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The n-vector representation (also called geodetic normal or ellipsoid normal vector) is a three-parameter non-singular representation well-suited for replacing geodetic coordinates (latitude and longitude) for horizontal position representation in mathematical calculations and computer algorithms.
Geometrically, the n-vector for a given position on an ellipsoid is the outward-pointing unit vector that is normal in that position to the ellipsoid. For representing horizontal positions on Earth, the ellipsoid is a reference ellipsoid and the vector is decomposed in an Earth-centered Earth-fixed coordinate system. It behaves smoothly at all Earth positions, and it holds the mathematical one-to-one property.
More in general, the concept can be applied to representing positions on the boundary of a strictly convex bounded subset of k-dimensional Euclidean space, provided that that boundary is a differentiable manifold. In this general case, the n-vector consists of k parameters.
General properties
A normal vector to a strictly convex surface can be used to uniquely define a surface position. n-vector is an outward-pointing normal vector with unit length used as a position representation.
For most applications the surface is the reference ellipsoid of the Earth, and thus n-vector is used to represent a horizontal position. Hence, the angle between n-vector and the equatorial plane corresponds to geodetic latitude, as shown in the figure.
A surface position has two degrees of freedom, and thus two parameters are sufficient to represent any position on the surface. On the reference ellipsoid, latitude and longitude are common parameters for this purpose, but like all two-parameter representations, they have singularities. This is similar to orientation, which has three degrees of freedom, but all three-parameter representations have singularities. In both cases the singularities are avoided by adding an extra parameter, i.e. to use n-vector (three parameters) to represent horizontal position and a unit quaternion (four parameters) to represent orientation.
n-vector is a one-to-one representation, meaning that any surface position corresponds to one unique n-vector, and any n-vector corresponds to one unique surface position.
As a Euclidean 3D vector, standard 3D vector algebra can be used for the position calculations, and this makes n-vector well-suited for most horizontal position calculations.
Converting latitude/longitude to n-vector
Based on the definition of the ECEF coordinate system, called e, it is clear that going from latitude/longitude to n-vector, is achieved by:
The superscript e means that n-vector is decomposed in the coordinate system e (i.e. the first component is the scalar projection of n-vector onto the x-axis of e, the second onto the y-axis of e etc.). Note that the equation is exact both for spherical and ellipsoidal Earth model.
Converting n-vector to latitude/longitude
From the three components of n-vector, , , and , latitude can be found by using:
The rightmost expression is best suited for computer program implementation.
Longitude is found using:
In these expressions should be implemented using a call to atan2(y,x). The Pole singularity of longitude is evident as atan2(0,0) is undefined. Note that the equations are exact both for spherical and ellipsoidal Earth model.
Example: Great circle distance
Finding the great circle distance between two horizontal positions (assuming spherical Earth) is usually done by means of latitude and longitude. Three different expressions for this distance are common; the first is based on arccos, the second is based on arcsin, and the final is based on arctan. The expressions, which are successively more complex to avoid numerical instabilities, are not easy to find, and since they are based on latitude and longitude, the Pole singularities may become a problem. They also contain deltas of latitude and longitude, which in general should be used with care near the ±180° meridian and the Poles.
Solving the same problem using n-vector is simpler due to the possibility of using vector algebra. The arccos expression is achieved from the dot product, while the magnitude of the cross product gives the arcsin expression. Combining the two gives the arctan expression:
where and are the n-vectors representing the two positions a and b. is the angular difference, and thus the great-circle distance is achieved by multiplying with the Earth radius. This expression also works at the poles and at the ±180° meridian.
There are several other examples where the use of vector algebra simplifies standard problems. For a general comparison of the various representations, see the horizontal position representations page.
See also
Earth section paths
Horizontal position representation
Latitude
Longitude
Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system
Quaternion
References
External links
Solving 10 problems by means of the n-vector
Navigation
Geodesy
Geographic position
Geographic coordinate systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-vector |
Sonneratiaceae were a family of flowering plants placed in the order Myrtales by the Cronquist system. They consisted of two genera, Sonneratia and Duabanga. These are now generally placed in their own monotypic subfamilies of the family Lythraceae, making Sonneratiaceae superfluous.
The family is named for French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat.
References
Myrtales
Historically recognized angiosperm families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonneratiaceae |
Oregon Bach Festival (OBF) is an annual celebration of the works of Johann Sebastian Bach and his musical legacy, held in Eugene, Oregon, United States, in late June and early July.
About the festival
The festival's programming is three-fold. It presents a diverse slate of concerts and guest artists, which in recent years has included non-Bach-related programs by Garrison Keillor, Bobby McFerrin, Frederica von Stade and Yo-Yo Ma; it maintains a focus on choral-orchestral repertoire, including commissions and premieres; and it undertakes extensive educational activities, including the Stangeland Family Youth Choral Academy, directed by conductor Anton Armstrong of St. Olaf College. The Wall Street Journal has called OBF "one of the world’s leading music festivals".
Oregon Bach Festival is a donor-supported program of the University of Oregon. The activities of the festival are concentrated at Eugene's Hult Center for the Performing Arts and at the University of Oregon's School of Music & Dance, primarily at Beall Hall.
History
The festival was founded in 1970 by German conductor Helmuth Rilling and the former president of the American Choral Directors Association, Royce Saltzman, as an informal series of classes and concerts at the University of Oregon. By the late 1970s, the roster had expanded to include full-scale choral-orchestral performances. Although originally inspired by the music of Bach, the festival quickly moved beyond a strict boundary of repertoire. Bach, however, remains a centerpiece of the festival via Helmuth Rilling's conducting master class, which leads students through Cantatas, Masses, Passions, and other such choral works. Additionally, the festival frequently performs the largest Bach works with full forces; for example, in the 300th-anniversary year of Bach's birth in 1985, the festival performed the St. John Passion, St. Matthew Passion, B-minor Mass, and all six Brandenburg Concertos, culminating in an appearance at the Hollywood Bowl. The success of the Bach Festival model and structure led Helmuth Rilling to create the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart and several other Bach Academies around the world.
In addition to the leadership of Helmuth Rilling, many other musicians have developed long-term relationships with the OBF. Conductor and pianist Jeffrey Kahane has been performing at the festival for over 20 years, and musicologist Robert Levin has also been a frequent participant. Baroque specialist Monica Huggett has appeared as an ensemble leader in 2009 and 2010. Baritone Thomas Quasthoff made his American debut at the OBF in 1995 and has returned several times since. Recent appearances have also been made by Midori, Sarah Chang, the Kronos Quartet, The Five Browns, and a variety of other classical stars. The festival also hosts "cross-over" or popular acts like Garrison Keillor, Savion Glover and Pink Martini..
The festival in the 21st century
Royce Saltzman retired in 2006 and was replaced as Executive Director by John Evans, a former BBC producer and published Benjamin Britten scholar. With Evans's arrival in 2007, the festival expanded to include concerts throughout Oregon, including at Portland's Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall and Bend's Tower Theatre. Recent seasons have also included collaborations with other regional arts organizations, including the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, Portland Baroque Orchestra, and Eugene Ballet. The Festival has also completed its first endowment campaign, raising over $10 million.
The 2010 festival, billed as a 40th-anniversary gala year (the 41st), included appearances by Thomas Quasthoff, Pink Martini, Bobby McFerrin, Robert Levin and Ya-Fei Chuang, and the Portland Baroque Orchestra. It also featured a Bernstein celebration featuring a residency by Jamie Bernstein.
Phyllis and Andy Berwick donated $7.25 million to the festival in 2014, which is the largest gift in the group's history. Subsequently, Berwick Hall was christened as the first permanent home of the Festival in October 2017.
Milestones
The festival has commissioned, co-commissioned, or presented premieres of numerous musical works, including:
Felix Mendelssohn, The Uncle from Boston (world premiere of rediscovered manuscript)
Stephen Paulus, Symphony for Strings (world premiere)
Arvo Pärt, Litany (world premiere)
Osvaldo Golijov, Oceana (world premiere)
Krzysztof Penderecki, Credo (world premiere)
Tan Dun, Water Passion (American premiere)
Sven-David Sandström, Messiah (world premiere)
Sir James MacMillan, A European Requiem (world premiere)
Kim André Arnesen, Falling into Mercy (world premiere)
Philip Glass, Piano Concerto No. 3 (regional premiere)
Richard Danielpour, The Passion of Yeshua (world premiere)
The festival has also released or participated in 12 commercial recordings since 1990, with the recording of Penderecki's Credo winning the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance.
See also
List of Bach festivals
References
External links
The Oregon Bach Festival (official website)
Festivals in Eugene, Oregon
Recurring events established in 1970
University of Oregon
Classical music festivals in the United States
Bach festivals
1970 establishments in Oregon
Annual events in Oregon
Music festivals in Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon%20Bach%20Festival |
is a 1994 racing arcade game developed and published by Namco. The player controls a Formula One racer, with the objective being to complete three laps of a race course and to avoid a collision with opponents and other obstacles. Three difficulty levels are available, as is a mode to enable a gear shift. Similar to Namco's own Final Lap series, the arcade cabinet can be linked together with another unit to enable eight-person multiplayer. It ran on the Namco System 22 arcade hardware.
Ace Driver was designed by Tatsuro Okamoto, his known for his work on the classic arcade game Metro-Cross (1985). He was assisted by Pole Position designer Shinichiro Okamoto. The game was a widespread success, winning the "Best Coin-Operated Game" award at the 76th Annual IAAPA tradeshow in November 1994. Critics praised the game's realistic graphics, multiplayer and responsive controls, with some reviewers finding it to be superior than Sega's Daytona USA and Namco's own Ridge Racer. It was followed by two sequels, Ace Driver: Victory Lap (1995) and Ace Driver 3: Final Turn (2008). A PlayStation home conversion announced in 1995 went unreleased.
Gameplay
Ace Driver is a 3D racing video game. Gameplay involves the player controlling a Formula One racer, the objective being to complete three laps of a race while in first place. The player can choose one of eight playable vehicles, which is determined by which seat the player has chosen on the cabinet itself. Cars also carry advertisements featuring names of older Namco video games and products, in a manner similar to the Ridge Racer series. The player can also choose from three difficulty levels — Beginner, Expert, and Expert Pro Race Class. Namco produced two versions of the game, an SD model and a DX model. The SD version features a basic sit-down structure, while the DX version features seats that rotate based on the player's actions in the game. Both cabinets are linkable, and allow for an additional machine to be connected to it, which enables eight-person multiplayer.
Development and release
Ace Driver was released in Japan with a limited release on 6 August 1994, and then a nationwide release in November 1994. It was followed by a North American release later that year, and it then released in Europe in March 1995. The game was designed by Tatsuro Okamoto, known for his work on Metro-Cross and the Final Lap series, with assistance from Pole Position designer Shinichiro Okamoto. The arcade cabinet, designed by mechanical engineer Junichiro Koyama, is much heavier than Namco's other arcade cabinets, which made it difficult for the game to be easily shipped. The game ran on the Namco System 22 hardware, which was also used for the original Ridge Racer, with speaker systems provided by American company BOSE. Care was taken during production of the game's controls so as to make them tight and easy to use, which Okamoto recalls being as responsive as moving a shopping cart. The DX version, which featured rotating seats, was stated to have been dangerous in the event cabinet was placed up against the wall, leading to small fences being placed towards the base of the cabinet.
Reception
Ace Driver was a widespread success, with reviewers praising its impressive technological capabilities and realistic graphics. At the 76th Annual International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) tradeshow in November 1994, it was awarded the "Best Coin-Operated Game" award, for its texture-mapped 3D graphics, force feedback and motion-based cabinet. It also received a product innovation award from the IAAPA.
The game was also a commercial success, with Namco reporting an "overwhelming" number of orders placed for the eight-player version. In Japan, Game Machine listed it on their January 1, 1995 issue as being the second most-successful dedicated arcade game of the month. It went on to be the third highest-grossing dedicated arcade game of 1995 in Japan.
Edge magazine was impressed with the game's eight-person multiplayer and technological capabilities, saying that it easily outperformed Sega's Daytona USA, which they attributed to the Namco System 22 arcade operating hardware it ran on. Edge also praised the game's usage of Gouraud shading techniques for giving it a realistic look at feel, concluding that Ace Driver helps justify Namco's reputation for producing impressive technology.
In their debut issue, Next Generation liked the game's unique "side-by-side" movement, saying that it created a much more realistic sense of turning and gave the game more of an "edge" compared to Namco's other driving game, Ridge Racer 2. They concluded their review by saying: "It may not be the best all-around racing title out today, but for competitive multi-player action, Ace Driver holds the title". Spanish publication Hobby Hitech found the game superior to both Daytona USA and Sega Rally, showing a positive response towards the game's controls and realistic graphics. They also considered the game a true successor to Ridge Racer, highlighting its presentation and sense of speed. In a 2012 retrospect, Kotaku was more negative towards the game for its "atrocious" menu system and poor collision detection, while also disliking its rubber banding mechanic for making the game unfair to more experienced players. Despite their criticism, they said that its broken mechanics "made the game a blast" to play.
Sequels and legacy
A sequel, Ace Driver: Victory Lap, was released in 1995 for arcades, featuring additional tracks and vehicles, alongside a new "Championship" gameplay mode. Victory Lap was first released in Japan on 29 September, and in North America in December.
A second sequel, Ace Driver 3: Final Turn, was first presented at the Spring Amusement Operator's Union (AOU) tradeshow in 2008, before being released later that year. A home conversion of Ace Driver for the PlayStation was announced to be in development in August 1995, although it was never released.
Notes
References
External links
1994 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Bandai Namco Entertainment franchises
Namco arcade games
Namco games
Namco System 22 games
Racing video games
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace%20Driver |
Harvey Films (also known as Harvey Entertainment, The Harvey Entertainment Company or simply Harvey) was the production arm of comic book publisher Harvey Comics. It was founded in 1957.
In the early 1960s, they created Harvey Funnies, the original entertainment company to produce The New Casper Cartoon Show.
Currently, Harvey Films is owned by DreamWorks Classics, formerly Classic Media, which is owned by DreamWorks Animation, which is also owned by NBCUniversal all owned by Comcast.
Harvey Films v. Columbia Pictures
On October 28, 1986, Harvey Films had a lawsuit with Columbia Pictures claiming that the logo for the film Ghostbusters was similar to the logo for The Ghostly Trio, specifically the ghost in the logo was similar to Fatso, and Columbia argued that Fatso was only a portion of their, at the time, renewed trademark, and there were three ghosts instead of just one. The court argued that the logos are largely dissimilar and that The Ghostly Trio had only the words of the trademark and the three ghosts while the logo for Ghostbusters has a sign for prohibition with only the torso and head of only one ghost. The expressions are different, with their ghosts having mischievous or evil facial expressions, while the other one is bewildered. The court said:
The court dismissed the case for not violating their trademark.
List of Harvey Films productions
Theatrical films
The Sad Sack (1957 film starring Jerry Lewis)
Richie Rich (1994 theatrical film) (co-production with Warner Bros. Family Entertainment)
Casper (1995 theatrical film) (co-production with Universal Pictures and Amblin Entertainment)
TV series
Matty's Funday Funnies (1959–1962)
The New Casper Cartoon Show (1963–1964) (co-production with Paramount Cartoon Studios)
Casper and the Angels (1979–1980) (co-production with Hanna-Barbera)
Casper's Halloween Special (TV special) (1979) (co-production with Hanna-Barbera)
Casper's First Christmas (TV special) (1979) (co-production with Hanna-Barbera)
The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show (1980–1982) (co-production with Hanna-Barbera)
The Pac-Man/Little Rascals/Richie Rich Show (1982–1984) (co-production with Hanna-Barbera)
Casper and Friends (1990–1994)
Casper: Classics (1994–1995)
The Baby Huey Show (1994–1996) (co-production with Carbunkle Cartoons (season 1) and Film Roman (season 2))
Casper (1996–1998) (aka The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper) (co-production with Amblin Television and Universal Cartoon Studios)
Richie Rich (1996) (co-production with Film Roman)
The Harveytoons Show (1996–2001)
Casper's Scare School (2009) (co-production with Classic Media, MoonScoop Group and DQ Entertainment)
Harvey Girls Forever! (2018–2020) (co-production with DreamWorks Animation Television)
Direct-to-video
Casper: A Spirited Beginning (1997) (co-production with Saban Entertainment and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment)
Casper Meets Wendy (1998) (co-production with Saban Entertainment and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment)
Richie Rich's Christmas Wish (1998) (co-production with Saban Entertainment and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment)
Baby Huey's Great Easter Adventure (1999) (co-production with Columbia TriStar Home Video)
Casper's Haunted Christmas (2000) (co-production with Universal Home Entertainment and Mainframe Entertainment)
Casper's Scare School (2006) (co-production with Classic Media and Philips Filmstudio Inc.)
References
External links
NBCUniversal official website
Harvey Comics
American animation studios
Mass media companies established in 1957
Film production companies of the United States
Television production companies of the United States
DreamWorks Classics
Universal Pictures subsidiaries
NBCUniversal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%20Films |
Prince Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki (; 4 January 1778–10 May 1846) was an important Polish politician, freemason and diplomat of the first half of the 19th century. He served as the minister of the treasury in the Congress Kingdom of Poland. He was nicknamed "Small Prince" because of his short height.
Biography
Franciszek was born to Genowefa Olizar-Wołczkiewicz and Franciszek Drucki-Lubecki of the Drucki-Lubecki aristocratic family in Pohost Zahorodzki in Polesia (today's Pahost Zaharodski, a village in Brest Region, Belarus) on 4 January 1778. After graduation from an infantry cadet school he joined the Russian military in 1794 and remained in service until 1800. He served under the command of Alexander Suvorov and participated in his campaigns in Italy and Switzerland. Then he became the Marshal of Nobility of Grodno gubernia.
From 1813 to 1815 he was the member of the High Provisional Council (Rada Najwyższa Tymczasowa) of the Duchy of Warsaw. He supported the peaceful resolution of the conflict with Russian Empire and supported Alexander I of Russia, who he thought was liberal enough to support extended Polish autonomy. In 1816 he became the Governor General of Grodno gubernia and a member of the commission for settling the financial accounts between Kingdom of Poland and Russian Empire. He organised a campaign for the introduction of foreign investors, professionals and workers into Poland. In 1816, as a governor, he issued a set of conditions for the settlement of "useful foreigners" in the Congress Kingdom of Poland. City of Łódź was one that greatly benefited from his policies, becoming an important textile center.
On 20 June 1820 he married Maria Scipio del Campo. They had three daughters: Tekla Drucka-Lubecka, Genowefa Drucka-Lubecka and Julia Drucka-Lubecka.
From 1821 to 1830 he was the minister of Treasure in the Kingdom of Poland. From 1824 he reformed the mining and ironworks industries. His policies significantly improved the budget and treasury of the Kingdom: he introduced many saving policies, improved tax collection, introduced new indirect taxes and expanded the national monopoly on salt and tobacco. He eliminated the budgetary deficit and using his connections in Russia he eliminated many tariffs between the Kingdom of Poland and proper Russian Empire. This has improved the Polish exports eastwards. He also protected new industries from western import, especially from Germany, which led to a tariff war with Prussia. He founded the National Bank of Poland in 1828, he was also the initiator of the Land Credit Society (Towarzystwo Kredytowe Ziemskie). Drucki was convinced of harmfulness of laissez-faire policies and supported state interventionism.
He represented the political faction known as 'Conciliators', which believed that Polish independence may come only through economic growth and diplomacy, not military adventures. However the Conciliators were handicapped not only by their domestic opponents, the 'Insurrectionist' faction, but by the Russian imperial authorities themselves who rarely saw the need to compromise with a defeated, weak enemy. In the second half of the 19th century such line of thought would be continued by the positivists, and later by the endecja movement. Therefore, Drucki opposed the November Uprising against the Russia, which he deemed as folly and a dangerous gambit which would lose all that has been achieved over the past decade. During the uprising he attempted to negotiate with Russian authorities, but to no avail. After the defeat of the uprising - which, incidentally, was sponsored by money Drucki gathered in the nation's treasury - he left Poland but still remained in the Polish government, becoming a member of the new, now much more Russian-controlled, National Council.
Since December 1830 he worked in Saint Petersburg on the legal reform for Poland. Since 1832 he became a member of State Council of Imperial Russia and in 1834 he worked on settling the financial accounts between Russia and France. After 1830 he never returned to Poland.
He died on 10 May 1846 in Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire.
Ksawera quarter in Będzin is named after him. There is also a non-governmental think tank in Poland, dedicated to the worlds of business and academics.
Honours and awards
In 1816, Franciszek was awarded the Polish Order of the White Eagle and, in 1815, he was awarded the Russian Order of St. Vladimir.
See also
Adam Czartoryski
Aleksander Wielopolski
Stanisław Staszic
Hipolit Cegielski
References
Genealogy entry
Biography of Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki
Princes Drucki
Further reading
Stanisław Smolka, Polityka Lubeckiego przed Powstaniem Listopadowym (Politics of Lubecki before the November Uprising), Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warszawa, 1984,
External links
Short bio
Longer bio
LUBECKI-DRUCKI FRANCISZEK KSAWERY PWN Encyclopedia entry
Człowiek, który umiał robić z Rosją interesy (The man who knew how to do business with Russia)
Zabić ministra skarbu (Kill the treasure minister) by Leszek Biernacki
1778 births
1846 deaths
People from Pinsk District
19th-century Polish nobility
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Members of Polish government (November Uprising)
Polish economists
19th-century Polish politicians
Military personnel of the Russian Empire
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek%20Ksawery%20Drucki-Lubecki |
Abram Matveyevich Room (; 28 June 1894 in Wilno, Russian Empire (now Vilnius, Lithuania) – 26 July 1976 in Moscow) was a Russian film director. He was a People's Artist of the RSFSR and winner of the Stalin Prize.
Biography
In 1914-1917 he studied at the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute, between 1917 and 1922 at the medical faculty of Saratov State University. From 1917 he worked in Saratov in the arts department as professor and rector of the Higher theatrical art workshops. Since 1923 he was the director of Vsevolod Meyerhold’s Theatre of the Revolution in Moscow, director and teacher of the Higher Pedagogical School of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Kremlin. Since 1924 he was the director at the studios Goskino, Sovkino, Soyuzkino. Since 1936 he was director at the studio Mosfilm. In 1925-1934 he taught at VGIK as a senior lecturer.
Room's best known film is Bed and Sofa (1927) after a screenplay by Lev Kuleshov and Viktor Shklovsky. In the film, a woman who is married to a construction worker has an affair with their lodger. The film tracks the evolution of a housewife into a strong liberated woman, which was very unusual for its time. Another notable title is The Ghost That Never Returns (1929)
The first movie he directed was The Vodka Chase in 1924.
He directed the first talking picture in the Soviet Union, the 1930 documentary The Plan for Great Works. The other films he directed were Traitor (1926), Ruts (1928), Criminals (1933), Squadron No. 5 (1939), Invasion (1945), V gorakh Jugoslavii (1946), School for Scandal (1952), The Garnet Bracelet (1965), Late Flowers (1969), and The Untimely Man (1973).
Cited in the German book Texte zur Theorie des Films (Albersmeier 1998, p.304) [texts about theory of film]:
"A. Room, declared opponent of the concept of Sergey Eisenstein, postulated in his essay Moi kinoubezhdeniya (My beliefs of film) in: Soviet screen, 1926, m. 8, p. 5: Prior importance in film must be the living human... [in german: Vorrangige Bedeutung kommt im Film dem lebendigen Menschen zu...], exactly that what Eisenstein declined."
Selected filmography
The Bay of Death (1926)
Bed and Sofa (1927)
Jews on Land (1927)
Potholes (1928)
The Ghost That Never Returns (1930)
The Plan for Great Works (1930)
A Severe Young Man (1936)
Silvery Dust (1953)
The Garnet Bracelet (1964)
Late Flowers (1970)
A Man Before His Time (1971)
References
External links
Soviet film directors
1894 births
1976 deaths
Soviet theatre directors
Soviet male actors
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
People's Artists of the RSFSR
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Russian Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram%20Room |
Pivoting may refer to:
The act of finding a pivot element
A type of computer security exploit
Pivoting (TV series), a 2022 Fox comedy series
See also
Pivot (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivoting |
Operation Attleboro was a Vietnam War search and destroy operation initiated by the 196th Light Infantry Brigade with the objective to discover the location(s) of People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and Viet Cong (VC) base areas and force them to fight. The operation was named after Attleboro, Massachusetts, where the brigade had been formed. Operation Attleboro grew to be the largest series of air mobile operations to that time, involving all or elements of the 196th Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, 1st Infantry Division and a brigade of the 4th Infantry Division, as well as numerous Army of the Republic of Vietnam and Regional Forces/Popular Forces and Nùngs. In the end, the operation became a Corps operation commanded by II Field Force, Vietnam.
Background
In late 1966 interdiction remained a high priority for US forces, and, until the dry season began in earnest, COMUSMACV General William Westmoreland's primary concern remained blocking the three infiltration corridors into Saigon.
Senior Colonel Hoàng Cầm, commander of the 9th Division, had his orders: "destroy a 'vital' element of the enemy, support the local [revolutionary] movement, oppose enemy pacification and expansion effort, break the oppressive government control, widen friendly liberated areas, and provide security and protection for storage facilities and base areas of Dung Minh Chau [War Zone C]." This was standard operating procedure for a dry season offensive, but in late 1966 the 9th Division was weakened by heavy losses that the previous summer 's combat had inflicted. Despite this, General Nguyễn Chí Thanh, the COSVN commander, decided to use the 9th, his most reliable and experienced, for a November offensive in Tây Ninh Province. His guidance to Cầm was to direct his "main effort" on the inexperienced 196th Brigade, just settling in at Tây Ninh, and local territorial and Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) units. Cam planned to open the offensive on 3 November with three regiment-sized attacks. First, he assigned the 271st Regiment, a unit of about 1,500 men, to strike the 196th's base at Tây Ninh Combat Base and attempt to lure and annihilate any of the brigade's reaction forces. His 272nd Regiment with two battalions was to move south across the Saigon River and join the 14th Local Force Battalion, the provincial VC unit for Tây Ninh Province, to attack South Vietnamese territorial outposts at Suoi Cao, thirty kilometers southeast of Tây Ninh City. The remaining battalion of the 272nd was to join the 101st Regiment, a unit of the 7th Division on loan to Cầm, for the third and main effort, the destruction of a Special Forces camp at Suoi Da, 15 km northeast of Tây Ninh City. For this mission Cầm provided to the 101st an antiaircraft and a mortar company from his own division. In all, the reinforced regiment would have about 3,000 troops. Cầm himself intended to accompany the 101st Regiment, a unit that had seen little combat and was unfamiliar with the terrain of War Zone C, to its forward assembly areas near Suoi Da and then to depart to occupy a central position from winch to coordinate all three assaults.
The 196th Brigade, a relatively green unit, had arrived in South Vietnam less than two months earlier, on 14 August 1966. The brigade deployed immediately to Tây Ninh, coming under the operational control of the Major General Frederick C. Weyand's 25th Infantry Division. Shortly afterwards Brigadier General Edward H. de Saussure assumed command of the Brigade. De Saussure was considered by many a superb staff officer and an authority on missiles, but he had no experience commanding infantry. He did have proven ability with artillery units and before joining the 196th had served fifteen months as the assistant division commander for support in the 25th Division, four months of that time in Vietnam.
Operation
The 196th Brigade initiated Operation Attleboro on 14 September 1966 as a series of battalion-size probes around Tây Ninh. While one battalion was in the field the other two remained behind to finish construction of the base camp. These initial sweeps proved unproductive, and by October the unit was looking for a new mission. So, when troops of the 25th Division uncovered a large rice cache in the Saigon River corridor about 30 km southeast of Tây Ninh City, Weyand sent some of de Saussure's forces farther east in search of other stockpiles. On 19 October de Saussure moved one of his battalions to Dầu Tiếng District on the northern edge of the corridor; and had it begin to scour the area, which varied from low, flat terrain and cultivated fields to scrub brush and thick jungle. On 23 October; operating north of the town, the unit stumbled on a long row of sheds covered with black plastic and filled with tons of rice. In the days that followed, the Americans uncovered other large caches. De Saussure asked permission to move his command post to Dầu Tiếng and bring another battalion into the vicinity of the cache site as soon as possible. Brigadier General George G. O'Connor, commanding the 25th Division while Weyand was serving as temporary commander of II Field Force, Vietnam agreed and on 30 October Attleboro became a full-fledged brigade operation.
Evacuation of the rice posed a problem. Located well away from the Saigon River and any road, it had to be lifted out by CH-47 helicopters, then in short supply, and it also had to be bagged beforehand, a time-consuming process for the two infantry battalions. Although 843 tons of rice had so far been uncovered, over the next three days the brigade removed only 120 tons. One of the Brigade units discovered a document from the 82nd Rear Service Group, the COSVN element responsible for supply in War Zone C, that revealed that there were other supply bases to the north and that the VC were in the process of organizing an area defense. Anxious to seize all the depots before the enemy could react in force, on 1 November O'Connor instructed de Saussure to spend only one more day evacuating the rice, to destroy what was left, and then to move north toward the Ba Hao, a stream emptying into the Saigon River 7 km northwest of Dầu Tiếng. In the interim he gave him the 1st Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment, from his 2nd Brigade, to begin the probe, which it did using "eagle flights." On 2 November the battalion conducted several such flights along the fringe of the objective area and spotted several trails, but found no caches and met no opposition.
Ambush 3–5 November
On the morning of 3 November de Saussure sent two of his own battalions, the 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment and the 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, north from the cache site over four separate jungle routes toward the Ba Hao. At the same time he air-assaulted two companies of the 1/27th Infantry into widely divergent blocking positions just south of the stream, one to the west of the attacking columns, the other to the east. The third company of the 1/27th Infantry remained at Dầu Tiếng, and the 196th's 3rd Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment, remained at Tây Ninh Base, both serving as reserves. The operation went badly from the start, with no linkup plan, little appreciation of the enemy and terrain, and command and control difficult, the two blocking and four attacking forces quickly became separated from one another, lost in the dense jungle. Shortly before noon a PAVN/VC force of unknown size attacked the western blocking company in tall elephant grass, killing the company commander and inflicting heavy casualties. The arrival of two reserve companies from Dầu Tiếng and Tây Ninh and two companies from the westernmost attacking column failed to turn the tide. Mines, booby traps, and snipers were a constant hazard. Flying overhead, de Saussure spent the rest of the afternoon assisting his battalion commanders as they regrouped their units, evacuated casualties, and brought in extra ammunition, rations, and especially water as the humidity and heat had exhausted the men. Nightfall found the Americans in two laagers. On the west, where the fight had taken place, Major Guy S. Meloy, commander of the 1/27th Infantry who had arrived during the battle, had five companies: his western blocking company, the two reserve companies, and the two companies from the attack column. De Saussure ordered the rest of the committed units, the four remaining attack companies and the eastern blocking company, to assemble and form a perimeter several kilometers to the east. Placing the senior Lieutenant Colonel, Hugh H. Lynch, commanding officer of the 4/31st Infantry, in command, de Saussure began to plan how he would unscramble his units on the following day. Meanwhile, unknown to the Americans, the US foray had caused Colonel Cầm to change his attack plans. Informed of the American movements, Cầm reduced the planned attacks against Tây Ninh Base and Suoi Cao to diversions and scrapped the assault on the Suoi Da Special Forces camp. He would direct his main effort against those elements of the 196th operating northwest of Dầu Tiếng.
On 4 November, the fight intensified all across the battlefront. Cầm's diversionary efforts, a carefully planned mortar attack against de Saussure's Tây Ninh Base to the west and a series of determined assaults against Suoi Cao to the south, were both executed during the early hours, further confusing the Americans. Suoi Cao was saved only by the ineptitude of the attacking 272nd Regiment, heavy US air and artillery fire and a staunch South Vietnamese defense. The PAVN left 53 dead on the battlefield. Tây Ninh was spared a ground attack, but damage to the 196th's communications system was extensive, prompting de Saussure himself to make an emergency trip to his base camp. Northwest of Dầu Tiếng, in the heavy woods near the Ba Hao, Cầm concentrated his main effort. His division had established its forward command post within a fortified stronghold less than 500m northeast of Meloy. Having already rushed the division's security platoon and reconnaissance company to block Meloy's advance, Cầm reinforced with the 3rd Battalion of the 101st Regiment, ordering it across the Ba Hao into prepared positions. His instructions to the battalion were clear: let the Americans enter the woods, then attack.
The two field positions under Meloy and Lynch had remained secure throughout the night except for minor probes of Meloy. After the morning fog lifted the men were resupplied and their commanders given the order of the day: disentangle their units and resume the sweep north. There seemed no rush to get started, since the brigade's mission appeared attainable within a few hours, but the maneuvers that de Saussure and his staff had worked out were no improvement over those of the previous day. Two of the companies that had spent the night with Meloy, those from the 2/1st Infantry, were to trek east about 3 km and resume their original attack north. Meloy was to attack northeast to an arbitrary spot south of the stream on Route 19, an old French logging road, and link up with his eastern blocking company, which would attack west from its night laager with Lynch. To avoid friendly fire problems, Meloy gave the companies of the 2/1st Infantry an hour's head start, then he moved out to the northeast. Lying in wait a short distance away were the PAVN in mutually supporting bunkers, some made of concrete, and all had thick overhead log coverings and bristled with machine-gun emplacements and camouflaged fighting positions. Interconnecting tunnels and trails hidden from the air provided access for rapid reinforcement.
The disciplined PAVN regulars held their fire until the lead US unit walked into a series of concealed fire lanes extending from the bunkers. "One minute it was quiet," Meloy recalled later, "and the next instant it was like a Fort Benning 'Mad Minute."' Returning fire, the Americans tried without success to flank the PAVN. Although Meloy called in artillery, it had no appreciable effect on the volume of hostile fire. Over the next hour he committed his other two companies on either flank, but PAVN fire pinned both to the ground. Unable to advance or withdraw and taking casualties, including everyone in his battalion command group except a radio operator, Meloy radioed for reinforcements. First to respond were the two companies that had left him that morning. Less than a kilometer away, they halted at the sound of gunfire and wheeled north, taking several casualties before reaching Meloy in the afternoon. Meanwhile, the eastern blocking company, led by Captain Robert B. Garrett, advanced from its laager with Lynch and ambushed a PAVN platoon moving to Meloy's front, but for reasons not clear then or later; de Saussure ordered it to turn around and rendezvous with the rest of the Lynch elements well east of the fight. These units would not rejoin the battle until the next morning. Also reinforcing was Company C from Meloy's sister battalion, the 2/27th Infantry. O'Connor had sent the company and battalion headquarters over to Dầu Tiếng the night before, promising de Saussure a second company the next morning and a third on order. Four hours after the firefight started, and after three PAVN human-wave assaults that nearly carried the Meloy position, the company from the 2/27th, accompanied by the battalion commander, Lieutenant Colonel William C. Barott, landed just to the west, soon ran into a PAVN position, and came under fire. Casualties from the first bursts were heavy, including the company commander, who was killed. A half hour later, while trying to find a way to Meloy's perimeter; Barott was also killed. Because of the short distance separating the company from Meloy, it was impossible to bring artillery fire on the PAVN between them, nor could Meloy provide supporting fire for fear of hitting the company's survivors. Twice during the night he tried to relieve them in place and bring them out, attacking through apparent gaps in the PAVN lines. The first attack ran into a line of bunkers and was repulsed, sustaining five dead and eight wounded. The second attack, toward dawn, triggered a big firefight and also failed to break through with 7 Americans killed.
Meanwhile, throughout the fourth de Saussure's superiors had continually monitored the battle, becoming increasingly unhappy with his performance. Early in the day, while de Saussure was back at Tây Ninh Base surveying the damage from the mortar attack, Major General William E. DePuy, the 1st Infantry Division commander, and one of his assistant commanders, Brigadier General James F. Hollingsworth, arrived at the command post at Dầu Tiếng. Upon learning of the Brigade's complicated plan for the day and the reported locations of its scattered units, DePuy sensed a disaster in the making. Even more shocking was the absence of the Brigade commander at what DePuy considered a critical time. He ordered de Saussure to return to Dầu Tiếng at once. When de Saussure arrived he briefed the visiting generals using his personal map. The locations of his units as he plotted them were different from those of his staff, and DePuy felt the maneuver plan was illogical and confusing. Convinced that de Saussure might lose control of the situation, DePuy offered some pointed advice and then left with Hollingsworth. In the afternoon Lieutenant General John A. Heintges, the MACV deputy commander, also landed at de Saussure's command post for a briefing. He too disliked what he saw, and from his helicopter he asked Weyand to meet him at Bien Hoa Air Base. There, Heintges urged Weyand to have DePuy take over the operation, since the 1st Division had more experience fighting the large main force units that the 196th had apparently run up against; Weyand agreed.
That evening planes started landing at Dầu Tiếng with a battalion of the 1st Division, followed by DePuy and his headquarters. DePuy immediately placed his 3rd Brigade command post at Suoi Da and ordered his supporting artillery and cavalry to move by road throughout the night to join the brigade, which he intended to commit to battle on the fifth. Turning to the 196th, he told de Saussure to break contact the next day, assemble all his units in a clearing south of Meloy, and unscramble the companies and return each to its parent organization. In the meantime, he put Meloy, who had been cool under fire, in charge of the battle. Meloy had his work cut out for him: a tattered company to rescue and a fighting withdrawal to effect, it took him most of 5 November. The rest of the 2/27th Infantry, which airassaulted piecemeal into his perimeter, and three companies that had spent the night with Colonel Lynch, with Garrett in the lead. Those three companies brought to eleven the number under Meloy's command, but it was Garrett who made the breakthrough. By noon, after coordinating with Meloy and the artillery, Garrett attacked south and finally reached the trapped company, which had just repelled a determined PAVN assault. Four hour later Garrett and the Barott survivors found Meloy and relative safety after circling well to the west around the PAVN bunkers. Then came disengagement, another two hours, with Meloy breaking contact company by company, leapfrogging them to the rear under covering artillery, and then extraction by helicopter to bases at Dầu Tiếng and Tây Ninh. Captain Robert F. Foley commander of Company A, 2/27th Infantry Regiment and Private First Class John F. Baker Jr. of the same unit would each be awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions on 5 November.
The next day, 6 November, the 101st Regiment having pulled out, elements of the 196th returned to the battlefield to retrieve the remaining dead. The three-day engagement was at best a standoff, although the PAVN apparently had been hurt the most, suffering upwards of 200 dead. Only later would the Americans learn the full extent of the damage they had done. According to the 9th Division after action report, one of the companies from the 3rd Battalion, 101st Regiment, had been mauled on the fifth and had fled without orders. The other survivors of the battalion took six days to reassemble north of the Ba Hao, and for the remainder of the operation the 3rd Battalion never regained its fighting effectiveness. American losses were also heavy, while the PAVN claimed 600 Americans killed, actual losses were 60 dead and 159 wounded, most of them in the two battalions of the 27th Infantry. The 25th Division had paid the price for de Saussure's mistakes. The three-day battle marked the first time in III Corps that the PAVN had sustained prolonged combat with a large US force. It proved to be a harbinger of battles to come, as Colonel Cầm ordered all three of his regiments to pull back into War Zone C to continue the fight.
Search and destroy 6–25 November
From 6 to 25 November the operation became a large-scale search and destroy operation as II Field Force threw battalion after battalion into the jungle northwest of Saigon. When DePuy took control of the operation on 4 November, he had only his 1st Division command post and a battalion, which he airlifted to Dầu Tiếng from his Dĩ An Base Camp base camp that night. Over the next two days two of his brigades, the 2nd and 3rd, joined him on the battlefield in rapid succession. Both flew to Dầu Tiếng, but the 3rd moved forward to Suoi Da. While DePuy made certain of his supply lines, both brigades started after the 9th Division early on the sixth. Rather than conduct a multi-unit sweep that would take time to develop and would allow the 9th Division to slip into Cambodia, DePuy decided to insert his forces quickly at a point close to the suspected enemy bases in hopes of generating a hasty and unplanned response. Only as a last resort would he "jungle bash" as de Saussure had, using large units on long, often fruitless, but sometimes costly, searches for the enemy. Since taking command of the 1st Division in March, DePuy had concluded that the trick to jungle fighting was to find the enemy with the fewest possible men and destroy him with the maximum amount of firepower. So far, most operations in Vietnam had consisted of hundreds of hours of patrolling punctuated by a few minutes of intense, close-quarters combat, which, more often than not, the VC had initiated. Experiences during the summer of 1966, most notably the War Zone C battles at Srok Dong and the Minh Thanh Road, in which 1st Division forces had destroyed enemy ambushes with storms of fire, had confirmed for DePuy the wisdom of this approach. To find the enemy during Attleboro, DePuy intended to have his troops sweep forward in a series of methodical tactical maneuvers called cloverleafing, employed when enemy contact appeared imminent. Typically, the unit would move forward on an assigned azimuth and then stop to set up an "overwatch" position, whereupon one squad would advance 50-100m, depending on the density of the jungle, while another squad moved a like distance to one flank. The trace of each route taken would be an arc resembling a cloverleaf. If the patrols made no contact they returned, and the unit moved forward to establish a second overwatch position and repeat the process, with the check to the flank made in the opposite direction. Although time-consuming, the maneuver allowed an infantry unit to search an area thoroughly while at the same time reducing its vulnerability to ambush.
Upon locating the enemy, DePuy planned to destroy him in a deluge of firepower. In addition to the artillery in the divisions, Attleboro was supported by the rapidly growing resources of II Field Force, two new battalions and an artillery group had arrived in October, plus a large arsenal of bombers and fighter-bombers from Bien Hoa and Phan Rang Air Base. United States Air Force (USAF) personnel were integrated into every aspect of the operation, beginning with the 3rd Direct Air Support Center at Bien Hoa, which coordinated aerial operations over the III Corps area. At the division level, both the 1st and 25th had a division air liaison officer, while each brigade had a USAF control party consisting of a brigade air liaison officer, his assistant, and three forward air controllers flying the venerable O-1 Bird Dog. As the operation escalated into a showdown with the 9th Division, the USAF tactical role would climb sharply.
Early on the sixth, believing time was of the essence, DePuy launched his offensive. One battalion helicoptered to the area that the 196th Brigade had just vacated, while two more landed 10 km farther north. There, a Special Forces mobile strike force battalion of Nùngs had bumped into the 101st Regiment and had been roughly handled. From then on, a heavy barrage would precede each air assault. Although two of DePuy's battalions made early contact with the enemy, the shelling apparently prevented interference with the landings. As night approached, all three US units reported firm contact, although no decisive engagement developed. Just before dark a seven-man ambush patrol from the 3rd Brigade observed 150 VC, armed with carbines and carrying packs, slipping south along a trail toward Route 13. The patrol quickly called for artillery and mortar fire against the entire length of the VC column. As the rear element passed the patrol's position, the Americans set off a Claymore Mine, firing a wall of lethal pellets into the column. Moments later artillery hit the rest of the column. The following morning patrols found 70 VC bodies on the trail. Throughout the night of 6 November artillery and fighter-bombers pounded suspected enemy locations around the perimeters of the three battalions. Moving out soon after daybreak, each unit found a number of shattered fortifications and counted an additional 100 PAVN/VC dead. US losses during the opening day of combat totaled one killed and 23 wounded, compared to 170 PAVN/VC.
Convinced that the 1st Division had fixed the PAVN 9th Division, Weyand turned Attleboro into a field force operation. On the seventh he instructed O'Connor still acting in his stead as commander of the 25th Division, to deploy the 2nd Brigade headquarters and a battalion to Tây Ninh Base, to establish a forward command post for the 25th Division. That accomplished, Weyand returned to O'Connor the three battalions of the 25th under control of the 1st Division so O'Connor's 2nd Brigade, now reconstituted, could sweep north with the 1st Division, using Route 4 as an axis of advance. Weyand wanted O'Connor to complete the realignment as soon as possible. Meanwhile, DePuy sent two additional battalions into the region northeast of Suoi Da, but neither those nor the three already committed were able to regain contact with the PAVN/VC.
That evening, as the easternmost battalion, the 1st Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Jack G. Whitted, bivouacked in a savanna grass clearing, word came that the unit would be extracted by helicopter the next morning for commitment elsewhere. Early in the morning of 8 November the battalion's listening posts reported movement to their front. Just before first light, Whitted pulled in the outposts and told all his companies to conduct a reconnaissance by fire with mortars and small arms. As the firing moved around the northern edge of the perimeter, two trip flares ignited, and hidden enemy troops opened fire. Twenty minutes later a company from the 101st Regiment launched a frontal attack against Whitted's northern defenses. Because the battalion's Claymore Mines, laid in two concentric circles outside the perimeter, were still in place, the attack was doomed to failure. By detonating the outer bank of Claymores the defenders broke the assault, and the PAVN fell back. Whitted requested air strikes and artillery fire, but the battery supporting his unit had started to displace. For twenty minutes the howitzers were silent, forcing Whitted to rely on his mortars. When the PAVN attempted a second assault, the howitzers were ready to fire. Storming in again from the northwest, that attack broke down when the defenders fired their inner bank of Claymores, and the artillery began dropping shells a long the northwest edge of Whitted's position. When the requested air support arrived overhead , Whitted shifted the artillery to the west and southwest so the fighter-bombers could begin their runs. Despite heavy losses, the 101st sent a second battalion into the fight at sunrise. Committing its units piecemeal at five-minute intervals, that battalion hurled its men against Whitted's west and southwest flanks. To use the PAVN's own description of what happened, the attackers "missed a chance to destroy the enemy in the pocket of resistance because of lack of determination." While daylight made it easier for the fighter-bombers to find their targets, it also revealed the location of Whitted's men, particularly his company commanders close by their radio antennas. All three were soon hit, but Whitted, although bleeding from a wound himself, arranged to replace them. At a climactic moment in the fight, one of those replacements, Captain Eurípides Rubio, realized that a smoke grenade intended to mark the PAVN's position for an incoming air strike had landed perilously close to his own men. As he ran forward to scoop up the grenade and throw it into the PAVN ranks, he made a ready target and was quickly wounded. Undaunted, he continued forward until he had worked to within 20m of the PAVN. As he threw the grenade, PAVN fire cut him down, Rubio was later posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The air strike that Rubio had marked and others that followed hit the PAVN force regrouping for another attack. Whitted had by that time reinforced the threatened sector with the last of his reconnaissance platoon, which he had maintained as a reserve, and the men were able to hold without further help. The PAVN soon began to disengage his shattered units, and at 11:30, as the Americans downed the last of a number of snipers hidden in trees to cover the retreat, the action came to an end. Although DePuy tried to cut off escape routes, using the 3rd Brigade under Colonel Sidney Marks, the PAVN made good their withdrawal. PAVN historians later claimed that "one [US] company was completely destroyed [and] another . .. suffered heavy losses (over two hundred men)." The PAVN had actually killed 19 Americans. PAVN dead totaled 305; the next day another 85 bodies would be found stuffed in a tunnel. The subsequent discovery, just north of Whitted, of a huge supply complex containing tons of grenades, explosives, mines, food and clothing, made clear why the 101st had attacked.
After Whitted's fight on the 8th, DePuy was certain that the enemy force northeast of Suoi Da was still large and threatening, so he sought to have his 1st Brigade join him and Weyand agreed. DePuy could have asked to keep the 196th, but since his meeting with de Saussure on the fourth, he had lost confidence in that brigade, so had Westmoreland. After examining de Saussure's performance from 3 to 5 November, Westmoreland concluded that the 196th needed fresh leadership. De Saussure, Westmoreland noted, had committed his units piecemeal and had lost control of parts of his command in the brigade's first significant action, albeit a "rough one." "Perhaps no one under the circumstances," Westmoreland wrote later, "could have done better," and Westmoreland blamed himself for giving command of an infantry brigade to an officer "lacking in tactical infantry experience." So DePuy got his 1st Brigade, not the 196th. Yet, until he could gain a clearer picture of the 9th Division's whereabouts, he felt compelled to reserve judgment on his dispositions. Accordingly, when the 1st Brigade arrived, he gave its commander, Colonel Sidney Berry, the mission to guard the division's forward base at Dầu Tiếng and to replace the 196th. By the morning of the 10th DePuy had under his immediate command eight of the 1st Division's nine battalions, while the remaining battalion and a task force composed of rear-service units protected the division's bases nearer Saigon.
Marks' 3rd Brigade continued to find hastily abandoned camps and ammunition stores but failed, as did the 2nd Brigade, to regain contact with the 101st Regiment. On the 11th, therefore, DePuy shifted the 2nd Brigade under Lieutenant Colonel Sam S. Walker to search for a "700-man Viet Cong force" reported near the Bến Củi Plantation. Finding no trace of the unit, Walker went on to conduct a cordon and search operation at Bến Củi II, a hamlet inside the plantation, which agents had reported as a major VC supply point. Operations of that sort, which would be used again and again throughout the war, had three objectives: first, to gather intelligence and root out the VC underground; second, to help the Saigon government show concern for the welfare of the people; and third, to search a populated area for weapons and other items of military value. Late on the evening of the 12th Walker's men encircled Ben Cui II, completing the seal just before daylight. South Vietnamese officials followed, assembling the inhabitants for questioning by a South Vietnamese National Police team. Most were elderly people or children. After the police segregated all men between the ages of fifteen and forty-five for further interrogation, government officials organized a hamlet festival. The officials made speeches about the need for the people to support the Saigon government, distributed safe-conduct passes and how-to-surrender leaflets, provided a meal, and generally attempted to befriend the people of the hamlet. Meanwhile, a US Medical Civic Action Program (MEDCAP) team consisting of a doctor and medical assistants treated 190 villagers who had minor illnesses. All the while, the 2nd Brigade searched the hamlet. Although the troops found few weapons and military stores, the joint US-South Vietnamese effort resulted in the capture of twenty-seven VC and the discovery that Bến Củi II was a requisition processing point for COSVN's 82d Rear Service Group. VC units would send carrying parties to the hamlet with money for the inhabitants to purchase food and supplies in Dầu Tiếng and Tây Ninh City. The villagers in turn brought the requested commodities to the waiting VC, who used them to replenish their jungle depots. Yet the 1st Brigade, not the 2nd, would reap the benefit of that information. Soon after moving into the region, Berry's men found six caches, which contained over 1,300 tons of rice.
As the 1st Division continued its search for the 9th Division, Weyand brought the 25th Division into the operation. He instructed O'Connor to enter War Zone C on the 1st Division's west flank but not to proceed beyond the 80 east-west grid line, 30 km north of Tây Ninh City. Weyand wanted that area searched carefully before risking a more daring sweep farther north. The 2nd Brigade of the 25th Division established a firebase on 10 November at Bau Co, an old French fort located on Route 4, 10 km north of Nui Ba Den, the dominant hill mass overlooking War Zone C. The brigade then deployed its forces to the northeast, where intelligence had traced the 271st Regiment. To conserve helicopters for resupply missions, O'Connor ordered the 196th Brigade, upon return to his control on the twelfth, to open the ground route between Tây Ninh and Bau Co. Meanwhile, Colonel Cầm was rapidly losing control of his fighting force. He had instructed his 101st Regiment to protect the 82nd Rear Service Group's ammunition stores and to fight a delaying action; but the 101st, battling Whitted at Suoi Da on unfamiliar ground, was in full retreat by the afternoon of the 8th. Retreat turned into panic when the rear service troops joined the fleeing regiment rather than facing American firepower alone. When the 9th Division ordered supplies for its maneuver units, nobody was left to deliver them. Cầm sought to regain the initiative, ordering two regiments, the 271st and 272nd, to attack Attleboro's two main supply bases. In response, the 271st sent two units toward Tây Ninh Base. During the night of the 11th, one force fired seventy mortar rounds into the camp of the 196th, killing three Americans and wounding thirty-two. The other force shelled a Special Forces camp at Trang Sup, 4 km to the north, and overran a territorial outpost. That same night, a contingent of the 272nd fired seventy mortar rounds into the 1st Division's forward base at Dầu Tiếng, wounding 14 Americans.
As the 9th Division struggled to influence the battle, Westmoreland met with Weyand on 14 November. Pleased with the performance of the 1st Division, Westmoreland felt that DePuy should continue searching west of the Saigon River for another week but told Weyand that he should begin planning to return the division to its original operational area north of Saigon. Once the division had left, Westmoreland said, he intended to station the 3rd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division, newly arrived in Vietnam in October, at Dầu Tiếng under the control of the 25th. Turning to the 25th Division, Westmoreland suggested that it make a rapid thrust north with its 2nd Brigade a long Route 4 toward the Cambodian border in an attempt to spark an enemy reaction. As an objective, Westmoreland had in mind COSVN headquarters, reported to be situated near Katum. If COSVN remained elusive, the 2nd Brigade could turn west and drive toward Lo Go, a border village 35 km northwest of Tây Ninh City that seemed to be a major supply base for War Zone C. In so doing the brigade would pass through a region where electronic intelligence reports had located various sections of COSVN headquarters. If the move to Lo Go came up empty, Weyand was to end Attleboro and wait for new intelligence before reinitiating operations in War Zone C.
While the two commanders discussed the last phase of Attleboro, the 2nd Brigade of the 25th was searching for the 271st Regiment east of Route 4 and north of the French fort. When the change of orders from II Field Force arrived on the 14th, O'Connor instructed the brigade's commander, Colonel Thomas M. Tarpley, to terminate that operation and move north to find COSVN. The following day, 15 November, Tarpley's brigade began its advance, spearheaded by two mechanized battalions. Within a day it had established a firebase 8 km north of its starting point and had pushed reconnaissance elements north and west. Tarpley relocated his command post to the newly established firebase, but his units found few signs of the enemy until the 19th. That morning one of the mechanized companies came upon an entrenched VC platoon northwest of Katum. The company's M113 armored personnel carriers overran the position with little difficulty, killing 11 VC. Most of the VC unit involved, a battalion from the 70th Guard Regiment, stayed hidden nearby, apparently unwilling to risk a fight against armor. Later that day a second mechanized company bumped into another entrenched enemy force, an antiaircraft company attached to COSVN, armed with 12.7mm machine guns. That unit, and a second from the 271st that arrived posthaste, held the Americans at bay for several hours, despite heavy US air and artillery support. They withdrew after dark, having killed one and wounded twenty-three of Tarpley's troops. Analyzing what had happened, PAVN/VC commanders concluded: "We lacked coordination between the 1st Battalion, 271st Regiment and the anti-aircraft unit, and the 2nd Battalion, 271st Regiment did not join in the battle. If we had coordinated, the killed enemy would have been more and more numerous." Documents taken from PAVN/VC dead after the fights and information from a prisoner confirmed the presence of a major enemy force, possibly a full regiment. With that in mind, Tarpley brought all of his battalions forward but failed to make further contact. Even so, the PAVN/VC remained nearby, for on the night of 21 November 40 mortar rounds fell on the 2nd Brigade's command post, wounding one soldier. On the 22nd Tarpley closed down his firebases and began conducting feints to the east and northwest of Katum to cover the withdrawal. His last unit reached Tây Ninh on the 25th, the final day of the operation.
In the meantime, having assumed the 25th Division's original mission to search the woods northwest of the French fort, DePuy's 1st Division had stirred up a fight. On 15 November, following an intensive bombardment, Marks' 3rd Brigade moved a battalion by air into the southeastern corner of the woods. Once that battalion was safely inside, Marks ordered a second battalion into a smaller clearing 4 km to the northwest. Landing in groups of five helicopters at a time, the men began to secure the clearing. As helicopters of the third lift deposited their loads, took off from the site, and turned south over the trees, they flew into a hail of enemy bullets. Three UH-1 Hueys went down, their crews subsequently rescued. The rest of the battalion skirted the danger zone and continued to land. Having encountered a major enemy unit, Marks ordered both battalions to execute cloverleaf patrols into the jungle. Once they made contact with the enemy, he called for all available firepower. The airstrikes blew away a portion of the overgrowth, revealing a large enemy base camp. Sporadic firing continued throughout the night. The next morning, reinforced by a third battalion, Marks' men entered the base camp. There they found a number of enemy bodies, shattered emplacements, and at one location a small camp still occupied by VC. Rather than assault the fortified position, Marks pulled his men back and again called for heavy fire support. The fight was still in progress when DePuy received an electronic intelligence report locating the 273rd Regiment a few kilometers northwest of Marks' battalions. Although the PAVN unit was actually the 101st, the specific identification made little difference. When Marks reported that the PAVN facing him was trying to withdraw in that direction, DePuy requested B-52s. Since it would take twenty hours to bring in the bombers, DePuy sought to pin the PAVN in place with artillery and airstrikes. Between bomb and shell bursts that continued throughout the night, Colonel Marks' men could hear PAVN movement within the strike zone, then came the B-52s, and all was quiet. When patrols reached the target area, they found only a few bodies and several collapsed bunkers; the bulk of the PAVN had escaped. The next day the men discovered a large but vacated hospital complex nearby containing over thirty structures. The largest building, long, was a combination training center and mess hall with a stage and seating for 150 men. After examining several medical booklets and reports, intelligence analysts concluded that the 3rd Brigade had found the VC medical center for War Zone C.
US forces involved
Aftermath
US intelligence later estimated PAVN/VC losses as 1,016 killed. The PAVN admitted losing half that number, while an unconfirmed agent report indicated that PAVN/VC losses were twice as much as the final American count. Allied losses totaled 155 killed and 494 wounded. Other estimates put the figure at 500 PAVN/VC killed, and roughly 127 guns and 19 crew-guns recovered The PAVN claim to have "killed thousands of enemy troops" during the operation.
US military spokesmen claimed that the most significant result of Operation Attleboro was the severe blow struck against the PAVN/VC supply system, however, the operation failed to eradicate VC political domination in Tay Ninh Province, as they quietly returned to the area from their sanctuaries in Cambodia just after the American withdrawal.
General DePuy saw Attleboro as a serious setback for the PAVN/VC. He believed that the 9th Division 's 272d Regiment was rendered ineffective and that the 101st and 273rd Regiments were "badly hurt." However, captured documents later revealed that only the 101st had taken heavy losses, while the 271st and 272nd had suffered moderate casualties and the 273rd had escaped unscathed.
Operation Attleboro was the first field test of the U.S. Army's new search and destroy doctrine and set a pattern that would be later exhibited other large operations including Cedar Falls and Junction City. These operations began with massive B-52 Arc Light bombing strikes followed by helicopter and ground sweeps that usually made sporadic contact with PAVN/VC forces. Americans often uncovered evidence of hasty departure (i.e. abandoned camps, vacated tunnels, caches of food and supplies) indicating that the PAVN/VC forces had been alerted by the preparations for upcoming search-and-destroy missions. However, trying to "comb" the jungles with rifles, as de Saussure had attempted, was just too expensive.
References
Contemporary reporting
Further reading
External links
Conflicts in 1966
1966 in Vietnam
Attleboro
Attleboro
Attleboro
Attleboro
History of Bình Dương province
Attleboro
September 1966 events in Asia
October 1966 events in Asia
November 1966 events in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Attleboro |
Valentin Areh (born August 22, 1971) is a Slovenian journalist, war correspondent and writer. Currently he works for several international media organisations.
Born in the Slovenian capital Ljubljana, he participated in 1991 as a soldier in the brief Slovenian war of independence. He subsequently attended Ljubljana University, studying history and sociology. He concluded his studies at Ljubljana by obtaining a Master's degree covering certain sociological aspects of the US electoral system.
Areh has fifteen years of experience as a war correspondent in places such as Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Chechnya, Afghanistan and Iraq. He was one of the few journalists to remain in Kosovo during the Kosovo War of 1999 and he survived a tortuous escape out of the country during NATO’s war to expel Serbian forces. He has worked with AP, Reuters, Italia Uno, Media set, 24ur and he is the author of several books.
Bibliography
Areh has written several books, including:
Afghanistan: Stories of War Correspondent (2002);
Saddam Hussein al Tikriti (2004);
Blood in the Desert Sand (2004).
External links
1971 births
Journalists from Ljubljana
Living people
Writers from Ljubljana
Slovenian military personnel
Slovenian war correspondents
University of Ljubljana alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin%20Areh |
Peek-a-boo is a boxing style which received its common name for the defensive hand position, which are normally placed in front of the face, like in the baby's game of the same name. The technique is thought to offer extra protection to the face whilst making it easier to jab the opponent's face. The fighter holds their gloves close to their cheeks and pulls their arms tight against their torso. A major proponent of the style was trainer Cus D'Amato, who didn't use the term peek-a-boo and instead referred to it as a "tight defense." The style was criticized by some because it was believed that an efficient attack could not be launched from it.
Concept
Peek-a-boo's key principles are built upon the "Bad intentions" concept , which emphasize the D'Amato philosophy. The general idea is that the Peek-a-boo practitioners are counterpunchers, who contrary to accustomed ways of counterpunching perceived as constantly backing-up and jabbing from the safe distance, move forward and do it with a lot of aggressiveness by constantly charging at the opponent, provoking him into throwing punches to counter, and subsequently into making mistakes to capitalize on, by creating openings and dominant angles of attack.
Hands and upper-body movement
Peek-a-boo boxing utilizes relaxed hands with the forearms in front of the face and the fist at nose-eye level. Other unique features include side-to-side head movements, bobbing, weaving and blind siding the opponent.
A fighter using the peek-a-boo style is drilled with the stationary dummy and on the bag until the fighter is able to punch by rapid combinations with what D'Amato called "bad intentions". The style allows swift neck movements as well as quick duckings and bad returning damage, usually by rising uppercuts or even rising hooks.The power in punch came from weight shifting.
Footwork
Peek-a-boo footwork is not that frequently noted by observers, which usually focus on the upper-body movement and striking, but it sets the base for both the effective upper-body movement and punching with leverage. The footwork is aimed to close the distance, crowd the opponent, cut off his escape routes, negate his reach advantage, and create dominant angles for attack simultaneously. To be able to slip and counter the opponent's punches, the practitioner should be able to do it from a neutral or near-neutral stance, with his pelvis squared-up in parallel against the opponent's pelvis, for it creates more room for the lateral upper-body movement side-to-side with more amplitude, and places conventional boxers in an unfamiliar position relatively to the Peek-a-boo practitioners. Peek-a-boo pelvic movement also sets the momentum for uppercuts. As the Peek-a-boo footwork requires shifting and occasional stance-switching, ambidextrous boxers prevail over both orthodox and southpaws, gaining the ultimate advantage by constantly and deliberately changing their stance.
Punches by the numbers
Fighters would pick combinations from a series of numbered punches:
Left hook
Right cross
Left uppercut
Right uppercut
Left hook to the body
Right hand to the body
Jab to the head
Jab to the body
Instructing a fighter in the corner (and shouting from ringside) was made simpler by shouting numbered combinations. Probably the most famous example was Mike Tyson's devastating 6-4.
Known practitioners
In alphabetical order (with their respective trainees):
Teddy Atlas, was trained as a fighter, shown considerable initial success winning every subsequent fight by knockout, but after his spinal illness was discovered, D'Amato tutored him to be a trainer (Atlas actually became a trainer and cornerman for both Kevin Rooney and Mike Tyson in 1979–1982, while aging D'Amato relieved of his everyday training duties to be a mentor and resolve managerial issues.)
Donny Lalonde
Shannon Briggs
Michael Moorer
Michael Grant
Alexander Povetkin
Timothy Bradley
Oleksandr Gvozdyk
Joey Hadley, 1973 top U.S. middleweight amateur boxer.
Buster Mathis, trained for several years at the start of his professional career by Cus D'Amato.
Floyd Patterson, the first fighter to use the peek-a-boo effectively, becoming Olympic gold medalist and two-time Heavyweight Champion of the world. Also, the first man to ever win back the heavyweight championship.
Tracy Harris Patterson
Kevin Rooney, Mike Tyson's former trainer, is an expert in peek-a-boo boxing, having once been a Golden Gloves champion.
Omar Sheika
Vinny Paz
José Torres, who was trained and managed by D'Amato, won the silver medal in the 1956 Melbourne Summer Olympics, and won the Light Heavyweight world title by defeating Willie Pastrano.
Mike Tyson, whose use of the style is probably the most famous example, was notorious for his punching ability and defense.
References
Boxing terminology
Kickboxing terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peek-a-boo%20%28boxing%20style%29 |
Definite form may refer to:
Definite quadratic form in mathematics
Definiteness in linguistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite%20form |
Brownout may refer to:
Brownout (electricity), drop in voltage in an electrical power supply, so named because it typically causes lights to dim
Brownout (software engineering), a technique inspired by brownout in electricity, to make applications more tolerant to capacity shortages
Brownout (aeronautics), reduced flight visibility due to airborne particles, especially from helicopter downwash
Brownout (album), studio album by American band Head Set
Brownout (band), a band from Austin, Texas
See also
Blackout (disambiguation)
Whiteout (disambiguation)
Eddie Leonski (1917–1942), American soldier and serial killer, responsible for the strangling murders of three women in Melbourne, Australia, also known as "The Brownout Strangler" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownout |
Nathalie Kelley (born March 3, 1984) is a Peruvian-Australian actress, known for her role as Neela in the 2006 action film The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, and for her roles in various television series including Body of Proof (2011–2012), Unreal (2015), The Vampire Diaries (2016–2017), Dynasty (2017–2018) and The Baker and the Beauty (2020).
Early life
Kelley was born March 3, 1984, in Lima, Peru, to a Peruvian mother and an Argentine father. They moved to Sydney when she was three. From a young age, she dreamed about being an actress. She attended North Sydney Girls High School.
Career
In 2005, Charmed executive producers Brad Kern, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke Vincent developed a one-hour pilot for The WB titled Mermaid. Kelley was cast as the series protagonist Nikki, a mermaid who is rescued by a young man when she washes ashore in Miami. The pilot was not picked up as a result of The WB and UPN merging into The CW; the resulting network passed on the show.
In June 2006, Kelley received her breakout role as Neela in the film The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, the third installment of Fast & Furious franchise. In March 2008, Kelley appeared in the low-budget drama crime film Loaded alongside Jesse Metcalfe. In March 2011, Kelley had a small role in the retro comedy film Take Me Home Tonight, which starred Topher Grace, Anna Faris and fellow Australian Teresa Palmer. The film was shot in Los Angeles in 2007 but its release was delayed by Universal Pictures for unknown reasons. The following month, Kelley appeared as the protagonist in the low-budget horror film Urban Explorer, which follows a group of four urban explorers who explore an underground world beneath metropolitan Berlin.
In 2010, Kelley played the love interest in the music video for the Bruno Mars song "Just the Way You Are". In August 2011, Kelley signed on in a major recurring role in the second season of the ABC crime drama television series Body of Proof. Kelley appeared as Dani Alvarez in ten episodes and made her final appearance in the episode "Going Viral Part One". In 2012, Kelley played a vampire princess in the video clip "Luna Llena" from Puerto Rican reggaeton duo Baby Rasta & Gringo. In 2014, she won a regular role in the Lifetime series Unreal. In 2016, Kelley was cast as Carmen Castillo in the TV pilot sequel to the 1999 film Cruel Intentions, but the project did not go to series. From 2016 to 2017, Kelley appeared as Sybil in the final season of The CW television series The Vampire Diaries.
Kelley starred as Cristal in the first season of The CW's Dynasty reboot, from 2017 to 2018. In 2020, she debuted in the lead role of Noa Hamilton in the ABC series The Baker and the Beauty.
Personal life
Kelley used to date Zach Roerig, her co-star from The Vampire Diaries. They separated in 2017.
Kelley began dating Jordan "Jordy" Burrows in 2018. That April, she confirmed in an Instagram post that they were engaged, and they married on 29 April 2018. They separated in 2020.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
References
External links
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Sydney
Australian film actresses
Australian people of Argentine descent
Australian people of Peruvian descent
Living people
People educated at North Sydney Girls High School
Actresses from Lima
Peruvian emigrants to Australia
Peruvian people of Argentine descent
1984 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie%20Kelley |
Acrobat Mission is a vertically scrolling shoot 'em up arcade game released by UPL in 1991, licensed to Taito for manufacture and distribution. It was ported to Super Famicom in 1992.
Gameplay
Players started the game equipped with the default weapon, the Standard Shot: a semi-automatic laser weapon. Though moderately powerful, the Standard Shot cannot be upgraded or charged. Once the player has lost a significant number of lives and their selected weapon his lost its upgrades, the Standard Shot will once again take over.
Two other weapons are selectable to the player, one of which is the Wave Shot (announced as Wide in the Arcade version). The Wave Shot is a spread shot that increases in size, numbers and strength. When charged, the Wave Shot can unleash a short range, but powerful laser blast that increases in width and strength when Wave icons are collected. The other weapon was the Hurricane Shot, a unique area-effect weapon that encircles the ship clockwise when fired before flying forward. When charged, the Hurricane Shot fires a ball of energy across the screen, but there is a one-second delay every time the shot is fired.
The player also had Bombs although unlike many shooters, the player can only hold up to two bombs. Once collected however, the two bombs get physically mounted under the ship's wings. If an enemy shot hits one of the bombs, then the bomb will detonate, creating a destructive shield for the player. The player can manually detonate either bomb at will.
The player's Icarus fighter ship has a number of defenses at its disposal as well. Whenever the player moves their ship in any given direction, a burst of flame from the ship's jet exhaust will shoot out from the opposite direction the player moves the ship in. This applies to all directions: left, right, front, back and all four diagonal angles. This jet exhaust not only serves an aesthetic purpose, but it can also harm nearby enemies and destroy nearby objects.
Whenever the player is hit, their ship will steer wildly out of control. Once this happens, a timer will appear near the ship which indicates how long the ship has until it explodes. The explosion of the player's ship will harm any nearby enemies. Also, because the Icarus is apparently well built, any kamikaze enemies or drifting objects that touch it will not damage or destroy the player's ship, allowing the player less restrictive movement.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Acrobat Mission on their September 1, 1991 issue as being the fourteenth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.
Record
Antonio R. Filho (Brazil) holds the official world record for this game with a maximum 279.900 points.
References
External links
Acrobat Mission at Arcade History
1991 video games
Arcade video games
Vertically scrolling shooters
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
UPL Co., Ltd games
Taito arcade games
Video games developed in Japan
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobat%20Mission |
Penzing () is the 14th borough of Vienna and consists of the localities of Penzing, Breitensee, Baumgarten, Hütteldorf and Hadersdorf-Weidlingau. In the west, it shares a border with Purkersdorf and Mauerbach. A large portion of the district is made up of greenery, including the Steinhof park, the Dehnepark and a portion of the Wienerwald.
Sights
Fuchs Mansion: Mansion and studio of the painter Ernst Fuchs
Otto-Wagner-Hospital: Hospital building erected from 1904 to 1907 as Niederösterreichische Landes-Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Nerven- und Geisteskranke 'Am Steinhof''' ("Lower Austrian State Healing and Care Institution for Nervous and Mental Patients Am Steinhof"). The famous Jugendstil architect Otto Wagner participated in the planning. The complex includes the Kirche am Steinhof, the Jugendstiltheater'' and a memorial site for Nazi crimes in medicine.
Fuhrmannhaus: oldest still existing building in the west of Vienna with a baroque fresco hall
Weststadion: Home of SK Rapid Vienna
People
Otto Wagner (1841 – 1918), born here
Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (1852 – 1925), born here
Gustav Klimt (1862, Baumgarten – 1918), painter
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick (1887 – 1953), born here
Siegfried Marcus, buried here
Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels (1874-1954), born here
References
External links
Penzing on Vienna's official website
Weather and webcam
Districts of Vienna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzing%20%28Vienna%29 |
is a Japanese company based in Tokyo, which operates internationally under the name KYOSHO. The company's main office is located in Chiyoda, and the production headquarters are located in Atsugi, Kanagawa.
Established in October 1963, Kyosho created its first trademark radio-controlled model car in 1970, being one of the oldest RC makers in Japan, and producing a wide variety of products, including cars, airplanes, helicopters, and boats. Kyosho also produces highly detailed die-cast model cars, which production started in 1992.
Its major competitor in the RC automobile market is Tamiya. Kyosho has avoided direct competition against Tamiya in the hobby grade RC cars market since the 80s and 90s, where Tamiya was most active, focusing instead on designing professional 1/8 scale racing buggies, Mini-Z series, and RC helicopters; areas in which Kyosho dominates today. The company is best known for the Inferno, its 1:8 scale competition buggies; Mini-Z series, and RC helicopters, but it also produces remote-controlled bipedal robots in the Manoi series.
R/C Products
Kyosho produces a wider range of RC products than any other RC manufacturer, including racing and ready-to-run cars, trucks, excavators, helicopters, scale, sport and warbird RC planes, and a range of RC boats. Having recently acquired Team Orion, Kyosho now has category-leading products in electric motors (brushed and brushless), Ni-MH and Li-PO batteries and battery chargers.
Notable Products
1/8 scale engine cars
1/10 scale engine cars
1/10 scale electric cars
1/50 scale electric earth moving equipment
1/28 scale Mini-Z racers
1/43 Dnano
Products that have won the IFMAR World Championship
1/10 Electric Off Road 2WD
1987 - Ultima
2013 - Ultima RB6
1/10 IC Track
2004 - PureTen V-One RRR
2008 - PureTen V-One RRR Evo 2
1/8 IC Off Road
1992 - Inferno
1994 - Turbo Inferno
1996 - Inferno MP-5
1998 - Inferno MP-6
2000 - Inferno MP-7.5
2002 - Inferno MP-7.5
2006 - Inferno MP777 WC
2010 - Inferno MP9 TKI2
1/8 IC Track
2003 - Evolva
2005 - Evolva 2005
2007 - Evolva M3
2009 - Evolva M3 Evo
Engine cars
Notable current models
1/8 off road
iferno neo 3.0 2019
1/8 on-road
Evolva series (Evolva 2003, Evolva 2005, Evolva 2007, Evolva M3, Evolva M3 Evo)
Inferno GT series
1/7 off road
Scorpion GP XXL
1/8 off road
ST series
1/8 off-road
Inferno
1/10 on-road
Pure-Ten series (Alpha, Alpha II, Alpha III, V-ONE, FW-05T, FW-06, FAZER)
1/10 off-road
Inferno TR15
DBX/DST/DRT/DRX
1/16 off-road
GP Mini Inferno 09
Notable past models
1/8 on-road
Fantom series
Esprit GP20 Supereight
1/8 off-road
LandJump
Circuit 20
USA-1
Burns
Inferno
Landmax
1/10 off-road
Circuit 10 series
1/12 off-road
PeanutBuggy series
1/12 on-road
PeanutRacer series
Electric on-road cars
Notable current models
1/10 touring scale
TF-5
TF-5 stallion
TF-6
1/28 scale Mini-Z racers
MR-03
MA-030
Notable past models
1/12 scale
SuperSport
MachSport
SonicSport
LaserSport
Super Alta
Fantom EP-4WD
Plazma EP 2WD MarkI,Mark II,and Mark III
Fantom EXT EP-4WD
Axis EX
ImpressR961
1/10 touring scale
PureTen EP Spider
PureTen EP Spider TF-2
PureTen EP Spider TF-3
PureTen EP Spider TF-4 Type-R
KX-One
PureTen
1/28 scale Mini-Z racers
MR-01
MR-015
MR-02
MA-010
MA-015
MA-020
Electric off-road cars
During the 1980s, the 1/10 scale electric off-road car (buggy) was immensely popular, leading to the release of several different models. Many of these models have retained popularity, even after going out of production.
Notable models
1978 Eleck Peanuts
1979 Rally-sports Renault Alpine A310
1982 Scorpion
1983 Tomahawk
1984 Progress 4WDS
1985 Optima/Javelin
1987 Ultima
1988 Optima Mid
1989 Turbo Optima Mid
1989 Lazer ZX
DASH 1
Kyosho started selling the DASH 1 in 1970, accepted widely in the industry as the first RC car made in Japan. There were three body styles to be chosen from; the most popular racing machines in the Japanese Grand Prix: the Porsche 917, Lola T70 and McLaren Elva. The bodies were vacuum molded, a totally new innovation in RC cars at the time. The DASH 1 was priced at 23,000 yen, not including the engine. Engines used were still the imported 19-class VECO (West Germany) and K&B (U.S.A.) marine engines with a Perry Carburettor and Kyosho's Fuel Stopper and a car muffler.
DASH 2
In 1971 the DASH 2 targeted at beginners (price: 16,500 Yen) was released. The DASH 1 used a two-piece chassis, but the DASH 2 had a one-piece chassis and the engine was only at a slight front angle. In addition, the SUPER DASH (price: 26,000 Yen) was released as a competition level machine.
DASH 3
The DASH 3 and the DUNE BUGGY were released in 1972, starting the buggy racing phenomenon.
Eleck Peanuts
This was the first electric off-road car sold by Kyosho. A motor was placed on the PeanutBuggy, which had previously been sold as an engine car. It was sold for 9,800 yen at the time.
Rally-sports
A 2WD off-road car with a RS540 motor in the rear. The frame was that of the Alpine A310. Uses a double wishbone for front suspension, and a semi-streaming arm for rear suspension. The cars aluminum frame and rear design were passed on to the Scorpion. Sold for 16,000 yen at the time.
Scorpion
Races with electric off-road cars increased in popularity after the release of Tamiya's Rough Rider. The 2WD "Scorpion" was released by Kyosho during this period. Kyosho had been promoting its 1/8 scale engine buggy "Circuit 20" in races at the time, and the Scorpion can be described as a miniaturized version of the Circuit 20. The double trailing arm front suspension, semi-streaming rear suspension, aluminum ladder frame, rear-mounted RS540S motor, oil damper and coil springs very much resemble the design for a 1/8 scale racing buggy of the time. The thin body was realized by placing the batteries pointing forward, and its light weight (1680g, with full equipment) gave it a huge advantage over rival models. Its main rivals were Tamiya's Rough Rider and ayk's 556B.
The Scorpion revolutionized radio-controlled racing with its release, as it became almost impossible to win races without using a Scorpion. This model became one of the most popular of Kyosho's products, and sold for 17,800 yen at the time.
The "Tomahawk" uses the same suspension as the Scorpion, but its layout was completely made over. The plastic mech box was changed to a double-deck mech plate, allowing its weight to decrease to 1,450g. It was sold for 19,800 yen at the time.
The "Turbo Scorpion" was also derived from the Scorpion. This model was sold for 19,800 yen at the time.
The same chassis was used for the engine driven models "Advance" and "Assault"
These were popular models at the time but not near as popular as the original Scorpion.
In 2012 Kyosho presented a new model using the Scorpion name: the Kyosho Scorpion XXL. It is a 1/7th scale rear wheel drive dune buggy available in both brushless and glow powered RTR options as well as a kit that can be built either way and swapped as the modeller desires. However, this car is completely unrelated to the original Scorpion in its parts.
In 2014 Kyosho announced a re released version of Scorpion, beefed up and refined where needed so it can be outfitted with modern gear such as Lipo and brushless motor. Modern highlights include a slipper clutch, 48-pitch geartrain, compatibility with the Ultima RB's ball diff (as an upgrade from the supplied gear diff), and wide-track front suspension. The shocks are also improved, with the smooth action expected of modern oil-filled units.
Progress series
The "Progress 4WDS" was Kyosho's first electric 4WD off-road racer. The motor was mounted on the rear overhang, and the forward wheel moves with a chain extending from the rear gearbox. This chain system was also tried on the on-road racer, "Fantom EP." The rear suspension was an orthodox double trailing arm and oil damper with coil springs, but the front suspension featured a double wishbone and mono damper, and substituted a torsion bar for a spring. This unique front suspension was rather difficult to set up, and had a short arm, which prevented it from taking powerful strokes.
The front wheel on the 4WS series could only move in the opposite direction as the rear wheel, and turning wide curves was also difficult with this series.
Adjustments were made with each successive model, but the Progress series became infamous as a slow car unable to live up to its full potential. Kyosho's first series of 4WDs was too heavy and clumsy to compete in serious RC racing.
Progress 4WDS
Gallop 4WDS
Gallop MKII
Optima series
This was Kyosho's highly successful series of 4WD off-road racers. Many of the models gained widespread popularity in off-road RC racing.
Notable models (in order of release)
Optima (a 4WD buggy with a chain drive system. Uses an aluminum ladder frame)
Javelin (uses the same frame, but was equipped with a frame-like body. Some parts, including the damper stay, became optional parts)
Gold Optima (this limited model was released after the 100,000th Optima was sold. 10,000 of this model were produced. The name comes from the gold colored anodic coating) used on many of its parts.
Turbo Optima (sections were strengthened to allow an 8.4V battery to be used. Equipped with a Le Mans 240S motor and ball bearings)
Salute (a Turbo Optima with a different body. The motor was sold separately, resulting in a cheaper overall cost)
Optima Pro 4WD (the last Optima to use a chain drive system. Uses an amp (ESC))
Optima Mid (all of the Optima models below are belt drive models. The location of the motor was changed from the rear overhang to an RMR layout. The frame was made of duralumin and fibre-reinforced plastic)
Turbo Optima Mid (the upper echelon of the Optima Mid series. Sold with several optional parts)
Turbo Optima Mid SE
Turbo Optima Mid Special (the wheelbase of the Optima Mid was extended, and was sold with a carbon fiber frame. Only a maximum of two were shipped per store, as it was a limited model)
Optima Mid Custom (a low priced version of the Turbo Optima Mid special. The frame is made of duralmin)
Optima Mid Custom Special (similar to the Turbo Optima Mid special, with the LWB duralumin frame (some were confirmed to have been produced with the carbon fiber frame), but the body was changed to a "bullet type" canopy body)
Ultima series
The 2WD racing buggy created following the Tomahawk. The double wishbone suspension and aluminum monocoque frame gave the buggy far more speed than previous models. The car won 1st place in the 2nd electric off-road 2WD world tournament held in England in 1987.
Ultima (a 2WD buggy created in the style of the Optima series)
Turbo Ultima (: duralmin flat pan frame, white color,special "Platinum Shocks" with graphite shock towers and full ball bearings. Ball differential and motor guard. )
Ultima Pro ( fibre-reinforced plastic frame, Gold shocks,full ball bearings, Ball differential, motor guard, adjustable tie rods, stick or saddle pack battery configuration. )
Ultima Pro XL (Similar to the Ultima Pro but with a single plate chassis. Longer front and rear suspension arms. Adjustable rear toe in and 48 pitch spur and pinion gears.)
Ultima II and Turbo Ultima II (The Ultima II was a basic Ultima for beginners. The Turbo Ultima II had Gold shocks,full bearings and ball differential. Both models had the new Kyosho "Kelron" chassis.)
Outlaw Ultima ST (The only Stadium truck made from the original Ultima II chassis. Kelron chassis and aluminum front shock towers with long shocks. Ford Ranger body came with the kit.)
Triumph
Pro X (the first edition had a problem with the ball differential, but was fixed in the second release)
Ultima RB (appeared for the first time in the 1999 world championship. The Type-R model was geared towards competitions, while the sport model was designed for beginners)
Ultima RB Type-R Evolution (the Ultima RB Type-R with optional parts included)
Ultima RB5 (released in March, 2007)
Ultima RB5 SP (released in May, 2009)
Ultima RB5 SP2 (released in April, 2010 featuring a new rear end and body)
Ulitma RT5 (2WD truck released in September, 2009)
Ultima SC (2WD CORR truck released in February, 2010)
Ultima SCR (2WD truck released in 2011)
Ultima RB6 (2WD Electric Buggy, Released Oct. 2012)
Ultima RB6.6 (2wd Electric Buggy, Released May. 2015)
Ultima RB7 (2WD Electric Buggy, Released August. 2018)
Ultima RB7SS (Stock Spec. 2WD Electric Buggy, Released July. 2019)
Lazer series
A series started with the "Lazer ZX", which became the basic model for the Optima series. It evolved from "Lazer ZX-R" to "Lazer ZX Sport," "Lazer ZX-RR, "Lazer ZX-S," "Lazer ZX-S Evolution" and later versions called the "Lazer Alpha" (starter car with many ABS parts), "Lazer 2000" (kelron parts). The body design for the Lazer ZX was rather unpopular from the start, and many users, including the Kyosho racing team, preferred to use the bodyset from the Turbo Optima Mid Special. The current model, "Lazer ZX-5" has a similar name, but bears a completely different design from its predecessors. It employs a shaft-driven 4WD system rather than the belt-driven system of its predecessors, a longitudinally mounted motor, and a new low-profile body. In 2011, June, there was available Kyosho ZX-5 FS2, and ZX-5 RTR.
The ZX-5 has been a huge success at racing in Europe and North-America. The original kit has been upgraded from FS to FS2 featuring lipo ready chassis, new body and a new rear end. The FS2 has since been upgraded again to FS2 SP specification with the inclusion of big bore shock absorbers and other minor changes.
Die-Cast Cars
Since 1992, Kyosho has specialized in creating high end collector's grade Die-Cast Car Replicas. Kyosho offers a wide array of scale replicas and car makers. Kyosho's main competition comes from companies such as AUTOart, Minichamps, and Hot Wheels. Kyosho is also the official manufacturer of BMW Authorized scale replicas sold exclusively through BMW Dealerships. As of January 2008, their online catalogue includes approximately 1000 die cast cars and accessories.
Radio controlled aircraft
The 2000s saw a shift toward the growing hobby of radio controlled model aircraft and the creation of almost ready-to-fly models. One such model, the "Phantom 70," is a quarter-scale replica of the Aberle Phantom biplane. Based in Fallbrook, California USA, the full-scale Phantom was built by Aberle Custom Aircraft and sponsored by Kyosho during the 2007 Reno Air Races. The plane set a biplane-class speed record in 2004 with a top speed of more than 241 mph. A new record was established in 2006 with a speed of 251.958 mph.
Potential for renewed production
Since rival company Tamiya renewed the production of popular classic models such as the "Frog," "Grasshopper," "Hornet," and "Hotshot," many fans hope for Kyosho to do the same with its own classics. However, the company has already gotten rid of most of the old frame casts, making prospects of renewed production costly and difficult.
During the Shizuoka Hobby Show in May, 2006, Kyosho introduced "Optima" and "Turbo Scorpion" in its new "Miniature Racing Buggy series". Though only 10 cm in length, these die-cast pullback toys feature exactly the same package design as the original RC kits, showing that Kyosho does recognize fan demand for renewed production.
References
External links
Model manufacturers of Japan
Radio-controlled car manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Manufacturing companies established in 1963
1963 establishments in Japan
Toy companies of Japan
Robotics in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyosho |
Rail transport in Russia runs on one of the biggest railway networks in the world. Russian railways are the third longest by length and third by volume of freight hauled, after the railways of the United States and China. In overall density of operations (freight ton-kilometers + passenger-kilometers)/length of track, Russia is second only to China. Rail transport in Russia has been described as one of the economic wonders of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.
JSC Russian Railways has a near-monopoly on long-distance train travel in Russia, with a 98.6% market share in 2017. Independent long-distance carriers include Grand Service Express TC, Tverskoy Express, TransClassService, Sakhalin Passenger Company, Kuzbass Suburb, and Yakutian Railway.
Characteristics
Russia is larger than both the United States and China in terms of total land area, therefore its rail density (rail tracking/country area) is lower compared to those two countries. Since Russia's population density is also much lower than that of China and the United States, the Russian railways carry freight and passengers over very long distances, often through vast, nearly empty spaces. Coal and coke make up almost one-third of the freight traffic and have average hauls of around 1,500 kilometers, while ferrous metals make up another 10 percent of freight traffic and travel an average of over 1,900 kilometers. Railroads are often key to getting supplies shipped to remote parts of the country as many people do not have access to other reliable means of shipping.
Like most railways, rail transport in Russia carries both freight and passengers. It is one of the most freight-dominant railways in the world, behind only Canada, the United States, and Estonia in the ratio of freight ton-kilometers to passenger-kilometers. However, per head of population intercity passenger travel is far greater than the United States (which has the lowest long-distance passenger train usages in the developed world).
Structure
Russia's railways are divided into seventeen regional railways, from the October Railway serving the St. Petersburg region to the Far Eastern Railway serving Vladivostok, with the free-standing Kaliningrad and Sakhalin Railways on either end. The regional railways were closely coordinated by the Ministry of the Means of Communication until 2003, and the Joint Stock Company Russian Railways since then – including the pooling and redistribution of revenues. This has been crucial to two long-standing policies of cross-subsidization: to passenger operations from freight revenues, and to coal shipments from other freight.
History
The Russian railways were a collection of mostly privately owned and operated companies during most of the 19th century, though many had been constructed with heavy government involvement and financing. The tsarist government began mobilizing and nationalizing the rail system as World War I approached, and the new communist government finished the nationalization process. With the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the Russian Federation was left with three-fifths of the railway track of the Union as well as nine-tenths of the highway mileage – though only two-fifths of the port capacity.
In the 21st century, substantial changes in the Russian railways have been discussed and implemented in the context of two government reform documents: Decree No. 384 of 18 May 2001 of the Government of the Russian Federation, "A Program for Structural Reform of Railway Transport", and Order No. 877 of 17 June 2008 of the Government of the Russian Federation, "The Strategy for Railway Development in the Russian Federation to 2030". The former focused on restructuring the railways from government-owned monopoly to private competitive sector; the latter focused on ambitious plans for equipment modernization and network expansion.
Timeline of railway implementation
1837 – the Tsarskoye Selo Railway (27 km);
1843 – Inkerman Railway (about one km);
1848 – the Warsaw-Vienna Railway (800 km);
1851 – Nikolaevskaya railway (645 km);
1854 — Connecting Line (4,73 km), first trans-line connector to form the future network;
1855 – The Balaklava Railway (about 23 km);
1861 – the Riga-Dinaburg railway (218 km);
1862 – the Petersburg-Warsaw Railway (1116 km);
1862 – the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway (437 km);
1868 – Moscow-Kursk railway (543 km);
1870 – Yaroslavl Railway;
1878 – the Ural Mining and Railroads (by 1880–715 km);
1884 – Catherine (Krivorog (g)) railway) (by 1884–523 km);
1890 – Samara-Zlatoust railway (1888 – Samara-Ufa, by 1893 about 1500 km);
1898 – the Perm-Kotlas railway;
1900 – The Ussuri railway (964 km);
1900 – the Moscow-Savyolovo line;
1903 – the Sino-Eastern Railway (Manchurian, Chinese Changchun, Harbin);
1905 – Trans-Baikal Railway; The Circum-Baikal Railway; Petersburg-Vologda railway;
1906 – Theological Railway; The Tashkent railway;
1908 – Little Ring of the Moscow Railway;
1915 – the Altai Railway;
1916 – the Amur Railway; The Volga-Bugulma Railway; West-Ural railway; The Moscow-Kazan railway; North-Eastern Ural Railway; The Trans-Siberian Railway (historical part);
1926 – the Achinsk-Minusinsk railway;
1930 – the Turkestan-Siberian Railway;
1936 – 1937 – Norilsk Railway;
1940 – Kanash–Cheboksary;
1944 – The Big Ring of the Moscow Railway;
1969 – the line of Verbilki–Dubna;
1978 – Rostov-Krasnodar–Tuapse; Yurovsky–Anapa;
2003 – the Baikal–Amur Mainline;
2013 – Adler–Rosa Farm;
2016 – Moscow Central Circle (based on Little Ring of the Moscow Railway);
2017 – The railway line bypassing Ukraine;
2017 – the Amur–Yakutsk railway;
2019 – Railway bridge to the Crimea;
Statistics
Russian Railways accounts for 2.5% of Russia's GDP and employs 800,000 people. The percentage of passenger traffic that goes by rail is unknown, since no statistics are available for private transportation such as private automobiles. In 2007, about 1.3 billion passengers and 1.3 billion tons of freight went via Russian Railways. In 2007 the company owned 19,700 goods and passenger locomotives, 24,200 passenger cars (carriages) (2007) and 526,900 freight cars (goods wagons) (2007). A further 270,000 freight cars in Russia are privately owned.
In 2009 Russia had 128,000 kilometers of common-carrier railway line, of which about half is electrified and carries most of the traffic, over 40% was double track or better.
In 2013 railways carried nearly 90% of Russia's freight, excluding pipelines.
Industrial railways
Besides the common-carrier railways that are well covered by government statistics there are many industrial railways (such as mining or lumbering railways) whose statistics are covered separately, and which in 1981 had a total length almost equal to the length of the common carrier railways. Currently (2008) they are only about half the length of the common-carrier system. In 1980, about two-thirds of their freight flowed to and from the common-carrier railroads while the remaining third was internal transport only on an industrial railways. (For example, a lumber company uses its private industrial railways to transport logs from a forest to its sawmill.) About 4% of the industrial railway traffic was on track jointly "owned" by two companies.
Narrow-gauge railways
In 1981, there were 33,400 kilometers of narrow gauge.
Sakhalin Railway – located on Sakhalin, gauge of
Apsheronsk narrow-gauge railway – located in the Krasnodar Krai, gauge of
Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway – located in the Arkhangelsk Oblast, Severodvinsk, gauge of
Alapayevsk narrow-gauge railway – located in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, Alapayevsk, gauge of
Altsevo peat railway – located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, gauge of
Kerzhenets peat railway – located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, gauge of
Pishchalskoye peat railway – located in Kirov Oblast, gauge of
Gorokhovskoye peat railway – located in Kirov Oblast, gauge of
Narrow-gauge railway of Decor-1 factory – located in the Arzamassky District, gauge of
Narrow-gauge railway of KSM-2 factory – located in the Tver, gauge of
Railway infrastructure
Couplers
The SA3 coupler (Soviet Automatic coupler, model 3) used in Russia has several advantages over the Janney coupler used in the United States.
The SA3 coupler, while well-designed, has had problems with operating due to being made with lower quality steel, having a low quality of maintenance/repairs/rebuilding, and coupling cars at speeds higher than allowed by the rules.
Track gauge
The majority of Russia's rail network uses the 1,520 mm Russian gauge, which includes all metro systems and the majority of tram networks in the country.
The Sakhalin Railway, on Sakhalin Island used 1,067 mm Cape gauge from its construction under Japan until 2019, when the conversion to 1520 mm completed.
A section from the Poland–Russia border to Kaliningrad, uses the 1,435 mm Standard gauge. Unlike the Sakhalin Railway, which carries freight and passengers, the standard-gauge line in Kaliningrad carries only freight at this time.
Kaliningrad's tram network also uses metre-gauge tracks at 1,000 mm, as does Stavropol krai's Pyatigorsk network.
Railway universities
There are many railway colleges in Russia which are higher educational institutes that train students for railway careers, mainly in engineering.
Command and control system
Since 2010 Russian Railways had started an overhaul of its computer systems. The overhaul will centralize the management of data into new computing hubs, restructure the collection of information on the railway's field operations, and integrate new automation software to help the railway strategise how to deploy its assets. The geriatric machines that the new mainframes will replace include Soviet-built clones of IBM's Cold War–era computers, called ES EVM (the transliterated Russian acronym for "unified system of electronic computing machines").
Foreign activities
The RZD operates the Armenian Railway until 2038. During this period, at least 570 million euro will be invested, 90% going into infrastructure.
Joint ventures have been formed to build and operate a port in Rasŏn in North Korea, and rail links connecting that port to the Russian rail network at the North Korean-Russian border Khasan-Tumangang.
Trans-Eurasia Logistics is a joint venture with RZD that operates container freight trains between Germany and China via Russia.
Rail links with adjacent countries
Voltage of electrification systems not necessarily compatible.
Same gauge:
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania – only from the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave
Belarus
Ukraine – closed.
Georgia – currently, only connects with the breakaway Republic of Abkhazia; the line beyond, to Georgia proper, is closed for political reasons.
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Mongolia
Finland, the difference to is so small that the same rolling stock can be used
Break-of-gauge:
China, break-of-gauge to
North Korea, break-of-gauge to
Poland – only from the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave – break-of-gauge to
Note that break-of-gauge between Poland and Belarus near Brest is in use of Russian Railways mostly
See also
Tsarskoye Selo Railway
Communications in Russia
Elektrichka
History of rail transport in Russia
List of railways in Russia
List of named passenger trains of Russia
Ministry of Railways of the USSR
Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway
Russian gauge
Railway engineering of Russia
Russian Post
Russian Railways
Sibirjak
Trans-Siberian Railway
Transport in Russia
Transportation in Moscow
Varshavsky Rail Terminal, St.Petersburg – national railway museum of Russia
The Museum of the Moscow Railway
Rizhsky Rail Terminal, Home of the Moscow Railway Museum
Emperor railway station in Pushkin town
Rolling stock manufacturers of Russia
References
Further reading
In English
Boublikoff, A.A. "A suggestion for railroad reform" in book: Buehler, E.C. (editor) "Government ownership of railroads", Annual debater's help book (vol. VI), New York, Noble and Noble, 1939; pp. 309–318. Original in journal "North American Review, vol. 237, pp. 346+. (Title is misleading. It's 90% about Russian railways.)
European Conference of Ministers of Transport, "Regulatory Reform of Railways in Russia," 2004. Regulatory Reform of Railways in Russia
Hunter, Holland "Soviet transport experience: Its lessons for other countries", Brookings Institution 1968.
Omrani, Bijan. Asia Overland: Tales of Travel on the Trans-Siberian and Silk Road Odyssey Publications, 2010
Pittman, Russell, "Blame the Switchman? Russian Railways Restructuring After Ten Years," working paper, Antitrust Division, U.S. Department of Justice, 2011. Blame the Switchman? Russian Railways Restructuring After Ten Years
"Railroad Facts" (Yearbook) Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC (annual).
"Transportation in America", Statistical Analysis of Transportation in the United States (18th edition), with historical compendium 1939–1999, by Rosalyn A. Wilson, pub. by Eno Transportation Foundation Inc., Washington DC, 2001. See table: Domestic Intercity Ton-Miles by Mode, pp. 12–13.
UN (United Nations) Statistical Yearbook. The earlier editions were designated by date (such as 1985/86) but later editions use the edition number (such as 51st). After 1985/86 the "World railway traffic" table was dropped.After the 51st ? edition, the long table: "Railways: traffic" was dropped resulting in no more UN railway statistics.
Urba CE, "The railroad situation : a perspective on the present, past and future of the U.S. railroad industry". Washington : Dept. of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development Govt. Print. Off., 1978.
VanWinke, Jenette and Zycher, Benjamin; "Future Soviet Investment in Transportation, Energy, and Environmental Protection" A Rand Note. The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 1992. Rand Soviet Transport
Westwood J.N, 2002 "Soviet Railways to Russian Railways" Palgrave Macmillan.
Ward, Christopher J., "Brezhnev's Folly: The Building of BAM and Late Soviet Socialism", University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009.
In Russian
Плакс, А.В. & Пупынин, В.Н. Электрические железные дороги (Electric Railroads). Москва, Транспорт, 1993.
Резер, С.М. Взаимодействие транспортных систем. Москва, Наука, 1985.
Шадур, Л.А. (editor). Вагоны: конструкция, теория и расчёт (Railroad cars: construction, theory and calculations). Москва, Транспорт, 1980.
Фед = Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal government statistical service). Транспорт в России (Transportation in Russia) (annual) Available online.
Филиппов, М.М. (editor). Железные Дороги. Общий Курс (Railroads. General Course). Москва, Транспорт, 3rd ed. 1981. (4th ed. 1991 with new editor: Уздин, М.М.).
Шафиркин, Б.И. Единая Транспортная Система СССР и взаимодействие различных видов транспорта (Unified Transportation System of the USSR and interaction of various modes of transportation). Москва, Высшая школа, 1983.
Шадур. Л. А. (editor). Вагоны (Railway cars). Москва, Транспорт, 1980.
External links
Russian Railways Official Site
Steam on Sakhalin Island
Russian Railway in 1935
Rail Fan Europe
Shows electrification status and also many Industrial railways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Russia |
Omanhene Cocoa Bean Company is a chocolate company headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Omanhene's chocolate beans come from the forests of Ghana. The difference between Omanhene's chocolate and their competitors (according to the company website) is that Omanhene's chocolate bars are made and processed in Ghana, whereas competitors buy the beans from a tropical country and ship them to countries like Canada or the United States to make chocolate bars.
History
The Omanhene Cocoa Bean Company was founded in 1991 by Steven C. Wallace and his brother, Jonathan. Steven was an AFS high school student and lived in Ghana for three months in 1978. However, at the age of 29 (in 1991), he returned to Ghana and started a chocolate business. The name Omanhene in the Twi language means the "Paramount Chief".
The factory workers and family farmers have a stake in the Omanhene Cocoa Bean Company.
The company was an early adopter of the UN Global Compact.
In October 2022, Niche Cocoa Company Limited announced the plan to open a cocoa processing plant with Omanhene Cocoa in Franklin, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
References
World Affairs Seminar 2006 speech on Monday, June 19, 2006
External links
Official website
American chocolate companies
Manufacturing companies based in Milwaukee
Snack food manufacturers of the United States
Ghanaian chocolate companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omanhene%20Cocoa%20Bean%20Company |
Luis Pérez Dasmariñas y Páez de Sotomayor was a Spanish soldier and governor of the Philippines from December 3, 1593 to July 14, 1596. In 1596, he sent unsuccessful expeditions to conquer Cambodia and Mindanao.
Pérez Dasmariñas was a knight of the Order of Alcántara. His father, Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, was governor of the Philippines from 1590 to 1593.
Expedition to the Moluccas
In 1593, Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas (the father) led a Spanish expedition from Manila to capture the fort at Terrenate, in the Moluccas. He had planned this expedition for some time, but in secret, and did not reveal his intention until most of the preparations had been made. He intended to lead the expedition personally. Before he set sail, he sent his son, Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, on ahead with part of the fleet to the province of Pintado. Luis Pérez was second in command of the expedition, with the title of captain general.
Gómez Pérez left the military affairs of Manila and the rest of the Philippines in charge of Diego Ronquillo, and civil affairs in charge of Pedro de Rojas. After his son left, he remained briefly in Manila, making final preparations and arming a galley of 28 benches, in which he was to sail. This galley he manned with good Chinese rowers, with pay. According to Antonio de Morga, in order to win the good will of the rowers, he would not allow them to be chained, and even winked at their carrying certain weapons.
About forty Spanish embarked on the galley, and the galley itself was accompanied by a few frigates and smaller vessels, in which private individuals embarked. The entire fleet consisted of 200 sail, counting galleys, galliots, frigates, virays and other craft. More than 900 Spanish were on the expedition.
The governor set sail from Cavite for Pintados in October 1593, to join the part of the fleet under Luis Pérez already at Pintados. They were then to proceed to the Moluccas.
Mutiny and death of the governor
On the second day of this first leg of the expedition, the governor's fleet reached the island of Caca, 24 leagues from Manila and just off the coast of Luzon. The Chinese rowers had been plotting for three days to seize the galley, and this night was their opportunity.
In the last watch before dawn, they attacked the guards and the sleeping Spaniards, killing most of them, although a few escaped by swimming or in the galley's tender. Upon hearing the commotion, Governor Dasmariñas left his cabin, and was killed by several Chinese waiting outside the door. Two Spaniards, Juan de Cuellar, the governor's secretary, and Franciscan Father Montilla, survived by remaining in their cabin amidships. They were later released ashore by the rebels.
The rebels then made for China, but were unable to arrive there. Instead they reached Cochin China, where the king confiscated the two cannons aboard, the Royal Banner, and all the items of value (jewels, money, etc.). The rebels were dispersed to different places and the galley was abandoned. A few of the rebels were later captured in Malacca and sent back to Manila, where "justice was dealt them."
The choice of a new governor
Governor Gómez Pérez had brought with him to the Philippines a royal order directing him to choose a temporary successor in the event of his death. He had shown this order to various prominent Spaniards in the colony, implying to each that he was the designated successor. In particular, both the governor's son and conquistador Captain Estevan Rodríguez de Figueroa expected the appointment. Rodríguez was with the governor on the expedition to the Moluccas. Both he and Luis Pérez hurried back to Manila to take command of the colony.
Meanwhile, news of the seizure of the galley had arrived in Manila. The citizens and soldiers who had remained there assembled at the house of Licentiate Pedro de Rojas to discuss what to do. First they elected Rojas governor and captain general. Then they sent two frigates in pursuit of the galley, but they were unable to find it. Rojas also sent a message to Luis Pérez in Pintados, informing him of Rojas's election and ordering him to return immediately to Manila, as the city had been left nearly defenseless.
Rojas also began a search of the governor's papers to find the document naming his successor. The papers had been deposited in the Augustinian monastery in Manila, but the prior, not trusting Rojas, had secretly removed the document.
About 40 days after the election of Rojas, Luis Pérez and Estevan Rodríguez arrived together in the harbor, with many men. They did not disembark, and Pérez ordered another search for the missing document. This was now found, and it named Pérez as his father's successor. The city magistrates then withdrew recognition of Rojas, and turned over the government to Pérez. This was seconded by Pérez's soldiers, and by the fleet. Rojas left office, having governed for 40 days.
Pedro de Rojas was promoted to alcalde in Mexico City, and Antonio de Morga was named as his replacement in the Philippines, with increased authority. (Rojas had been lieutenant assessor in judicial matters, but Morga was also lieutenant governor of the colony.) Morga sailed from Acapulco, New Spain on March 22, 1595, arriving at Cavite on June 11 of the same year.
Arrival of the Chinese Mandarins
Not many days after the return of the fleet, there arrived in Manila many Chinese ships, ostensibly for trade. However, they carried many men and little merchandise, with seven Mandarins bearing the insignia of their office. This led to the suspicion on the part of the Spaniards that the Chinese had heard of the departure of most of the Spanish forces for the Moluccas, and had sent a fleet to try to conquer the nearly defenseless islands.
However, seeing the city as strongly defended as ever, the Chinese made no hostile moves. They returned to China without showing any particular motive for the journey, and without either side mentioning the apparent motive.
Expedition to Cambodia
In 1594 news was received in Manila that the king of Siam had invaded and conquered Cambodia. King Langara of Cambodia had been forced to flee to Laos. Pérez Dasmariñas was persuaded by Spanish and Portuguese who had been in Cambodia that the kingdom could be easily reconquered, and doing so would gain the Spanish a foothold on the mainland of Asia.
The governor ordered the dispatch of one vessel of moderate size and two junks, with 120 Spaniards and some Japanese and Filipinos. This expedition sailed at the beginning of 1596.
The flagship became separated from the two junks. The junks arrived in Cambodia only to find that the Cambodians had already driven out the Siamese. One of the anti-Siamese leaders, Anacaparan, had declared himself king. The Spanish decided this was a favorable opportunity, but they would await the arrival of their flagship before taking action. Nevertheless, an altercation occurred with Chinese traders in port, and the Spanish took up arms against them, killing some. This led to a confrontation with the new king, whom the Spaniards also defeated, burning much of his capital in the process.
At about this time in 1597, the flagship of the expedition finally arrived in Cambodia. The commander refused the entreaties of his subordinates to restore King Langara to the throne, and sailed for the Philippines.
In 1599, Malay Muslim merchants defeated and massacred almost the entire contingent of Spanish troops in Cambodia, putting an end to the Spanish plans to conquer it in the Cambodian–Spanish War.
Expedition to Mindanao
Captain Estevan Rodríguez de Figueroa had made an agreement with Governor Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas to conquer the island of Mindanao at his own expense, for the right to rule it for two lifetimes. This agreement was confirmed in Spain and an order sent to go ahead. In February 1596, Rodríguez set out with 214 Spaniards and many Filipinos in some galleys, galleots, frigates, virays, barangays and lapis to begin his conquest. He soon reached the Mindanao River, where he was joined by the men of two native settlements, Tancapan and Lumaguan. He now commanded about 6,000 men.
The combined force now proceeded to Buhahayen, principal town of the island and the capital of the most important chief. Buhahayen was well fortified. Shortly after their arrival the Spanish were involved in a skirmish with the natives. Rodríguez was still aboard his flagship, but seeing that the Spanish were faring badly, he left the ship with a few men to take command. In order to travel more quickly, he was not wearing his helmet. Before he reached the scene of the skirmish, a single native surprised him, giving him a blow on the head with a sword.
Rodríguez was taken back to the ship, where he died the next day. Thus ended the first lifetime of his rule of Mindanao. The Spanish, with Juan de la Xara now in charge, retreated to the more friendly Tancapan, where they built a fort and a Spanish settlement named Murcia.
After serving as governor
Luis Pérez Dasmarinas was still awaiting word of the expeditions to Cambodia and Mindanao when news was received that the new governor, Francisco de Tello de Guzmán, was arriving. Tello de Guzmán had been sent from Spain. He took over the government on July 14, 1596.
Luis Pérez made one expedition to Cambodia in person after his term as governor ended, but his ship was blown off course by a storm and he ended up in El Piñal on the Chinese coast. He drew the ire from Portuguese Macau nearby and was attacked by the Portuguese. Aborting the expedition to Cambodia, he returned to Manila. He was killed by Chinese rebels in the Sangley rebellion in 1603, who mounted the Spanish heads they chopped off throughout Manila.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
History of the Philippine Islands by Dr. Antonio de Morga (1907). This work is also available at Project Guttenberg:
A little biographical information
Governors of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period
Knights of the Order of Alcántara
1603 deaths
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20P%C3%A9rez%20Dasmari%C3%B1as |
Ohio State University Airport is a public airport six miles (10 km) northwest of downtown Columbus, in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. It is owned and operated by Ohio State University in Columbus. It is also known as the OSU Don Scott Airport, named after Donald E. Scott, an OSU alumnus who died during his training as a pilot in the United Kingdom during World War II. The airport's main entrance is located on Case Road, and is easily accessible from OH-315 and Interstate 270.
The Ohio State University Airport serves the university while offering general aviation services for the public. It is one of 30 airports owned by universities across the country, but it is one of only three owned by a Tier One research institution. The airport is largely exempt from paying property taxes.
History
The Ohio State University opened its first airport in 1917 to train cadets to build and fly aircraft for World War 1. That airport was shut down in 1920 when Ohio Stadium was built on the site.
The airport built a second airport soon after its first shut down, and it was among a number of universities who took part in the Civilian Pilot Training Program, sponsored by the Civil Aeronautics Administration, for the purpose of fostering private flying.
The current OSU Airport began in 1943 as a flight training facility for military and civilian pilots, operated by the OSU School of Aviation. The airport was used as a research location for crop dusting aircraft in the 1940s. A Piper J-3 Cub was used for testing until it crashed in 1957 and the project was halted.
It became a public-use airport in 1959 upon receiving federal funding for runway improvements. The first jets were based at the airport in 1962.
The university started a partnership with the National Intercollegiate Flying Association (NIFA) in the 1960s. The Association's Safety in Flight Evaluation Conference has been held at The Ohio State University Airport ten times. The Ohio State University Airport has been home to NIFA's headquarters since 2015.
In the 1970s, the University used Douglas DC-3s at the airport to transport university sports teams, faculty, and administration to and from Columbus.
Discussions to sell the airport have been on and off since 1986.
The OSU Airport is now a self-supporting entity of the Ohio State University through the Department of Aerospace Engineering & Aviation.
The Department oversees all aspects of the Airport from Airport Management, to Fixed-Base Operations, to Airport Maintenance.
The Airport is also home to the OSU Department of Aerospace Engineering & Aviation Gas Turbine Laboratory, several facilities operated by the OSU College of Agriculture, the Ohio Department of Transportation's Office of Aviation, fourteen corporate flight departments, and four flying clubs. Per a partnership with NetJets, whose headquarters are in Columbus, the University's department of aviation also founded the Ohio State University Center for Aviation Studies, which provides funding for research projects and student scholarships and fellowships as well as conducting economic and public policy studies in technical projects.
The OSU Airport is a Part 139 Certificated Airport, serving as a general aviation reliever for the nearby John Glenn Columbus International Airport. It is the base for the Ohio State Highway Patrol's Aviation Section and the Ohio Department of Transportation's Office of Aviation.
Historical Airline Service
Wright Airlines operated weekday commuter services between Cleveland and Columbus in 1975. The airport evicted the airline because it did not have a lease and due to public opposition from the public over the increased air service.
Facilities and aircraft
The airport has three runways. Runway 9R/27L is the airport's main runway. It measures 5,004 x 100 ft (1525 x 30 m) and is paved with asphalt. Runway 9L/27R runs parallel to it; it measures 2994 x 100 ft (913 x 30 m) and is paved with asphalt. The third runway, designated as runway 5/23, measures 3562 x 100 ft (1086 x 30 m) and is also paved with asphalt.
The airport also has a helipad for helicopter operations. Designated as helipad H1, it measures 40 x 40 ft (12 x 12 m) and is paved with asphalt.
In 2020, the airport's main runway received rehabilitations to continue offering safe operations. The airport's master plan includes a plan to expand runway 9R/27L to 6,000 feet to help corporate aviation departments fly further non-stop from the airport.
Based on the 12-month period ending December 31, 2021, the airport has 77,745 annual aircraft operations, an average of 213 per day. This includes 79% general aviation, 21% air taxi, and <1% military. The airport generally ranks in the top five airports in Ohio in terms of the number of take-offs and landings, along with Cleveland Hopkins, John Glenn Columbus, Dayton, and Cincinnati Lunken. For the same time period, there were 143 aircraft based at the airport: 118 single-engine and 10 multi-engine airplanes as well as 11 jets and 4 helicopters.
The airport has a fixed-base operator that offers both avgas and Jet A fuel as well as amenities such as general maintenance, catering, a crew lounge, snooze rooms, showers, a courtesy car, and more. The FBO unveiled a new $15 million terminal building in 2018, which received funding in large part from a $10 million donation. It also added dozens of new hangars to house more airplanes, and it is developing a 50-acre corporate airpark.
Accidents and incidents
In 1967 the crew of a TWA Boeing 707 mistook the Ohio State University Airport for Port Columbus International Airport (now known as John Glenn Columbus International Airport). After shuttling all passengers and baggage to Port Columbus, and removing all galley equipment and seats, the plane was light enough to depart for the larger airport across town.
On May 30, 2002, a Bell 206 helicopter was substantially damaged during a practice touchdown autorotation at the Ohio State University Airport. During the accident autorotation, the pilot receiving instruction did not think he would make his intended touchdown point and wanted to increase airspeed, but the instructor told him to slow the helicopter to 50 knots. As the pilot attempted this, the aircraft slowed further to 40 knots. The pilot lowered the nose again to regain airspeed, but as it did, the pilot realized he would overshoot, so the pilot initiated s-turns to slow down. As the pilot flared for landing, rotor RPM decayed, and the helicopter touched down hard, and the pilot instinctively applied aft cyclic, which the instructor was unable to prevent. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the flight instructor's delay in applying remedial action.
On February 28, 2003, a Cessna 152 was substantially damaged during landing at the Ohio State University Airport. The pilots had been performing touch-and-gos on an instructional flight at the airport. On the accident approach, the CFI observed the airplane descend below the "glidepath," and instructed the student pilot to add power. After a few seconds, the student added about 50 rpms of power, and the CFI told the student to add more power. When the student didn't respond, the CFIs attempted to add power himself; however, the student's hand remained over the throttle, and he was unable to add power. The CFI then started to flare the airplane for landing. The aircraft touched down before the start of the paved runway surface and pitched forward onto its nose, at which point the nose gear collapsed. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the student pilot's misjudgment of distance/altitude and the instructor's delayed remedial action.
On April 29, 2004, a Cessna 152 was substantially damaged during landing at the Ohio State University Airport. Just over the runway, the aircraft encountered a gust, and the student pilot aboard pushed the nose down to maintain attitude. However, the student overcompensated, and the aircraft's nose wheel impacted the runway. The plane bounced, the nose impacted the runway a second time, and the airplane finally tilted forward and slid to a stop. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the student pilot's improper flare, and inadequate recovery from a bounced landing, which resulted in a hard landing.
On July 1, 2005, a Piper PA-28 Cherokee was substantially damaged during a landing at Ohio State University Airport. As the private pilot, back from a 5 year absence from flying, turned to a left downwind, she advised the flight instructor aboard that he needed to land the airplane because she wasn't sure of "the perspective," and the flight instructor took over the flight controls. After touchdown, it appeared to the private pilot that the airplane was diverging to the right. The aircraft then hit something and bounced before veering to left back onto runway centerline. The instructor stated that, during the flight, he had set maximum right rudder trim to keep the plane from turning left repeatedly. On approach, the aircraft started turning right instead of left, so the instructor eased off his additional right rudder pressure. During the roundout to land, the instructor said that "for whatever reason, the aircraft turned to the right suddenly and unexpected." To keep the airplane over the runway, the flight instructor turned the controls to the left and applied full left rudder, but he did not notice any immediate response. While attempting to go around, the instructor heard a bang as if the aircraft had hit something, and the impact forced the plane back toward centerline. The instructor aborted the go-around since he had sufficient runway ahead to stop the plane. After landing, and while taxiing to the ramp, the flight instructor pressed the right and left rudder pedals several times, and noted that although they worked, the right rudder pedal was much stiffer than the left. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the flight instructor's failure to maintain directional control during the landing rollout. A factor was the night lighting conditions.
On September 22, 2005, a Eurocopter Deutschland BK-117-B2 helicopter was substantially damaged during a hard landing at Ohio State University Airport. During landing, the pilot observed a kneeboard fall from the co-pilot's side of the helicopter and land near the cyclic control boot. He tried to straighten the helicopter; however, the cyclic control felt "stiff" and could only be moved slightly to the left or aft. The helicopter continued to descend, and landed hard. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during the landing flare, which resulted in a hard landing.
On March 11, 2007, a Cessna 172 Skyhawk was damaged during a runway excursion at the Ohio State University Airport. The pilot reported that after touchdown, he noticed "the rate of left drift was too much." The pilot subsequently applied both brakes and right rudder, but the aircraft continued drifting to the left of the runway. The aircraft then ran into a grass area off the runway's side, struck a sign, and came to rest. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the pilot's failure to maintain directional control while landing.
On October 9, 2007, a Eurocopter AS 350 B2 Ecureuil helicopter, operated by the State of Ohio on a public-use training flight, sustained substantial damage during an autorotation at the Ohio State University Airport. The instructor aboard reported that he flew with three students that day. During the first flight of the day, a hard landing occurred while practicing an autorotation. No damage was found after that or the next flight. During autorotation practice on the third lesson, the aircraft impacted the ground at a higher rate of descent than desired because the instructor could not make power inputs quickly enough to arrest a high descent rate. Though the impact was minimal, the aircraft slide for approximately 40 feet in uneven terrain. The instructor briefed the maneuver again, and the flight continued with more autorotations before the pilots returned to the ramp. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the student pilot's excessive descent rate and the flight instructor's delayed remedial action.
On May 21, 2008, a Columbia Aircraft LC41-550FG crashed while landing at the Ohio State University Airport. Just after touchdown, the airplane veered about 20 degrees left. The pilot attempted to correct with right rudder but subsequently determined that a more aggressive correction would be unsafe. The aircraft exited the runway into a grassy area between the runway and the ramp. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the pilot's failure to maintain directional control during landing.
On December 27, 2010, an Aero Commander 500B registered to Central Airways Inc crashed near the airport. The aircraft lost engine power while coming in to land at the airport. During the downwind leg of a circling instrument approach, both engines began to surge, and the pilot added full power and turned on the fuel boost pumps. This momentarily solved the problem. While abeam the approach end of the runway on the downwind leg, the engines again started to surge and subsequently lost power. The pilot executed a forced landing and the airplane impacted terrain short of the runway. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the pilot’s improper fuel management which resulted in a loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion.
On November 14, 2016, a Cessna 172 Skyhawk was damaged while landing at the Ohio State University Airport. The student solo pilot reported porpoising and hearing a thump while attempting to land. The pilot executed a go-around and, on his next approach, landed without incident. The probable cause of the incident was found to be the student pilot’s improper landing flare, which resulted in a porpoise.
On February 3, 2020, a Beechcraft Bonanza ran off the runway at the Ohio State University Airport after a landing gear failure.
On June 14, 2021, a Cessna 180K Skywagon was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near the Ohio State University Airport. The pilot reported that she took off uneventfully and executed a climbing right turn before leveling off at 1,000 ft above ground level. Shortly thereafter, the airplane’s engine sputtered briefly. The pilot contacted air traffic control and initiated a 180° turn toward the airport when the engine lost all power. The pilot attempted to troubleshoot the issue to no avail before the airplane impacted a heavily wooded area short of the open field and descended to the ground below.
References
External links
Historic photo; Don Scott field in 1954
Historic photo; Don Scott field in 1983
Airports in Ohio
Airport
Transportation in Columbus, Ohio
University and college airports
Airports established in 1943
1943 establishments in Ohio
Transportation buildings and structures in Franklin County, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%20State%20University%20Airport |
Lust, Caution () is a 2007 erotic period espionage romantic mystery film directed by Ang Lee, based on the 1979 novella by Eileen Chang. Lust, Caution is set in Hong Kong in 1938 and in Shanghai in 1942, when the city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army and ruled by the puppet government led by Wang Jingwei. The film depicts a group of Chinese university students from The University of Hong Kong who plot to assassinate a high-ranking special agent and recruiter working for the puppet government by luring him into a honey trap. The film is generally accepted to be based on the historical event of Chinese spy Zheng Pingru's failed attempt to assassinate the Japanese collaborator Ding Mocun.
With this film, Lee won the Golden Lion Award at the Venice Film Festival for the second time, the first being with Brokeback Mountain. The film adaptation and the story are loosely based on events that took place during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai. The film's sex scenes resulted in the film being rated NC-17 in the United States. The film grossed $67 million worldwide over $16 million budget, making it the highest grossing NC-17 rated film of all time.
Meaning of the title
The title of the work, Lust, Caution, has a double meaning in Chinese. The character for "lust" (色, sè) can be read as "colour", while "caution" (戒, jiè) can be read as "ring", therefore the title can also read as "colored ring", an object that plays a pivotal role in the story. The two alternative readings of the title are interwoven into a cautionary tale of lust and love through the symbolic use of the ring.
Plot
Hong Kong 1938
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, a shy and inexperienced university student, Wong Chia Chi, travels from Shanghai to Hong Kong to begin studying at Lingnan University. Male student Kuang Yumin invites her to join his patriotic drama club and she soon becomes a lead actress, inspiring both her audience and her colleagues. Inspired by the club's patriotic plays, Kuang persuades the group to make a more concrete contribution to the war against Japan. He devises a plan to assassinate Mr. Yee, a special agent and recruiter of the puppet government of Wang Jingwei set up by the Japanese occupation in China. The beautiful Chia Chi is chosen to take on the undercover role of "Mrs. Mak", the elegant wife of a trading company owner. She inserts herself into the social circle of Mrs. Yee.
Chia Chi catches the eye of Mr. Yee and tries to lure him to a location where he can be assassinated. Chia Chi is still a virgin, and she reluctantly consents to having sex with another student involved in the plot in order to practice her role as a married woman. Attracted to Chia Chi, Yee nearly falls for the trap but backs out at the last minute. Soon after, Mr. and Mrs. Yee move back to Shanghai, leaving the students with no further chance to complete their mission. While they are preparing to disband, a former subordinate of Yee turns up unannounced and tells them that he is aware of their plans. After a violent struggle, the students kill the subordinate and then go into hiding.
Shanghai 1942
Three years later, in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, Chia Chi again encounters Kuang, who is now an undercover agent of the Kuomintang (KMT) secret service the Juntong, which is seeking to overthrow the Japanese occupation forces and the puppet government. Kuang enlists her into a renewed assassination plan to kill Yee, who has become head of the secret police department under the puppet government, and is responsible for torturing and executing resistance members working for the KMT. Chia Chi's advances to become Yee's mistress are reciprocated. During their first sexual encounter, Yee violently rapes Chia Chi. Over the next few weeks, their sexual relationship becomes more consensual and affectionate, stirring conflicting emotions in Chia Chi.
When Chia Chi reports to her KMT superior officer, she exhorts him to carry out the assassination soon, so that she will not have to continue her sexual liaison with Yee, but she is told that the assassination needs to be delayed for strategic reasons. Chia Chi describes the emotional conflict she finds herself embroiled in, sentimentally bound to a man whom she is plotting to help assassinate. When Yee sends Chia Chi to a jewelry store with a sealed envelope, she discovers that he has arranged for a large and extremely rare six-carat pink diamond for her, to be mounted in a ring. This provides the Chinese resistance with a chance to get at Yee when he is not accompanied by his bodyguards.
Soon after, Chia Chi invites Yee to accompany her to collect the diamond ring. While entering the jewelry shop, she notices that all those involved in the assassination plot are undercover outside. When she puts on the ring, she is overcome by emotion and quietly urges Yee to leave. Understanding her meaning, he immediately flees the shop and escapes the assassination attempt. By the end of the day, most members of the resistance group have been captured. Yee's deputy was aware of the resistance cell, but did not inform Yee because he hoped to use the opportunity to catch their leader. In emotional turmoil, Yee signs the resistance members' death warrants. Chia Chi and the others are taken to a quarry to be executed. As the resistance members group are forced to their knees at gunpoint, a sad Kuang gazes at Chia Chi. Meanwhile, Yee sits on Chia Chi's empty bed in the family guest room while his wife asks him what is going on, since his secretary and two men had taken Chia Chi's belongings and some papers from his office. Yee tells her to keep quiet and to continue playing mahjong downstairs, to avoid letting anyone know of his affection for Chia Chi.
Cast
Tang Wei as Wong Chia Chi/"Mrs. Mak"
Tony Leung Chiu-wai as Mr. Yee
Joan Chen as Mrs. Yee
Wang Leehom as Kuang Yumin
Tou Chung-hua as Old Wu
Chin Kar-lok as Assistant Officer Tsao
Chu Chih-ying as Lai Xiujin
Kao Ying-hsuan as Huang Lei
Lawrence Ko as Liang Junsheng
Johnson Yuen as Auyang Lingwen/"Mr. Mak"
Fan Kuang-yao as Secretary Chang
Anupam Kher as Hali Salahuddin
Shyam Pathak as Jewelry Shopkeeper
Akiko Takeshita as Japanese Tavern Boss Lady
Hayato Fujiki as Japanese Colonel Sato
Production
The actors who played university classmates, spent six months of preproduction in Hong Kong just to get into character and understand the period before filming. During this period the group of actors, including Tang Wei and Wang Leehom became very close friends. Both Tang Wei and Tony Leung Chiu-wai were asked whether the sex scenes in the movie were unsimulated. Tang Wei responded, "In the movie, we are just doing what we should do to have a baby." As for Tony Leung, he responded, "When the bodies collide with each other, it is indeed like a fake show!"
Themes
Meaning of the title
The title of the work, Lust, Caution, has a double meaning in Chinese. The character for "lust" (色, sè) can be read as "colour", while "caution" (戒, jiè) can be read as "ring", therefore the title can also read as "colored ring", an object that plays a pivotal role in the story. The two alternate readings of the title are interwoven into a cautionary tale of lust and love through the symbolic use of the ring.
Sexuality and power
In the movie, Chia Chi's virginity is used as a symbol of both her status as an innocent woman and a barrier to the role she must play in order to prove her patriotism. Chia Chi's virginity is ultimately given as a sacrifice but consequently, her sexuality that has been awakened is used as a weapon against Mr. Yee in order to ensnare him into a relationship.
The portrayal of female sexuality and desire in the film emphasizes the shame and awkwardness of Chia Chi's sexuality versus the role she must play as "Mrs. Mak", which serves the nation rather than her needs as a woman. Sex and sexuality are used as tangible tools in proving patriotism in this film, and in each instance of Chia Chi's bodily sacrifice, she is representing the recognizable symbol of violation experienced by China as a nation while under Japanese occupation.
Through each of the sex scenes, a tangible but subtle difference can be seen in Wong Chia Chi's character as she becomes more comfortable with her sexual desires; a gradual acceptance of pleasure along with a growing role of dominance in hers and Mr. Yee's relationship as compared to the submissive and easily manipulated role she fills in the group of comrades that she is plotting against the Japanese and their collaborators with.
Eileen Chang's original work from which Ang is drawing from does not contain the sex scenes of the film, yet with their addition a change can be seen in the levels of participation and assertiveness from Wong Chia Chi and her own agency in them: the first sex scene focuses on the forced and unpleasant intercourse between the couple; stronger levels of consent and enjoyment from Chia Chi is found in the second sex scene; finally, Wong Chia Chi has recognized her full agency in the third sex scene and is acting with assertion by taking control of her own desires and pleasure with Mr. Yee.
Soundtrack
The music for Lust, Caution created by French composer Alexandre Michel Gérard Desplat. The soundtrack, which was released by Decca Records, contains 24 songs running at approximately 60 minutes in length.
Tracklist
Release
Lust, Caution premiered at the Venice Film Festival, where it won the Golden Lion, the second such award for Ang Lee. It was released in U.S. theaters on September 28, 2007, where it was rated NC-17 by the Motion Picture Association of America due to some explicit sex scenes. Lee stated that he would make no changes to attempt to get an R rating. After the movie's premiere, director Ang Lee was displeased that Chinese news media (including those from Taiwan) had greatly emphasized the sex scenes in the movie. The version released in the People's Republic of China was cut by about seven minutes (by the director himself) to make it suitable for younger audiences, since China has no rating system. Scenes of violence were also removed from the mainland version, and the total minutes of the cuts was around 30. The version released in Malaysia was approved by the Film Censorship Board of Malaysia without alterations and was rated 18SX—those under 18 are barred from the cinema. The uncut version was released on DVD in 2008, as well as R-rated version since certain rental outlets and stores like Blockbuster video did not carry NC-17 titles.
Home media
In 2007, two DVD versions of Lust, Caution were released: the original NC-17 version and the censored R-rated version. On March 30, 2021, Kino Lorber released the NC-17 version of the film on Blu-ray.
Controversies
Censorship
In a number of countries, notably the People's Republic of China and India, the sex scenes had to be cut before the film could be released. In Singapore, the film's producers initially decided to release a cut version with an NC-16 rating, but a public outcry stating that the producers of the film were underestimating censorship standards in the country (the film was released uncut in Hong Kong and Taiwan) prompted them to eventually release the uncut version with an R-21 rating. The film is rated R18 and was released uncut in New Zealand.
The following scenes were cut from the mainland China version:
Wong Chia Chi walking past dead refugees in the street
Stabbing scene cut to only one knife stab
Two of the sex scenes featuring the student, and three featuring Mr. Yee
A nude shot of Wong Chia Chi at window
Wong Chia Chi in bed after first sex scene with Mr. Yee
Dialogue modified in diamond ring scene so that Wong Chia Chi did not betray the resistance by warning Mr. Yee.
In a further example of censorship affecting the mainland China release of Lust, Caution, the line in which Chia Chi whispers "Go, go quickly" to the Japanese collaborator that she has fallen in love with in order to save him from capture and death; in the edited version, Ang Lee changes this to "Let's go" in order to redeem the lead protagonist's sabotage of the assassination attempt of Mr. Yee by implicating them both in the escape rather than Chia Chi sacrificing herself and her classmates alone. This form of censorship was done in order to avoid criticism for glorifying a traitor such as Mr. Yee during a time of Japanese occupation in World War II. Chia Chi's betrayal of her classmates and China as a nation in order to save a traitor was received by some mainland Chinese audiences with distaste, with some media websites referring to the film as an insult to China.
The film's end credits ends with a 18 U.S.C § 2257 notice.
Sexual violence
The film's sexuality brought critique from The Women Film Critics Circle (WFCC), who decried Ang Lee's adaptation as a "Hall of Shame" film that glorifies the torturous Stockholm syndrome-like relationship between Wong Chia Chi's "Mrs. Mak" and her colluding lover/target Mr. Yee.
The sexual violence that Chia Chi experiences from the men in Ang Lee's film adaptation of Lust, Caution is not explicitly described or outlined in the original novella written by Eileen Chang, rather the unspoken violence that is experienced is a representation of the everyday and intrusive violence felt by those living under colonial occupation.
Blacklisting
Tang Wei was ostracized from the mainland Chinese movie industry and did not work for three years because the State Administration of Radio Film and Television (SARFT) disapproved of her sexual acts in the film. All print ads and video content using Tang's image were removed and her endorsements were discontinued. She was set to star in Tian Zhuangzhuang's big-budget period film The Warrior and the Wolf (2009), but was replaced by Maggie Q. Director Ang Lee released a statement saying that he is "very regretful" over Tang's blacklisting and that he "will do everything I can to support her in this difficult time". Co-star Tony Leung stated that "our work is only to express our roles and I don't think that an actor should be blacklisted because of this" and that "the whole crew should have a responsibility. We are a team and not an individual, and I'm a part of this team". In February 2009, during her absence from the movie industry, Tang was reported to have briefly attended drama classes at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom.
Country of production
The film was co-produced by American companies Focus Features and River Road Productions, Chinese companies Shanghai Film Group Corporation and Haishang Films, and the Taiwanese Hai Sheng Film Production Company. The film was directed by Ang Lee, a Taiwanese citizen, and the actors/actresses are from mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the United States. It was shot in Shanghai, the neighboring province of Zhejiang, Hong Kong (at Hong Kong University), and some locations in Penang and Ipoh in Malaysia used as 1930s/1940s Hong Kong.
Initially, the film's country was identified as "China-USA" by the organizers of the Venice Film Festival. However, the Venice Film Festival changed the film to "USA-China-Taiwan, China" on its official schedule shortly thereafter. When the film premiered at the event, Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council protested the Venice event's use of "Taiwan, China" to identify films from the island and blamed the People's Republic of China for the move.
After the film's premiere, Taiwan submitted the film as its Best Foreign Film Oscar entry. However, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences asked Taiwan to withdraw the film because key members of the film crew were not locals. Academy spokeswoman Teni Melidonian said in an e-mail organizers refused to accept the film because "an insufficient number of Taiwanese participated in the production of the film," violating a rule that requires foreign countries to certify their locals "exercised artistic control" over their submission.
Defamation
On September 13, 2007, an elderly lady, Zheng Tianru, staged a press conference in Los Angeles, claiming that the movie was about real-life events that happened in World War II, and wrongfully portrayed her older sister, Zheng Pingru, as a promiscuous secret agent who seduced and eventually fell in love with the assassination target Ding Mocun, alleging the characters were renamed to Wong Chia Chi and Mr. Yee in the film. Taiwan's investigation bureau confirmed that Zheng Pingru failed to kill Ding Mocun because her gun jammed, rather than developing a romantic relationship with the assassin's target. Ang Lee maintains that Eileen Chang wrote the original short story as fiction.
Reception
Critical reception
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 72% based on 148 reviews, with an average rating of 6.60/10. The site's consensus reads: "Ang Lee's Lust, Caution is a tense, sensual and beautifully-shot espionage film". On Metacritic, the film had a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 35 reviews.
The Chinese press gave the film generally positive reviews. In analyzing how successful Lee's film was as an adaptation of Eileen Chang's short story, literary critic Leo Ou-fan Lee wrote in Muse Magazine that he 'found [his] loyalties divided between Eileen Chang and Ang Lee. But after three viewings of the film, I have finally opted for Lee because deep down I believe in film magic which can sometimes displace textual fidelity.' In an earlier issue of Muse however, film critic Perry Lam had criticized Lee's direction: 'in his eagerness to make the movie appealing to a mass audience, Lee seems guilty of sentimentalism.' Sentimental or not, there is certainly a palpable trace of Lee's sympathy for Chang's personal love life, "It was hard for me to live in Eileen Chang's world...There are days I hated her for it. It's so sad, so tragic. But you realize there's a shortage of love in her life: romantic love, family love." He added, "This is the story of what killed love for her."
Audiences across Taiwan received the premiere of Lust, Caution with excitement stemming from pride over the fact that Ang Lee hails from Taiwan and the fact that the film received many international awards. The mainstream media in Taiwan built up an enormous amount of anticipation and fever for the world premiere of Lust, Caution with a continuous gossip channel focused on the explicit and controversial portrayal of sexuality which seemed to indicate to the positive, or at least curious reception of the film.
Jack Mathews of the New York Daily News named it the 5th best film of 2007. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times named it the 6th best film of 2007.
British actor Hugh Grant is on record as being fan of the film.
Anachronisms
It has been noted by critics (including Bryan Appleyard) that the Hong Kong sequences in the film set in the late 1930s include "London taxis" of two types (FX3, FX4) that were only manufactured onwards from 1948 and 1958 respectively. The film features Japanese orthography that wasn't used before 1946 in a classroom scene. Tony Leung's wrist watch is not period-accurate for the 1930s. The size is much larger than a men's rectangular-shaped watch from this period.
Box office
Lust, Caution was produced on a budget of approximately $15 million.
In Hong Kong, where the film was screened uncut, Lust, Caution grossed US$6,249,342 (approximately $48 million HKD) despite being saddled with a restrictive Category III rating. It was the territory's highest-grossing Chinese language film of the year, and third highest overall (behind Spider-Man 3 and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix).
The film was also a box office success in mainland China despite the cuts made to allow screening. There, the film grossed US$17,109,185, making it the Mainland's fifth highest-grossing film of 2007 and third highest-grossing domestic production.
In North America, the film received NC-17 rating, which severely limited the number of cinemas willing to screen it. In its opening weekend in one U.S. theater, the grossed $63,918. Expanding to seventeen venues the next week, its per-screen average was $21,341, before cooling down to $4,639 at 125 screens. Never playing at more than 143 cinemas for the duration of its entire U.S. run, the film ultimately grossed $4,604,982. As of August 15, 2008, the film was the fifth highest-grossing NC-17 production in North America. Focus Features was very satisfied with the United States release of this film.
Worldwide, Lust, Caution grossed $67,091,915.
DVD sales
The film has generated more than $24 million from its DVD sales and rentals in the United States, an impressive result for a film that only grossed $4.6 million in limited theatrical release in the United States.
Accolades
Won: 2007 Golden Lion International Venice Film Festival Award
44th Golden Horse Awards
Won: Best Film
Won: Best Director (Ang Lee)
Won: Best Actor (Tony Leung Chiu-wai)
Won: Best New Performer (Tang Wei)
Won: Best Adapted Screenplay (Hui-Ling Wang and James Schamus)
Won: Best Makeup & Costume Design (Pan Lai)
Won: Best Original Film Score (Alexandre Desplat)
Outstanding Taiwanese Filmmaker of the Year (Ang Lee)
Nominated: Best Actress (Tang Wei)
Nominated: Best Art Direction (Lau Sai-Wan, Pan Lai)
Nominated: Best Cinematography (Rodrigo Prieto)
Nominated: Best Editing (Tim Squyres)
27th Hong Kong Film Awards
Won: Best Asian Film (Ang Lee)
44th Guldbagge Awards
Won: Best Foreign Film
65th Golden Globe Awards
Nominated: Best Foreign Film
61st British Academy Film Awards
Nominated: Best Costume Design (Pan Lai)
Nominated: Best Foreign Film (Ang Lee, James Schamus, William Kong)
Nominated: Rising Star Award (Tang Wei)
2nd Asian Film Awards
Won: Best Actor (Tony Leung Chiu-wai)
Nominated: Best Film
Nominated: Best Actress (Tang Wei)
Nominated: Best Composer (Alexandre Desplat)
Nominated: Best Director (Ang Lee)
Nominated: Best Screenwriter (Wang Hui-Ling and James Schamus)
BAFTA Awards
Best Film in a Foreign Language, 2008.
Freedom of Expression Award
Ang Lee was given this award at the ShoWest convention for his decision to release the film in the United States uncut, rather than editing the film to avoid the MPAA's NC-17 rating.
See also
Black Book (film)
References
External links
Proceeding with Caution
Lust, Caution Reviews – spcnet.tv
Ang Lee on making Lust, Caution
2007 films
2007 thriller films
2000s erotic thriller films
2000s Hindi-language films
2000s spy thriller films
American erotic thriller films
American spy thriller films
Best Foreign Film Guldbagge Award winners
Cantonese-language films
Chinese thriller films
Films based on Chinese novels
Films based on works by Eileen Chang
Films directed by Ang Lee
Films produced by James Schamus
Films scored by Alexandre Desplat
Films set in 1938
Films set in 1942
Films set in China
Films set in Hong Kong
Films set in Shanghai
Films shot in Malaysia
Films shot in Shanghai
Films shot in Zhejiang
Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Horse Award
Films with screenplays by James Schamus
Focus Features films
Golden Lion winners
Japan in non-Japanese culture
2000s Japanese-language films
2000s Mandarin-language films
Obscenity controversies in film
Second Sino-Japanese War films
Shanghainese-language films
Taiwanese thriller films
Hong Kong thriller films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s Chinese films
2000s Hong Kong films
English-language Chinese films
English-language Taiwanese films
English-language Hong Kong films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust%2C%20Caution |
A redout occurs when the body experiences a negative g-force sufficient to cause a blood flow from the lower parts of the body to the head. It is the inverse effect of a greyout, where blood flows away from the head to the lower parts of the body. Usually, a redout will only ever be experienced by pilots, as planes are the most common devices that allow such negative g-forces to be exerted. Redouts are potentially dangerous and can cause retinal damage and hemorrhagic stroke.
According to the predominant theory, the redness appearing in the visual field is not caused by an actual blood flow to the eye, but it is most likely caused by the blood-laden lower eyelid coming into the visual field because of the pull of negative-Gs.
See also
Blackout (disambiguation)
Brownout (disambiguation)
Whiteout (disambiguation)
References
Visual system
Eye | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redout |
is a Japanese voice actress and singer. Together with her friend Chika Sakamoto, she participated in the third incarnation of the radio show Animetopia. She is a member of SplashDream.
Anime
TV
Around the World in Eighty Days (Princess Romy)
Aura Battler Dunbine (Ceila Lapana)
Battle Athletes Victory (Tomoe Midō)
Flame of Recca (Mifuyu Mikagami)
Fruits Basket (Mine Kuramae)
Genesis Climber Mospeada (Aisha, Marlene Rush)
Gu-Gu Ganmo (Ayumi Ichigaya)
Highschool! Kimengumi (Yui Kawa)
Meimon! Dai San Yakyūbu (Sayuri Kidō)
Shima Shima Tora no Shimajirō (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
Touch (Tomoko Terashima)
OVAs
Battle Athletes Victory (Tomoe Midō)
Dōkyūsei: End of Summer (Mai Sakuragi)
Dream Hunter Rem II: Seimi Shingakuen no Yōmu (Meimi Katsuragi)
Elf Princess Reine (Reine)
Galaxy Fraulein Yuna (Yuri Cube)
Majo demo Steady (Mami)
Tenmonya Voyagers (Ayako Hanabishi)
Wanna-Be's (Eri Kazama)
Movies
Arion (Resufīna)
Highschool! Kimen-gumi (Yui Kawa)
Toire no Hanako-chan (Yoshiki Ishikawa)
Shimajirō to Fufu no Daibōken: Sukue! Nanairo no Hana (2013) (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
Shimajirō to Kujira no Uta (2014) (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
Shimajirō to Ōkina Ki (2015) (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
Shimajirō to Ehon no Kuni ni (2016) (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
Shimajirō to Niji no Oashisu (2017) (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
Shimajiro Mahō no Shima no Daibōken (2018) (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
Shimajiro to Ururu no Heroland (2019) (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
Shimajiro to Sora Tobufune (2021) (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
Shimajirō to Kirakira Ōkoku no Ōji-sama (2022) (Mimi-Lynne and Hannah)
GamesAsuka 120% (Nana Owada)Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana (Iris)Atelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny (Iris)Dragon Force (Teiris)Doki Doki Poyacchio (Pia)Chūka na Janshi Tenhō Paiko (Yayoi)First Kiss Story (Hiyori Sōgetsu)Game Tengoku series (Miki)Growlanser III: The Dual Darkness (Yayoi Tachibana)Xenoblade Chronicles 2 (Vess)Idol Janshi Suchie Pai series (Yūki Mizuno)Only You: Reberukurusu (Momoki Kagami)Simple Character 2000 Series Vol.5: Highschool! Kimen-gumi: The Table Hockey (Yui Kawa)Super Robot Wars series (Shīra Rabāna)
CDsVolkslied'' (Atelier series)
External links
Melody Café, official site (Archived)
1961 births
Japanese voice actresses
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miki%20Takahashi |
Suction is a contract bridge bidding convention used to intervene over an opponent's 1NT opening. Using the suction convention, a suit overcall of a 1NT opening is conventional and denies the suit actually bid. It shows either:
a one-suiter in the next higher ranking suit or
a two suiter in the other two suits.
The overcall bids are summarized as follows:
If responder passes, advancer is required to bid the next higher ranking suit. If overcaller has the one-suited hand, he passes. Otherwise, he bids yet the next higher suit, showing that suit plus the remaining, unbid suit. Advancer then takes a preference by passing or bidding the remaining suit.
Optionally additional overcalls are available to show the two non-touching suit pairs in the foregoing table – namely clubs with hearts and diamonds with spades. The first pair are referred to as the 'rounded' suits and the other as the 'pointed' suits owing to the shape of the tops of their pips. A call of 'Double' would show clubs and hearts (the rounded suits) and a call of 2NT would show diamonds and spades (the pointed suits). This requires the penalty double to be abandoned; if not abandoned, 2NT would show both non-touching pairs, requiring identification.
Use as pre-empts
Suction bids can be used as pre-empts, giving a way of opening many weak hand types cheaply. Responder bids the next suit up with a weak or non-descript hand, and makes any other bid to force for one round. These mean forgoing the artificial 2 opening, so work best in a strong club context. This has the advantage that one can use the same structure for weak 2 openings, a defence to 1NT and (at the 1-level, with a "Double" replacing 2) a defence to a strong 1C opening.
Restricted use
Suction is not permitted in events governed by the ACBL General convention chart, except as a defense to artificial opening bids (such as Precision, strong 2 openings, Flannery, etc.). [This restriction has been lifted for the ACBL Open and Open+ events as of May 2023. Reference: https://web2.acbl.org/documentLibrary/about/Convention-Charts.pdf]
See also
List of defenses to 1NT
References
Bridge conventions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction%20convention |
Flagg may refer to:
Places
United Kingdom
Flagg, Derbyshire, a village in the English Peak District.
United States
Flagg, Illinois, an unincorporated community
Flagg Township, Ogle County, Illinois
Flagg, Oregon, an unincorporated community
Other uses
Flagg (surname), a list of people and fictional characters
USS Flagg, a fictional aircraft carrier in the G.I. Joe universe
See also
American Flagg!, a comic, with Reuben Flagg as the eponymous hero
Flag (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagg |
Anton Barbeau is an American psychedelic singer-songwriter and producer from Sacramento, California. He is a multi-instrumentalist, playing guitar, piano, bass guitar, drums, synthesizers, and Mellotron.
Barbeau is known for combining surreal lyrics with pop melodies and has been described as being in the songwriting tradition of Robyn Hitchcock, Syd Barrett, XTC, and The Beatles. He has shared stages with artists like Hitchcock, Julian Cope, The Bevis Frond, Weezer, Mono, and a reformed Bay City Rollers.
His first CD, The Horse's Tongue, a collection of songs that had appeared on a number of self-released cassettes. The Horse's Tongue won Sacramento's SAMMIE Award for Album of the Year in 1994.
Since then he has released more than twenty albums, a number of singles and EPs, several anthologies, and collaborations with other artists. In the early 2000s, Barbeau began working extensively in the UK. His album King of Missouri was recorded in Bromley with neo-psychedelic band The Bevis Frond. The launch gig for Barbeau's following album, Guladong, took place at the famous Cavern Club in Liverpool.
Barbeau's collaboration with The Loud Family singer/guitarist Scott Miller, the album What If It Works?, was released in 2006. In the same year, Barbeau's albums Drug Free and In the Village of the Apple Sun were released; the latter was described as "an instant lost psychedelic classic".
Since then, Barbeau has resided mainly in England and Europe. Automatic Door was released in the UK on Oxford's Shifty Disco label in 2007 and in France on Volvox in 2008. Other UK releases include Plastic Guitar (2009) and Psychedelic Mynde of Moses (2010).
Barbeau has also written and produced two albums with Sacramento singer Allyson Seconds, wife of 7 Seconds' singer Kevin Seconds. Her first album, Bag of Kittens, was released in fall of 2009. The second, Little World, was released in 2016 to critical acclaim, and featured guests such as Colin Moulding (of XTC), Kimberley Rew (of The Soft Boys and Katrina and the Waves), and Scott Miller.
From 2010 to 2015, Barbeau performed in the band Three Minute Tease with Andy Metcalfe and Morris Windsor – erstwhile members of Robyn Hitchcock-led The Soft Boys/Egyptians. The band recorded two albums, Three Minute Tease and Bite The Hand, and toured the UK, including a supporting slot for New Zealand songwriter Don McGlashan.
Barbeau has also recorded and performed with Stornoway, Michael Urbano, Robbie McIntosh, Kimberley Rew, and members of Cake. Barbeau supported Julian Cope on Cope's 2011 and 2012 UK tours.
In 2016, Barbeau released Magic Act, his first post-Three Minute Tease album, and his first full-length vinyl release on Spain's You Are The Cosmos label. The album was also released on CD in the US on Mystery Lawn Music. The CD and LP versions feature different mixes of the lead-off track, "High Noon," with alternate bass and drum performances from Colin Moulding and Michael Urbano.
Natural Causes, the followup to "Magic Act," was released in 2018 as a joint release between Gare du Nord (UK) and Beehive Sound (US). The album was also released in Spain in 2019 on the Rock Indiana label. Berliner Grotesk, the third album in Barbeau's Transfiguration Trilogy, was released in 2019 on the Pink Hedgehog label. Kenny vs Thrust was recorded with two different bands and released on Big Stir Records. His album Manbird was released in September 2020 as a 2CD set on the Gare du Nord label. This was followed by the July 16, 2021, release of Oh The Joys We Live For on Big Stir Records. His most recent album, Power Pop!!! was released on March 25, 2022, on the Big Stir Records label.
Barbeau is currently based in Sacramento, California.
Discography
The Horse's Tongue (with the JoyBoys) (1993)
Waterbugs and Beetles (1995)
Antology Vol. 1 (1999)
A Splendid Tray (1999)
17th Century Fuzzbox Blues (2000)
Mood Hat Live (limited edition) (2000)
The Golden Boot: Antology Vol. 2 (2001)
Will Ant for Frond (limited edition) (2002)
King of Missouri (2003)
Guladong (2003)
King of Missouri (reissue) (2005)
Waterbugs and Beetles (reissue) (2006)
What If It Works? (with The Loud Family) (2006)
In the Village of the Apple Sun (early editions contained bonus CD) (2006)
Drug Free (2006)
The Automatic Door (with Su Jordan) (2007)
Running Without Scissors (cassette) (2009)
Plastic Guitar (2009)
Bag of Kittens (with Allyson Seconds) (2009)
Psychedelic Mynde of Moses (2010)
Empire of Potential (compilation) (2011)
Three Minute Tease (Three Minute Tease) (2011)
Antronica (2014)
Bite the Hand (Three Minute Tease) (2014)
Distortion Schlager (cassette) (2014)
Magic Act (2016)
Little World (with Allyson Seconds) (2016)
Natural Causes (2018)
Antronica 2 (2018)
Berliner Grotesk (2019)
Kenny vs Thrust (2020)
Manbird (2020)
Oh The Joys We Live For (2021)
Power Pop!!! (2022)
Stranger (2022)
Morgenmusik/Nachtschlager (2023)
Family
Anton Barbeau is a cousin of the actress Adrienne Barbeau.
References
External links
American male singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
Musicians from Sacramento, California
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Psychedelic folk musicians
Living people
1967 births
Singer-songwriters from California
Guitarists from California
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Fruits de Mer Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Barbeau |
The Florida softshell turtle (Apalone ferox) is a species of turtle in the family Trionychidae. The species is native to the Southeastern United States.
Geographic range
The Florida softshell turtle is found primarily in the state of Florida, but it also ranges to southern sections of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. It is the only species of softshell turtle whose range spans the entire Florida peninsula. Of the three species in the genus Apalone, the Florida softshell turtle occupies the smallest geographic range.
Habitat use
The Florida softshell turtle is a widespread species and occupies almost every freshwater habitat, even tolerating some brackish environments; however, it is not often found in water with strong currents, preferring habitats with slow-moving or still water. These different habitats include swamps, lakes, marshes, wet prairies, small rivers, creeks, and even ponds formed in man-made ditches or sinkholes.
Description
The Florida softshell turtle is a large turtle with a flattened, pancake-like body, a long neck, an elongated head with a long snorkel-like nose, and large webbed feet, each with three claws. While most turtles have hard shells composed of scutes, the Florida softshell turtle has a cartilaginous carapace covered in leathery skin. Ranging from olive green to dark brown, it has the darkest coloration of all the softshell species that inhabit Florida (other species include Apalone mutica calvata and Apalone spinifera aspera). It is also characterized by a white or cream-colored underside. This color pattern is known as countershading and is a form of camouflage to conceal turtles from potential predators. It is also the largest species of softshell turtle found in Florida and all of North America, ranging from 15 to 76 cm (5.9 to 29.9 in) in straight-line carapace length. The Florida softshell turtle also exhibits significant sexual size dimorphism. Adult females are often 3-5 times larger than males. Males have a carapace length and body weight averaging about 35 cm (14 in) and 2.68 kg (5.9 lb) respectively. Nesting adult females were found to average in weight and measure in carapace length, with the record weight documented at . However, males tend to have longer tails than their female counterparts (3 cm longer than a female of the same size). Hatchlings have a lighter carapace with yellow and orange markings and a carapacial rim. Stripes in the same color are also found on the face and neck. The plastron of hatchlings is generally dark in color. As the turtle ages, these colors fade and are lost, resulting in the dark-brown coloration characteristic of adults.
Behavior
The Florida softshell turtle is almost entirely aquatic, only emerging from the water to bask or to lay eggs. In the water, it prefers to bury itself in the sandy/muddy substrate. Like all softshells, it is very fast-moving in water and on land. While this species is omnivorous, its diet consists largely of meat, consuming mainly fish, insects, crustaceans, frogs and mollusks. It may also scavenge.
Reproduction
Males
The reproductive cycle of male Florida softshell turtles follows a postnuptial pattern, with a cycle of spring mating followed by spermatogenesis in the fall. The male will produce sperm during the fall and store that sperm in the epididymides through the winter. This stored sperm can then be utilized for copulation during the following spring mating season. Evidence suggests that they undergo spermatogenesis every year. Males of this species reach sexual maturity at small sizes (below 0.7 kg), allowing them to begin reproducing quickly following birth. This implies that some males may be able to reproduce as young as two years of age.
Females
While males consistently reach sexual maturity at small sizes, that size is larger and more variable in females. Some may reach maturity at a plastron length of 24 cm, and others may not mature until they reach a length closer to 30 cm. The onset of sexual maturity will occur anywhere from 5 – 8 years of age. The female nesting season can range anywhere from early April to early August, and incubation lasts an average of 60 – 90 days. In a study examining female reproduction, almost 10% of the females examined in a single breeding season showed signs of inactive ovaries, implying that, unlike males, females may not possess the ability to reproduce every year. Florida softshell females have the ability to produce an average of 4 – 5 egg clutches in a single breeding season, potentially producing a new clutch every three weeks. Florida softshell turtles have one of the highest annual egg production rates of any reptile. The study previously mentioned showed an average of over 20 eggs per clutch, with the largest clutch containing 38 eggs.
Ecology
With a primarily carnivorous diet, adult Florida softshell turtles function as major predators in their aquatic ecosystems. Sitting high on the trophic scale, they generally function as secondary or tertiary consumers. However, alligators have been known to prey on the adults of the Florida softshell turtle, and raptors may take juveniles. Nest predators include the fish crow, foxes, raccoons, skunks, and river otters. At various lakes across the state of Florida (Okeechobee, Apopka, Griffin, and Jesup) scientists have observed Florida softshell females, as well as other turtle species (Pseudemys nelsoni, Kinosternon sp., and Sternotherus odoratus) laying their eggs in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) nests during the summer months. While the turtles may utilize vacant nests more often, they have also been known to lay eggs in occupied alligator nests. They use these nests more often in areas with limited nesting habitats and/or during years with heavier precipitation when high water levels and flooding further reduce the number of suitable nesting sites. Despite the Florida softshell's use of alligator nests, studies have shown the highest abundance of Florida softshell turtles to persist in lakes with little to no alligators as well as high primary productivity, suggesting a combination of top-down and bottom-up influences on Florida softshell turtle populations.
Anthropogenic threats
The Florida softshell turtle is common throughout Florida and other parts of its range. However, wild populations are subject to various threats at the hands of humans. Some of these threats include commercial harvesting for meat, harvesting for the pet trade, and roadway mortalities.
Diet
The Florida softshell turtle is carnivorous with its main diet consisting of small snails and fishes. It also preys upon amphibians, insects, mollusks, and some waterfowl. The Florida softshell turtle will hunt, chase, and scavenge for prey.
References
Further reading
Behler, J.L.; King, F.W. (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North AmericanReptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. . (Trionyx ferox, pp. 483–484 + Plates 272, 273).
Boulenger, G.A. (1889). Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). x + 311 pp. + Plates I–III. (Trionyx ferox, p. 259).
Conant, R. (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1–48. (hardcover), (paperback). (Trionyx ferox, p. 81 + Plates 6, 12 + Map 35).
Schneider, J.G. (1783). Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten, nebst einem systematischen Verzeichnisse der einzelnen Arten und zwey Kupfern ". Leipzig: J.G. Müller. xlviii + 364 pp. + corrigenda. (Testudo ferox, new species, pp. 330–334). (in German and Latin).
Smith, H.M.; Brodie, E.D., Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. (hardcover), (paperback). (Trionyx ferox, pp. 32–33).
Stejneger, L.; Barbour, T. (1917). A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Amyda ferox, p. 124).
External links
Apalone ferox, The Reptile Database.
Apalone
Turtles of North America
Turtle, Florida Softshell
Endemic reptiles of the United States
Reptiles described in 1783
Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20softshell%20turtle |
Redshift is a British electronic music group, founded in 1996 by Mark Shreeve. Their musical style is rooted in the early to mid 1970s German electronic music era, often described as Berlin School, and transcends the genre using musical originality, multi-instrumentation, and complex harmonic arrangements using analogue sequencing. Their pieces are described as both exciting and haunting in equal measure, expressing strong central themes, and include contrasting atmospheres of rich sonic textures. Redshift music has been played on BBC TV and some listeners have likened certain pieces to film score, neo-industrial, as well as dark ambient. Listeners have commented on the hypnotic quality of the musical compositions.
Their sound is largely dependent upon older synthesiser technology, notably instruments such as the Moog 3C which they combine with more recent digital technology. The basic technological philosophy of Redshift is to use analogue synthesis where possible, augmented where necessary by digitally sampled versions of hard-to-maintain analogue instruments such as the Mellotron. Redshift use analogue instruments manufactured by Moog, Yamaha, Oberheim, Korg, Roland, PPG, Analogue Systems, Doepfer, Modcan, Solina, and Fender Rhodes.
Line up
The band consists of Mark Shreeve, Julian Shreeve and James Goddard. Rob Jenkins was a band member from its inception in 1996 but left the band in 2002 after the Hampshire Jam 2 concert. James Goddard has been unable to perform as part of Redshift due to other commitments overseas since 2006, and Ian Boddy, long time peer of Mark Shreeve, has temporarily supported Mark and Julian Shreeve in performing 2006, 2008 and 2010 Redshift concerts in James’s absence.
Discography
Studio and live albums
Redshift (1996, studio album; remastered 2006)
Ether (1998, live and studio album; remastered 2007)
Down Time (1999, studio album; remastered 2007)
Siren (2002, live album; remastered with additional track 2007)
Halo (2002, studio album; remastered 2007)
Wild (2002, live and studio album)
Faultline (2004, live album)
Oblivion (2004, studio album; remastered 2007)
Toll (2006, live album)
Wild 2 (2006, studio album)
Last (2007, live album)
Turning Towards Us (2008, studio album)
Wild 3 (2009, live and studio album)
Colder (2011, live album)
Life to Come (2015, studio album)
Compilation and rare tracks
Echo Flow - Echoes Living Room Concerts Volume 9 (2003)
Midnight Clear Minus Five (2004)
Missing Scene (exclusive track given away as a prize at the E-Live Festival, 2004)
Crystalline 94 - To The Sky and Beyond the Stars: A Tribute to Michael Garrison (2005)
Videos
Faultline - Hampshire Jam 2 Festival, United Kingdom (2004)
Redshift is known for high production quality both in terms of sonic choices and recorded audio quality in album releases (and sonic quality of live performances). The quality is largely due to the technical expertise and influence of Mark Shreeve who enjoyed a successful commercial recording contract as a recording artist in the 1980s with Jive Records (Jive Electro) where he learned contemporary recording/production techniques from studio experts in Battery Studios, UK.
Concerts
Redshift live performances are rare due to the expense and logistics involved in taking older analogue gear on the road. Up to 2012, Redshift had performed a total of seven live concerts, each time as the headline act, and with all of those performances subsequently being released as live albums.
Jodrell Bank Planetarium, United Kingdom (7 December 1996)
Alfa Centarui Festival, Netherlands (10 April 1999)
Hampshire Jam 2 Festival, United Kingdom (9 November 2002)
E-Live Festival, Eindhoven, Netherlands (9 October 2004)
Hampshire Jam 5 Festival, United Kingdom (21 October 2006)
Hampshire Jam 7 Festival, United Kingdom (15 November 2008)
Hampshire Jam 9 Festival, United Kingdom (13 November 2010)
Music performances are carefully prepared for by the band whilst still allowing scope for skilled improvisation, e.g. fans attending their inaugural concert in Jodrell Bank Observatory in 1996 were treated to a completely improvised piece post-encore – a piece none of the band had discussed or considered beforehand.
Associated bands
Mark Shreeve and Ian Boddy are also known for their joint project ARC.
References
External links
The Official Redshift website
Redshift at MusicZeit
[ AMG entry for Mark Shreeve/Redshift]
Groove Unlimited reviews
Redshreeve unofficial fan website
British ambient music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift%20%28group%29 |
Adult at 14 season is part of the 2003 autumn season on the UK television station Channel 4. The season looked into the lives of British teenagers and centred on issues such as sex and relationships and potential long-term consequences such as teenage pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections. It also supported the age of consent remaining at sixteen in order to protect vulnerable young people from abuse, but they campaigned for changes to the Sexual Offences Bill which, as it stands, will criminalise under 16s who engage in any form of consensual non-penetrative sexual activity.
Season
The season includes a full-length Drama, documentary and several talk segments debating the issues facing teenagers.
Pleasureland
A vibrant and provocative feature-length drama focusing on a group of teenagers in Liverpool who can't wait to grow up. "Pleasureland," tackles the incendiary subject of underage sex from the perspective of a 14-year-old girl who would rather get laid or get drunk than study.
Sex before 16
An hour long documentary about the age of consent entitled Sex Before 16, How The Law Is Failing.
14 Alone
A group of ten 14-year-old boys and girls spend five days and nights together in a house divested of the trappings of 'teendom': no TV, video games, mobile phones or CD players are allowed.
Porn To Be Young
Also known as Kids on porn, a frank look at young people's attitudes to pornography and the role it plays in shaping their adolescent lives. The programme claims it will offer an insight into "this tender age when children are on the cusp of adulthood". Can adolescents distinguish between the fantasy world of pornography and the reality of sexual experience?
External links
Adult at 14 at Channel4.com
A Church Opinion On Season
Channel 4 original programming
2003 in British television
Television themed seasons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult%20at%2014%20season |
The KTLA 5 Morning News is an American morning television news program airing on KTLA (channel 5), a CW-affiliated television station in Los Angeles, California owned by the Nexstar Media Group. The program broadcasts each weekday from 4 am to 12 pm Pacific Time. The 4-7 am portion is a general news/traffic/weather format; the 7 am-12 pm portion also features news, traffic, and weather but emphasizes entertainment and other light-hearted stories (incorporating celebrity interviews–both in-studio and occasionally via satellite – as well as features such as fashion and food segments). Weekend editions of the program also air on Saturday and Sunday from 6-11 am
The 7-10 am portion of the program was simulcast on its San Diego sister station KSWB-TV (channel 69, also owned by Tribune and at the time the simulcast began, was an affiliate of The WB) from March 7, 2005, to July 31, 2008 (under the name The WB Morning Show, and then to The CW Morning Show upon becoming a CW affiliate); KSWB later relaunched an in-house news department on August 1, 2008, after switching its affiliation from The CW to Fox and debuted its own locally produced morning newscast on the date of the affiliation switch.
History
The program began on July 8, 1991 as The KTLA Morning News, anchored by Carlos Amezcua and Barbara Beck, with weathercaster Mark Kriski, and Eric Spillman and Michele Ruiz reporting from remote locations. It was created under the direction of then-general manager Steve Bell and produced by Raymond J. Brune. Originally a two-hour program airing from 7-9 am, the show's emphasis was mostly on news, with very little on lighter features. With the emphasis on hard news, the show received poor ratings and some negative reviews. Near the end of 1991, Joel Tator, a new executive producer, had been brought in to help revive the show by giving the show a more relaxed atmosphere by spreading out newspapers on the desk. The anchors, feeling that the show was in its final weeks, also relaxed, and they started joking around.
The critical moment for the Morning News came in February 1992, when a series of rain storms hit the Southland, causing severe flooding in the San Fernando Valley. At that time, the only other news programs on in the morning were the national news shows on ABC (Good Morning America), NBC (Today) and CBS (CBS This Morning), which were all broadcast on a three-hour tape delay in the Pacific Time Zone, with limited live coverage during the local news segments. Filling a need, KTLA set aside its normal programming and provided extensive coverage of the flooding. That brought in large numbers of Southland viewers; once the flood crisis ended, the viewers stayed with the show. And as a result, ratings improved dramatically.
Another critical moment for the Morning News occurred on January 17, 1994, when the Northridge earthquake rocked the area, causing widespread damage, collapsing freeways, sparked power outages, ruptured water and gas lines, prompted the stoppage of television and film production, and altered public events and flight schedules due to precaution closures in Hollywood and Los Angeles International Airport. The quake almost trashed the KTLA newsroom when reporters Eric Spillman, Larry McCormick, Stan Chambers and Michele Ruiz were producing special reports throughout the morning.
With the new relaxed atmosphere and a need to provide live, local news when the other stations could not, the show survived. The program continued to succeed even as the newscast saw new competition with the debut of Good Day L.A. on Fox-owned KTTV (channel 11) in July 1993. Around 1998, Michele Ruiz left for NBC-owned KNBC (channel 4) and Jim Newman also left for ABC-owned KABC (channel 7). On May 2, 2001, Barbara Beck resigned from KTLA with Giselle Fernandez later becoming co-anchor. In 2003, Fernandez left and was replaced by Michaela Pereira. In September 2007, Carlos Amezcua left KTLA for KTTV to replace John Beard as anchor on that station's 10 pm newscast. In May 2013, Pereira left KTLA, to become an anchor for CNN's morning news program New Day.
In September 2006, KTLA changed the subtitles of each portion of the morning newscast. The 5 am hour was renamed KTLA Morning News First Edition, the 6 am hour was retitled KTLA Morning News Early Edition, and the 7-10 am portion was renamed the KTLA Morning Show. The newscasts underwent another retitling on February 4, 2008, to bring the entire program back under the KTLA Morning News brand, with the hour of the particular portion of the program included in the title for the 5, 6, and 9 am hours. On February 2, 2012, the KTLA Morning News was expanded by an extra hour, starting at 4 am
In April 2011, KTLA added a weekend morning extension of the newscast, airing on Saturdays initially from 6-7 am – later expanding to 5-7 am in September 2012 (airing in the early time slot due to The CW's children's program block) – and on Sundays from 6-9 am; On May 9, 2014, the Saturday morning newscast was expanded to three hours and moved to 6:00 to 9:00 am, in a uniform timeslot as the Sunday morning newscast and following the death of Chris Burrous, is currently anchored by Lynette Romero with Liberte Chan covering weather, who also work during the week in other assignments. The addition made KTLA the fourth Tribune-owned station to carry a weekend morning newscast (the others being fellow CW affiliate WGN-TV in Chicago – which twice ran weekend morning newscasts, first from 1992 to 1998 (the Saturday edition of that program having only remained by the time of its cancellation) and again since 2010, and Fox affiliates WXIN in Indianapolis and WTIC-TV in Hartford).
KTLA offers midday news from 12 noon to 2 pm (Pacific Time) as part of the extended morning local newscast, the evening news from 6 to 7 pm, and late night news from 10 to 11:35 pm (Monday through Friday).
On the morning of September 14, 2022, Sam Rubin announced on the air that Lynette Romero had left her anchor position with KTLA. On Saturday September 17, Mark Mester apologized on air to both viewers and Romero for this, after which he was suspended by the station.
Personalities
Weatherman Mark Kriski and reporter Eric Spillman are the only remaining personalities currently appearing on the program who have been with the KTLA Morning News since its 1991 debut. Entertainment reporter Sam Rubin came on board approximately six months later and remains to this day.
Current on-air staff
Chris Schauble – 4-7 am anchor
Megan Henderson – 4-7 am anchor
Sam Rubin – entertainment reporter
Mark Kriski – 7-11 am weather anchor
Frank Buckley – 7-11 am anchor
Jessica Holmes – 7-11 am anchor
Eric Spillman – field reporter
Gayle Anderson – feature field reporter
Kaj Goldberg - 11 am-12 pm weather anchor
Kacey Montoya - 11 am-12 pm weather anchor
Lu Parker – 11am-12 pm anchor
Glen Walker – 11 am-12 pm anchor
Henry Dicarlo - 4 am-7 am weather anchor
Ginger Chan - 4 am-10 am traffic anchor
Notable former staff
Carlos Amezcua – original anchor (moved to KTTV and then served as co-anchor at KUSI in San Diego, California.)
Asha Blake
Chris Burrous (deceased)
Cher Calvin (now 6 pm and 10 pm weeknight anchor at KTLA)
Dayna Devon
Yomary Cruz –now voice actor of Sheila in Red vs. Blue
Giselle Fernández - Now an anchor with Spectrum News 1: Southern California.
Roger Lodge – "The Sports Lodge" sports talk contributor (2010-2012)
Mark Mester
Michaela Pereira – now with KTTV
Christina Pascucci - now with KTTV
Lynette Romero – former 6 am-11 am weekend anchor and weekday reporter, now with KNBC
Michele Ruiz – now President and CEO of Ruiz Strategies, and formerly founder and CEO of Saber Hacer, a bilingual "how-to" site
Sharon Tay – now Real Estate agent with Berkshire Hathaway in Los Angeles
Jennifer York – Multiple Emmy award-winning aerial traffic reporter
See also
WGN Morning News - similar morning news and entertainment program on sister station WGN-TV in Chicago, Illinois.
References
Local news programming in the United States
1991 American television series debuts
Television shows filmed in Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTLA%20Morning%20News |
Acrobatic Dog-Fight (published in Japan as Dog-Fight - Batten O'Hara no Sucharaka Kuuchuu-sen) is a multidirectional shooter released in arcades by Technos in 1984. The graphics and gameplay are similar to 1982's Time Pilot from Konami.
Gameplay
In Acrobatic Dog-Fight the playing field is limited with a ceiling and ground as well as an ultimate destination to navigate to. Acrobatic Dog-Fight also adds two buttons, a secondary weapon and an eject button. Eject can be used at any time and makes it possible to hijack enemy planes and continue flying them. If the pilot fails to hijack an enemy plane he would parachute to the ground where a standard plane waits nearby.
References
External links
Acrobatic Dog-Fight at Arcade History
1984 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Multidirectional shooters
Technōs Japan games
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatic%20Dog-Fight |
Paul Fenton (born 4 July 1946 in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England) is an English drummer, best known for his work with T. Rex. After leaving Christie, he started playing drums for T. Rex in 1973, after being recommended to Marc Bolan by his producer Tony Visconti. He also toured briefly with Marc Bolan & T. Rex in 1974, and played additional drums with Davy Lutton on the songs "Solid Baby", "Funky London Childhood", and "Visions Of Domino".
Fenton also played in Carmen, a progressive rock band with a flamenco focus. The band released three albums between 1973 and 1975.
Fenton along with Mickey Finn, formed a T. Rex tribute band in 1997, named Mickey Finn's T-Rex. After the death of Finn in 2003, Fenton continued to play drums for the band, which now performs named more simply as T-Rex. In 2008, a petition signed by the likes of David Bowie, Roy Wood and Tony Visconti called for Paul Fenton to change the band's name in order to make it clear that it was a tribute act, not the actual T. Rex.
Discography
With Christie
1971 – For All Mankind
2012 – No Turn Unstoned
With Carmen
1973 – Fandangos in Space
1975 – Dancing on a Cold Wind
1976 – Gypsies
With T. Rex
1974 – Additional drums on the song "Solid Baby", which featured on the albums Light of Love and Bolan's Zip Gun
With Mickey Finn's T-Rex
2002 – Renaissance
2008 – Back in Business
2009 – Classic Hits
References
1946 births
Living people
English rock drummers
Musicians from Huddersfield
T. Rex (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Fenton%20%28musician%29 |
The American Buffalo, also known as a gold buffalo, is a 24-karat bullion coin first offered for sale by the United States Mint in 2006. The coin follows the design of the Indian Head nickel and has gained its nickname from the American Bison on the reverse side of the design. This was the first time the United States Government minted pure (.9999) 24-karat gold coins for the public. The coin contains one-troy ounce (31.1g) of pure gold and has a legal tender (face) value of US$50. Due to a combination of the coin's popularity and the increase in the price of gold, the coin's value has increased considerably. The initial 2006 U.S. Mint price of the proof coin was $800. In 2007 the price was $899.95, $1,410 in 2009, and $2,010 in 2011.
In addition to requiring a presidential dollar coin series to begin in 2007 and redesigning the cent in 2009, the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 mandated the production of a one-ounce 24-karat gold bullion coin with a face value of $50 and a mintage limit of up to 300,000 coins.
Design
The design of the American Buffalo gold bullion coin is a modified version of James Earle Fraser's design for the Indian Head nickel (Type 1), issued in early 1913. After a raised mound of dirt below the animal on the reverse was reduced, the Type 2 variation continued to be minted for the rest of 1913 and every year until 1938, except for 1922, 1932, and 1933 when no nickels were struck. Generally, Fraser's Indian Head nickel design is regarded as among the best designs of any U.S. coins. The same design also was used on the 2001 Smithsonian commemorative coin.
The obverse (front) of the coin depicts a Native American, whom Fraser said he created as a mixture of the features of three chiefs from different American Indian tribes, Big Tree, Iron Tail, and Two Moons, who posed as models for him to sketch. The obverse also shows the motto "LIBERTY" on the top right, the year of mintage on the bottom left, and below that the letter F for Fraser.
The American Buffalo gold bullion coin further has in common with the nickel the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM above the buffalo's lower back and the device UNITED·STATES·OF·AMERICA along the top.
Differences that can be noted between the nickel and the fifty dollar piece are, on the gold American Buffalo coin the mound area of the reverse of the Indian Head nickel bearing the words, FIVE CENTS, has been changed to read $50 1 OZ. .9999 FINE GOLD. Also, the motto, IN GOD WE TRUST, appearing on all U.S. gold coins since 1908, can be seen on the reverse of the newer coin to the left of, and beneath, the buffalo's head.
Fractional sizes
The U.S. Mint indicated an expansion of the program, to include buffalo gold coins in fractional sizes for 2008 only. The specially-packaged 8–8-08 Double Prosperity set contained a one-half ounce gold buffalo coin.
Weights and measures provided below:
Distribution
Currently, all U.S. bullion coins, including the American Buffalo gold piece, are being struck at the West Point Mint in New York. According to the U.S. Mint website, only the proof version of the buffalo gold coin bears the mint mark "W" on the obverse (front) of the coin, behind the neck of the Indian; the bullion version does not have the "W" mint mark. The 2006 and 2007 coins only have been issued in a one-ounce version, but in 2008, $5, $10, and $25 face value coins were minted with 1/10 oz, 1/4 oz, and 1/2 oz of gold respectively.
After a long wait by both collectors and investors, the uncirculated version of the American Buffalo gold piece was made available to coin dealers on June 20, 2006. Collectors who wanted to purchase the proof version from the mint were given the opportunity to place their orders with the mint beginning on July 22. The 2006 proof quality coin has a strict mintage limit of 300,000, with an additional enforced limit of only ten (10) coins per household. The catalog number of the 2006 proof coin at the U.S. Mint is (BA6).
The coin was created in order to compete with foreign 24-karat gold bullion coins. Since investors sometimes prefer 99.99% pure gold over the 91.67% gold used in the American Gold Eagle, many were choosing non-U.S. coins, such as the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, to meet their bullion needs. With the American Buffalo coin, the U.S. government hopes to increase the amount of U.S. gold sales and cash in on the 24-karat sales, which makes up about 60% of the world gold market.
On September 26, 2008, the U.S. Mint announced that, temporarily, it would halt sales of the American Buffalo coins because it could not keep up with soaring demand as investors sought the safety of gold amid the subprime mortgage crisis of the late 2000s, which had also affected the price of gold.
Mintage
Bullion Mintage for the bullion version of the American Buffalo is as follows (all 1 ounce coins):
Proof Mintage for the proof version of the American Buffalo is as follows (all 1 ounce coins):
Reverse Proof Mintage for the reverse proof version of the American Buffalo is as follows (all 1 ounce coins):
See also
American Eagle bullion coins
American Buffalo (1975 play), in which three criminals conspire to steal a valuable Indian Head nickel American coin
Bullion
Inflation hedge
References
External links
U.S. Mint Program Page
American Buffalo Coin page at U.S. Mint Catalog
American Buffalo Gold Bullion Coin, with Specifications
Currencies introduced in 2006
United States gold coins
Bison on coins
Native Americans on coins
Works by James Earle Fraser (sculptor)
Bullion coins of the United States
Gold bullion coins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Buffalo%20%28coin%29 |
Judas Cyriacus (Cyriacus of Ancona, Cyriacus of Jerusalem, Quiriacus, Quiricus, Kyriakos); , ), d. ca. AD 360, is the patron saint of Ancona, Italy. His feast day is celebrated in the Catholic Church on 4 May.
Judas Cyriacus, Bishop of Ancona
He is said to have been the bishop of Ancona who died or was killed during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. His feast is celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church on 14 April.
(Judas Cyriacus of Ancona is often confused with the legendary Bishop Judas Cyriacus of Jerusalem (Saint Cyriacus of Jerusalem), who was killed during a disturbance there, in 133 AD. The 2nd century Bishop Judah Kyriakos of Jerusalem is said to the last in the desposynic line for that post, some of his predecessors being descendants from the family of Jesus. This meant that '2nd century' Judah Kyriakos was the last Christian Bishop of Jerusalem of Jewish origins.)
Judas Cyriacus and the True Cross
The local tradition of Ancona has identified this saint with the Jew named Judas Quiriacus or Kyriakos.
According to legend, a Jew Judas Kyriakos aided the Empress Helena in finding the True Cross, which had been buried at Golgotha after the crucifixion. The oldest extant Syriac text of the legend of the discovery of the True Cross by Judas Kyriakos dates from c. 500 AD. Its recent editor and translator says that the manuscript is "of great value for the history of the legend of the inventio crucis".
Sozomen (died c. 450 AD), in his Ecclesiastical History states that it was said (by whom he does not say) that the location of the Holy Sepulchre was "disclosed by a Hebrew who dwelt in the East, and who derived his information from some documents which had come to him by paternal inheritance" (although Sozomen himself disputes this account) and that a dead person was also revived by the touch of the Cross. Later, popular versions of this story state that a Jew who assisted Helena was named Jude or Judas, but later converted to Christianity and took the name Kyriakos (kyriakos means "lordly" or "lord-like" in Greek).
Among the three accounts about the discovery of the True Cross that circulated throughout the Roman Empire in the 4th century, the two most widely repeated both credited Helena, the aged mother of Constantine the Great, who travelled to Jerusalem at her son's request. To recover it, it was necessary to demolish a temple, perhaps dedicated to Venus, that occupied the site. In one, Judas knew of the location of the Cross; he had been the recipient of that secret knowledge which was handed down the paternal line of his family, and revealed it under torture. As J. W. Drijvers, the editor of the text, has noted,
The Judas Kyriakos legend originated in Greek, but became also known in Latin and Syriac and later on in many vernacular languages. This version relates how Helena discovered the Cross with the help of a Jew Judas, who later converted and received the name Kyriakos. It became the most popular version of the three.
The martyrdom of Judas Cyriacus
After assisting Helena with the finding of the True Cross, Judas Cyriacus was baptized, consecrated as bishop of Jerusalem, and martyred during the persecutions of Julian the Apostate, which would place his death in the 4th century. Another saint, named Saint Cyriacus, died during this century, and there may have been confusion between the two saints.
In the legendary Acts of his martyrdom, at first written in Greek and than translated in Latin and Syriac, he engaged in dialogue with the emperor Julian and, along with his mother Anna, was described as being subjected to horrible torments.
The Empress Galla Placidia is said to have presented Ancona with the relics of Judas Cyriacus. However, the saint's head was located at Provins. Henry I of Champagne brought it from Jerusalem and built a church in this town to contain it. This still stands as the Saint Quiriace Collegiate Church, although construction work during the 12th century was never completed due to financial difficulties during the reign of Philippe le Bel. A dome was added in the 17th century, and the old families of Provins who lived in the upper town were called "Children of the Dome."
Cathedral of San Ciriaco
Monte Guasco, in Ancona, the location of the Duomo is dedicated to Saint Judas Cyriacus. It is said to occupy the site of a temple of Venus, who is mentioned by Catullus and Juvenal as the tutelary deity of the place.
It was consecrated in 1128 and completed in 1189. Some writers suppose that the original church was in the form of a Latin cross and belonged to the 8th century. An early restoration was completed in 1234. It is a fine Romanesque building in grey stone, built in the form of a Greek cross, with a dodecagonal dome over the center slightly altered by Margaritone d'Arezzo in 1270.
The body purported to be Cyriacus' lies prostrate and visible in his tomb.
See also
Saint Judas Cyriacus, patron saint archive
References
, The Finding of the True Cross: The Judas Kyriakos Legend in Syriac. Introduction, Text and Translation, 1997.
External links
Edward Bickersteth Birks (Esq., M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, son of Thomas Rawson Birks). "CYRIACUS (6)". In: Willian Smith and Henry Wace. A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines. Volume 1: A-D. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1877. Page 757.
Catholic Online: St. Judas Cyriacus
Jan Willem Drijvers, U. of Groningen, "Helena Augusta": a full list of contemporary sources is included
360 deaths
4th-century Christian martyrs
4th-century executions
Byzantine saints
People executed by the Roman Empire
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas%20Cyriacus |
Carolyn Omine is an American television writer.
She has won four Emmy Awards for her writing work on The Simpsons.
Writing credits
The Simpsons episodes
Omine has written the following episodes:
"Little Big Mom" (2000)
"Treehouse of Horror XI" ("Night of the Dolphin") (2000)
"The Great Money Caper" (2000)
"Treehouse of Horror XII" ("Wiz Kids") (2001)
"Sweets and Sour Marge" (2002)
"Strong Arms of the Ma" (2003)
"Smart & Smarter" (2004)
"A Star Is Torn" (2005)
"Ice Cream of Margie (with the Light Blue Hair)" (2006)
"The Homer of Seville" (2007)
"Dial 'N' for Nerder" (with William Wright as co-writer) (2008)
"The Great Wife Hope" (2009)
"Chief of Hearts" (with William Wright as co-writer) (2010)
"Treehouse of Horror XXII" (2011)
"To Cur with Love" (2012)
"Luca$" (2014)
"Blazed and Confused" (with William Wright as co-writer) (2014)
"Halloween of Horror" (2015)
"Gal of Constant Sorrow" (2016)
"Looking for Mr. Goodbart" (2017)
"Werking Mom" (with Robin Sayers as co-writer) (2018)
"Highway to Well" (2020)
"The Way of the Dog" (2020)
"The Man from G.R.A.M.P.A." (2021)
"My Octopus and a Teacher" (2022)
"Treehouse of Horror XXXIII" (2022) (with Ryan Koh and Matt Selman as co-writers)
Full House episodes
Omine has written the following episodes:
"Smash Club: The Next Generation" (1993)
"Is It True About Stephanie" (1994)
"A House Divided (1994)" (Teleplay with Adam I. Lapidus)
"Making Out Is Hard To Do" (1994)
"Arrest Ye Merry Gentlemen" (1994)
"All Stood Up (1995)" (Teleplay with Adam I. Lapidus)
"Michelle Rides Again" (1995) (Teleplay)
References
External links
Living people
American television writers
American women television writers
American television producers
American women television producers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Screenwriters from Hawaii | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn%20Omine |
The Copts (Christians of Egypt), who belong mostly to the Coptic Orthodox Church, observe fasting periods according to the Coptic calendar. These fasting periods are exceeded by no other Christian community except the Orthodox Tewahedo. Out of the 365 days of the year, Copts often fast between 210 and 240 days. This means that Copts abstain from all animal products for up to two-thirds of each year. Coptic Orthodox fasts have evolved over time to become more lengthy and severe. A lifestyle involving such fasts may have contributed to the pacifist mindset of the Coptic people for centuries.
Fasting
There are spiritual, symbolic, and even practical reasons for fasting. In the fall from Paradise, man became possessed of a carnal nature; he adopted carnal practices. Through fasting, the Oriental Orthodox Christians attempt to recapture Paradise in their lives by refraining from those carnal practices. In general, Coptic fasting means adhering to a vegan diet, thus abstaining from meat, fish, eggs, dairy, and other animal products. Food made of fava beans, lentils, grape leaves, tomatoes, potatoes etc. are consumed during fasting days.
There are those who see fasting as an exercise in self-denial and Christian obedience that serves to rid the believer of his or her passions (what most modern people would call "addictions"). These often low-intensity and hard-to-detect addictions to food, television or other entertainments, sex, or any kind of self-absorbed pleasure-seeking are seen as some of the most significant obstacles for man seeking closeness to God. Through struggling with fasting, the believer comes face to face with the reality of his condition—the starting point for genuine repentance.
All Coptic Christians are expected to fast following a prescribed set of guidelines. Dispensation is however granted under special circumstances, such as pregnancy and sickness.
There is no specified age limit for children to start fasting. This is decided by their parents and parish priest. But, children are encouraged to fast from an early age of eight or ten. It is considered a sign of devotion. For children, fasting is seen as a means to develop their "Coptic skills". It introduces them to asceticism, which is integral to the Coptic way of life.
The time and type of fast is generally uniform in Oriental Orthodoxy. The times of fasting are dependent on the ecclesiastical calendar. In the Coptic Orthodox Church, this calendar is the Coptic calendar, which corresponds largely to the calendars of other Christian denominations. Observance of the fasting periods is very strict in the Coptic community.
Observation periods
The major fasting periods during the ecclesiastical calendar year are:
The Fast of the Advent
The Nativity Fast (Advent or Winter Lent) is the 40 days preceding the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) on 29 Koiak (January 7, which also falls on 28 Koiak in leap years). The 40 days correspond to the 40 days that Moses fasted on the mountain before receiving the Ten Commandments from God, which were at that time considered the word of God to his people. Thus, with Christ being the Word of God, the Christians fast those 40 days in preparation of receiving the Word of God in flesh at the Feast of the Nativity.
An additional 3 days were added at the beginning of the 40 days of Advent during the 10th century to commemorate the three days that Copts fasted before God awarded them the miracle of moving the Mokattam, which lies within a suburb of Cairo, on the hands of Simon the Tanner during the rule of the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah. Thus the fast of Advent begins on 16 Hathor (November 25, which also falls on 15 Hathor in leap years). The three added days are considered a separate fast rather than part of the fast of Advent.
The Fast of Nineveh
It commemorates the three days that the people of Nineveh fasted in repentance after Jonah's call for them to repent. For Christians, these three days are a direct parallel of and a prophecy about the three days that Christ spent in the tomb, just like the three days Jonah spent in the belly of the fish. The fast of Nineveh begins on a Monday, three weeks before the Monday that marks the beginning of Great Lent.
This fast was borrowed from Syriac Christianity, as one of the Patriarchs of Alexandria of Syriac descent decided to adapt it for the Church of Alexandria. This fast is also observed by the Armenian Apostolic Church (Saint Sarkis Fast), Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Church of the East.
The Fast of Preparation for Lent
There is an additional period of fasting before the beginning of the Great Lent, which serves as a preparatory period, often called the "Pre-Lenten Fast"; this initiates eight continuous weeks of fasting constituting three distinct consecutive fasting periods:
the Pre-Lenten Fast leading up to Great Lent;
the Fast of Great Lent itself;
the Paschal fast during Holy Week which immediately follows Great Lent.
The Fast of Great Lent
Great Lent lasts 55 days, which includes traditional 40 days that Christ fasted on the mountain, plus a week before for varying reasons and a week after, as penance for Holy Week. It precedes Palm Sunday, and the Holy Week, which precede Easter.
The Fast of the Holy Week, Passion Week, and the Holy Pascha
This is the week preceding Easter, which climaxes with the Crucifixion on Good Friday and ends with the joyous Easter.
Since they are not related to each other dogmatically, in early Christianity, the fasts of Great Lent and of Holy Week were separate. It was later in Church history that the Fathers of the Church saw it as spiritually beneficial to join them concurrently, and later added the Preparatory week to enable the faithful to prepare themselves spiritually and bodily to experience the benefits of the fasts.
The Fast of the Apostles
The Apostles' Fast varies in length from two to six weeks (15 to 49 days). It begins on the Monday following the Sunday of Pentecost and extends to the feast day of Saint Peter and Paul the Apostle on 5 Epip (July 12). This fasting period commemorates the struggles of the Apostles to preach Christianity to the world. Its length varies yearly depending on the date of Easter, which in turn determines the date of Pentecost. The people who are fasting are allowed to eat vegan food and fish.
The Fast of the Dormition of the Mother of God
This fast is fifteen days long and precedes the feast of the Dormition of the Mother of God. This fasting period is fasted to ask for the intercessions of Mary, mother of Jesus. It begins on 1 Mesori (August 7) and ends on 16 Mesori (August 22). For this particular fast, abstinence from fish is left to the Pope's discretion. Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria allowed it, whereas Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria forbade it.
Wednesday and Friday Weekly Fasts
Coptic Christians also fast every Wednesday in commemoration of Christ's betrayal by Judas Iscariot, and every Friday in commemoration of his crucifixion. Exceptions are the Wednesdays and Fridays between Resurrection and Pentecost (the 50-day period of joy during which fasting is not permitted) and any day whereon a Major Feast falls.
The Paramon Fasts
The day or days preceding the Feast of the Nativity and the Feast of Theophany is/are a fast day(s) in preparation for the Feast day. (See the rules for the fasting days of the Paramon Fasts)
Rules
General dietary rules
According to the Coptic tradition of fasting periods, the diet is mainly vegan, cooked with either oil or water. No animal products (meat, poultry, milk, eggs, butter, etc.) are allowed.
Permissibles
Fish is permissible during the Advent fast, the Apostles' Fast, and the fast of the Dormition of Saint Mary except on Wednesdays and Fridays of these fasts. Lent and the Holy Week fasts are stricter than the other fasts in their discipline. Fish is not permitted during the Great Lent. Those who wish to take a vow of strict discipline for the fast of Saint Mary may also do so.
Strict abstinence
A strict abstinence period, where no food or drink whatsoever may be taken, is encouraged for those who can endure it. The original tradition of the Church is for this period of abstinence to begin at midnight and last through sunset. Those who cannot endure this length of fast are still encouraged to strictly abstain from all types of food and drink between midnight and a certain time in the day, depending on each individual's strength and spiritual needs (this is usually based on the suggestion of the person's father of confession). For many parishioners, fasting is more likely to end at noon (the hour when Christ was placed on the Cross) or three o'clock in the afternoon (the hour when Christ died on the Cross). Strict abstinence is also expected to be kept on Great Friday between midnight and the end of the Great Friday prayers (usually around 6pm).
Regarding the Fast of the Paramon of the Feasts of the Nativity and of Theophany
The Paramon Fast is a strict fasting day with abstinence and no fish preceding the Nativity or Theophany Feast.
If the Feast day falls on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday or Saturday, then the Paramon is simply the day immediately preceding the Feast day.
If the Feast day falls on a Sunday, the Paramon abstinence day is substituted by the Friday before, since Saturday is a non-abstaining day. In this case, the Paramon Fast is considered as the two days, Friday and Saturday, with only Friday as a Paramon abstinence day.
If the Feast day falls on a Monday, then the Paramon abstinence day is similarly substituted with the Friday before, since Saturday and Sunday are non-abstaining days. In this case, the Paramon Fast is considered as the three days, Friday, Saturday and Sunday, with only Friday as a Paramon abstinence day. This is the only case where a third previous day is included in the Paramon Fast.
If the Feast day falls on Friday, then the Paramon Fast becomes a two-day fast since Wednesday is already a strict fasting day with abstinence.
Non-fasting periods
There are 7 weeks during the year where there is no fasting even on Wednesday and Friday. These are the 7 weeks between Easter and Pentecost. These 7 weeks are fast-free because this period is a period of joy for Christians in celebration of the Resurrection of Christ.
Abstinence Fasting observance before partaking of the Holy Communion
Coptic Orthodox Christians who expect to receive communion of the Eucharist on a certain day do not eat or drink at all during the nine hours preceding the partaking of the communion or from midnight of the previous night, whichever is longer.
Canonical observance
Strict fasting with abstinence is canonically forbidden on Saturdays and Sundays due to the festal character of the Sabbath and Resurrectional observances respectively. Holy (Bright) Saturday is the only Saturday of the year where a strict fast is kept.
Principle of piety
It is considered worse to advertise one's fasting than to not participate in the fast. Fasting is a purely personal communication between the Orthodox Christian and God, and in fact, has no place whatsoever in the public life of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
Exceptions
These strict fasting rules are usually relaxed by priests on an individual basis to accommodate for illness or weakness. Abstinence from sexual intercourse is also encouraged but not mandatory, and largely depends on the decision of each couple. The Coptic Orthodox fasting periods are designed to foster spiritual development and focus on liturgical practices.
Fasting is not generally viewed as a hardship, but rather a privilege and joy in preparing for the coming "Feast Day".
See also
Eastern Orthodoxy (Fasting)
Coptic Orthodox Church
Christian vegetarianism
References
Asceticism
Coptic Orthodox Church
Christian fasting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting%20and%20abstinence%20of%20the%20Coptic%20Orthodox%20Church |
Where My Dogs At? is an American adult animated sitcom created by Aaron Matthew Lee and Jeff Ross that aired on MTV2 as part of its Sic'emation lineup from June 10 to July 29, 2006.
Plot
The series follows Buddy, a brown and white beagle separated from his 10-year-old owner Jeffy in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Woof, a large, gray bulldog (to whom Buddy refers as obsessed) who runs away from his owner. The two canines try to survive in the streets of Hollywood and avoid conflict with the Dog Catcher. The show lampoons celebrity stardom in various ways; for example, many of the characters based on real celebrities have other voice actors impersonating their voices (such as Steve-O from Jackass and Wildboyz, who appeared in the third episode). The animation for the show was produced at 6 Point Harness.
Cast
Jeff Ross as Buddy
Tracy Morgan as Woof
John DiMaggio as Dog Catcher, Additional Voices
Greg Eagles as Additional Voices
Dean Edwards as Additional Voices
Aaron Matthew Lee as Additional Voices
Jeff Richards as Rexia, Additional Voices
Lauren Tom as Additional Voices
Episodes
Reception
Leonard Pitts of the Miami Herald said that "MTV misses mark with offensive 'woofie' cartoon."
Controversy
MTV and the show received angry responses from the African-American community for "depicting black women squatting on all fours tethered to leashes and defecating on the floor" in an episode depicting Snoop Dogg ("Woofie Loves Snoop").
References
External links
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American adult animated television series
2000s American animated comedy television series
2000s American sitcoms
Canadian adult animated comedy television series
2000s Canadian animated comedy television series
2006 Canadian television series debuts
2006 Canadian television series endings
2000s Canadian sitcoms
American adult animated comedy television series
American animated sitcoms
American flash adult animated television series
Animated television series about dogs
English-language television shows
Animation controversies in television
Obscenity controversies in animation
Obscenity controversies in television
Television controversies in the United States
MTV cartoons
MTV2 original programming
Television shows set in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%20My%20Dogs%20At%3F |
Wild mango may refer to
Wild growing forms of the mango, Mangifera indica
Buchanania obovata, a medium sized tree native to Australia, in the family Anacardiaceae
Cordyla africana, a large tree native to eastern Africa, in the family Fabaceae
Irvingia gabonensis, a large tree native to western Africa, in the family Irvingiaceae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20mango |
Sir David John Graham (9 January 1935 – 2 August 2017), generally known as John Graham, was a New Zealand educator and rugby union player. He served as president of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU) and was an All Black loose forward; he played 22 Tests between 1958 and 1964, including three as captain. He was headmaster of Auckland Grammar School from 1973 to 1993, New Zealand cricket team manager from 1997 to 1999, the University of Auckland Chancellor from 1999 to 2004, and was elected president of the NZRFU in April 2005.
Early life
Born in Stratford, Graham boarded at New Plymouth Boys' High School with his brothers where he received his secondary education, playing in the first XV for two years mainly at first five-eighths. He attended Auckland University College for three years, graduating with a MA (Hons) in history and playing for the Auckland provincial team during that time. He represented Auckland against the 1956 Springboks at Eden Park in just his fourth match for Auckland.
Rugby career
Upon completing his tertiary education in 1958 Graham moved to Christchurch and took up a permanent teaching position at Christchurch Boys' High School. He joined the Christchurch High School Old Boys club rugby team and was immediately made captain, remaining so for the rest of his time there. The same year he was selected for the All Blacks for the first two tests against Australia, making his debut on 23 August in Wellington and helping his team to a 25–3 victory. In 1959 Graham withdrew from the All Black trials, but in 1960 was selected to tour South Africa. He played 10 of the 26 matches, including the second and third tests, and captained the team on a number of occasions.
Graham was an intelligent player with a great turn of speed, and became one of the most intelligent and fastest loose forwards in the All Black side. When Wilson Whineray retired after the tour of Great Britain in 1964, Graham took over the All Black captaincy, a position he held until retiring from rugby in 1965. He had played a total of 31 games for the All Blacks (seven as captain), and a total of 22 tests (three as captain). He scored 11 tries for the All Blacks, two of which were test match tries.
Post-rugby career
After retiring from rugby Graham returned to teaching, being promoted to Head of Social Studies at Christchurch Boys' High School which he held until 1970. He went from there to Linwood High School before being appointed Headmaster of Auckland Grammar in 1973, a position he held for 21 years. Following his tenure at Auckland Grammar, Graham was appointed a commissioner of the newly founded low-decile Southern Cross Campus in 1997, with varying success.
Graham was outspoken about rugby, its organisation and its place in New Zealand culture. After touring South Africa with the All Blacks in 1960, he said that "if we had any conscience and feeling for humanity, we should not have been touring South Africa". Along with Wilson Whineray he declined to attend the matches of the 1981 Springbok tour of New Zealand. Graham has also criticised the presence of advertising on the All Black jersey; "I may be a dinosaur in this respect, but I don't think anything should go on the All Black jersey other than the silver fern".
Graham believed New Zealanders focus excessively on the sport of rugby, stating, "I don't think rugby union is anywhere near as important in this country as solving the problems of poverty and unemployment. We're happy, aren't we, when our rugby team goes well, yet we're prepared to let some aspects of our nation go almost ignored."
Graham spent decades working in education, and served as chairman of the New Zealand Education Scholarship Trust. He was critical of much of what is produced by contemporary educationalists, believing that "To assume, as so many teachers do today, that the knowledge has to come from the children and all they have to do is pull it out, is educational nonsense."
Graham died of cancer in Auckland on 2 August 2017.
Honours and awards
In the 1994 Queen's Birthday Honours, Graham was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to education. He managed the New Zealand cricket team from 1997 to 1999, and was appointed Chancellor of the University of Auckland in 1999 until retiring from the position in 2004. In the business world, Mr Graham held a number of directorships including The University Bookshop Ltd where he was Chair, IT distributor Renaissance Corporation, and transportation company Owens Group Ltd. Graham was also a director of the Auckland-based private education provider, Academic Colleges Group.
In 1999 Graham was named "New Zealander of the Year" by North & South magazine, the cover article of the January 2000 edition running under the heading, "John Graham, the man who set standards". The break-out quote described him as:
"All Black captain, for 21 years headmaster of Auckland Grammar School, rugby coach, company director, businessman, commissioner of the troubled Nga Tapawae College, manager of the New Zealand cricket team. Renaissance man and Chancellor of the University of Auckland."
Graham was elected president of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union in 2005, and received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Auckland the same year.
In the 2011 Queen's Birthday Honours, Graham was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to education and sports.
References
University of Auckland article: John Graham and Ngugi wa Thiong’o to receive honorary doctorates; 8 July 2005
NZRU Annual Report 2005
|-
|-
1935 births
2017 deaths
New Zealand international rugby union players
Chancellors of the University of Auckland
People educated at New Plymouth Boys' High School
New Zealand Rugby Football Union officials
University of Auckland alumni
Rugby union players from Stratford, New Zealand
New Zealand Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Rugby football people awarded knighthoods
New Zealand rugby union players
Auckland rugby union players
Canterbury rugby union players
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union number eights
New Zealand schoolteachers
Deaths from cancer in New Zealand
Heads of schools in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Graham%20%28rugby%20union%29 |
USS Santa Barbara was the name of two ships in the United States Navy. These ships were named for the city of Santa Barbara, California.
a steel freighter, built during 1916, which served from 1918 until 1919.
, a Kilauea-class ammunition ship that served from 1970 until 1998.
, an .
United States Navy ship names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Santa%20Barbara |
is a 1989 horizontally scrolling shoot 'em up arcade game developed and published by Data East. This game is third of Data East's 'Evolution Trilogy': first being Darwin 4078, second being SRD: Super Real Darwin. Unlike two predecessors, this game is a scrolling-platform run-n'-gun type game instead of vertical shooter.
Gameplay
It features a cyborg battling against alien creatures, while collecting power-ups and defeating bosses to advance levels.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Act-Fancer: Cybernetick Hyper Weapon on their June 15, 1989 issue as being the sixth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.
References
External links
Act-Fancer: Cybernetick Hyper Weapon at Data East Games
Act-Fancer: Cybernetick Hyper Weapon at arcade-history
1989 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Data East video games
Run and gun games
Shoot 'em ups
Video games about cyborgs
Video games developed in Japan
Data East arcade games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act-Fancer%3A%20Cybernetick%20Hyper%20Weapon |
Baron Samedi is one of the Loa of Haitian Voodoo.
Baron Samedi may also refer to:
Baron Samedi, a character in the TV series Heroes
"Baron Samedi", a song on the 1974 album Sheet Music by British band 10cc
"Baron Samedi", a character that appears in the second season of Cloak & Dagger
"Baron Samedi", a character that appears in the 1973 James Bond film Live and Let Die | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Samedi%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Have I Ever Told You is the sixth studio album by FFH. The song "Open Up The Sky" was featured on the WOW Hits album for 2003. The album peaked at #119 on the Billboard 200.
Track listing
"Watching Over Me" (Jeromy Deibler) - 3:05
"Fly Away" (Jeromy Deibler) - 3:59
"We Sing Alleluia" (Jeromy Deibler, Scott Williamson, Todd Young) - 4:25
"Jesus Speaks to Me" (Jeromy Deibler) - 3:14
"Astronaut" (Brad O'Donnell, Matt Kroeker) - 3:44
"Have I Ever Told You" (Jeromy Deibler) - 3:57
"I'm Amazed" (Jeromy Deibler) - 3:37
"Millionaire" (Michael Boggs) - 3:27
"Open Up The Sky" (Jeromy Deibler, Brian Smith) - 4:01
"Before It Was Said" (Jeromy Deibler, David Hamilton, Michael Boggs) - 5:28
"You Write the Words" (Jeromy Deibler) - 3:13
"On My Cross" (Jeromy Deibler) - 5:59
Personnel
FFH
Michael Boggs – vocals, acoustic guitar (1, 2, 3, 5, 7-10)
Jennifer Deibler – vocals
Jeromy Deibler – vocals, acoustic piano (11)
Brian Smith – vocals, bass (11)
Musicians
Jeff Roach – keyboards (1, 2, 4, 8)
Byron Hagan – keyboards (3, 9), Hammond B3 organ (5, 11), acoustic piano (6)
David Hamilton – Hammond B3 organ (7, 10), programming (7, 12), arrangements (7), acoustic piano (10, 12), string arrangements and conductor (10, 12)
Jerry McPherson – electric guitars (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11), dobro (2), acoustic guitar (4, 6)
Greg Hagen – electric guitars (3, 9)
Mark Baldwin – electric guitars (7), gut-string guitar (12)
David Cleveland – electric guitars (7), acoustic guitar (7)
Andrew Ramsey – electric guitars (7, 10), acoustic guitar (10)
Mark Hill – bass (1-6, 8, 9)
Matt Pierson – bass (7, 10)
Craig Nelson – bass (12)
Scott Williamson – drums (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11), drum programming (2, 6, 11), percussion (3), tambourine (5, 9), string arrangements (6)
Steve Brewster – drums (3, 9), drum programming (9)
Kent Hooper – drum programming (3)
Miles McPherson – drums (5)
John Hammond – drums (7, 10), programming (10)
Eric Darken – percussion (7, 10, 12)
Jonathan Yudkin – fiddle (7)
Dave Williamson – string conductor (6, 11), string arrangements (11)
Carl Gorodetzky – string contractor (6, 10, 11, 12)
Kyle Hill – music preparation (6, 11)
Ric Domenico – music preparation (10, 12)
The Nashville String Machine – strings (6, 10, 11, 12)
Choir on "We Sing Alelulia"
Jannell Els, Kyle Fenton, Lisa Fenton, Lori Johnson, Tony Johnson, Shane McConnell, Amanda Omartian, Chance Scoggins, Allyson Smith, Kara Tualatai Williamson, Dave Williamson and FFH.
Production
Robert Beeson – executive producer, art direction
Bob Wohler – executive producer
Hank Williams – mastering at MasterMix (Nashville, Tennessee)
Michelle Pearson – A&R production
Scott Hughes – art direction
Jordyn Thomas – art direction
Tim Parker – design
Kristin Barlowe – photography
Robin Geary – hair, make-up
Chad Curry – stylist
Tracks 1-6, 8, 9 & 11
Scott Williamson – producer, overdub recording, vocal recording, track recording (3, 9)
Todd Robbins – track recording (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11)
Kent Hooper – Pro Tools editing
Philip Cooper – assistant engineer, additional Pro Tools engineer
James Felver – assistant engineer
J.C. Monterrosa – assistant engineer
Ed Simonton – assistant engineer
Todd Wells – assistant engineer
Bob Williams – additional Pro Tools engineer
Jerry Yoder – additional Pro Tools engineer
Tom Laune – mixing (1, 3, 5, 8, 11)
F. Reid Shippen – mixing (2, 4, 6, 9)
Dan Shike – mix assistant (2, 4, 6, 9)
Recorded at The Sound Kitchen (Franklin, Tennessee).
Vocals and Overdubs recorded at Dark Horse Recording and Classic Recording Studios (Franklin, Tennessee).
Pro Tools editing at House of Big Studio (Franklin, Tennessee).
Mixed at Bridgeway Studios (Franklin, Tennessee) and Recording Arts (Nashville, Tennessee).
Tracks 7, 10 & 12
David Hamilton – producer, overdub recording, digital editing
Bill Deaton – track recording, mixing
Doug Sarrett – string recording
David Streit – vocal recording, recording assistant
Aaron Shannon – mix assistant
Tracks and Vocals recorded at The Bennett House (Franklin, Tennessee).
Overdubbed and digitally edited at HMP Studio (Brentwood, Tennessee).
Strings recorded at Ocean Way Recording (Nashville, Tennessee).
Mixed at Quad Studios (Nashville, Tennessee).
References
External links
FFH
Essential Records
FFH (band) albums
2001 albums
Essential Records (Christian) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20I%20Ever%20Told%20You |
Ian Fowles is an American musician, author, and actor, best known as the current guitarist for the Orange County rock band The Aquabats, in which he performs under the stage name and persona of EagleBones Falconhawk (originally Eagle "Bones" Falconhawk). Prior to joining The Aquabats, Fowles was also one of the founding members of the hardcore punk band Death by Stereo.
Biography
Early life and Death by Stereo
Fowles grew up in Orange County, California, and started playing guitar in his early teen years, having been inspired by seeing the guitarist character of Marty McFly in the film Back to the Future. By age 14, he was regularly playing in local punk bands, including one band called CleanX, who opened for The Aquabats in the late 1990s. In 1997, Fowles put together the original formation of Orange County hardcore punk band Death by Stereo, naming the band, designing its logo, and writing/recording on the band's early demos and EPs. In late 1998, Fowles left the group to serve a two-year mission for the LDS Church in Ohio. Though he didn't record on Death by Stereo's debut LP If Looks Could Kill, I'd Watch You Die, he was given writing credits on nine of the album's fourteen songs, many of which had appeared on earlier demos and EPs.
The Aquabats
In 2006, Fowles joined the Huntington Beach superhero-themed comedy rock band The Aquabats as a full-time member, succeeding longtime guitarist Corey Pollock (aka "Chainsaw, the Prince of Karate"). His stage name was conceived in The Aquabats' van during his first tour with the band: "Bones" was derived from his slender stature, while the bird names were playing off his surname's similarity to "fowl". Fowles first started writing and recording with the band in 2007 on original songs for the children's television series Yo Gabba Gabba!, on which he also appeared onscreen with the band and played a guitar solo as part of the show's "Cool Tricks" segment. He later made his album debut with The Aquabats on their 2010 EP Radio Down!.
From 2012 to 2014, Fowles portrayed Eaglebones Falconhawk in two seasons of The Aquabats' live-action cable television series The Aquabats! Super Show!, on which he also worked composing original songs as well as bits of the series' score. Starting in September 2019, he has since continued this role on the series' independent YouTube-based relaunch, The Aquabats! RadVentures!.
Other musical endeavors
Fowles has played live and/or recorded with a myriad of other projects, typically spanning the genres of pop punk and alternative rock. While attending high school in the mid-1990s he played in the bands CleanX and D-cons. In late 2000 he formed a short-lived 1980s pop tribute band called The Electric Youth that featured friends from Esperanza High School Brandon Saller of Atreyu and Nathan Willett of Cold War Kids. In 2003 he was the touring guitarist of Sense Field. In 2005–2006 he toured as the guitarist of Further Seems Forever. Among the groups he has collaborated with are Checkpoint Charley, Brandon Saller, and Dead Sara. In 2007, Fowles played bass for AFI member Hunter Burgan's side project Hunter Revenge, who accompanied The Aquabats on their winter holiday tour that year. In 2013 he also played bass with Kepi Ghoulies band when they toured with The Aquabats on their holiday tour. In June 2015, Fowles and Aquabats drummer Richard Falomir played in former Ramones bassist C. J. Ramone's band for an East Coast tour with Shonen Knife. Fowles has continued to play guitar for C.J. Ramone from time to time since.
In August 2014, Fowles was revealed to be the guitarist for former My Chemical Romance frontman Gerard Way's solo project, recording guitar and percussion for Way's debut album Hesitant Alien, appearing in the music video for its single "No Shows", and doing all the live touring with him during 2014–2015.
Personal life
Fowles is left-handed, and currently plays a left-handed Fender Squier Vintage Modified Jazzmaster model guitar with The Aquabats and a left-handed Fender Kurt Cobain Jaguar model with Gerard Way. In 2022 he released the "Falcolndrive" pedal for guitars, based on his signature overdriven sound.
Like fellow Aquabats bandmates Christian Jacobs and Chad Larson, Fowles is a practicing Latter-day Saint. He is also a doctoral student at Claremont Graduate University, where he studies at the School of Religion. In November 2010, Fowles published his first book, an extension of his master's thesis entitled A Sound Salvation: Rock N' Roll as a Religion, a thesis which argues that rock music and culture satisfy an influential definition of "religion" in contemporary religious studies.
Bibliography
A Sound Salvation: Rock N' Roll as a Religion (2010)
Filmography
Television
Discography
Gerard Way
Dasher single (featuring Lydia Night) (2018) – guitar
Baby You're a Haunted House single (2018) – guitar
Pinkish/Don't Try 7" (2016) – guitar
Hesitant Alien (2014) – guitar, percussion
Extra Arms
Up From Here (2019) – guitar solo on title track
Kepi Ghoulie
Lost And Loving It (2016) – guitar
Valentines Day 7" (2015) – guitar, producer
The Aquabats
Kooky Spooky...In Stereo (2020) – guitar, vocals
The Aquabats! Super Show! Television Soundtrack: Volume One (2019) – guitar, bass, lead and backing vocals
Hi-Five Soup! (2011) – guitar, backing vocals
Radio Down! (2010) – guitar, backing vocals
Checkpoint Charley
Pomp, Twaddle & Bombast: Songs 13–24 (2018) – guitar
Songs One Through Twelve (2005) – guitar
Death By Stereo
If Looks Could Kill, I'd Watch You Die (1999) – writing credits on tracks 3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13
Devil's Night – Live Compilation 7" (1998) – guitar
Fooled By Your Smile 7" (1998) – guitar
Demo Cassette (1998) – guitar
D-Cons
The Operation Room CDEP (1998) – guitar, backing vocals
Can't Pull My Strings 7" (1997) – guitar, backing vocals
Fed Up Demo Tape (1996) – guitar
References
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
American punk rock guitarists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American male writers
American male television actors
The Aquabats members
Death by Stereo members
Living people
Guitarists from California
Claremont Graduate University alumni
Latter Day Saints from California
Year of birth missing (living people)
Further Seems Forever members
Esperanza High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Fowles |
The Brachyceran infraorder Xylophagomorpha is a small group that consists solely of the family Xylophagidae, which presently contains subfamilies that were sometimes considered to be two small related families (Coenomyiidae and Rachiceridae). Other obsolete names for members of this family include Exeretonevridae and Heterostomidae.
The family is known by the English name awl-flies.
The larvae are often predatory, consuming other insect larvae living in rotting wood.
Description
Flies in this family have elongated bodies and resemble ichneumon wasps in shape. The base of the abdomen is constricted. The antennae have three segments.
Genera
These nine genera belong to the family Xylophagidae:
Anacanthaspis Röder, 1889
Arthropeas Loew, 1850
Coenomyia Latreille, 1797
Dialysis Walker in Saunders, 1850
Exeretonevra Macquart, 1846
Heterostomus Bigot, 1857
Odontosabula Matsumura, 1905
Rachicerus Walker, 1854
Xylophagus Meigen, 1803
References
Gallery
Brachycera families
Articles containing video clips
Taxa named by Carl Fredrik Fallén
no:Xylophagomorpha | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophagidae |
Agritubel Pro Cycling Team () was a French professional road race cycling team. The team's title sponsor, Agritubel, is a manufacturer and supplier of tubular metal products for cattle, livestock and farming.
Agritubel mostly competed for wins at the UCI Europe Tour; however, the team was selected as one of two wildcard teams (that is, teams not on the UCI ProTour) to compete at the 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 Tour de France. In 2006, Agritubel riders had competed at several other UCI ProTour events, including Paris–Nice, Paris–Roubaix, La Flèche Wallonne, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, and Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
2009 Team roster
As of July 26, 2009.
Major wins
2005
Trophée Luc Leblanc, Florent Brard
Paris–Troyes, Florent Brard
Classic Loire Atlantique, José Alberto Martínez
La Roue Tourangelle, Gilles Canouet
Stage 2b Circuit de la Sarthe, Florent Brard
Stage 4 Circuit de Lorraine, Saulius Ruskys
Tour du Poitou Charentes, Christophe Agnolutto
Tour du Poitou Charentes, Linas Balčiūnas
2006
Stage 3 Critérium International, José Alberto Martínez
Stage 3 Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour, Eduardo Gonzalo
Stage 3 Circuit de Lorraine, Eduardo Gonzalo
Overall Bayern Rundfahrt, José Alberto Martínez
Stage 1 Boucles de la Mayenne, Benoît Sinner
Stage 10 Tour de France, Juan Miguel Mercado
Overall Tour de l'Avenir, Moises Dueñas
Stage 3, Hans Dekkers
Stage 6, Moises Dueñas
2007
Stage 2 Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen, Hans Dekkers
Classic Loire Atlantique, Nicolas Jalabert
Stage 2 Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour, Nicolas Vogondy
Tour de Vendée, Mikel Gaztañaga
Stage 1 GP Paredes Rota dos Móveis, Mikel Gaztañaga
Boucles de l'Aulne, Romain Feillu
Stage 3 Tour de Luxembourg, Romain Feillu
Overall Boucles de la Mayenne, Nicolas Vogondy
Stage 2, Nicolas Vogondy
Overall Regio Tour, Moises Dueñas
Stage 2, Moises Dueñas
Overall Tour of Britain, Romain Feillu
Paris–Bourges, Romain Feillu
2008
Stage 2 Tour Méditerranéen, Jimmy Casper
Overall Les 3 Jours de Vaucluse, Nicolas Vogondy
Stage 1, Nicolas Vogondy
Classic Loire Atlantique, Mikel Gaztañaga
Stage 1 Tour de Normandie, Maxime Bouet
Stage 2, 3 & 4 Tour de Normandie, Anthony Ravard
Stage 6 Tour de Normandie, Steven Caethoven
Route Adélie de Vitré, Kevyn Ista
Stage 1 Circuit de la Sarthe, Anthony Ravard
Stage 3 Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour, Nicolas Vogondy
Stage 2 Circuit de Lorraine, Jimmy Casper
Boucles de l'Aulne, Romain Feillu
Overall Boucles de la Mayenne, Freddy Bichot
Prologue, Nicolas Vogondy
Stage 2, Jimmy Casper
Road Race Championship, Nicolas Vogondy
Stage 5 Tour Alsace, Brice Feillu
Châteauroux Classic, Anthony Ravard
Overall Tour of Britain, Geoffroy Lequatre
Stage 3, Emilien Benoit Berges
Yellow jersey as leader of the general classification after stage 4, Tour de France, Romain Feillu
2009
Stage 3 Tour Méditerranéen, Kevyn Ista
Boucles du Sud Ardèche, Freddy Bichot
Overall Les 3 Jours de Vaucluse, David Lelay
Stage 1, Maxime Bouet
Stage 2 Tour de Normandie, Steven Caethoven
Stage 5 Tour de Normandie, Freddy Bichot
Overall Volta ao Alentejo, Maxime Bouet
Stage 1, Maxime Bouet
Overall Circuit de la Sarthe, David Lelay
Stage 2, David Lelay
Overall Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour, Yann Huguet
Stage 1, Nicolas Vogondy
Stage 2, Yann Huguet
Stage 3, Christophe Laurent
Stage 2 Tour de Picardie, Romain Feillu
Boucles de l'Aulne, Maxime Bouet
Tour du Doubs, Yann Huguet
Stage 7 Tour de France, Brice Feillu
Stage 1 Tour de Wallonie, Freddy Bichot
Stage 1 Paris–Corrèze, Freddy Bichot
Stage 4 Tour du Limousin, Romain Feillu
Stage 1 Tour du Poitou Charentes, Anthony Ravard
Grand Prix de Fourmies, Romain Feillu
See also
List of teams and cyclists in the 2008 Tour de France
2008 Tour de France
Tour de France
References
External links
Defunct cycling teams based in France
Cycling teams established in 2004
Cycling teams disestablished in 2009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agritubel |
Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights written by Mark Stern, was published in 1992 by Rutgers University Press.
It is a commentary and evaluation of methods and techniques used by former Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson in their support of Civil Rights.
The author, Mark Stern, is a professor of Political Science at University of South Florida, and has written multiple essays, short critiques and articles about the subject of the book.
The book presents the idea that both Kennedy and Johnson were not very emotionally committed to the area and movement, although Johnson seems to have been more so than Kennedy, according to the book. This is demonstrated as the norm in politics, as most politicians, according to Stern, use crises and movements to advance their political stature and gain votes: “Candidates need policy proposals in order to gain votes”.
References
Payne, Charles M. "Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights (Book." Contemporary Sociology 22.1 (Jan. 1993): 73–74.Abstract: Reviews the book "Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights," by Mark Stern.
Tushnet, Mark. "Reviews of books: United States." American Historical Review 97.5 (n.d.): 1624. Abstract: Reviews the book `Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights,' by Mark Stern.
Brauer, Carl M. "Book reviews." Journal of American History 79.4 (n.d.): 1683–1684. Abstract: Reviews the book `Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights,' by Mark Stern.
Dierefield, Bruce J. "Book reviews." Journal of Southern History 59.3 (Aug. 1993): 585. Abstract: Reviews the book `Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights,' by Mark Stern.
Shabazz, Amilcar. "Book reviews." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 97.3 (Jan. 1994): 582. Abstract: Reviews the book `Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights,' by Mark Stern.
Political books
1992 non-fiction books
Rutgers University Press books
Books about John F. Kennedy
Books about Lyndon B. Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculating%20Visions |
Scholem, derived from the Hebrew word shalom, meaning "peace", is a surname, and may refer to:
Gershom Scholem (1897–1982), also known as Gerhard Scholem, a German-born Israeli Jewish philosopher and historian, the brother of Werner Scholem.
Werner Scholem (1895–1940), a German Jewish Communist politician, the brother of Gershom Scholem.
Scholem may also be a given name and may refer to:
Scholem Aleichem, also spelled Sholem Aleichem (1859–1916), the pen name of Sholem Naumovich Rabinovich, a popular humorist and Jewish author of Yiddish literature, including novels, short stories, and plays.
Scholem Asch, also spelled Sholem Asch, a Polish-born American Jewish novelist, dramatist and essayist in the Yiddish language.
See also
Shalom (disambiguation)
Surnames of Jewish origin
Yiddish-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholem |
San Vicente Creek (Spanish for "St. Vincent") is a coastal stream in northern California which flows entirely within San Mateo County and discharges to the Pacific Ocean. Its waters rise on the west facing slopes of the Montara Mountain, block and its mouth is at the unincorporated community of Moss Beach, within the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve. Historically there was a tidal marsh at its mouth, but some of this reach has been degraded by fill, especially in the construction of West Point Drive. This westernmost reach of the creek has been especially ecologically productive, and part of the reason for Fitzgerald Marine Reserve's designation on August 5, 1969, as a state reserve and was named after James V. Fitzgerald.
History
The streambanks of San Vicente Creek were inhabited by Native American as early as 3800 BC.
The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolá expedition, passed through the area on its way north, camping near the creek on October 30, 1769.
In the year 1933, discovery of the rare plant Hickman's potentilla was made in the lower stream reach, but the species is not known to have existed past the 1970s at this location.
References
See also
List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area
Rivers of San Mateo County, California
Rivers of Northern California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Vicente%20Creek%20%28San%20Mateo%20County%29 |
Bovisand is a natural coastline on the east side of Plymouth Sound in Devon, England.
Despite the steep cliff paths and rocky surrounding, Bovisand features two beaches, a holiday park, privately owned bungalows and a diving centre at Fort Bovisand. The area, in the vicinity of Plymouth and Wembury, is used predominantly by locals, while tourists prefer the larger and better-known beaches elsewhere. It is often referred to as simply Bovi by locals. It lies just outside the boundaries of the city of Plymouth and instead within the district of South Hams.
There are two beaches at Bovisand, the first named Bovisand Bay is the northernmost separated from the southernmost, Crownhill Bay, by rocks and a grass bank, commonly known as "Grassy". Both beaches are accessible only by steps, and are served by a cafe and a small tourist shop, but have no lifeguards.
The view from Bovisands includes Plymouth Breakwater, Mount Edgcumbe in Cornwall just across Plymouth Sound, and the English Channel.
External links
Bovicam - Bovisand beach webcam
Landforms of Devon
Plymouth, Devon
Beaches of Devon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovisand |
Berriedale can refer to:
Berriedale, Tasmania, in Hobart
Berriedale, Highland, Scotland, best known for the Berriedale Braes
Berriedale, Jamaica, in the area of Portland.
See also:
Berridale, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berriedale |
The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of North Dakota. For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state (through the present day), see United States congressional delegations from North Dakota. The list of names should be complete (as of January 3, 2015), but other data may be incomplete. It includes members who have represented only the state both past and present, as the Dakota Territory encompassed in addition South Dakota, and parts of present-day Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.
Current member
Updated January 2019.
: Kelly Armstrong (R) (since 2019)
List of members
See also
List of United States senators from North Dakota
United States congressional delegations from North Dakota
North Dakota's congressional districts
References
North Dakota
United States representatives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20representatives%20from%20North%20Dakota |
Hello is a bridge convention used for intervention over an opponent's 1NT opening. It allows for all one- and two-suited hands to be shown, and - for one suited hands - retains the ability to transfer.
History
The name of the convention is derived from the names two of its inventors, Jerry Helms and Bill Lohmann. Jerry Helms had previously co-developed "Helms", similar to the Cappelletti convention and saw this as an improvement to that convention. Helms considered that using 2 to show a major used up no bidding space and therefore lost the preemptive value typically attached to bidding major suits.
Description
It features the following calls:
Double is for penalty
2 shows diamonds or a major-minor two suiter. Responder transfers to 2 which is either passed or advanced (diamond suit) or a major is bid (2 suiter, unspecified minor)
2 is a transfer to hearts
2 shows both majors (responder may pass or correct to 2)
2 shows spades (natural bid)
2NT is a transfer to clubs
3 shows both minors (responder may pass or adjust to 3)
3 shows both Majors with massive playing strength (responder takes a preference to 3 or 3, or jumps to 4 or 4 with supporting values)
By design, in many cases, the advancer will become declarer, thus placing the strong 1NT hand on opening lead.
See also
List of defenses to 1NT
References
Further reading
Helms, Jerry (2006) Helms to Hello
Bridge conventions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello%20convention |
Ogbono soup is a Nigerian dish made with ground dry ogbono seeds. Ogbono seeds (the local name for Irvingia) are originated and were first grown in Southern Nigeria with considerable local variation. According to research by Chris Chinaka and J.C. Obiefuna, Ogbono is an indigenous forest tree associated with plants classified as 'non-timber forest products. It goes by various indigenous names among Nigerians. Common use of the word “ogbono” in general Nigerian parlance stems from the Igbo name for the word. Among the Nupe, it is called 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' in Bini, 'uyo' in Efik, and 'oro' or ‘apon’ in Yoruba. Although ogbono (dika nut) and ugiri, the Igbo name for bush-mango, are very similar indeed and often regarded as equivalents, there is technically a distinction.
The ground ogbono seeds are used as a thickener, and give the soup a black coloration. Besides seeds, water and palm oil, it typically contains meat and/or fish seasonings such as chili pepper, leaf vegetables and other vegetables. Typical leaf vegetables include bitterleaf and celosia. Typical other vegetables include tomatoes and okra. Typical seasonings include chiles, onions, and iru (fermented locust beans). Typical meats include beef, goat, fish, chicken, bushmeat, shrimp, or crayfish.
It can be eaten with fufu, or with pounded yam. In other countries the soup may be available in packaged prepared form in some markets that specialize in Western African foods. Ogbono soup has a mucilaginous draw texture, similar to okra soup.
See also
List of African dishes
List of soups
Nigerian cuisine
References
Further reading
External links
Ogbono soup recipe on Chef Lola's Kitchen
African soups
Nigerian cuisine
Igbo cuisine
Yoruba cuisine
Chicken soups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbono%20soup |
The Southeast Social Forum was a gathering of about 550 people that took place in Durham, North Carolina, from June 16 to June 18, 2006, at North Carolina Central University. The attendees were people of all ages, and were mostly members of organizations from around the Southeastern United States dealing with issues of racism, economic justice, globalization, and inequality. About 30% of attendees were black, about 30% were white, and about 30% were Latino or Latina.
The purpose of the gathering was twofold. First, the gathering was designed to plan and build momentum for the first-ever US Social Forum. An event that was held in Atlanta, Georgia in June 2007. Second, the gathering was designed to bring together activists, organizers, indigenous people, working people, and people of color from around the Southeast United States in order to build informal and formal networks that could unite around common goals of social justice. Organizations from about 15 states were represented at the event.
History and background
The Southeast Social Forum grew out of the World Social Forum process that began in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2001. Between 2001 and 2006, the Social Forum process had spread to numerous countries around the world. However, some organizers in the World Social Forum process had felt that the United States was not ready for a Social Forum—although this belief was contested, and ultimately disproven by the success of the Boston Social Forum in July 2004. It was eventually decided that there was a definite need to begin a national Social Forum process in the US, since many social justice activists believe that the world's most serious social problems are being continually worsened by the policies of the US government and US companies. The US Social Forum in Atlanta was originally slated for 2006, but following Hurricane Katrina, it was moved to 2007 and organizers decided that a 2006 gathering would take place somewhere in the Southeast to help build momentum toward the 2007 event.
Atlanta, Knoxville, and Durham were considered as sites for the 2006 meeting. A group of organizers in Durham agreed to commit to help host the event. This group, which became known as the North Carolina Local Host Committee, met from January to June 2006 to plan the event. Much of the planning for the event outside of North Carolina took place in Atlanta, where efforts were spearheaded by Project South.
Organizers frequently rejected the designations "event" and "conference" for the gathering, stating that the Southeast Social Forum is most appropriately considered a step in the process of movement-building.
Details of the Gathering
About 5% of the gathering's attendees spoke Spanish but not English, and translation services were provided at most points in the program for these attendees. While foundations supplied some support for the event, nearly all of the work that went into the process was done by volunteers.
The event included workshops and plenary sessions dealing with topics such as building alliances among groups, combatting white supremacy, organizing against corporate globalization, and many other topics. The 3-day gathering was followed on June 19 by a smaller meeting of about 40 people specifically focused on planning for the 2007 US Social Forum in Atlanta.
References and external links
Press Release from NC Central University
Loose schedule for SESF (Outline only)
Social forums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast%20Social%20Forum |
Robin Hood and the Bishop is number 143 in Francis James Child's collection of Child ballads, and describes an adventure of Robin Hood. This song has also survived as a late seventeenth-century English broadside ballad, and is one of several ballads about the medieval folk hero that form part of the Child ballad collection, which is one of the most comprehensive collections of traditional English ballads.
Synopsis
One sunny day, Robin Hood is walking through the forest in search of diversion when he notices a proud bishop with his company. Away from his men, Robin is frightened that the Bishop will hang him if he sees and catches him. He looks about and sees an old woman's house; he approaches and appeals to her for aid. Because he has previously given her a gift of both shoes and socks, she willingly agrees to help him hide from the Bishop and his men by exchanging her grey coat, spindle, and twine for his green mantle and arrows. Then Robin sets out to find his men; Little John sees him from a distance, thinks he is a witch, and is about to let fly an arrow at him, but Robin quickly reveals his identity. Meanwhile, the Bishop has gone to the old woman's house, and catches her there, believing her to be Robin; they ride away through the forest on horseback. But up ahead they sight a hundred bow-men gathered under a great green-wood tree, and, to the Bishop's shock and dismay, the old woman identifies them as Robin Hood and his men and herself as an old woman. Before the Bishop can flee, Robin calls him to stay, grabs his horse by the reins, and ties it to a tree. He then empties the Bishop's five hundred pounds into his mantle and is about to let him go when Little John demands that the Bishop say Mass for them. Robin and his men tie the Bishop to a tree, force him to say Mass, and then set him back on his horse with the sarcastic command that he pray for Robin.
Historical and cultural significance
This ballad is part of a group of ballads about Robin Hood that in turn, like many of the popular ballads collected by Francis James Child, were in their time considered a threat to the Protestant religion. Puritan writers, like Edward Dering writing in 1572, considered such tales "'childish follye'" and "'witless devices.'" Writing of the Robin Hood ballads after A Gest of Robyn Hode, their Victorian collector Francis Child claimed that variations on the "'Robin met with his match'" theme, such as this ballad, are "sometimes wearisome, sometimes sickening," and that "a considerable part of the Robin Hood poetry looks like char-work done for the petty press, and should be judged as such." Child had also called the Roxburghe and Pepys collections (in which some of these ballads are included) "'veritable dung-hills [...], in which only after a great deal of sickening grubbing, one finds a very moderate jewel.'" However, as folklorist and ethnomusicologist Mary Ellen Brown has pointed out, Child's denigration of the later Robin Hood ballads is evidence of an ideological view he shared with many other scholars of his time who wanted to exclude cheap printed ballads such as these from their pedigree of the oral tradition and early literature. Child and others were reluctant to include such broadsides in their collections because they thought they "regularized the text, rather than reflecting and/or participating in tradition, which fostered multiformity." On the other hand, the broadsides are significant in themselves as showing, as English jurist and legal scholar John Selden (1584–1654) puts it, "'how the wind sits. As take a straw and throw it up in the air; you shall see by that which way the wind is, which you shall not do by casting up a stone. More solid things do not show the complexion of the times so well as ballads and libels.'" Even though the broadsides are cultural ephemera, unlike weightier tomes, they are important because they are markers of contemporary "current events and popular trends." It has been speculated that in his time Robin Hood represented a figure of peasant revolt, but the English medieval historian J. C. Holt has argued that the tales developed among the gentry, that he is a yeoman rather than a peasant, and that the tales do not mention peasants' complaints, such as oppressive taxes. Moreover, he does not seem to rebel against societal standards but to uphold them by being munificent, devout, and affable. Other scholars have seen the literature around Robin Hood as reflecting the interests of the common people against feudalism. The latter interpretation supports Selden's view that popular ballads provide a valuable window onto the thoughts and feelings of the common people on topical matters: for the peasantry, Robin Hood may have been a redemptive figure.
Library/archival holdings
The English Broadside Ballad Archive at the University of California, Santa Barbara holds four seventeenth-century broadside ballad versions of this tale: one in the Euing collection at the Glasgow University Library (303), two in the Pepys collection at Magdalene College at the University of Cambridge (2.109 and 2.122), and one in the Roxburghe ballad collection at the British Library (1.362-363).
See also
Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford
References
Bibliography
External links
Robin Hood and the Bishop
Link to a facsimile sheet of an early modern version of this ballad at the English Broadside Ballad Archive at the University of California, Santa Barbara:
Link to an audio recording of this ballad:
Link to the website of The Robin Hood Project, a collection of webpages chronicling the development of Robin Hood from his medieval origins to modern depictions, at the Robbins Library at the University of Rochester:
Link to a fairly comprehensive website on all things Robin Hood, including historical background on the real Robin Hood and other characters of the legend, texts and recordings of Robin Hood stories, resources for teachers and students, information about adaptations, and more:
Robin Hood ballads
Child Ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Hood%20and%20the%20Bishop |
Chick Henderson (22 November 1912 – 24 June 1944) was an English singer who achieved popularity and acclaim as a prolific recording artist and performer of the British dance band era in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
Chick Henderson was born Henderson Rowntree in Hartlepool, England. He attended Galleys Field School on Hartlepool Headland. "Chick" was nothing more than his mother's nickname for her smallest son. His first recordings were made for Harry Leader in June 1935. The following year he began singing for Joe Loss' popular radio orchestra. He stayed with Loss for five years and became a great favourite among young women who formed his core audience. A tall, handsome man with a rich, strong vocal delivery, he appeared on postcards and magazine covers.
In his short life, Chick Henderson made over 250 recordings but, as with many dance band singers, his name did not appear on the record label—only the orchestra was listed. In July 1939, he recorded with Joe Loss' orchestra what would become his biggest-selling recording "Begin the Beguine", which sold over a million copies, the only recording by a 1930s vocalist to achieve such a triumph.
Chick Henderson's five-year singing career came to an end with his final recordings in 1940. Less than a year following the start of World War II in September 1939, he began serving in the Merchant Navy. He survived two torpedo attacks on his ships, but after four years of service, sustained fatal wounds in Southsea from flying bomb shrapnel. Chick Henderson was 31 years old. A Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, on strength of HMS Victory at time of his death, he was buried in Haslar Royal Naval Cemetery under his real name.
References
External links
Chick Henderson biography with publicity photo
Brief overview of Chick Henderson's life and career
1912 births
1944 deaths
Military personnel from County Durham
People from West Hartlepool
English radio personalities
British entertainers
Royal Navy personnel killed in World War II
British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II
Deaths by airstrike during World War II
Royal Navy officers of World War II
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick%20Henderson%20%28singer%29 |
Bellevue is an unincorporated rural community in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. It is named for the French words for "beautiful view". It is not known who named the community, but it was settled in about 1860, and a previous post office in the area was named "Muddy". The community is located on the donation land claim of Hathaway Yocum, who came to Oregon from Illinois in 1851. Bellevue post office operated from 1869 to 1904.
Geography
Bellevue is located on Oregon Route 18, eight miles south of McMinnville and four miles north of Sheridan. Bellevue is also the western terminus of the Bellevue-Hopewell Highway.
Education
The land to build the first school for Bellevue School District 51 was deeded by Thomas Morris in 1872. The first Bellevue schoolhouse was one-roomed, built around the time the land was deeded. This schoolhouse was in use until a new two-room school was built in 1917. After 1939, Bellevue began transporting seventh and eighth grade students to McMinnville School District 40. In 1942, all students began to be sent to Sheridan School District 48, before, in 1948, all students were sent to District 40. In 1950, Bellevue eventually consolidated with District 40. The school is still in existence, though it has been converted to other uses.
References
Unincorporated communities in Yamhill County, Oregon
1869 establishments in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon
Populated places established in 1869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue%2C%20Oregon |
Nawanshahr is a municipal council in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district in the Indian state of Punjab. It was previously a town that became a district in 1995.
History
Nawanshahr was founded by migrants from Rahon, a city located near the Sutlej River, which puts it at risk of flooding. They named it Nawanshahar (). Nawanshahr has been the stronghold of the Ghorewaha was allied to King Akbar via kinship ties.
Dewan Banna Mal Misr (Gautam) was born into the Gautam Brahmin (Shori Gotra) family of Nawanshahr. His father was Vaid, Pandit Jhanda Mal. Dewan Banna Mal was a manager with the full sovereign powers of His Highness Maharaja Sir Randhir Singh Bahadur of Kapurthala's Estates in Oudh in 1862, Dewan Banna Mal became mediater in between Oudh local Landlords and Rajas who rebelled against Britishers in 1857 to settle dispute between Britishers and oudh’s local Rajas Banna Mal played a major role and served as Chief Minister of Kapurthala State. Ancestors of Dewan Banna Mal Gautam Were Vaids (Ayurvedic Doctor’s), Dewan Banna Mal built the Shivala Banna Mal temple near the Municipal Committee office in Nawanshahr. He also built the tall and huge structure Haveli Banna Mal Di Haveli in Vaidan Mohalla in Nawanshahr. His son, Dewan Acchru Mal served as Revenue Minister of Kapurthala State at the time of Maharaja Kharak Singh and Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala. Grandon of Dewan Acchru Mal, Dewan Ambika Prasad Misr (Gautam) became the Accountant General of Kapurthala State.Descendants of Banna Mal Today lives in Kapurthala, Phagwara, New Delhi and Dehradun, descendants of Dewan Banna Mal Pandit Daljit Parshad Gautam Advocate of Kapurthala Renowned Civil Lawyer of Punjab practices in Kapurthala till his death in the Year 2010,Dewan Ambika Parshad (Accountant General of Kapurthala State) his daughter Savitri Shori Mahajan a historian and a Descendant of Dewan Banna Mal was married to The Great Historian of India and A Lawyer Vidya Dhar Mahajan, their daughters Mridula Mukherjee And Sucheta Mahajan are Historian and Working as a Professor of Indian history in JNU New Delhi.
The city was later developed and constructed by Lala Parmanand Bhuchar (Sareen) who was the first major scale building thekedar. Lala Paramanand was given a mould of large brick design by Queen Elizabeth in the presence of Maharaja Patiala in his courtroom, as a token of gratitude, to settle brick factories (Batha) in the city. Lala Paramanand first planned the construction of Mandi (now known as old Dana Mandi) in around 1920 which even has his name "PN" on bricks and his name on the Foundation Stone at old Dana Mandi Gate. He resided in Lalliyan Mohalla (Lalleyan da Mohalla) situated in the centre of the city. The mohalla has a haveli there along with a common haveli which was the residence of 100 families, a historical landmark in that mohalla made with Nanakshahi bricks.
Nawanshahr became a district in 1995 during the Harcharan Brar government, with the strong efforts of the late Dilbag Singh, former Cabinet Minister, and the then MLA of Nawanshahr. People of this district are economically sound. Large numbers of families from the district have settled abroad. Consequently, huge remittance is received back in India which contributes to the district's economic development and prosperity. The prosperity of the Doaba area has grown considerably due to high land prices in the area, which is higher than that of most other districts in the state except for Ludhiana and Chandigarh. The economy of Nawanshahr is also improving due to the currency coming from overseas Punjabi people. Nawanshahr also has a railroad connecting it with Jalandhar, Rahon, and Jaijon.
On 27 September 2008, the Punjab government announced that Nawanshahr would be renamed after freedom fighter Bhagat Singh to mark his 101st birth anniversary.
Geography
The total area of Nawanshahr is 1,258 square kilometres.
Demographics
According to the 2001 census, Nawanshahr had a population of 587,468. This consisted of 306,902 males and 280,566 females, which meant there were 913 females for every 1000 males. The average literacy rate of Nawanshahr is 75% (male literacy is 79% and female literacy is 71%), surpassing the national average of 59.5%. In Nawanshahr, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. The population density (per km²) is 439 people. Between the 1991 census and the 2001 census, there was a 10.43% increase in population. Nawanshahr constituency is one of the 117 seats of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha and its constituency number is 47. Angad Saini, who is a member of Congress, won the last assembly election and is the current MLA of Nawanshahr.
The scheduled caste population is 45.58%.
Transport
Air
As of now, there is no commercial airport in Nawanshahr. The nearest regional airport is in Sahnewal, in Ludhiana which is around 45.2 km by road South-West of Nawanshahr, has only one daily flight to Delhi Airport by Alliance Air. The nearest full-fledged International Airport is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar, which is situated at a distance of about 155 km. Direct flights from key cities around the world like London, Birmingham, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and others are available from Amritsar Airport.
Rail
Nawanshahr Doaba Junction is one of the primary railway stations in Nawanshahr. Around 6 trains pass through Nawanshahr Doaba Junction. Nawanshahr Doaba Junction code is (NSS).Nawanshahr Doaba Junction is well connected with the entire city through easy conveyance options. Parking is also available at the station. Other facilities available at the station are automatic ticket vending machines, ATM machines, information kiosks, LCD screens, internet cafes and TV advertising panels. All the basic amenities are available for passengers at the railway station.
Road
Nawanshahr is well-connected by road to other parts of state. Punjab Roadways serve a number of routes from Nawanshahr to other big cities nearby, such as Amritsar, Delhi and Chandigarh.
Healthcare
This region has abundant health facilities. A high number of private clinics and nursing homes are available and some claim to have the latest medical equipment. There is an adequate number of Government Hospitals, Dispensaries, and Primary Health Centers in this area. Some hospitals in Nawanshahr have a capacity of 64 beds and are equipped with the latest medical tools. Banga and Balachaur Hospitals have a capacity of 30 beds each. Also, Mukandpur, Urapar, Sujjon, Saroya, and Muzzaffarpur provide all kinds of health services. For every village in the district, health services are available. Veterinary hospitals can be found in Nawanshahr, Rahon, Saroya, and Balachaur and Behram also.
Notable people from Nawanshahr
Bhagat Singh, Indian freedom fighter
Dewan Banna Mal Missar (Gautam), Dewan Of Kapurthala princely State
Dewan Acchru Mal Gautam, Finance Minister of Kapurthala State. Son Of Dewan Banna Mal.
Dewan Sundri Mal Gautam, Honorary Magistrate First Class, Nawanshahr. Son Of Dewan Banna Mal.
Madan Puri, Hindi and Punjabi actor
Jazzy B, Indian-Canadian singer
Surinder Shinda, singer
Amrish Puri, actor
Yash Chopra, Bollywood producer
Sukh-E Musical Doctorz, singer-songwriter and producer
Roshan Prince, singer
See also
Hansron
Hussain Chak
Langroya
References
Cities and towns in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district
Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district
1995 establishments in Punjab, India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawanshahr |
Neve Sha'anan (, eng. "Peaceful Abode") is a neighborhood in Tel Aviv, Israel, founded in 1923.
History
Neve Sha'anan takes its name from a verse in the Book of Isaiah: "Your eyes will see Jerusalem, a peaceful abode" (Isaiah 33:20). The neighborhood was established as a mixed residential and commercial zone north of Jaffa.
Today the main street, Neve Sha'anan Street, is a pedestrian mall. Many foreign workers live in Neve Sha'anan. In 1999, nearly 70 percent of the population was made up of refugees and migrants.
Levinsky Street is named after Elhanan Leib Lewinsky, a member of the Bilu Zionist movement in the Russian Empire, who travelled to Palestine in the early 1880s. In 1896, he was appointed manager of the southern and western Russian branches of the Carmel company, marketing wine produced in Palestine. Levinsky Park has become the social hub of the neighborhood. The Levinsky market, which extends into numerous side streets, is a colorful market brimming with spices, herbs, and teas founded by Jews from Thessalonica, Greece. The Greek Jews were followed by an influx of Iranian Jews and immigrants from other countries where herbal remedies and spicy foods are common.
The neighborhood was the site of a number of terrorist attacks. In July 2002, two Palestinian suicide bombers set off two explosions in rapid succession along a shopping strip in Neve Shaanan. Two of the three victims of the attack were immigrant laborers, who also made up a large portion of the 40 injured. In January 2003, 23 people—15 Israelis and 8 foreign nationals—were killed, and 120 wounded when two Palestinian suicide bombers blew themselves up on the pedestrian mall adjacent to the old central bus station. The mall was packed with shoppers and laborers returning home from work. In April 2006, during the Passover holiday, a Hamas suicide bomber blew himself up at the Rosh Ha'ir shwarma restaurant in Neve Sha'anan, killing 11 people and wounding 50.
Landmarks
Bus stations
The Tel Aviv Central Bus Station is located in Neve Sha'anan. The original Central Bus Station, in the heart of the neighborhood, was built in the 1940s.
Levinsky Garden Library
Located in Levinsky Park, the Garden Library consists of two open-air bookshelves (one for adults and one for children). The library services the whole community, but was originally designed with the refugee and migrant population in mind. The library was established in 2009 by the non-governmental organization ARTEAM. In addition to the free books, the library space also offers after school programs for children, art classes and workshops, and language lessons The library offers approximately 3,500 books in 16 different languages. It is located at 98 Lewinsky St. (corner of Lewinsky & Har Zion). The bookshelves are illuminated for easier browsing at night.
Notable residents
Hanoch Levin (1943–99), dramatist, theater director, author and poet
Shulamit Aloni
See also
Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv
References
Ethnic enclaves in Israel
Greek-Jewish culture in Israel
History of Tel Aviv
Iranian-Jewish culture in Israel
Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve%20Sha%27anan%2C%20Tel%20Aviv |
Harvey Whitefield Scott (1838–1910) was an American pioneer who traveled to Oregon in 1852. Scott was a long-time editorialist, and eventual part owner of The Oregonian newspaper. Scott was regarded by his contemporaries as instrumental in bringing the state of Oregon firmly into the political camp of the Republican Party.
Early years and education
Scott was born February 1, 1838, in rural Tazewell County, Illinois, near the town of Peoria, the son of John Tucker Scott, a farmer. The family crossed the Rocky Mountains as pioneers to Oregon in 1852. During the trip, his mother, Ann Roelofson Scott, died. His eight siblings included notable sisters Abigail Scott Duniway, and Catherine Amanda Coburn. The family settled in Yamhill County, where they remained one year before relocating north to Mason County on Puget Sound in the Washington Territory.
In 1855 and 1856, Scott fought for a year as a volunteer in the Puget Sound War, serving with the local militia in skirmishes against the Nisqually, Muckleshoot, Puyallup, and Klickitat peoples.
With the so-called Indian War at an end, in 1857, Scott walked 150 miles from the family home on Puget Sound to Forest Grove, Oregon, where he attended high school for four months. During this interval, Scott's parents moved their own home from the Washington Territory back to Oregon, establishing for themselves a new farm about 20 miles south of Oregon City. The family moved again in 1859, establishing a saw mill at Forest Grove.
Harvey Scott spent the years from 1859 to 1863 splitting his time between farm work and mill work and education, working his way through school. He entered the fledgling Pacific University at Forest Grove and in 1863 became the first alumnus of that institution, head of a graduating class consisting only of himself.
Career
After graduation from school, Scott spent a year in Idaho as a gold miner. This interlude proved brief, however, and in 1864 he returned to Oregon, studying law in the office of attorney E.D. Shattuck, a leading Republican and Unionist during the ongoing American Civil War. Scott supported himself while reading law by working as the librarian of the Library Association of Portland.
In 1865, Scott's plans to become an attorney came to an abrupt end when he was offered and accepted a position as editorial writer for the Portland Morning Oregonian.
Newspaper editor
Scott was editor of The Oregonian newspaper from 1866 to 1872. His editorials strongly supported the Union and the newly emerging Republican party during the Civil War. According to many sources, he was highly respected throughout his career, and did much to establish the field of journalism in Oregon. He was active nationally, and served on the board of directors of the Associated Press. Alfred Powers questioned his legacy, writing in 1936 that Scott was "lacking in sympathy and humanity" and that he "held to outworn social theories," and that his scholarship and character were overestimated.
Later career
After leaving the paper in 1872, Scott was the collector of customs for the Port of Portland until 1877. He then bought a sizable amount of stock in The Oregonian and returned as its editor-in-chief. Around 1880, he vociferously opposed public high schools in Oregon, especially Portland, stating "the machinery of the schools has grown too cumbrous and expensive a system; that there are too many studies; that the high school is not a proper part of the system of public education;... that those who desire for their children an education beyond the common branches of the old-fashioned common school should pay for it."
Scott was a Scottish Rite Freemason.
Historian
Scott also edited the first history of Portland, Oregon, published in 1890, and compiled the six-volume History of the Oregon Country with his son, Leslie M. Scott, who published it after Harvey's death.
Death and legacy
Scott died unexpectedly following surgery in Baltimore, Maryland, on August 7, 1910. His body was buried at River View Cemetery in Portland. His wife, Margaret Scott, died in 1925.
Mount Scott, an extinct volcano in Happy Valley, was named after him, as was Harvey Scott Elementary School in Northeast Portland. Using $10,000 left in his widow's will for the purpose, Gutzon Borglum (notable for sculptures on Mount Rushmore) was commissioned to erect a statue of Harvey W. Scott. The city council chose the summit of Mount Tabor for the statue in 1928 and Borglum placed a model of the statue there in 1930. The bronze statue was dedicated on July 22, 1933, with approximately 3000 in attendance, 23 years after Scott died. Oregon governor Julius Meier was chairman of the event and Chester Harvey Rowell gave a speech.
The statue was toppled during the early morning hours of October 20, 2020 in relation to racial justice protests in Portland. An unauthorized bust of York was installed around February 17, 2021 in the now-empty location where Scott's statue used to be. On October 24, 2022, The Oregonian published evidence that Scott's 40-year tenure as the newspaper's editor was an era when "overtly racist words" were commonly published in its pages. In response to the article, in December 2022, the board of Pacific University voted unanimously to remove Scott's name from a campus building.
Works
History of Portland, Oregon: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens and Pioneers. Syracuse, NY: D. Mason & Co., 1890.
Religion, Theology and Morals: Selected Editorials and Public Lectures Compiled by Leslie M. Scott. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1917.
History of the Oregon Country. With Leslie M. Scott. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1924.
See also
Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition – Scott was president from 1903 to 1905.
Henry Pittock
References
Further reading
Chapter 22 of the History of Oregon Literature (Powers, 1935)
Volume 14, Number 2 of the Oregon Historical Quarterly (June 1913) was dedicated to the life and career of Harvey W. Scott.
Lee Nash, "Abigail vs. Harvey: Sibling Rivalry in the Oregon Campaign for Woman Suffrage," Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol. 98 (Summer 1997), pp. 134–163. In JSTOR
Lee Nash, "Harvey Scott (1838-1910)," The Oregon Encyclopedia, Oregon Historical Society, 2015.
Lee Nash, "Scott of the Oregonian: Literary Frontiersman," Pacific Historical Quarterly, vol. 45 (August 1976), pp. 357–378. In JSTOR
Lee Nash, "Scott of the Oregonian: The Editor as Historian," Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol. 70, no. 3 (September 1969), pp. 197–232. In JSTOR
Oregon Historical Society, "Harvey W. Scott (1838-1910)," Oregon History Project, Oregon Historical Society, 2018.
Oregonian, 1911: https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025138/1911-02-04/ed-1/seq-19/
1838 births
1910 deaths
People from Tazewell County, Illinois
Journalists from Portland, Oregon
Pacific University alumni
American newspaper editors
Burials at River View Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)
The Oregonian people
Oregon Republicans
Journalists from Illinois
Editors of Oregon newspapers
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%20W.%20Scott |
Ted White may refer to:
Ted White (author) (born 1938), American science fiction author
Ted White (stuntman) (1926–2022), American stuntman
Ted White (cricketer) (1913–1999), Australian cricketer
Ted White (politician) (born 1949), Canadian politician
Ted White (American football) (born 1976), American football offensive coordinator
Ted White (manager), first husband of Aretha Franklin
See also
Edward White (disambiguation)
Theodore H. White (1915–1986), American journalist and author | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20White |
The Territory of Orleans was the name given to most of what is now the state of Louisiana (excluding that portion of the state which is west of the Sabine River). From 1806 until 1811, the Territory sent one non-voting Delegate (an "at-large" delegate) to the United States House of Representatives.
List of delegates representing the district
See also
List of United States congressional districts
References
Territory of Orleans
Congressional delegations
Orleans Territory
Former congressional districts of the United States
At-large United States congressional districts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans%20Territory%27s%20at-large%20congressional%20district |
The Northern Busway is a segregated busway that runs along the eastern side of the Northern Motorway, part of State Highway 1, in the north of Auckland, New Zealand, linking the North Shore with the northern end of the Auckland Harbour Bridge. As of May 2022, the busway consists of two-way lanes running between Albany Station and Akoranga Station, and from Akoranga Station a southbound-only lane that joins the harbour bridge approaches just south of the Onewa Road on-ramp system. Between 2008 and 2022 the busway terminated at Constellation.
Six stations provide access points for passengers to board; some stations have park and ride parking spaces; others have drop off and pick up zones only.
City-bound Northern Express (NX1 and NX2) services commence from Hibiscus Coast Station or Albany Station; from Albany, the lanes reduced travel time to Britomart Transport Centre from around one hour by car during peak hours to about half an hour by bus. In the reverse direction, NX1 and NX2 services leaving the city travel north to the Akoranga off-ramp, cross over the motorway, and enter Akoranga Station, from where they travel north on the busway lanes. The busway lanes are also an important transport link within the North Shore, where they are the spine of the bus-based public transport system.
History
Background
Prior to 2000, indicative scheme and station planning was undertaken by International Transport Planning Consultants (McCormick Rankin International) who were engaged by Serco on behalf of Transit.
In 2000, the North Shore Busway Office was established with a team to focus both on the overall scheme as well as the station components. This reflected the nature of the proposed funding. McCormick Rankin undertook refined schematic design and the Busway Team focused on the community consultation and funding programmes.
The ARC held a regional Station Theming Design Competition in 2001 to select a consultant to develop a Theming Manual for application across all major public transport stations to the Auckland Region. This provided a distinctive design signature to the region visually linking all public transport facilities. MARIO MADAYAG/Jasmax Architects were selected as winners for the competition with part of their benefit being their commission on this concept design exercise. The ARC separately engaged MARIO MADAYAG/Jasmax to develop the Theming Manuals within the set parameters of that project. The project ran in parallel with the busway station concept design exercise but was heavily integrated as the pedestrian overbridge, stair lift towers and waiting enclosure developed concepts for the Busway were integrated with the Theming Manual.
Concept, design and construction
Concept design for the busway was developed by MRCagney (formerly McCormick Rankin Cagney), with detailed design and consultation completed by Mario Madayag Architecture, Jasmax, Beca Group, Opus and Connell Wagner. Fletcher Construction was responsible for construction. Akoranga, Smales Farm, and Sunnynook stations were built by NZ Strong Construction.
Difficulties encountered included the nearby residential areas, the predominantly soft ground, and environmental efforts to protect New Zealand dotterel breeding grounds. Construction employed around 300 people at its peak, with around a million man-hours being invested, including shifts during 512 nights.
A proposed station at Onewa was cancelled after local residents petitioned and protested against the scheme - claiming that it would increase traffic on neighbourhood streets.
Operation
The busway was officially opened in February 2008 after several years of construction, though the Albany and Constellation stations had been operating since December 2005 using the normal Northern Motorway lanes. It was credited with reducing peak traffic on the Northern Motorway by around 500 cars each rush hour one month after opening, and about 39% of passengers on the Northern Express bus service had never used public transport before. The busway was initially used by 70 buses per hour during peak time.
In 2008, the busway received the 'Shell Bitumen Excellence Award for a Major Roading Project' and the 'Roading New Zealand Supreme Award'. In June 2009, it received the Ingenium 'Excellence Award' (in the category for projects above NZ$2 million construction cost).
In June 2010, the busway carried its 5 millionth passenger and was estimated to remove the equivalent of about 5,100 cars in the morning peak, with 80 buses per hour during peak times.
By mid-2011, frequency of the Northern Express had risen to every three minutes during the morning peak hour, five minutes during the 'shoulder peak'.
In 2015, some Northern Express services were extended to Hibiscus Coast busway station (formerly named Silverdale Park and Ride).
In 2017, Auckland Transport's projections indicated that the busway would reach maximum capacity in 2026, twenty years earlier than originally expected. AT's report said that increased patronage would "manifest in overcapacity conditions and poor operational performances" at Albany, Sunnynook and Akoranga stations. AT was investigating a range of improvements, including lengthening station platforms. A decision on a timeline for conversion of the busway to a rail link was expected to be announced before the end of 2017. In the 12 months to December 2018, the busway carried nearly 6 million passengers.
In May 2022 the extension of the busway between Constellation and Albany was opened.
Funding
The busway became fully operational in 2009, with some final sections being completed with little publicity, for around NZ$290–294 million: $210 million for the busway and $84 million for the stations. The project was funded by Transit New Zealand, ARTA, Auckland City Council and North Shore City Council.
Infrastructure
Busway
The busway has two lanes for 6.2 km running parallel with the eastern side of the Northern Motorway from Albany Station to Akoranga Station at the Esmonde Road interchange, from where a one-way southbound bus lane extends a further 2.5 km to south of the Onewa Road interchange, where it merges with the motorway for the Harbour Bridge. There are no dedicated bus lanes on the harbour bridge itself.
Its use is limited to Auckland Transport approved buses, emergency and maintenance vehicles, and the SkyBus North Harbour services that run between Albany and Auckland Airport. The busway has been designed for possible use by car pools.
Bus stations
The busway includes six dedicated stations, some with extensive park-and-ride car parks. Feeder bus services serve the stations, allowing transfer.
The stations are (north to south):
Hibiscus Coast – (the busway lanes do not yet extend to this station). Serves Silverdale, Orewa, Red Beach, Whangaparaoa, Redvale, Dairy Flat.
Albany – serves Albany, Rosedale, Long Bay.
Constellation – serves Mairangi Bay, Murrays Bay, Browns Bay, Rothesay Bay, Torbay, Unsworth Heights, Greenhithe, Albany.
Sunnynook – this station does not have ramps to allow local buses to enter or exit the station.
Smales Farm – serves Takapuna, Milford.
Akoranga – serves Northcote, Takapuna, Devonport, AUT's North Campus on Akoranga Drive.
All stations provide shelters and cycle parking - with glass walls, low planting, night lighting and CCTV to enhance security. Large indoor seating and waiting areas are provided at all stations except for Sunnynook.
Other structures
Major related structures are the new Esmonde Interchange (including large-scale improvements for general traffic) and Tristram Avenue Viaduct, which crosses the often-congested Tristram Avenue via grade separation. The viaduct has 12 spans of 30 m each, with the foundation piles being 1.5 m thick.
Electricity transmission cables
Cable ducts were placed beneath the busway during the construction in 2005, to provide for the future installation of electricity transmission cables. The cables installed in these ducts during 2012 and 2013 form part of a major upgrade to the security of supply to North Auckland and Northland.
Plans
By 2015, plans were unveiled to extend the busway lanes northwards between Constellation Station to Albany Station. This was completed in 2022.
An extension towards Orewa in the north is being debated for the long-term future. It was originally expected to cost around NZ$500 million, although the success of the scheme has now sparked potentially more extensive schemes for between NZ$700 million and NZ$1.2 billion to at least Silverdale, with up to five tunnels and seven bridges, including a motorway flyover between Constellation and Albany stations. Plans in 2008 included additional stations at Rosedale and Redvale.
In December 2017, plans were released for a $70 million station at Rosedale, situated between the Albany and Constellation stations. The station would be sited on Arrenway Drive with platforms extending across Rosedale Road for bus transfers to other routes. A construction start date of mid-2019 and opening in 2021 were proposed.
Conversion to rail-based transit
The Northern Busway's usage is tracking towards capacity being reached by 2030. Auckland Transport have studied the future mass transit needs for the North Shore, with light rail being determined the most flexible mode compared to other rail-based options. This may use a tunnel to access Auckland city centre as part of the proposed second Auckland Harbour crossing.
See also
Eastern Busway, Auckland
Other busway systems
Ritchies Transport, contracted operator of NX1 services
Tranzurban Auckland, contracted operator of NX2 services
References
External links
Northern Busway (official project website – archived version)
Busways
State Highway 1 (New Zealand) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Busway%2C%20Auckland |
Nashville School of Law (formerly known as the Nashville YMCA Night Law School), is a private law school founded in 1911. The school's students attend classes at night on a part-time basis.
History
In the fall of 1911, Morton B. Adams, William P. Cooper, Lee Douglas, and Robert Selph Henry, then recent graduates of Vanderbilt University Law School, opened night law classes at YMCA for the benefit of those unable to attend law classes during the day. The law school has been in continual operation since that time. It was incorporated under the laws of the State of Tennessee on January 19, 1927. Since that date, the law school has conferred the Juris Doctor or Doctor of Jurisprudence degree on over 2,970 graduates. Until November, 1986, the school operated as the Nashville YMCA Night Law School, leasing its classroom space from the Downtown YMCA. On November 24, 1986, the school officially changed its name to Nashville School of Law.
James Gilbert Lackey, Jr. (1915–1987) served as dean of the Law School and taught Contracts from 1946 to 1986. Upon his retirement, the faculty elected Judge Joe C. Loser, Jr., dean of the school. Judge Loser then retired from the Third Circuit Court of Davidson County, Tennessee after 20 years on the bench to become the fourth dean in the school's history on August 23, 1986. Following Loser's retirement, former Tennessee Supreme Court Justice and NSL faculty member, Justice William C. Koch, Jr. became the fifth dean of NSL in July 2014.
Accreditation
Nashville School of Law is approved by the Tennessee Board of Law Examiners and graduates may take the bar examination and practice law in the State of Tennessee. The school is not, however, accredited by the American Bar Association. This limits the ability of graduates to practice law in states other than Tennessee. Graduates of NSL are not eligible to take the bar or practice law in 19 states, and may only take the bar or practice in a further 23 states if they have passed another state's bar exam.
Academics
The 57 credit hours required for the J.D. degree require four years to complete, and several of the courses are designed to focus on practice in Tennessee. Classes are held each evening Monday to Thursday. Classes begin in August each fall and continue through early May. Classes are on Monday and Thursday nights first and second year, typically beginning at 6:30 p.m. and running until 10 p.m. Third- and fourth-year students add some classes on Wednesday nights.
All students must complete 57 credit hours with a GPA of at least 2.25 to graduate. The top ten percent of each graduating class is inducted into Cooper's Inn, the school honor society, and recognized at graduation. The student who graduates at the top of the class is awarded the Founder's Award and receives a set of the Tennessee Code Annotated.
Faculty
The school's faculty includes practicing lawyers and judges from across the state of Tennessee; formerly including the late former Tennessee Chief Justice Adolpho Birch, and now including former Justice William C. Koch, Jr. of the Tennessee Supreme Court, who became dean of the school in July 2014.
Campus and library
In the Fall of 2005, the school moved into its current facility at 4013 Armory Oaks Drive. It had been nearby at 2934 Sidco Drive, since 1990.
The Nashville School of Law Library consists of 15,727 hard copy volumes. All students have access to LexisNexis and Westlaw research services in the library at the computer lab, from any location in the facility through a wireless-enabled laptop, and from any other location with Internet access.
Admissions
Nashville School of Law enters two terms each year, in February and August, and operates on a "rolling admissions" basis. Applications are processed at the time they are received. Applicants must have received, or will receive prior to matriculation, a bachelor's degree from a college or university on the approved list of the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges, or the equivalent regional accrediting association. The applicant must also submit three letters of recommendation, one of which must be from someone in the legal field, and should describe any extracurricular activities during their undergraduate career or business accomplishments since college graduation. Applicants must also include an explanation of any prior arrests and/or any disciplinary action received from an educational institution. Nashville School of Law maintains a strict anti-discrimination and anti-harassment policy, and provides assistance for disabled students.
The median LSAT score for students admitted in the 2018–2019 admissions cycle was 148 and the median GPA was 3.19.
Costs and financial aid
For the 2019–20 school year, tuition is $7,420 (excluding books) for a typical first-year load of twelve credit hours. The total cost of the 57 credit hours needed to graduate is $35,890 (excluding books).
As a private institution, NSL does not participate in federal loan programs; students are not eligible for federal loans and must apply independently for loans through banks. The school offers a limited number of partial and full scholarships for students, based on need and merit.
Bar passage rate and post-graduation employment
Nashville School of Law does not publish employment data for its recent graduates.
Of the 75 Nashville School of Law graduates who took the Tennessee bar exam for the first time in July 2022, 25 (33.3%) passed, vs. a 62% pass rate for the state as a whole.
Notable alumni
Ross W. Dyer, Chief Justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court
Johnny Garrett, attorney and member of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Albert Gore Sr., former U.S. Senator and father of former U.S. Vice President Al Gore
Jack Kershaw, attorney and sculptor who represented Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassin James Earl Ray and founded the League of the South
References
External links
Nashville School of Law Homepage
Universities and colleges established in 1911
Universities and colleges in Nashville, Tennessee
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Law schools in Tennessee
Universities and colleges founded by the YMCA
Private universities and colleges in Tennessee
1911 establishments in Tennessee
Nashville School of Law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville%20School%20of%20Law |
The New Direction for America was part of the political platform of Congressional Democrats in the 2006 United States congressional elections. It was similar in strategy to the Contract with America of the Republicans in 1994, which gave clear-cut campaign promises six weeks before the crucial 1994 mid-term elections, and was a deciding factor in the ensuing Republican victory.
References
External links
Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi's Press Release on June 16, 2006
Democratic Party (United States)
Factions in the Democratic Party (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Direction%20for%20America |
I'd Tell You I Love You, But Then I'd Have to Kill You (2006) is a young adult fiction novel written by Ally Carter and is the first of seven books in the Gallagher Girls series. In October 2007, a sequel was released titled Cross My Heart and Hope to Spy.
Synopsis
The Gallagher Academy for Exceptional Young Women is a fairly typical all-girls school—that is, if every school teaches advanced martial arts in PE, chemistry always consists of learning about the latest in chemical warfare, and everyone breaks CIA codes for extra credit in computer class. So in truth, while the Gallagher Academy might say it’s a school for geniuses what they really mean is spies. But what happens when a Gallagher Girl falls for a boy who doesn’t have a code name?
Cammie Morgan may be fluent in fourteen languages and is very capable of killing a man with a few pieces of uncooked spaghetti, but the Gallagher Academy hasn't prepared her for what to do when she meets an ordinary boy who thinks she’s an ordinary girl. Sure, she can tap his phone, hack into his computer, and track him through a mall without him ever being the wiser, but can she have a regular relationship with a regular boy who can never know the truth about her? Cammie may be an elite spy in training, but in her sophomore year, she’s doing something riskier than ever—she’s falling in love.
Reception
Critical reception to I'd Tell You I Love You, But Then I'd Have to Kill You was mixed. A review for the School Library Journal said it was amusing, but lacked "appeal." Publishers Weekly praised the book's tension while stating that they wished the character of Macey had been more fully developed (the character was more fully developed in later books). Common Sense Media wrote that the book was a "fun debut" without much controversial material.
Movie adaptation
I'd Tell You I Love You, But Then I'd Have to Kill You was initially optioned for film by Disney, with the option later being sold to Walden Media. In June 2009 the movie option expired. Carter announced in August 2013 that production company Tonik had optioned the series for film.
Plot
A young spy, Cammie Morgan, falls in love with a boy, Josh, but cannot reveal the truth about herself to him. This caused misunderstandings later on and they broke up in tears. In the end, Josh finds out about her being a spy, and all wrongs in the past had been corrected, and hope came back to Cammie.
But just as soon as Josh learned the truth, Cammie's mom gave Josh some serious tea that made him forget the truth about Cammie.
Series
The Gallagher Girls Series consists of seven books:
I'd Tell You I Love You, But Then I'd Have to Kill You
Cross My Heart and Hope to Spy
Don't Judge a Girl by Her Cover
Only the Good Spy Young
Out of Sight, Out of Time
United We Spy
The Spies That Bind
The first six in the series follow one after the other while The Spies That Bind is an audiobook prequel that follows Cammie Morgan when she first started at The Gallagher Academy for Exceptional Young Women.
References
2006 American novels
American spy novels
American young adult novels
Junior spy novels
Novels by Ally Carter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27d%20Tell%20You%20I%20Love%20You%2C%20But%20Then%20I%27d%20Have%20to%20Kill%20You |
The Melody and the Energetic Nature of Volume is the debut studio album by Canadian rock band Evans Blue. It was released on February 21, 2006. The album spawned two singles, "Cold (But I'm Still Here)" and "Over." It has sold more than 200,000 copies, and was at one point #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Chart.
The album portrays the intricate workings of a relationship and the hardships of breaking off with someone you love. "Possession" is a cover of the Sarah McLachlan song from the album, Fumbling Towards Ecstasy.
A live, acoustic version of this album, entitled Unplugged Melody, with the exception of the Sarah McLachlan cover of "Possession", was included with the purchase of the band's second album, The Pursuit Begins When This Portrayal of Life Ends. It was the first and last album to feature original drummer Darryl Brown.
Track listing
Personnel
Evans Blue
Kevin Matisyn - lead vocals
Parker Lauzon - Rhythm guitar
Vlad Tanaskovic - Lead guitar
Joe Pitter - Bass
Darryl Brown - Drums
Additional musicians
Stuart Cameron - Acoustic guitar on Beg. Lap steel on Beg and Cold (But I'm Still Here).
Kevin Fox - Cello on Over, Possession and Stop and Say You'll Love Me.
Michael Langford - All percussion
Benita Lutz - Backing vocals on Beg.
Tara MacLean - Backing vocals on Beg and Possession.
Sam Taylor - Keyboards on Eclipsed.
Production
Produced by Trevor Kustiak
Engineered by Michael Langford
Mixed by Mark Makoway
Mastered by Joao Carvalho at Joao Carvalho Mastering
Recorded at The Pocket Studios
References
2006 debut albums
Hollywood Records albums
Evans Blue albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Melody%20and%20the%20Energetic%20Nature%20of%20Volume |
The United States Social Forum is an ongoing series of gatherings of social justice activists in the United States which grew out of the World Social Forum process, bringing together activists, organizers, people of color, working people, poor people, and indigenous people from across the United States. Its purpose is to build unity around common goals of social justice, build ties between organizations at the event, and help build a broader social justice movement. Planning for the first event was spearheaded by the organization Project South: Institute for the Elimination of Poverty and Genocide, and involved dozens of other organizations around the United States. The Forum defines itself as "a movement-building process. It is not a conference but it is a space to come up with the peoples’ solutions to the economic and ecological crisis. The USSF is the next most important step in our struggle to build a powerful multi-racial, multi-sectoral, inter-generational, diverse, inclusive, internationalist movement that transforms this country and changes history."
National Planning Committee
After the 2005 World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, the US Social Forum National Planning Committee was created by the WSF's International Council designating the alliance "Grassroots Global Justice" as the core group. It includes over 45 groups who oversee the US Social Forum's fiscal and political responsibilities.
The committee includes a number of big labor rights and social justice organizations, such as the AFL-CIO, Amnesty International USA, AFSCME, Center for Third World Organizing, Indigenous Environmental Network, Jubilee USA, Sociologists Without Borders.
Activities
Self-organized workshops
People's Movement Assemblies
Plenaries
Work projects and brigades
Detroit Expanded (DEX)
USSF village and canopies
Arts & culture - performances, exhibitions, film festival
Children's social forum & youth camp
International participation
Direct action
Open Spaces
Tours
Grassroots fundraising
2007 Forum
The first Forum was in Atlanta, Georgia, USA from June 27 – July 1, 2007. Planning began in 2005. In June 2006, the Southeast Social Forum was in Durham, North Carolina; one of its priorities was to plan for and build momentum for the US Social Forum.
On June 27, the opening march began at the Georgia State Capitol and ended at the Atlanta Civic Center. Organizers hoped for at least 10,000 people; about 15,000 attended.
The Forum's goal was to help build a movement that would end harmful US practices against all people by helping coordinate local activists into a nationwide movement. This took shape as the National Domestic Workers Alliance, a group working for a Domestic Worker's Bill of Rights in various states.
Activist librarians from the Progressive Librarians Guild and Radical Reference collected materials that were sent to the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan.
2010 Forum
The 2010 Forum was in Detroit, Michigan from June 22–26, in the Northwest Goldberg area. More than 20,000 attended. Detroit was chosen partly because of its activism in community building resulting from a lack of support from the U.S. federal government. Organizers hoped that half of the 15,000 participants they expected would be from the Midwest.
Organizers planned on supporting and beautifying the neighborhood. Thousands of bicycles used during the forum were donated to the residents afterward. Some attendees bought vacant homes that were donated to a local organization after the Forum. The Detroit Liberation Library was created from hundreds of books collected from USSF participants from around the US that were later offered throughout the city.
The Forum's supporters were encouraged to create People's Movement Assemblies in their own communities.
Activists participated in more than 1,000 self-organized workshops. One of the most popular events was a conversation between Grace Lee Boggs and Immanuel Wallerstein. Thousands of Forum participants marched to occupy Chase Bank Detroit headquarters, resulting in a national Chase Bank official speaking with church leaders in Detroit about foreclosures.
Progressive religious groups played a larger role in the 2010 Forum than at the 2007 event.
People's Movement Assemblies
People's Movement Assemblies (PMA's) are informally organized groups of activists to create and coordinate solutions to various social problems. At the 2010 US Social Forum, over 200 organizations participated in 52 PMA's of four people each. 45 resolutions for action were confirmed, adding to another 24 created before the Forum. They included an endorsement of Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions against Israel in support of the Palestinian struggle.
Sources
"PLG – ¡Presenté! Report from the United States Social Forum." Progressive Librarian 30. Winter 2007/2008, pp. 79–102.
See also
World Social Forum
European Social Forum
Southern Africa Social Forum
Boston Social Forum
Midwest Social Forum
Southeast Social Forum
World Economic Forum
External links
US Social Forum Official site
2010 US Social Forum
2007 US Social Forum
2014 US Social Forum
Media from the 2007 US Social Forum
Grace Lee Boggs on the 2010 US Social Forum - video report by Democracy Now!
Social forums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Social%20Forum |
Mitchell High School is located in Mitchell, Nebraska, United States. In the 2005–06 school year, the school had a population of about 305 students in grades 7–12. Mitchell High School is a member of the Nebraska School Activities Association. The socioeconomic status of the students is low-middle to middle income. The principal is Heath Peters.
The school mascot is the Tiger.
School activities include football, volleyball, golf, cross-country, basketball, wrestling, one-acts, speech, marching band, jazz choir, FBLA, Quiz Bowl, National Honor Society, track and field, and cheer-leading.
External links
Mitchell Jr./Sr. High School
Mitchell City Schools
Public high schools in Nebraska
Schools in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska
Public middle schools in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20High%20School%20%28Nebraska%29 |
Montgomery Tully (6 May 190410 October 1988) was an Irish film director and writer.
Film career
Born in Dublin, Tully studied at the University of London, and originally entered the film industry as a director of documentaries. Later, Tully worked on low-budget British films, and is mostly known for his crime dramas. One of his films, No Road Back (1957), featured Sean Connery in a very early role. His last film, The Terrornauts, was made in 1967. He also worked in television, directing episodes of shows including Edgar Wallace Mysteries, Kraft Mystery Theatre, Man from Interpol and Fabian of the Yard.
Partial filmography
Waltz Time (1945)
Murder in Reverse? (1945)
Spring Song (1946)
Mrs. Fitzherbert (1947)
Boys in Brown (1949)
A Tale of Five Cities (a.k.a. A Tale of Five Women ) (1951)
Girdle of Gold (1952)
Small Town Story (1953)
36 Hours (a.k.a. Terror Street) (1953)
The Diamond (a.k.a. The Diamond Wizard) (1954)
Five Days (a.k.a. Paid to Kill) (1954)
Devil's Point (a.k.a. Devil's Harbor) (1954)
The Glass Cage (a.k.a. The Glass Tomb) (1955)
Dial 999 (a.k.a. The Way Out) (1955)
The Counterfeit Plan (1957)
No Road Back (1957)
The Key Man (a.k.a. Life at Stake) (1957)
The Hypnotist (a.k.a. Scotland Yard Dragnet) (1957)
Man in the Shadow (a.k.a. Violent Stranger) (1957)
The Diplomatic Corpse (1958)
Escapement (a.k.a. The Electronic Monster) (1958)
The Strange Awakening (a.k.a. Female Fiends) (1958)
The Long Knife (1958)
Man with a Gun (1958)
I Only Arsked! (1958)
Man Accused (1959)
The Price of Silence (1959)
Jackpot (1960)
Dead Lucky (1960)
The House in Marsh Road (a.k.a. Invisible Creature) (1960)
Two Wives at One Wedding (1961)
The Third Alibi (1961)
Middle Course (1961)
She Knows Y'Know (1962)
Out of the Fog (a.k.a. Fog for a Killer) (1962)
Clash by Night (a.k.a. Escape by Night) (1963)
Master Spy (1963)
Who Killed the Cat? (1966)
The Terrornauts (1967)
Battle Beneath the Earth (1967)
References
External links
Irish film directors
1904 births
1988 deaths
Film people from Dublin (city) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery%20Tully |
State Route 292 (SR 292) is a short state highway on the northern edge of Humboldt County, Nevada, United States, that serves the community of Denio.
Route description
SR 292 is a two-lane road entirely within the southern part of the Pueblo Valley. The route begins at a T intersection with State Route 140 (SR 140) in Denio Junction. (From the intersection, southbound SR 140 heads south and then east to end at U.S. Route 95 [US 95], east-northeast of Amos. Northbound SR 140 heads westerly to the Oregon state line to connect with Oregon Route 140.) From its southern terminus SR 292 heads north, but slightly to the west, a distance of nearly to serve the community of Denio (a census-designated place). The route ends at the Oregon state line. From SR 292's northern terminus, the road continues northward into Oregon as Harney County Route 201 (Fields-Denio Road), heading towards Fields.
History
SR 292 was originally part of the former State Route 8A. That route, established by 1929, connected State Route 8 (now US 95) to Vya via Denio. SR 8A was realigned to bypass Denio by 1949, leaving the highway into Denio without a state highway number. The road was designated as State Route 292 on July 1, 1976, as part of the renumbering of Nevada's state highway system. However, the new route number was not seen on official Nevada highway maps until 1993.
Major intersections
See also
List of state routes in Nevada
List of highways numbered 292
Notes
References
External links
292
Transportation in Humboldt County, Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada%20State%20Route%20292 |
WSAQ (107.1 FM) is a country music radio station licensed to Port Huron, Michigan, with an effective radiated power of 6,000 watts. WSAQ covers St. Clair County, Michigan and Lambton County, Ontario as well as portions of Macomb, Lapeer, and Sanilac counties. The station is owned by Radio First and broadcasts from studios on Huron Avenue in Downtown Port Huron.
History
In 1964, the station signed on for the first time as WHLS-FM. Featuring a simulcast of the AM station and then later a beautiful music format, it was soon renamed WSAQ, and adopted a country music format in spring 1982.
In 1999, original owner John Wismer died, and both WHLS and WSAQ were sold to Liggett Communications as part of Wismer's estate. Liggett also acquired then competitor Hanson Communications, owner of 1590 WHLX, 1380 WPHM, and 96.9 WBTI. Wismer's original studios at 808 Huron Avenue in Downtown Port Huron were expanded to accommodate all five stations. All of the Port Huron Liggett stations now operate under the brand name of Radio First.
In late 2009, WSAQ started broadcasting Radio Data System information (RDS)
On December 26, 2019 Sarnia radio station CHOK flipped back to country, giving WSAQ a local competitor. CHOK has a focus on Sarnia Lambton, while WSAQ has a focus on Port Huron.
Spring Anniversary Show
Every spring in April Q Country hosts the annual Spring Anniversary Show, where the tickets are given away and won by listeners. The event is hosted by Q Country at the McMorran Place Arena. The event has seen people like Blake Shelton, Craig Campbell, and Lee Brice.
See also
Blue Water Weather Telephone Service
Notes
External links
SAQ-FM
Country radio stations in the United States
Port Huron, Michigan
St. Clair County, Michigan
Radio stations established in 1964
SAQ-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSAQ |
Slylock Fox is a daily comic strip created by Bob Weber Jr. and published by King Features Syndicate. Bob Weber Jr. is the son of Bob Weber Sr., creator of the comic strip Moose & Molly. The target audience is young children. According to the official website, Slylock Fox appears in nearly 400 newspapers with a combined readership of over 30 million.
Overview
Slylock Fox regularly features a logic puzzle presented in a single panel. Slylock, an anthropomorphic fox detective, is constantly matching wits against a variety of criminals, including Count Weirdly, Shady Shrew and Slick Smitty. The strip does not normally use dialogue; instead, text accompanying the illustration informs the reader of a problem Slylock must solve. These often include escaping from a dungeon, locating stolen goods, or determining who committed a crime through visual clues or logical inconsistencies. The puzzle solution is printed upside down.
Slylock is assisted by sidekick Max Mouse. Max wears pink shorts and a matching bowler hat. He functions as Slylock's foil, being distracted at the crime scene or coming to a false conclusion, only to be corrected by Slylock.
A varied cast of witnesses, victims, policemen and criminals fill in the rest of Slylock's world. These characters' names usually contain either some form of alliteration, a type of animal, a profession, or a personality trait. This allows Weber to quickly establish a scene and set up a mystery using very little space. Some notable examples include Deputy Duck, Roxy Rabbit, and Shady Shrew. Most of these characters are seen once and/or never again.
Slylock's name is likely an homage to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. Like Sherlock, Slylock is traditionally depicted with a magnifying glass and a blue deerstalker hat; also, he wears a blue suit and cape.
The Slylock Fox logic puzzles appear only in Sunday and Monday strips. The Tuesday to Saturday strips consist of spot the difference puzzles, trivia challenges, how-to-draw tutorials, and other activities. The Sunday edition features both Slylock and the activities.
Slylock Fox had an iPhone game called "Slylock Fox Spot the Differences". The iPhone app provides children of all ages the ability to test their observation skills with fifty of Bob Weber Jr.'s favorite spot the differences puzzles.
Media
The now-defunct Slylock Fox website featured many additional Slylock mysteries that have never been printed, in addition to other activities. The site was voted an "Educational Best Bet" by USA Today and received an award for "Best of the Net" from About.com in April 1999. The site currently redirects to the official page for Weber's other comic strip, Oh, Brother!.
Slylock Fox and Cassandra Cat guest starred in a week of My Cage comic strips in October 2007.
Stephan Pastis made a parody of Slylock Fox in his comic strip Pearls Before Swine on January 13, 2008; Weber reciprocated by having Rat and Pig, the two main characters from Pearls, appear in Slylock on February 3, 2008. Pastis repeated with another parody on April 24, 2016.
A Slylock Fox mystery puzzle reprint book titled Go Fun Slylock Fox Mystery Puzzles and a Spot Six Differences reprint book titled Go Fun Spot Six Differences have been released by Andrews McMeel Publishing.
Main characters
In addition to a large cast of one-time characters, the strip has a handful of heroes and villains.
Protagonists
Slylock Fox, a fox detective who relies on logic and observation. He normally appears quite stoic.
Max Mouse, Slylock's sidekick. He occasionally finds clues that Slylock misses, but is usually less focused.
Chief Mutt and Deputy Duck, the local police, a bulldog and duck.
Tiffany Fox and Melody Mouse, two friendly bystanders and occasional victims. They sometimes act as romantic interests for Slylock and Max.
Sir Hound
Granny Squirrel
Rachel Rabbit
Princess Pussycat
Antagonists
Slick Smitty, one of the few humans, a perpetually smug con-artist and recurring villain. He is probably a parody off of Professor Moriarty.
Cassandra Cat, a jewel thief who gets by on her charm and beauty. Slylock seems to be the only one who is not fazed. She is probably a parody off of Irene Adler.
Count Weirdly, an eccentric scientist who lives in a castle full of creepy creatures and monsters. His crimes range from dangerously insane to simple cons. He is probably a parody off of both Count Dracula and Dr. Frankenstein.
Shady Shrew, a lower class citizen in a run-down house who constantly steals and lies.
Reeky Rat, a conniving, stealing, lying mullet-headed rat that lives in a trailer down by the river.
Harry Ape, a big gorilla that has a habit of robbing banks. His short, white-haired mama ape often offers false alibis for her felonious offspring.
Koppy Kat, a painting forger known for always leaving some sort of error in the paintings.
Big Brad Wolf, a lowlife single father to his son, Little Brad Wolf.
Rodney Rat
Buford Bull
Bertha Bear
Wanda Weasel
Lady Lynx
Wanda Witch
Collections
Reprints of the different activities featured in Slylock Fox are distributed through Slylock Fox' official store.
Find the Six Differences #1
Find the Six Differences #2
Find the Six Differences #3
Bob Weber Jr.'s How To Draw Cartoons
Bob Weber Jr.'s Slylock Fox Mystery Puzzles
Bob Weber Jr.'s True or False
Bob Weber Jr.'s Trivia
Bob Weber Jr.'s Other Puzzles
Bob Weber Jr.'s Tagged Puzzles
Find the Six Difference #4
A Slylock Fox mystery puzzle reprint book titled Go Fun Slylock Fox Mystery Puzzles and a Spot Six Differences reprint book titled Go Fun Spot Six Differences have been released by Andrews McMeel Publishing.
Film adaptation
In September 2022, it was reported that King Features will be adapting Slylock Fox into an animated feature film. Evan Daugherty will write and produce and CJ Kettler will executive produce.
References
External links
The official Slylock Facebook Page
Oh, Brother! Bob Weber Jr.'s other comic strip
American comic strips
1987 comics debuts
Comics characters introduced in 1987
Sherlock Holmes pastiches
Ducks in literature
Comics about dogs
Comics about mice and rats
Comics about animals
Comics about foxes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slylock%20Fox%20%26%20Comics%20for%20Kids |
Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford is Child ballad 144 (Roud 2338).
Synopsis
Robin Hood, knowing the bishop is coming, has his men kill a deer, puts shepherd's clothing on himself and six others, and dresses the deer by the road. The bishop threatens to have them all hanged. Robin summons the rest of his men with his horn, compels the bishop to dine with them, and either robs him or forces him to say mass for them.
Early publication
This ballad was published as a broadside by C. Shepherd, of London, in 1791. It was included in A Collection of National English Airs, edited by William Chappell and published in 1840.
See also
Robin Hood and the Bishop
List of the Child Ballads
References
External links
Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford
Child Ballads
Robin Hood ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Hood%20and%20the%20Bishop%20of%20Hereford |
Noahidism () or Noachidism () is a monotheistic Jewish religious movement aimed at non-Jews, based upon the Seven Laws of Noah and their traditional interpretations within Orthodox Judaism.
According to the Jewish law, non-Jews (Goyim) are not obligated to convert to Judaism, but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah to be assured of a place in the World to Come (), the final reward of the righteous. The penalty for violating any of the Noahide laws is discussed in the Talmud, but in practical terms it is subject to the working legal system which is established by the society at large. Those who subscribe to the observance of the Noahic Covenant are referred to as (, "Sons of Noah") or Noahides (). The modern Noahide movement was founded in the 1990s by Orthodox Jewish rabbis from Israel, mainly tied to Chabad-Lubavitch and religious Zionist organizations, including The Temple Institute.
Historically, the Hebrew term has been applied to all non-Jews as descendants of Noah. However, nowadays it is primarily used to refer specifically to those "Righteous Gentiles" who observe the Seven Laws of Noah. Noahide communities have spread and developed primarily in the United States, United Kingdom, Latin America, Nigeria, the Philippines, and Russia. , there are over 20,000 official Noahides around the world and the country with the greatest number is the Philippines.
The Noahic Covenant
The theological basis for the seven commandments of the Noahic Covenant is said to be derived interpretatively from demands addressed to Adam and to Noah, who are believed to be the progenitors of humankind in Judaism, and therefore to be regarded as universal moral laws. The seven commandments of the Noahic Covenant enumerated in the Babylonian Talmud ( 8:4, 56a-b) are:
Do not worship idols.
Do not curse God.
Do not murder.
Do not commit adultery or sexual immorality.
Do not steal.
Do not eat flesh torn from a living animal.
Establish courts of justice.
According to the American Roman Catholic priest and dogmatic theologian Bruce R. Barnes, the obligation to follow the Noahic Covenant and its seven commandments was incumbent upon the Jewish people as well, and remained effective for them until the Ten Commandments were given to Moses on Mount Sinai:
Historical precedents
The concept of "Righteous Gentiles" (gerim toshavim) has a few precedents in the history of Judaism, primarily during Biblical times and the Roman domination of the Mediterranean. In the Hebrew Bible, it is reported that the legal status of (, : "foreigner" or "alien" + : "resident", ) was granted to those Gentiles (non-Jews) living in the Land of Israel who did not want to convert to Judaism but agreed to observe the Seven Laws of Noah. The or God-fearers of the Roman Empire were another ancient example of non-Jews being included within the Jewish community without converting to Judaism.
During the Golden Age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula, the medieval Jewish philosopher and rabbi Moses Maimonides (1135–1204) wrote in the halakhic legal code that Gentiles (non-Jews) must perform exclusively the Seven Laws of Noah and refrain from studying the Torah or performing any Jewish commandment, including resting on the Shabbat; however, Maimonides also states that if Gentiles want to perform any Jewish commandment besides the Seven Laws of Noah according to the correct halakhic procedure, they are not prevented from doing so. According to Maimonides, teaching non-Jews to follow the Seven Laws of Noah is incumbent on all Jews, a commandment in and of itself. Nevertheless, the majority of rabbinic authorities over the centuries have rejected Maimonides' opinion, and the dominant halakhic consensus has always been that Jews are not required to spread the Noahide laws to non-Jews.
During the 1860s in Western Europe, the idea of Noahidism as a universal Judaic religion for non-Jews was developed by Elijah Benamozegh, an Italian Sephardic Orthodox rabbi and renowned Jewish Kabbalist. Between the years 1920s–1930s, French writer adopted the Noahide laws at the suggestion of his teacher Elijah Benamozegh; afterwards, Pallière spread Benamozegh's doctrine in Europe and never formally converted to Judaism. Modern historians argue that Benamozegh's role in the debate on Jewish universalism in the history of Jewish philosophy was focused on the Seven Laws of Noah as the means subservient to the shift of Jewish ethics from particularism to universalism, although the arguments that he used to support his universalistic viewpoint were neither original nor unheard in the history of this debate. According to Clémence Boulouque, Carl and Bernice Witten Associate Professor of Jewish and Israel Studies at Columbia University in the City of New York, Benamozegh ignored the ethnocentric biases contained in the Noahide laws, whereas some contemporary right-wing Jewish political movements have embraced them.
Modern Noahide movement
Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, encouraged his followers on many occasions to preach the Seven Laws of Noah, devoting some of his addresses to the subtleties of this code. Since the 1990s, Orthodox Jewish rabbis from Israel, most notably those affiliated to Chabad-Lubavitch and religious Zionist organizations, including The Temple Institute, have set up the modern Noahide movement. These Noahide organizations, led by religious Zionist and Orthodox Jewish rabbis, are aimed at non-Jews to proselytize among them and commit them to follow the Noahide laws. According to Rachel Z. Feldman, American anthropologist and Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Dartmouth College, many of the Orthodox Jewish rabbis involved in mentoring Noahides are supporters of the Third Temple movement who believe that the messianic era shall begin with the establishment of a Jewish theocratic state in Israel, supported by communities of Noahides worldwide:
Feldman describes Noahidism as a "new world religion" that "carv[es] out a place for non-Jews in the messianic Zionist project" and "affirms the superiority of Judaism and Jewish biblical right to the Land of Israel, in line with the aims of the growing messianic Third Temple Movement in Jerusalem." She characterizes Noahide ideology in the Philippines and elsewhere in the global south as having a "markedly racial dimension" constructed around "an essential categorical difference between Jews and Noahides". David Novak, professor of Jewish theology and ethics at the University of Toronto, has denounced the modern Noahide movement by stating that "If Jews are telling Gentiles what to do, it's a form of imperialism".
High Council of
In 2005 a "High Council of ", set up to represent Noahide communities around the world, was endorsed by a group that claimed to be the new Sanhedrin. The High Council of consists of a group of Noahides who, at the request of the nascent Sanhedrin, gathered in Jerusalem on 10 January 2006 to be recognized as an international Noahide organization for the purpose of serving as a bridge between the nascent Sanhedrin and Noahides worldwide. There were ten initial members who flew to Israel and pledged to uphold the Seven Laws of Noah and to conduct themselves under the authority of the Noahide (religious court) of the nascent Sanhedrin.
Acknowledgment
Meir Kahane and Shlomo Carlebach organized one of the first Noahide conferences in the 1980s. In 1990, Kahane was the keynote speaker at the First International Conference of the Descendants of Noah, the first Noahide gathering, in Fort Worth, Texas. After the assassination of Meir Kahane that same year, The Temple Institute, which advocates to rebuild the Third Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, started to promote the Noahide laws as well.
The Chabad-Lubavitch movement has been one of the most active in Noahide outreach, believing that there is spiritual and societal value for non-Jews in at least simply acknowledging the Noahide laws. In 1982, Chabad-Lubavitch had a reference to the Noahide laws enshrined in a U.S. Presidential proclamation: the "Proclamation 4921", signed by the then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan. The United States Congress, recalling House Joint Resolution 447 and in celebration of Menachem Mendel Schneerson's 80th birthday, proclaimed 4 April 1982, as a "National Day of Reflection".
In 1989 and 1990, they had another reference to the Noahide laws enshrined in a U.S. Presidential proclamation: the "Proclamation 5956", signed by then-President George H. W. Bush. The United States Congress, recalling House Joint Resolution 173 and in celebration of Menachem Mendel Schneerson's 87th birthday, proclaimed 16 April 1989, and 6 April 1990, as "Education Day, U.S.A."
In January 2004, the spiritual leader of the Druze community in Israel, Sheikh Mowafak Tarif, met with a representative of Chabad-Lubavitch to sign a declaration calling on all non-Jews in Israel to observe the Noahide laws; the mayor of the Arab city of Shefa-'Amr (Shfaram) also signed the document.
In March 2016, the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, Yitzhak Yosef, declared during a sermon that Jewish law requires that the only non-Jews allowed to live in Israel are obligated to follow the Noahide laws:
Yosef further added:
Yosef's sermon sparked outrage in Israel and was fiercely criticized by several human rights associations, NGOs and members of the Knesset; Jonathan Greenblatt, Anti-Defamation League's CEO and national director, and Carole Nuriel, Anti-Defamation League's Israel Office acting director, issued a strong denunciation of Yosef's sermon:
See also
Ethical monotheism
Haredi Judaism
Hasidic Judaism
Judaizers
Modern Orthodox Judaism
Proselyte
Righteous among the Nations
Shituf
Sons of Noah
Subbotniks
Ebionites
Nazarene (sect)
Quartodeciman
Vendyl Jones
References
Further reading
External links
Chabad-Lubavitch (Hasidic dynasty)
Jewish religious movements
New religious movements
Orthodox Judaism
Religious Zionism
he:חסיד אומות העולם (הלכה) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahidism |
The NWA Florida X Division Championship was a title defended in the Florida territory of the National Wrestling Alliance.
Title history
References
External links
Wrestling Information Archive
Wrestling-Titles.com
National Wrestling Alliance championships
X Division championships
Professional wrestling in Florida
National Wrestling Alliance state wrestling championships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA%20Florida%20X%20Division%20Championship |
Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I (also called The Lady in Gold or The Woman in Gold) is a painting by Gustav Klimt, completed between 1903 and 1907. The portrait was commissioned by the sitter's husband, , a Jewish banker and sugar producer. The painting was stolen by the Nazis in 1941 and displayed at the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere. The portrait is the final and most fully representative work of Klimt's golden phase. It was the first of two depictions of Adele by Klimt—the second was completed in 1912; these were two of several works by the artist that the family owned.
Adele died in 1925; her will asked that the artworks by Klimt were to be left to the Galerie Belvedere, although these belonged to Ferdinand, not her. Following the Anschluss of Austria by Nazi Germany, Ferdinand fled Vienna, and made his way to Switzerland, leaving behind much of his wealth, including his large art collection. The painting was stolen by the Nazis in 1941, along with the remainder of Ferdinand's assets, after a false charge of tax evasion was made against him. The assets raised from the purported sales of artwork, property and his sugar business were offset against the tax claim. The lawyer acting on behalf of the German state gave the portrait to the Galerie Belvedere, claiming he was following the wishes Adele had made in her will. Ferdinand died in 1945; his will stated that his estate should go to his nephew and two nieces.
In 1998 the Austrian investigative journalist Hubertus Czernin established that the Galerie Belvedere contained several works stolen from Jewish owners in the war and that the gallery had refused to return the art to their original owners or to acknowledge a theft had taken place. One of Ferdinand's nieces, Maria Altmann, hired the lawyer E. Randol Schoenberg to make a claim against the gallery for the return of five works by Klimt. In 2006 after a seven-year legal claim, which included a hearing in front of the Supreme Court of the United States, an arbitration committee in Vienna agreed that the painting, and others, had been stolen from the family and that it should be returned to Altmann. She sold it the same year for $135 million, at the time a record price for a painting to the businessman and art collector Ronald Lauder to place the work in the Neue Galerie, the public New York–based gallery he co-founded.
Background
Gustav Klimt
Gustav Klimt was born in 1862 in Baumgarten, near Vienna in Austria-Hungary. He attended the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (German: Kunstgewerbeschule Wien) before taking on commissions with his brother, Ernst, and a fellow-student Franz von Matsch from 1879. Over the next decade, alongside several private commissions for portraiture, they painted interior murals and ceilings in large public buildings, including the , the and the ceiling of the Great Hall at the University of Vienna.
Klimt worked in Vienna during the , during which time the city made "an extreme and lasting contribution to the history of modern art". During the 1890s he was influenced by European avant-garde art, including the works of the painters Fernand Khnopff, Jan Toorop and Aubrey Beardsley. In 1897 he was a founding member and president of the Vienna Secession, a group of artists who wanted to break with what they saw as the prevailing conservatism of the Viennese . Klimt in particular challenged what he saw as the "hypocritical boundaries of respectability set by Viennese society"; according to the art historian Susanna Partsch, he was "the of the Viennese art scene, [and] was acknowledged to be the painter of beautiful women". By 1900 he was the preferred portrait painter of the wives of the largely Jewish Viennese bourgeoisie, an emerging class of self-made industrialists who were "buying the innovative new art that state museums rejected", according to the journalist Anne-Marie O'Connor.
From 1898 Klimt began to experiment with the style in what became known as his Byzantine or Golden period, when his works, stylistically influenced by Art Nouveau and the Arts and Crafts movement, were gilded with gold leaf. Klimt had begun using gold in his 1890 portrait of the pianist Joseph Pembauer, but his first work that included a golden theme was Pallas Athene (1898). The art historian Gilles Néret considers that the use of gold in the painting "underlines the essential erotic ingredient in ... [Klimt's] view of the world". Néret also states that Klimt used the gold to give subjects a sacred or magical quality.
Ferdinand and Adele Bloch-Bauer
was from a wealthy Jewish Viennese family. Her father was a director of the Wiener Bankverein, the seventh largest bank in Austria-Hungary, and the general director of the Oriental Railway. In the late 1890s Adele met Klimt, and may have begun a relationship with him. Opinion is divided on whether Adele and Klimt had an affair. The artist Catherine Dean considered that Adele was "the only society lady painted by Klimt who is known definitely to be his mistress", while the journalist Melissa Müller and the academic Monica Tatzkow write that "no evidence has ever been produced that their relationship was more than a friendship". The author Frank Whitford observes that some of the preliminary sketches that Klimt made for The Kiss showed a bearded figure which was possibly a self-portrait; the female partner is described by Whitford as an "idealised portrait of Adele". Whitford writes that the only evidence put forward to support the theory is the position of the woman's right hand, as Adele had a disfigured finger following a childhood accident.
Adele's parents arranged a marriage with Ferdinand Bloch, a banker and sugar manufacturer; Adele's older sister had previously married Ferdinand's older brother. Ferdinand was older than his fiancée and at the time of the marriage in December 1899, she was 18 and he was 35. The couple, who had no children, both changed their surnames to Bloch-Bauer. Socially well-connected, Adele brought together writers, politicians and intellectuals for regular salons at their home.
The couple shared a love of art and patronised several artists, collecting primarily nineteenth-century Viennese paintings and modern sculpture. Ferdinand also had a passion for neoclassical porcelain, and by 1934 his collection was over 400 pieces and one of the finest in the world.
In 1901 Klimt painted Judith and the Head of Holofernes; the art historian Gottfried Fliedl observes that the painting is "widely known and interpreted as Salome". Adele was the model for the work and wore a heavily jewelled deep choker given to her by Ferdinand, in what Whitford describes as "Klimt's most erotic painting". Whitford also writes that the painting displays "apparent evidence of ... cuckoldry". In 1903 Ferdinand purchased his first Klimt work from the artist, Buchenwald (Beech Forest).
The painting
Preparation and execution
In mid-1903 Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer commissioned Klimt to paint a portrait of his wife; he wished to give the piece to Adele's parents as an anniversary present that October. Klimt drew over a hundred preparatory sketches for the portrait between 1903 and 1904. The Bloch-Bauers purchased some of the sketches he had made of Adele when they obtained 16 Klimt drawings. In December 1903, along with fellow artist Maximilian Lenz, Klimt visited the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna where he studied the early-Christian Byzantine gold ground mosaics of Justinian I and his wife, Empress Theodora. Lenz later wrote that "the mosaics made an immense decisive impression on ... [Klimt]. From this comes the resplendence, the stiff decoration of his art". Klimt later said that the "mosaics of unbelievable splendour" were a "revelation" to him. The Ravenna mosaics also attracted the attention of other artists who provided illustrations of the work, including Wassily Kandinsky in 1911 and Clive Bell in 1914.
Klimt undertook more extensive preparations for the portrait than any other piece he worked on. Much of the portrait was undertaken by an elaborate technique of using gold and silver leaf and then adding decorative motifs in bas-relief using gesso, a paint mixture consisting of a binder mixed with chalk or gypsum. The frame for the painting, covered in gold leaf, was made by the architect Josef Hoffmann. Klimt finished the work by 1907.
Description
The painting measures ; it is composed of oil paint and silver and gold leaf on canvas. The portrait shows Adele Bloch-Bauer sitting on a golden throne or chair, in front of a golden starry background. Around her neck is the same jewelled choker Klimt included in the Judith painting. She wears a tight golden dress in a triangular shape, made up of rectilinear forms. In places the dress merges into the background so much so that the museum curator Jan Thompson writes that "one comes across the model almost by accident, so enveloped is she in the thick geometric scheme". Peter Vergo, writing for Grove Art, considers that the painting "marks the height of ... [Klimt's] gold-encrusted manner of painting".
Adele's hair, face, décolletage and hands are painted in oil; they make up less than a twelfth of the work and, in Whitford's opinion, convey little about the sitter's character. For Whitford the effect of the gold background is to "remove Adele Bloch-Bauer from the earthly plane, transform the flesh and blood into an apparition from a dream of sensuality and self-indulgence"; he, and Thomson, consider the work to look more like a religious icon than a secular portrait. O'Connor writes that the painting "seem[s] to embody femininity" and thus likens it to the Mona Lisa, while for Müller and Tatzkow, the gold gives the effect that Adele appears "melancholy and vulnerable, unapproachably aloof and yet rapt".
Both the current holder of the portrait—the Neue Galerie New York—and the art historian Elana Shapira describe how the background and gown contain symbols suggestive of erotica, including triangles, eggs, shapes of eyes and almonds. Also present are decorative motifs on the theme of the letters A and B, the sitter's initials. Whitford identifies influences of the art of the Byzantine, Egypt, Mycenae and Greece, describing that "the gold is like that in Byzantine mosaics; the eyes on the dress are Egyptian, the repeated coils and whorls Mycenaean, while other decorative devices, based on the initial letters of the sitter's name, are vaguely Greek".
Reception
Klimt exhibited his portrait at the 1907 Mannheim International Art Show, alongside the Portrait of Fritza Riedler (1906). Many of the critics had negative reactions to the two paintings, describing them as "mosaic-like wall-grotesqueries", "bizarre", "absurdities" and "vulgarities".
In 1908 the portrait was exhibited at the in Vienna where critical reaction was mixed. The unnamed reviewer from the Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung described the painting as "an idol in a golden shrine", while the critic Eduard Pötzl described the work as "" ("more brass than Bloch"). According to the art historian Tobias G. Natter, some critics disapproved of the loss of the sitter's individuality, while others "accused Klimt of endangering the autonomy of art".
History and ownership
1912–1945
After exhibition at the , the portrait was hung at the Bloch-Bauer's Vienna residence. In 1912 Ferdinand commissioned a second painting of his wife, in which "the erotic charge of the likeness of 1907 has been spent", according to Whitford. In February 1918, Klimt suffered a stroke and was hospitalised; he caught pneumonia due to the worldwide influenza epidemic and died that month.
On 19 January 1923 Adele Bloch-Bauer wrote a will. Ferdinand's brother Gustav, a lawyer by training, helped her frame the document and was named as the executor. The will included a reference to the Klimt works owned by the couple, including the two portraits of her:
(Translates from the German as: "I ask my husband after his death to leave my two portraits and the four landscapes by Gustav Klimt to the Austrian State Gallery in Vienna.")
In February 1925 Adele died of meningitis. Shortly afterwards Gustav filed for probate; he included a document that stated that the clause in the will was precatory, i.e. a request rather than a binding testament. He added that Ferdinand had said he would honour the clause, even though he, not Adele, was the legal owner of the paintings. The works by Klimt which Ferdinand owned, including the two portraits, were moved to Adele's bedroom as a shrine to her. The painting was lent for an exhibition at the Vienna Secession in 1928 to mark the tenth anniversary of Klimt's death; in 1934 it was displayed in London as part of the Austria in London exhibition. In 1936 Ferdinand gave Schloss Kammer am Attersee III to the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere; he later acquired a further Klimt painting, the Portrait of Amalie Zuckerkandl (1917–1918). In 1937 the golden portrait of Adele was lent for display at the Paris Exposition.
In December 1937 Gustav's daughter–and Ferdinand's niece–Maria, married the young opera singer Fritz Altman. Ferdinand gave her Adele's jewelled choker, depicted in the painting, as a wedding present. Ferdinand left Vienna for his Czechoslovakian castle in March 1938, following the Anschluss (annexation) of Austria by Nazi Germany. That autumn, following the Munich Agreement allowing the Nazi annexations in Czechoslovakia, he realised he was not safe and left for Paris. In September the following year, he moved to neutral Switzerland where he lived in a hotel. In his absence the Nazi regime falsely accused him of evading taxes of 1.4 million Reichsmarks. His assets were frozen and, in May 1938, a seizure order was issued that allowed the state to dispose of his property as they felt fit. His sugar factory was confiscated and turned over to the state, and went through a process of Aryanisation as Jewish shareholders and managers were replaced. His Viennese residence became an office of , the German railway company, while his castle in Czechoslovakia was taken after the German occupation as the personal residence of the SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich.
As part of the process to deal with the purported tax evasion, the Nazi lawyer Friedrich Führer was appointed as the administrator of the estate. In January 1939 he convened a meeting of museum and gallery directors to inspect the works and to give an indication of which they would like to obtain. After the collection was catalogued, Adolf Hitler used the decree to obtain part of the collection at a reduced price. Several other Nazi leaders, including Hermann Göring, the Commander-in-Chief of the , also obtained works from the collection. Göring also used the decree to obtain the jewelled choker that had been given to Maria Altmann; it was given as a gift to Emmy, his wife.
In December 1941 Führer transferred the paintings Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and Apfelbaum I to the Galerie Belvedere in return for Schloss Kammer am Attersee III, which he then sold to Gustav Ucicky, an illegitimate son of Klimt. A note accompanying the paintings stated he was acting in accordance with Adele's will. To remove all reference to its Jewish subject matter, the gallery renamed the portrait with the German title (translates as Lady in Gold).
Since 1945
In August 1945 Ferdinand wrote a final will that revoked all previous ones. It made no reference to the pictures, which he thought had been lost forever, but it stated that his entire estate was left to his nephew and two nieces—one of whom was Maria Altmann. Ferdinand died in Switzerland in November that year.
In 1946 the Austrian state issued an Annulment Act that declared all transactions motivated by Nazi discrimination were void; any Jews who wanted to remove artwork from Austria were forced to give some of their works to Austrian museums in order to obtain an export permit for others. The Bloch-Bauer family hired Dr Gustav Rinesh, a Viennese lawyer, to reclaim stolen artwork on their behalf. Using the records produced by Führer, he traced most of the works to the Galerie Belvedere, and Häuser in Unterach, to Führer's own private collection. Several works were returned to the Bloch-Bauer estate, but no Klimt paintings; to obtain the necessary export permits, the family were forced to let the Austrian state retain Häuser in Unterach am Attersee, Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Adele Bloch-Bauer II, and Apfelbaum I. They were also forced to relinquish any claims on Buchenwald and Schloss Kammer am Attersee III. The Galerie Belvedere based its claim of retention of the Klimt works on Adele's will.
In 1998 the Austrian government introduced the Art Restitution Act, which looked again at the question of art stolen by the Nazis. The government formed a restitution committee to report on which works should be returned; government archives were opened up to research into the provenance of works held by the government. Hubertus Czernin, the Austrian investigative journalist, undertook extensive research in the newly opened archives and published a story about the theft of art by the Nazis; with the subsequent refusal of the Austrian state to return the art or to acknowledge a theft had taken place, Czernin described the situation as "a double crime".
Altmann, then living in the US, hired E. Randol Schoenberg to act on her behalf. Schoenberg was the son of a woman she had been friends with since they lived in Vienna. They filed a claim with the restitution committee for the return of six paintings: Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Adele Bloch-Bauer II, Apfelbaum I, Buchenwald, Häuser in Unterach am Attersee and Amalie Zuckerkandl. The committee turned down the request, again citing Adele's will as the reason they were retaining the works. The committee's decision recommended that 16 Klimt drawings and 19 pieces of porcelain that had been held by Ferdinand and Adele and which were still at the Galerie Belvedere should be returned, as they fell outside the request of the will.
In March 2000 Altmann filed a civil claim against the Austrian government for the return of the paintings. She was informed that the cost of filing (consisting of 1.2% of the amount in question, plus a filing fee), would have meant a fee of €1.75 million. To avoid the prohibitively high costs, Altmann and Schoenberg sued the Galerie Belvedere, and the museums owner, the Austrian government, in the US courts. The Austrian government filed for dismissal, with arguments based on the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (1976). The Act granted immunity to sovereign nations except under certain conditions. Schoenberg showed that three of the conditions pertinent to the case were that Altmann's property had been taken in violation of international law; the property was in the possession of the state in question, or one of its agencies; and that the property had been used on a commercial basis in the US. Over four years of litigation followed as to whether the case could be brought against a sovereign state before it was brought before the Supreme Court in Republic of Austria v. Altmann. In June 2004 the Supreme Court determined that the paintings had been stolen and that Austria was not immune from a claim from Altmann; the court made no comment on the current ownership of the paintings.
To avoid returning to the courts in what could have been lengthy litigation process, arbitration in Austria was agreed upon by both parties, although the Austrians had turned down such a move in 1999. Three arbitrators formed the panel, Andreas Nödl, Walter Rechberger and Peter Rummel. Schoenberg gave evidence before them in September 2005 and, in January 2006, they delivered their judgement. They stated that five of the six paintings in question should be returned to the Bloch-Bauer estate, as outlined in Ferdinand's will; only the Portrait of Amalie Zuckerkandl was to be retained by the gallery.
After the panel's decision was announced, the Galerie Belvedere ran a series of advertisements that appeared in bus stops and on underground railway platforms. The posters said "Ciao Adele", advertising the last opportunity before the painting left the country and long queues formed around the block. Although there were calls from some Austrians for the state to purchase the five paintings, the government stated that the price would be too high to justify the expense. The paintings were exported from Austria in March 2006 and exhibited together at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art from April to June that year.
When Altmann was asked what she wanted to do with the paintings, she stated "I would not want any private person to buy these paintings, ... It is very meaningful to me that they are seen by anybody who wants to see them, because that would have been the wish of my aunt." In June 2006 the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I was sold to Ronald Lauder for $135 million for his public art museum, at the time a record price for a painting. Eileen Kinsella, the editor of ARTnews, considered the high price was due to several factors, particularly the painting's provenance, the increasing demand for Austrian Expressionism, rising prices in the art world and "Lauder's passion for and pursuit of this particular work". Lauder placed the work in the Neue Galerie, the New York–based gallery he co-founded. The painting has been on display at the location since.
Michael Kimmelman, the chief art critic for the New York Times, was critical of the sale, and wrote that "A story about justice and redemption after the Holocaust has devolved into yet another tale of the crazy, intoxicating art market." Altmann said of the sale that it was not practical for her, or her relatives who were also part of the estate, to retain any of the paintings. In November 2006 the remaining four Klimt paintings were sold at Christie's auction house. Adele Bloch-Bauer II sold for $87.9 million, Apfelbaum I for $33 million, Buchenwald for $40.3 million and Häuser in Unterach am Attersee for $31 million. All went to private collections.
Legacy
The history of the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and the other paintings taken from the Bloch-Bauers has been recounted in three documentary films, Stealing Klimt (2007), The Rape of Europa (2007) and Adele's Wish (2008). The painting's history is described in the 2012 book The Lady in Gold: The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, by the journalist Anne-Marie O'Connor. The history, as well as other stories of other stolen art, is told by Melissa Müller and Monika Tatzkow in Lost Lives, Lost Art: Jewish Collectors, Nazi Art Theft, and the Quest for Justice, published in 2010. The story of Adele Bloch-Bauer and Maria Altmann formed the basis for the 2017 novel Stolen Beauty by Laurie Lico Albanese. The portrait is featured in the memoir of Gregor Collins, The Accidental Caregiver, about his relationship with Maria Altmann, published in August 2012. The book was dramatised for the stage in January 2015. In 2015 Altmann's story was dramatised for the film Woman in Gold starring Helen Mirren as Maria and Ryan Reynolds as Schoenberg.
Altmann died in February 2011, aged 94. Schoenberg, who had worked on a 40 per cent conditional fee throughout, received $54 million for the sale of Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and $55 million for the sale of the remaining four paintings. After he donated over $7 million for the building of the new premises of the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, he said that he had "tried to do good things with the money". He subsequently specialised in the restitution of artwork plundered by the Nazis.
Elements of the portrait have been noted by art critics to have influenced the painting First Lady Michelle Obama, by Amy Sherald in 2018.
See also
Art repatriation
List of most expensive paintings
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
Books
Journals and newspapers
Internet and television media
External links
Film: Adeleswish.com.com
Stealingklimt.com
Fortune article by Tyler Green about Ronald Lauder and the Neue Galerie's acquisition of the painting.
Austrian Arbitral Award, "Maria V. Altmann and others v. Republic of Austria", 6 May 2006.
1907 paintings
20th-century portraits
Arts set in Austria
Jews and Judaism in Vienna
Nazi-looted art
Adele Bloch-Bauer I
Paintings in the Neue Galerie New York
Paintings on gold backgrounds
Portraits by Austrian artists
Portraits of women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait%20of%20Adele%20Bloch-Bauer%20I |
"Cold" is the third single of Static-X's second studio album, Machine. An alternative version of the song was used on the Queen of the Damned soundtrack.
The song's video is a homage to Richard Matheson's classic 1954 horror novel I Am Legend. The video was directed by Nathan "Karma" Cox and Linkin Park's Joe Hahn.
Track listing
"Cold" - 3:40
"Cold" (Mephisto Odyssey Remix) - 3:40
"This Is Not" (Live) - 3:39
"Cold" (Video)
Chart performance
References
2002 singles
2001 songs
Static-X songs
Warner Records singles
Music videos directed by Nathan Cox
Songs written by Tony Campos
Songs written by Ken Jay
Songs written by Wayne Static | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20%28Static-X%20song%29 |
Benoît Salmon (born 9 May 1974 is a French former professional road racing cyclist. In 1999, Salmon won the young rider classification in the Tour de France and the overall title of the Grand Prix du Midi Libre.
Major results
1992
1st Road race, National Junior Road Championships
1996
1st Flèche Ardennaise
8th Overall Tour de l'Avenir
1997
5th GP de Cholet-Pays de Loire
8th Route Adélie
9th La Flèche Wallonne
1998
1st Overall Tour du Vaucluse
1st Stage 4
3rd Classique des Alpes
6th Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
1999
1st Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
1st Stage 4
1st Young rider classification, Tour de France
2nd Classique des Alpes
6th Tour du Haut Var
2000
6th Paris–Camembert
6th Classique des Alpes
2001
2nd Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
1st Stage 6
2nd Tour de Vendée
3rd Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
5th Classique des Alpes
8th GP Ouest-France
8th Trophée des Grimpeurs
2003
2nd Classique des Alpes
4th Road race, National Road Championships
2004
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
10th Overall Route du Sud
2005
3rd Overall Route du Sud
6th Overall Tour de l'Ain
9th Tour du Doubs
2006
4th Grand Prix de Wallonie
7th Trofeo Melinda
9th Overall Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
References
External links
French male cyclists
Living people
1974 births
People from Dinan
Sportspeople from Côtes-d'Armor
Cyclists from Brittany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt%20Salmon |
Mansfield Lahm Regional Airport is three miles (5 km) north of Mansfield, in Richland County, Ohio. By car the airport is an hour away from Cleveland and Columbus, near Interstate I-71, US Rt 30, State Route 13.
Facilities
The airport covers and has two asphalt runways: 14/32 is 9,001 x 150 ft (2,744 x 46 m) and 5/23 is 6,819 x 150 ft (2,078 x 46 m).
The airport adjoins several industrial parks.
Richland Aviation provides services as a Fixed-Base Operator.
U-Vary Aire provides flight instruction.
Spectra Jet, Inc provides aircraft maintenance
The airport is home to the Mansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base and the 179th Airlift Wing (179 AW), an Ohio Air National Guard unit operationally-gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC). The unit has about 1000 personnel, of which about 300 are full-time Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) and Air Reserve Technician (ART) personnel and the remaining 760 are traditional part-time air national guardsmen. The wing has been active at Mansfield Lahm since its establishment in 1948, operating various fighter aircraft until 1976 when it transitioned to an airlift mission with C-130 Hercules aircraft. The wing has performed service during Operations Desert Shield, Desert Storm, Southern Watch, Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Retiring their C-130's in 2009, the 179th flew the C-27 Spartan until 2013, at which time it began transitioning back to the C-130.
The airport can handle large aircraft including the USAF C-5 and the Antonov 124-100.
In the year ending January 31, 2023, the airport had 18,780 aircraft operations, average 51 per day: 85% general aviation, 7% air taxi, 8% military and <1% airline. 75 aircraft were based at this airport: 51 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 4 jet, 8 military, and 1 ultralight.
Commercial Air Service
No scheduled airlines, but charter services are available. The first airline flights were TWA DC-3s in 1947; Lake Central replaced TWA in 1953, and successor Allegheny served Mansfield until 1969 when Allegheny Commuter took over.
Events
Each year the airport hosts Mansfield Airport Day: aircraft tours, fly-ins, airplane and helicopter rides, as well as food, historical lectures, various exhibits/vendors, kid’s activities area, and a car show.
Incidents and accidents
On 1 July 2004 a Zenith STOL CH 701, registered N98EH, failed to maintain directional control during a precautionary landing. The aircraft suffered a loss of oil pressure and partial loss of engine power, due to unapproved maintenance modification. One injury was reported.
References
External links
Mansfield Lahm Airport at City of Mansfield website
Airports in Ohio
Mansfield, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Richland County, Ohio
Transportation in Richland County, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield%20Lahm%20Regional%20Airport |
Bayleaf is the first studio album by American musician Stone Gossard, best known as the guitarist for Pearl Jam. It was released on September 11, 2001, on Epic Records.
Overview
The album features ten songs written over a span of four to five years. The album was recorded by Gossard over a -year period in Seattle, Washington and completed in 2001. Gossard worked with producer Pete Droge. Gossard sang lead vocals on seven out of the album's ten tracks, while guest vocalists Pete Droge and Ty Willman sang on the remaining three tracks. Gossard also contributed drums and piano to the album, as well as guitar, bass and vocals. Former Pearl Jam drummer Matt Chamberlain contributed his drumming to two tracks, "Bore Me" and "Fits". The album was mixed by Matt Bayles. The album's cover art was illustrated by Beth Haidle. The album's songs feature a mellow sound influenced by Frank Black, Rufus Wainwright, and The Rolling Stones. The album charted at number 37 on Billboard'''s Top Heatseekers chart. Greg Prato of AllMusic said, "While not as strong as his output with Brad, Bayleaf'' still has its moments."
Track listing
Japanese bonus track
Online bonus track
Personnel
Stone Gossard – vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, bass guitar, piano, drums, percussion, conga, background vocals
Additional musicians and production
Zac Baird – Nord Lead synthesizer
Matt Bayles – keyboards, engineering, mixing
Edward Brooks at RFI CD Mastering – mastering
Matt Chamberlain – drums on "Bore Me" and "Fits"
Tony Coleman – tambourine, percussion
Guy M. Davis – bass guitar, background vocals
Mike Dillon – vibraphone
Pete Droge – background vocals, 12-string guitar, Prophet 5 synthesizer, slide guitar, clavinet, mellotron, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, acoustic guitar, production
Beth Haidle – artwork and photo transfer
Paul Haidle – CD artwork
Brad Klausen – design and layout
Lance Mercer – photos
Mike Stone – drums
Ron Weinstein – piano, Hammond C3 organ
Ty Willman – lead vocals on "Cadillac", "Unhand Me", and "Fend It Off", background vocals
Steve Wilmans – engineering on "Hellbent"
Chart positions
References
2001 debut albums
Epic Records albums
Stone Gossard albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayleaf%20%28album%29 |
V. Suárez Group is one of Puerto Rico's largest commercial groups. Founded in 1943, the organization has grown and diversified.
Subsidiaries
Today V. Suárez Group is diversified into three distinct businesses:
V. Suárez Division - The leading consumer product distribution entity in Puerto Rico with special interests in beverage and provision distribution. Additionally the division runs "El Horreo", a consumer retail wine store.
V.Suárez Investment Co. - A diversified investment management company focused on maximizing investment income through a variety of investment instruments both within and outside of Puerto Rico.
V.Suárez Real Estate Group - A real estate development and management company focused principally on the warehouse and office segments of the market.
Each of these three operating entities is supported by a centralized corporate services group composed of Executive Management, MIS, Finance & Accounting and Human Resources. The corporate services group ensures that managerial systems and processes are in place, and that adequate resources are allocated against business/market opportunities to ensure success and build stakeholder value.
References
External links
Official Site
Service companies of Puerto Rico
Conglomerate companies established in 1943
1943 establishments in Puerto Rico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.%20Suarez%20%26%20Co. |
Mr. Freedom is a 1968 superhero film by the expatriate American photographer and filmmaker William Klein. An anti-imperialist satirical farce, it concerns the exploits of the titular white nationalist superhero and his sidekick, Marie-Madeleine (Delphine Seyrig), as they try to prevent a Communist takeover of France and solve the murder of a French superhero, Capitaine Formidable. In addition to Seyrig, the film features cameos by Donald Pleasence and Philippe Noiret, as well as the musician Serge Gainsbourg.
Plot summary
Mr. Freedom (John Abbey) is a Washington D.C. police officer who drinks Colt 45 on duty and moonlights as a government-sanctioned, vigilante superhero. After the 1968 Washington, D.C., riots, he is summoned to the Freedom Tower—an office building housing the U.S.'s most powerful companies- to meet with Dr. Freedom (Donald Pleasence), his handler, who informs him that another superhero, Capitaine Formidable, has been killed in France by operatives of the mysterious French Anti-Freedom (FAF) organization. Warning that this could be the first salvo in a Soviet invasion, Dr. Freedom dispatches Mr. Freedom to investigate his death and bring France back under the sway of western capitalist influences. As a last resort, Dr. Freedom equips him with "the big one," a portable nuclear device to destroy the country in the event that it falls to Communist influence.
In France, Mr. Freedom joins forces with Capitaine Formidable's wife, the femme fatale Marie-Madeleine (Delphine Seyrig), to lead his own anti-communist Freedom organization; Marie-Madeleine explains that she and Capitaine Formidable ran a string of state-sponsored brothels, using the money they earned to finance anti-Communist activities while also gathering intelligence on the various diplomats and politicians who use their services. Arriving at a pro-USA rally, Mr. Freedom delivers an extended speech extolling the virtues of democracy and capitalism while also espousing white nationalist sympathies and warning of the encroaching influence of African Americans (whom he calls "niggers"), Jews, Asians, and other "undesirables" on the national stage. Assembling an army from the attendees of the rally, he expresses his intention not only to secure France against Communist influence, but also build a "white wall of freedom" around the United States.
Mr. Freedom travels to the U.S. embassy (a supermarket) to meet with the American ambassador to France, who warns him of the influence that a pair of foreign superheroes—the Russian Stalinist Muzhik Man and Chinese Maoist Red China Man—have been exerting in the country. Mr. Freedom meets with his French counterpart, Super French Man (an inflatable), who expresses sympathies with their Communist ideologies, prompting Mr. Freedom to kill his sidekicks. Later he meets in a metro tunnel with Muzhik Man and Red China Man (the latter a giant, talking Chinese Dragon/lion dog (another inflatable)) and the three discuss the virtues of their various political ideologies; Muzhik Man makes friendly overtures to Mr. Freedom and disavows responsibility for the death of Capitaine Formidable. After he accidentally knocks himself unconscious, Muzhik Man takes Mr. Freedom back to Communist Party headquarters to recuperate; after waking up, Mr. Freedom kills Muzhik Man's girlfriend, Marie-Rouge.
Returning to Marie-Madeleine's apartment to have sex with her, Mr. Freedom suffers a crisis of conscience when her son calls him a fascist; he later realizes that his guilt is in fact coming from Red China Man, who is broadcasting subliminal messages to a radio receiver hidden in one of his teeth. After having the tooth removed, Mr. Freedom oversees the construction of a secret base from which his operatives can carry out anti-communist activities in France, and delivers a speech that works his followers into a violent frenzy, prompting them to begin looting, raping, and rioting. In response, the French begin holding anti-US demonstrations. Mr. Freedom opens fire into a crowd of peaceful protestors with a machine gun, to the horror of Marie-Madeleine, who subsequently reveals herself as an ally of Red Chinaman and a member of FAF. She further admits that she was the one who killed Capitaine Formidable. Mr. Freedom kills her, but FAF forces, demonstrators, and Mr. Muzhik's soldiers—seeking revenge for Marie-Rouge's death—breach his compound and kill the rest of his followers.
Resolving that France neither wants nor deserves American democracy, Mr. Freedom detonates "The Big One;" in a cutaway, Dr. Freedom admits that he really supplied Mr. Freedom with a "medium one;" the resultant explosion kills Mr. Freedom but leaves everyone else unharmed, and the French continue their anti-US rally.
Cast
Reception
Fearing it might never be seen otherwise, Klein showed the film at the 1968 Avignon Festival. Marxist-Leninist groups criticized the political caricatures of Red China Man and other characters. In 2004, American film magazine Psychotronic Video appraised "The idea that the USA will destroy a country in order to save it is a true enough premise (then and now) but this political comedy is pretty hard to sit through."
References
External links
French avant-garde and experimental films
1969 films
1960s French-language films
1969 comedy films
French satirical films
Films directed by William Klein
Superhero comedy films
French superhero films
Film superheroes
1960s superhero films
Films scored by Serge Gainsbourg
1960s avant-garde and experimental films
1960s English-language films
1960s French films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Freedom |
Grey out or gray out may refer to:
A greyout is a dimming or fading of vision
A grayed out appearance of a control in a software user interface, indicating that the command is currently unavailable.
See also
Brownout (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20out |
In Ancient Roman measurement, congius (pl. congii, from Greek konkhion, diminutive of konkhē, konkhos, "shellful") was a liquid measure that was about 3.48 litres (0.92 U.S. gallons). It was equal to the larger chous of the Ancient Greeks. The congius contained six sextarii.
Cato tells us that he was wont to give each of his slaves a congius of wine at the Saturnalia and Compitalia. Pliny relates, among other examples of hard drinking, that a Novellius Torquatus of Mediolanum obtained a cognomen (Tricongius, a nine-bottle-man) by drinking three congii (approximately 14 modern 75cl bottles) of wine at once:
The Roman system of weights and measures, including the congius, was introduced to Britain in the 1st century by Emperor Claudius. Following the Anglo-Saxon invasions of the 4th and 5th century, Roman units were, for the most part, replaced with North German units. Following the conversion of England to Christianity in the 7th century, Latin became the language of state. From this time on the word "congius" is simply the Latin word for gallon. Thus we find the word congius mentioned in a charter of Edmund I in 946.
In Apothecary Measures, the Latin Congius (abbreviation c.) is used for the Queen Anne gallon of 231 cubic inches, also known as the US gallon.
Congius of Vespasian
William Smith in his book A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities says:
There is a congius in existence called the congius of Vespasian or the Farnese congius, bearing an inscription, which states that it was made in the year 75 A.D., according to the standard measure in the capitol, and that it contained, by weight, ten pounds. (Imp. Caes. vi. T. Caes. Aug. F. iiii. Cos. Mensurae exactae in Capitolio, P. x.; see also Festus, Publica Pondera.) By means of this congius the weight of the Roman pound has been ascertained. This congius holds, according to an experiment made by Dr. Hase, in 1824, 52037.692 grains of distilled water.
In 1866, an article entitled On a Congius appeared in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association casting doubt on the authenticity of the Farnese congius. A 1926 article in the journal Ancient Weights and Measures notes that "there is no true patina upon it" and that apparent red oxide is drops of shellac.
The 2002 book Aqueduct hunting in the seventeenth century: Raffaello Fabretti's De aquis et aquaeductibus veteris Romae by Harry B. Evans reports that the original congius of Farnese has been lost and that the extant copies are considered spurious.
On the other hand, according to the 1883 edition of A complete handbook to the National museum in Naples item number 74599 bears the following description:
74599. Measure for liquids,-- the congius spoken of by Pliny. A long-necked vase without handle, bearing the inscription IMP. CAESARE VESPAS. VI. T. CAES. AUG. F. IIII COS. MENSURAE EXACTAE IN CAPITOLIO P. X. -- "measure of the weight of ten pounds gauged at the Capitol in the sixth consulate of the Emperor Caesar Vespasian and the fourth of his son Titus Augustus Caesar" (Borgia.)
See also
Ancient Roman units of measurement
Notes
References
Units of volume
Society of ancient Rome
Ancient Roman units of measurement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congius |
Andersontown is a populated place on Maryland's Eastern Shore in Caroline County, Maryland, United States. It is situated near the Delaware line, centered on the intersection of Andersontown Road and Maryland Route 404.
History
One of the first mentions of Andersontown is the Andersontown Post office on the 1875 Map of Caroline County. On the 1897 Map of Caroline County, It is referred to as Andersontown.
References
Unincorporated communities in Caroline County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andersontown%2C%20Maryland |
The following is a list of rulers (usually dukes) who ruled both Schleswig and Holstein, starting from the first Holstein count who received Schleswig, until both territories were annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866; and afterwards, titular dukes.
The Houses of Schauenburg and Estridsen
In the course of history, the County of Holstein was several times partitioned among the inheriting sons into up to six lines. In 1386 King Oluf II of Denmark and his mother-regent, Queen Margaret I, enfeoffed in Nyborg Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsborg and his cognatic successors with the Duchy of Schleswig, which had been in the royal family's hands until 1375. He was as Gerhard II duke of Schleswig. Until 1390 the Rendsborg branch united by inheritance all branches except of that of Holstein-Pinneberg. It remaining a separately ruled territory in Holstein until its line was extinct in 1640, when Holstein-Pinneberg was merged into the then Duchy of Holstein. Furthermore, the here mentioned rulers of course only reigned Holstein and Schleswig in their respective territorial composition of the time, thus without states and territories only merged later in what became today's State of Schleswig-Holstein, such as Ditmarsh, conquered and annexed in 1559, Saxe-Lauenburg merged in 1876, Heligoland (British rule 1807–1891), Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck, Region of Lübeck, together with some Hamburgian exclaves in 1937. In turn much of the current westerly, northerly and easterly suburbs within Greater Hamburg were ceded from Holstein on 1 April 1937 (Cf. Greater Hamburg Act). North Schleswig had merged into Denmark in 1920. Some Lauenburgian and Mecklenburgian municipalities were exchanged by the Barber Lyashchenko Agreement in 1945.
Partitions of Schleswig-Holstein in the period
{|align="center" style="border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
| colspan=5 style="background: #fff;" |County of Holstein-Schauenburg (1110-1137)Under domain of Schauenburg family
| rowspan="14" style="background: #fedf;" |Duchy of Schleswig<small>Under domain of Estridsen family(1080-1375) and Schauenburg family(Holstein-Rendsburg branch)(1325-1330 and 1375-1433)</small>
|-
| colspan=4 style="background: #BBCC88;" |County of Holstein (1137-1143)
| colspan=1 style="background: #DDCCBB;" |County of Schauenburg (1137-1143)
|-
| colspan=5 style="background: #fff;" |County of Holstein-Schauenburg (1143-1203)
|-
| colspan=4 style="background: #eee;" |Annexed by Denmark
| colspan=1 style="background: #DDCCBB;" |County of Schauenburg(1203-1227)
|-
| colspan=5 style="background: #fff;" |County of Holstein-Schauenburg(1227-1261)
|-
| colspan=2 style="background: #AABBCC;" |
| colspan=3 rowspan="2" style="background: #AAFF88;" |Holstein-Itzehoe and Schauenburg(1261-1290)
|-
| colspan=1 rowspan="2" style="background: #cab;" |Holstein-Segeberg(1st creation)(1273-1315)
| colspan=1 style="background: #abc;" |Holstein-Kiel (1261-1390)
|-
| colspan=1 style="background: #abc;" |
| colspan=1 rowspan="2" style="background: #ac9;" |Holstein-Plön(1290-1350)
| colspan=1 style="background: #FFB6B6;" |
| colspan=1 rowspan="7" style="background: #cef;" |Holstein-Pinneberg and Schauenburg(1290-1640)
|-
| colspan=2 style="background: #AABBCC;" |
| colspan=1 style="background: #FFB6B6;" |Holstein-Rendsburg(1290-1459)
|-
| colspan=3 style="background: #AABBCC;" |
| colspan=1 style="background: #FFB6B6;" |
|-
| colspan=4 style="background: #FFB6B6;" |
|-
| colspan=1 style="background: #CCAABB;" |Holstein-Segeberg(2nd creation)(1397-1403)
| colspan=3 style="background: #FFB6B6;" |
|-
| colspan=4 style="background: #FFB6B6;" |
|-
|colspan=4 style="background: #eee;" |Annexed by Denmark
|-
|}
With Otto's death, the main line of Schauenburg was extinct, and Holstein-Pinneberg was acquired by Christian IV for the royal share of the Holstein duchy. Schauenburg went to the House of Lippe.
The House of Oldenburg
In 1460, Schleswig fell to the Danish royal House of Oldenburg, in the person of Christian I, who inherited not only the Duchy, a Danish fief, but also the County of Holstein-Rendsburg, a Saxe-Lauenburgian subfief within the Holy Roman Empire, following the death of his maternal uncle Adolf I (and VIII as Count of Holstein-Rendsburg). In 1474, Lauenburg's liege lord Emperor Frederick III elevated Christian as Count of Holstein-Rendsburg to Duke of Holstein, thus becoming an immediate imperial vassal (see imperial immediacy). The smaller Holstein-Pinneberg remained a county further ruled by the House of Schauenburg. In 1544, after Christian III's brothers reached majority, they partitioned the Duchies of Holstein (a fief of the Holy Roman Empire) and of Schleswig (a Danish fief) in an unusual way, following negotiations between the brothers and the Estates of the Realm of the duchies, which opposed a factual partition. They determined their youngest brother Frederick for a career as Lutheran administrator of an ecclesiastical state within the Holy Roman Empire.
So the revenues of the duchies were divided in three equal shares by assigning the revenues of particular areas and landed estates to each of the elder brothers, while other general revenues, such as taxes from towns and customs dues, were levied together but then shared among the brothers. The estates, whose revenues were assigned to the parties, made Holstein and Schleswig look like patchwork rags, technically inhibiting the emergence of separate new duchies, as intended by the estates of the duchies. The secular rule in the fiscally divided duchies thus became a condominium of the parties. As dukes of Holstein and Schleswig, the rulers of both houses bore the formal title of "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Dithmarschen and Stormarn".
The dynastic name Holstein-Gottorp comes as convenient usage from the technically more correct Duke of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp. Adolf, the third son of Duke and King Frederick I and the second youngest half-brother of King Christian III, founded the dynastic branch called House of Holstein-Gottorp, which is a cadet branch of the then royal Danish House of Oldenburg. The Danish monarchs and the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp listed below ruled both duchies together as to general government, however, collected their revenues in their separate estates. John II the Elder conveniently called Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev produced no issue, so no branch emerged from his side.
Similar to the above-mentioned agreement Christian III's youngest son John the Younger gained for him and his heirs a share in Holstein's and Schleswig's revenues in 1564, comprising a third of the royal share, thus a ninth of Holstein and Schleswig as to the fiscal point of view. John the Younger and his heirs, however, had no share in the condominial rule, they were only titular partitioned-off dukes.
The share of John II the Elder'', who died in 1580, was halved between Adolf and Frederick II, thus increasing again the royal share by a fiscal sixth of Holstein and Schleswig. As an effect the complicated fiscal division of both separate duchies, Holstein and Schleswig, with shares of each party scattered in both duchies, provided them with a condominial government binding both together, partially superseding their legally different affiliation as Holy Roman and Danish fiefs.
In 1864, following the Second Schleswig War, the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were ceded by the Danish King and were ruled in a joint condominium by Austria and Prussia. Following the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, they were annexed by Prussia and were formed into the new Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein, part of Germany since 1870.
See also
List of Danish monarchs
List of dukes of Schleswig
Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein
Notes
Schleswig-Holstein-related lists
Schleswig-Holstein
Lists of German nobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20rulers%20of%20Schleswig-Holstein |
Knoxville Christian School (KCS) is a private 18 months–12th grade Christian school in Farragut, Tennessee, near Knoxville.
History
The school was started by local Church of Christ members in 1967 and moved to its present location at 11549 Snyder Road in 1979. The school added a new high school building in 2010, a new baseball complex in 2011, and a new gymnasium was completed in late 2013. The basketball courts are named The Wade & Allan Houston Courts through a partnership with the athletes.
The current President of KCS is Bobby Simpson. The vice president is Bud Ford.
Academics
Knoxville Christian School began as a K-5 institution but has expanded over the years to include a comprehensive K-12 offering. The school offers AP courses in core subject areas and has college-credit opportunities with nearby Pellissippi State Community College. As a Christian school, students take courses in the Bible and also attend a twice-weekly chapel.
Knoxville Christian has accreditations from AdvancED, formerly Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) and the National Christian School Association (NCSA).
In 2012 KCS had an enrollment of greater than 220 students, almost triple the amount the school had in 2008. Through college prep classes the students have improved ACT scores to a 24 average - higher than the state and national averages.
Athletics
Knoxville Christian School currently offers athletic programs in several sports. Silas Clark is the current Athletic Director at KCS. They currently field teams in basketball for K-12 both boys and girls, volleyball for girls in Middle and High School, cheerleading at all levels, bowling for grades 8-12, cross country, soccer for middle school and high school, and flag football. The basketball team is coached by Geno Anderson and Shane Lowery. The volleyball team is coached by Walter Brock.
References
External links
Knoxville Christian School Website
National Christian School Association Website (NCSA)
Christian schools in Tennessee
Private K-12 schools in Tennessee
Schools in Knox County, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville%20Christian%20School |
Big Daddy is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter John Mellencamp, released in 1989 by Mercury Records. It was his last album to be released under the name John Cougar Mellencamp, a combination of his real name and his original stage name of Johnny Cougar. The album peaked at number seven on the Billboard 200 and contained the singles "Pop Singer" and "Jackie Brown", which peaked at No. 15 and 48, respectively, on the Billboard Hot 100. A re-mastered version of the album was released on May 24, 2005, and contains a bonus acoustic version of "Jackie Brown". Like The Lonesome Jubilee, Big Daddy is folk-inspired as violins and fiddles (among other instruments) are significantly utilized on a number of tracks. The album's lyrics largely take a serious tone and the album as a whole is regarded by some as Mellencamp's most reflective.
In 1991, Mellencamp said: "Big Daddy was the best record I ever made. Out of my agony came a couple of really beautiful songs. You can't be 22 years old and had two dates and understand that album."
Lyrical themes
Mellencamp continues his pattern of social commentary used on The Lonesome Jubilee on a number of tracks on the album.
"Jackie Brown" addresses the issue of poverty and stimulates images of the hardships faced by those living in poverty. A lyric in the song's final verse reads "...But who gives a damn about Jackie Brown? Just another lazy man who couldn't take what was his."
"Country Gentleman" is another social commentary addressing Ronald Reagan's presidency and policies. In the song, Mellencamp continually states that it is not Reagan's interest to help the poor, but rather only his "rich friends."
"J.M.'s Question" is a broad social commentary addressing many diverse issues prevalent in the United States including the contamination of the environment and violence stemming from the constitutional right to bear arms among other issues.
"Void in My Heart" is reflective song regarding Mellencamp's position as an acclaimed singer and as one who has worked hard to make it but still he confesses: "There's a void in my heart I can't seem to fill," which is a reference to the turmoil of Mellencamp's personal life at the time, as he was going through a divorce from his second wife Vicki when he was writing songs for this album.
"Big Daddy of Them All" is the account of a parental authority figure whose selfish womanizing ways have led to his downfall, and it is an autobiographical song about Mellencamp himself. The "Big Daddy" name was derived from a character in the old Tennessee Williams play Cat On a Hot Tin Roof—one of Mellencamp's favorite plays/movies.
The single "Pop Singer," which has been widely misinterpreted, refers to living in a disposable pop world where McDonald's has infiltrated every town in America. "I just said 'singer' because that's what the hell I do," Mellencamp said on Rockline in 1989.
The album takes a less serious tone on two tracks, the first of which titled "Martha Say"—an account of a stubbornly independent woman whose ways lead Mellencamp to caution her to "look out."
"Let It All Hang Out" is the second less serious song and is a cover of a 1967 Hombres tune. Mellencamp has said that it is not really a part of the album; it was merely tacked on as a bonus track that was unlisted on the album's original packaging; however, a rarely aired video was filmed for this bonus track.
Track listing
All songs written by John Mellencamp, except where noted.
"Big Daddy of Them All" – 3:31
"To Live" – 3:18
"Martha Say" – 3:41
"Theo and Weird Henry" – 4:49
"Jackie Brown" – 4:03
"Pop Singer" – 2:48
"Void in My Heart" – 2:30
"Mansions in Heaven" – 3:06
"Sometimes a Great Notion" – 3:33
"Country Gentleman" – 3:17
"J.M.'s Question" – 3:40
"Let It All Hang Out" (B.B. Cunningham, McEwen, Master, Hunter) – 3:11
"Jackie Brown" (acoustic version) (2005 re-issue bonus track) – 4:24
Personnel
John Mellencamp – vocals, guitar
Larry Crane – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, mandolin
Kenny Aronoff – drums, percussion, background vocals
Mike Wanchic – electric guitar, bass, dobro, background vocals
Toby Myers – bass guitar, background vocals
John Cascella – accordion, keyboards
Lisa Germano – violin
Pat Peterson – background vocals
Crystal Taliefero – background vocals, percussion
Charts
Certifications
Sources
Official Site's Discography
References
John Mellencamp albums
1989 albums
Mercury Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Daddy%20%28John%20Mellencamp%20album%29 |
The Cotati () are a fictional alien race appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are a highly intelligent species of telepathic plants.
Publication history
The Cotati first appeared in The Avengers #133 (May 1975) and were created by Steve Englehart and Sal Buscema.
Fictional history
Long ago, the Cotati were humanoid in form, with branches which served as rudimentary limbs enabling them slow travel, and a torso topped by a distinct head with a semi-human face featuring two eyes above what looked like a mouth. The Cotati later allowed evolution to strip them of their mobility while concentrated their efforts on developing telepathic abilities. As a result, the species legs, torso and head merged into a single trunk-like body which was rooted firmly to the ground, and their faces became increasingly less evident until eventually no trace of any facial features remained. Most Cotati now look like simple, unremarkable trees although some have more distinctive appearances which include faces.
The Cotati originated on Hala in the Pama star system in the Large Magellanic Cloud, the same planet as the warlike humanoid Kree race. Despite their aggressive nature, the Kree ignored the Cotati because they believed that all plants were beneath their notice. Approximately one million Earth years ago, Hala was visited by a starship from the Skrull empire (at that time, the Skrulls were a benevolent race). The Skrulls wished to include Hala in their empire and offered its inhabitants their knowledge and technology in exchange for their loyalty and Hala's resources. To avoid any dissension regarding which of the two races would represent Hala to them, the Skrulls proposed a test of worthiness in which equal numbers of Kree and Cotati would be taken to different uninhabited worlds and left there with complete supplies for one year. At the end of that period, whichever group had done the most with themselves would be adjudged the most worthy. Both races agreed to these terms and the Skrulls transported 17 Cotati to a barren moon in an unspecified solar system. The Skrulls then transported 17 Kree to Earth's Moon and provided them with an artificial atmosphere and rudimentary technology. The Kree used their time to build a gargantuan city. The Skrulls who came to retrieve the Kree were extremely impressed and the Kree felt confident that they would be victorious. However, upon returning to Hala, the Kree contestants were informed by their fellows that the other Skrulls (those who had retrieved the Cotati) were more impressed by their transformation of their barren moon into a park full of plant life. Enraged, the Kree decided to try and win by destroying their competitors. They quickly exterminated all of the Cotati, when the Kree informed the Skrulls of how they had solved the problem of Hala's representation to them. The outraged Skrulls reacted by promising to reject Hala forever, said Kree barbarians slaughtered the Skrull delegation as well and seized their starship and all of its tremendously advanced technology for themselves, to which they would use to arm for war against the Skrulls eons later.
While the fascistic Kree battled the Skrulls for millennia, radically warping a once-benevolent society into an ultra-militaristic state, on their own homeworld. Their act of genocide against the Cotati was not as complete as they had thought: a new generation of Cotati had sprung forth from seed pods dropped by the previous generation as they died. Unnoticed by the Kree, these new Cotati went into hiding and allowed themselves to evolve into an immobile species with greater telepathic abilities. Centuries later, the Cotati made contact with a small number of Kree who were members of a secretive pacifist sect and formed an alliance with them. A century later, these pacifist Kree were known as the Priests of Pama and their temples contained secret cellars in which the now even more evolved Cotati were safely hidden and kept alive. However, when the Supreme Intelligence exiled the Priests to a barren prison planet, the Cotati aided them by influencing a cosmic menace known as the Star-Stalker to choose that planet as his next meal. The Priests discovered a means of countering the threat and forced it to flee, as the Cotati had been confident they would do. The Priests begged an audience with the Supreme Intelligence to warn it of the Star-Stalker but the Supreme Intelligence suspected that they had created a fictitious threat so that they would be brought back to the safety of Hala, something it refused to ever allow. The Priests then proposed that they be allowed to protect the inhabited worlds of the cosmos by sending teams of two to those worlds to remain there like Sentries until needed. Since this plan would keep the dissidents away from Hala while terminating the cost of their upkeep on the prison planet, the Supreme Intelligence accepted this proposal and the Priests of Pama were freed to leave. Unbeknownest to anyone, each pair of Priests took with them a group of plants who were actually Cotati.
Almost all Cotati were smuggled away from Hala to settle in temples created and maintained by the Priests of Pama on out-of-the-way planets. Those few on Earth have played a role in the lives of various superheroes, including the Avengers and the Silver Surfer.
The artificial environment created for the competition between the Kree and the Cotati still stands; today it is known as the Blue Area of the Moon, and is the location of the dwelling of Uatu the Watcher; it was for several years also the location of the Inhumans' city of Attilan. The Blue Area is also the site of the first recorded "death" of the Phoenix Force during the now-classic Dark Phoenix Saga.
The eldest of Earth's Cotati resurrected and took possession of the Swordsman's body so as to mate with Mantis and father the Celestial Messiah named Sequoia.
In the "Road to Empyre," General G'iah and her daughters Alice, Ivy, and Madison broke into a lab and steal a Cotati sample as G'iah informs them how the Cotati were on Hala before the Kree-Skrull War as well as a Cotati's history of possessing Swordsman. They claim the sample in order to preserve the Cotati species. The eldest of Earth's Cotati still using the Swordsman's body and Sequoia have since reappeared on the Blue Area of the Moon after the oxygen-rich area was revitalized. They request the Avengers help to avoid another Cotati massacre by the Kree/Skrull Alliance. Thor was able to bring some storms into the Blue Area of the Moon to continue their growth. Sequoiah even hinted that Hulkling is heading up the Kree/Skrull alliance. Thanks to a rousing speech from Iron Man, the team all agreed to defend the Cotati and figure out the politics afterwards unaware that the Fantastic Four are already among the Kree/Skrull Alliance. It was then revealed that the Cotati have abandoned their peaceful nature and have started a goal to slaughter all animal life. This causes the Avengers and the Fantastic Four to work with the Kree/Skrull alliance to fight them. One of their invasions involved targeting Wakanda's Vibranium mounds while controlling She-Hulk with a Cotati. In order to annihilate the Cotati, R'Kill planned to use the Pyre which would cause the Sun to annihilate the Solar System. When Black Panther slays the Swordsman Cotati with the Sword of Space while also destroying the Death Blossom and R'Kill's plot to use the Pyre to annihilate the solar system are thwarted, Quoi and the Cotati surrender peacefully which the Kree and the Skrull accept. Quoi is taken away by Thor and She-Hulk. All the Cotati are gathered on the Blue Area of the Moon where the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, and the Kree/Skrull Alliance are. As the Cotati are released from their Vibranium bondage, Invisible Woman prevents Quoi from attacking his "uncle" Thor. Franklin Storm uses his powers to bring the Cotati to an uninhabited planet that is far from Midgard, Skrullos, and Hala where they won't be of any harm. Thor then uses the blessing of Gaea to make the barren planet filled with life. This was enough to appease Quoi as Thor takes Invisible Woman and Franklin back to the others. Once things are settled on the Moon, Nick Fury's Unseen form later analyzes the weapons the Cotati used and gets an idea on the ancient race that used them which leads to the sudden revival of Uatu the Watcher.
Known Cotati
Ru'tuh-Baga – A Cotati who was operating in Genosha.
Qqoi – A Cotati science minister that worked under Ru'tuh-Baga.
Shi Qaanth – A Cotati spellcaster who fought Captain America in Arlington and later began the attack on Mexico City.
Sequoia – Also known as "Quoi," Sequoia is the Celestial Messiah who is the result of a union between Mantis and an Elder Cotati that possessed Swordsman's corpse.
Swordsman – The eldest Cotati possessed the corpse of Swordsman in order to father Quoi with Mantis. Killed by Black Panther using the Sword of Space.
Trrunk – A Cotati priest at the Temple of Pama. He was killed by Va-Sohn.
Veltri – A Cotati spellcaster who was operating in the Savage Land.
In other media
In Guardians of the Galaxy, a radio dispatcher orders seven cases of Cotati seeds before he's taken prisoner by Drax.
In Avengers: Infinity War, Gamora says that Thor's muscles look like they are made of Cotati metal fibres.
References
External links
Cotati at Marvel Wiki
Fictional plants
Large Magellanic Cloud in fiction
Marvel Comics plant characters
Marvel Comics telepaths
Characters created by Steve Englehart
Characters created by Sal Buscema | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotati%20%28comics%29 |
Gilpin Point is a cape on Maryland's Eastern Shore in Caroline County, Maryland, United States. It was the home of Revolutionary War soldier William Richardson, who distinguished himself in the Battle of Harlem Heights. There is a tomb dedicated to him next to Gilpin's Point Landing Park. It was placed by the Caroline County Historical Society in the 1950s.
History
There was formerly a post office located here, referred to as Gilpin's Point P.O.
References
Unincorporated communities in Caroline County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilpin%20Point%2C%20Maryland |
The Shiming (), also known as the Yìyǎ (逸雅; I-ya; Lost Erya), is a Chinese dictionary that employed phonological glosses, and "is believed to date from c. 200 [CE]".
This dictionary is linguistically invaluable because it records the pronunciation of an Eastern Han Chinese dialect. Sinologists have used their data to approximate the dates of phonological changes, such as the loss of consonant clusters which took place between Old Chinese and Middle Chinese.
Format
The 1,502 definitions attempt to establish semantic connections based upon puns between the word being defined and the word defining it, which is often followed with an explanation. For instance (chapter 12: 愛哀也愛乃思念之也), "Love (ài 愛 "love; like; be fond of") is sorrow (āi "哀 sorrow; grief; lament"). If you love, then you remember fondly." The Chinese call these paronomastic glosses yīnxùn (音訓; yin-hsün; "sound teaching"), meaning "to use the pronunciation of a word to explain its meaning." This semantic association of like-sounding words goes back to the "Rectification of Names" (zhèngmíng 正名, discussed under Confucianism), which hypothesized a connection between names and reality. The Shiming preface explains this ancient Chinese theory of language.
In the correspondence of name with reality, there is in each instance that which is right and proper. The common people use names every day, but they do not know the reasons why names are what they are. Therefore I have chosen to record names for heaven and earth, yin and yang, the four seasons, states, cities, vehicles, clothing and mourning ceremonies, up to and including the vessels commonly used by the people, and have discussed these terms intending to explain their origin.
Work authorship and internal organization
There is controversy whether this dictionary's author was (劉熙; Liú Xī; Liu Hsi; who flourished around 200 CE) or the more-famous (劉珍; Liú Zhēn; Liu Chen; who died in 126 CE). The earliest reference to the Shiming is a criticism in the late 3rd century Records of Three Kingdoms biography of Wei Zhao (韋昭; 204–273); while in prison, Wei wrote a supplement to Liu Xi's Shiming because it lacked information on official titles. The next reference is in the mid 5th century Hòu Hàn Shū biography of Liu Zhen, which notes that he wrote an otherwise unknown Shiming in 30 chapters (篇). The received text has 8 fascicles/volumes (卷) and 27 sections that the Shiming preface, written in Liu Xi's name, calls 27 chapters (篇). Bibliographies in official histories simply listed the Shiming as having eight fascicles without mentioning the number of chapters. The Ming dynasty scholar Zheng Mingxuan (鄭明選; flourished during Wanli era 1572–1620) questioned the difference in chapters and doubted the book's authenticity. The Qing dynasty commentator Bi Yuan (畢沅; 1730–1797), who published the 1789 Shiming shuzheng (釋名疏證; "Exegetical evidence for Shiming") critical edition, believed that the work was begun by Liu Zhen and completed by Liu Xi who added his preface. Another Qing scholar Qian Daxin (錢大昕; 1728–1804) concurred that Liu Xi was the author based upon studies of his students' biographies. Based on internal evidence, Bodman concludes, "It is not impossible that Liu Zhen did compose such a work and that Liu Xi might have used some of its material in his work, but the chance of this having happened is very small." The date of the Shiming is almost as controversial as its author. However, it is undisputed that Liu Xi lived at the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and was a refugee (who fled to Jiaozhou, present-day Hanoi) from the turmoil between the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184 and the dynastic collapse in 220 CE.
Contents
From this table of contents, the Shiming clearly followed the Eryas organization into semantically arranged chapters and all their titles begin with the word shì ("explain; explaining").
See also
Xiao Erya
Guangya
Piya
References
Footnotes
Further reading
External links
Shiming 釋名, Chinaknowledge
釋名 Shiming text (in Chinese)
Chinese Text Project – 釋名 (Chinese)
Chinese classic texts
Chinese dictionaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiming |
The electoral district of Gippsland East is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It covers most of eastern Victoria and includes the towns of Bairnsdale, Lakes Entrance, Orbost, Omeo, Maffra and Heyfield. Gippsland East is the state's third largest electorate in area and covers 27,544 square kilometres.
The National Party held the seat without interruption from 1920 to 1999. However at the 1999 election independent candidate Craig Ingram unexpectedly won the seat after receiving preferences from the independent, One Nation and Labor candidates.
Ingram's victory affected state politics—Ingram and fellow Independents Susan Davies and Russell Savage contributed to the end of the Kennett era by agreeing to back Labor to form government after the 1999 election. Ingram was also returned in the 2002 and 2006 elections. He was defeated in 2010 by National candidate Tim Bull.
Members for Gippsland East
Election results
List of towns in Gippsland East
Bairnsdale, Boisdale, Briagolong, Bruthen, Buchan, Cann River, Dargo, Ensay, Heyfield, Lakes Entrance, Lindenow, Maffra, Mallacoota, Metung, Newry, Omeo, Orbost, Paynesville, Raymond Island, Stratford, Swan Reach, Swifts Creek and Wy Yung.
References
External links
Electorate profile: Gippsland East District, Victorian Electoral Commission
Gippsland East
Shire of East Gippsland
Gippsland East
Shire of Wellington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Gippsland%20East |
Allen Bukoff (born June 20, 1951) is an artist and social psychologist in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. He received his Ph.D. from Kent State University in 1984. Bukoff has belonged to the Fluxus art movement since the 1980s. He was one of the original founders of the Fluxlist, an online community of Fluxus artists and writers launched in 1996, along with other Fluxus artists Dick Higgins, Ken Friedman, Owen Smith, Joe De Marco and Jon Van Oast.
Bukoff's work is in several collections and appears on numerous websites and online collaborations.
External links
Allen Bukoff
Fluxus Midwest
1951 births
Living people
American artists
Fluxus
Kent State University alumni
People from Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Artists from Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20Bukoff |
The Kodak C330 is a model of digital camera produced by the Eastman Kodak Company. It was announced on May 4, 2005 and is part of the company's EasyShare consumer line of cameras.
Input
The camera has a 3x optical zoom, and a 5x digital zoom beyond the optical zoom. The camera is able to record QVGA videos in 24 frame/s. It has auto, scene, portrait, sport, landscape, close-up, and video modes. Videos may be played on-camera, but with sound only. It has a viewfinder.
Image storage
The camera has 16 MB of internal memory. Memory capacity can be expanded with 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB up to a maximum of 1 GB SD or MMC cards. It includes an AV/USB port for viewing photos on a RCA television with the included adapter or transferring images to a computer via USB.
Review
The camera includes a LCD screen.
Output
The camera kit includes a USB cable for uploading images to a computer. It is compatible with the Kodak camera docks and PictBridge printer docks, and card readers.
References
External links
Official Kodak website
C330
Cameras introduced in 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak%20EasyShare%20C330 |
Scooter Girl may refer to
Scooter Girl (comics), a comic miniseries by Chynna Clugston
"Scooter Girl", a song by Shaun Ryder from his 2003 solo album, Amateur Night in the Big Top
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter%20Girl |
WHLS (1450 AM) is an alternative rock radio station licensed to Port Huron, Michigan, with a power output of 1,000 watts, covering much of St. Clair County, Michigan. It is the oldest continuously operating radio station serving St. Clair County. The station is owned by Radio First and broadcasts from studios on Huron Avenue in Downtown Port Huron. Its programming is also simulcasted on FM Translator W288BT, licensed to St. Clair, Michigan at 105.5 MHz, with an effective radiated power of 49 watts.
The station currently broadcasts an alternative format branded as Port Huron's Alternative - Rock 105.5. Between 2000 and 2019, WHLS simulcasted its programming on sister station WHLX in Marine City, Michigan. That station is now known as 92.7 WHLX The Hills and has an Americana format. Until July 2020, WHLS competed with CHKS-FM 106.3 MHz in Sarnia, Ontario. The station flipped to Classic Hits, leaving WHLS as the standalone active rock station in the market.
History
WHLS signed on in August 1938 at 1370 kHz with 250 watts of power. It was for a time the principal Top 40 music station in the Port Huron and Sarnia area, as well as the very first radio station serving St. Clair County. The station was found by the late H.L. Stevens. Its first broadcast was the opening of the Blue Water Bridge. In 1941, WHLS moved to its present-day dial position of 1450 kHz. The first manager was Angus Pfaff and the first program director was Fred A. Knorr, a former part owner of the Detroit Tigers. Knorr would go on to own stations in Jackson, Saginaw, and Detroit. John F. Wismer started working for WHLS in the Fall of 1947 doing play by play sports announcing and advertising sales. Wismer was promoted to station manager in 1950 and became part owner in 1952. The company then became known as Stevens Wismer Broadcasting Co. Numerous acquisitions were made by the company over the years. In 1953, WLEW in Bad Axe was purchased, followed by WCSR in Hillsdale in 1955 and then was sold in 1957 when Grand Rapids station WLAV was purchased.
Legendary NHL hockey broadcaster Mike Emrick got his first big break at WHLS calling games for the Port Huron Flags minor hockey team with sales manager Larry Smith in the mid-1970s. Emrick would go on to broadcast Olympic hockey games and Stanley Cup playoffs for NBC Sports, and is a frequent guest contributor to sister station WPHM.
In 1983, Wismer Broadcasting started the cable television system in Port Huron which was known as Port Huron T.V. Cable Company. That year was also when sister station WSAQ was launched. John Wismer died in 1999.
The station was sold to Liggett Communications (also known as Radio First) in 2000 by Wismer's estate. Liggett had also acquired Wismer's crosstown competitor, WPHM and WBTI that same year from Hanson Communications.
In 2000, WHLS's satellite Oldies was simulcasted over WHLX for the first time. Its format then changed to Adult Standards America's Best Music format in 2001, and back to Oldies using Dial Global's Kool Gold Timeless Classics format in 2009. The return to oldies came after CHOK in Sarnia flipped to a country format.
"The Cruise"
As of July 2011, WHLS/WHLX have dropped the Dial Global Kool Gold format and transitioned to airing a locally automated classic hits/adult hits format. The local format is branded as "WHLS - The Cruise" and is staffed by Radio First personalities. WHLS/WHLX's new format is a more traditional Classic Hits mix of the late 1960s, and into the 1980s with some classic rock and roll influences, as well as a few tracks from the 1990s and 2000s up to AC recurrents from artists such as Maroon 5 and Katy Perry. The station also aired locally oriented talk shows on Saturday mornings and church services on Sunday Mornings. The station airs the syndicated program American Standards By The Sea Saturday mornings.
The Cruise format ended on April 20, 2015, at 10:55 am, with the last song being Don McLean's American Pie.
New Format "Rock 105.5"
WHLS changed their format to active rock on April 20, 2015, with the first song being Smells Like Teen Spirit by Nirvana. The new station is branded as "Rock 105.5", the frequency of the new FM translator WHLS acquired from a religious broadcaster the previous year. The station continues to broadcast on AM 1450 and AM 1590 but with little to no reference of the station's AM counterparts. Following the format change, Rock 105.5 dropped WHLS's traditional "Hometown Christmas" in favor of its new music format. Rock 105.5 staff claimed they did not want to "bombard listeners with Christmas music", and limited Christmas songs to once per hour.
WHLS is also the radio home of the University of Michigan football and is a member of the Michigan IMG Sports Network, an affiliation the station has had for decades, transcending music formats. The Detroit Pistons, who were also on "The Cruise", were moved to WPHM following the format change. However, WHLS still airs conflicting sports games that would usually air on WPHM such as the Lions and Red Wings.
Technical
WHLS covers most of St. Clair County, Michigan as well as southern Sanilac County, Michigan with 1,000 watts of power day and night. The transmitter is located on 32nd Street in Port Huron Township, using the same site and same tower as sister station WSAQ.
FM Translator
W288BT is a low-powered translator at 105.5 FM licensed to St. Clair, Michigan. W288BT was originally owned by Radio Assist Ministry, and then owned by Edgewater Broadcasting, which previously used the station to broadcast a Christian music format. Edgewater then leased the translator to Liggett Communications as a simulcast of WHLS.
The FM translator originally started broadcasting on and off beginning in the summer of 2014 from the Radio First studios in Downtown Port Huron with 250 watts. After the switch from "The Cruise" (which never branded itself as being on FM) to "Rock 105.5" (which only brands itself as being on FM), a construction permit was granted to WHLS to move the translator to their parent station's tower on 32nd Street in Port Huron Township. The station currently broadcasts with only 49 watts but from a much higher tower and covers the immediate Port Huron, Fort Gratiot, and Marysville areas.
After the move to the WHLS tower, 105.5 FM began broadcasting information that would be received on Radio Data System (RDS) radios.
One reasoning of Liggett Communications getting the 105.5 FM translator, is due to both WHLS and WHLX having limited nighttime range.
Liggett Communications purchased W288BT's license from Edgewater Broadcasting effective June 7, 2018.
Sources
External links
HLS-AM
Alternative rock radio stations in the United States
Modern rock radio stations in the United States
Port Huron, Michigan
St. Clair County, Michigan
Radio stations established in 1938
HLS-AM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHLS |
Joemy Wilson is a hammered dulcimer player from New Haven, Connecticut. Her first instruments were the piano and violin. She also took voice lessons in high school. She started playing Appalachian dulcimer while attending Barnard College, and started playing hammered dulcimer in 1979.
Wilson has made several recordings on the Dargason label, and is particularly noted for her recordings of the compositions of Irish harper Turlough O'Carolan. She has collaborated with several artists, including Miamon Miller, Valarie King, Scott Fraser, Anisa Angarola, and Sylvia Woods.
Early life
Joemy graduated Barnard College.
Discography
Carolan's Cup: Music of Turlough O'Carolan Volume I (1984)
Gifts: Traditional Christmas Carols (1985)
Gifts II: Traditional Christmas Carols (1987)
Gifts III: Christmas Music From Around The World (1997)
Carolan's Cottage: Music of Turlough O'Carolan Volume II (1986)
Beatles on Hammered Dulcimer (1989)
Celtic Dreams: Music of Turlough O'Carolan Volume III (1989)
Dulcimer Lullabies (1991)
Celtic Treasures: Music of Ireland Volume IV (1994)
References
External links
Joemy Wilson at www.answers.com
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American folk musicians
American multi-instrumentalists
Barnard College alumni
American hammered dulcimer players
Musicians from New Haven, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joemy%20Wilson |
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