustically isolated from the surrounding medium. The operation is based on the piezoelectricity of the piezolayer between the electrodes.
FBAR devices using piezoelectric films with thicknesses ranging from several micrometres down to tenths of micrometres resonate in the frequency range of 100 MHz to 20 GHz. FBAR or TFBAR resonators fall in the category of bulk acoustic resonators (BAW) and piezoelectric resonators and they are used in applications where high frequency, small size and weight is needed.
Piezoelectricity in thin films
The crystallographic orientation of a thin film depends on the piezomaterial selected and many other items like the surface on which the film is grown and various manufacturing - thin film growth - conditions (temperatures selected, pressure, gases used, vacuum conditions etc.).
Any material like lead zirconate titanate (PZT) or barium strontium titanate (BST) from the list of piezoelectric materials could act as an active material in an FBAR. However two compound materials aluminium nitride (AlN) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are the two most studied piezoelectric materials manufactured for high frequency FBAR realisations. This is due to the fact that the properties like stoichiometry of two compound materials can be easier to control compared to three compound materials manufactured by thin film methods. For example it is known that thin film ZnO with C axis of the crystal structure (crystalline Z axis) normal to the substrate surface excites longitudinal (L) waves. Shear (transverse) (S) waves are excited if C axis of the film crystal structure is 41º tilted. It is also possible – depending on the crystal structure of the film – that both waves (L & S) are excited. Therefore the understanding and control of the crystal structure of the manufactured piezoelectric film is crucial for the operation of the FBAR.
For high frequency purposes like filtering of signals the energy conversion efficiency is the most important item and therefore longitudinal (L) waves are favored and targeted to be used. For sensing and actuation purposes the structural deformation might be more important than energy conversion efficiency and shear-mode wave excitation will be the target of the manufacturing of the piezoelectric film.
Despite the lower electromechanical coupling coefficient compared to zinc oxide, aluminum nitride, with a wider band gap has become the most used material in industrial applications, which require a wide bandwidth in signal processing. Compatibility with the silicon integrated circuit technology has supported AlN in FBAR resonator based products like radio frequency filters, duplexers, RF power amplifier or RF receiver modules.
Thin film piezoelectric sensors may be based on various piezoelectric materials depending on the application, but two compound piezoelectric materials are favored due to simplicity of manufacturing.
Doping or adding new materials like scandium (Sc) are new directions to improve material properties of AlN for FBARs. Research of new electrode materials or alternative materials to aluminium like by replacing one of the metal electrodes with very light materials like graphene for minimising the loading of the resonator has been demonstrated to lead better control of the resonance frequency.
Substrates for FBAR resonators and their applications
FBAR resonators can be manufactured on ceramic (Al2O3 or alumina), sapphire, glass or silicon substrates. However silicon wafer is the most common substrate due to its scalability towards mass manufacturing and compatibility with various manufacturing steps needed.
During early studies and experimentation phase of thin film resonators in 1967 cadmium sulfide (CdS) was evaporated on a resonant piece of bulk quartz crystal which served as a transducer providing a Q factor (quality factor) of 5000 at the resonance frequency (279 MHz). This was an enabler for tighter frequency control, for needs to use higher frequencies and utilising FBAR resonators. With the development of thin film technologies it was possible to keep the Q factor high enough, leave out the crystal and increase resonance frequency.
Application areas
Most of smartphones in 2020 include at least one FBAR-based duplexer or filter and some 4/5G products may even include 20–30 functionalities based on FBAR technology mainly due to the increased complexity of radio frequency front end (RFFE, RF front end) electronics – both receiver and transmitter paths – and the antenna/antenna system. Trends to utilize RF spectrum more efficiently with higher frequencies than roughly 1.5–2.5 GHz and in some cases also simultaneously with increasing RF output power have supported FBAR technology to become one of the key enabling technologies in telecommunication realisations. FBAR technology complements and in some cases competes with surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology and FBAR resonators can replace crystals in crystal oscillators and crystal filters at frequencies more than 100 MHz.
Sensory is a developing area for FBAR resonators and structures based on them. Targets to measure and also possibly control small amount of materials/liquids/gas, and replacing as miniaturized in various sensing and actuation tasks like in micro mirror displays (DMD)s are under research and development as well as energy harvesting by utilizing nanogenerators.
Basic structures
As of 2022 there are two known structures for thin-film bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators: free-standing and solidly mounted (SMR) resonators. In a free-standing resonator structure air is used to separate the resonator from the substrate/surrounding. The structure of a free-standing resonator is based on some typical manufacturing steps used in micro-electromechanical systems MEMS. In an SMR structure acoustic mirror(s) providing an acoustic isolation is constructed between the resonator and the surrounding like the substrate. The acoustic mirror (such as a Bragg reflector) typically consists of an odd total number of materials with alternating layers of high and low acoustic impedance materials. The thickness of the mirror materials must also be optimized to be the quarter wavelength for maximum acoustic reflectivity. The basic principle of the SMR structure was introduced in 1965.
Schematic pictures of thin film resonators show only the basic principles of the potential structures. In reality some dielectric layers may be needed for other functions, such as for strengthening various parts of the structure. Additionally if needed – for simplifying the final filter layout in the application – resonator structures can be stacked e.g. built on top of each other, as in certain filter applications. However this approach increases the complexity of manufacturing.
Some performance requirements, such as tuning of the resonance frequency, may also require additional process steps, such as ion milling, which complicates the manufacturing process.
The newest approach for developing better performing FBARs is to utilize single crystal AlN instead of polycrystalline AlN, and to place electrodes on the same side of the piezolayer.
In order to realize FBAR structures, many precise simulation steps are required during the design phase in order to predict the purity of the resonance frequency and other performance characteristics. At an early phase of the development, basic finite element method (FEM) based modelling techniques that are used for crystals can also be applied and modified for FBARs. Several new methods, such as scanning laser interferometry, are needed to visualise the functionality of the resonators and for helping to improve the design (layout and cross-sectional structure of the resonator) so as to achieve purity of the resonance and the desired resonance modes.
Application drivers
In many applications temperature behavior, stability vs. time, strength and purity of the wanted resonance frequency are forming the base for the performance of the applications based on FBAR resonators. Material choices, layout and design of resonator structures are contributing to the resonator performance and the final performance of the application. Mechanical performance and reliability are determined by the packaging and structure of the resonators in the applications.
A common application of FBARs is radio frequency (RF) filters for use in cell phones and other wireless applications like positioning (GPS, Glonass, BeiDou, Galileo (satellite navigation) etc.), Wi-Fi systems, small telecommunication cells and modules for those. Such filters are made from a network of resonators (either in half-ladder, full-ladder, lattice, a combination of lattice and ladder or stacked topologies) and are designed to remove unwanted frequencies from being transmitted in such devices, while allowing other specific frequencies to be received and transmitted. FBAR filters can also be found in duplexers. FBAR filter technology is complementing surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter technology in areas where increased power handling capability, and electrostatic discharge (ESD) tolerance is needed. Frequencies more than 1.5–2.5 GHz are well-suited for FBAR devices. FBARs on a silicon substrate can be manufactured in high volumes and the manufacturing is supported by all development of semiconductor device fabrication methods. Future requirements of new applications like filtering bandwidth with steep stopband attenuation and lowest possible insertion loss have effects on resonator performance and show development steps needed.
FBARs can also be used in oscillators and synchronizers to replace a crystal/crystals in applications where frequencies more than 100 MHz and/or very low jitter is one of the performance targets.
FBARs can also be used as sensors. For instance, when a FBAR device is put under mechanical pressure its resonance frequency will shift. Sensing of humidity and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are demonstrated by using FBARs. A tactile sensor array may also consist of FBAR devices, and gravimetric or mass sensing can be based on FBAR resonators.
As discrete components FBAR technology based parts like basic resonators and filters are packaged in miniaturised/small form factor like wafer level packages. FBARs can also be integrated with power amplifiers (PA) or low noise amplifiers (LNA) to form a module solution with the related electronic circuitry. Although monolithic integrated of FBARs on the same substrate with the electronic circuitry like CMOS has been demonstrated it requires several additional process steps and mask layers on top of IC technology increasing the cost of the solution. Therefore monolithic solutions have not been progressed as much as module solutions in commercial applications. Typical module solutions are a power amplifier-duplexer module (PAD), or a low-noise amplifier (LNA)-filter module where and the related circuitry are packaged in the same package possibly on a separate module substrate.
FBARs can be integrated in complex communication like SimpleLink modules for avoiding area/space requirements of an external, packaged crystal. Therefore FBAR technology has a key role in electronics miniaturisation specifically in applications where oscillators and precise high performance filters are needed.
Historical and industrial landscape
Resonators and filters/duplexers
The use of piezoelectric materials in electronics began in the early 1960s at Bell Telephone Laboratories/Bell Labs, where piezoelectric crystals were developed and used as resonators in applications like oscillators with frequencies up to 100 MHz. Thinning was applied for increasing the resonance frequency of the crystals. However there were limitations of the thinning of crystals and new methods of thin film manufacturing were applied in the early 1970s for increasing accuracy of resonance frequency and targeting increasing manufacturing volumes.
TFR Technologies Inc., founded in 1989, was one of the pioneering companies in the field of FBAR resonators and filters mostly for space and military applications. The first products were delivered to customers in 1997. TFR Technologies Inc. was in 2005 acquired by TriQuint Semiconductor Inc. In early 2015, RF Micro Devices (RFMD), Inc. and TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc. announced a merger to form Qorvo active providing FBAR-based products.
HP Laboratories started a project on FBARs in 1993 concentrating in free-standing resonators and filters. In 1999 FBAR activity became part of Agilent Technologies Inc., which in 2001 delivered 25,000 FBAR duplexers for N-CDMA phones. Later in 2005, FBAR activity at Agilent was one of the technologies of Avago Technologies Ltd., which acquired Broadcom Corporation in 2015. In 2016 Avago Technologies Ltd. changed its name to Broadcom Inc., currently active in providing FBAR-based products.
Infineon Technologies AG started to work with SMR-FBARs in 1999, concentrating in telecommunication filters for mobile applications. The first product was delivered to Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd, which launched the first SMR-FBAR-based GSM three-band mobile phone product in 2001. Infineon's FBAR (BAW) filter group was acquired by Avago Technologies Ltd 2008 which later became part of Broadcom as described before.
After acquiring Panasonic's filtering business in 2016 Skyworks Solutions became one of the major players in BAW/FBAR devices additionally to Broadcom and Qorvo.
Additionally after acquiring rest of RF360 Holdings in 2019 Qualcomm and Kyocera are offering thin film resonator based products like RFFE modules and separate filters.
Still many companies like Akoustis Technologies, Inc. (founded in 2014), Texas Instruments (TI), several universities and research institutes are offering and studying to improve FBAR technology, its performance, manufacturing, advancing design capabilities of FBARs and exploring new application areas jointly with system manufacturers and companies providing simulation tools (Ansys, Comsol Multiphysics, and Resonant Inc. etc.).
Thin film resonator based sensors
Because thin film resonators can replace crystals in sensoring, the most potential application area for FBAR resonators is similar to area for the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). One of the pioneering companies utilizing thin film resonators in sensoring is Sorex Sensors Ltd.
See also
Resonance
Acoustic resonance
Acoustic impedance
RF and microwave filter
RF front end
Duplexer
Piezoelectric sensor
References
External links
University of Southern California explanation on the operation of FBAR's
PhD thesis of J. V. Tirado, Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators and their Application to Microwave Devices, 2010, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Spain, 201 pages.
PhD thesis of J. Liu, Application of Bragg Reflection for Suppression of Spurious Transverse Mode Resonances in RF BAW Resonators, 2014, Chiba University, Japan, 151 pages.
Broadcom's products based on FBAR technology
FBAR technology opportunity in 5G telecommunication
Products of Qorvo based on BAW (FBAR)
Description of Texas Instrument's SimpleLink module
Akoustis Technologies Inc.
Example of Ansys acoustic tools
Example of FBAR/BAW related simulation tools with Comsol Multiphysics
Research on adding scandium in AlN for improved performance
IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) landscape of acoustic wave filters by KnowMade, 2019
Sound
Acoustics
Resonators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film%20bulk%20acoustic%20resonator |
WWCD (1580 AM) is a commercial alternative rock radio station licensed to serve Columbus, Ohio, servicing the Columbus metropolitan area. Owned by ICS Communications, Inc., and operated by WWCD Limited, the WWCD studios are located in the Brewery District, while the station transmitter resides in Columbus' Brandywine neighborhood. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WWCD is relayed over low-power analog Columbus translator W225CS (92.9 FM), as well as broadcast at WQCD (1550 AM), a commercial alternative rock radio station licensed to serve Delaware, Ohio, locally owned by Brent Casagrande through licensee Delmar Communications, Inc. and operated by WWCD, Ltd.
In addition to a standard analog transmission, WWCD is relayed over analog translator W225CS (92.9 FM), as well as WQCD's Delaware FM translator W225CM (92.9 FM). AS WWCD and WQCD's translators are both on the 92.9 frequency, the stations collectively brand as "CD 92.9 FM." The WQCD/WWCD studios are located in Columbus's Brewery District, while the WQCD transmitter is located in Delaware.
WWCD is also available online.
History
Originally WVKO, the station signed on on December 29, 1951, under the ownership of Skyway Broadcasting. Unlike most AM stations of the time, WVKO actually went on the air three years after its FM sister station, WVKO-FM at 94.7 MHz (unrelated to the current WVKO-FM (103.1 FM) licensed to Johnstown). Both stations lasted under common ownership for the next thirty years, as WVKO-FM primarily simulcast the programming of its AM sister station until the fall of 1982, where it went into separate programming as WSNY. Both stations were sold by Skyway Broadcasting to Franklin Communications—now a part of Saga Communications—in January 1982 for $3 million.
From 1963 until 1997, WVKO was an R&B/Soul music station, its tagline being "The Rhythm of The City." It was during this time that WVKO employed Ted Williams as an overnight disc jockey; Williams gained fame in 2011 when, while homeless, he was discovered by a videographer for the Columbus Dispatch and a video featuring his "golden radio voice" went viral on the Internet. Ted briefly returned to the station as the morning show host in January 2016.
In the mid-1980s, WVKO received Federal Communications Commission (FCC) permission to broadcast around the clock, using lower power after sunset.
WVKO dropped its soul/R&B format in early February 1997 and switched to an urban gospel music format, while also airing a variety of sermon-based shows featuring local and national religious leaders during the daytime and evening hours. In 2005, the gospel format was modified to airing only between the hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. on weekdays and Sundays, with R&B, soul, and southern blues airing during the evening and overnight hours and on Saturdays, interspersed with various local talk and information programs aimed at the African-American community. It was also the broadcast outlet for the Columbus Clippers minor league baseball team.
WVKO went off the air on May 5, 2006, due to the soon-to-expire transmitter land lease, and major financial issues incurred by both the station and its previous owner, Youngstown-based Stop 26 Riverbend; the license was transferred on January 22, 2007, to Bernard Ohio LLC, following a period under the supervision of a bankruptcy trustee, despite some formal objections filed with the FCC. The station moved to another transmitter site in March 2007, at which point it returned to the air with reduced power under a special temporary authority.
On December 6, 2007, WVKO debuted a progressive talk format, mostly carrying programming from the Air America radio network; local programming included Fight Back hosted by Dr. Robert Fitrakis; and Blue State Diner hosted by Michael Alwood. In late May 2008, WVKO openly began soliciting listeners for cash donations due to both a lack of advertiser support and increased rent for the studios.
St. Gabriel Radio entered into a local marketing agreement in December 2008 to program WVKO, with the progressive talk being dropped on December 23 in favor of Catholic radio programming in a simulcast with Marysville-licensed WUCO (1270 AM), which St. Gabriel had owned since 2005; WUCO would also be divested. This arrangement continued until September 9, 2011, when St. Gabriel purchased WOSU (820 AM) from the Ohio State University for $2 million; the sale was approved on November 7 by the FCC. St. Gabriel moved their programming to the renamed WVSG on December 17 and ended their lease of WVKO on December 20.
WVKO returned to progressive talk on January 2, 2012; again, due to a lack of advertiser support, the station's format changed again on December 17 to urban gospel branded as "The Praise". It and WVKO-FM were sold to TSJ Radio, LLC effective December 19, 2014, at a price of $743,750.
On March 4, 2018, under a local marketing agreement with Sandblast LP, the format was once again modified from all gospel music to the format it had from 2005 to 2006, with gospel music and Christian talk programming airing on Sundays and during the weekday daytime hours, plus R&B, soul, southern blues, and public affairs talk programming airing on Saturdays and during the evening and overnight hours on weeknights. In February 2019, Sandblast LP exercised its option to purchase WVKO from TSJ Radio for $250,000; the deal never closed, and TSJ retook control of both stations, in addition to purchasing translator W225CS (92.9 FM) from Sandblast LP for $30,000 excluding deducted unpaid obligations of $26,277.50.
On July 15, 2020, WVKO changed its format from urban adult contemporary to a simulcast of Delaware-based classic hits station WDLR (1550 AM) Delaware, Ohio. On July 28, 2020, the station changed its call sign to WMYC; that September, the two stations rebranded as "My 92.9". Effective October 28, 2020, TSJ Radio sold WMYC and translator W225CS to ICS Communications, Inc.
The simulcast with WDLR was temporarily broken on November 21, 2020, when WMYC flipped to alternative rock as "CD 92.9", under the operation of Randy Malloy's WWCD Limited. Concurrent with the change, it was announced that "CD 92.9" would begin airing on WDLR on January 1, 2021. The "CD" programming had previously aired on 101.1 FM (now WOSA) from 1990 to 2010, and then on 102.5 FM (now WWLG) until the lease of that frequency expired on November 1; it had continued as an Internet radio station until the agreement with WMYC. On December 8, 2020, the WWCD call sign, formerly used on 101.1 and 102.5, was assigned to the station.
FM translator
Since August 2017, WWCD has simulcast on low-power Columbus translator W225CS (92.9 FM), and re-branded itself "92.9 The Drum" in November 2019. As of November 21, 2020, the station has been branded as "CD 92.9 FM," the third incarnation of the station that began as "CD101" in 1990, and became "CD102.5" in 2010.
References
External links
WCD (AM)
Radio stations established in 1951
1951 establishments in Ohio
Alternative rock radio stations in the United States
Modern rock radio stations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWCD%20%28AM%29 |
"Wake Me Up" is a song recorded by British girl group Girls Aloud from their second studio album, What Will the Neighbours Say? (2004). It was released by Polydor Records on 21 February 2005, as the fourth and final single from the album. The song had been initially considered as the lead single, however, it was deemed to sound too harsh and the record company did not want to take the risk. The track was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, Tim Powell, Shawn Lee, Lisa Cowling, Paul Woods and Yusra Maru'e. "Wake Me Up" is a pop rock song composed of a "garage rock guitar riff". It received mixed reviews from music critics. While some described it as predictable, others wrote that it appeared to be an attempt to recapture the sound of some of their previous release. Alex Kapranos, the lead singer of indie rock band Franz Ferdinand, said "Wake Me Up" inspired the band to work with producer Brian Higgins.
"Wake Me Up" debuted and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart, and became the band's first single to miss the top three. The song also peaked inside the top ten in Ireland, but missed the top ten in Europe. The accompanying music video was directed by Harvey & Carolyn, and portrays the band as rocker chicks as they ride motorcycles along a desert road. "Wake Me Up" has been performed on all of the group's concert tours, and also in a few live television appearances, including twice at the Top of the Pops, where Harley Davidson lent motorbikes for the members to use for the first performance, and at Today with Des and Mel. In 2005, "Wake Me Up" won the award for the Popjustice £20 Music Prize, an annual prize awarded by a panel of judges organised by music website Popjustice to the singer(s) of the best British pop single of the past year.
Background and release
Following a brief hiatus, Polydor Records enlisted Brian Higgins and Xenomania to produce Girls Aloud's second album in its entirety, following the success of their debut album. Higgins explained that Polydor were not going to continue with the group's contract unless he produced songs for the album. He continued, saying that his initial reaction was that he thought he would only be required to produce a couple of songs, however Polydor insisted that he produce the album in its entirety and that they thought only he understood what they wanted. The album was recorded from April to September 2004, with the lead single being released in June 2004.
For the lead single from What Will the Neighbours Say?, Polydor presented the band four singles choices, including "The Show", "Wake Me Up", "Graffiti My Soul", and "Androgynous Girls". Although "Wake Me Up" was the preferred choice, and also Sarah Harding's favorite from the album, it was deemed to sound too harsh and the record company did not want to take the risk. They also added "Androgynous Girls" as a b-side to the album's second single three months later. "The pressure to come up with singles was, as always, immense. But [...] we were able to have a lot of fun working on ideas that were maybe a little too odd to be on the radio," Higgins said. They decided to release "The Show", which was debuted on 28 June 2004, less than six months after the release of "Jump".
"Wake Me Up" was eventually released as the fourth and final single from the album on 21 February 2005. The first verse was recorded on the last day of sessions for What Will the Neighbours Say?. Kimberley Walsh's "dressed up and put on my make up" line was considered a "pivotal" point in the recording process. "Wake Me Up" was released on two CD single formats, as well as an additional 7" picture disc. The first disc included a remix of Girls Aloud's previous single, a cover version of The Pretenders' "I'll Stand by You". The second CD format included the Tony Lamezma's Love Affair remix of "Wake Me Up", as well as an exclusive b-side: the previously unreleased ballad, entitled "History", which was co-written by the band. The 7" picture disc includes the Gravitas Club Mix of "Wake Me Up" and another new b-side: another ballad, "Loving Is Easy", which was also co-written by Girls Aloud. It only appeared on vinyl until its inclusion on the special edition rarities disc of Girls Aloud's first greatest hits album, The Sound of Girls Aloud, along with a demo version of "Wake Me Up", which features an alternate first verse.
Composition and critical reception
Described as having a garage rock inspired guitar riff, "Wake Me Up" is a fast-paced pop rock song that "marries a garage rock guitar sound to strange, almost Aphex Twin-like sound effects." It was reported that Girls Aloud were going to re-record the song because "ducers are wary of playing the song on children's TV in its unaltered form." Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said that the song sounds like what would happen if "you married an alarmingly fast techno thud to an implausibly dumb three-chord garage rock riff." A BBC Music critic, however, deemed the track, along with "Deadlines & Diets" and "I Say a Prayer for You", a "fairly predictable mix of well-produced tunes covering the various pop styles and themes." Reviewing Girls Aloud's first greatest hits album, Paul Scott of Stylus Magazine said that "Wake Me Up", "Long Hot Summer" (2005) and "Something Kinda Ooooh" (2006), "all feel, to varying degrees, like attempts to recapture [the] seductive bludgeoning" of "The Show". In 2005, "Wake Me Up" won the award for the Popjustice £20 Music Prize, an annual prize awarded by a panel of judges organised by music website Popjustice to the singer(s) of the best British pop single of the past year.
Music video
The music video for "Wake Me Up" was directed by Harvey & Carolyn. It opens with Harding pulling down her bike helmet, followed by the helmeted faces of all five band members being shown with a title screen. The girls' helmets fly off their heads as they get on their motorcycles. At the front, the girls' names are on them. In subsequent scenes, the band members are shown racing on motorcycles along a desert road. Following the topic of the song, the members are seen applying fake tattoos, painting their nails, and blow-drying their hair, all still while riding on their motorcycles. At one point, the girls dismount from their bikes to dance, but eventually they return to the motorcycles and ride off into the distance.
Live performances
Girls Aloud performed "Wake Me Up" on Top of the Pops on 28 January 2005. Harley Davidson lent motorbikes for the members to use for the performance. The band performed the track on the programme again on 4 March 2005. It was also performed on Today with Des and Mel, and at V Festival 2008. Girls Aloud have included "Wake Me Up" in all of their tours. For their debut tour, 2005's What Will the Neighbours Say...? Tour, the group performed the song in schoolgirl uniforms. For 2006's Chemistry Tour, it was performed as part of a medley alongside Chemistry album track "Wild Horses". It was also performed during 2007's The Greatest Hits Tour. On 2008's Tangled Up Tour, "Wake Me Up" was performed in a medley with "Walk This Way", and on 2009's Out of Control Tour, the song was included in a greatest hits medley which closed the concerts. In 2013, the song was performed during the Ten: The Hits Tour.
Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Wake Me Up".
CD single – CD 1
"Wake Me Up" – 3:27
"I'll Stand by You" (Gravitas Vocal Dub Mix Edit) – 6:26
CD single – CD 2
"Wake Me Up" – 3:27
"Wake Me Up" (Tony Lamezma's Love Affair) – 7:01
"History" (Girls Aloud, Cooper, Higgins, Cowling, Jon Shave, Tim "Rolf" Larcombe, Lee) – 4:37
"Wake Me Up" (video) – 3:27
"Wake Me Up" (karaoke video) – 3:27
"Wake Me Up" (game)
7" vinyl
"Wake Me Up" – 3:27
"Loving Is Easy" (Girls Aloud, Cooper, Higgins, Cowling, Lee) – 3:01
"Wake Me Up" (Gravitas Club Mix) – 5:29
The Singles Boxset
"Wake Me Up" – 3:27
"I'll Stand by You" (Gravitas Vocal Dub Mix Edit) – 6:26
"Wake Me Up" (Tony Lamezma's Love Affair) – 7:01
"History" – 4:37
"Loving Is Easy" – 3:01
"Wake Me Up" (Gravitas Club Mix) – 5:29
"Wake Me Up" (alternative version) – 3:27
"Wake Me Up" (video) – 3:27
"Wake Me Up" (karaoke video) – 3:27
"Wake Me Up" (game)
Personnel
Nadine Coyle – co-lead vocals
Cheryl Tweedy – co-lead vocals
Sarah Harding – co-lead vocals
Nicola Roberts – co-lead vocals
Kimberley Walsh – co-lead vocals
Chart performance
On the week ending on 27 February 2005, "Wake Me Up" debuted at number four on the UK Singles Chart with first-week sales of 16,351 copies, becoming Girls Aloud's eighth top five single but their first single to miss the top three. It fell to number ten the following week. "Wake Me Up" is Girls Aloud 18th best-selling single in the United Kingdom. In Ireland, the single debuted and peaked at number six, falling to number 11 the following week. "Wake Me Up" failed to debut at the top ten in Europe, peaking at number 13 on the European Hot 100 Singles.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2004 songs
2005 singles
Girls Aloud songs
Polydor Records singles
Song recordings produced by Xenomania
Songs written by Brian Higgins (producer)
Songs written by Miranda Cooper
Songs written by Tim Powell (producer)
Songs written by Lisa Cowling
Songs written by Shawn Lee (musician)
British pop rock songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake%20Me%20Up%20%28Girls%20Aloud%20song%29 |
Pilgrim (; c. 985 – 25 August 1036) was a statesman and prelate of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1016 he took charge of the chancery of the Kingdom of Italy, and became the first archchancellor in 1031. In 1021 he became Archbishop of Cologne. For his part in the imperial campaign against the South Italian principalities in 1022, the chronicler Amatus of Montecassino described him as "warlike".
Early life
Pilgrim belonged to a Bavarian family of the Aribonids. He was born around 985. His father was Chadalhoh IV (died 11 September 1030), count of Isengau. His older brother, Chadalhoh V (died 29 October 1050), inherited the Isengau, while Pilgrim entered the church. He had important relations in the church, since his uncle Aribo was the archbishop of Mainz and his great-uncle Hartwig was the archbishop of Salzburg. Pilgrim's primary education began at Salzburg Cathedral under the direction of Hartwig, and there he became a canon as a young man.
In 1015, through Hartwig's intervention, Pilgrim was appointed to the royal chapel. In 1016, when the Emperor Henry II founded Bamberg Cathedral he named Pilgrim its provost. After defeating his rival, Arduin, for the Kingdom of Italy, the emperor placed Pilgrim in charge of his separate Italian chancery. In 1016 Pilgrim undertook a journey to northern Italy to reconcile the emperor to those magnates who had supported Arduin. He was so successful that in January 1017 an Italian embassy travelled to the assembly then in session at Allstedt to greet the emperor. In the October or November 1017 Pilgrim returned to Germany, and in January 1018 the last hostage of the Otbertine family, which had supported Arduin, was released by Henry.
On 17 April 1020, when Pope Benedict VIII celebrated Easter at Bamber, Pilgrim was present. In 1021 Pilgrim was rewarded with the archbishopric of Cologne. His appointment was made while his predecessor, Heribert (died 16 March), was still on his deathbed. He received his episcopal ordination on 29 June in the emperor's presence.
Italian campaign of 1021–22
In December 1021, the Emperor Henry invaded Italy with a large army. He divided into three columns, the centre under himself and the wings under Pilgrim of Cologne and Poppo of Aquileia. Pilgrim's column marched down the Tyrrhenian coast towards the Principality of Capua, passing through Rome on its way. According to the Chronica monasterii Casinensis, this force numbered some 20,000 strong. Pilgrim was sent to arrest the abbot of Monte Cassino, Atenulf, and the prince of Capua, Pandulf IV. The former escaped and the latter, abandoned by his supporters and his Norman mercenaries, surrendered after the citizens opened the gates to the imperial army. Pilgrim then besieged the city of Salerno for forty days. When its prince, Guaimar III, offered to give hostages, Pilgrim accepted the prince's son and co-prince, Guaimar IV, and lifted the siege. Duke Sergius IV of Naples also offered hostages to Pilgrim to avoid a siege.
Pilgrim then led his army east to join the siege of Troia already in progress. At Troia the emperor condemned Pandulf to death, but the archbishop intervened to get the sentence commuted to one year's imprisonment north of the Alps. Pilgrim also intervened to have Count Pandulf of Teano appointed prince of Capua in Pandulf IV's place. This was confirmed by an imperial diploma that, at Pilgrim's request, specifically mentioned the good relations between the imperial court and the Capuan princely dynasty. The siege of Troia dragged on from 12 April until late June, when the emperor, in pain from a gall stone, lifted it in order to attend a church council.
Coronations of 1024 and 1028
After the campaigning in southern Italy was done (1022), Pilgrim went to Rome to receive his pallium from Pope Benedict VIII, who also bestowed on him the dignity of Apostolic Librarian (bibliothecarius). It is possible that the pope also bestowed on Pilgrim the right to crown the king of Germany on this occasion. He had returned to Germany by April 1024. On 4 September 1024, the princes of the Empire elected Conrad the Elder of the Salian dynasty as king and future emperor. At the meeting of the princes held at the field of Kamba on the Rhine, Pilgrim, as de facto leader of the Lotharingian contingent, supported Conrad's cousin, Conrad the Younger. He further offended the emperor elect by leaving the assembly early.
Conrad was crowned on 8 September by Aribo of Mainz, who refused to crown his wife, Gisela, on the grounds that their marriage was invalid and consanguineous. On 21 September Pilgrim crowned Gisela queen in Cologne Cathedral, which led to a rapid rapprochement between king and prelate. He tried to reconcile Duke Gothelo I of Lotharingia, but was unsuccessful.
Pilgrim continued to benefit from Aribo and Conrad's estrangement when, at Aachen on 14 April 1028 (Easter Sunday), he crowned Conrad and Gisela's son, Henry III, following his election as King of Germany to replace his father, who had been crowned emperor by the pope. A convention was established, and from this point on the archbishops of Cologne, not those of Mainz, crowned the kings of Germany. In June 1031, Conrad appointed Pilgrim archchancellor for Italy, an honour that remained with the archbishops of Cologne throughout the Middle Ages.
Diocesan projects
Pilgrim was a reformer and a builder, extending the western suburbs of his city by the foundation of the Romanesque basilica of the Holy Apostles (1022/4), a mint (c. 1027) and a new market. On 8 November 1029 he consecrated the abbey of Brauweiler. His extensive influence in the Rhineland involved him a dispute over the right to the tithes of the land between the Rhine and the Ruhr with Sophia, abbess of Gandersheim and Essen. His wealth and learning are evident in his rich donations to his own cathedral and to Monte Cassino. The musical theorist Berno of Reichenau dedicated his work on the tonarius to Pilgrim.
Pilgrim supported the Cluniac reforms, and took part in the negotiations between Henry II and King Robert II of France in August 1023. He attended the council of Frankfurt in September 1027. His last major action was to oppose the appointment of Conrad the Younger to the Duchy of Carinthia in 1035. Pilgrim died suddenly in Nijmegen while attending the wedding of Henry III and Gunhilda of Denmark. He was buried in the church he had founded dedicated to the Holy Apostles.
Notes
Sources
980s births
1036 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Aribonid dynasty
Archbishops of Cologne
11th-century archbishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim%20%28archbishop%20of%20Cologne%29 |
Arthur Foss, built in 1889 as Wallowa at Portland, Oregon, is likely the oldest wooden tugboat afloat in the world. Its 79-year commercial service life began with towing sailing ships over the Columbia River bar, and ended with hauling bundled log rafts on the Strait of Juan de Fuca in 1968. Northwest Seaport now preserves the tug as a museum ship in Seattle, Washington.
The tug's long service in the Pacific Northwest, including a role in the Klondike Gold Rush, was interrupted by preparations for war in early 1941. After delivering a drydock gate to Pearl Harbor the tug was chartered by Contractors Pacific Naval Air Bases, a consortium formed to build air fields on remote Pacific islands as the United States prepared for war. In June 1941 Arthur Foss was supporting construction on Wake Island and was there in November along with the smaller Justine Foss transporting construction materials from barges in the lagoon to the island. When the work was completed the tug was scheduled to return to Hawaii with two barges in tow.
The captain, concerned about the warnings of war, left the island without refueling. The smaller tug had to refuel and remained to do so. Arthur Foss was about twelve hours into the voyage to Honolulu when word of the attack on Pearl Harbor was received. The tug's crew repainted the tug with what paint was available and kept radio silence. The tug, overdue and thought lost, was spotted by Navy patrol planes and made Pearl Harbor on 28 December with fuel for less than a day's operation left. The crew of Justine Foss were captured when the island was taken by the Japanese with all but one eventually executed. The Navy put Arthur Foss in service as a yard tug under the name Dohasan from early 1942 until February 1945. The tug was laid up until 1947 when it was returned to Foss and transported to its home area where it was rehabilitated for company service in 1948. It served the company for 20 more years until retirement in July 1968.
Construction and early operations
Wallowa was built in 1889 in Portland, Oregon, for the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company (OR & N). The hull was designed by noted shipbuilder David Stephenson, and constructed by the shipyard/machinery firm of Willamette Iron and Steel Works. The twin inclined (or "bilge") steam engines for the new vessel came from an older tug, Donald, which was retired from service that year. As built, Wallowa was listed as long, with a beam of and a depth of hold of . According to another report, Wallowa was roughly long; this is in fact the overall length. The hull was launched in summer 1889, and fitting out was completed by September. On the 3rd, Captain George A. Pease, one of the most experienced pilots on the Columbia River, took Wallowa downriver from Portland to Astoria, Oregon. Although it is unknown if all were present for the maiden voyage, A.F. Goodrich and John S. Kidd served as engineers on the tug in its early years, as did John Melville.
The first master of Wallowa in service was Captain R.E. Howes. Howes was born in 1846 on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and had been captain of Wallowa predecessor Donald. Donald had been used to tow sailing vessels across the dangerous bar at the mouth of the Columbia River, and Wallowa was placed into the same service, operating out of Astoria. The new tug was taken on its first inspection trip across the bar on 23 September 1889, starting out from Astoria at 0300 hours. Present on board were a number of OR & N officials, including the chief of maritime and riverine operations, Captain James W. Troup. Wallowa returned to Astoria that afternoon, having been found to be fully satisfactory for bar service. The tug went on to successfully perform its intended duties in this dangerous service for the next nine years.
Klondike Gold Rush service
In 1898, caught up in the shipping boom caused by the Klondike Gold Rush, the OR & N leased Wallowa to the White Star Line to tow that company's large sidewheeler Yosemite north up the Inside Passage to St. Michael, Alaska. (That town was a major gateway to the gold fields via the Yukon River.) An early return voyage to Seattle from Skagway towing the bark Columbia nearly resulted in the loss of Wallowa on 1 November 1898. A strong gale drove the tug ashore near Mary Island, north of Portland Canal on the southeast Alaska coast. Wallowa was found to have suffered no damage and was successfully refloated on the next high tide, but three days later Columbia was stranded at the mouth of Portland Canal and became a total loss. Wallowa was able to safely endure the rest of the stormy voyage to Seattle.
Wallowa'''s strong construction continued to serve it in good stead. The tug made many subsequent voyages up the Inside Passage transporting supply barges and construction materials for the mining camps. By 1900, Wallowa was listed as working for the Pacific Clipper Line under Captain E. Caine, carrying mail and supplies between Juneau, Haines, Skagway, and Seattle. In 1903, the tug returned to Puget Sound and was sold into the timber industry a year later. There is only one other Alaskan gold rush vessel still in existence: the privately owned 1890 wooden tugboat Elmore.
Puget Sound Mill & Timber Company service
In 1904, Wallowa was purchased by lumber baron Mike Earles, owner of Puget Sound Mill & Timber Company (PSM & T Co.), based at Port Angeles. For the next 25 years, the tug towed log rafts from the Port Crescent "booming grounds" on the Olympic Peninsula to sawmills in Bellingham. At some point shortly after acquiring Wallowa, Earles had the tug refitted and re-powered with a new boiler and a new vertical double-expansion steam engine to replace the worn and obsolete inclined "bilge engines" originally fitted to the old Donald. Wallowa emerged from the refit with much more power and towing capability than before. It performed reliable work for the PSM & T Co. without any significant layups, except for a rebuild of the main deckhouse following a fire in 1927. During this period the vessel was mostly under the command of Captain Frank Harrington.
In early 1929, Earles sold Wallowa to a neighboring timber concern: Merrill & Ring Logging Company, formed in 1886 by two families established in the lumber business back in Michigan and Minnesota. T.D. Merrill and Clark Ring had formed their joint venture after arriving in the Pacific Northwest to scout timberlands, acquiring large tracts around the Pysht River. The company still owns these today. Wallowa undertook the same types of jobs for Merrill & Ring as it had for the PSM & T Co., but operating primarily between booming grounds at Pysht and Port Angeles. However, after less than a year, Merrill & Ring decided to sell the tug.
Foss Launch & Tug Company service (pre-war)
Foss Launch & Tug Company (Foss) purchased Wallowa in late 1929, and the vessel became among the first of that company's large, seagoing acquisitions. To help pay off the large purchase, Foss donated a previously agreed-upon amount of towing services to Merrill & Ring, then in 1931 leased Wallowa to MGM Studios for filming the 1933 blockbuster hit Tugboat Annie. That film, the first major motion picture filmed in Washington state, became a huge success and made Wallowa (unofficially renamed "Narcissus" during filming) a movie star.
Afterward, Wallowa was returned to Foss, which rebuilt and modernized the tug from its main deck up at company headquarters in Tacoma in 1934. The primary component of the rebuild was installation of a state-of-the-art, six cylinder, four-stroke, Washington Iron Works direct-drive diesel engine, which made the tug the most powerful on the West Coast. At re-launch, Foss renamed the tug Arthur Foss in honor of the company president and eldest son of company founder Thea Foss. Following successful trials, Arthur Foss went into commercial service as the Foss company flagship. However, steering troubles were presumably encountered, for a pneumatic power-steering assist system was installed in 1937. This was likely needed because increased right-hand torque from the propeller due to the more powerful engine made manual steering difficult for a single person.
For nearly three years following modernization, Arthur Foss was utilized primarily for coastal tows to California, Oregon, and Alaska, based mostly out of Tacoma. The tug set several speed and tonnage hauled records, most notably while towing large lumber schooners down the coast to California. The most famous of these voyages occurred in 1936 under the command of Captain W. B. Sporman when, battling bad weather the whole time, Arthur Foss towed the large four-masted schooner Commodore, loaded with of lumber, from Oregon to Los Angeles in a record seven days. During this period the tug also frequently towed log rafts, ships, and barges along the Inside Passage as it had during the gold rush. Disaster struck on 18 February 1937, when a severe fire broke out in the forward crew quarters. In order to save Arthur Foss, Captain J.M. Bowers deliberately steered the tug into shallow water near Discovery Bay and sank it, extinguishing the fire. Several other vessels came to assistance, and Arthur Foss was refloated and taken to Tacoma for repairs.
By late 1937, Arthur Foss was back in service with a new power steering system and a new, extremely skillful captain. In November both tug and captain, Martin Guchee, were commended for towing the disabled motorship Eastern Prince from Yakutat, Alaska, to Seattle in just six days. Captain Guchee was also at the helm when Arthur Foss became in involved in the construction of two of the Northwest's most famous landmarks. In 1938, the tug made a long tow from San Francisco with the giant barge Foss No. 64, which had been used in the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge. Foss No. 64 was needed up north for the construction of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge which began in September 1938. The bridge was completed in 1940 and, after just a few months in service, collapsed in high winds due to aeroelastic flutter. Students of physics and structural engineering have been studying the infamous event ever since. In January 1939, construction of another famous bridge began on Lake Washington, the Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge connecting Seattle to Mercer Island. Prior to construction, extensive testing of the pontoons' strength and stability occurred over a nine-month period in 1938. An experimental barge approximating the proposed bridge's configuration was anchored in the lake, and the most powerful tug on the West Coast was hired to put it to the test. Captain Guchee took Arthur Foss at full speed around and around the test barge, generating four-foot waves and simulating lake conditions in an wind. Engineers and technicians were on hand to take readings. The test barge held, but not satisfied with the amount of stress he was putting it under, Captain Guchee put Arthur Foss bow against the barge and "gave her full power". The anchoring system still held. Utilizing the data gathered during this unorthodox experiment and others, the world's first floating highway bridge was completed in 1940. To this day, there are only five similar floating spans in the world, and three are located in Washington State.
After its involvement with the two soon-to-be-famous bridges, Arthur Foss returned to its normal towing duties up and down the coast. Captain Vince Miller was in command at this time. After a record barge tow of of lumber to Los Angeles in late 1940, on 8 February 1941 the tug departed Tacoma for Oakland, California, to pick up a barge carrying a huge gate for one of the United States Navy's dry docks at Pearl Harbor. Arthur Foss and tow departed for Hawaii on 15 February 1941 and arrived without mishap two weeks later. The crew thought they were on just another routine job and would soon be returning home.
World War II serviceArthur Foss successfully delivered the drydock gate to the navy yard at Pearl Harbor in early March 1941. Instead of returning to the West Coast, the vessel was chartered by Foss to a consortium of civilian engineering firms: Contractors Pacific Naval Air Bases (CPNAB), which had been formed in January 1941 to begin construction of military bases on strategic Pacific atolls, including Wake Island. Arthur Foss's first assignment with CPNAB was towing gravel barges from Kaneohe to Honolulu for construction of airport runways. This work lasted until June, when the tug was assigned to a regular run between Hawaii and Wake towing barges of construction materials and military supplies for the airfield and barracks there. Meanwhile, the United States quietly prepared for the coming of war. In November, amid increasing U.S.-Japanese tensions, the tug was again dispatched from Honolulu under the command of Captain Oscar Rolstad to Wake towing two fully loaded barges. Upon arrival, Arthur Foss was joined by the smaller Justine Foss in the atoll harbor. Offloading the barges and lightering the equipment ashore occupied the two tug crews for the next few weeks. Upon completion of the work, Arthur Foss was scheduled to return to Honolulu towing two 1,000-ton fuel barges (empty). Departure from Wake was expected in the first week of December.
Work was completed on schedule. Arthur Foss needed to refuel before undertaking the voyage back to Hawaii. Captain Rolstad and the crew were extremely anxious to leave as soon as possible. By the early morning of 8 December 1941 (7 December on the other side of the International Date Line), three war warnings had been issued over the radio, and Captain Rolstad decided to forego refueling. He took Arthur Foss and tow to sea. Twelve hours out of Wake, news of the attack on Pearl Harbor was received. Japanese naval air forces simultaneously attacked Wake. Painted a highly visible white and green, Arthur Foss was a ripe target standing "out like a chain of coral islands on the empty sea", and Captain Rolstad was acutely aware of the likelihood of being bombed or torpedoed. While underway, the crew hastily mixed all white paint on board with engine grease to repaint the tug dark gray to help blend in with the ocean. All lights were blacked out and Arthur Foss proceeded under radio silence. Still towing the two barges at barely more than walking speed, the crew debated whether they should head for Alaska or Hawaii. No one was certain if they had enough fuel to reach either place, or whether when/if they arrived they would find the enemy in control. The decision was made to follow original orders and head to Honolulu at reduced speed to conserve as much fuel as possible.Arthur Foss and tow were spotted by U.S. naval scout planes and escorted into Pearl Harbor on 28 December 1941, where Admiral Claude Bloch cited the crew for action beyond the call of duty. Due to the reduced speed of the voyage, they were a week overdue and had been presumed missing in action. According to Captain Rolstad's log, less than 500 U.S. gallons of fuel remained when they docked (this was the equivalent of running on fumes, as the main engine uses about 42 U.S. gallons per hour).Arthur Foss was ultimately the last vessel to escape Wake before Japanese forces captured the island on 23 December 1941, after a prolonged and bloody siege. After Arthur Foss departure, only a few flights of Pan Am flying boats carrying employees and some civilian contractors were able to escape. The crew of Justine Foss, which unlike Arthur Foss had remained to refuel, was captured and used as forced labor. Justine Foss itself was scuttled by the Japanese. All members of the crew except Thea Foss's grandson Drew (who had been removed to a prisoner of war camp in Burma) were executed along with all the remaining captives in 1943.Arthur Foss was placed in service by the United States Navy in early 1942, renamed Dohasan and designated YT-335 (harbor tug) and later YTM-335 (district harbor tug, medium). The tug continued to tow supply barges between bases in the Hawaiian archipelago and even ventured as far as French Frigate Shoals, northwest of Oahu. Dohasan towed a large grab dredge to the Shoals on 8 August 1942 for construction of an emergency landing strip there, then remained as a tender to the dredge as it removed material from the lagoon and deposited it ashore to build up and form a runway. The tug returned to Hawaii after three months of this work, but afterward apparently spent a lot of time idle as navy crews were unfamiliar with operation of the main engine. After the war ended in September 1945, Dohasan continued in naval service until being stricken from the Navy List on 7 February 1945 and lay up at Honolulu through 1946. The tug was finally returned to Foss Launch & Tug Company ownership in fall 1947, and renamed Arthur Foss. To return the worn-out tug to the West Coast, CPNAB secured it in a floating drydock and had it towed to Los Angeles. During the stormy voyage, rough seas knocked Arthur Foss off its keel blocks, heavily damaging the hull. Upon arrival back in Tacoma, Foss began a comprehensive rehabilitation of the tug which occupied it until August 1948.
Foss Launch & Tug Company service (post-war)
Upon completion of repairs, the newly refurbished Arthur Foss was assigned to Foss's Port Angeles division with the task of towing log cribs and later bundled log rafts in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, mostly under contract to Crown Zellerbach, Rayonier, and Weyerhaeuser. Each raft averaged about of timber. Arthur Foss operated between Neah Bay, Sekiu, Clallam Bay, Pysht, Port Crescent, and Port Angeles; and continued this work for 20 years, setting the record for the longest uninterrupted towing service in the Straits. During this period the tug was almost exclusively under the command of captains Lynn Davis and Arnold Tweter. In 1964 during annual overhaul the tug was renamed Theodore Foss in honor of Thea Foss's eldest brother-in-law; a brand-new oceangoing tug took on the venerable name Arthur Foss that year. Upon retirement in July 1968, Theodore Foss was moved to Tacoma and sat idle for the next two years. In 1970, the vessel was donated to Northwest Seaport by Foss Launch & Tug Company and renamed Arthur Foss once again (since no longer part of the commercial fleet). Henry Foss himself, youngest and last surviving son of Thea Foss, presided at the official transfer ceremony.
Museum ship and National Historic Landmark
Northwest Seaport volunteers cleaned and organized the tug's interior and refurbished the main engine piece by piece, with the first official startup as a museum ship occurring in 1980. Afterward Arthur Foss regularly cruised Puget Sound waters during the summer months with a volunteer crew, participating in tugboat races, boat shows, and other maritime heritage events until 2001. The tug's excursions ended that year due to rising fuel and insurance costs, and increased safety concerns, in the wake of the 11 September attacks. Volunteer crew burnout, lack of organizational development, and the increasing need for major restoration work also played a part. Varying non-professional attempts at spot repairs over the years were superseded beginning in 2004 with larger but specifically focused restoration projects run by contracted professionals. However, a comprehensive restoration has not yet been attempted. Following extensive survey, documentation, and hull maintenance projects in 2017, planning and fundraising efforts are under way to restore the vessel to its 1940 appearance, in cruising condition.Arthur Foss was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989, is on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a Seattle Landmark. The tug was also named a Washington State Centennial Heritage Flagship in 1989, when both tug and state celebrated their 100th "birthday".andArthur Foss'' is currently docked at the Historic Ships Wharf at Seattle's Lake Union Park, and is a featured attraction open for public tours most summer weekends, or by appointment. Visitors of all ages enjoy a glimpse of life aboard what is now one of the oldest and most historic vessels in the United States.
See also
Northwest Seaport
References
External links
Northwest Seaport
HNSA Web Page: Tug Arthur Foss
Pearl Harbor and the Outlying Islands: US Navy Base Construction in World War II
Massacre on Wake Island
Museums in Seattle
Museum ships in Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Seattle
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Tugboats of the United States
Steam tugs
Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state)
Industry museums in Washington (state)
South Lake Union, Seattle
National Historic Landmarks in Washington (state)
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Foss |
Loaf 'N Jug is a chain of convenience stores/gas stations, owned by EG America, headquartered in Westborough, MA. Kroger owned Loaf 'N Jug and its respective brands for over two decades before exiting the convenience store business and selling them to EG Group. Some Kroger supermarket locations, such as King Soopers and Smith's, have retained the Kroger convenience store signage that is still used at Loaf 'N Jug today.
History
Loaf 'N Jug was founded by five businessmen from southern Colorado. Kroger purchased Loaf 'N Jug in 1986.
Mini Mart (not to be confused with the generalized term nor another EG America subsidiary, Minit Mart) was founded in Casper, WY in 1968 and was bought out by Loaf 'N Jug within two years of the Kroger buyout in 1986. This was about 12 years before relocating the Mini Mart headquarters from Casper to Pueblo in 1998. Starting in 2005, Loaf 'N Jug began converting all the Mini Marts to Loaf 'N Jugs.
In 2006, Kroger reimaged its convenience store brands (Loaf 'N Jug, Kwik Shop, Quik Stop, Tom Thumb, and Turkey Hill Minit Markets) under a common logo. At about the same time, Kroger debranded the gasoline sold at its convenience stores, eliminating Conoco which had been sold at many Loaf 'N Jug locations.
As of 2008, there were 175 Loaf 'N Jug stores, primarily in Colorado and Wyoming with additional stores in Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Loaf 'N Jug has since exited Oklahoma.
On February 5, 2018, Kroger announced it was exiting the convenience store business and selling them to EG Group of the United Kingdom for $2.15 billion. The deal closed April 20, 2018. The individual store banners, such as Loaf 'N Jug, retained their imagery and branding. The EG America headquarters was initially established in Cincinnati but was moved to Westborough, MA following the acquisition of Cumberland Farms.
In November 2020, EG Group entered into a binding agreement for the acquisition of 18 locations of Schrader Oil in Fort Collins, Colorado. These locations were re-branded to Loaf 'N Jug following the acquisition.
Gallery
References
External links
Loaf 'N Jug division website
The Kroger Co. corporate website - convenience stores detail
Kroger
American companies established in 1986
Retail companies established in 1986
Pueblo, Colorado
Companies based in Pueblo County, Colorado
Economy of the Western United States
Gas stations in the United States
Convenience stores of the United States
1986 establishments in Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaf%20%27N%20Jug |
David Rees Snell is an American actor known for his roles as Detective Ronnie Gardocki on the crime drama The Shield, Detective John Burrows in S.W.A.T. (2018–present), and Paul in The Beacon (2009).
Career
Snell attended the University of Kansas as a theater major. He performed mostly on stage before becoming involved in television work.
Television
When The Shield was picked up by FX, Snell was initially hired as a non-speaking role. He was told the writers had no plans for developing his character, due to his being a last minute addition to an already large cast of actors. However, after several episodes, his character was made a permanent member of the tactical unit known as The Strike Team. Snell subsequently appeared in almost every episode, with his character garnering a sizable following amongst fans of the show. When his screen time expanded during season 5, he became a full-time cast member for the remainder of the series.
Snell co-starred in the Hallmark TV movie Desolation Canyon (2006) with his fellow Shield cast member Kenny Johnson. More recently, he was cast in a recurring role as a terrorist during the fourth and final season of The Unit. In recent years, he guest starred on Hawthorne, Numb3rs, Lie to Me, Sons of Anarchy, Last Resort, Criminal Minds, Leverage, and Silicon Valley.
Voiceover
Snell is also a voice actor who has appeared in such short films as P1 and Draw the Pirate. He also had speaking roles in a number of video games including Need for Speed: Undercover and Call of Duty 2 Big Red One.
Filmography
References
External links
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Rees%20Snell |
In business computer information systems, a dashboard is a type of graphical user interface which often provides at-a-glance views of key performance indicators (KPIs) relevant to a particular objective or business process. In other usage, "dashboard" is another name for "progress report" or "report" and considered a form of data visualization. In providing this overview, business owners can save time and improve their decision making by utilizing dashboards.
The “dashboard” is often accessible by a web browser and is usually linked to regularly updating data sources.
Well known dashboards include Google Analytics dashboards, used on 55% of all websites, which show activity on a website; such as visits, entry pages, bounce rate and traffic sources.
The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 brought other dashboards to the fore, with the Johns Hopkins coronavirus tracker and the UK government coronavirus tracker being good examples.
The term dashboard originates from the automobile dashboard where drivers monitor the major functions at a glance via the instrument panel.
History
The idea of digital dashboards followed the study of decision support systems in the 1970s. Early predecessors of the modern business dashboard were first developed in the 1980s in the form of Executive Information Systems (EISs). Due to problems primarily with data refreshing and handling, it was soon realized that the approach wasn't practical as information was often incomplete, unreliable, and spread across too many disparate sources. Thus, EISs hibernated until the 1990s when the information age quickened pace and data warehousing, and online analytical processing (OLAP) allowed dashboards to function adequately. Despite the availability of enabling technologies, the dashboard use didn't become popular until later in that decade, with the rise of key performance indicators (KPIs), and the introduction of Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton's balanced scorecard. In the late 1990s, Microsoft promoted a concept known as the Digital Nervous System and "digital dashboards" were described as being one leg of that concept. Today, the use of dashboards forms an important part of Business Performance Management (BPM). Initially dashboards were used for monitoring purposes, now with the advancement of technology, dashboards are being used for more analytical purposes. The use of dashboards has now been incorporating; scenario analysis, drill down capabilities, and presentation format flexibility.
Benefits
Digital dashboards allow managers to monitor the contribution of the various departments in their organization. In addition, they enable “rolling up” of information to present a consolidated view across an organization. To gauge exactly how well an organization is performing overall, digital dashboards allow you to capture and report specific data points from each department within the organization, thus providing a "snapshot" of performance.
Benefits of using digital dashboards include:
Visual presentation of performance measures
Ability to identify and correct negative trends
Measure efficiencies/inefficiencies
Ability to generate detailed reports showing new trends
Ability to make more informed decisions based on collected business intelligence
Dashboards offers a holistic view of the entire business as it gives the manager a bird's eye view into the performance of sales, data inventory, web traffic, social media analytics and other associated data that is visually presented on a single dashboard. Dashboards lead to better management of marketing/financial strategies as a dashboard for the display of marketing data makes the process of marketing easier and more reliable as compared to doing it manually. Web analytics play a crucial role in shaping the marketing strategy of many businesses. Dashboards also facilitate for better tracking of sales and financial reporting as the data is more precise and in one area. Lastly, dashboards offer for better customer service through monitoring because they keep both the managers and the clients updated on the project progress through automated emails and notifications.
Align strategies and organizational goals
Saves time compared to running multiple reports
Gain total visibility of all systems instantly
Quick identification of data outliers and correlations
Consolidated reporting into one location
Available on mobile devices to quickly access metrics
Classification
Dashboards can be broken down according to role and are either strategic, analytical, operational, or informational. Dashboards are the 3rd step on the information ladder, demonstrating the conversion of data to increasingly valuable insights.
Strategic dashboards support managers at any level in an organization and provide the quick overview that decision-makers need to monitor the health and opportunities of the business. Dashboards of this type focus on high-level measures of performance and forecasts. Strategic dashboards benefit from static snapshots of data (daily, weekly, monthly, and quarterly) that are not constantly changing from one moment to the next.
Dashboards for analytical purposes often include more context, comparisons, and history, along with subtler performance evaluators. In addition, analytical dashboards typically support interactions with the data, such as drilling down into the underlying details. Dashboards for monitoring operations are often designed differently from those that support strategic decision making or data analysis and often require monitoring of activities and events that are constantly changing and might require attention and response at a moment's notice.
Types of dashboards
Digital dashboards may be laid out to track the flows inherent in the business processes that they monitor. Graphically, users may see the high-level processes and then drill down into low-level data. This level of detail is often buried deep within the corporate enterprise and otherwise unavailable to the senior executives.
Three main types of digital dashboards dominate the market today: desktop software applications, web-browser-based applications, and desktop applications are also known as desktop widgets. The last are driven by a widget engine.
Both Desktop and Browser-based providers enable the distribution of dashboards via a web browser. An example of the latter is web-based-browser Asana, which helps teams orchestrate their work, from daily tasks to strategic cross-functional initiatives. With it, teams can manage everything from company objectives to digital transformation to product launches and marketing campaigns.
Specialized dashboards may track all corporate functions. Examples include human resources, recruiting, sales, operations, security, information technology, project management, customer relationship management, digital marketing and many more departmental dashboards. For a smaller organization like a startup a compact startup scorecard dashboard tracks important activities across lot of domains ranging from social media to sales.
Digital dashboard projects involve business units as the driver and the information technology department as the enabler. Therefore, the success of dashboard projects depends on the relevancy/importance of information provided within the dashboard. This includes the metrics chosen to monitor and the timeliness of the data forming those metrics; data must be up to date and accurate.
Key performance indicators, balanced scorecards, and sales performance figures are some of the content appropriate on business dashboards.
Performance Dashboards
Dashboards involve the combination of visual and functional features. This combination of features helps improve cognition and interpretation. A performance dashboard sits at the intersection of two powerful disciplines: business intelligence and performance management. Therefore, there are different users who could use these dashboards for different reasons. For example, a level of workers could look at monitoring inventory while those in more managerial roles can look at lagging measure. Then executives could utilize the dashboard to evaluate strategic performance against objectives.
Dashboards and scorecards
Balanced scorecards and dashboards have been linked together as if they were interchangeable. However, although both visually display critical information, the difference is in the format: Scorecards can open the quality of an operation while dashboards provide calculated direction. A balanced scorecard has what they called a "prescriptive" format. It should always contain these components:
Perspectives – group
Objectives – verb-noun phrases pulled from a strategy plan
Measures – also called metric or key performance indicators (KPIs)
Spotlight indicators – red, yellow, or green symbols that provide an at-a-glance view of a measure's performance.
Each of these sections ensures that a Balanced Scorecard is essentially connected to the businesses critical strategic needs.
The design of a dashboard is more loosely defined. Dashboards are usually a series of graphics, charts, gauges and other visual indicators that can be monitored and interpreted. Even when there is a strategic link, on a dashboard, it may not be noticed as such since objectives are not normally present on dashboards. However, dashboards can be customized to link their graphs and charts to strategic objectives.
Design
Digital dashboard technology is available "out-of-the-box" from many software providers. Some companies, however, continue to do in-house development and maintenance of dashboard applications. For example, GE Aviation has developed a proprietary software/portal called "Digital Cockpit" to monitor the trends in the aircraft spare parts business.
Good dashboard design practices take into account and address the following:
the medium it is designed for (desktop, laptop, mobile, tablet)
use of visuals over the tabular presentation of data
bar charts: to visualize one or more series of data
line charts: to track changes in several dependent data sets over a period of time
sparklines: to show the trend in a single data set
scorecards: to monitor KPIs and trends
use of legends anytime more than one color or shape is present on a graph
spatial arrangement: place your most important view on the top left (if the language is written left to right) then arrange the following views in a Z pattern with the most important information following the top-to-bottom, left-to-right pattern
use colorblind friendly palettes with color used consistently and only where necessary
A good information design will clearly communicate key information to users and makes supporting information easily accessible.
Assessing the quality of dashboards
There are a few key elements to a good dashboard:.
Simple, communicates easily
Minimum distractions...it could cause confusion
Supports organized business with meaning and useful data
Applies human visual perception to visual presentation of information
It can be accessed easily by its intended audience
A research-based framework for Business Intelligence dashboard design includes the following questions:
Dashboard software
Dashboards serve as a visual representation for a company to monitor progress and trends, not only among themselves but against other companies as well. Dashboards and visualizations contain data that is updated in real time. For example, if the underlying data in an Excel spreadsheet were to change, so would the visualization.
Power BI
Power BI provides the tools for a user to create different types of visualizations to communicate the data that they are using. Some examples of these visualizations include graphs, maps, and clustered columns. Power BI pulls data from Excel that can be used to create dashboards and visualizations. Whereas Excel does not import data from Power BI. Excel is typically used for less data and Power BI is more complex. Power BI can be used to display trends over time. For example, a company can create a time plot that shows its costs and revenues over a certain period. The data can then be arranged to show per day, month, quarter, year, etc. This requires simple formatting tools so the data can quickly be changed and compared. Power BI allows the user to customize their visualizations by adding colors and labels. In addition, when the user clicks a data point, they are able to understand what the point or selection is showing. Power BI also has a commonly used map feature where businesses can view their sales and earnings across different states and countries. Places with the highest amounts of data will appear larger in size. For example, a state with the most revenue will be bigger than states with less data. Power BI is also interactive in that in any type of map a person can expand a specific category to look deeper into the data contained.
Tableau
Tableau is another program that allows users to create dashboards. Allegedly, One of Tableau's biggest advantages is how much data it can hold. Tableau can hold an unlimited amount, whereas an Excel spreadsheet has a capacity of 1,048,576 rows. However, it is possible to hold and analyze effectively billions of rows in Excel, using its Power Pivot feature. Tableau has the ability to make interactive dashboards by clicking into a specific point. For example, you can have data be displayed within a map. By clicking a specific state or city you can get a closer look at the data contained within that location. Filters and parameters can also be added. For example, if one were to analyze revenues across the United States you could set a parameter to only show salaries within a particular range. Once set, only states within this range will be highlighted.
Excel
Excel has many tools that help the user not only implement data but also visualize data. Excel has many built in functions that can help break down data and also separate data by scenarios. The user can easily download and add files to their Excel sheets to use for their data. Other tools Excel offers is the use of conditional formatting and basic pivot tables and charts. Excel allows the user to reference other cells which ultimately allows for complex computations to be made and conclusions to be drawn from data.
Arena Calibrate
Arena Calibrate provides a comprehensive business intelligence reporting tool, accompanied by hands-on data & BI support. Their offerings cater to startups, agencies, and SMEs, empowering them to fully leverage Advertising, Sales, Email, CRM, Web, and Analytics data.
Offering high-tier ETL data integration, flexible data warehousing, and custom data visualization, Arena Calibrate is trusted by businesses like Amex, Gentle Dental, and National Golf Foundation. Their dedicated account managers and BI specialists work as an extension of the client's team, aiming to realize each client's unique reporting vision.
Guidelines for dashboard design
There are certain guidelines that can be useful when creating dashboards and other visualizations. The guidelines have a structure that can be followed and that is beginning with reading direction. When it comes to how you are arranging your information on your dashboard or a visualization it can be helpful to think about reading direction. General reading direction is from left to right and from top to bottom. Having information flow in this structure will allow others to read and understand your visuals in a more natural structure. Local proximity is another idea to keep in mind when creating a visual or a dashboard. Having information in a close proximity can be compared with a better effectiveness and allow users to draw conclusions. Being able to make sure the user is not being overloaded with information when creating your visual. Having a few key figures with significant importance can be more helpful compared to having too much information. When you have too much information and not a structure to what you are presenting then that is known as a “data graveyard”. Another aspect to keep in mind while creating visuals that goes along with information overload is the idea of interaction within your visual. Interacting with the dashboard would allow for further detail to be obtained from the user and allow them to better understand the information on your dashboard.
Chart visualization is an important aspect when creating dashboards, diagrams in particular. When you have complex data it can be difficult to come to conclusions from that material and being able to have different visual elements within the dashboard can be helpful in giving a larger overview of the material. Being able to have a visual reporting system allows multiple processing operations to be carried out and that could increase the effectiveness of decisions. There are different types of visualizations that can be seen as more effective depending on the data type and the recipient. Looking at traditional business graphics in an interactive form is another aspect to keep in mind when creating a dashboard. Business charts are used mainly in the form of interactive dashboards. A major advantage of business charts is that the majority of users have an understanding of them.
There are many connections between dashboards and accounting. Dashboards aid with budgeting, management control, and wage control. Dashboards are used to present data in a quick and easy to read way. The ability to present data in a quick way with a visual allows for more data to be processed and understood. Dashboards are used for performance reports, sales analysis on sectors, and inventory rotation. Dashboards should be quick visualizations that allow decisions to be made quicker than they usually would without the access to dashboard technology.
Dashboards are also used in accounting decision making settings. The data can help prove a change is efficient or inefficient and therefore help with improving systems throughout an organization.
In order for a dashboard to be efficient, the individual creating the dashboard needs to make sure that the information is simple and easy to read and be interpreted.
See also
Business activity monitoring
Complex event processing
Corporate performance management
Data presentation architecture
Enterprise manufacturing intelligence
Event stream processing
Information graphics
Information design
Scientific visualization
Control panel (software)
References
Further reading
Business software
Business terms
Computing terminology
Content management systems
Data warehousing
Data management
Information systems
Website management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboard%20%28business%29 |
Caballe or Caballé is a Catalan surname and may refer to:
Eduardo Torroja Caballe (1847–1918), Spanish mathematician
Josep Caballé Domenech (born 1973), Spanish musician and conductor
Marc Caballé (born 1991), Spanish footballer
Montserrat Caballé (1933–2018), Spanish operatic soprano
Catalan-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caball%C3%A9 |
The 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with the Florida Gators being crowned National Champions after defeating rival Florida State in the Sugar Bowl, which was the season's designated Bowl Alliance national championship game. Florida had faced Florida State earlier in the year, when they were ranked No. 1 and No. 2, and lost 24–21. However, unranked Texas's upset of No. 3 Nebraska in the first ever Big 12 Championship Game set up the rematch of in-state rivals in New Orleans. In the Sugar Bowl, Florida's Heisman Trophy-winning senior quarterback Danny Wuerffel and head coach Steve Spurrier led the Gators to a 52–20 victory and their first national championship.
Because the Pac-10 and Big Ten Conferences were not yet part of the Bowl Alliance, their champions met in the Rose Bowl as they had for decades. In 1996, these conference champions were potential national title contenders in No. 2 Arizona State and No. 4 Ohio State. In a close Rose Bowl contest, Arizona State's Jake Plummer ran for a touchdown with 1:40 left to play to give his team the lead, but Ohio State responded with its own touchdown drive led by backup quarterback Joe Germaine and won 20–17. Ohio State finished No. 2 in the final AP poll behind No. 1 Florida, and Arizona State finished No. 4 behind Florida State. The poll results helped push the Pac-10 and Big Ten to give up their Rose Bowl tradition. Before the 1998 season, they both agreed to join an expanded Bowl Championship Series (BCS) agreement, giving their programs a chance to play in a national championship game. Another controversy that led to the creation of the BCS was that No. 5 BYU was not invited to a major bowl game but were snubbed in favor of lower ranked teams from Bowl Alliance conferences.
The 1996 season saw ongoing realignment of many conferences. One of the most notable developments was the creation of the Big 12 Conference, which consisted of programs from the old Big 8 along with four former members of the dissolved Southwest Conference, namely Texas, Texas A&M, Texas Tech, and Baylor. The Big 12 began play as a two division conference, with Oklahoma and Oklahoma State joining the South Division, breaking up the classic Nebraska–Oklahoma rivalry, but renewing the Texas-Oklahoma rivalry, known as the Red River Shootout. The first Big 12 football game featured Texas Tech and Kansas State. Kansas State won by a score of 21–14.
The 1996 season was also notable as it marked the end of ties in college football, as an overtime system was put into place across all of Division I. Though it has been modified slightly, the "Kansas Playoff" overtime rules have been used ever since. (The 1995 season also had overtime rules, but only for postseason games, and they were not used since none of the affected games ended regulation play in a tie.)
Rule changes
The overtime system adopted in the 1995 season for bowl games was expanded for all Division I-A games.
On punts and field goal attempts, the defense cannot touch the center/long snapper for one second after the snap. Violators are penalized 15 yards and an automatic first down.
Officials were instructed to more strictly enforce intentional grounding rules.
Conference realignment
Four teams upgraded from Division I-AA prior to the season and one university dropped its football program. As such, the total number of Division I-A schools increased to 111.
The Big 12 Conference began play this season after a merger between the Big 8 Conference and four members of the former Southwest Conference (Texas, Texas A&M, Texas Tech, and Baylor). The new 12-member conference was divided into two, six-team divisions.
Conference USA was formed prior to the season after a merger between two conferences that had previously not sponsored football, the Metro Conference and the Great Midwest Conference. Members of the new league included SWC member Houston (from the former Southwest Conference) and five long-time independents: Cincinnati, Louisville, Memphis, Southern Miss, and Tulane.
C-USA was given a tie-in with the Liberty Bowl for its league champion.
The Western Athletic Conference, in turn, accepted TCU, SMU, and Rice from the SWC, UNLV and San Jose State from the Big West, and independent Tulsa. These moves pushed the WAC's membership to 16 and resulted in the creation of two divisions (Pacific and Mountain) and a league championship game.
The Big West Conference also saw Arkansas State, Louisiana Tech, Northern Illinois, and Southwestern Louisiana (now Louisiana–Lafayette) depart to become independents. All four teams had joined the Big West in football only in 1993, remaining in more geographically-appropriate conferences for other sports.
Pacific dropped their football team after the 1995 season. The Tigers had been a member of the Big West.
Four teams upgraded from Division I-AA prior to the season: Alabama–Birmingham (UAB), Boise State, Central Florida, and Idaho.
Boise State, Idaho, and previously independent North Texas joined the Big West, while UAB and UCF became Division I-A independents.
Conference changes
Regular Season
August–September
Two-time defending champion Nebraska was heavily favored to win a third straight national title, and the Cornhuskers were followed in the preseason AP Poll by No. 2 Tennessee, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Colorado.
August 31: No. 1 Nebraska and No. 3 Florida State had not begun their schedules. No. 2 Tennessee overwhelmed UNLV 62-3, No. 4 Florida defeated Southwestern Louisiana 55-21, and No. 5 Colorado beat Washington State 37-19. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
September 7: No. 1 Nebraska opened with a 55-14 win over Michigan State, No. 2 Tennessee beat UCLA 35-20, No. 3 Florida State defeated Duke 44-7, No. 4 Florida prevailed 62-14 over Georgia Southern, and No. 5 Colorado won 48-34 at Colorado State. The top five again remained the same.
September 14: The only top-five team active this weekend was No. 5 Colorado, who committed 14 penalties (one of which nullified a game-tying touchdown) in a 20-13 loss to No. 11 Michigan. No. 6 Penn State shut out Northern Illinois 49-0 and moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Tennessee, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Penn State.
September 19–21: No. 1 Nebraska took a 26-game winning streak into their matchup with No. 17 Arizona State, a team they had defeated by 49 points the previous year. However, the Sun Devils completely neutralized the Cornhuskers’ offense in a 19-0 shutout win, Nebraska’s first loss since the 1993 national title game. In a matchup of SEC contenders, No. 4 Florida took a 35-0 second-quarter lead over No. 2 Tennessee and held off a Volunteers comeback for a 35-29 victory. No. 3 Florida State won 51-17 at North Carolina State, No. 5 Penn State shut out Temple 41-0, No. 7 Ohio State blanked Pittsburgh 72-0, and No. 9 Notre Dame beat No. 6 Texas 27-24 on a field goal as time expired. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Florida State, No. 3 Penn State, No. 4 Ohio State, and No. 5 Notre Dame.
September 28: No. 1 Florida dominated Kentucky 65-0, and No. 2 Florida State shut out No. 11 North Carolina 13-0. No. 3 Penn State earned a 23-20 win at Wisconsin, but No. 4 Ohio State was more impressive in a 29-16 victory at No. 5 Notre Dame. No. 6 Arizona State beat Oregon 48-27 to move into the top five: No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Florida State, No. 3 Ohio State, No. 4 Penn State, and No. 5 Arizona State.
October
October 5: No. 1 Florida won 42-7 at Arkansas, and No. 2 Florida State defeated Clemson 34-3. In their second top-five matchup in two weeks, No. 3 Ohio State looked dominant in a 38-7 rout of No. 4 Penn State. No. 5 Arizona State beat Boise State 56-7, and No. 7 Nebraska overwhelmed No. 16 Kansas State 39-3 to move back into the top five: No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Ohio State, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Arizona State, and No. 5 Nebraska.
October 12: No. 1 Florida defeated No. 12 LSU 56-13. After two straight wins over highly-ranked opponents, No. 2 Ohio State needed a fourth-quarter comeback to escape unranked Wisconsin 17-14. No. 3 Florida State visited No. 6 Miami and beat their rivals 34-16. No. 4 Arizona State came back from a 21-point deficit to win 42-34 at UCLA. No. 5 Nebraska shut out Baylor 49-0, and the top five remained the same in the next poll.
October 19: No. 1 Florida dominated another ranked SEC opponent, winning 51-10 over No. 16 Auburn. No. 2 Ohio State won 42-14 at Purdue. No. 3 Florida State was idle. No. 4 Arizona State fell behind again and again in their game against USC but made three game-tying drives in regulation and another one in overtime. After taking their first lead of the game in double overtime, the Sun Devils put the game away with an 85-yard fumble return for a 48-35 final score. No. 5 Nebraska defeated Texas Tech 24-10, and the top five again remained the same.
October 26: No. 1 Florida was idle. No. 2 Ohio State visited No. 20 Iowa for a 38-26 win. No. 3 Florida State faced No. 14 Virginia, who had defeated them in a major upset the previous year, and the Seminoles got their revenge with a 31-24 victory. No. 4 Arizona State won 41-9 at Stanford, and No. 5 Nebraska beat Kansas 63-7. The top five again remained the same.
November–December
November 2: No. 1 Florida defeated Georgia 47-7, No. 2 Ohio State blanked Minnesota 45-0, No. 3 Florida State won 49-3 at Georgia Tech, No. 4 Arizona State visited Oregon State for a 29-14 victory, and No. 5 Nebraska blasted Oklahoma 73-21. The top five were the same yet again.
November 9: With all of the top-ranking teams on long winning streaks, several conference races were effectively over by early November. No. 1 Florida had an unexpectedly hard time with last-place Vanderbilt, but held on for a 28-21 win which clinched the SEC Eastern Division title for the Gators. No. 2 Ohio State posted their second straight shutout, 48-0 at Illinois. No. 3 Florida State wrapped up the ACC title with a 44-7 victory at Wake Forest, while No. 4 Arizona State earned the Pac-10 crown with a 35-7 defeat of California. No. 5 Nebraska beat Missouri 51-7, and the top five continued to stay the same.
November 16: No. 1 Florida defeated South Carolina 52-25, No. 2 Ohio State clinched the Big Ten title with a 27-17 win at Indiana, and No. 3 Florida State beat No. 25 Southern Mississippi 54-14. No. 4 Arizona State was idle, while No. 5 Nebraska won 49-14 at Iowa State. The top five remained unchanged for the fifth consecutive week.
November 23: No. 1 Florida and No. 3 Florida State were idle as they prepared for their upcoming game against each other. For the third time in four years, No. 2 Ohio State was undefeated going into their season-ending contest with archrival Michigan. In both 1993 and 1995, the Wolverines had spoiled the Buckeyes’ perfect record—and the result was the same in 1996, as No. 21 Michigan held OSU without a touchdown in a 13-9 come-from-behind victory which dropped Ohio State coach John Cooper’s career record against Michigan to 1-7-1. No. 4 Arizona State, soon to be the Buckeyes’ opponent in the Rose Bowl, did manage to complete a perfect regular season with a 56-14 win at Arizona. No. 5 Nebraska and No. 6 Colorado, who would play each other the following week, were both idle. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Florida State, No. 3 Arizona State, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Colorado.
November 29–30: No. 1 Florida and No. 2 Florida State, both undefeated, met with a spot in the national title game seemingly on the line. The Seminoles jumped out to a 17-0 lead in the first quarter and held off a late Gators comeback to earn a 24-21 victory. No. 3 Arizona State, the only other undefeated team, had finished their schedule. No. 4 Nebraska and No. 5 Colorado, both with one loss, faced each other for the championship of the new Big 12 Northern Division, and the Cornhuskers prevailed 17-12 on a rain-soaked field. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Arizona State, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Ohio State.
No. 1 Florida State and No. 2 Arizona State, the only two undefeated teams at the end of the regular season, could not play each other for the national title; as the winner of the Pac-10, Arizona State was contractually obligated to meet Big Ten champ Ohio State in the Rose Bowl. In previous years, No. 3 Nebraska would have been the next team in line to face Florida State. However, due to the recent merger between the Big 8 and SWC, the Cornhuskers needed to play one more game before heading into the bowls. In the first-ever Big 12 Championship Game on December 7, Nebraska faced off against Texas. The unranked Longhorns trailed in the fourth quarter, but scored two late touchdowns to pull off a 37-27 upset. Later that day, No. 4 Florida beat No. 11 Alabama 45-30 in the SEC Championship Game to move back ahead of Nebraska in the final pre-bowl poll. No. 6 Brigham Young, with a 28-25 overtime defeat of No. 20 Wyoming in the WAC Championship Game, also moved up: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Arizona State, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Ohio State, and No. 5 Brigham Young.
Therefore, just a month after their previous meeting, Florida State and Florida were set for a rematch in the Sugar Bowl. The Rose Bowl between Arizona State and Ohio State would also have national title implications, especially if the Seminoles lost and the Sun Devils won. The major games were rounded out by No. 5 Brigham Young and No. 14 Kansas State in the Cotton Bowl, No. 6 Nebraska and No. 10 Virginia Tech in the Orange, and No. 7 Penn State and No. 20 Texas in the Fiesta.
Conference standings
Bowl Alliance first and seconds
The Bowl Alliance did not include the Pacific-10 and Big 10 conferences, whose champions played in the Rose Bowl. Thus, Arizona State and Ohio State (who met in the Rose Bowl) were excluded from the Bowl Alliance championship.
Bowl games
Final AP Poll
Florida
Ohio St.
Florida St.
Arizona St.
BYU
Nebraska
Penn St.
Colorado
Tennessee
North Carolina
Alabama
LSU
Virginia Tech
Miami (FL)
Northwestern
Washington
Kansas St.
Iowa
Notre Dame
Michigan
Syracuse
Wyoming
Texas
Auburn
Army
Others receiving votes: 26. West Virginia; 27. East Carolina; 28. Southern Mississippi; 29. Stanford; 30. Wisconsin; 31. San Diego St.; 32. Virginia; 33. Clemson
Final Coaches Poll
Florida
Ohio St.
Florida St.
Arizona St.
Brigham Young
Nebraska
Penn St.
Colorado
Tennessee
North Carolina
Alabama
Virginia Tech
LSU
Miami (FL)
Washington
Northwestern
Kansas St.
Iowa
Syracuse
Michigan
Notre Dame
Wyoming
Texas
Army
Auburn
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player
Other major awards
Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) - Danny Wuerffel, Florida
Walter Camp Award (Player of the Year) - Danny Wuerffel, Florida
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) - Danny Wuerffel, Florida
Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Senior Quarterback) - Danny Wuerffel, Florida
Doak Walker Award (Running Back) - Byron Hanspard, Texas Tech
Fred Biletnikoff Award (Wide Receiver) - Marcus Harris, Wyoming
Bronko Nagurski Trophy (Defensive Player) - Pat Fitzgerald, Northwestern
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) - Matt Russell, Colorado
Lombardi Award (Lineman or Linebacker) - Orlando Pace, Ohio State
Outland Trophy (Interior Lineman) - Orlando Pace, OT, Ohio State
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive Back) - Lawrence Wright, Florida
Lou Groza Award (Placekicker) - Tony DeGiovanni, University of Miami
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award - Bruce Snyder, Arizona St.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season |
Goodleburg Cemetery is a cemetery located in South Wales, New York. It is an old, inactive village lot whose use has been discontinued. Many of the original settlers of Wales and the surrounding areas are buried here.
History
Goodleberg Cemetery was an active cemetery from 1811 until 1927. The cemetery stood relatively peacefully until the late 1990s, when stories spread about ghost stories and ghastly apparitions. Various paranormal research organizations, intent on capturing the paranormal activities at Goodleberg paraded carloads of investigators from neighboring counties, intent on capturing evidence of the paranormal.
Folklore
In recent years, it has been a site of frequent desecration.
Paranormal author Mason Winfield has written about this cemetery and its purported activity several times, but has also expressed regret to writing anything about it due to the spike in vandalism since then.
References
External links
Town of Wales Cemeteries
1811 establishments in New York (state)
Reportedly haunted locations in New York (state)
Cemeteries in Erie County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodleburg%20Cemetery |
Barret Glenn Robbins (born August 26, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a center for nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for the TCU Horned Frogs, he was taken by the Raiders in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He was elected to the Pro Bowl in 2002. He was the leader of the Raiders offensive line that led them to Super Bowl XXXVII.
Professional career
After playing college football for Texas Christian University, Robbins was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft, with the 49th overall pick.
In 1996, Mike White's last year as head coach, the second-year Robbins replaced Dan Turk in the lineup, becoming only the fifth starting center in Raider history, after Turk, Don Mosebar, Dave Dalby, and Jim Otto. The first sign of his mental health problems turned up during the season when he was found disoriented and wandering around the team hotel in Denver shortly before a game with the Denver Broncos. Robbins missed that game and was hospitalized.
During the 2000 NFL season with Jon Gruden as head coach and Rich Gannon at quarterback, Oakland scored 479 points (29.9 points/game), 3rd of 31 teams in the NFL, thanks to a strong offensive line which included Robbins playing between Steve Wisniewski at left guard and Mo Collins at right guard in all 16 games (also both playoff games), finishing with a won-lost record of 12–4 and an AFC West title. In the divisional round of the 2000–01 NFL playoffs, Oakland shut out the Miami Dolphins 27–0, gaining 140 yards on the ground. An early sign of Robbins' future trouble was displayed when he went missing a week before the AFC championship game, though in this case he did show up 24 hours before the game started and played in the Raiders 16–3 loss to the Baltimore Ravens.
During the 2001 NFL season, Robbins was injured, playing in only 2 regular season games, replaced by Adam Treu (also in both playoff games), when Oakland scored 399 points (24.9 points/game), 4th of 31 teams in the NFL, and won the AFC west again with a 10–6 record, defeating the New York Jets in a wildcard game but losing to the New England Patriots in the divisional round, in controversial fashion (see Tuck Rule Game).
In the 2002 NFL season with Bill Callahan in his first year as head coach, Robbins rebounded strongly by starting all 16 regular season games and making the Pro Bowl. Oakland won the AFC west for the third straight year, with an 11–5 record, scoring 450 points (28.1 points/game), 2nd of 32 teams in the NFL. In the 2002–03 NFL playoffs, the Raiders defeated the New York Jets again with 399 total yards, with an offensive line composed of Robbins, Frank Middleton and Mo Collins at guard, Barry Sims and Lincoln Kennedy at tackle. The Raiders then beat with the same offensive line the Tennessee Titans in the AFC championship game, gaining 375 total yards.
Then, inexplicably, the day before Super Bowl XXXVII, Robbins was reported as missing for most of the day before the game after not taking his depression medication. When he resurfaced that night, he was so incoherent that he didn't even know where he was. According to one of his teammates, Robbins didn't even recognize Callahan. Despite this, Al Davis still wanted Robbins in the game, and development coach Willie Brown had Robbins running sprints in the parking lot on the morning of the game to see if he could still play.
Callahan had initially intended to let Robbins play, but not start. However, he ultimately decided to suspend Robbins for the game after concluding that he was not fit to take the field at all. He initially wanted to fly Robbins back to Oakland, but was unable to get him a plane ticket because he was missing his wallet and identification. He spent 30 days at the Betty Ford Center, during which time he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder (or manic-depressive disorder). He'd been diagnosed with depression while at TCU, but it is common for the two to be confused in the early stages. It turned out that he had gone into a manic episode after not taking his medication. According to his wife, Robbins spent most of the day before the Super Bowl partying across the border in Tijuana, Mexico; he had thought the Raiders already won the game and he was celebrating their "victory." With Adam Treu as the starting center, the Raiders were blown out in an ugly loss in the Super Bowl to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 48–21.
Robbins regained his starting job the next year in the 2003 NFL season with the same linemates, a disastrous 4–12 for the team. However, his name and those of several of his teammates were found on the list of clients of the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative that had given performance-enhancing drugs to Marion Jones and others. The Raiders released him in the summer of 2004 after he tested positive for "the clear," a steroid known to have come from the BALCO lab. Treu replaced him as the starting center.
Post-football troubles
A few months later, on Christmas Eve, he was arrested for punching a security guard who tried to keep him from going to a bar at the Sir Francis Drake Hotel in San Francisco. On January 15, 2005, Robbins was shot three times during a brawl with police in Miami Beach, and was subsequently charged with attempted murder for his role. Under a plea agreement, Robbins pleaded guilty to five charges, including the attempted murder charge, and was sentenced to five years' probation, ordered to receive treatment for his bipolar disorder, and to avoid alcohol. He has spent most of the last decade in jail or in rehab facilities due to problems with substance abuse. He ultimately ended up in a rehab facility in Houston in 2008, and was transferred to a halfway house in May 2009.
In a 2009 interview with HBO's Real Sports, Robbins told Andrea Kremer that before being diagnosed as bipolar, he had dealt with his mood swings by taking alcohol, cocaine, marijuana and steroids. He also said that he had been in a manic mood for both Raider playoff games prior to the Super Bowl. His ex-wife, Marisa, also interviewed for the story, said that before the diagnosis there were days where he had breakfast and went right back to bed.
In early 2010, a police officer pulled him over near Dallas and found crack cocaine in his car. On March 25, 2011, Robbins was sentenced to five years in a Florida prison for a drug-related probation violation and was released on September 25, 2012.
In August 2016, Robbins was alleged to have punched a mother and her daughter in Boca Raton, Florida resulting in his arrest and two subsequent charges of felony battery before being sent to a mental health facility.
In November 2020, Robbins was accused of leaving a restaurant in Delray Beach, Florida without paying for his meal. A restaurant employee followed Robbins as he fled the restaurant on foot. During the altercation, Robbins allegedly threw a rock at the restaurant employee. Delray Beach Police were called and Robbins was taken into custody.
See also
List of doping cases in sport
References
1973 births
Living people
American football centers
People with bipolar disorder
TCU Horned Frogs football players
Oakland Raiders players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Doping cases in American football
American sportspeople in doping cases
American shooting survivors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barret%20Robbins |
Warren Arthur Ambrose (October 25, 1914 – December 4, 1995) was Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at the University of Buenos Aires.
He was born in Virden, Illinois in 1914. He received his bachelor of science degree in 1935, his master's in 1936 and his Ph.D. in 1939, all from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Personal life
Warren Ambrose was a food and wine connoisseur, and also a fan of jazz saxophone player, Charlie "Bird" Parker. He is noted for his work with MIT colleague, Isadore Singer, both of whom helped to shape the pure mathematics department at MIT. He retired from teaching at MIT in 1985, thereafter moving to France. Ambrose died in 1995 in Paris. He was survived by his wife, Jeannette (Grillet) Ambrose of Paris, two children from an earlier marriage, Adam Ambrose of Bisbee, AZ, and Ellen Ambrose of Laurel, MD, and four grandchildren, David and Adam Holzsager, Ari Ambrose, and Jennifer Laurent.
Career
Ambrose became an assistant professor at MIT in 1947, an associate professor in 1950 and full professor in 1957. He was several times between 1939 and 1959 a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Ambrose is often considered one of the fathers of modern geometry. He is noted for making changes in the pure mathematics undergraduate curriculum at MIT to reflect recent findings in differential geometry. For example, less than ten years after André Weil presented the differential form, Ambrose was using it in his undergraduate differential geometry courses. In the 1950s, Ambrose (together with I. M. Singer) made MIT into the only center in geometry in the United States outside the University of Chicago. His influence continued through his students, in particular Hung-Hsi Wu and John Rhodes, both of the University of California, Berkeley. In the 1960s Ambrose was a visiting professor at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. He is noted for his opposition of takeover of South American countries military regimes, specifically Argentina.
Political activism
In the summer of 1966, while a visiting professor at the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina, Ambrose was severely beaten along with Argentinian faculty members and students by Argentinian military police. This occurred shortly after a military regime took over public universities in Argentina. Ambrose responded by bringing several of the best and brightest students from the University of Buenos Aires back to MIT with him. Ambrose is often renowned amongst Latin American intellectuals for bringing attention to right-wing dictatorships in South America.
In 1967, Ambrose signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes in protest against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to also take this stand.
References
External links
20th-century American mathematicians
American tax resisters
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
1914 births
1995 deaths
People from Virden, Illinois
Geometers
Mathematicians from Illinois
American expatriates in France
American expatriates in Argentina
University of Illinois College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Ambrose |
Namhae Chemical Corporation is a large South Korean company which produces fertilizers and chemicals. The company, established in 1974, is headquartered in Yeosu, Jeollanam-do, and operates a branch office in Jung-gu, Seoul.
Notes
See also
List of South Korean companies
Economy of South Korea
External links
company website (in Korean)
company snapshot
ilo.org employment report
South Jeolla Province
Chemical companies of South Korea
Companies listed on the Korea Exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namhae%20Chemical%20Corporation |
There are numerous codes of football in South Australia.
For Australian rules football, see Australian rules football in South Australia
For the governing body of Australian rules football in South Australia, see South Australian National Football League
For association football, see Soccer in South Australia
For the governing body of association football in South Australia, see Football South Australia
For rugby league football, see Rugby league in South Australia
For the governing body of rugby league football in South Australia, see NRL South Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20in%20South%20Australia |
KnowledgeWare was a software company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia co-founded by James Martin and run by Fran Tarkenton. It produced a Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool called IEW (Information Engineering Workbench) and a subsequent enhancement ADW (Application Development Workbench). These products contained 4 modules known as 'workstations': Planning, Analysis, Design, & Construction. KnowledgeWare was sold to Sterling Software in 1994, which was in its turn acquired by Computer Associates.
Tarkenton is credited with having coined, "A fool with a tool is a faster fool" while offering classes at their offices on Peachtree Street.
Tarkenton, Don Addington and other executives were eventually involved in legal actions brought by the SEC for engaging in a fraudulent scheme to inflate KnowledgeWare's financial results to meet sales and earnings projections.
References
Engineering companies of the United States
Defunct software companies of the United States
Companies based in Atlanta
Defunct companies based in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KnowledgeWare |
Carreras may refer to:
Places
Carreras, Durango, Mexico
Carreras, Santa Fe, Argentina
Carreras, Añasco, Puerto Rico, a barrio
Carreras, Arecibo, Puerto Rico, a barrio
Other uses
Carreras (surname)
Carreras Tobacco Company and its factory, now known as Greater London House
See also
Carrera (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreras |
is a Japanese seinen manga magazine published by Shogakukan, aimed at an older adult and mostly male audience. It is a sister magazine to Big Comic, the biggest difference being that it goes on sale twice a month in the weeks Big Comic does not. Cover artwork usually features a dog or cat, and a haiku. The dozen or so manga serials running at any given time feature a wide variety of material, from historical dramas and suspense to sports and romance, with relatively little science fiction or fantasy.
Launched in 1972, it has published over 1000 issues, typically running to about 350 pages in a black-and-white, saddle-stapled format, selling for 340 yen (2015). More than 83% of readers are reported to be over 30 years old, with female readers comprising about a quarter of the total. Most readers are company employees. Circulation in 2015 was reported at 539,500.
Currently running manga series
Manga artists and series published
Mitsuru Adachi
Jinbē (1992–1997) and Bōken Shōnen (1998–2005)
George Akiyama
Haguregumo (1973–2017)
Nobuyuki Fukumoto
The Legend of the Strongest, Kurosawa! (2002–2006)
Shin Kurosawa:Saikyō Densetsu (2013–2020)
Mitsuo Hashimoto
Station (1992–1996)
Kenshi Hirokane and Masao Yajima
Human Crossing (1980–1990)
Shin'ichi Ishizuka
Gaku: Minna no Yama (2003–2012)
Hideo Iura
Bengoshi no Kuzu (2003–2009)
Ichimaru
Okami-san (1990–1999)
Okami-san Heisei Basho (2011–2013)
Junji Ito
No Longer Human (2017–2018)
Eiji Kazama
(1990–2022; with Nobuhiro Sakata)
Kō Kojima
Hige to Boin (1974–2004)
Shinji Mizushima
Abu-san (1973–2014)
Motoka Murakami
Ryuu Ron (1991–2006)
Jiro Taniguchi
Guardians of the Louvre (2014)
Naoki Urasawa
Pineapple Army (1985–1988; with Kazuya Kudo)
Master Keaton (1988–1994; with Hokusei Katsushika and Takashi Nagasaki)
Monster (1994–2001)
Pluto (2003–2009)
Master Keaton Remaster (2012–2014; with Takashi Nagasaki)
Mujirushi: The Sign of Dreams (2017–2018)
Takatoshi Yamada
Dr. Kotō Shinryōjo (moved from Weekly Young Sunday; 2008–2010) [on hiatus]
Osamu Yamamoto
Akagari: The Red Rat in Hollywood (2017–2021)
Notes
References
External links
1972 establishments in Japan
Magazines established in 1972
Magazines published in Tokyo
Semimonthly manga magazines published in Japan
Seinen manga magazines
Shogakukan magazines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Comic%20Original |
Stewart Johonnot Oliver Alsop (May 17, 1914 – May 26, 1974) was an American newspaper columnist and political analyst.
Early life
Alsop was born and raised in Avon, Connecticut, from an old Yankee family. Alsop attended Groton School and Yale University. His parents were Joseph Wright Alsop IV (1876–1953) and Corinne Douglas Robinson (1886–1971). Through his mother, he was a grandnephew of Theodore Roosevelt.
Early career
After graduating from Yale in 1936, Alsop moved to New York City, where he worked as an editor for the publishing house of Doubleday, Doran.
World War II
After the United States entered World War II, Alsop joined the British Army because his high blood pressure precluded his joining the US Army. On June 20, 1944, Alsop married Patricia Barnard "Tish" Hankey (1926-2012), an Englishwoman.
A month after the wedding, Alsop was allowed to transfer to the US Army, and he was immediately sent on a mission planned by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). For the mission, Alsop was parachuted into the Périgord region of France to aid the French Resistance. Alsop was later awarded the Croix de Guerre with Palm for his work on that and other wartime missions. Alsop worked with and for the OSS for the rest of the war.
Journalism
From 1945 to 1958, Stewart Alsop was co-writer, with his brother Joseph, of the thrice-weekly "Matter of Fact" column for the New York Herald Tribune. Stewart usually stayed in Washington and covered domestic politics, and Joseph traveled the world to cover foreign affairs. In 1958, the Alsops described themselves as "Republicans by inheritance and registration, and... conservatives by political conviction."
After the Alsop brothers ended their partnership, Stewart went on to write articles and a regular column for the Saturday Evening Post until 1968 and then a weekly column for Newsweek from 1968 to 1974.
He published several books, including a "sort of memoir" of his battle with an unusual form of leukemia, Stay of Execution. He wrote, "A dying man wants to die like a sleepy man wants to sleep." At the end of his battle with cancer, he requested that he be given something other than morphine to numb the pain because he was tired of its sedative effect. His doctor suggested heroin.
Family
On June 20, 1944, Alsop married Patricia Barnard "Tish" Hankey (1926-2012), whom he met while training in England, where she lived. Together, they had six children: Joseph Wright Alsop VI; Ian; Elizabeth Winthrop, a children's book author; Stewart Alsop Jr., an investor and pundit; Richard Nicholas, a Curriculum Coordinator at Josh McDowell Ministry; and Andrew Alsop.
Legacy
Alsop is interred at the Indian Hill Cemetery in Middletown, Connecticut. In Alsop's hometown of Avon, Connecticut, there is a public park that is named Alsop Meadows in his honor.
Bibliography
Sub Rosa : The O.S.S. and American Espionage (1946, with Thomas Braden)
We Accuse! The Story of the Miscarriage of American Justice in the Case of J. Robert Oppenheimer (1954, with Joseph Alsop)
The Reporter's Trade (1958, with Joseph Alsop)
Nixon & Rockefeller : A Double Portrait (1960)
The Center : People and Power in Political Washington (1968)
Stay of Execution : A Sort of Memoir (1973)
References
Sources
Joseph W. Alsop, with Adam Platt, "I've Seen the Best of It": Memoirs (NY: W.W. Norton, 1992)
Herken, Gregg. The Georgetown Set: Friends and Rivals in Cold War Washington (2014), covers both brothers
Yoder, Jr., Edwin M. Joe Alsop's Cold War: A Study of Journalistic Influence and Intrigue (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1995)
External links
Oral History Interview with Stewart Alsop, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
Booknotes interview with Robert Merry on Taking on the World: Joseph and Stewart Alsop - Guardians of the American Century, March 24, 1996.
1914 births
1974 deaths
Burials at Indian Hill Cemetery
People from Avon, Connecticut
Military personnel from Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
Roosevelt family
American columnists
Bulloch family
Schuyler family
People of the Office of Strategic Services
Connecticut Republicans
Washington, D.C., Republicans
20th-century American male writers
British Army personnel of World War II
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Alsop family
Yale University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%20Alsop |
Björling is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Anna-Lisa Björling (1910–2006), Swedish opera singer and actress
Carl Fabian Björling (1839–1910), Swedish mathematician and meteorologist
Carl Georg Björling (1870–1934), Swedish lawyer
Emanuel Björling (1808–1872), Swedish mathematician
Ewa Björling (born 1961), Swedish politician
Gunnar Björling (1887–1960), Finnish poet
Johan Alfred Björling (1871–1892/93), Swedish botanist and explorer
Jussi Björling (1911–1960), Swedish opera singer
Renée Björling (1898–1975), Swedish actress
Sigurd Björling (1907–1983), Swedish opera singer
See also
Björlin
Swedish-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rling |
Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (SGBS), is a rare inherited congenital disorder that can cause craniofacial, skeletal, vascular, cardiac, and renal abnormalities. There is a high prevalence of cancer associated in those with sgbs which includes wilms tumors, neuroblastoma, tumors of the adrenal gland, liver, lungs and abdominal organs.
The syndrome is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. Females that possess one copy of the mutation are considered to be carriers of the syndrome but may still express varying degrees of the phenotype, suffering mild to severe malady. Males experience a higher likelihood of fetal death.
Types
There are two types of SGBS, each found on a different gene:
SGBS is also considered to be an overgrowth syndrome (OGS). OGS is characterized by a 2-3 standard deviation increase in weight, height, or head circumference above the average for sex and age. One of the most noted features of OGS is the increased risk of neoplasms in certain OGSs. SGBS in particular has been found to have a 10% tumor predisposition frequency with 94% of cases occurring in the abdominal region, most being malignant. It is common for tumors to be embryonal in type and appear before the age of 10.
There are five different types of tumors that patients with SGBS might develop, all intra-abdominal: Wilms tumor, Hepatoblastoma, Hepatocarcinoma, Gonadoblastoma, and Neuroblastoma.
The most common types of tumors developed in patients are the Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma.
Symptoms and signs
May include one or more of the following symptons:
Macrosomia
Macroglossia
Advanced bone age
Organomegaly is especially noted in liver and spleen
malformations of the kidneys (which may result in sporadic hypokalemia)
gastrointestinal and malabsorption disorders
muscle weakness
bone pain
Neonatal hypoglycemia
Neoplasms
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
(wide or protruding jaw and tongue, widened nasal bridge, upturned nasal tip) most commonly observed in males or elongated head and face shape, and narrow chin with overbite, underjet has been noted in females as well
palate abnormalities
malocclusion of teeth
bow shaped, with narrower top lip
emphasized center line on the tongue
Most often, Hands and feet are short and broad with dysplastic nails, but marfan-like elongated spindle fingers and elongated, narrow feet and elongated toes have also been present in those with SGBS
Cutaneous syndactyly
Polydactyly
Pectus excavatum
Talipes
Vertebral segmentation defects
extra lumbar vertebrate
defects of the chambers of the lungs
presence of rotated large intestine
hernia of the diaphragm
extra ribs may be present
Supernumerary nipples
Structural and conductive cardiac defects
Multicystic dysplastic kidneys
Hypotonia
Seizures
Brain malformations
Developmental disabilities
Intellectual disability- can be inexistent or mild to severe
increased anxiety
increased likelihood of cancers including lung cancers, wilms tumors (kidney and brain), hepatic carcinomas, neuroblastoma and cancer of the adrenal gland. 90 percent of currently manifested tumors have been found to be localized to the abdominal regions with the majority of those being both wilms and neuroblastoma, then adrenal cancers
Causes
Although not all causes of SGBS have been identified, one cause of SGBS type I is a mutation of the glypican-3 gene (GPC3) on the X chromosome locus q26.1. This particular gene is widely expressed, especially in tissues derived from the mesoderm during fetal development. The function of this gene is to produce a protein that acts as a cell surface receptor that binds to transcription factors. Binding of the transcription factors allows regulation of cellular responses to growth factors such as members of the hedgehog protein family. When large or small deletions and missense mutations occur along the GPC3 gene, GPC3 can no longer negatively regulate Hedgehog signaling during development, therefore increasing cell proliferation and the risk of developing cancer. Limb patterning and skeletal development may also go awry when GPC3 mutations inhibit regulations of responses to bone morphogenetic proteins, another type of growth factor.
It has been suggested that SGBS type II may be caused by duplication of the GPC4 gene, which helps to regulate cell division and growth.
Also, some patients diagnosed with SGBS do not have any GPC3 or GPC4 deletions or mutations. Possible explanations include promoter mutation or silencing of the GPC3 gene causing reduced expression in these patients.
Genetics
The disorder is passed on in an X-linked recessive fashion.
Diagnosis
Detection usually begins with a routine doctor visit when the fundal height is being measured or during an ultrasound examination. When large for gestational age fetuses (LGA) are identified, there are two common causes: maternal diabetes or incorrect dates. However, if these two causes can be ruled out, an ultrasound is performed to detect for overgrowth and other abnormalities. At this point, it becomes essential for a clinical geneticist to assist in the correct selection of tests and possible diagnosis.
First signs of SGBS may be observed as early as 16 weeks of gestation. Aids to diagnosing might include the presence of macrosomia, polyhydramnios, elevated maternal serum-α-fetoprotein, cystic hygroma, hydrops fetalis, increased nuchal translucency, craniofacial abnormalities, visceromegaly, renal abnormalities, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, polydactyly, and a single umbilical artery.
If there is a known mutation in the family, prenatal testing is available. Prenatal testing is also possible by looking for evidence of SGBS phenotype in the mother and the positive SGBS phenotype in male family members. Family members who are positive of SGBS may undergo mutational analysis of genes GPC3, GPC4, and CXORF5. Genomic balance in Xp22 and Xq26 may also be analyzed through array comparative genomic hybridization. Evaluation by a medical geneticist is recommended for those strong indications or likelihood of SGBS and for immediate relatives of those genetically confirmed to have SGBS.
Due to the high percentage of male deaths during the neonatal period, early detection of tumors is crucial. In order to detect the presence of tumors, screening in SGBS patients should include abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis, and biochemical markers that screen for embryonic tumors.
PET scan with CT is recommended for accurate diagnostic procedure in adult SGBS patients who have manifested tumors and or cysts, especially those of the kidneys, lungs, and or patients which express atypical lesion of the liver or who may be suspect for neuroblastoma.
Once the infant is born, possibility of hypoglycemia must be assessed along with cardiac, genitalia, liver, and adrenal evaluations. Such tests include chest radiographs, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, renal sonography, and abdominal sonography and CT to test for possible abnormalities.
Treatment
Since the syndrome is caused by a genetic mutation in the individual's DNA, a cure is not available. Treatment of the symptoms and management of the syndrome, however, is possible.
Due to the likelihood of patients developing tumors, full body ct scans are a recommended diagnostic tool. As there have been cases in which the genetic mutation is accompanied by further genetic presence of the bard 1 gene and presence of triple negative cancers, those with such dual expressions cannot rely upon standardized biopy for determination of cancer, but should resort to further diagnostic tools (ie those such as pet scans which measure chemical and decay rate factors for diagnosis).
Depending on the manifestation, surgery, special dietary consideration in the event of gastrointestinal affectations, special education, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and physical therapy are some methods of managing the syndrome and associated symptoms.
Research
SGBS is similar to another overgrowth syndrome called Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome.
SGBS Cells are a unique tool to study the function of Human adipocyte biology. These cells are similar to human primary preadipocytes, and may or may not become a popular model instead of Mouse 3T3-L1 cells to study the secretion and adipokine profile in the future. This cellular tool has been described and developed by Dr. Martin Wabitsch, University of Ulm, Germany.
References
External links
GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Simpson–Golabi–Behmel Syndrome
X-linked recessive disorders
Rare diseases
Syndromes affecting the tongue
Congenital disorders
Syndromes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%E2%80%93Golabi%E2%80%93Behmel%20syndrome |
Rukūʿ (, ) can refer to either of two things in Islam:
The act of belt-low bowing in standardized prayers, where the backbone should be in rest,.
A paragraph of the Quran. (There are 558 Rukus in Quran).
In prayer, it refers to the bowing at the waist from standing (qiyām) on the completion of recitation (qiraʾat) of a portion of the Qur'an in Islamic formal prayers (salah). There is a consensus on the obligatory nature of the rukūʿ. The position of rukūʿ is established by bending over till the hands are on the knees and remaining in that position until one attains a relaxed state while glorifying God ( subḥāna rabbiya l-ʿaẓīm, "Glory be to my Lord, the Most Magnificent!") thrice or more in odd number of times.
In Al-Ghazali's book Inner Dimensions of Islamic Worship, he wrote about the rukūʿ by saying:
Bowing (rukūʿ) and prostration (sujūd) are accompanied by a renewed affirmation of the supreme greatness of Allah. In bowing you renew your submissiveness and humility, striving to refine your inner feeling through a fresh awareness of your own importance and insignificance before the might and grandeur of your Lord. To confirm this, you seek the aid of your tongue, glorifying your Lord and testifying repeatedly to His supreme majesty, both inwardly and outwardly.
Qur'anic subdivision
The term rukūʿ — roughly translated to "passage", "pericope" or "stanza" — is also used to denote a group of thematically related verses in the Quran. Longer chapters (surah) in the Qur'an are usually divided into several rukūʿs, so that the reciters could identify when to make ruku in Salah without breaking an ongoing topic in the Quranic text. There are 558 rukūʿs in the Qur'an.
See also
Raka'ah
Poyasny, bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church, which originate from Jewish bowing
Saikeirei
References
Salah
Arabic words and phrases
Gestures of respect
Bowing
Salah terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruku |
The Raving Loony Green Giant Party was a political party in the United Kingdom.
History
The party was led by Stuart Hughes, who had formerly been an election agent for the Official Monster Raving Loony Party (OMRLP). He fell out with the OMRLP party leadership following the 1989 European Parliament election, at which Hughes claimed to have become a Member of the European Parliament for 30 seconds after the returning officer incorrectly awarded him the Conservative Party candidate's votes.
The party stood candidates in the 1990 Mid Staffordshire by-election and the 1991 Ribble Valley by-election, where they finished behind the OMRLP, and in the 1992 general election.
The party adopted a mixture of joke and genuine policies: for example, that dog food should be luminous so that dog faeces would glow and people would not step in it at night, or that pensioners should receive free bus passes and street cleaning should be more frequent. Hughes described the approach as using humour as a gimmick to interest the press in his real priorities. The party's headquarters were the Fawlty Towers hotel in Sidmouth, owned by Hughes, with its facade painted as the Union Flag.
The party managed to stand a full slate of candidates for the Cannock Chase District Council elections in Staffordshire in 1990. Leader Stuart Hughes was elected to East Devon District Council and to Sidmouth Town Council in 1991, along with another RLGGP candidate, Stuart Greenwood. Hughes' first council meeting was recorded by a television crew from Australia and a reporter for The Observer newspaper, although he agreed with other council members that he would not wear his Loony campaigning outfit. Also in 1991, David and June Beesley were elected in Ribble Valley. In 1993, Hughes was elected to Devon County Council, representing the Sidmouth Rural ward.
The party became effectively defunct after Hughes's election to Devon County Council in 1993 and the defection of Danny Bamford (aka Danny Blue) back to the OMRLP. It has not stood any candidates for a number of years and is not registered with the Electoral Commission. Hughes officially joined the Conservative Party just before the 1997 United Kingdom local elections.
See also
List of frivolous political parties
Rock 'n' Roll Loony Party
References
Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom
Political parties established in 1989
Joke political parties in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raving%20Loony%20Green%20Giant%20Party |
Gaidar may refer to:
People
Gaidar (surname), a Russian surname
A spelling variant of an Arabic name (Arabic حيدر ), another form of (حيدرة), see Haydar.
A spelling variant of an Azerbaijani given name Heydər, Гейдар taken from Arabic, now more commonly transliterated as Heydar
Places
Gaidar, Iran, a village in Iran
Gaidar, Gagauzia, a commune and village in Gagauzia, Moldova
Gaidar, a former name of Novoalexandrovka village, Rovensky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia
Gaidar, a former name of Qaraqol village, Atbasar District, Akmola Region, Kazakhstan
See also
Gaydar (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaidar |
Sterling Software was an American software company founded in Dallas, Texas in 1981 by Sterling Williams and brothers Sam and Charles Wyly. The company was acquired by Computer Associates International in 2000 in a stock-for-stock transaction worth $3.3 billion.
Computer Associates sold Sterling Software's Federal Systems Group to Northrop Grumman in 2000.
It was known for its aggressive acquisitions, most notably the hostile take-over of Informatics General Corporation in 1985.
Informatics was one of the first established software and services companies. It developed the MARK-IV Fourth-generation programming language in the 1960s. MARK-IV became the first software package exceeding $1 million in revenue, after IBM was forced in 1969 to unbundle software from their hardware.
Helped by financing and counseled by Werner Frank, one of Informatics' founders who had left this company a year before, Sterling Software started the hostile take over by offering to shareholders an interesting price per share and increasing it slowly until the Informatics board was no longer able to reject it.
Overnight, Sterling Software became a $200 million in revenue company up from $20 million.
After only 2 years, they started again acquiring new companies.
Acquired Systems Center, Inc. of Reston, Virginia in 1993 in a stock-for stock transaction worth $185 million, Sterling Software's 20th acquisition. In the process of this acquisition, Sterling Software was completely restructured along lines of business, as opposed to the previous practice of absorbing acquired companies as essentially equivalent divisions.
Acquired Atlanta-based KnowledgeWare in a stock-for-stock transaction worth $74 million in 1994, in the process eliminating about 250 jobs in the combined companies. KnowledgeWare's founder Fran Tarkenton joined the Sterling Software board of directors as part of the deal.
Acquired Texas Instruments's Dallas-based software division (known as TI Software) for $165 million cash in 1997, about 66% of its previous year's revenue. The acquisition included the rights to CA Gen.
Acquired Boston-based Cayenne Software for $11.4 million in cash in 1998, Sterling Software's 30th acquisition.
Acquired Fremont, California-based Interlink Computer Sciences in 1999 for $64 million in cash, merging Interlink into Sterling's existing Network Management Division.
See also
Connect:Direct#History, re VM Software Inc. & Sterling.
References
External links
Oral history interview with Sam Wyly. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Interview by David Allison, 6 December 2002, focuses on ongoing developments at University Computer Corporation, the eventual sale of this firm to Computer Associates, Wyly's formation of Sterling Software, its acquisition of Informatics, the sale of Sterling, and his ideas on the future of information technology.
- interview with Sam Wyly.
Biography of Sam Wyly
Defunct software companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Texas
Software companies established in 1980
Software companies disestablished in 2000
CA Technologies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling%20Software |
The Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was the second time that Estonia had attempted to enter the contest, having failed to qualify from the semi-final stage of the Eurovision Song Contest 1993. The pre-selection process featured multiple artists for the first time, with Silvi Vrait's "Nagu merelaine" being selected by the judging panel to represent the nation in Ireland. In the contest, however, Vrait would place 24th second and last, receiving only two points in the scoring process and only beating fellow Baltic nation Lithuania.
Before Eurovision
Eurolaul 1994
The final took place in Tallinn, Estonia on 26 February 1994, and was hosted by Reet Oja and Guido Kangur. Unlike the previous year, multiple artists entered the preselection show, with ten different songs featured. Pearu Paulus would perform two songs, with Evelin Samuel performing three. Paulus and Hedvig Hanson's "Kallim kullast" would ultimately be edged out narrowly by Silvi Vrait's "Nagu merelaine", with Vrait winning the competition and earning the right to represent Estonia in Dublin.
The jury panel that voted in the final consisted of Kare Kauks, Faime Jurno, Uno Loop, Lagle Mäll, Erik Morna, Toomas Vanem, Olav Osolin, Heidy Tamme, Helgi Erilaid, Lembit Ulfsak, Tarmo Kruusimäe, Maian Kärmas, Kaidi Klein, Peeter Vähi, Indrek Sei and Cathy Korju.
At Eurovision
On the night of the final, Silvi Vrait performed 10th, following Switzerland and preceding Romania. At the end of the voting, Silvi have received 2 points, finishing 24th out of 25 competing countries.
Voting
References
1994
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1994
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%201994 |
Ron Turner may refer to:
Ron Turner (American football) (born 1953), Florida International University's head coach
Ron Turner (illustrator) (1922–1998), British illustrator and comics artist
Ron Turner (water polo) (1929–2007), British water polo player
Ron Turner (coach), USA Swimming
Ronald Turner (1915–1965), Canadian politician
Ronald William Turner (1896–?), English World War I flying ace
Ronald Turner (cricketer) (1885–1915), English cricketer
Ron Turner (rugby league) (born 1945), Australian rugby league footballer
Ronnie Turner (born 1911, date of death unknown), Rhodesian international bowler
See also
Turner (surname) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Turner |
Tina Root (born Bettina Root), also now known as Tina Minero, is an American classically trained female vocalist and songwriter from Los Angeles, California, perhaps most famous for her work performing as the lead singer of Switchblade Symphony during the mid- to late 1990s. Her latest work included a solo performance and recording project, Tre Lux, and a partnership project, called Small Halo, with guitarist and fellow songwriter George Earth.
Biography
Tina Root was born in Los Angeles, California and still resides there. She is a classically trained vocalist with a background in musical theater. She married in June 2002 and has a daughter, Gabriella Star Minero, who was born in June 2007.
She formed the San Francisco-based band Switchblade Symphony in 1989, with composer Susan Wallace. They performed and recorded with several other band members over the years, including guitarists Robin Jacobs and George Earth, and drummers Eric Gebow, and Scott van Shoick. They released several records on Cleopatra Records, including the critically acclaimed albums Serpentine Gallery in 1995, Scrapbook in 1997, Bread and Jam for Frances in 1997 and The Three Calamities in 1999, and performed international tours in support of those albums until the group disbanded in 1999.
In April 2001, she created the solo trip hop project, Tre Lux, performing her first show as Tre Lux in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in January 2002, with the help of San Francisco duo BeatDestruct. She has so far recorded one full-length album as Tre Lux (also known as Tré Lux), entitled A Strange Gathering, released in 2006 and featuring her covers of several other artists' hits, including one from Switchblade Symphony, Bad Trash.
In 2008, she reunited musically with former Switchblade Symphony guitarist George Earth to form Small Halo, a project that has so far recorded one self-titled five-song EP, which they released in 2009.
In 2010, Tina recorded vocals on the MC Lars song, Reaping Beauty, inspired by the SEGA game Bayonetta, which was included on the 2011 second re-release of Lars' album 21 Concepts (But a Hit Ain't One). In 2015, she retired from the music scene and is currently active as a realtor.
Discography
With Switchblade Symphony
Full-length albums and EPs
Serpentine Gallery (1995)
Scrapbook (1997) (out of print)
Bread and Jam for Frances (1997)
The Three Calamities (1999)
Sinister Nostalgia (2001) (remixes)
Sweet Little Witches (2003) (live performances and video track)
Serpentine Gallery Deluxe (2005)
Singles
Clown (1996)
Drool (1997)
Other
Fable (1991) (out of print demo cassette)
Elegy (1992) (out of print demo cassette)
Girlscout (single) (recorded with Jack Off Jill) (1998)
Compilations
From The Machine, featured the song: "Mine Eyes" (Index Records, 1990)
Gothic Rock Volume 2: 80's Into 90's (1995)
Gothik (1995) (re-released in 2006)
Wired Injections (1996)
Gothic Divas Presents: Switchblade Symphony, Tre Lux, and New Skin (Cleopatra, 2006)
Psycho Tina's Hell House Of Horrors, featured the song "Witches (Live)" (Cleopatra, )
As Tre Lux
A Strange Gathering Album (2006) covers
With Small Halo
Small Halo EP (2009)
References
External links
Switchblade Symphony on Myspace
Tre Lux on Myspace
Official page for Tre Lux
Small Halo on Myspace
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Singers from Los Angeles
American women rock singers
American women singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
Switchblade Symphony members
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Root |
Hitachimycin, also known as stubomycin, is a cyclic polypeptide produced by Streptomyces that acts as an antibiotic. It exhibits cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells, Gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and fungi, as well as hemolytic activity; this is mediated by changes at the cell membrane and subsequent lysis. Owing to its cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells and tumors, it was first proposed as an antitumor antibiotic.
As of 2007, it has not been used in a clinical setting.
References
Antibiotics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachimycin |
Augusta County Public Schools is the organization that operates the public school system in Augusta County, Virginia. The school board is elected, and the current superintendent is Dr. Eric Bond.
Schools
Elementary
Churchville Elementary School
Edward G. Clymore Elementary School
Craigsville Elementary School
Hugh K. Cassell Elementary School
North River Elementary School
Riverheads Elementary School
Guy K. Stump Elementary School
Stuarts Draft Elementary School
Wilson Elementary School
Middle
Beverley Manor Middle School
S. Gordon Stewart Middle School
Stuarts Draft Middle School
Wilson Middle School
High
Buffalo Gap High School
Mascot: Bison
Fort Defiance High School
Mascot: Indians
Riverheads High School
Mascot: Gladiators
Stuarts Draft High School
Mascot: Cougars
Wilson Memorial High School
Mascot: Hornets
Other
Shenandoah Valley Governor's School
Valley Vocational Technical Center
See also
List of school divisions in Virginia
External links
Augusta County Public Schools
School divisions in Virginia
Education in Augusta County, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta%20County%20Public%20Schools |
Suna Murray (born April 16, 1955 in Tallahassee, Florida) is an American former figure skater. She twice won a bronze medal at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships and competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics.
Murray coaches at the Skating Club of Boston. Her daughter Kylie Gleason is also an elite skater. Her other daughter, Hadley Gleason, is a graduate of Trinity College playing both field and ice hockey. She is a technical panel member for US Figure Skating.
She graduated from Columbia High School, Maplewood, NJ and Harvard University.
Results
References
External links
Where Are They Now: Suna Murray
American female single skaters
Figure skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
1955 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tallahassee, Florida
Harvard College alumni
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suna%20Murray |
The women's 1500 metres speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy, on 22 February.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
No new world or Olympic records were set during the competition.
Results
References
Women's speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20skating%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%201500%20metres |
WBNS (1460 kHz) — branded 1460 ESPN Columbus — is a commercial AM radio station in Columbus, Ohio. The station currently broadcasts a sports talk format and carries ESPN Radio programming. It is owned by Tegna Inc., along with WBNS-FM (97.1 MHz.) and WBNS-TV (channel 10). The three stations' studios and offices are located on Twin Rivers Drive, near Downtown Columbus; WBNS (AM)'s transmitter tower is located in East Columbus.
Overview
The station was first authorized, as WCAH, on May 13, 1922, and was originally owned by the Entrekin Electric Company of Columbus. The Wolfe family, owners of The Columbus Dispatch, bought the station in 1929 and in January 1934 changed the calls to the present WBNS– the call letters stand for "Wolfe Bank, Newspaper and Shoes"—the businesses controlled by the Wolfe family. (The WBNS stations maintained common ownership with the Dispatch until 2015, when the Wolfes sold the newspaper and related assets to New Media Investment Group.) WBNS was the longtime Columbus affiliate of the CBS Radio Network, and in the present-day serves as the AM flagship of the Ohio State Sports Network.
After various formats over the decades, including full service, Top 40, and MOR, in 2009 WBNS began simulcasting with WBNS-FM, which had previously aired an adult contemporary format. This was intended to improve the nighttime coverage for the station's longtime sports talk format, as well as Buckeyes football and basketball. The AM station must reduce its power to 1,000 watts at night, resulting in reduced coverage outside of Columbus itself. However, the FM station was branded as the main station, under the moniker "97.1 The Fan."
In 2011, the simulcast ended. The AM station began offering additional ESPN network programming and announced plans to create original local content such as an MMA show called "Ground & Pound", as well as a coach's show for the local MLS team, the Columbus Crew. On January 5, 2012 it was announced that the station would carry Cleveland Indians broadcasts in Columbus for the 2012 season, marking the return of the Indians after their absence from the Columbus market for the 2011 season.
WBNS is one of five stations remaining in the U.S. to broadcast using a Blaw-Knox tower that employed a distinctive diamond-shaped cantilever design.
On June 11, 2019, Dispatch announced it was selling its broadcasting assets, including the WBNS stations, to Tegna Inc. for $535 million in cash. The sale was completed on August 8.
References
External links
ESPN 1460
FCC History Cards for WBNS (covering 1927-1980 as WCAH / WBNS)
Tegna Inc.
BNS
Radio stations established in 1922
ESPN Radio stations
1922 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBNS%20%28AM%29 |
The water polo tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held from 20 to 28 July 1996, in Atlanta, United States.
Qualification
Teams
GROUP A
GROUP B
Squads
Preliminary round
Group A
Saturday 20 July 1996
Sunday 21 July 1996
Monday 22 July 1996
Tuesday 23 July 1996
Wednesday 24 July 1996
Group B
Saturday 20 July 1996
Sunday 21 July 1996
Monday 22 July 1996
Tuesday 23 July 1996
Wednesday 24 July 1996
Classification round
Friday 26 July 1996
Saturday 27 July 1996
Sunday 28 July 1996
Final round
{{Round8-with third
|||12||8
|||5||4
|||6||8|||9||11|||6||7|||7||6
|||7||5
|||18||20}}
Quarterfinals
Friday 26 July 1996
Semifinals
Saturday 27 July 1996 — 5th/8th placeSaturday 27 July 1996 — 1st/4th placeFinals
Sunday 28 July 1996 — 7th placeSunday 28 July 1996 — 5th placeSunday 28 July 1996 — Bronze medal matchSunday 28 July 1996 — Gold medal match'''
Ranking and statistics
Final ranking
Multi-time Olympians
Five-time Olympian(s): 1 player
: Manuel Estiarte
Four-time Olympian(s): 3 players
: George Mavrotas, Anastasios Papanastasiou
: Jordi Sans
Medallists
See also
1994 FINA Men's World Water Polo Championship
1998 FINA Men's World Water Polo Championship
References
Sources
PDF documents in the LA84 Foundation Digital Library:
Official Report of the 1996 Olympic Games, v.3 (download, archive) (pp. 56–73)
Water polo on the Olympedia website
Water polo at the 1996 Summer Olympics (men's tournament)
Water polo on the Sports Reference website
Water polo at the 1996 Summer Games (men's tournament) (archived)
External links
Results
1996 Summer Olympics events
O
1996
1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20polo%20at%20the%201996%20Summer%20Olympics |
The Sucre family is a prominent political family of Venezuela.
Origin
The family was founded in Venezuela, by Carlos Francisco de Sucre Garrido y Pardo, a Flanders-born noble, son of Charles Adrien de Sucre y d'Yves, Marquess of Preux, of Flemish origin, and of María Buenaventura Carolina Isabel Garrido de Sánchez y Pardo de Figueroa, Lady of Syssele, of Spanish origin. Carlos Francisco de Sucre Garrido y Pardo, served as a soldier of Catalunya to the Spanish Crown in 1689, and was later named Governor of Cartagena de Indias and Governor and Captain General of Cuba. On 22 December 1779, the family arrived in Venezuela as Sucre Garrido y Pardo was appointed Governor of New Andalucia, the easternmost province of the then Captaincy General of Venezuela and where the family would remain for almost all its history. He married Margarita de Flores y Trelles and had a son Antonio Mauricio de Sucre Pardo y Trelles, married to Josefa Margarita Francisca García de Urbaneja y Sánchez de Torres, daughter of Francisco Manuel García de Urbaneja y Andrade and wife Teresa Sánchez de Torres y Gobea. Their son Vicente de Sucre y García de Urbaneja married María Manuela de Alcalá y Sánchez Ramírez de Arellano, daughter of Pedro de Alcalá y Rendón and wife Juana Jerónima Sánchez Ramírez de Arellano y Vallenilla, and their son was António José de Sucre y Alcalá.
Antonio José de Sucre
Members of this family have excelled in modern Venezuelan history and have had a deep impact in that country's events. The most well-known member is General Antonio José de Sucre. He was a prominent figure in the Spanish American independence movement against Spain and is considered a founder of Bolivia, the liberator of Ecuador, and the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho. During the Spanish regime, he was originally appointed as a lieutenant in the provincial armed forces of the Venezuelan republics, serving under General Santiago Marino. Sucre later became the first lieutenant to the liberator Simon Bolivar and was widely touted to replace Bolivar as the leader of the newly independent Latin American nations before his untimely death in the hands of royalist rebels in 1830. While Bolivar is described as the charismatic leader who rallied the independence forces to fight, historians recognize Sucre as the military genius behind him.
Under Bolivar, he was involved in the purchase of armaments, issuing military orders, recruitment, and personnel assignments. Sucre also run a spy network against the royalists until they retreated into the highlands southwest of Lima. Sucre is particularly famous for the Battle of Pichincha in 1822, where he quashed the Spaniards and liberated Ecuador. There is also the case of the Battle of Ayacucho, where he triumphed over Royalist army despite being vastly outnumbered. His forces sustained 309 dead and 607 wounded to the Royalists' 1,400 dead and 700 wounded. His ability as a statesman was tested when he engaged in diplomatic missions, negotiating the armistice with Spain particularly in 1820.
Recent history
In the 20th century the family has once again become prominent in Venezuelan life as its members have taken roles in literature, politics, military and business. During the 1960s and 1970s the Sucre Figarella brothers were almost all involved in Venezuelan life serving in areas such as the military, public infrastructure, legislature, foreign service and literature. The oldest brother Juan Manuel Sucre was a general and served as Commander in Chief of the Army; his younger brother Leopoldo had the most active participation in politics as he was Governor and Senator of the state of Bolivar, Minister of Public Works, and as President of the state-owned Corporación Venezolana de Guayana; the third brother Jose Francisco was a key member of the foreign policy community serving as Ambassador to the United Nations and a number of European countries such as Russia and Austria. During the early half of the 20th century, another member of the family, José Antonio Ramos Sucre, had achieved fame as a great poet.
Nowadays, members of the family are mostly involved in private businesses.
Motto and Coat of Arms
The family coat of arms and its motto, in French, Contentez Vous de Sucre, is included in the 2,000 Venezuelan bolívar bill between 1994 and 1998.
Named in Honor of Antonio José de Sucre
Different places (and a former currency) across Latin America are named after Antonio José de Sucre, among them:
Sucre, Bolivia, the judicial capital of Bolivia.
Sucre, Venezuela, one of the States in Venezuela.
Sucre, Colombia, one of the Departments of Colombia.
Sucre, the currency of Ecuador until the year 2000.
Notable members
Some notable members of the Sucre family are:
Carlos de Sucre Garrido y Pardo, (b. 1680), Marquess of Preux, Governor of the Province of Cartagena de Indias
Antonio José de Sucre, (1795–1830), General, Grand Marshal of Ayacucho, President of Bolivia
Andres Sucre, former Minister of Public Works;
Juan Manuel Sucre Figarella, (1925–1996), General, former Commander in Chief of the Army
Leopoldo Sucre Figarella, (1926–1996) former Minister of Public Works; Senator; President of CVG; former Governor of Bolivar
Guillermo Sucre Figarella, poet and literary critic
José Antonio Ramos Sucre,(1890-1930) notable poet and writer
Luis Alberto Sucre, well-known Venezuelan historian
Jesús Sucre, (1988-), catcher Seattle Mariners
Jorge Sucre, President of opposition party Proyecto Venezuela
Antonio Jose Sucre, General Surgeon, La Floresta Hospital in Caracas
Juan Manuel Sucre Trias (1940–1983), economist, Accion Democratica leader, parliamentarian and diplomat.
Jose Manuel Sucre Ciffoni, (born 1963), attorney, parliamentarian, former Secretary of the Presidency of Venezuela and United Nations official.
References
External links
Brief Antonio Jose de Sucre Biography
History of Venezuela
Venezuelan families
Sucre family
Colombian families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre%20family |
Sandra J. "Sandy" Lenz-Jackson (born June 10, 1960 in Rockford, Illinois) is an American former figure skater. She won the bronze medal at the 1980 U.S. Figure Skating Championships and competed at that year's Winter Olympics. She was also the 1977 U.S. junior champion.
Lenz was not selected to compete at the 1980 World Championships, but she continued to compete and won the St. Ivel International in England in the fall of 1980. She then retired in 1981 due to injuries. She was coached by Evy and Mary Scotvold.
Lenz has worked as a skating coach. In August 2015, she won the silver medal at the inaugural World Figure Championships (losing the title on a tie-break).
Results
References
American female single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Living people
1960 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Lenz |
The Non-consumption agreements were a part of a family of agreements, including the non-importation and non-exportation agreements addressed by American colonists in the 1774 Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress. These agreements later served as the basis for the Non-Importation Act, and subsequent Embargo of 1807 that was passed by the United States Congress in 1806 in an attempt to establish American nautical neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars between France and Britain.
Throughout the 1760s, the American colonies found themselves in the midst of one of America’s early economic falls. Colonists living in this time found themselves low on money, with trade becoming increasingly difficult, and their debt to Britain growing larger. To add to the colonist's already pressing issues, Britain began to impose a host of acts against them.
Paying debts
In an attempt to gain some type of compensation for the colonist's debts, Britain created acts in an effort to offset expenses on their end due to activities mainly involving the protection of the colonists. Two of these were the Quartering Act and the Stamp Act. While the Quartering Act cut down on the cost of housing British soldiers, the Stamp act placed duties on any official papers or documents produced within the colonies in an attempt to create revenue with which to defray some of the colonist's debts.
Taxes damage trade
The Sugar Act in particular had a negative impact on imports regarding trade between the colonies and outside countries. It cut costs on importing molasses into the country by half. However, the American colonists had been evading the previous tax, and although the Sugar Act reduced duties on molasses, it came with a higher enforcement level. It also placed taxes on imports that were formerly not taxed and put Britain’s hand in important American exports such as lumber.
Colonist resistance
The taxation and legislation passed by the British upset the colonists. American patriotism became strong and the colonists decided to confront the situation. In an attempt to resist the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty were born. Large portions of the protests were marked by riots, the burning of “stamped” papers and the tarring and feathering of British officials as well as those continuing to use British goods. American and homemade goods became the patriotic choice for consumers.
Another notable act that led to violent opposition was the passing of the Tea Act. This act enraged the already volatile colonists and resulted in a group of people living in Boston enacting the infamous Boston Tea Party, where in three ships worth of tea barrels were dumped into the Boston Harbor.
Britain's reaction
In reaction to the colonists' actions regarding the Boston Tea Party, Britain decided to pass what were known as the Intolerable Acts. These acts were aimed at bringing the colonies back into compliance with the King’s wishes and included the outlawing of town meetings.
Once again, the colonists were outraged. In response, twelve of the thirteen colonies formed the First Continental Congress, where they drafted a list of grievances against the crown and the provisions they would make until legislature was changed. One of these provisions were the non-consumption agreements, which stated that unless Britain repealed their previously passed acts, then the colonies would engage in neither the import of British goods nor export goods to Britain and its colonies.
Split in the Colonies
It is important to note, however, that the colonists were not wholly supportive of refusing to consume British goods. This was especially the case with many merchants whose stores were stocked full of British goods and feared the shock that their income would surely incur. The southern colonies were also a large group that was wary of the effect that refusing trade with Britain would bring, as they were more heavily involved in producing the goods, such as cotton, that England consumed more heavily than were the northern colonies.
References
The American Promise, Volume A: A History of the United States: To 1800 by James L. Roark, Michael P. Johnson, Patricia Cline Cohen, Sarah Stage, Susan M. Hartmann.
The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies by David Lee Russell.
Specific
History of the Thirteen Colonies
Tarring and feathering in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconsumption%20agreements |
In mathematics, a split-biquaternion is a hypercomplex number of the form
where w, x, y, and z are split-complex numbers and i, j, and k multiply as in the quaternion group. Since each coefficient w, x, y, z spans two real dimensions, the split-biquaternion is an element of an eight-dimensional vector space. Considering that it carries a multiplication, this vector space is an algebra over the real field, or an algebra over a ring where the split-complex numbers form the ring. This algebra was introduced by William Kingdon Clifford in an 1873 article for the London Mathematical Society. It has been repeatedly noted in mathematical literature since then, variously as a deviation in terminology, an illustration of the tensor product of algebras, and as an illustration of the direct sum of algebras.
The split-biquaternions have been identified in various ways by algebraists; see below.
Modern definition
A split-biquaternion is ring isomorphic to the Clifford algebra Cl0,3(R). This is the geometric algebra generated by three orthogonal imaginary unit basis directions, under the combination rule
giving an algebra spanned by the 8 basis elements , with (e1e2)2 = (e2e3)2 = (e3e1)2 = −1 and ω2 = (e1e2e3)2 = +1.
The sub-algebra spanned by the 4 elements is the division ring of Hamilton's quaternions, .
One can therefore see that
where is the algebra spanned by , the algebra of the split-complex numbers.
Equivalently,
Split-biquaternion group
The split-biquaternions form an associative ring as is clear from considering multiplications in its basis . When ω is adjoined to the quaternion group one obtains a 16 element group
( {1, i, j, k, −1, −i, −j, −k, ω, ωi, ωj, ωk, −ω, −ωi, −ωj, −ωk}, × ).
Module
Since elements of the quaternion group can be taken as a basis of the space of split-biquaternions, it may be compared to a vector space. But split-complex numbers form a ring, not a field, so vector space is not appropriate. Rather the space of split-biquaternions forms a free module. This standard term of ring theory expresses a similarity to a vector space, and this structure by Clifford in 1873 is an instance. Split-biquaternions form an algebra over a ring, but not a group ring.
Direct sum of two quaternion rings
The direct sum of the division ring of quaternions with itself is denoted . The product of two elements and is in this direct sum algebra.
Proposition: The algebra of split-biquaternions is isomorphic to
proof: Every split-biquaternion has an expression q = w + z ω where w and z are quaternions and ω2 = +1. Now if p = u + v ω is another split-biquaternion, their product is
The isomorphism mapping from split-biquaternions to is given by
In , the product of these images, according to the algebra-product of indicated above, is
This element is also the image of pq under the mapping into
Thus the products agree, the mapping is a homomorphism; and since it is bijective, it is an isomorphism.
Though split-biquaternions form an eight-dimensional space like Hamilton's biquaternions, on the basis of the Proposition it is apparent that this algebra splits into the direct sum of two copies of the real quaternions.
Hamilton biquaternion
The split-biquaternions should not be confused with the (ordinary) biquaternions previously introduced by William Rowan Hamilton. Hamilton's biquaternions are elements of the algebra
Synonyms
The following terms and compounds refer to the split-biquaternion algebra:
elliptic biquaternions – ,
Clifford biquaternion – ,
dyquaternions –
where D = split-complex numbers – ,
, the direct sum of two quaternion algebras –
See also
Split-octonions
References
Clifford, W.K. (1873) Preliminary Sketch of Biquaternions, pages 195–7 in Mathematical Papers via Internet Archive
Clifford, W.K. (1882) The Classification of Geometric Algebras, page 401 in Mathematical Papers, R. Tucker editor
Clifford algebras
Historical treatment of quaternions
de:Biquaternion#Clifford Biquaternion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-biquaternion |
Free Frank McWorter (1777 – September 7, 1854) was an American born into slavery who bought his own freedom in Kentucky and in 1836 founded the town of New Philadelphia in Illinois; he was the first African American to plat and register a town, and establish a planned community in the United States. The New Philadelphia town site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009 and made a National Park Service site in 2022.
Frank McWorter was born enslaved on a Southern plantation to an enslaved African-American mother. His white owner was also his biological father. As an adult, in his spare time, after completing work for his owner (and father), Frank was allowed to use a cave to gather and prepare a natural ingredient for gunpowder for sale. In this way, Frank was able to save sufficient funds first to buy his wife's freedom, and Frank then bought his own (thus, he became "Free" Frank). He eventually gave-up his saltpeter operation in exchange for the freedom of some of his children and moved to Illinois. Over several decades, McWorter and his estate spent about $500,000 (in 2021 dollars) to buy the freedom of some 15 to 22 enslaved family members in Kentucky. Several of these freedom purchases were financed by sale of his New Philadelphia, Illinois lots.
In the late 20th century, a local history group recruited archaeologists to explore the long-abandoned Illinois town site. Teams from the University of Maryland, College Park, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and De Paul University have worked for years on research and excavations, collected data about residents from census and land records, and turned up thousands of artifacts. In addition they have trained students at summer field schools, and published reports, articles, and books on the history of McWorter, his family and his town.
McWorter descendants donated the collected 11 volumes of documentation to the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in February 2008. In addition, the family donated a bronze bust of Frank McWorter by his great-great-granddaughter Shirley McWorter Moss.
Biography
Frank McWorter was born in 1777 into slavery in South Carolina to Juda, born in West Africa, abducted into slavery and transported to the colony. His father was likely her white enslaver, George McWhorter, a Scots-Irish planter. According to family tradition, Juda had to convince McWhorter to allow his mixed-race son to live.
In 1795 McWhorter moved to Pulaski County, Kentucky, and took Frank to build and later manage his holdings there. Frank tended the farm, but McWhorter also leased him to work for neighbors as a laborer. From being hired out, Frank learned business skills and earned more money than his master required him to hand over. After McWhorter moved to Tennessee, he continued to have Frank manage his farm in Kentucky. Frank used his savings to create a saltpeter production operation, for which there was considerable demand during the War of 1812.
Marriage and family
In 1799, Frank married Lucy, an enslaved African American on a neighboring plantation. They had 13 children born into slavery, of whom four – Juda, Frank, Sally, and Solomon – survived. By 1817 Frank had earned enough money to buy Lucy from her master for $800 (~$ in ). She was pregnant at the time with their son Squire, and because she was now free, he was (later) freeborn. Two years after that, in 1819, Frank bought his own freedom at the same price. He then called himself "Free Frank", which served notice that he was legally free, and that it was known to townspeople that he was free. It was not uncommon for free black citizens to be kidnapped and enslaved. In 1829, Free Frank traded his saltpeter plant in exchange for the freedom of his son Frank, who had fled to Canada and was a fugitive. This allowed his son to return to the United States as a free man. By this time he and Lucy also had three surviving freeborn children: Squire, Commodore and Lucy Ann.
Move to Illinois
In 1830 Frank, Lucy and their four free children moved to Pike County, Illinois. By the second year they started farming. In 1836 Frank filed a plat to create the village of New Philadelphia on which he had purchased from the federal government for $100 (~$ in ). The town site, which was divided into 144 lots, was registered with government authorities in 1836. McWorter established residence in New Philadelphia with his family and sold other lots to new residents. Both blacks and whites settled there and supported an integrated school. It was the crossroads of an agricultural community and, when founded, proposed as being on the route of a planned Illinois-Michigan canal (which was never built.)
In 1837, Free Frank petitioned the Illinois legislature (as was required) so that he could officially take the surname McWorter. In that same year, the legislation was passed to "make 'Frank McWorter' his legal name." This technicality enabled him to have certain rights normally reserved for white men in Illinois. He could bring lawsuits to court, and could legally marry his wife of over 40 years. But, he still could not vote."
McWorter was the first black man in the United States to incorporate a municipality. He served as mayor of New Philadelphia, which was soon settled by African Americans and European Americans, for years.
McWorter lived most of the rest of his life in western Illinois, with intervals in Kentucky before the American Civil War to buy freedom for his three grown children and grandchildren left in Kentucky. For instance, in 1835 he returned and purchased the freedom of his son Solomon. On each trip he risked capture by unscrupulous slave traders, despite his legally free status.
McWorter died on September 7, 1854; by that time he had bought the freedom of eight more of his relatives. Through his work, he gained freedom for 16 members of his family. His heirs used his inheritance to free seven more relatives.
Town's decline
In 1869 the first railroad was built through Pike County, bypassing New Philadelphia to the north for Baylis, which had a train station. Businesses moved there for better access. The population of New Philadelphia rapidly declined. By the end of the nineteenth century, some of the townsite had been reverted to farmland for cultivation, but other areas were inhabited through the 1920s.
Legacy
McWorter's gravesite was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is located about 4 miles east of Barry, Illinois off U.S. Route 36.
A portion of I-72 in Pike County was designated the Frank McWorter Memorial Highway.
The New Philadelphia Town Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009.
Further reading
(about some of Free Frank's descendants).
Walker, Juliet E. K., Free Frank: A Black Pioneer on the Antebellum Frontier, Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1983.
References
External links
Free Frank McWorter Website
New Philadelphia Association
"Historical Landscapes of New Philadelphia, Illinois", University of Illinois
McWorter Family Website
"Prairie Fire: Free Frank and New Philadelphia (WILL-TV)". YouTube video
18th-century American slaves
19th-century American slaves
American city founders
Black slave owners in the United States
American slave owners
People from Pike County, Illinois
People from Pulaski County, Kentucky
People from South Carolina
1777 births
1854 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Frank%20McWorter |
"Come a Little Closer" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in July 2005 as the second single from his 2005 album Modern Day Drifter. The song went to number one on the U.S. Country chart and held that position for the chart weeks of December 3 and December 10, 2005. On the chart for December 17, the song fell to number two when Joe Nichols' "Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off" replaced it at the top spot. The song then returned to number 1 for a third and final week on the chart dated December 24. The song was written by Bentley and Brett Beavers.
Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that Bentley "shows he has a way with a ballad on this sultry number. The sensual tone and sexy lyric hark back to those envelope-pushing Conway Twitty hits that once raised eyebrows. She goes on to compare the song to Twitty's, "I'd Love to Lay You Down." On Bentley's vocals she says that he "brings warmth to a decidedly sensual lyric." Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a negative rating. He said that Bentley doesn't quite have the vocal maturity to pull this song off but he is getting there.
Music video
The music video was directed by David McClister and was filmed in Nashville in a warehouse. Dierks Bentley's love interest was played by Bonnie-Jill Laflin.
Chart positions
"Come a Little Closer" debuted at number 49 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs for the week of July 30, 2005.
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2005 songs
Country ballads
2000s ballads
Dierks Bentley songs
2005 singles
Songs written by Dierks Bentley
Songs written by Brett Beavers
Capitol Records Nashville singles
Song recordings produced by Brett Beavers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20a%20Little%20Closer%20%28Dierks%20Bentley%20song%29 |
The Moderate Labour Party was a minor political party in the United Kingdom. It was founded in about 1985 by former members of the Labour Party who were opposed to the miners' strike.
It was particularly active in Nottinghamshire. It fielded 26 candidates in local elections, including five sitting councillors, none of whom won their seats. They fielded two candidates in the 1987 general election against left-wing Labour candidates, with its chairman, Brian Marshall, standing in Mansfield against Alan Meale. Another candidate, Allan Harrison, stood in Batley and Spen. Benefiting from the endorsement of retiring Labour MP Don Concannon, Marshall won 1,580 votes in Mansfield. The Conservative Party nearly took the seat, but Meale held it for the main Labour Party with a majority of only 56 votes versus Concannon's 2,216-vote majority from 1983.
The party again stood in the European Parliament election, 1994, winning 12,113 votes but not coming close to winning a seat.
See also
Union of Democratic Mineworkers
References
Political parties established in 1985
Defunct political parties in England
1985 establishments in England
Labour Party (UK) breakaway groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate%20Labour%20Party |
Heydar is a common male given name in Greater Iran, particularly in Iran and Azerbaijan. A variant of the Arabic name Haydar (also spelt Heidar, Haider, and other variants), it was a cognomen of Ali, who was known for his courage in battle.
Heydar is sometimes transliterated as Gaidar or Geidar, from the Cyrillic spelling Гейдар.
The name may refer to:
People
Heydar Aliyev (1923–2003), Azerbaijani politician and president
Heydar Babayev (born 1957), Azerbaijani politician
Heydar Ghiai (1922–1985), Iranian architect
Heydar Huseynov (1908–1950), Azerbaijani philosopher
Heydar Moslehi (born 1957), Iranian politician
Heydar Yaghma (1926–1986), Iranian poet
See also
Heydar Alat, Iran
Heydar Babaya Salam, a work of poetry
Heydar Baghi, Iran
Heydar Didehban, Iran
Heydar-e Posht-e Shahr, Iran
Heydar Kar, Iran
Heydar Kola, Iran
Heydari (name), an Iranian surname
References
Azerbaijani masculine given names
Persian masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar |
NCBC may refer to:
National Campus Band Competition, Australian live band competition
National Centers for Biomedical Computing, U.S. NIH centers
National Commerce Bancorporation, a Memphis-based banking company later taken over by SunTrust Banks
National Commercial Bank (Saudi Arabia) and its investment arm NCB Capital
Neshaminy Creek Brewing Company, a brewery outside of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
New College Boat Club, a rowing club of New College, Oxford, England
Newnham College Boat Club, a rowing club of Newnham College, Cambridge, England
Nuclear cap-binding protein complex, RNA binding protein
National Commission for Backward Classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCBC |
Joo Sae-hyuk (, ; born 20 January 1980) is a South Korean table tennis player. As a singles player, he was a silver medalist at the 2003 World Table Tennis Championships, a bronze medalist at the 2011 Table Tennis World Cup, and a bronze medalist at the 2010 and 2014 Asian Games. In the team event, as a member of the South Korean National Team, he was a silver medalist in the 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014 Asian Games; the 2006 and 2008 World Championships; and the 2012 Summer Olympics.
History
Joo Sae-hyuk was born in Seoul, South Korea on January 20, 1980. He stands 180 cm tall, and weighs 68 kg. He first started competing when he was 8 years old. He joined the national team in 2001, and fans began taking an interest in him for his dynamic defensive style.
Between April and May 2012, Joo Sae-hyuk was diagnosed with Behçet's disease, Although Behcet's disease is known to be incurable, it appears that Joo Sae-hyuk is still performing well. On the medical side, Joo Sae-hyuk relies on glucocorticoids to manage his disease.
Style of Play
Joo Sae-hyuk has helped revive the popularity of the defensive style at the professional level. He is one of the few top-ranked players in the world (position 5 in 2012) to play a primarily defensive style, repeatedly returning the ball with heavy backspin on both wings. This has led many to dub him the best defensive player of all time. At the same time, he has a powerful topspin forehand that he uses to counterattack when the opportunity may arise. As with many defenders, his long rallies and entertaining style of play have made him a fan favourite. He is one of several foreign players in recent years to challenge China's dominance over the sport. Despite his age, he is still going strong on the tour.
Rankings
Since June 2003, the International Table Tennis Federation has consistently ranked Joo Sae-hyuk as one of the 40 best table tennis players in the world after he defeated Ma Lin. Since July 2006, he has been consistently ranked in the ITTF's top 20. His peak rating was at #5, in March 2012.
Coaches
Yang Ki-ho - Personal Coach
Yoo Nam-kyu - National Coach
Kim Taek-soo - National Coach
References
External links
South Korean male table tennis players
1980 births
Living people
Asian Games medalists in table tennis
Olympic table tennis players for South Korea
Table tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
Olympic medalists in table tennis
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2002 Asian Games
Table tennis players at the 2006 Asian Games
Table tennis players at the 2010 Asian Games
Table tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Universiade medalists in table tennis
World Table Tennis Championships medalists
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in China
Universiade silver medalists for South Korea
Expatriate table tennis people in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joo%20Sae-hyuk |
Wing Sing Street (), commonly known as Egg Street (), was a street in Sheung Wan, Hong Kong. The narrow street was well known for its egg market, dating back to early Chinese settlement of Victoria City on Hong Kong Island. The market was erased from the map by Land Development Corporation for the re-development of the area bounded by Wing Lok Street, Man Wa Lane, Bonham Strand, Queen's Road Central and Wing Wo Street. The bounded area now contains the Cosco Tower and Grand Millennium Plaza.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
External links
Wing Sing Street at University of Hong Kong Library
Sheung Wan
Street markets in Hong Kong
Roads on Hong Kong Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing%20Sing%20Street |
Rane Corporation is an American pro audio equipment manufacturer. Located in Mukilteo, Washington, it was made up of former employees of Phase Linear Corporation, and started out with products aimed at small live bands. They now carry many products.
They provide extensive technical documents about audio equipment setup and design, including proper grounding, interconnections, noise, measurement standards, a glossary of industry terms, and more.
In 2016, Rane Corporation was purchased by InMusic Brands
See also
Scratch Live
References
External links
Company website
Biography
Technical library
Pro Audio Reference
Manufacturers of professional audio equipment
Companies based in Mukilteo, Washington
Audio mixing console manufacturers
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rane%20Corporation |
Craig Roberts Stapleton (born 1945) is an American diplomat and businessman. He served as Ambassador to France and the Czech Republic during the administrations of President George W. Bush.
Biography
Early life
Craig Stapleton was born in Kansas City, Missouri, the son of Katherine Histed Hall and Benjamin Franklin Stapleton Jr. His grandfather, Benjamin F. Stapleton, was a politician who served five terms as mayor of Denver. He received his secondary school education at Phillips Exeter Academy and a B.A. (magna cum laude) from Harvard University. He received his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. His wife, Dorothy Walker Stapleton, is a first cousin of former U.S. president George H. W. Bush.
Career
Stapleton served as President of Marsh and McLennan Real Estate Advisors of New York from 1982 until 2001. From 1989 to 1998 Stapleton co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team with George W. Bush. He has served on the board of directors for several companies including Allegheny Properties, Metro PCS, TB Woods, Winston Partners and Abercrombie & Fitch. In July 2009, he became a co-owner of the St. Louis Cardinals.
Under George H.W. Bush, Stapleton sat on the Board of the Peace Corps. During the first administration of George W. Bush he served as Ambassador to the Czech Republic. In 2004, he was the Connecticut State Chairman for the Bush-Cheney reelection campaign. From 2005-2009 he was Ambassador to France.
Stapleton is a Senior Advisor to Stone Point Capital and a Director of Tenax Aerospace.
He serves on the boards of the Vaclav Havel Foundation, the American Friends of Compiegne, the United Way Tocqueville of France, the 9/11 Memorial & Museum, the World War I Centennial Commission, and the Trust for the National Mall. He is a Trustee of the American University in Paris, the CERGE-EI Foundation, and the Fishback Foundation. He has served on the Visiting Committee for Harvard College Athletics and the Committee on University Resources and Athletics.
Personal life
He and his wife live in North Palm Beach, Florida and have two adult children; his son Walker Stapleton was elected Colorado State Treasurer in 2010.
References
External links
Living people
1945 births
Ambassadors of the United States to the Czech Republic
Ambassadors of the United States to France
Ambassadors of the United States to Monaco
American real estate businesspeople
Bush family
Connecticut Republicans
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Greenwich, Connecticut
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
21st-century American diplomats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Roberts%20Stapleton |
Geidar is a possible transliteration for:
Haydar, an Arabic name (Arabic حيدر )
Heydar, an Azerbaijani given name (Azerbaijani Heydər, Гейдар) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geidar |
An active chromatin sequence (ACS) is a region of DNA in a eukaryotic chromosome in which histone modifications such as acetylation lead to exposure of the DNA sequence thus allowing binding of transcription factors and transcription to take place. Active chromatin may also be called euchromatin. ACSs may occur in non-expressed gene regions which are assumed to be "poised" for transcription. The sequence once exposed often contains a promoter to begin transcription. At this site acetylation or methylation can take place causing a conformational change to the chromatin. At the active chromatin sequence site deacetylation can caused the gene to be repressed if not being expressed.
See also
Chromatin
References
Genetics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20chromatin%20sequence |
On October 2, 1901, a former milk wagon horse named Jim showed signs that he had contracted tetanus and was euthanized. He was used to produce serum containing diphtheria antitoxin (antibodies against diphtheria toxin). Jim produced over of diphtheria antitoxin in his career. After the death of a girl in St. Louis, Missouri, was traced back to Jim's contaminated serum, it was discovered that serum dated September 30 contained tetanus in its incubation phase. This contamination could have easily been discovered if the serum had been tested prior to its use. Furthermore, samples from September 30 had also been used to fill bottles labeled "August 24", while actual samples from the 24th were shown to be free of contamination.
These failures in oversight led to the distribution of antitoxin that caused the death of 12 more children, which were highly publicized by newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer as part of his general opposition to the practice of vaccination. This incident, and a similar one involving contaminated smallpox vaccine in Camden, New Jersey, led to the passage of the Biologics Control Act of 1902, which established the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Jim's misfortune, and the ensuing tragedy and reaction, thus established a precedent for the regulation of biologics, leading to the 1906 formation of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The incident has since been referred to as "the first modern medical disaster".
See also
Bundaberg tragedy, a similar incident involving contamination of diphtheria vaccine doses in Australia in 1928
Immunology
Inoculation
Public health
List of historical horses
References
1901 animal deaths
Vaccination in the United States
Drug safety
Medical scandals in the United States
Diphtheria
Tetanus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901%20diphtheria%20antitoxin%20contamination%20incident |
Craig Stapleton may refer to:
Craig Roberts Stapleton (born 1945), U.S. ambassador
Craig Stapleton (rugby league) (born 1978), Australian rugby league footballer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Stapleton |
In Canadian constitutional law, the doctrine of paramountcy () establishes that where there is a conflict between valid provincial and federal laws, the federal law will prevail and the provincial law will be inoperative to the extent that it conflicts with the federal law. Unlike interjurisdictional immunity, which is concerned with the scope of the federal power, paramountcy deals with the way in which that power is exercised.
The only exception to the doctrine is under section 94A of the Constitution Act, 1867, which allows both the federal government and the provinces to make laws for old age pensions and supplementary benefits, but, to the extent of any conflict, the provincial law is paramount over the federal law.
Nature of the doctrine
Paramountcy is relevant where there is conflicting federal and provincial legislation. As Justice Major explained in Rothmans:
Claims in paramountcy may arise from two different forms of conflict:
Operational conflict between federal and provincial laws, such that dual compliance is impossible.
Where dual compliance is possible, but the provincial law is incompatible with the purpose of federal legislation, thus frustrating a federal purpose. To determine whether the impugned legislation frustrates a federal purpose, it is necessary to consider the regulatory framework that governs the matter in question. The party seeking to invoke the doctrine of federal paramountcy bears the burden of proof.
History
Development
The doctrine was first expressed in the Local Prohibition Case, and was subsequently described by Lord Dunedin in Grand Trunk v. Attorney General of Canada thus:
Historically, the doctrine was interpreted very strictly. When there was any overlap between federal or provincial laws the federal law would always render the provincial law inoperative even if there was no conflict. Over time courts and academics began to interpret the power as only applying where conformity to one law would necessarily violate the other. The Supreme Court of Canada adopted such an interpretation in the decision of Smith v. The Queen. The Court held that there must be an "operational incompatibility" between the laws in order to invoke paramountcy.
The modern paramountcy doctrine was articulated in Multiple Access v. McCutcheon. In that case, both the provincial and federal governments had enacted virtually identical insider trading legislation. The Supreme Court of Canada found that the statutory duplication did not invoke paramountcy as the court had the discretion to prevent double penalties. Instead, paramountcy could only be invoked when the compliance with one means the breach of the other. A later example was in the decision Law Society of British Columbia v. Mangat, where the Court found an operational conflict between the provincial Legal Profession Act prohibiting non-lawyers from appearing in front of a judge and the federal Immigration Act, which allowed non-lawyers to appear before the immigration tribunal.
Tensions in the two-branch test
The extent to which each branch of the paramountcy test can apply was explored in several cases decided by the Supreme Court of Canada in November 2015, which have come to be known as the "paramountcy trilogy." The majority in each of these held that:
"Operational conflict" is to be construed broadly, using a more substantive, contextual, and purposive approach, and it is not necessary to consider whether dual compliance would be impossible.
"Federal purpose" requires a more in-depth analysis and interpretation of the federal statute in order to ensure that it is properly identified. To that end, decision makers should not search high and low for it, as too broad a characterization can have the unwanted effect of improperly impairing provincial legislative authority.
Justice Côté wrote vigorous dissents in all three cases, arguing that the majority's interpretation of the first branch conflicts with the clear standard of impossibility of dual compliance as a result of an express conflict expressed in prior jurisprudence, which was succinctly expressed in Multiple Access as "where one enactment says 'yes' and the other says 'no'; 'the same citizens are being told to do inconsistent things'; compliance with one is defiance of the other." As well, the majority's interpretation of the second branch conflicts with the Court's prior ruling in Mangat, in that "harmonious interpretation of both federal and provincial legislation cannot lead this Court to disregard obvious purposes that are pursued in federal legislation."
See also
Federal preemption and the Supremacy clause for the US context
Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia
State preemption
References
Significant cases
Further reading
Constitution of Canada
Federalism in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramountcy%20%28Canada%29 |
The aklys (Latin aclys, Greek agkulis) was a Roman javelin measuring approximately 2 m (79 in, 6.6 ft) in length, thrown with the aid of a leather strap or amentum, similar to a Swiss arrow. Every soldier was issued at least two. The term also applies to a small mace or club equipped with spikes, attached to one arm of the wielder by a strap of adjustable length to enable the weapon to be retrieved after it had been hurled at an enemy. Its use probably goes back to the Osci tribe of southern Italy.
The weapon is also described as a dart and as a throwing stick or boomerang.
Popular culture
The aklys, as a "thonged club", appears in various fantasy games such as Dungeons & Dragons. The aklys appears in a supplement, Unearthed Arcana, as well as Dragon Magazine Vol. 7, No. 2 (August 1982). It was described as "a weighted, shortish club with a stout thong attached to the butt. While it can be used as a hand-held striking weapon, its principal employment is as a missile. Once hurled, the aklys can be retrieved by its thong."
See also
Hurlbat
Javelin throw
Military of ancient Rome
Morning star
Ranged weapon
Roman army
Roman military personal equipment
Spear
Spear thrower
References
Clubs (weapon)
Javelins
Military of ancient Rome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklys |
The Klimov RD-33 is a turbofan jet engine for a lightweight fighter jet and which is the primary engine for the Mikoyan MiG-29 and CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder. It was developed in OKB-117 led by S. P. Izotov (now OAO Klimov) from 1968 with production starting in 1981. Previous generations of Russian supersonic fighters such as the MiG-21 and MiG-23 used turbojets, but western fighters such as the F-111 and F-4K introduced the use of afterburning turbofans in the 1960s which were more efficient.
The RD-33 was the first afterburning turbofan engine produced by the Klimov company of Russia in the thrust class. It features a modular twin-shaft design with individual parts that can be replaced separately.
Variants
In early 1970s the RD-33 was selected for new light fighter jet, later becoming Mikoyan MiG-29, the other option was Tumansky R-67-300. Years of development has built an extensive engine family. A newly designed thrust vectoring nozzle (TVN) is now available. New models of the RD-33 family include BARK digital monitoring and control systems. Repair and maintenance of RD-33 engines takes advantage of an information and diagnostics system (IDS).
RD-33
Baseline model developed in 1976 to power the MiG-29.
Development work started in 1968 at the Klimov Design Bureau, led by Sergey Isotov. The first few engines for the 9.01 MiG-29 prototype were equipped with a longer nozzle, without the double wall design, which is featured on the current RD-33 and RD-33MK models. This design had an extra controllable section after the critical cross section in the Laval type nozzle. The reason was the control of the jet blast contour at high altitude, low ambient air pressure, where the exhaust gases over expanding after the exhaust section. Right after the first few example and the first few MiG-29 prototype models, this difficult control system was removed, due to the operational altitude limit of the upcoming fighter. The first few series of the basic RD-33 version had some issue with the oil system, where a leakage caused a series of problems for the test pilots, because the oil leakage generated toxic particles in the air conditioning system. After the production line was going, these kinds of teething problems were solved. The only disadvantage was a low service life, and heavy smoke, which was fixed only in the later models.
RD-33B/NB
A model without afterburner for various types of aircraft, such as the Il-102.
RD-93/93MA
A variant used to power the JF-17 Thunder (FC-1). According to JF-17.com "The most significant difference being the repositioning of the gearbox along the bottom of the engine casing." The Klimov poster at Zhuhai 2010 airshow gave the thrust range of the engine to be 49.4 kN to 84.4 kN wet. This was designed specifically for FC-1 with increased thrust and relocated gearbox compared to base RD-33's, although the increase of thrust decreased the service life of RD-93 to 2200 hours from RD-33's 4000 hours. According to Air Commodore Mehmood engines are solid and reliable: “We’ve flown 7,000 hours with the engine and we haven’t had any problems”, he said.
The RD-93MA is an upgrade of the RD-93 engine. The thrust of the RD-93MA is expected to 9300 kgf compared to 8300 kgf of the RD-93, a significant bump-up in power which will help the jet to carry more armaments and fly at a higher speed. This has been specifically developed to power JF-17 Block III fighter jets.
RD-5000B
A non-afterburning variant used to power the MiG Skat UCAV, 50.4 kN (11,340 lbf) dry thrust.
SMR-95
A model for upgrading international 2nd and 3rd generation jet fighters. The accessory gearbox is repositioned below the engine, length can be varied depending on the adopted aircraft fuselage. The engine passed bench tests and flight tests on the Super Mirage F-1 and Super Cheetah D-2 aircraft of the South African Air Force and had achieved an improvement in flight performance and combat efficiency by a factor ranging from 1.2 to 3.0.
RD-33 series 3
A revised model with a longer service life used on later or upgraded old variants of the MiG-29 such as MiG-29M and MiG-29SMT. A pair of RD-33 series 3 engines equipped with thrust-vectoring nozzles was used to power the MiG-29OVT jet fighter.
RD-33MK
The RD-33MK "Morskaya Osa" (Russian: Морская Оса: "Sea Wasp") is the latest model developed in 2001. It is intended to power the MiG-29K and MiG-29KUB shipborne fighters, however it has also been adopted for the MiG-35. The RD-33MK develops 7% higher thrust, is digitally controlled FADEC and smokeless unlike earlier RD-33 engines, has increased afterburner thrust to and dry weight compared to the baseline model through modern materials used on the cooled blades, although it retains the same length and maximum diameter. Infrared and optical signature visibility reduction systems have been added. Service life has been increased to 4,000 hours. The RD-33MK ensures unassisted take-off capability for ship-borne fighters, retains its performance in hot climates, and thereby provides a boost in combat efficiency for the latest variant of the MiG-29 fighter.
India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited has obtained licensed production for RD-33MK variant in 2007 and so far has produced 140 engines till 2020.
Applications
RD-33
Ilyushin Il-102
Mikoyan MiG-29
Mikoyan MiG-33
Mikoyan MiG-35
RD-93
CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder
Shenyang FC-31
SMR-95
Dassault Mirage F1 (non-production)
Specifications (RD-33)
See also
References
External links
Klimov official site page of RD-33 Turbofan engine family
Official site page of RD-33MK
Official site page of Thrust vector nozzle
Official site page of SMR-95
Official document: Prospective Project Developments 2007
RD-93 for JF-17 / FC-1
UEC site of RD-93
India to Build RD-33 under license
India to make Mig 29 Engines with Russia
RD-33 – history, versions, technical description (czech)
RD-33 on Airwar.ru (russian)
RD-33
Low-bypass turbofan engines
1970s turbofan engines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimov%20RD-33 |
Digimon Adventure is an anime series produced by Toei Animation. It began broadcasting in Japan on Fuji Television on March 7, 1999, and ended on March 26, 2000. The series was directed by Hiroyuki Kakudō and produced by Keisuke Okuda, featuring music composition by Takanori Arisawa and character designs by Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru. The story revolves around a group of elementary school students known as the DigiDestined, who are transported to a parallel Digital World and find themselves in a quest to save it from evil forces with the help of their partner creatures. The series was followed in 2000 with a sequel titled Digimon Adventure 02.
Digimon Adventure was broadcast with English dubbing under the title Digimon: Digital Monsters in the United States on Fox Kids and in Canada on YTV. The series premiered on August 14, 1999, in the United States. Overall licensing of English-language material of the series was managed by Saban Entertainment, which was eventually acquired by The Walt Disney Company. Digimon Adventure has been compiled into DVD box sets by Bandai Visual and Happinet in Japan and by Cinedigm in North America. On August 1, 2013, the show became available for streaming in both its English and Japanese versions on Netflix in North America.
Two pieces of theme music were used in the original version of the series. Kōji Wada's song "Butter-Fly" was used as the opening theme for the series, and Ai Maeda's (credited as AiM) songs "I wish" and "Keep on" were used as ending themes. The English opening featured an original composition by Paul Gordon.
Digimon Adventure was licensed by Saban Entertainment in North America under the name Digimon: Digital Monsters. The show initially aired on Fox Kids Network and Fox Family Channel before distribution rights were sold to Disney through BVS and ABC Family Worldwide, later airing on Toon Disney from the teenage block Jetix and the rebranded ABC Family.
Episode list
Volume DVDs
Japanese release
Digimon Adventure was released as a 9-disc DVD boxed set by Bandai Visual on July 25, 2006, with each disc containing six episodes. Happinet also released its own 9-disc set on December 21, 2007. And an 8-Disc Standard Definition Upscaled Blu-ray set, in March 2015. Each disc contained 7 episodes. Also comes with a limited edition drama CD, and art booklet.
North American release
The first 13 episodes were released in 1999 & 2000 by Fox Kids Video under license by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. The entire first season was released on October 9, 2012 by New Video. An "English Language Version" Blu-ray set featuring the dub was released on December 27, 2022 by Discotek Media with an "Original Japanese Version" released on July 25, 2023.
Digimon: Digital Monsters, Volume 1 (Episodes 1–21)
Digimon: Digital Monsters, Volume 2 (Episodes 22–39)
Digimon: Digital Monsters, Volume 3 (Episodes 40–54)
United Kingdom release
The first 20 episodes were released on four DVD sets by Maximum Entertainment between 2004–2008. The entire first season was released as one set on October 3, 2016 by Manga Entertainment.
Digimon: Digital Monsters – Volume 1 (2004)
Digimon: Digital Monsters – Volume 2 (2006)
Digimon: Digital Monsters Collection (2007)
Digimon: Digital Monsters – Subzero Ice Punch (2008)
Digimon: Digital Monsters – Complete Season 1 (2016)
Australian release
Collection 1, containing 27 episodes was released on the August 17 in Australia by Madman Entertainment. Collection 2, was released on 11 October containing the remaining 27 episodes of the season.
See also
Digimon
List of Digimon Adventure 02 episodes
Notes
References
External links
Digimon Adventure official website
Digimon Adventure
1999 Japanese television seasons
2000 Japanese television seasons
Adventure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Digimon%20Adventure%20%281999%20TV%20series%29%20episodes |
is a shopping complex in central Tokyo built in 2005, in a series of urban developments by Mori Building. It occupies a two hundred and fifty meter stretch of Omotesandō, a shopping and (previously) residential road in Aoyama. It was designed by Tadao Ando, and contains over 130 shops and 38 apartments.
The construction of Omotesando Hills, built at a cost of $330 million, has been marked by controversy. The building replaced the Bauhaus-inspired Dōjunkai Aoyama Apartments, which had been built in 1927 after the 1923 Kantō earthquake. The destruction of the apartments again raised questions about Japan's interest in preserving historic buildings. A small section of the old apartments is reconstructed in the South-East part of the new complex.
Minoru Mori noted that there had been resistance from local landowners to the use of Ando as architect, saying that they were concerned that his buildings were too fashionable for the area.
Regarding the construction, Ando said, "It's not Tadao Ando as an architect who has decided to rebuild and make shops, it was the owners themselves who wanted it to be new housing and to get some value with shops below. My task was how to do it in the best way.”
References
External links
Shopping centres in Japan
Buildings and structures in Shibuya
Tadao Ando buildings
Shopping malls established in 2005
Harajuku
Mori Building
2005 establishments in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omotesando%20Hills |
Gnosticism in modern times (or Neo-Gnosticism) includes a variety of contemporary religious movements, stemming from Gnostic ideas and systems from ancient Roman society. Gnosticism is an ancient name for a variety of religious ideas and systems, originating in Jewish-Christian milieux in the first and second century CE.
The Mandaeans are an ancient Gnostic ethnoreligious group that have survived and are found today in Iran, Iraq and diaspora communities in North America, Western Europe and Australia.
The late 19th century saw the publication of popular sympathetic studies making use of recently rediscovered source materials. In this period there was also the revival of a Gnostic religious movement in France. The emergence of the Nag Hammadi library in 1945 greatly increased the amount of source material available. Its translation into English and other modern languages in 1977 resulted in a wide dissemination, and as a result had observable influence on several modern figures, and upon modern Western culture in general. This article attempts to summarize those modern figures and movements that have been influenced by Gnosticism, both prior and subsequent to the Nag Hammadi discovery.
A number of ecclesiastical bodies that identify as Gnostic have set up or re-founded since World War II as well, including the Ecclesia Gnostica, Johannite Church, Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica, the Thomasine Church (not to be confused with the St. Thomas Christians of India), the Alexandrian Gnostic Church, and the North American College of Gnostic Bishops.
Late 19th century
Source materials were discovered in the 18th century. In 1769, the Bruce Codex was brought to England from Upper Egypt by the Scottish traveller James Bruce, and subsequently bequeathed to the care of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Sometime prior to 1785, The Askew Codex (a.k.a. Pistis Sophia) was bought by the British Museum from the heirs of Dr. Askew. The Pistis Sophia text and Latin translation of the Askew Codex by M. G. Schwartze were published in 1851. Although discovered in 1896, the Coptic Berlin Codex (a.k.a. the Akhmim Codex) was not 'rediscovered' until the 20th century.
Charles William King
Charles William King was a British writer and collector of ancient gemstones with magical inscriptions. His collection was sold because of his failing eyesight, and was presented in 1881 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. King was recognized as one of the greatest authorities on gems at the time.
In The Gnostics and their Remains (1864, 1887 2nd ed.) King sets out to show that rather than being a Western heresy, the origins of Gnosticism are to be found in the East, specifically in Buddhism. This theory was embraced by Blavatsky, who argued that it was plausible, but rejected by G. R. S. Mead. According to Mead, King's work "lacks the thoroughness of the specialist."
Madame Blavatsky
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, co-founder of the Theosophical Society, wrote extensively on Gnostic ideas. A compilation of her writings on Gnosticism is over 270 pages long. The first edition of King's The Gnostics and Their Remains was repeatedly cited as a source and quoted in Isis Unveiled.
G. R. S. Mead
G. R. S. Mead became a member of Blavatsky's Theosophical Society in 1884. He left the teaching profession in 1889 to become Blavatsky's private secretary, which he was until her death in 1891. Mead's interest in Gnosticism was likely awakened by Blavatsky who discussed it at length in Isis Unveiled.
In 1890–1891 Mead published a serial article on Pistis Sophia in Lucifer magazine, the first English translation of that work. In an article in 1891, Mead argues for the recovery of the literature and thought of the West at a time when Theosophy was largely directed to the East, saying that this recovery of Western antique traditions is a work of interpretation and "the rendering of tardy justice to pagans and heretics, the reviled and rejected pioneers of progress..." This was the direction his own work was to take.
The first edition of his translation of Pistis Sophia appeared in 1896. From 1896 to 1898 Mead published another serial article in the same periodical, "Among the Gnostics of the First Two Centuries," that laid the foundation for his monumental compendium Fragments of a Faith Forgotten in 1900. Mead serially published translations from the Corpus Hermeticum from 1900 to 1905. The next year he published Thrice-Greatest Hermes, a massive, comprehensive three volume treatise. His series Echoes of the Gnosis was published in 12 booklets in 1908. By the time he left the Theosophical Society in 1909, he had published many influential translations, commentaries, and studies of ancient Gnostic texts. "Mead made Gnosticism accessible to the intelligent public outside of academia". Mead's work has had and continues to have widespread influence.
The Gnostic Church revival in France
After a series of visions and archival finds of Cathar-related documents, a librarian named Jules-Benoît Stanislas Doinel du Val-Michel (a.k.a. Jules Doinel) established the Église Gnostique (French: Gnostic Church). Founded on extant Cathar documents with the Gospel of John and strong influence of Simonian and Valentinian cosmology, the church was officially established in the autumn of 1890 in Paris. Doinel declared it "the era of Gnosis restored." Liturgical services were based on Cathar rituals. Clergy was both male and female, having male bishops and female "sophias."
Doinel resigned and converted to Roman Catholicism in 1895, one of many duped by Léo Taxil's anti-masonic hoax. Taxil unveiled the hoax in 1897. Doinel was readmitted to the Gnostic church as a bishop in 1900.
Early to mid-20th century
Carl Jung
Carl Gustav Jung evinced a special interest in Gnosticism from at least 1912, when he wrote enthusiastically about the topic in a letter to Freud. After what he called his own 'encounter with the unconscious,' Jung sought for external evidence of this kind of experience. He found such evidence in Gnosticism, and also in alchemy, which he saw as a continuation of Gnostic thought, and of which more source material was available. In his study of the Gnostics, Jung made extensive use of the work of GRS Mead. Jung visited Mead in London to thank him for the Pistis Sophia, the two corresponded, and Mead visited Jung in Zürich.
Jung saw the Gnostics not as syncretic schools of mixed theological doctrines, but as genuine visionaries, and saw their imagery not as myths but as records of inner experience. He wrote that "The explanation of Gnostic ideas 'in terms of themselves,' i.e., in terms of their historical foundations, is futile, for in that way they are reduced only to their less developed forestages but not understood in their actual significance." Instead, he worked to understand and explain Gnosticism from a psychological standpoint. While providing something of an ancient mirror of his work, Jung saw "his psychology not as a contemporary version of Gnosticism, but as a contemporary counterpart to it."
Jung reported a series of experiences in the winter of 1916-17 that inspired him to write Septem Sermones ad Mortuos (Latin: Seven Sermons to the Dead).
The Jung Codex
Through the efforts of Gilles Quispel, the Jung Codex was the first codex brought to light from the Nag Hammadi Library. It was purchased by the Jung Institute and ceremonially presented to Jung in 1953 because of his great interest in the ancient Gnostics. The first publication of translations of Nag Hammadi texts occurred in 1955 with the Jung Codex by H. Puech, Gilles Quispel, and W. Van Unnik.
French Gnostic Church split, reintegration, and continuation
Jean Bricaud had been involved with the Eliate Church of Carmel of , the remnants of Fabré-Palaprat's Église Johannite des Chrétiens Primitifs (Johannite Church of Primitive Christians), and the Martinist Order before being consecrated a bishop of the Église Gnostique in 1901. In 1907 Bricaud established a church body that combined all of these, becoming patriarch under the name Tau Jean II. The impetus for this was to use the Western Rite. Briefly called the Église Catholique Gnostique (Gnostic Catholic Church), it was renamed the Église Gnostique Universelle (Universal Gnostic Church, EGU) in 1908. The close ties between the church and Martinism were formalized in 1911. Bricaud received consecration in the Villate line of apostolic succession in 1919.
The original church body founded by Doinel continued under the name Église Gnostique de France (Gnostic Church of France) until it was disbanded in favor of the EGU in 1926. The EGU continued until 1960 when it was disbanded by Robert Amberlain (Tau Jean III) in favor of the Église Gnostique Apostolique that he had founded in 1958. It is active in France (including Martinique), Ivory Coast, and the Midwestern United States.
Modern sex magic associated with Gnosticism
The use of the term 'gnostic' by sexual magic groups is a modern phenomenon. Hugh Urban concludes that, "despite the very common use of sexual symbolism throughout Gnostic texts, there is little evidence (apart from the accusations of the early church) that the Gnostics engaged in any actual performance of sexual rituals, and certainly not anything resembling modern sexual magic." Modern sexual magic began with Paschal Beverly Randolph. The connection to Gnosticism came by way of the French Gnostic Church with its close ties to the strong esoteric current in France, being part of the same highly interconnected milieu of esoteric societies and orders from which the most influential of sexual magic orders arose, the Ordo Templi Orientis (Order of Oriental Templars, OTO).
Theodor Reuss founded the OTO as an umbrella occult organization with sexual magic at its core. After Reuss came into contact with French Gnostic Church leaders at a Masonic and Spiritualist conference in 1908, he founded Die Gnostische Katholische Kirche (the Gnostic Catholic Church), under the auspices of the OTO. Reuss subsequently dedicated the OTO to the promulgation of Crowley's philosophy of Thelema. It is for this church body, called in Latin the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica (EGC), that Aleister Crowley wrote the Ecclesiæ Gnosticæ Catholicæ Canon Missæ ("Canon of the Mass of the Gnostic Catholic Church"), the central ritual of the OTO that is now commonly called the Gnostic Mass.
The Gnostic Society
The Gnostic Society, was founded for the study of Gnosticism in 1928 and incorporated in 1939 by Theosophists James Morgan Pryse and his brother John Pryse in Los Angeles. Since 1963 it has been under the direction of Stephan Hoeller and operates in association with the Ecclesia Gnostica. Initially begun as an archive for a usenet newsgroup in 1993, the Gnosis Archive became the first web site to offer historic and source materials on Gnosticism.
Mid-20th century
The Gospel of Thomas, held to be the most complete of the Nag Hammadi texts, is the subject of the book The Mustard Seed by Indian mystic Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, also known as Osho.
Ecclesia Gnostica
Established in 1953 by Richard Duc de Palatine in England under the name 'the Pre-nicene Gnostic Catholic Church', the Ecclesia Gnostica (Latin: "Church of Gnosis" or "Gnostic Church") is said to represent 'the English Gnostic tradition', although it has ties to, and has been influenced by, the French Gnostic church tradition. It is affiliated with the Gnostic Society, an organization dedicated to the study of Gnosticism. The presiding bishop is the Rt. Rev. Stephan A. Hoeller, who has written extensively on Gnosticism.
Centered in Los Angeles, the Ecclesia Gnostica has parishes and educational programs of the Gnostic Society spanning the Western US and also in the Kingdom of Norway. The lectionary and liturgical calendar of the Ecclesia Gnostica have been widely adopted by subsequent Gnostic churches, as have the liturgical services in use by the church, though in somewhat modified forms.
Ecclesia Gnostica Mysteriorum
The Ecclesia Gnostica Mysteriorum (EGM), commonly known as "the Church of Gnosis" or "the Gnostic Sanctuary," was initially established in Palo Alto by bishop Rosamonde Miller as a parish of the Ecclesia Gnostica, but soon became an independent body with emphasis on the experience of gnosis and the balance of the divine masculine and feminine principles. The Gnostic Sanctuary is now located in Redwood City, California. The EGM also claims a distinct lineage of Mary Magdalene from a surviving tradition in France.
Samael Aun Weor in South America
Samael Aun Weor had been a member of an occult order called the Fraternitas Rosicruciana Antiqua, but left after the death of Arnold Krumm-Heller. He reported an experience of being called to his new mission by the venerable White Lodge (associated with Theosophy). Samael Aun Weor taught a "New Gnosis," consisting of sexual union between man and woman, without the ejaculation of the sexual liquid. He called this the Arcanum AZF. For him it is "the synthesis of all religions, schools and sects."
Moving through Latin America, he finally settled in Mexico where he founded the Movimiento Gnostico Cristiano Universal (MGCU) (Universal Gnostic Christian Movement), then subsequently founded the Iglesia Gnostica Cristiana Universal (Universal Gnostic Christian Church) and the Associacion Gnostica de Estudios Antropologicos Culturales y Cientificos (AGEAC) (Gnostic Association of Scientific, Cultural and Anthropological Studies) to spread his teachings.
The MGCU became defunct by the time of Samael Aun Weor's death in December 1977. However, his disciples subsequently formed new organizations to spread his teachings, under the umbrella term 'the International Gnostic Movement'. These organizations are currently very active via the Internet and have centers established in Latin America, the US, Australia, Canada and Europe.
Hans Jonas
The philosopher Hans Jonas wrote extensively on Gnosticism, interpreting it from an existentialist viewpoint. For some time, his study The Gnostic Religion: The message of the alien God and the beginnings of Christianity published in 1958, was widely held to be a pivotal work, and it is as a result of his efforts that the Syrian-Egyptian/Persian division of Gnosticism came to be widely used within the field. The second edition, published in 1963, included the essay "Gnosticism, Existentialism, and Nihilism."
Eric Voegelin's anti-modernist 'gnostic thesis'
In the 1950s, Eric Voegelin brought a German academic debate concerning the classification of modernity to the attention of English-language readers. He responded to Karl Löwith's 1949 Meaning in History: the Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History and Jacob Taubes's 1947 Occidental Eschatology. Voegelin put forward his version of a "gnosticism thesis": criticizing modernity by identifying an "immanentist eschatology" as the "gnostic nature" of modernity. Differing with Löwith, he did not criticize eschatology as such, but rather the immanentization which he described as a "pneumopathological" deformation. Voegelin's gnosticism thesis became popular in American neo-conservative and cold war political thought. The category of gnosticism has been adopted by other scholars to frame several revolutionary phenomena (such as Bolshevism and Nazism, Puritanism, radical Anabaptism, Jacobinism, and lastly Salafi-Jihadism).
Gnosticism in popular culture
Gnosticism has seen something of a resurgence in popular culture in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This may be related, certainly, to the sudden availability of Gnostic texts to the reading public, following the emergence of the Nag Hammadi library.
Philip K. Dick explored gnosticism in many of his later works, particularly the VALIS trilogy.
Polish Nobel's laureate Olga Tokarczuk depicts worlds that strongly resemble one known from the Gnostic cosmogony. Notable examples are Primeval and Other Times and House of Day, House of Night.
Blood Meridian by American author Cormac McCarthy features several Gnostic elements.
A Little World Made Cunningly Paperback – September 1, 2013, by Scott David Finch (Author, Illustrator)
Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver was said by director Amy Hennig to have been inspired by Gnosticism.
The Atlus video game series Persona extensively uses Gnostic terms and concepts.
Fringe theories presented by David Icke refer to a humanoid reptilian race as Archons.
Catholic priest Alfonso Aguilar has described Star Wars, Harry Potter, and The Matrix as embodying Gnostic views, as "two signs of the power of the real enemy: Gnosticism" and stressing the need to "examine their philosophical background and reject what is incompatible with our Christian faith."
In The Matrix, Morpheus offering Neo the truth and asking him to choose between a blue or red pill symbolizing materialistic relativism and secret knowledge respectively, which has been compared to Gnosticism in scholarly criticism.
See also
Gnostic churches:
Ecclesia Gnostica
Johannite Church
Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica
Ecclesia Pistis Sophia
Gnostic Church of France
Jungian interpretation of religion
Notes
References
Jonas, Hans (1966). “Gnosticism, Existentialism, and Nihilism.” In The Phenomenon of Life: Toward a Philosophical Biology, University of Chicago Press.
Lasch, Christopher. "Gnosticism, Ancient and Modern: The Religion of the Future?," Salmagundi, No. 96, Fall 1992.
O’Reagan, Cyril (2001). Gnostic Return in Modernity, SUNY Press.
Rossbach, Stefan (2000). Gnostic Wars, Edinburgh University Press.
Versluis, Arthur (2006). "Eric Voegelin, Anti-Gnosticism, and the Totalitarian Emphasis on Order." In The New Inquisitions: Heretic-Hunting and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Totalitarianism, Oxford University Press.
Voegelin, Eric (1956). Order and History, Louisiana State University Press.
Voegelin, Eric (1968). Science, Politics, and Gnosticism: Two Essays, Regnery Gateway.
Voegelin, Eric (1987). The New Science of Politics, University Of Chicago Press.
Further reading
External links
"The Gnostics and their Remains" - online text of the book
Extensive on-line collection of the writings of GRS Mead (at the Gnosis Archive)
The Gnostic Society Library
Gnosticism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism%20in%20modern%20times |
Allen St. Pierre served as the Executive Director of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML), an American non-profit organization that wishes to remove the criminal penalties for and legalize cannabis. St. Pierre was hired by NORML's Board of Directors in 1991 when he worked as a Communications Director for the organization. He gradually rose through the ranks, becoming the Deputy National Director in 1993. When the NORML Foundation was created in 1997, St. Pierre was chosen to be its executive director. The NORML Foundation is a sister organization of NORML that works "to better educate the public about marijuana and marijuana policy options, and to assist victims of the current laws".
St. Pierre was the Executive Director of NORML from January 2005 until July 2016 when he stepped down. He was the seventh person to be NORML's Executive Director. He served on the Board of Directors of NORML and the NORML Foundation.
See also
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
Cannabis in the United States
Legal history of cannabis in the United States
Medical cannabis
Drug prohibition
Legal issues of cannabis
References
External links
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
NORML - Allen St. Pierre's profile
American cannabis activists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20St.%20Pierre |
Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1919:
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention had been ratified by 52 states. Of these ratifying states, one—New Zealand—has subsequently denounced the treaty.
See also
Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Hours
Working time
Treaties concluded in 1919
Treaties entered into force in 1921
Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of the Comoros
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of Haiti
Treaties of British India
Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique
Treaties of Myanmar
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Portuguese First Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
Treaties of Saudi Arabia
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Spain under the Restoration
Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
1919 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hours%20of%20Work%20%28Industry%29%20Convention%2C%201919 |
Kevin Mark Trail (born October 1980) is a British R&B, soul, reggae and hip hop singer-songwriter and record producer. He appeared on two tracks on The Streets debut album Original Pirate Material, including the hit single, "Let's Push Things Forward", which made the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart.
Biography
Early years
Trail was born and raised in North West London by immigrants from Jamaica. Trail's music is a mix of soul, reggae, hip hop, folk, and modern electro influenced by US R&B and Jamaican reggae. His mother introduced him to reggae and soul in his childhood. Travelling back to Jamaica every summer helped him secure his roots and culture. He lists acts such as Bob Marley, John Holt, Gregory Isaacs and Toots & the Maytals as some of his reggae influences, and Omar, Sade, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder and Donny Hathaway as his soul influences. His influences in modern music include Little Dragon, Outkast, Roots Manuva, Prince, Bon Iver and has now taken a great interest in the way music is used in film in theatre.
At 15, Trail obtained an Atari and began drawing sketches in his bedroom in Wembley. Later, he attended a weekend arts college in Camden, where he gained experience in composition, performance and musicianship, all of which shaped his debut album Just Living. He was mentored by three tutors, John Mullon, Rachel Bennet and Julie Dexter, who encouraged his writing/sense of British identity. At the same time he also became aware of the British music scene, finding artist like Omar, Roots Manuva, Artful Dodger, and Nitin Sawhney.
Trail first shot to fame after passing a BA Hons in music production and business, when he collaborated with The Streets. He provided vocals on The Streets' hit single "Let's Push Things Forward", and also on "Same Old Thing" from his Original Pirate Material album. The single "Let's Push Things Forward" peaked at No. 30 in the UK Singles Chart. The single was his experience of chart success and remains his biggest hit to date. Trail commented at the time, "Mike Skinner is a talented guy – I rate him, man. I hadn't heard anything like it before, and that's what attracted me to the project." Skinner also invited Trail to tour as part of The Streets' live experience.
Just Living era
In 2004 Trail signed to EMI and released his first solo single, "Perspective". His second single, "D Thames" was released in February 2005 and fared better. Trail collaborated with UK rapper Estelle on the single's remix, which was featured as its B-side.
On 7 March 2005, he released his debut album, Just Living. He commented at the time that the album was about "all the stuff I experienced, just an album about life. I just write about what I experience, what's going on round me." For example, in "D Thames", he talks about a moment of clarity, in "Perspective", he talks about everyday anxieties, and "Bread" discusses the pleasure and politics of when food was served on his family's dinner table. Trail wrote, demoed and produced the tracks in his bedroom first and then arranged them and performed them with a band in the studio. He commented: "It's about trying to better yourself as a person, trying to achieve and give back. You're always facing new things and rising to the challenge, so it's a constant battle. You've got to keep moving forward and stay positive."
As well as touring with The Streets, Trail performed at venues including the Jazz Café in London. He collaborated with Nitin Sawhney on the track "Eastern Eyes", taken from his album Human, after he watched one of Trail's live performances. The collaboration received positive reviews, with Time Out magazine comparing his vocal performance to Donny Hathaway, one of his major influences. Shortly after the release of Just Living, Trail toured with Beverley Knight on her "Affirmation" tour, to which he received favourable reviews. On the tour Trail previewed a brand new song, "Last Night", which would be released shortly after on a re-release of Just Living. The album was re-released on 4 July 2005, with another new track "Ticket Line".
Discography
Albums
EPS
Singles
Production
2013: Pieter T – Completion (on the track "Something Boubt You")
2012: Huia Hamon – Huia's Waiata (on the track "Karekare K road")
2011: Kevin Leo – Powerful (on the track "Powerful)
2011: Lyric L – Amazed (on the track "Away")
2011: Lyric L – Amazed (on the track "To Me Me Me")
2011: Lyric L – Amazed (on track String City)
2011: Dean Atta – Post Card to Paradise
Collaborations/Writing
2015: Kings of Tomorrow – (on track "Long Road Home")
2014: Sola Rosa – Magnetics (on tracks " To The Ocean, Both Of Us, Roots And Culture")
2013: Jason Eli – Music Is Life EP (on track "Music Is Life")
2012: Ilana lorraine – My little tree (on track "I Choose Life")
2012: Kevin Field – Field of Vision (on track "As one")
2012: Kevin Field – Field of Vision (on track "To Know")
2012: Kevin Leo – Blackbird (on track "Run")
2011: Sharlene Hector – Expressions EP (on track "Like I used to")
2011: Kevin Leo – Powerful (on the track "Powerful)
2011: Lyric L – Amazed (on the track "Away")
2011: Lyric L – Amazed (on the track "To Me Me Me")
2011: Lyric L – Amazed (on track String City)
2010: Motet – Various – Jazz re:freshed Volume One (on track "Angel")
2010: Nathan Haines – Heaven and Earth (on track "Pathways")
2010: Bardo State – Mariposa (on track "I feel you")
2003: Nitin Sawhney – Human (on track "Eastern Eyes")
References
External links
Official Site
British contemporary R&B singers
Living people
1980 births
21st-century Black British male singers
Singers from London
English people of Jamaican descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Mark%20Trail |
Flagstad is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Karen-Marie Flagstad (1904–1992), Norwegian opera singer
Kirsten Flagstad (1895–1962), Norwegian opera singer
Maja Flagstad (1871–1958), Norwegian pianist
Michael Flagstad (1869–1930), Norwegian musician and conductor
Mikkel Flagstad (1930–2005), Norwegian jazz musician
See also
Fløgstad
Norwegian-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstad |
Wilhelm Brückner (11 December 1884 – 18 August 1954) was Adolf Hitler's chief adjutant until October 1940. Thereafter, Brückner joined the Heer (army), becoming an Oberst (colonel) by war's end. He died on 18 August 1954 in then West Germany.
Life
Brückner was born and raised in Baden-Baden. He did his Abitur there. Afterwards he studied law and economics in Strasbourg (then Straßburg, Germany), Freiburg, Heidelberg and Munich. In the First World War, Brückner was an officer in a Bavarian infantry regiment and was discharged as a lieutenant. After the war, he joined the Freikorps Epp and participated in Schützenregiment 42 as a member of the Reichswehr in suppressing the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Towards the end of 1919 Brückner was once again going to university, and worked for three years as a film recording technician. In late 1922 he joined the Nazi Party and the Sturmabteilung (SA). On 1 February 1923, he became leader of the Munich SA Regiment. Brückner was among those who were active in spurring on the Putsch. He warned Adolf Hitler early in November "We have so many unemployed in the ranks, men who have spent their last on uniforms, that the day is not far off when I won't be able to keep a hold on them unless you act. If nothing happens, we will lose control".
Brückner became Hitler's adjutant and one of his bodyguards. At the time there were only five men in the personal squad, including Ulrich Graf, Emil Maurice, Christian Weber, and Julius Schaub. Brückner was "well liked" by the men.
On 9 November 1923, Brückner took part in the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, and upon its failure was found guilty of aiding and abetting high treason. On 1 April 1924, he was sentenced to fifteen months' imprisonment. Pretrial confinement time was deducted from his sentence; he, along with Wilhelm Frick and Ernst Röhm walked out of the courtroom as free men on probation. As soon as they had left the room, the newly freed Brückner shouted to his fellow supporters, "It's up to us now!" He once again took over his old SA regiment's leadership. From 1924 to 1928 he worked as the third general secretary at the Association for the German Community Abroad (Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland/VDA). He was employed as a tennis and ski instructor, as well as a sales representative for sporting goods in Munich from 1927 until 1929 when he found work at the German Foreign Institute in Stuttgart.
On 15 August 1933, while driving behind Hitler's car, he lost control of his vehicle and crashed. He suffered a broken leg, fractured skull and an injury to an eye. Fortunately for him, the driver of the car following Brückner was the physician, Karl Brandt. Brandt drove Brückner to a hospital in Traunstein, where he operated on his skull and removed one of his badly injured eyes. Brandt spent the next six weeks at Brückner's bedside until his condition improved. It was through this action that Brandt later became Hitler's escort doctor.
Brückner was appointed Chief Adjutant to Hitler on 20 February 1934, and retained that role until October 1940. In that role he supervised all of the Führer's personal servants, valets, bodyguards, and adjutants. He thereby counted among those who were in Hitler's innermost personal circle, playing as one of Hitler's closest confidants next to Joseph Goebbels and Sepp Dietrich in the propaganda film Hitler über Deutschland (1932). On 9 November 1934, he was appointed an SA-Obergruppenführer by Hitler.
On 15 January 1936, Brückner became an honorary citizen of Detmold. (He was stripped of this honour by the city council on 9 November 1945.) Brückner, who was well liked by applicants and everyday visitors at the Reich Chancellery for his straightforwardness and affability, lost ever more importance with the war's outbreak. He was replaced as chief adjutant to Hitler in October 1940 by Julius Schaub. Martin Bormann, then chief of staff in the office for Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess was behind Brückner being replaced by Schaub, who was closer to Bormann. Brückner joined the Heer (army), becoming a colonel by war's end. Between 1945 and 1948, he was interned by U.S. military authorities. On 14 September 1948, Brückner was classified as a major offender, sentenced to three and a half years in a labor camp, and had part of his assets confiscated.
Brückner died on 18 August 1954 in Herbsdorf, Upper Bavaria.
Decorations and awards
Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) 2nd Class with Crown and Swords, 1915
1914 Iron Cross 2nd Class, 1917
1918 Wound Badge in Black, 1918
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard, February 1934
The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 with Swords, 1934
Blood Order #7, 1934
Coburg Badge, 1936
Golden Party Badge, 1938
Anschluss Medal, 1938
Sudetenland Medal, 1939
Memel Medal, 1939
Clasp to the Sudetenland Medal, 1939
Notes
References
External links
Wilhelm Brückner at IMDb
1884 births
1954 deaths
People from Baden-Baden
German Army personnel of World War I
Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
20th-century Freikorps personnel
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Sturmabteilung officers
German Army officers of World War II
Adjutants of Adolf Hitler
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
Nazis convicted of crimes
People convicted of treason against Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Br%C3%BCckner |
Polydamas or Poludamas (Greek: Πολυδάμας), feminine Polydama or Polydamna, may refer to:
Polydamas (mythology), Trojan hero
Polydamas of Skotoussa, Thessalian wrestler 5th century BC
Polydamas of Pharsalus, Thessalian statesman 4th century BC
Polydamas of Macedon, general 4th century BC
Battus polydamas, butterfly species
Polydamna, wife of Thon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydamas |
Goodheart–Willcox is a book publishing company based in Tinley Park, Illinois, United States. It was founded in 1921, and its current CEO is Shannon DeProfio.
References
External links
Official site
Book publishing companies based in Illinois
Companies based in Will County, Illinois
Publishing companies established in 1921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodheart%E2%80%93Willcox |
The Galičnik Wedding Festival () is an annual festival held in the village of Galičnik (North Macedonia) near the city of Debar in which a selected couple gets married in the traditional "Galička" style wedding. Traditionally the wedding lasted for 5 days with the main activities on St. Peter and Paul's Day (12 July) every year. It was the only period of the year when couples got married. Today it is part of the festival "Galičko Leto" (Galičnik Summer) and it is a two-day event held on the weekend nearest to 12 July and it serves as a cultural and tourist attraction.
During the wedding, men dance Teškoto, symbolizing the farewell moments of the local villagers who were leaving their homes to work abroad.
Each year, couples from all over North Macedonia enter a competition run by the organisers to be the couple that gets to have a "Galička" style wedding. Every year, a new couple gets the opportunity.
External links
Festivals in North Macedonia
Mavrovo and Rostuša Municipality
Summer events in North Macedonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali%C4%8Dnik%20Wedding%20Festival |
Charles Lewis Scott (January 23, 1827 – April 30, 1899) was an American lawyer, politician, and Civil War veteran. He served two terms in the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat from California from 1857 to 1861.
Biography
Family
Charles L. Scott was born January 23, 1827, in Richmond, Virginia. His father was Robert G. Scott, a well known attorney and politician of Richmond, who was born in McIntosh County, Georgia, and died in Alabama. His mother was Susan Randolph Madison, daughter of Rt. Rev. Bishop James Madison of Virginia. His grandfather was Col. William Scott, born 1752 in Virginia and lived in Camden County, Georgia. His children included Robert Gormain Scott (1860–1927), whose children included Major General Charles L. Scott.
Education and early career
Charles Lewis Scott attended public schools and Richmond Academy. In 1846 he graduated from the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1847, practicing in Richmond.
During the 1849 California Gold Rush he went to California and mined gold.
In 1851, he resumed practicing law in Sonora.
Congress
Scott was a member of the State assembly during 1854–1856. In 1856, he was elected to the 35th Congress, serving until 1861. While in Congress, he married a young woman he met in Mobile, Alabama.
Civil War
When the American Civil War began, he resigned his seat in Congress and joined the Fourth Regiment, Alabama Volunteer Infantry, of the Confederate Army, serving as major. He never returned to California. In 1861 he suffered a serious leg wound at the First Battle of Bull Run. The severity of his leg pain caused him to resign his commission in 1862, after the Battle of Seven Pines.
Later career and death
After the war, Scott farmed in Wilcox County, Alabama, then during 1869–1879 was a journalist. He was a delegate to every Democratic National Convention from the end of the Civil War to 1896. In 1885, he was appointed by President Cleveland as minister to Venezuela, serving until he resigned in 1889. He returned to the U.S. and farmed.
Scott died April 30, 1899, near Mount Pleasant, Monroe County, Alabama, and is buried at a private cemetery at Cedar Hill, Alabama.
References
External links
Retrieved on 2009-04-01
Charles Lewis Scott (1827-1899), US Office of the Historian
Further reading
1827 births
1899 deaths
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California
People of Alabama in the American Civil War
People of California in the American Civil War
Confederate States Army officers
19th-century American diplomats
Politicians from Richmond, Virginia
Ambassadors of the United States to Venezuela
19th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20L.%20Scott |
Paweł Holszański (; – 4 September 1555, Vilnius) was a notable Catholic church official and one of the last male scions of the once-mighty Lithuanian Alšėniškiai princely family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Biography
Born to Prince Aleksander Holszański, the Castellan of Vilnius, and Zofia Sudymuntowiczówna, daughter of Alekna Sudimantaitis. The Alšėniškiai family was a Lithuanian princely family that embraced Orthodoxy and became Ruthenized back in the 14th century. Only Paweł's father Aleksander embraced Catholicism, probably influenced by Franciscans.
Paweł Holszański studied in Kraków, his studies were interrupted by his appointment to the Lutsk bishopric. While studying in Kraków, he probably met Mikołaj Hussowczyk, of whom he later became a patron. Already a nominated bishop, he continued his studies in Bologna in 1512.
In 1513, he participated in the third, fourth and fifth sessions of the Fifth Lateran Council. He also witnessed the election of Leo X. On April 24, 1513, he was consecrated bishop in the Sistine Chapel. The pope presented him with gifts for King Sigismund the Old – a spade and a pearl-studded hat. On June 18, 1513 he was in Kraków, while on July 13 he presented papal gifts to the king in Miedniki. He then went to Lutsk to administer the diocese. He served as bishop of Lutsk between 1507 and 1536. He convened the first two diocesan synods in 1515 and 1519. His close associate was Franciszek of Lwów, later elevated to the Kyiv bishopric.
On 15 March 1536 he became bishop of Vilnius. During his term as bishop, Holszański created several dozen new parishes in the Polish-Lithuanian borderlands. He convened diocesan synods in 1558, 1542, 1546 and 1555, mainly to combat the Reformation. He was also responsible for convincing the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus to expel Stanislovas Rapalionis and Abraomas Kulvietis, two pioneers of Lutheranism in Lithuania. He died in Vilnius on September 4, 1555. After his death, the administrator of the diocese was Canon .
Estate
Holszański, as one of the last descendants of two powerful families, had considerable wealth. As a clergyman, he had no offspring, so his property passed mostly to the families of his sisters or to the monarch. In 1518, from his mother Sophia of Chożów, he received the royal lease of the castle in Punia, and the house in Vilnius that Holszański sold in 1528 to . After his mother's death (shortly after 1518), Holszański inherited the family's main estates: Halshany, , , and Voŭpa. These estates were transferred to the royal family after Holszański's death. After the death of his sister Barbara, a nun, he handed over the Vishnyev estate belonging to her to his sister Aleksandra's husband .
References
Further reading
Wileński słownik biograficzny. Bydgoszcz: 2002, s. 104. .
1555 deaths
16th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Lithuania
Year of birth uncertain
Bishops of Vilnius
Pawel
Clan of Hipocentaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82%20Holsza%C5%84ski |
Rasheed Ahmad Siddiqui (1892–1977) was a noted Urdu writer and a professor at Aligarh Muslim University in India.
Literary life and style
Rasheed Ahmad Siddiqui was born in 1892 in Mariyahu, Jaunpur in Uttar Pradesh. He was one of the most distinguished Urdu writers of the 20th century, known for his unique style of expressing himself in speech as well as in his writings. He was not only a satirist and a humorist, but also a critic, a biographer, a writer of life-sketches and an accomplished essayist.
Noted for his mild satire and humour, impressionistic criticism, a lively style of expression and an eye and feeling for the right word, he has few equals in Urdu literature. He has been called a visionary with a solution in academic circles. Two short extracts from an article published on 13 October 2002 in Dawn Pakistan's leading English-language daily newspaper, reflect the consensus view on Siddiqui in the academic world:
Aligarh
Any study of his writings without keeping in mind the scholarly, literary and cultural ambiance of Aligarh Muslim University and the city of Aligarh would make little sense. Most of the themes, events and characters in his works are, in one way or another, related to Aligarh but one also catches glimpses of Mariyahu, his place of birth. However, Aligarh is invariably the main source of his inspiration and creativity.
Sahitya Akademi Award
He received the 1971 Sahitya Akademi Urdu Award for his book "Ghalib ki Shakhsiyat aur Shairi".
Literary works
Mazameen-e-Rasheed
Khundaan
Ashufta Bayaani meri.
Ghalib ki shakhsiyat awr Shayri
Ganj Haye Giran maaya
Death
Rasheed Ahmad Siddiqui died in 1977.
See also
List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Urdu
References
External links
Urdustan Radio
Article on Urdu
His biography
Iqbaliyat Kay Sau Saal, from Iqbal Cyber Library
1894 births
1977 deaths
Urdu-language humorists
Urdu-language writers
Linguists of Urdu
Urdu critics
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
People from Aligarh
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasheed%20Ahmad%20Siddiqui |
Midwest Communications, Inc. was a broadcasting company based in the Upper Midwest United States.
The company's history dates back to August 1952, when it was formed as Midwest Radio and Television as a merger of WCCO (AM) and WTCN-TV. The company was a joint-venture of Mid-Continent Radio-Television (itself a partnership of the Saint Paul Pioneer Press and the Minneapolis Tribune Company, 53%) and CBS (47%). While the radio stations went to a separate owner, WTCN-TV became WCCO-TV.
The company expanded over the years, launching WCCO-FM (now KMNB) in the 1970s.
In the 1980s, Midwest Radio and Television bought ABC affiliate WFRV-TV in Green Bay and its satellite in Escanaba, Michigan, WJMN-TV (CBS did not initially take an ownership stake in either of those two stations at the time as they had good relations with then-CBS affiliate WBAY-TV). Midwest Radio and Television also bought KCMT in Alexandria, Minnesota and its satellite in Walker, Minnesota, KNMT. The stations' calls became KCCO and KCCW respectively, and the stations became satellites of WCCO-TV.
In October 1982, the company renamed itself Midwest Communications to reflect the company's expanded business that now included cable systems and two cable channels. WCCO II was also launched around this time to become an early local cable channel that would evolve into the regional sports network Midwest Sports Channel.
In February 1992, the company merged with CBS, and WFRV/WJMN as well as WCCO became CBS owned-and-operated stations. Today, only the Minneapolis stations are retained by Paramount Global (WFRV/WJMN was sold to Liberty Media in 2007, then to Nexstar Broadcasting Group in 2011).
Midwest also owned the Midwest Sports Channel, which was originally associated with WCCO-TV. MSC became a CBS owned and operated network following its acquisition of WCCO. In 1999, shortly after CBS was acquired by Viacom, MSC was sold to Fox Sports Net, eventually becoming the current day Fox Sports North, along with later sister network Fox Sports Wisconsin.
Midwest Radio and Television was not associated with Midwest Television, which was ran by the estate of August C. Meyer Sr. and former owners of KFMB radio and television in San Diego, California, WCIA in Champaign and WMBD radio and television in Peoria, Illinois, nor Midwest Communications, which also has broadcasting interests in Northern Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana, North Dakota and Tennessee.
References
Defunct broadcasting companies of the United States
Paramount Global subsidiaries
1952 establishments in Minnesota
1992 disestablishments in Minnesota
Mass media companies established in 1952
Mass media companies disestablished in 1992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest%20Communications%20%281952%E2%80%931992%29 |
Louisiana Creoles (, , ) are people descended from the inhabitants of colonial Louisiana before it became a part of the United States during the period of both French and Spanish rule. As an ethnic group, their ancestry is mainly of Louisiana French, Central African, West African, Spanish and Native American origin. Louisiana Creoles share cultural ties such as the traditional use of the French, Spanish, and Creole languages and predominant practice of Catholicism.
The term Créole was originally used by French Creoles to distinguish people born in Louisiana from those born elsewhere, thus drawing a distinction between Old-World Europeans and Africans from their Creole descendants born in the New World. The word is not a racial label and does not imply mixed racial origins—people of any race can and have identified as Louisiana Creoles.
Créole was used as an identity in Louisiana from the 18th century onward. After the Sale of Louisiana, the term "Creole" took on a more political meaning and identity, especially for those people of Latinate culture. The Catholic Latin-Creole culture in Louisiana contrasted greatly to the Anglo-Protestant culture of Yankee Americans.
Although the terms Cajun and Creole today are often portrayed as separate identities, Cajuns have historically been known as Creoles. Presently, some Louisianians may identify exclusively as either Cajun or Creole, while others embrace both identities.
Creoles of French descent, including those of Québécois or Acadian lineage, have historically comprised the majority of white-identified Creoles in Louisiana. Later 19th-century immigrants to Louisiana, such as Irish, Germans and Italians, also married into the Creole group. Most of these immigrants were Catholic.
New Orleans in particular has retained a significant historical population of Creoles of color, a group mostly consisting of free persons of multiracial European, African, and Native American descent. As Creoles of color had received superior rights and education with Spain & France than their Black American counterparts, many of the United States' earliest writers, poets and civil activists (e.g. Victor Séjour, Rodolphe Desdunes and Homère Plessy) were Louisiana Creoles. Today, many Creoles of color have assimilated into African-American culture, while others remain a distinct yet inclusive subsection of the African-American ethnic group.
In the twentieth century, the gens de couleur libres in Louisiana became increasingly associated with the term Creole, in part because Anglo-Americans struggled with the idea of an ethno-cultural identity not founded in race. One historian has described this period as the "Americanization of Creoles," including an acceptance of the American binary racial system that divided Creoles between white and black. (See Creoles of color for a detailed analysis of this event.) Concurrently, the number of white-identified Creoles has dwindled, with many adopting the Cajun label instead.
While the sophisticated Creole society of New Orleans has historically received much attention, the Cane River area in northwest Louisiana—populated chiefly by Creoles of color—also developed its own strong Creole culture.
Today, most Creoles are found in the Greater New Orleans region or in Acadiana. Louisiana is known as the Creole State.
Origin of Louisiana Creoles
First French period
Through both the French and Spanish (late 18th century) regimes, parochial and colonial governments used the term Creole for ethnic French and Spanish people born in the New World as opposed to Europe. Parisian French was the predominant language among colonists in early New Orleans.
Later the regional French evolved to contain local phrases and slang terms. The French Creoles spoke what became known as Louisiana French. The language was formulated differently than that of France, which is today's Modern French. The French Creoles, speak the Ancient French language of their ancestors. It was spoken by the ethnic Religious French and Spanish and the French and Romantic of Creole descent.
The commonly accepted definition of Louisiana French Creole today is a person descended from Old World ancestors in Louisiana before the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803. An estimated 7,000 European immigrants settled in Louisiana before the 16th century, one percent of the number of Frenchmen were very prominent in the Founding of the United States National including the Thirteen Colonies along the Atlantic coast. There is recorded of presidents signing of constitutional agreements in prominent French Creole Plantation Homes. Southern Louisiana attracted considerably more Frenchmen due to the links of the Roman Catholic Culture. Most of the other regions were reached by Protestant missionaries instead which may have included parts of the other parts including the island regions.
The French Creoles intermarried with the Algonquin Tribes as they both shared not only the French language, but also culture and heritage as a private social tribal community. In addition, in Canadian records, especially those of the Roman Catholic Church, there are marriages that took place as early as the 1520s.
In addition, as there are more historical links to the same groups traveling along the head to the tail of the Mississippi River, this included what we know today's as Texas. At one point in history Jefferson Parish started in or around Orange County, Texas, Beaumont, all the way to New Orleans southernmost regions next to the Barataria Island. Which was also the possibly the name of Galveston, before those who originally occupied the region as indigenous peoples were thrown off their land, by the U.S. Navy. It was said to be called also, Barataria Island. [citation needed-will come soon]
After the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, which lasted more than two months, the colonists had numerous challenges ahead of them in the Louisiana frontier. Their living conditions were difficult: uprooted, they had to face a new, often hostile, environment, with difficult climate and tropical diseases. Many of these immigrants died during the maritime crossing or soon after their arrival.
Hurricanes, unknown in France, periodically struck the coast, destroying whole villages. The Mississippi Delta was plagued with periodic yellow fever epidemics. Europeans also brought the Eurasian diseases of malaria and cholera, which flourished along with mosquitoes and poor sanitation. These conditions slowed colonization. Moreover, French villages and forts were not always sufficient to protect from enemy offensives. Attacks by Native Americans represented a real threat to the groups of isolated colonists.
The Natchez massacred 250 colonists in Lower Louisiana in retaliation for encroachment by French settlers. The Natchez warriors took Fort Rosalie (now Natchez, Mississippi) by surprise, killing many settlers. During the next two years, the French attacked the Natchez in return, causing them to flee or, when captured, be deported as slaves to their Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue (later Haiti).
In the colonial period of French and Spanish rule, men tended to marry later after becoming financially established. French settlers frequently took Native American women as their wives (see Marriage 'à la façon du pays'), and as slaves began to be imported into the colony, settlers also took African wives. Intermarriage between the different groups of Louisiana created a large multiracial Creole population.
Indentured servants and Pelican girls
Aside from French government representatives and soldiers, colonists included mostly young men who were recruited in French ports or in Paris. Some labored as engagés (indentured servants), i.e. "temporary semi-slaves"; they were required to remain in Louisiana for a length of time, fixed by the contract of service, to pay back the cost of passage and board. Engagés in Louisiana generally worked for seven years, and their masters provided them housing, food, and clothing. They were often housed in barns and performed hard labor.
Starting in 1698, French merchants were obliged to transport a number of men to the colonies in proportion to the ships' tonnage. Some of the men brought over were engaged on three-year indenture contracts under which the contract-holder would be responsible for their "vital needs" as well as provide a salary at the end of the contract term. Under John Law and the Compagnie du Mississippi, efforts to increase the use of engagés in the colony were made, notably including German settlers whose contracts were absolved when the company went bankrupt in 1731.
During this time, to increase the colonial population, the government also recruited young Frenchwomen, known as filles à la cassette (in English, casket girls, referring to the casket or case of belongings they brought with them) to go to the colony to be wed to colonial soldiers. The king financed dowries for each girl. (This practice was similar to events in 17th-century Quebec: about 800 filles du roi (daughters of the king) were recruited to immigrate to New France under the monetary sponsorship of Louis XIV.)
In addition, French authorities deported some female criminals to the colony. For example, in 1721, the ship La Baleine brought close to 90 women of childbearing age from the prison of La Salpêtrière in Paris to Louisiana. Most of the women quickly found husbands among the male residents of the colony. These women, many of whom were most likely prostitutes or felons, were known as The Baleine Brides. Such events inspired Manon Lescaut (1731), a novel written by the Abbé Prévost, which was later adapted as an opera in the 19th century.
Historian Joan Martin maintains that there is little documentation that casket girls (considered among the ancestors of French Creoles) were transported to Louisiana. (The Ursuline order of nuns, who were said to chaperone the girls until they married, have denied the casket girl myth as well.) Martin suggests this account was mythical. The system of plaçage that continued into the 19th century resulted in many young white men having women of color as partners and mothers of their children, often before or even after their marriages to white women. French Louisiana also included communities of Swiss and German settlers; however, royal authorities did not refer to "Louisianans" but described the colonial population as "French" citizens.
French Indians in Louisiana
New France wished to make Native Americans subjects of the king and good Christians, but the distance from Metropolitan France and the sparseness of French settlement prevented this. In official rhetoric, the Native Americans were regarded as subjects of the Viceroyalty of New France, but in reality, they were largely autonomous due to their numerical superiority. The local authorities of New France (governors, officers) did not have the human resources to establish French law and customs, and instead often compromised with the Indians.
Indian tribes offered essential support for the French: they ensured the survival of New France's colonists, participated with them in the fur trade, and acted as guides in expeditions. The French alliance with Indians also provided mutual protection from hostile non-allied tribes and incursions on French & Indian land from enemy European powers. The French & Indian alliance proved invaluable during the later French and Indian War against the New England colonies in 1753.
The French & Indians influenced each other in many fields: the French settlers learned the languages of the natives, such as Mobilian Jargon, a Choctaw-based Creole language that served as a trade language in use among the French and various Indian tribes in the region. The Indians bought European goods (fabric, alcohol, firearms, etc.), learned French, and sometimes adopted their religion.
The coureurs des bois and soldiers borrowed canoes and moccasins. Many of them ate native food such as wild rice and various meats, like bear and dog. The colonists were often dependent on the Native Americans for food. Creole cuisine is the heir of these mutual influences: thus, sagamité, for example, is a mix of corn pulp, bear fat and bacon. Today jambalaya, a word of Seminole origin, refers to a multitude of recipes calling for meat and rice, all very spicy. Sometimes medicine men succeeded in curing the colonists thanks to traditional remedies, such as the application of fir tree gum on wounds and Royal Fern on rattlesnake bites.
Many French colonists both admired and feared the military power of the Native Americans, though some governors from France scorned their culture and wanted to keep racial purity between the whites and Indians. In 1735, interracial marriages without the approval of the authorities were prohibited in Louisiana. However, by the 1750s in New France, the idea of the Native Americans became one of the "Noble Savage," that Indians were spiritually pure and played an important role in the natural purity of the New World. Native Americans did marry French settlers, with Indian women being consistently considered as good wives to foster trade and help create offspring. Their intermarriage created a large métis (mixed French Indian) population In New France.
In spite of some disagreements (some Indians killed farmers' pigs, which devastated corn fields), and sometimes violent confrontations (Fox Wars, Natchez uprisings, and Chickasaw Wars), the relationship with the Native Americans was relatively good in Louisiana. French imperialism was expressed through some wars and the slavery of some Native Americans. But most of the time, the relationship was based on dialogue and negotiation.
Africans in Louisiana
Inability to find labor was the most pressing issue in Louisiana. In 1717, John Law, the French Comptroller General of Finances, decided to import African slaves into Louisiana. His objective was to develop the plantation economy of Lower Louisiana. The Royal Indies Company held a monopoly over the slave trade in the area. The colonists turned to sub-Saharan African slaves to make their investments in Louisiana profitable. In the late 1710s the transatlantic slave trade imported slaves into the colony. This led to the biggest shipment in 1716 where several trading ships appeared with slaves as cargo to the local residents in a one-year span.
Between 1723 and 1769, most slaves imported to Louisiana were from modern day Congo, Angola, Senegal and Mali. The highest number of imported slaves were of Bakongo descent from Congo and Angola, representing 35.4% of all people with African heritage in Louisiana. They were followed by the Mandinka people at 10.9% and Mina (believed to represent the Ewe and Akan peoples of Ghana) at 7.4%. Other ethnic groups imported during this period included members of the Igbo people, Chamba people, Bamileke, Tikar, and Nago people, a Yoruba subgroup.
Bakongo and Mbundu ancestry
In Louisiana, so many enslaved Africans came from West-Central Africa and the Congo region that the word Congo became synonymous with "Africa." Renowned for their work as agriculturalists, the Bakongo and Mbundu peoples of the Kingdom of Kongo, Kingdom of Ndongo, and the Kingdom of Loango were targeted by enslavers for their slash-and-burn technique, mining and ironwork expertise, mastery of fishing, and their bushcraft skills.
Elements of Kongo and Mbundu culture still exist in Louisiana today. Congo Square, a historic place of worship and recreation for both enslaved and free Black people, was named for the people of Kongo. Their descendants went on to birth blues music, jazz, rock and roll, and zydeco, which are some of the most popular music genres in the world. Today, Hoodoo and Louisiana Voodoo practitioners still gather at the Square for rituals and to honor their ancestors.
Bakongo and Mbundu influence is also present in Creole cuisine, such as gumbo. Gumbo is "a thick stew served over rice and made with a roux (a mixture of butter and flour) and a wide variety of ingredients such as celery, peppers, okra, onions chicken, sausage and/or seafood." The word gumbo is derived from the Bantu word ngombo, which means "okra plant," a ingredient in gumbo. Though it is often attributed to West Africa, gumbo actually has a Central African origin.
Bambara ancestry
In Louisiana, the term Bambara was used as a generic term for African slaves. European traders used Bambara as a term for defining vaguely a region of ethnic origin. Muslim traders and interpreters often used Bambara to indicate Non-Muslim captives. Slave traders would sometimes identify their slaves as Bambara in hopes of securing a higher price, as Bambara slaves were sometimes characterized as being more passive.
Further confusing the name's indication of ethnic, linguistic, religious, or other implications, the concurrent Bambara Empire had notoriety for its practice of slave-capturing wherein Bambara soldiers would raid neighbors and capture the young men of other ethnic groups, forcibly assimilate them, and turn them into slave soldiers known as Ton. The Bambara Empire depended on war-captives to replenish and increase its numbers; many of the people who called themselves Bambara were indeed not ethnic Bambara.
Code Noir and Affranchis
Africans contributed to the creolization of Louisiana society. They brought okra from Africa, a plant common in the preparation of gumbo. While the Code Noir required that the slaves receive baptism and Christian education, many continued to practice animism and often combined elements of the two faiths.
The Code Noir conferred affranchis (ex-slaves) full citizenship and gave complete civil equality with other French subjects.
Louisiana slave society generated its own distinct Afro-Creole culture that was present in religious beliefs and the Louisiana Creole language. The slaves brought with them their cultural practices, languages, and religious beliefs rooted in spirit and ancestor worship, as well as Roman Catholic Christianity—all of which were key elements of Louisiana Voodoo. In addition, in the early nineteenth century, many St. Dominicans also settled in Louisiana, both free people of color and slaves, following the Haitian Revolution on Saint-Domingue, contributing to the Voodoo tradition of the state. During the American period (1804-1820), almost half of the slaves came from the Congo.
Spanish period
In the final stages of the French and Indian War with the New England colonies, New France ceded the Louisiana to Spain in the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). The Spanish were slow and reluctant to fully occupy the colony, however, and did not do so until 1769. That year, Spain abolished Native American slavery. In addition, Spanish liberal manumission policies contributed to the growth of the population of Creoles of color, particularly in New Orleans. Nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré (French Quarter) dates from the Spanish period (the Ursuline Convent an exception). These buildings were designed by French architects, as there were no Spanish architects in Louisiana. The buildings of the French Quarter are of a Mediterranean style also found in southern France.
Spanish Louisiana's multiracial Creole descendants, which included affranchis (ex-slaves), free-born blacks, and mixed-race people, known as Creoles of color (gens de couleur libres), were strongly influenced by French Catholic culture. By the end of the 18th century, many Creoles of color were educated and tended to work in artisan or skilled trades; a relatively high number were property owners. Many Creoles of color were free-born, and their descendants often enjoyed many of the same privileges as whites while under Spanish rule, including (but not limited to) property ownership, formal education, and service in the militia. Indeed, Creoles of color had been members of the militia for decades under both French and Spanish control of the colony of Louisiana. For example, around 80 Creoles of color were recruited into the militia that participated in the Battle of Baton Rouge in 1779.
Throughout the Spanish period, most Creoles continued to speak French and remained strongly connected to French colonial culture. However, the sizeable Spanish Creole communities of Saint Bernard Parish and Galveztown spoke Spanish. The Malagueños of New Iberia spoke Spanish as well. (Since the mid-20th century, the number of Spanish-speaking Creoles has declined in favor of English speakers. Even today, however, the Isleños of St. Bernard Parish have maintained cultural traditions from the Canary Islands.)
Acadians and Isleños in Louisiana
In 1765, during Spanish rule, several thousand Acadians from the French colony of Acadia (now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island) made their way to Louisiana after having been expelled from Acadia by the British government after the French and Indian War. They settled chiefly in the southwestern Louisiana region now called Acadiana. The governor Luis de Unzaga y Amézaga, eager to gain more settlers, welcomed the Acadians, who are the ancestors of Louisiana's Cajuns.
Spanish Canary Islanders, called Isleños, emigrated from the Canary Islands of Spain to Louisiana under the Spanish crown between 1778 and 1783. In 1800, France's Napoleon Bonaparte reacquired Louisiana from Spain in the Treaty of San Ildefonso, an arrangement kept secret for two years.
2nd French period, the Sale of Louisiana
Spain ceded Louisiana back to France in 1800 through the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, although it remained under nominal Spanish control until 1803. Weeks after reasserting full control over the territory, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the wake of the defeat of his forces in Saint-Domingue, which Napoleon had been trying to regain control of Saint-Domingue following the St. Dominican Rebellion and subsequent Haitian Revolution. After the Purchase, many Anglo-Americans migrated to Louisiana. Later European immigrants included Irish, Germans, and Italians.
St. Dominican refugees in Louisiana
In the early 19th century, floods of St. Dominican refugees fled from Saint-Domingue and poured into New Orleans, nearly tripling the city's population. Indeed, more than half of the refugee population of Saint-Domingue settled in Louisiana. Thousands of St. Dominican refugees, both white and Creole of color, arrived in New Orleans, sometimes bringing slaves with them. While Governor Claiborne and other Anglo-American officials wanted to keep out additional free black men, the Louisiana Creoles wanted to increase the French-speaking Creole population. As more refugees were allowed in Louisiana, St. Dominican refugees who had first gone to Cuba also arrived. Officials in Cuba deported many of the St. Dominican refugees in retaliation for Bonapartist schemes in Spain.
Nearly 90 percent of early 19th century immigrants to the territory settled in New Orleans. The 1809 deportation of St. Dominicans from Cuba brought 2,731 whites, 3,102 Creoles of color and 3,226 slaves, which, in total, doubled the city's population. The city became 63 percent black in population, a greater proportion than Charleston, South Carolina's 53 percent.
The Dominican Creoles' specialized population raised Louisiana's level of culture and industry, and was one of the reasons why Louisiana was able to gain statehood so quickly. Here is a quote from a Louisiana Creole who remarked on the rapid development of his homeland:
St. Dominican controversy
American authorities initially forbade access of slaves into Louisiana. However, some concessions were made to fleeing St. Dominican refugees, especially after the 1804 Haiti Massacre. In 1804, Jean-Jacques Dessalines decreed that all Creoles of color and freed slaves deemed traitors to the Haitian Empire should be put to death. He ordered that all whites in Haiti should also be exterminated, with few exceptions. Many of the slaves who accompanied St. Dominican refugees came willingly, as they feared the bloodshed, murder, pillaging, lawlessness, and economic collapse in the Haiti. Here is a letter from a fleeing St. Dominican about his petition for asylum to the American government on behalf of his servants in Saint-Domingue:
When St. Dominican refugees arrived with slaves, they often followed the old Creole custom, liberté des savanes (savannah liberty), where the owner allowed their slaves to be free to find work at their own convenience in exchange for a flat weekly or monthly rate. They often became domestics, cooks, wig makers, and coachmen.
Although St. Dominicans remained concentrated in the city of New Orleans, about 10% of them very slowly scattered into surrounding parishes. There, manual labor for agriculture was in greatest demand.<ref name="AAM" The scarcity of slaves made Creole planters turn to petits habitants (Creole peasants), and immigrant indentured servitude (engagés) to supply manual labor; they complimented paid labor with slave labor. On many plantations, free people of color and whites toiled side-by-side with slaves. This multi-class state of affairs converted many minds to the abolition of slavery.
The large, rich families of old Saint-Domingue were almost nowhere to be found in Louisiana. Indeed, the majority of St. Dominican refugees who made a mark on 19th century Louisiana and Louisiana Creole culture came from the lower classes of Saint-Domingue, such as Louis Moreau Gottschalk's and Rodolphe Desdunes' family.
American fears of the St. Dominican refugees
Anglo-Americans harbored much hostility towards the St. Dominican refugees, as they would identify them with the St. Dominican Rebellion. Some St. Dominican refugees did attempt to perpetuate French Revolutionary ideas on their arrival into Louisiana, which American authorities feared.
American fears were eventually confirmed; in 1805, Grandjean, a white St. Dominican, and his Dominican Creole accomplices attempted to incite a slave rebellion aimed at overthrowing the American government in Louisiana. The plan was foiled by New Orleanian Creoles of color who revealed the plot to American authorities. The Americans sentenced Grandjean and his accomplices to work on a slave chain-gang for the rest of their lives.
Rivalry between Louisiana Creoles and Anglo-Americans
The transfer of the French colony to the United States and the arrival of Anglo Americans from New England and the South resulted in a cultural confrontation. Some Americans were reportedly shocked by aspects of the culture and French-speaking society of the newly acquired territory: the predominance of the French language and Roman Catholicism, the free class of Creoles of color and the strong African traditions of slaves. They pressured the United States' first governor of the Louisiana Territory, W.C.C. Claiborne, to change it.
Anglo-Americans classified society into white and black people (the latter associated strongly with slaves); slavery was a racial caste in the American South. Since the late 17th century, children in the British colonies took the status of their mothers at birth; therefore, all children of enslaved mothers were born into slavery, regardless of the race or status of their fathers; many mixed-race slaves were born in the Anglo-Protestant South over the generations.
In the South, Anglo-Protestant Free black people often did not hold the same rights and freedoms as Catholic Creoles of color during French and Spanish rule; Creoles of color held office and served in the state militia. Around 80 Creole of color militiamen of Spanish Louisiana fought in the Battle of Baton Rouge in 1779. And 353 Creoles of color were recruited into the militia that fought in the Battle of New Orleans in 1812. Later on, some of the descendants of these Creole of color veterans of the Battle of New Orleans, like Caesar Antoine, went on to fight in the American Civil War.
When Claiborne made English the official language of the territory, the French Creoles of New Orleans were outraged, and reportedly paraded in protest in the streets. They rejected the Americans' effort to transform them overnight. In addition, upper-class French Creoles thought that many of the arriving Americans were uncouth, especially the rough Kentucky boatmen (Kaintucks) who regularly visited the city, having maneuvered flatboats down the Mississippi River filled with goods for market.
Realizing that he needed local support, Claiborne restored French as an official language. In all forms of government, public forums and in the Catholic Church, French continued to be used. Most importantly, Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole remained the languages of the majority of the population of the state, leaving English and Spanish as minority languages.
Louisiana Creole exceptionalism
Louisiana's development and growth was rapid after its admission as a member state of the American Union.
By 1850, one-third of all Creoles of color owned over $100,000 worth of property. Creoles of color were wealthy businessmen, entrepreneurs, clothiers, real estate developers, doctors, and other respected professions; they owned estates and properties in French Louisiana. Aristocratic Creoles of color were very wealthy, such as Aristide Mary who owned more than $1,500,000 of property in the State of Louisiana.
Nearly all boys of wealthy Creole families were sent to France where they received an excellent classical education.
Being a French, and later Spanish colony, Louisiana maintained a three-tiered society that was very similar to other Latin American and Caribbean countries, with the three tiers: aristocracy, bourgeoisie, and peasantry. The blending of cultures and races created a society unlike any other in America.
Ethnic blend and race
During the Age of Discovery, native-born colonists were referred to as Creoles to distinguish them from the new arrivals of France, Spain, and Africa. Some Native Americans, such as the Choctaw people, also intermarried with Creoles.
Like "Cajun," the term "Creole" is a popular name used to describe cultures in the southern Louisiana area. "Creole" can be roughly defined as "native to a region," but its precise meaning varies according to the geographic area in which it is used. Generally, however, Creoles felt the need to distinguish themselves from the influx of American and European immigrants coming into the area after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. "Creole" is still used to describe the heritage and customs of the various people who settled Louisiana during the early French colonial times. In addition to the French Canadians, the amalgamated Creole culture in southern Louisiana includes influences from the Chitimacha, Houma and other native tribes, Central and West Africans, Spanish-speaking Isleños (Canary Islanders) and French-speaking Gens de couleur from the Caribbean.
There was also a sizable German Creole group of full German descent, which centered on the parishes of St. Charles and St. John the Baptist. (It is for these settlers that the Côte des Allemands, "The German Coast," is named.) Over time, many of these groups assimilated into the dominant francophone Creole culture, often adopting the French language and customs.
As a group, Creoles of color rapidly acquired education, skills (many in New Orleans worked as craftsmen and artisans), businesses and property. They were overwhelmingly Catholic, spoke Colonial French (although some also spoke Louisiana Creole), and maintained French social customs, modified by other parts of their ancestry and Louisiana culture. The Creoles of color often married among themselves to maintain their class and social culture.
Under the French and Spanish rulers, Louisiana developed a three-tiered society, similar to that of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), Cuba, Brazil, Saint Lucia, Martinique, Guadeloupe and other Latin colonies. This three-tiered society of multi-racial Creoles of European, African and Native American descent included an elite group of large landowners (grands habitants); a prosperous, educated urban group (bourgeoisie); and the far larger class of indentured servants (engagés), African slaves and Creole peasants (petits habitants).
The status of Creoles of color (Gens de Couleur Libres) was one they guarded carefully. The American Union treated Creoles as a unique people due to the Louisiana Purchase Treaty of April 30, 1803. By law, Creoles of Color enjoyed most of the same rights and privileges as whites. They could and often did challenge the law in court and won cases against whites. They were property owners and created schools for their children.
Race did not play as central a role as it does in Anglo-American culture: oftentimes, race was not a concern, but instead, family standing and wealth were key distinguishing factors in New Orleans and beyond. The Creole civil rights activist Rodolphe Desdunes explained the difference between Creoles and Anglo-Americans, concerning the widespread belief in racialism by the latter, as follows:
The groups (Latin and Anglo New Orleanians) had "two different schools of politics [and differed] radically ... in aspiration and method. One hopes [Latins], and the other doubts [Anglos]. Thus we often perceive that one makes every effort to acquire merits, the other to gain advantages. One aspires to equality, the other to identity. One will forget that he is a Negro to think that he is a man; the other will forget that he is a man to think that he is a Negro."
After the United States acquired the area in the Louisiana Purchase, Creoles resisted American attempts to impose their binary racial culture. In other American states, slavery had been a racialized lens through which people with any African descent were considered lower in status than whites; the American binary lens stood contrary to the distinct tri-partite society of Louisiana, including white, black, and multi-racial people.
Louisiana Creoles during the Civil War
In 1863, two years into the American Civil war, the Federal government decreed the emancipation proclamation, promising rights and opportunities for slaves in Southern states. However, Creoles of color, who had long been free before the war, worried about losing their identity and social position, as Anglo-Americans did not legally recognize Louisiana's three-tiered society. Nevertheless, Creoles of color such as Thomy Lafon, Victor Séjour and others, used their position to support the emancipation effort. One Creole of color, Francis E. Dumas, emancipated his slaves and organized them into a company in the Second Regiment of the Federal Louisiana Native Guards.
Alexander Dimitry, a Creole of New Orleans, was one of the few people of color to take on a leadership role within the Confederate Government. His son, John Bull Smith Dimitry, fought with the Confederate Louisiana Native Guards to defend the Creole State.
Invasion of the Creole State
During the U.S. invasion of French Louisiana, Federal soldiers came across Creoles of color, a society that they had not encountered while fighting in other Southern states.
After conquering New Iberia in the summer of 1863, U.S. Officer John William Deforest of the 12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment reported:
You would be amazed to see the swarming blacks who possess this region and call themselves Americans. Some of the richest planters, men of really great wealth, are black. When we march through a town the people who gather stare at us and remind me of the Negro quarters of Philadelphia and New York.
The occupation was a social tragedy for Louisiana's Creoles of color; Creoles of color held positions of esteem and respect in French Louisiana, but the invading Federal soldiers soon humiliated and subjected them to racism.
New Iberia's Creole population- men, women, children of all ages, of all classes, including former slaves- were forced to work on Federal projects, digging massive earth fortifications.
A correspondent for the Cincinnati Gazette reported:
"Such a mess I dare say was never before seen. Nice young gentlemen in fancy kids and patent leathers, heavy operator with pocket crammed with 'legal tenders', greedy shylock vending his various wares, and sooty citizens of African descent, in one heterogenous mass, quietly delving in mother earth side by side. Of course, they thought it was a great outrage that citizens should have to work on Yankee fortifications... Fortifications had to be built, and citizens, speculators, 'rounders', shylocks, and negroes did the work, while soldiers stood firm at the picket post, ready to shoot down those who attempted to escape."
An Ohio soldier reported: "As you go along the works, you can hear them talking away in their mixed French lingo, the subject being no doubt their degradation."
Federal occupation of French Louisiana
When Federal forces conquered Vermilionville (Lafayette) in fall of 1863, the Creole citizenry embraced them as liberators. Prior to its conquest, Vermilionville had been under Texan military occupation and conscription, which Creoles opposed; many Creoles claimed to be "French neutrals" during the conflict.
The Texan forces included Texas Germans, Tejanos, Hispanic Texans. The 23rd Wisconsin Regiment, a Wisconsin German unit, reported trading insults in German with Texas Germans during battle.
An Iowan soldier, speaking about the Creoles of Vermilionville, reported:
A great many people in this section were French, or claimed to be, and when we were marching through, claimed French protection by hanging out French flags. All good enough in their estimation, but a fat rooster or a sheep over which a flag of France floated was just the same as from one carrying rebel colors.
During the occupation, Federal soldiers looted and plundered many Creoles. Jean Baptiste Hébert of Vermilionville recalled:
(Federal soldiers) came to our premises and broke open our store door, and were about to break into a large box inside our store which contained goods and merchandise... We protested against the breaking into our store and the taking of our merchandise. We claimed our French nationality (and) showed them a small French flag, or tri-color, in our store. They tore down the same, threw it on the road and stomped on it, saying "Damn the French flag!"
One time, a Federal cavalry regiment massacred Creoles of St. Martinville. On a Sunday, citizens left church services and gathered at the town square to bask in the sunshine and chat. At this point, they were accustomed to the Federal soldiers' presence, and were comfortable with them. However, without any warning or provocation, Federal soldiers raised their muskets and fired into the crowd, which was filled with men, women, and children. Frightened Creoles ran in all directions; families became separated, mothers shrieked for their children, and many people were trampled in the stampede.
After only six weeks of Federal occupation, the Texan forces returned and retook Vermilionville, forcing Federal forces to retreat. Creoles of Vermilionville flew the CSA flag from every rooftop, and greeted the Texans as heroes; a band even played the "Texas Rangers" song.
Retreat of the Texans
In winter of 1863, the Texans retreated to protect Galveston and Houston in Texas, abandoning French Louisiana to Federal forces.
Just like the Texans earlier, Federal forces began conscripting Creoles to fight in the war. Attempting to circumvent conscription, some Creoles formed "jayhawker" raider bands, refusing to fight on either Confederate or Federal sides, and surviving off of the land through raiding. For the final two years of the conflict, violent jayhawker raids plagued French Louisiana, leaving widespread destruction and poverty in their wake.
The most infamous Creole raider band, Bois Mallet, was formed by Ozémé Carrière and his relative Martin Guillory, a prominent Creole of color from St. Landry parish; Guillory acted as Carrière's chief lieutenant. In 1865 Carrière was killed in battle, leaving Guillory in charge. Guillory later accepted a Federal commission as captain, organizing his raider band into the U.S. Mallet Free Scouts before the end of the war.
At this point, Louisiana was completely devastated, and its inhabitants were left with meager resources and misery. The Federal invasion and occupation of Louisiana negatively impacted Louisiana society, especially for Creoles. Prior to the war, neighbors and friends conversed openly and freely, able to disagree without being disagreeable. Afterwards, an ugly tone of hate, ostracism and hostilities set neighbor against neighbor, relative against relative, white against black, friend against friend. The Federal occupation of Louisiana left societal scars and trauma, many that remain even today.
Louisiana Creoles after the Civil War
Following the Union victory in the Civil War, the Louisiana three-tiered society was gradually overrun by more Anglo-Americans, who classified everyone by the South's binary division of "black" and "white". During the Reconstruction era, Democrats regained power in the Louisiana state legislature by using paramilitary groups like the White League to suppress black voting. The Democrats enforced white supremacy and racial segregation by passing Jim Crow laws and a constitution in 1898 that effectively disenfranchised most black people and Creoles of color through discriminatory application of voter registration and electoral laws.
Louisiana Unification Movement, 1873
Some Creoles, such as the ex-Confederate general Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard, advocated against racism, and became proponents for black civil rights and suffrage, involving themselves in the creation of the Louisiana Unification Movement that called for equal rights for black people, denounced discrimination, and opposed segregation. The chant of the Unification movement was "Equal Rights! One Flag! One Country! One People!"
Beauregard approached Lieutenant Governor Caesar Antoine, who was a Creole Republican, and invited fifty leading white and fifty black New Orleanian families to join for a meeting on June 16, 1873. The fifty white sponsors were leaders of the community in business, legal and journalistic affairs, and the presidents of almost every corporation and bank in the city attended. The black sponsors were the wealthy, cultured Creoles of color, who were well-off and had been free before the war. Beauregard was the chairman of the resolutions committee; he advocated at the meeting:
The Louisiana Unification Movement advocated complete political equality for blacks, an equal division of state offices between the races, and a plan where blacks would become land owners. It denounced discrimination because of color in hiring laborers or in selecting directors of corporations, and called for the abandonment of segregation in public conveyances, public places, railroads, steams, and public schools." Beauregard argued that blacks "already had equality and the whites had to accept that hard fact".
Federally imposed segregation, 1896
Creoles of color had a unique legacy in regards to race; Creoles had lived in racially integrated neighborhoods for almost two centuries. They valued the colorblind inclusion of New Orleans, and thrived within its historic intracommunity privileges. Creoles of Louisiana fought the rising tide of racism in the 1890s with a distinct outlook and a strong belief in the value of an integrated society.
In 1896, Homère Plessy of New Orleans and other Creole activists came together to challenge the informal practices of racial separation that were plaguing Louisiana. Their efforts resulted in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson.
The U.S. Supreme Court made a ruling on the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, supporting the legalization of a binary, racially separated society by law; thus the Federal government imposed segregation in every state following the policy of "separate but equal".
Disintegration of Creole society
While Creoles aspired for "liberté, égalité, et fraternité" (freedom, equality, brotherhood), black and white Americans instead sought segregation and racial separation. Louisiana Creoles found themseleves caught in the middle of a great mass of white and black people fighting against each other.
To fit in the new racial system, especially after the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson, some Creoles were forced into a position where they had to distance themselves from their black and multiracial cousins; they deliberately erased or destroyed public records, and many "passed over" fully into a white American identity. Increasingly influenced by white American society, some Creoles claimed that the term "Creole" applied to whites only. According to Virginia R. Domínguez:
Charles Gayarré ... and Alcée Fortier ... led the outspoken though desperate defense of the Creole. As bright as these men clearly were, they still became engulfed in the reclassification process intent on salvaging white Creole status. Their speeches consequently read more like sympathetic eulogies than historical analysis.
Sybil Kein suggests that, because of the white Creoles struggle for redefinition, they were particularly hostile to the exploration by the writer George Washington Cable of the multi-racial Creole society in his stories and novels. She believes that in The Grandissimes, Cable exposed white Creoles' preoccupation with covering up blood connections with Creoles of color. Kein writes:
There was a veritable explosion of defenses of Creole ancestry. The more novelist George Washington Cable engaged his characters in family feuds over inheritance, embroiled them in sexual unions with blacks and mulattoes and made them seem particularly defensive about their presumably pure Caucasian ancestry, the more vociferously the white Creoles responded, insisting on purity of white ancestry as a requirement for identification as Creole.
In the 1930s, populist Governor Huey Long satirized such Creole claims, saying that you could feed all the "pure white" people in New Orleans with a cup of beans and a half a cup of rice, and still have food left over! The effort to impose Anglo-American binary racial classification on Creoles continued, however. In 1938, in Sunseri v. Cassagne—the Louisiana Supreme Court proclaimed traceability of African ancestry to be the only requirement for definition of colored. And during her time as Registrar of the Bureau of Vital Statistics for the City of New Orleans (1949–1965), Naomi Drake tried to impose these binary racial classifications. She unilaterally changed records to classify mixed-race individuals as black if she found they had any black (or African) ancestry, an application of hypodescent rules, and did not notify people of her actions.
Among the practices Drake directed was having her workers check obituaries. They were to assess whether the obituary of a person identified as white provided clues that might help show the individual was "really" black, such as having black relatives, services at a traditionally black funeral home, or burial at a traditionally black cemetery—evidence which she would use to ensure the death certificate classified the person as black. Not everyone accepted Drake's actions, and people filed thousands of cases against the office to have racial classifications changed and to protest her withholding legal documents of vital records. This caused much embarrassment and disruption, finally causing the city to fire her in 1965.
Louisiana French renaissance
In the wake of the "Cajun Renaissance" of the 1960s and 1970s, the (often racialized) Creole identity has traditionally received less attention than its Cajun counterpart. However, the late 2010s have seen a minor but notable resurgence of the Creole identity among linguistic activists of all races, including among white people whose parents or grandparents identify as Cajun or simply French.
Contemporary French-language media in Louisiana, such as Télé-Louisiane or Le Bourdon de la Louisiane, often use the term Créole in its original and most inclusive sense (i.e. without reference to race), and some English-language organizations like the Historic New Orleans Collection have published articles questioning the racialized Cajun-Creole dichotomy of the mid-twentieth century. Documentaries such as Nathan Rabalais' Finding Cajun examine the intersection and impact of Creole culture on what is commonly described as Cajun, likewise questioning the validity of recent racialization.
Culture
Cuisine
Louisiana Creole cuisine is recognized as a unique style of cooking originating in New Orleans, starting in the early 1700s. It makes use of what is sometimes called the Holy trinity: onions, celery and green peppers. It has developed primarily from various European, African, and Native American historic culinary influences. A distinctly different style of Creole or Cajun cooking exists in Acadiana.
Gumbo (Gombô in Louisiana Creole, Gombo in Louisiana French) is a traditional Creole dish from New Orleans with French, Spanish, Native American, African, German, Italian, and Caribbean influences. It is a roux-based meat stew or soup, sometimes made with some combination of any of the following: seafood (usually shrimp, crabs, with oysters optional, or occasionally crawfish), sausage, chicken (hen or rooster), alligator, turtle, rabbit, duck, deer or wild boar. Gumbo is often seasoned with filé, which is dried and ground sassafras leaves. Both meat and seafood versions also include the "Holy Trinity" and are served like stew over rice. It developed from French colonists trying to make bouillabaisse with New World ingredients. Starting with aromatic seasonings, the French used onions and celery as in a traditional mirepoix, but lacked carrots, so they substituted green bell peppers. Africans contributed okra, traditionally grown in regions of Africa, the Middle East and Spain. Gombo is the Louisiana French word for okra, which is derived from a shortened version of the Bantu words kilogombó or kigambó, also guingambó or quinbombó. "Gumbo" became the anglicized version of the word 'Gombo' after the English language became dominant in Louisiana. In Louisiana French dialects, the word "gombo" still refers to both the hybrid stew and the vegetable. The Choctaw contributed filé; the Spanish contributed peppers and tomatoes; and new spices were adopted from Caribbean dishes. The French later favored a roux for thickening. In the 19th century, the Italians added garlic. After arriving in numbers, German immigrants dominated New Orleans city bakeries, including those making traditional French bread. They introduced having buttered French bread as a side to eating gumbo, as well as a side of German-style potato salad.
Jambalaya is the second of the famous Louisiana Creole dishes.
Today, jambalaya is commonly made with seafood (usually shrimp) or chicken, or a combination of shrimp and chicken. Most versions contain smoked sausage, more commonly used instead of ham in modern versions. However, a version of jambalaya that uses ham with shrimp may be closer to the original Creole dish.
Jambalaya is prepared in two ways: "red" and "brown". Red is the tomato-based version native to New Orleans; it is also found in parts of Iberia and St. Martin parishes, and generally uses shrimp or chicken stock. The red-style Creole jambalaya is the original version. The "brown" version is associated with Cajun cooking and does not include tomatoes.
Red beans and rice is a dish of Louisiana and Caribbean influence, originating in New Orleans. It contains red beans, the "holy trinity" of onion, celery, and bell pepper, and often andouille smoked sausage, pickled pork, or smoked ham hocks. The beans are served over white rice. It is one of the famous dishes in Louisiana, and is associated with "washday Monday". It could be cooked all day over a low flame while the women of the house attended to washing the family's clothes.
Music
Alphonse "Bois Sec" Ardoin
Zydeco (a transliteration in English of 'zaricô' (snapbeans) from the song, "Les haricots sont pas salés"), was born in black Creole communities on the prairies of southwest Louisiana in the 1920s. It is often considered the Creole music of Louisiana. Zydeco, a derivative of Cajun music, purportedly hails from Là-là, a genre of music now defunct, and old south Louisiana jurés. As Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole was the lingua franca of the prairies of southwest Louisiana, zydeco was initially sung only in Louisiana French or Creole. Later, Louisiana Creoles, such as the 20th-century Chénier brothers, Andrus Espree (Beau Jocque), Rosie Lédet and others began incorporating a more bluesy sound and added a new linguistic element to zydeco music: English. Today, zydeco musicians sing in English, Louisiana Creole or Colonial Louisiana French.
Today's Zydeco often incorporates a blend of swamp pop, blues, and/or jazz as well as "Cajun Music" (originally called Old Louisiana French Music). An instrument unique to zydeco is a form of washboard called the frottoir or scrub board. This is a vest made of corrugated aluminum, and played by the musician working bottle openers, bottle caps or spoons up and down the length of the vest. Another instrument used in both Zydeco and Cajun music since the 1800s is the accordion. Zydeco music makes use of the piano or button accordion while Cajun music is played on the diatonic accordion, or Cajun accordion, often called a "squeeze box". Cajun musicians also use the fiddle and steel guitar more often than do those playing Zydeco.
Zydeco can be traced to the music of enslaved African people from the 19th century. It is represented in Slave Songs of the United States, first published in 1867. The final seven songs in that work are printed with melody along with text in Louisiana Creole. These and many other songs were sung by slaves on plantations, especially in St. Charles Parish, and when they gathered on Sundays at Congo Square in New Orleans.
Among the Spanish Creole people highlights, between their varied traditional folklore, the Canarian Décimas, romances, ballads and pan-Hispanic songs date back many years, even to the Medieval Age. This folklore was carried by their ancestors from the Canary Islands to Louisiana in the 18th century. It also highlights their adaptation to the Isleño music to other music outside of the community (especially from the Mexican Corridos).
Language
Louisiana Creole (Kréyol La Lwizyàn) is a French Creole language spoken by the Louisiana Creole people and sometimes Cajuns and Anglo-residents of the state of Louisiana. The language consists of elements of French, Spanish, African and Native American roots.
Louisiana French (LF) is the regional variety of the French language spoken throughout contemporary Louisiana by individuals who today identify ethno-racially as Creole, Cajun or French, as well as some who identify as Spanish (particularly in New Iberia and Baton Rouge, where the Creole people are a mix of French and Spanish and speak the French language), African-American, white, Irish or of other origins. Individuals and groups of individuals through innovation, adaptation, and contact continually enrich the French language spoken in Louisiana, seasoning it with linguistic features that can sometimes only be found in Louisiana.
Tulane University's Department of French and Italian website prominently declares "In Louisiana, French is not a foreign language".
Figures from U.S. decennial censuses report that roughly 250,000 Louisianans claimed to use or speak French in their homes.
Among the 18 governors of Louisiana between 1803 and 1865, six were French Creoles and spoke French: Jacques Villeré, Pierre Derbigny, Armand Beauvais, Jacques Dupré, Andre B. Roman and Alexandre Mouton.
According to the historian Paul Lachance, "the addition of white immigrants to the white creole population enabled French-speakers to remain a majority of the white population [in New Orleans] until almost 1830. If a substantial proportion of Creoles of color and slaves had not also spoken French, however, the Gallic community would have become a minority of the total population as early as 1820." In the 1850s, white Francophones remained an intact and vibrant community; they maintained instruction in French in two of the city's four school districts. In 1862, the Union general Ben Butler abolished French instruction in New Orleans schools, and statewide measures in 1864 and 1868 further cemented the policy. By the end of the 19th century, French usage in the city had faded significantly. However, as late as 1902 "one-fourth of the population of the city spoke French in ordinary daily intercourse, while another two-fourths was able to understand the language perfectly," and as late as 1945, one still encountered elderly Creole women who spoke no English. The last major French-language newspaper in New Orleans, L'Abeille de la Nouvelle-Orléans, ceased publication on December 27, 1923, after ninety-six years; according to some sources Le Courrier de la Nouvelle Orleans continued until 1955.
Today, it is generally in more rural areas that people continue to speak Louisiana French or Louisiana Creole. Also during the '40s and '50s many Creoles left Louisiana to find work in Texas, mostly in Houston and East Texas. The language and music is widely spoken there; the 5th ward of Houston was originally called Frenchtown due to that reason. There were also Zydeco clubs started in Houston, like the famed Silver Slipper owned by a Creole named Alfred Cormier that has hosted the likes of Clifton Chenier and Boozoo Chavis.
On the other hand, Spanish usage has fallen markedly over the years among the Spanish Creoles. Still, in the first half of twentieth century, most of the people of Saint Bernard and Galveztown spoke the Spanish language with the Canarian Spanish dialect (the ancestors of these Creoles were from the Canary Islands) of the 18th century, but the government of Louisiana imposed the use of English in these communities, especially in the schools (e.g. Saint Bernard) where if a teacher heard children speaking Spanish she would fine them and punish them. Now, only some people over the age of 80 can speak Spanish in these communities. Most of the youth of Saint Bernard can only speak English.
New Orleans Mardi Gras
Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in English) in New Orleans, Louisiana, is a Carnival celebration well known throughout the world. It has colonial French roots.
The New Orleans Carnival season, with roots in preparing for the start of the Christian season of Lent, starts after Twelfth Night, on Epiphany (January 6). It is a season of parades, balls (some of them masquerade balls) and king cake parties. It has traditionally been part of the winter social season; at one time "coming out" parties for young women at débutante balls were timed for this season.
Celebrations are concentrated for about two weeks before and through Fat Tuesday (Mardi Gras in French), the day before Ash Wednesday. Usually there is one major parade each day (weather permitting); many days have several large parades. The largest and most elaborate parades take place the last five days of the season. In the final week of Carnival, many events large and small occur throughout New Orleans and surrounding communities.
The parades in New Orleans are organized by Carnival krewes. Krewe float riders toss throws to the crowds; the most common throws are strings of plastic colorful beads, doubloons (aluminum or wooden dollar-sized coins usually impressed with a krewe logo), decorated plastic throw cups, and small inexpensive toys. Major krewes follow the same parade schedule and route each year.
While many tourists center their Mardi Gras season activities on Bourbon Street and the French Quarter, none of the major Mardi Gras parades has entered the Quarter since 1972 because of its narrow streets and overhead obstructions. Instead, major parades originate in the Uptown and Mid-City districts and follow a route along St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, on the upriver side of the French Quarter.
To New Orleanians, "Mardi Gras" specifically refers to the Tuesday before Lent, the highlight of the season. The term can also be used less specifically for the whole Carnival season, sometimes as "the Mardi Gras season". The terms "Fat Tuesday" or "Mardi Gras Day" always refer only to that specific day.
Creole cultures
Cajun Creoles
Cajuns as an ethnic group historically included Indians and Black people. Black Louisiana Frenchmen have historically self-identified as Cajun, using the term in regards to the ethnicity of the Cajun Country and the language they speak: Amédé Ardoin for example spoke only Cajun French and at his height was known as the first Black Cajun recording artist; Clifton Chenier the King of Zydeco, routinely self-identified as a Black Cajun:
People of the Cajun Country have historically described what the Cajun nationality means to them; Brandon Moreau, a Cajun of Basile, Louisiana, described Cajun as an "inclusive term designating region, descent, or heritage – not race." Moreau also described an incident of where he used the term coonass with a good friend of his: "We were all talking in the hall, and I said I was a coonass. She said she was Cajun, but that she would never be a coonass. She's black and it offended her."
Cajun culture due to its mixed Latin-Creole nature had fostered more laissez-faire attitudes between black and white people in the Cajun Country more than anywhere else in the South. Roman Catholicism actively preached tolerance and condemned racism and all hate crimes; the Roman Church threatened to excommunicate any of its members who would dare to break its laws.
Anglo-Americans openly discriminated against Cajuns because they were Catholics, had a Latin Culture, and spoke Cajun French. White Cajuns and White Creoles accepted advances in racial equality, and they had compassion for Black Cajuns, Black Creoles, and African Americans. In the 1950s, twice as many black people in Louisiana's French-Catholic parishes registered to vote compared to black people in the Anglo-Protestant parishes.
Americanization of Acadiana (1950–1970)
When the United States of America began assimilating and Americanizing the parishes of the Cajun Country between the 1950s and 1970s, they imposed segregation and reorganized the inhabitants of the Cajun Country to identify racially as either "white" Cajuns or "black" Creoles. As the younger generations were made to abandon speaking French and French customs, the White or Indian Cajuns assimilated into the Anglo-American host culture, and the Black Cajuns assimilated into the African American culture.
Cajuns looked to the Civil Rights Movement and other Black liberation and empowerment movements as a guide to fostering Louisiana's French cultural renaissance. A Cajun student protester in 1968 declared "We're slaves to a system. Throw away the shackles... and be free with your brother."
Cane River Creoles
While the sophisticated Creole society of New Orleans has historically received much attention, the Cane River (Rivière aux Cannes) area developed its own strong Creole culture. Creole migrants from New Orleans and various ethnic groups including Africans, Spanish, Frenchmen, and Native Americans inhabited this region and mixed together in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The community is located in and around Isle Brevelle in lower Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. There are many Creole communities within Natchitoches Parish, including Natchitoches, Cloutierville, Derry, Gorum and Natchez. Many of their historic plantations still exist. Some have been designated as National Historic Landmarks, and are noted within the Cane River National Heritage Area, as well as the Cane River Creole National Historical Park. Some plantations are sites on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.
Isle Brevelle, the area of land between Cane River and Bayou Brevelle, encompasses approximately of land, 16,000 acres of which are still owned by descendants of the original Creole families. The Cane River as well as Avoyelles and St. Landry Creole family surnames include but are not limited to: Antee, Anty, Arceneaux, Arnaud, Balthazar, Barre', Bayonne, Beaudoin, Bellow, Bernard, Biagas, Bossier, Boyér, Brossette, Buard, Byone, Carriere, Cassine, Catalon, Chevalier, Chretien, Christophe, Cloutier, Colson, Colston, Conde, Conant, Coutée, Cyriak, Cyriaque, Damas, DeBòis, DeCuir, Deculus, DeLouche, Delphin, De Sadier, De Soto, Dubreil, Dunn, Dupré. Esprit, Fredieu, Fuselier, Gallien, Goudeau, Gravés, Guillory, Hebert, Honoré, Hughes, LaCaze, LaCour, Lambre', Landry, Laurent, LéBon, Lefìls, Lemelle, LeRoux, Le Vasseur, Llorens, Mathés, Mathis, Métoyer, Mezière, Monette, Moran, Mullone, Pantallion, Papillion, Porche, PrudHomme, Rachal, Ray, Reynaud, Roque, Sarpy, Sers, Severin, Simien, St. Romain, St. Ville, Sylvie, Sylvan, Tournoir, Tyler, Vachon, Vallot, Vercher and Versher. (Most of the surnames are of French and sometimes Spanish origin).
Pointe Coupee Creoles
Another historic area to Louisiana is Pointe Coupee, an area northwest of Baton Rouge. This area is known for the False River; the parish seat is New Roads, and villages including Morganza are located off the river. This parish is known to be uniquely Creole; today a large portion of the nearly 22,000 residents can trace Creole ancestry. The area was noted for its many plantations and cultural life during the French, Spanish, and American colonial periods.
The population here had become bilingual or even trilingual with French, Louisiana Creole, and English because of its plantation business before most of Louisiana. The Louisiana Creole language is widely associated with this parish; the local mainland French and Creole (i.e., locally born) plantation owners and their African slaves formed it as communication language, which became the primary language for many Pointe Coupee residents well into the 20th century. The local white and black populations as well as people of blended ethnicity spoke the language, because of its importance to the region; Italian immigrants in the 19th century often adopted the language.
Common Creole family names of the region include the following: Aguillard, Bergeron, Bonaventure, Boudreaux, Carmouche, Chenevert, Christophe, Darensbourg, Decuir, Domingue, Duperon, Eloi, Elloie, Ellois, Ellsworth, Fabre, Francois, Gaines, Gremillion, Guerin, Honoré, Jarreau, Joseph, Lacour, Morel, Olinde, Patin, Polard, Porche, Pourciau, Purnell, Ricard, St. Amant, St. Romain, Tounoir, Valéry and dozens more.
Brian J. Costello, an 11th generation Pointe Coupee Parish Creole, is the premiere historian, author and archivist on Pointe Coupee's Creole population, language, social and material culture. Most of his 19 solely-authored books, six co-authored books and numerous feature articles and participation in documentaries since 1987 have addressed these topics. He was immersed in the area's Louisiana Creole dialect in his childhood, through inter-familial and community immersion and is, therefore, one of the dialect's most fluent, and last, speakers.
Avoyelles Parish Creoles
Avoyelles Parish has a history rich in Creole ancestry. Marksville has a significant populace of French Creoles. The languages that are spoken are Louisiana French and English. This parish was established in 1750. The Creole community in Avoyelles parish is alive and well and has a unique blend of family, food and Creole culture. Creole family names of this region are: Auzenne, Barbin, Beridon, Beaudoin, Biagas, Bonton, Bordelon, Boutte, Broussard, Carriere, Chargois, DeBellevue, DeCuir, Deshotels, Dufour, DuCote, Esprit, Fontenot, Fuselier, Gaspard, Gauthier, Goudeau, Greenhouse, Gremillion, Guillory, Lamartiniere, Lemelle, Lemoine, LeRoux, Mayeux, Mouton, Moten, Muellon, Normand, Perrie, Rabalais, Ravarre, Saucier, Sylvan, Tounouir and Tyler. A French Creole Heritage day has been held annually in Avoyelles Parish on Bastille Day since 2012.
Evangeline Parish Creoles
Evangeline Parish was formed out of the northwestern part of St. Landry Parish in 1910, and is therefore, a former part of the old Poste des Opelousas territory. Most of this region's population was a direct result of the North American Creole & Métis influx of 1763, the result of the end of the French & Indian War which saw former French colonial settlements from as far away as "Upper Louisiana" (Great Lakes region, Indiana, Illinois) to "Lower Louisiana's" (Illinois, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama), ceded to the Thirteen Colonies.
The majority of these French Creoles and Métis peoples chose to leave their former homes electing to head for the only 'French' exempted settlement area in Lower Louisiana, the "Territory of Orleans" or the modern State of Louisiana.
These Creoles and Métis families generally did not remain in New Orleans and opted for settlement in the northwestern "Creole parishes" of higher ground. This area reaches upwards to Pointe Coupee, St. Landry, Avoyelles and what became Evangeline Parish in 1910. Along with these diverse Métis & Creole families came West Indian slaves (Caribbean people).
Still later, Dominican Creoles, Napoleonic soldiers, and 19th century French families would also settle this region. One of Napoleon Bonaparte's adjutant majors is actually considered the founder of Ville Platte, the parish seat of Evangeline Parish. General Antoine Paul Joseph Louis Garrigues de Flaugeac and his fellow Napoleonic soldiers, Benoit DeBaillon, Louis Van Hille, and Wartelle's descendants also settled in St. Landry Parish and became important public, civic, and political figures. They were discovered on the levee in tattered uniforms by a wealthy Creole planter, "Grand Louis' Fontenot of St. Landry (and what is now, Evangeline Parish), a descendant of one Jean Louis Fonteneau, one of Governor Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville's French officers from Fort Toulouse, in what is now the State of Alabama.
Many Colonial French, Swiss German, Austrian, and Spanish Creole surnames still remain among prominent and common families alike in Evangeline Parish. Some later Irish and Italian names also appear. Surnames such as, Ardoin, Aguillard, Mouton, Bordelon, Boucher, Brignac, Brunet, Buller (Buhler), Catoire, Chapman, Coreil, Darbonne, David, DeBaillion, Deshotel, DeVille, DeVilliers, Duos, Dupre', Esprit, Estillette, Fontenot, Guillory, Gradney, LaFleur, Landreneau, LaTour, LeBas, LeBleu, Ledoux, Ledet, LeRoux, Manuel, Milano-Hebert, Miller, Morein, Moreau, Moten, Mounier, Ortego, Perrodin, Pierotti, Pitre (rare Acadian-Creole), Rozas, Saucier, Schexnayder, Sebastien, Sittig, Soileau, Vidrine, Vizinat and many more are reminiscent of the late French Colonial, early Spanish and later American period of this region's history.
As of 2013, the parish was once again recognized by the March 2013 Regular Session of the Louisiana Legislature as part of the Creole Parishes, with the passage of SR No. 30. Other parishes so recognized include Avoyelles, St. Landry Parish and Pointe Coupee Parishes. Natchitoches Parish also remains recognized as "Creole".
Evangeline Parish's French-speaking Senator, Eric LaFleur sponsored SR No. 30 which was written by Louisiana French Creole scholar, educator and author, John laFleur II. The parish's namesake of "Evangeline" is a reflection of the affection the parish's founder, Paulin Fontenot had for Henry Wadsworth's famous poem of the same name, and not an indication of the parish's ethnic origin. The adoption of "Cajun" by the residents of this parish reflects both the popular commerce as well as media conditioning, since this northwestern region of the French-speaking triangle was never part of the Acadian settlement region of the Spanish period.
The community now hosts an annual "Creole Families Bastille Day (weekend) Heritage & Honorarium Festival in which a celebration of Louisiana's multi-ethnic French Creoles is held, with Catholic mass, Bastille Day Champagne toasting of honorees who've worked in some way to preserve and promote the French Creole heritage and language traditions. Louisiana authors, Creole food, and cultural events featuring scholarly lectures and historical information along with fun for families with free admission, and vendor booths are also a feature of this very interesting festival which unites all French Creoles who share this common culture and heritage.
St. Landry Parish Creoles
St. Landry Parish has a significant population of Creoles, especially in Opelousas and its surrounding areas. The traditions and Creole heritage are prevalent in Opelousas, Port Barre, Melville, Palmetto, Lawtell, Eunice, Swords, Mallet, Frilot Cove, Plaisance, Pitreville, and many other villages, towns and communities. The Roman Catholic Church and French/Creole language are dominant features of this rich culture. Zydeco musicians host festivals all through the year.
Notable people
See also
Creoles of color
Cane River Creole National Historical Park
Criollo people
Melrose Plantation
French Quarter
Faubourg Marigny
Tremé
Little New Orleans
Frenchtown, Houston
Magnolia Springs, Alabama
Institute Catholique
7th Ward of New Orleans
Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve
Native Americans in the United States
Isleños
Spanish Americans
French Americans
Canarian Americans
Mexicans
St. Dominicans
African Americans
African Americans in Louisiana
French Louisianians
Louisiana (New France)
Louisiana (New Spain)
Explanatory notes
Who are Louisiana Creole people descended from? In present Louisiana, Creole generally means a person or people of mixed colonial French, African American and Native American ancestry. The term Black Creole refers to freed slaves from Haiti and their descendants. https://explorehouma.com › about: The Difference Between Cajun & Creole | Visit Houma-Terrebonne, LA
References
Further reading
Brasseaux, Carl A. Acadian to Cajun: Transformation of a people, 1803–1877 (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1992)
Eaton, Clement. The Growth of Southern Civilization, 1790–1860 (1961) pp 125–49, broad survey
Eble, Connie. "Creole in Louisiana." South Atlantic Review (2008): 39–53. in JSTOR
Gelpi Jr, Paul D. "Mr. Jefferson's Creoles: The Battalion d'Orléans and the Americanization of Creole Louisiana, 1803–1815." Louisiana History (2007): 295–316. in JSTOR
Landry, Rodrigue, Réal Allard, and Jacques Henry. "French in South Louisiana: towards language loss." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (1996) 17#6 pp: 442–468.
Stivale, Charles J. Disenchanting les bons temps: identity and authenticity in Cajun music and dance (Duke University Press, 2002)
Tregle, Joseph G. "Early New Orleans Society: A Reappraisal." Journal of Southern History (1952) 18#1 pp: 20–36. in JSTOR
External links
French Creoles
Quadroons for Beginners: Discussing the Suppressed and Sexualized History of Free Women of Color with Author Emily Clark
I Am What I Say I Am: Racial and Cultural Identity among Creoles of Color in New Orleans
The creole people of New Orleans
Creole spirit
Cast From Their Ancestral Home, Creoles Worry About Culture's Future
'Faerie Folk' Strike Back With Fritters
Left Coast Creole
LA Creole
CreoleGen
Who are Louisiana Creole people descended from?
In present Louisiana, Creole generally means a person or people of mixed colonial French, African American and Native American ancestry. The term Black Creole refers to freed slaves from Haiti and their descendants.https://explorehouma.com › about The Difference Between Cajun & Creole | Visit Houma-Terrebonne, LA
Nsula.edu: Louisiana Creole Heritage Center website
Loyno.edu: "Creoles" — Kate Chopin website.
Cajun | American ethnic group | Britannica Cajun - American ethnic group
Louisiana Creole people
Louisiana Creole
Louisiana Creole culture
Creole peoples
African-American culture
African-American history of Louisiana
African-American society
American people of Creole descent
American people of French descent
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
Ethnic groups in Louisiana
French-American culture
French-American history
French diaspora in North America
Native American culture
Native American history of Louisiana
People from Louisiana
People of Colonial Spanish Louisiana
Spanish-American culture
Spanish-American history
People of Louisiana (New France) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%20Creole%20people |
A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood or Certificate of Degree of Alaska Native Blood (both abbreviated CDIB) is an official U.S. document that certifies an individual possesses a specific fraction of Native American ancestry of a federally recognized Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community. They are issued by the Bureau of Indian Affairs after the applicant supplies a completed genealogy with supporting legal documents such as birth certificates, showing their descent, through one or both birth parents, from an enrolled Indian or an Indian listed in a base roll such as the Dawes Rolls. Blood degree cannot be obtained through adoptive parents. The blood degree on previously issued CDIBs or on the base rolls in the filer's ancestry are used to determine the filer's blood degree (unless they challenge them as inaccurate). Information collected for the filing is held confidential by privacy laws, except if the CDIB is related to assigned duties.
A CDIB can show only the blood degree of one tribe or the total blood degree from all tribes in the filer's ancestry. Some tribes require a specific minimum degree of tribal ancestry for membership, which might require the first type of certificate, while some federal benefits programs require a minimum total Indian blood degree so an individual might require the second type of certificate to qualify. For example, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians requires at least 1/16 degree of Eastern Cherokee blood for tribal membership, whereas the Bureau of Indian Affairs' Higher Education Grant for college expenses requires a 1/4 degree minimum.
A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood does not establish membership in a tribe. Tribal membership is determined by tribal laws and may or may not require a CDIB or may require a separate tribal determination of ancestry or blood degree.
The CDIB is controversial, from a racial politics perspective, and because non-federally recognized tribes are neither eligible for the card nor for the benefits which require one. Some groups, such as the Cherokee freedmen, were often not eligible for a CDIB because they are not Native American by blood or their degree of blood was not recorded in the base rolls (where Freedman was used instead of stating a degree).
See also
Blood quantum laws
Lineage-bonded society
Pedigree chart
Judicial aspects of race in the United States
References
Native American history
Native American law
Identity documents of the United States
Genealogy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate%20of%20Degree%20of%20Indian%20Blood |
The Kocher is a river in Germany.
Kocher may also refer to:
Kocher (surname)
Kocher (crater), lunar impact crater
Medicine
Named after Emil Theodor Kocher:
Kocher manoeuvre, a surgical manoeuvre
Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome
Kocher's point, a common location for insertion of an extraventricular drain
Kocher approach to the elbow
Kocher incision
Kocher's forceps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocher%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Immigration and Nationality Law Review (INLR) is an internationally recognized annual law journal, published by William S. Hein & Co., Inc., of New York City.
Overview
Created in 1976, the INLR was originally a reprint journal that served the scholarly community as an anthology of the most seminal law review articles on immigration and nationality. It included legislative summaries and a limited number of original contributions. Since its move to the University of Cincinnati College of Law in 1999 from Western New England College School of Law, the journal has substantially expanded to include student casenotes, comments, book reviews and essays. Today, the INLR is one of only two major student-edited American law journals devoted exclusively to the study of immigration law, the other being the Georgetown Immigration Law Journal. The Journal publishes articles on timely issues by professors and practitioners, coordinates symposia on important topics, and produces thoughtful student notes and comments. The INLR's broad scholarly scope often transcends the subject of immigration and encompasses the related fields of constitutional and criminal law, human rights, international law, and ethnic conflict. Second and third year law students are responsible for coordinating the production of the journal under the guidance of Professor Bradford Mank, the INLR's faculty advisor.
The journal consists of original immigration and nationality law articles, republications of immigration and nationality law articles, and original student submissions which are selected for their excellence. While primarily focused on immigration law, which seeks to define who may enter and reside in a country, INLR incorporates subject matter well beyond immigration. In particular, the INLR addresses issues of nationality which considers the formal relationship between a citizen of a nation and the nation itself. Since immigration and nationality work together to delineate citizenship and residency, they play an important part in the ongoing dialogue regarding national identity. Moreover, immigration and nationality frequently implicate issues of race, gender, class, and national security.
External links
The Immigration and Nationality Law Review
INLR at William S. Hein & Co
Immigration and Nationality Law Review Brochure
American law journals
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration%20and%20Nationality%20Law%20Review |
"Watch That Man" is a song written by David Bowie, the opening track on the album Aladdin Sane from 1973. Its style is often compared to the Rolling Stones' Exile on Main Street. The mix, in which Bowie's lead vocal is buried within the instrumental sections, has generated discussion among critics and fans.
Recording
With the release of his album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars and his performance of "Starman" on the BBC television programme Top of the Pops in early July 1972, David Bowie was launched to stardom. To support the album, Bowie embarked on the Ziggy Stardust Tour in both the UK and the US. He composed most of the tracks for the follow-up record on the road during the US tour in late 1972. Because of this, many of the tracks were influenced by America, and his perceptions of the country.
"Watch That Man" was written in response to seeing two concerts by the American rock band New York Dolls. According to author Peter Doggett, the Dolls' first two albums were important in representing the American response to the British glam rock movement. Bowie was impressed with their sound and wanted to emulate it on a song. "Watch That Man" was recorded at London's Trident Studios in January 1973, following the conclusion of the American tour and a series of Christmas concerts in England and Scotland. Like the rest of its parent album, the song was co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott and featured Bowie's backing band the Spiders from Mars – comprising guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist Trevor Bolder and drummer Woody Woodmansey.
Production
NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray considered "Watch That Man" the prime example of a collection of songs on Aladdin Sane that were "written too fast, recorded too fast and mixed too fast". They remarked on the "hurried shoddiness" of its production which "doesn't even sound like a finished mix". Co-producer Ken Scott however, speaking in 1999, defended the mix as the result of careful deliberation:
The label and Bowie's publisher MainMan initially requested a new mix with Bowie's vocal more upfront, but after Bowie and Scott complied, it was deemed inferior to the original.
Music and lyrics
According to author Nicholas Pegg, "Watch That Man" could be taken as "one of Bowie's most calculated changes of direction", to a more Stones-inspired dirty rock sound. Bowie himself suggested in the year of its release that it was a reminiscence of his introduction to the drug-fuelled American tour experience of late 1972. Rolling Stone magazine called it "inimitable Stones, Exile vintage. Mick Ronson plays Chuck Berry licks via Keith Richards, Garson plays at being Nicky Hopkins, Bowie slurs his lines, and the female backup singers and horns make the appropriate noises."
Live versions
It was the third track on the live album Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture from the farewell concert at the Hammersmith Odeon, London, on 3 July 1973.
A live version from the 1974 tour was released on David Live. This version was also released on the Sound + Vision box set and on the album Rock Concert.
Other releases
It was the B-side of the Italian release of the single "Let's Spend the Night Together" in June 1973.
It appeared on the Japanese compilation The Best of David Bowie in 1974.
Cover versions
Lulu recorded the song in July 1973, releasing it as the B-side of the single "The Man Who Sold the World", another Bowie track, on 11 January 1974. The band included Bowie on guitar, sax and backing vocals, Mick Ronson on guitar, Trevor Bolder on bass, Mike Garson on piano, and Aynsley Dunbar on drums. Produced by Bowie and Ronson, it has been described as having "a mix and backing vocal performance that easily outstrips the original". Lulu's cover of "Watch That Man" was also released on the albums From Crayons to Perfume, Heaven and Earth and the Stars and David Bowie Songbook (various artists).
Personnel
According to Chris O'Leary:
David Bowie – lead vocal
Mick Ronson – lead and rhythm guitar
Trevor Bolder – bass
Mick "Woody" Woodmansey – drums
Mike Garson – piano
Ken Fordham – saxophone
Linda Lewis – backing vocals
G.A. MacCormack – backing vocals
Juanita "Honey" Franklin – backing vocals
Production
David Bowie – producer
Ken Scott – producer, engineer
Notes
References
Sources
David Bowie songs
Lulu (singer) songs
1973 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
British garage rock songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch%20That%20Man |
Operation On-Target is a high adventure Scouting activity. It was created as a Varsity Scout program activity, open to Venturers and older Boy Scouts. It has continued since the disbanding of the Varsity Scout program at the end of 2017. The event is mainly held in the western United States, but has included Hawaii and New York. The basic idea is to have Scouts scattered across a particular area, located on mountain peaks or other prominent points within line of sight of each other. Using large signaling mirrors, they relay messages from peak to peak. Success in the event depends on team skills such as map-reading, compass skills, mirror-building, mirror signaling and teamwork. Many units spend time in the weeks or months before the actual event learning communications skills like ham radio and signaling. Reaching the peak can also be a challenge, requiring the boys to practice hiking, camping, and backpacking skills. They also need to consider what they will do if the clouds block the sun.
Background
According to Doug Brewer, its founder, the name "Operation On-Target" was chosen at its inception in 1980 because the "purpose of the experience was to get the Scouts on target with the Varsity Scout program, and on target on the peaks with mirrors".
Two main goals are to establish a signal link from the Mexico–US border to the Canada–US border, and to make a link from the Pacific Ocean to at least the continental divide. The event has been annual since 1981. As many as 5,000 scouts have participated in a single year, with participation from Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, California, Oregon and Washington, from Puget Sound in Washington to Catalina Island and San Diego in California.
The annual event is held on the third Saturday in July and September. Areas with warmer climates typically see larger turnout on the latter date.
A manual for this event was developed by the Great Salt Lake Council, was later reprinted in one of the Varsity Scout Program Helps books, and became a chapter in the Boy Scouts of America Varsity Team Features Volume II handbook. While even small handheld mirrors, 3" to 4" on a side, can be seen 30 miles away, teams are encouraged to take along at least one large mirror. The classic large Operation On-Target signal mirror is a modular design with four square feet of reflecting area, transported in backpacks and assembled on-site. It consists of four 12"x12" mirrors bolted to a square of plywood with wing bolts and mounted on a light tripod. A small aimable signal mirror is taped to one edge as a sight.
Early beginnings
Operation On-Target was foreshadowed by the 1964–1965 "Signal Festival" organized by Glannin A. Cloward, a former U.S. Air Force pilot and World War II veteran. In 1964 Mr. Cloward led a group of 10 Explorer Scouts from Post 156 (Clearfield, Utah) to the top of Mt. Timpanogos; from there they flashed signals (reflected sunlight) down to the inhabitants of Utah Valley using pieces of old mirrors from which Mr. Cloward had created signal mirrors patterned after those carried in military aircraft survival kits. Several dozen local residents, seeing bright flashes from the peak, improvised return signals using household mirrors from locations around the valley approximately 5 to 25 miles away. The following year a peak-to-peak signaling event was attempted between five peaks in northern Utah, but due to bad weather and inadequate planning communication was successful only between two of the five peaks. Mr. Cloward organized similar activities involving one to three scout units multiple times from 1965 to 1979 from various mountain peaks in central and northern Utah. In 1980 Mr. Douglas G. Brewer, Varsity Scout commissioner for the Great Salt Lake Council, and several other Scout Leaders built upon Mr. Cloward's experience to create Operation On-Target as a well coordinated, multi-council, multi-state activity in the nascent Varsity Scouting program.
See also
Heliograph
References
External links
National Boy Scouts of America Operation On-Target Page
Operation On-Target Facebook Page
Scouting in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20On-Target |
USS Pheasant (AM-61/MSF-61) was an named after the Pheasant, a large game bird found in the United States and other countries. Pheasant was laid down on 22 July 1942 at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City, Michigan; launched on 24 October 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Harry J. Defoe, wife of the shipyard owner; and commissioned on 12 December 1942.
Following fitting out at Boston, Massachusetts, Pheasant helped to protect convoys along the eastern and gulf coasts of the United States beginning in early 1943. Immediately preceding the Normandy invasion of 6 June 1944, she swept dangerous mines from fire support areas used by the battleships and . From 29 June until her departure for Oran, Algeria, on 15 July 1944, she cleared areas to be used for the invasion of Cherbourg, France. Later, in the Mediterranean, she made exploratory sweeps prior to the invasion of southern France. She swept successfully in the Mediterranean until May 1945 when she received orders to return to the United States.
Pheasant entered the Reserve Fleet at San Diego, California, in December 1945. She was reclassified MSF-61 on 7 February 1955, struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1966, and later sunk as a target.
Pheasant received two battle stars for World War II service.
See also
Commander Mine Squadron SEVEN
References
External links
Photo gallery at navsource.org
Auk-class minesweepers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Bay City, Michigan
1942 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Ships sunk as targets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Pheasant |
The Eurovision Song Contest 1996 was the third time that Estonia entered the Eurovision Song Contest, and was their first participation since their second-to-last place in the 1994 final. The entrant was again selected by a panel of expert judges, with thirteen entrants into the preselection final. The preselection would end up tied on points, with Maarja-Liis Ilus and Ivo Linna's duet "Kaelakee hääl" winning on the basis of being awarded more maximum points than the runner-up Kadri Hunt. In the final, Ilus and Linna finished 5th.
Before Eurovision
Eurolaul 1996
The final was held on 27 January 1996 at the Dekoltee nightclub in Tallinn, hosted by Marko Reikop and Karmel Eikner. Some of the participating singers were not actually present and instead appeared on a video wall screen, however Kirile Loo didn't appear at all (not even on the video screen) so during her song there were simply many shots of the stage.
The winner was chosen by a nine-member international jury panel, with Maarja-Liis Ilus and Ivo Linna tying first with Kadri Hunt on 62 points. After a review of the scoring, it was announced that Ilus and Linna were the winners, due to the Finnish judge awarding them with one top vote of 10 points whereas Hunt had not received any top votes.
Several artists had also competed in the last Estonian preselection for the 1994 contest, including Evelin Samuel and Pearu Paulus.
At Eurovision
In 1996, for the only time in Eurovision history, an audio-only qualifying round of the 29 songs entered (excluding hosts Norway who were exempt) was held in March in order for the seven lowest-scoring songs to be eliminated before the final. "Kaelakee hääl" placed 5th with 106 points, thus qualifying for the final.
On the night of the final, Ilus and Linna performed 11th, following Greece and preceding Norway. At the end of the voting they have received 94 points, finishing 5th out of 23 competing countries.
Voting
Qualifying round
Final
References
1996
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1996
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%201996 |
The New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union, or NSWSRU, is affiliated to the New South Wales Rugby Union and runs the competition affectionately known as "Subbies" rugby. There are around 7,500 players and 55 clubs competing across 6 divisions, making "Subbies" the largest centrally administered rugby competition in the world. NSWSRU is truly the grassroots of rugby in Sydney.
The major trophy in "Subbies" is the Kentwell Cup that is awarded to the first grade premiers of the first division competition. The NSWSRU selects representative sides to compete against New South Wales Country for the Maher-Ross Cup, and Queensland Suburban for the Barraclough Shield.
History
Football under rugby rules began to be played in the 1860s in Sydney's schools. Some of these former students wanted to go on playing and, along with an increasing population of new arrivals in Sydney, this led to the start of club football. After 1872, rugby football clubs grew rapidly in number.
The first 'Junior' clubs: 1872 to 1900
Sydney rugby in the early years was played by Senior teams and Junior teams (where Junior denoted the second tier, not the age of the players). The Senior competition was run by the Southern Rugby Union (SRU, later to become the NSWRU) and had been in existence from 1874, but matches for Junior sides were arranged on an ad hoc basis until after the 1885 season. The SRU only began to involve itself in rugby for Junior teams in 1882, and only established a formal Junior competition in 1886.
Some of the clubs in the original Junior competition were Petersham (who still exist in the Suburban competition today), Manly Federals, the Warrigals and Wentworth. Most of these clubs fielded one team and the competition received coverage in Sydney's newspapers under "Other matches". By 1896, in an early sign of what later led to the schism with rugby league, tensions emerged with suggestions that Senior clubs were trying to poach players with talent at Junior clubs using ‘incentives’ and that Junior players were being paid a match fee.
A new branch of the NSWRU called the Metropolitan Rugby Union (MRU) was formed in 1897 to administer the Sydney competitions and re-organise the clubs along district lines. The previous Junior clubs and players were essentially merged into new district clubs. More than twenty Junior clubs, including foundation members of the union, vanished from the books in 1898.
City and Suburban Association formed in 1901
Most clubs that were disenfranchised in the move to district football between 1897 and 1900 simply went out of existence but a few, such as Petersham, continued playing matches between themselves beyond the control of the MRU and NSWRU. In 1901 the competition was formally organised under the City and Suburban Association, making it the earliest forerunner of today's Subbies rugby.
To counter this new rebel association, the MRU created its own Borough competition in 1902. Several of the leading City and Suburban clubs switched to this competition but, with the start of rugby league in 1908, it did not continue. With the advent of the Great War in 1914, most rugby union clubs ceased playing altogether and rugby league had won ascendancy in New South Wales.
Post-war reformation in 1919
After the war was ended, the NSWRU established one competition for the 1919 season with divisions for both non-district and district clubs. The Mosman Rugby Club, as the winner of the Reserve Grade B division (effectively the first grade for non-district clubs), was presented with a cup donated by W.H. Kentwell in 1923. This began the long history of the Kentwell Cup which is now awarded to the NSWSRU first grade premiers in first division. The Burke Cup, was first presented to the Mosman club's second grade winning side in 1924 by James A. Burke, and is now contested by NSWSRU second grade teams in first division.
Sub-Districts Rugby Union
The NSWRU formed a separate non-district club competition in 1929, which became the Metropolitan Sub-Districts Rugby Union in 1933. The Whiddon Cup was inaugurated in 1933 by Horace Whiddon of the Briars Club, and is now awarded to the NSWSRU third grade premiers.
At the start of the war in 1939 the NSWRU decided to cancel representative games but continue with club competitions. This was an attempt to ward off a repeat of the setback caused by the cessation of rugby during the previous war. All sports were ravaged during the war. Players and officials died or were injured during battle or as prisoners of war but, as at least a restricted form of the game was continued, rugby union was able to be successfully revived in 1946.
After the war, Subbies rugby grew strongly. In 1966 Petersham made history as being the first club to circle the world on a rugby tour. The Sydney Sub-Districts Rugby Union was established in 1971, and the Subbies competition was rearranged into three divisions.
New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union
In 1990, the Subbies became known as the New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union. The second division of the Sydney district competition was absorbed into Subbies in 1993 and 18 clubs contested the Kentwell Cup in that year. Drummoyne, Mosman, University of NSW and Hornsby, Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Canterbury, Dundas Valley, Hawkesbury Valley are former district clubs that moved to Subbies.
Most current clubs are based on a local community, links with schools, or voluntary groups. Old Ignatians, St Patricks, Barker Old Boys, Knox Rugby Club, Waverley, Kings Old Boys, and Oakhill are or were formed from ex-students of schools. The Bronte and Manly Savers clubs are composed of members of surf lifesaving clubs.
Promotion and relegation is based on club championship results down to third division.
Recent events
There have been problems in recent years fielding a 4th Division competition (clubs with 3 grade teams). 4th Division was disbanded after the 2008 season, where only six clubs participated, and was further weakened with the withdrawal of two of the 3rd grade teams. The 4th Division was resurrected in 2011, again with six clubs, but again was afflicted with the withdrawal of two 3rd grade teams, although a Halligan Cup team – Colleagues Convicts – stepped up into the grade. In 2012 the season was played without a 4th division competition again.
The 4th Division competition was revived in 2014, but with it came the demise of the 5th Division (clubs with 2 teams). This means that clubs who were hoping to have 2 teams this year must either downsize to one team (Division 6) or hope for a 3rd grade team and push for the revived Division 4, making clubs either make players miss out on playing if unable to find a Halligan Cup fixture (lack of a 2nd grade) or trying to create a 3rd grade (possibly making players play 2 or more games of rugby).
Trophies
Cross Divisional
Champion Club – Cowboy Cup
Cowboy Cup is competed by every team in Suburban Rugby. Each team, including Halligan Cup and Radford Cup competitions which are not included within divisional club championship competitions, earns points for the club. The winner of the Cowboy Cup is the club across all divisions who earn the most points throughout the season.
First Division
Club Champion – Bruce Graham Shield
1st grade – Kentwell Cup
2nd grade – Burke Cup
3rd grade – Whiddon Cup
4th grade – Judd Cup
5th grade – Sutherland Cup
Colts – Barbour Cup
Second Division
Club Champion – Reliance Shield
1st grade – Barraclough Cup
2nd grade – Stockdale Cup
3rd grade – Blunt Cup
4th grade – Richardson Cup
Colts – Robertson Cup
Third Division
Club Champion – Harris Shield
1st grade – Clark Cup
2nd grade – Farrant Cup
3rd grade – Campbell Cup
Colts – Nicholson Cup (prior to 2017, Nicholson Cup was contested by 3rd Division 4th Grade)
Fourth Division
Club Champion – Herlihy Shield
1st grade – McLean Cup
2nd grade – Grose Cup
Fifth Division – reinstated 2017 after a four season absence
1st grade – Jeffrey Cup
Sixth Division – not contested in 2023
1st grade – Meldrum Cup
Additional Cups
Halligan Cup – contested between extra teams (e.g. 2nd or 3rd Division 5th grade), organised by the clubs themselves. The winner is the leading team after the final round of Division 1. During 2012, 19 clubs took part in Halligan Cup fixtures.
Radford Cup – contested by 1st grade colts teams from 4th division and below, but is open to second grade colts teams from 1st and 2nd division clubs. In addition, it is open to Premiership clubs who have additional colts.
Under 85 kg Cup – mid-week competition played between teams where all players are 85 kg or less. The competition was played between 6 teams in 2012, but has not been contested since then.
Rugby Club Cup – contested between Under 19's teams associated with Suburban and Premiership clubs. Has not been played since 2007.
Clubs
For the 2023 season, clubs compete in the following divisions:
First Division (9)
Second Division (7)
Third Division (7)
Fourth Division (10)
Fifth Division (12)
Halligan Cup
Notes:
Representative team
A representative NSW Suburban team is selected from players within the competition to play against other amateur representative sides. The Maher-Ross Cup is contested by NSW Suburban and NSW Country, and the Barraclough Shield is awarded to the winner of the interstate match between the NSW Suburban and Queensland Suburban teams. The Barraclough Shield was contested annually from 1966, until 2016.
See also
Rugby union in New South Wales
List of Australian club rugby union competitions
Notes
Bibliography
Hickie, Tom V: The Game for the Game Itself!: The Development of Sub-District Rugby in Sydney, (1983) Sydney Sub-District Rugby Union.
Mulford, John G: Guardians of the Game: The History of the New South Wales Rugby Union 1874-2004. (2005) ABC Books.
Pollard, Jack: Australian Rugby: The game and the players. (1994) Pan Macmillan.
External links
Competition Draws, Results and Ladders
Club websites
Rugby union governing bodies in New South Wales
1933 establishments in Australia
Sports organizations established in 1933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20South%20Wales%20Suburban%20Rugby%20Union |
Isthmus-34 Light is a sour crude oil produced in Mexico mainly in the Campeche zone, in the Gulf of Mexico along with the extraction centers in Chiapas, Tabasco, and Veracruz. The name derives from the nearby Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Before 2017, the oil was a component of the OPEC Reference Basket (despite Mexico's not being a part of OPEC). It has the following characteristics:
See also
Cantarell Field
References
Benchmark crude oils
Pemex
Gulf Coast of Mexico
Petroleum industry in Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus-34%20Light |
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