text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
Zuidland is a town in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Nissewaard, and lies about 6 km west of Spijkenisse.
As of 2022, the town of Zuidland had 6.094 inhabitants, they are called "Slandenaren". The built-up area of the town was 0.87 km², and contained 1878 residences. The wider statistical district of Zuidland, which also covers the "Polder Zuidland", has a population of around 5130.
Zuidland was a separate municipality until 1980, when it became part of Bernisse.
Gallery
References
External links
Populated places in South Holland
Former municipalities of South Holland
Nissewaard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidland |
is a Japanese multinational corporation, specializing in software and consulting services for end-to-end electrical and electronic engineering. Zuken came into existence as a pioneer in the development of CAD systems in Japan to contribute to electronics manufacturing. The literal translation of Zuken is "graphics laboratory." Established in 1976 in Yokohama, Japan, it is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange; net sales amounted to US$216 million for the year 2011.
Zuken's software is primarily used for designing printed circuit boards (PCBs), Multi-Chip Modules, and for the engineering of electrotechnical, wiring, wiring harness, pneumatics and hydraulics applications. Furthermore, Zuken offers software for electrical and electronic engineering data management (e-PLM). The company's key markets are the electronics industry – which includes digital home electrical appliances; mobile communications devices; transportation equipment, such as automobiles, special vehicles and railroads; industrial equipment, such as medical equipment and devices; and construction machinery. Zuken also has a strong presence in the aviation and space industries. Zuken is one of four major EDA companies which specialize in PCB design software, the others being Cadence Design Systems, Mentor Graphics and partly Altium.
History
1976 Zuken Inc. Established.
1978 Released "CREATE-2000" (CR-2000) for PC (HP-1000 Platform).
1983 Zuken America Inc. (Now: Zuken U.S. Inc.) established.
1985 Released Logic Design Workstation for UNIX Platform.
1988 Released CAD/CAM for PCB "CR-3000" for UNIX Platform.
1991 Listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange Level-2.
1992 Zuken Europe GmbH. (Germany) Established.
1992 Zuken Korea Inc. (Seoul) Established.
1992 Zuken Singapore Pte. Ltd. Established.
1993 Zuken Inc. China (Beijing) Established.
1994 Acquired Racal-Redac Ltd.
1994 Listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange Level-1
1994 Released CAD/CAM for PCB "CR-5000" for UNIX & PC Platform.
1994 Released Data Management System "PDM-5000".
1996 Realvision Inc. Established.
2000 Acquired Incases Engineering GmbH (Germany).
2000 Zuken Tecnomatix Inc. established.
2001 Zuken NetWave Inc. established.
2002 Zuken Shanghai Technical Center Co. Ltd. established.
2005 Zuken Taiwan Inc. established.
2006 Acquired CIM-Team GmbH (Germany), which develops "E³.series".
2014 Acquired Intedis GmbH & Co. KG
2015 Acquired CAETEK Inc.
2019 Acquired Vitech Corporation
Products
Visula - a historically important EDA tool by Redac of Racal-Redac Ltd. taken over by Zuken
CR-8000 - 2D and 3D, multi-board system design
CR-5000 - Zuken's enterprise-wide PCB design software platform for both analogue and digital PCB design. CR-5000 includes modules such as System Designer, Board Designer, Lightning, Package Predictor/Synthesizer. The program runs on both UNIX and Windows.
Design Gateway - Circuit design creation software. It is positioned within Zuken's CR-5000 enterprise-wide software for electronics systems design and is at the core of its constraints driven design and verification process.
E³.series - This is the most recent addition to the Zuken family of products. It is a Windows-based electrical design software for wiring, harnesses, cable, fluid, hydraulics, and panel design.
Cabling Designer - This is a design tool that integrates with Catia for wire harness design. Modules include Cabling Designer, Harness Designer, Topology Designer, Simulation and Verifications.
CADSTAR - A desktop software for producing schematic and PCB designs.
eCADSTAR - An Internet connected PCB design platform.
DS-2 - Zuken's Electronic Product Lifecycle Management tool.
References
External links
Official Zuken Website in English
Electronics companies of Japan
Electronic design automation companies
Companies based in Yokohama
Software companies established in 1976
Software companies of Japan
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Japanese companies established in 1976
Japanese brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuken |
José Miguel da Rocha Fonte (born 22 December 1983) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Primeira Liga club Braga and the Portugal national team.
Fonte started his professional career with Sporting CP B, moving to England with Crystal Palace in 2007. He signed for Southampton in 2010, where he made 288 appearances in all competitions, until he joined West Ham United in January 2017. He then represented Dalian Yifang in China and Lille in France, winning the Ligue 1 title with the latter in the 2020–21 season.
A Portuguese international since age 30, Fonte was part of the squad at two UEFA European Championships and the 2018 FIFA World Cup, winning UEFA Euro 2016.
Club career
Portugal
Born in Penafiel, Fonte finished his football education (after already having played there from ages 10 to 13) at Sporting CP. He only appeared with Sporting CP B as a senior, in the third division. He signed with Salgueiros in 2004, but the club was in severe financial difficulties and was liquidated shortly thereafter; as a result, he terminated his contract and transferred to Felgueiras in the Segunda Liga.
In the 2005 off-season, Fonte made his Primeira Liga debut with Vitória de Setúbal, where his performances attracted the eye of Benfica, who signed him in January 2006. He was immediately loaned out to fellow league team Paços de Ferreira. He finished the season with 26 league appearances and 1 goal, during a 2–2 away draw against Penafiel in which he also scored two in his own net– as both Paços and Setúbal managed to retain their status.
Fonte spent the 2006–07 season on loan to Estrela da Amadora, still in the top division, only missing five league games as the Lisbon-based club finished in ninth position.
Crystal Palace
In July 2007, Fonte moved on loan to Crystal Palace in England, being introduced in the team's starting line-up after a run of injuries. The move was made permanent at the end of the 2007–08 season, as Palace finished fifth and qualified to the promotion play-offs.
Fonte continued to feature regularly with the Londoners in the Football League Championship, even appearing as a makeshift striker when required.
Southampton
Fonte signed for Southampton on 9 January 2010 for a fee believed to be around the region of £1.2 million, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. He made his debut one week later alongside two other recent signings, Jon Otsemobor and Danny Seaborne, in a 1–1 draw away to Millwall. His first goal for Southampton came on 28 August, in a 4–0 away win over Bristol Rovers.
After scoring seven league goals and helping Southampton win promotion to the second tier, Fonte was named in the League One Team of the Year for the 2010–11 season. He was also voted Southampton's Player of Year, achieving 64% of the vote, with Adam Lallana coming second with 18% and Dan Harding finishing third with 7%.
On 29 December 2011, Fonte signed a new contract keeping him at the club until June 2015. Southampton were top of the table when he signed, with the player having appeared in every league game at that point in the season. He eventually contributed 42 matches and 1 goal, which came against Coventry City in the final match of the season as the team earned a second consecutive promotion.
Fonte made his debut in the Premier League on 19 August 2012, playing the full 90 minutes in a 3–2 away loss to Manchester City. He netted his first goals in the competition in a 2–2 home draw with Fulham on 7 October, the second arriving in the last minute. On 24 August 2013, he scored a header in the 89th minute of the home game against Sunderland, rescuing a point for his team.
On 23 January 2014, Fonte was attacked by teammate Dani Osvaldo during a training session. Subsequently, the latter was loaned out to Juventus during the winter transfer window.
On 8 August 2014, Fonte penned a new three-year deal with Southampton running until June 2017, and was also named team captain. He made his 250th league appearance for the club on 16 October 2016, in a 3–1 home win against Burnley.
West Ham United
On 20 January 2017, Fonte signed for Premier League club West Ham United for a reported fee of £8 million (plus potential add-ons) on a two-and-a-half-year contract. He made his league debut on 1 February, in a 4–0 home defeat by Manchester City in which he conceded a penalty by bringing down Raheem Sterling.
On 4 November 2017, after a league match against one of his former teams, Crystal Palace, it was confirmed Fonte had suffered a foot injury that would sideline him for the rest of the year.
Dalian Yifang
Fonte completed a transfer to Chinese Super League club Dalian Yifang on 23 February 2018, joining for a reported fee of £5 million. On 15 July, he terminated his contract.
Lille
Fonte signed for French Ligue 1 club Lille on 20 July 2018, signing a two-year contract. He made his debut on 18 August as the season began with a goalless draw at Monaco, and scored his first goal on 22 September to open a 2–1 win at home to Nantes while assisting the other goal by Jonathan Ikoné. On 16 December, he was sent off after 16 minutes of a 3–2 victory at Nîmes for swearing at an assistant referee, as was manager Christophe Galtier for arguing his case; he missed just two games as the Dogues finished runners-up to Paris Saint-Germain, scoring three times including the conclusion of a 5–1 win over the capital club at the Stade Pierre-Mauroy on 14 April.
On 9 August 2019, Fonte extended his contract to 2021. The 37-year-old captained the team to the 2020–21 Ligue 1 title, their first since 2010–11, making 36 appearances and scoring 3 goals in the process.
After adding one more year to his contract, Fonte played in the Trophée des Champions on 1 August 2021, a 1–0 win over PSG in Tel Aviv. He renewed again for 2022–23, after which he was released.
Braga
On 19 July 2023, Fonte signed a one-year contract with S.C. Braga.
International career
Fonte was called up to the Portuguese B squad for the Vale do Tejo tournament in 2006. On 24 January, he played against Slovenia as the match ended with a penalty shoot-out loss after a 1–1 draw.
On 3 October 2014, aged nearly 31, Fonte received his first call-up to the senior team, for a friendly with France and a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifier against Denmark. He made his debut in another friendly, playing the second half of a 1–0 win over Argentina at Old Trafford on 18 November.
Fonte was selected by manager Fernando Santos for his Euro 2016 squad. His first game in the tournament took place on 25 June, as he started alongside Southampton teammate Cédric Soares in the round-of-16 tie against Croatia, which Portugal won 1–0 after extra time. He went on to retain his position until the final, in which Portugal beat the hosts France 1–0.
Fonte was named in the final 23-man squads for both the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia and Portugal's victorious campaign in the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals, as well as the delayed UEFA Euro 2020, where he did not leave the bench. On 9 October 2021, aged 37, he scored his first goal for the national team, in a 3–0 home win over Qatar.
On 24 March 2022, aged 38, Fonte earned his 50th cap in Portugal's World Cup qualifying Play-off match, against Turkey, where he gave away a second-half penalty for a kick at Enes Ünal inside the penalty area. However, Burak Yılmaz, his teammate at Lille, missed the shot and the game ended 3–1 for Portugal, who then qualified for the final playoff game.
In October, he was named in Portugal's preliminary 55-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. However, he did not make the final cut.
Personal life
Fonte's younger brother, Rui, is also a footballer. A forward, the two were teammates at Sporting (at youth level), Crystal Palace and Lille. Their father, Artur, played 12 seasons in the Portuguese top division.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Fonte goal.
Honours
Southampton
Football League Trophy: 2009–10
Lille
Ligue 1: 2020–21
Trophée des Champions: 2021
Portugal
UEFA European Championship: 2016
UEFA Nations League: 2018–19
FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2017
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2010–11 League One
Southampton Player of the Season: 2010–11, 2014–15
Orders
Commander of the Order of Merit
References
External links
Profile at the Lille OSC website
Profile at the Portuguese Football Federation website
1983 births
Living people
People from Penafiel
Footballers from Porto District
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Segunda Divisão players
Sporting CP B players
F.C. Felgueiras players
Vitória F.C. players
S.L. Benfica footballers
F.C. Paços de Ferreira players
C.F. Estrela da Amadora players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
Dalian Professional F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Lille OSC players
S.C. Braga players
Portugal men's under-21 international footballers
Portugal men's B international footballers
Portugal men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2016 players
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
UEFA Nations League-winning players
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in China
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in France
Commanders of the Order of Merit (Portugal) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Fonte |
The LMS Northern Counties Committee (NCC) Class Y was a class of 0-6-0T steam locomotives formed when two LMS Fowler Class 3F engines (Nos.7456 and 7553) were regauged from to the Irish broad gauge in 1944 becoming NCC Nos.18 and 19.
History
During World War II, the NCC was very short of shunting motive power and as no new engines were available, three engines were transferred from the Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway (DNGR). The DNGR engines were not a success and the NCC turned to the parent LMS for help. They offered two standard LMS Fowler Class 3F 0-6-0T locomotives.
These engines had been developed from S. W. Johnson's Midland Railway locomotives introduced in 1899. Johnson's locomotives were originally built with round-topped fireboxes but they were all rebuilt with Belpaire fireboxes from 1919.
Developed by Sir Henry Fowler for the LMS and introduced in 1924 the new locomotives had a Belpaire firebox from new, wider side tanks, larger bunker and an extended smokebox. A ventilator was also fitted in the cab roof. This class became the LMS "standard" shunting locomotive. With the exception of a batch of 15 locomotives which were built by the former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway workshops at Horwich, Lancashire, all were built by outside contractors.
NCC No.18, originally LMS No. 16539, was part of a batch of 15, numbered from 16535–16549, built by W. G. Bagnall & Co. of Stafford in 1926/7. In the LMS 1934 renumbering scheme it became No.7456.
NCC No.19, originally LMS No. 16636, was part of a large batch of 50 locomotives built by the Hunslet Engine Company of Leeds, West Yorkshire, between 1927 and 1929 and originally numbered from 16625–16674. It was renumbered 7553 in the 1934 renumbering scheme.
The engines were reboilered by the LMS in 1944, just before delivery to the NCC in August. The conversion to gauge was simply done by reversing the wheels and renewing the tyres and crank pins. Their frames were not altered at all and, possibly due to the light nature of their work, the engines do not seem to have suffered from widening the gauge.
One unusual feature of the engines was the position of the sandboxes which entailed having recesses in the tanks so that they could be filled. Another distinctive feature, and uncommon on the NCC, was the provision of "dogs" around the circumference of the smokebox to keep the joint airtight.
Designated Class Y, the engines were at first used on local trains to Carrickfergus but this practice was discontinued when it was discovered that the bearings were inclined to run hot. A test train of thirty wagons of coal was worked by No.19 from Belfast to Ballyclare Junction without any difficulty. No.18 worked a similar train but had trouble with lubrication.
Subsequently, they were put to work on the Belfast Harbour Commissioners' lines at Belfast docks where despite their relatively long wheelbase they could negotiate a curve if they proceeded slowly.
All together No.18 ran on the NCC and a total of in her life. A suspect crank pin led to her early withdrawal in 1956. No.19 ran all together, of which were on the NCC. She lasted until 1963 although not doing much work in her final year.
In late Spring 1960 the Ulster Transport Authority acquired two 0-6-4Ts from the former Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway, which took over duties on Belfast docks. These became Nos. 26 and 27 in the UTA stock list and continued to carry the names Lough Melvin and Lough Erne respectively.
Livery
All over black, red buffer beams with numbers in shaded digits. Lettered NCC on side tank, cast number plate with red background applied to bunker sides.
Under the ownership of the UTA that company's crest was applied to the side tanks in place of the NCC lettering.
References
Y
Steam locomotives of Ireland
Steam locomotives of Northern Ireland
0-6-0T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1944
Scrapped locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCC%20Class%20Y |
The Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel are members of a Carmelite religious institute dedicated to female education. It was founded in the latter part of the 19th century by Mother Veronica of the Passion, OCD, under the guidance of her mentor, Bishop Marie Ephrem of the Sacred Heart, OCD, who had envisioned the birth of "a Carmel for the missions" in India, devoted to teaching and education.
Sister Veronica of the Passion had come to India as a member of the teaching congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition, founded in France in 1832 by Saint Emily de Vialar († 1856). She had entered the congregation in 1851, shortly after her conversion to the Roman Catholic Church from the Church of England. She met Bishop Ephrem upon her assignment to India in the early 1850s. Like the Discalced Carmelite friars providing pastoral care to western India, they had sought to provide Catholic education to the women and young girls under their care.
Inspired by his vision of such a religious institute of Carmelite Sisters, Sister Veronica entered the Carmel of Puy, France, as a novice in the Discalced Carmelite Order. After her religious vows, she began to train a group of young European women of varying nationalities for the task of education in India.
On November 19, 1870, the first group of Sisters arrived in Mangalore, under the leadership of Mother Mary of the Angels, who was the first Superior General and novice mistress, to start the Mission. St. Anne Convent, which became the motherhouse, was the cradle of the Apostolic Carmel.
The Apostolic Carmel has spread its branches into the various parts of India, Sri Lanka, Kuwait, Pakistan, Kenya, Rome and Bahrain. The Congregation is governed under Six Provinces and centrally administered by the General Team from the General Motherhouse in Bangalore, with Sister Agatha Mary as the present Superior General (2008).
The mission of the religious institute was a Catholic value-based education, with special attention given to the disadvantaged sections of society through various levels of education: pre-primary, primary, secondary, pre-university, higher, technical and special education for the disabled. The other ministries include: healing ministry, nursing care, de-addiction and rehabilitation of alcoholics and drug addicts, self-help groups, prison ministry, ministering to persons with different disabilities, community-based-rehabilitation, Catechism and faith education.
See also
Constitutions of the Carmelite Order
External links
Mother Mary Veronica of the Passion at The Congregation of the Apostolic Carmel
Discalced Carmelite Calendar and Saints
Discalced Carmelite Order
Catholic teaching orders
Carmelite spirituality
Catholic female orders and societies
Catholic religious orders established in the 19th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters%20of%20the%20Apostolic%20Carmel |
Dance (La Danse) is a painting made by Henri Matisse in 1910, at the request of Russian businessman and art collector Sergei Shchukin, who bequeathed the large decorative panel to the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The composition of dancing figures is commonly recognized as "a key point of (Matisse's) career and in the development of modern painting". A preliminary version of the work, sketched by Matisse in 1909 as a study for the work, resides at MoMA in New York City, where it has been labeled Dance (I).
La Danse was first exhibited at the Salon d'Automne of 1910 (1 October – 8 November), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées, Paris.
Dance (I)
In March 1909, Matisse painted a preliminary version of this work, known as Dance (I). It was a compositional study and uses paler colors and less detail. The painting was highly regarded by the artist who once called it "the overpowering climax of luminosity"; it is also featured in the background of Matisse's Nasturtiums with the Painting "Dance I", (1912).
It was donated by Nelson A. Rockefeller in honor of Alfred H. Barr Jr. to the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
Dance
Dance is a large decorative panel, painted with a companion piece, Music, specifically for the Russian businessman and art collector Sergei Shchukin, with whom Matisse had a long association. Until the October Revolution of 1917, this painting hung together with Music on the staircase of Shchukin's Moscow mansion.
The painting shows five dancing figures, painted in a strong red, set against a very simplified green landscape and deep blue sky. It reflects Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art, and uses a classic Fauvist color palette: the intense warm colors against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism. The painting is often associated with the "Dance of the Young Girls" from Igor Stravinsky's famous 1913 musical work The Rite of Spring. The composition or arrangement of dancing figures is reminiscent of Blake's watercolour "Oberon, Titania and Puck with fairies dancing" from 1786.
Dance is commonly recognized as "a key point of (Matisse's) career and in the development of modern painting". It resides in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. It was loaned to Hermitage Amsterdam for a period of six weeks from April 1 to May 9, 2010.
La Danse (Verve)
The French art periodical Verve published a lithographic version of the Hermitage La Danse in its Volume 1, Issue 4, January–March 1939. On page 50 of this issue, it is stated: "Henri Matisse has painted for Verve a replica of his large painting, La Danse . . .. This is reproduced lithographically on the following pages [book-ended by two linocuts of skaters in motion]." The lithography was carried out by Mourlot Freres (Paris). This lithographic version is, with margins, 14" × 25" and therefore much smaller than the painted versions. The lithographic version is hardly a "replica" of the Hermitage version, as several differences can be readily observed:
(1) the green area in the lithographic version is a lime green.
(2) the sky is virtually black (but with some blue near borders and edges of figures),
(3) color areas are internally uniform, eschewing any painterly effects,
(4) the lines in the figures are thicker, giving the image - with its uniform color areas – somewhat the appearance of a woodcut, and
(5) the entire image is surrounded by a "frame" consisting of flat yellow, blue, and black color areas. The entire lithograph has the look of a genre that Matisse invented in the late 1930s, namely, the colored-paper cut-out and lithographic versions thereof.
See also
List of works by Henri Matisse
Notes and references
External links
Two versions of The Dance
1910 paintings
Post-impressionist paintings
Paintings in the Museum of Modern Art (New York City)
Paintings in the Hermitage Museum
Paintings by Henri Matisse
Nude art
Dance in art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20%28Matisse%29 |
João Pedro Ferreira Vilela (born 9 September 1985) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.
Club career
A youth product of hometown's S.L. Benfica, joining at the age of nine, Lisbon-born Vilela was promoted to the main squad for the 2004–05 season, but only appeared in preseason for the club, joining Gil Vicente F.C. on loan in January 2006. On 26 March, he scored in a 1–1 home draw against Vitória S.C. in his fifth Primeira Liga game.
With the Barcelos side now in the second division, the move was made permanent in the summer, and Vilela totalled 81 official appearances in three years, netting 12 times. In 2009 he signed with another team in that level, C.D. Fátima, returning to Gil Vicente the following year and contributing three goals in 25 matches (15 starts) in his second season for a return to the top flight after five years.
On 25 June 2012, Vilela joined Iran Pro League side Tractor Sazi F.C. on a two-year contract, along with compatriot Anselmo Cardoso. In the next transfer window, however, he returned to his previous club due to unpaid wages.
In early July 2015, after suffering relegation to division two, Vilela left Gil and signed for C.F. Os Belenenses. Just six months later, he dropped down to the third tier and joined U.D. Leiria.
On 19 July 2016, the 30-year-old Vilela moved abroad again as he agreed to a two-year deal with FC Schaffhausen. He scored on his debut five days later, helping to a 1–0 win over FC Wil for the Swiss Challenge League; at his own request, he was released on 26 February 2017.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Lisbon
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Segunda Divisão players
S.L. Benfica B players
Gil Vicente F.C. players
C.D. Fátima players
C.F. Os Belenenses players
U.D. Leiria players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Tractor S.C. players
Swiss Challenge League players
FC Schaffhausen players
Portugal men's youth international footballers
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Iran
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Iran
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20Vilela |
Greenville Memorial Auditorium was a 7,500-seat multi-purpose arena built in 1958 that was located in Greenville, South Carolina. It hosted local sporting events, concerts and the Ringling Brothers Circus until the Bon Secours Wellness Arena opened in 1998.
It hosted professional wrestling throughout its history, especially in the 1970s and 1980s, with NWA Jim Crockett Promotions cards held every Monday night.
It hosted the Southern Conference men's basketball tournaments in 1972, 1975, and 1976.
Lynyrd Skynyrd performed there on October 19, 1977, the last concert played by the original band prior to its fatal plane crash that took most of its members the next day en route to Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
The arena was imploded on September 20, 1997.
References
Defunct college basketball venues in the United States
Indoor arenas in South Carolina
Furman Paladins basketball
Monuments and memorials in South Carolina
Sports venues completed in 1958
Sports venues demolished in 1997
Sports venues in Greenville, South Carolina
Demolished sports venues in the United States
1958 establishments in South Carolina
1997 disestablishments in South Carolina
Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville%20Memorial%20Auditorium |
Estuardo Maldonado (born 1928) is an Ecuadorian sculptor and painter inspired by the Constructivist movement. Maldonado is a member of VAN (), the group of Informalist painters founded by Enrique Tábara. Other members of VAN included, Aníbal Villacís, Luis Molinari, Hugo Cifuentes, León Ricaurte and Gilberto Almeida. Maldonado's international presence is largely due to his participation in over a hundred exhibits outside of Ecuador.
Born in Píntag, in the Quito district of Ecuador, Maldonado left home at a young age in order to observe and learn from nature. Both nature and Indigenous themes have been a fundamental inspiration for much of his work. Maldonado studied art at the School of Fine Arts in Guayaquil. By 1953, Maldonado was teaching drawing and art history at the American School of Guayaquil. In 1955, Maldonado traveled the Ecuadorian coast painting the people of the coast and landscapes.
In 1955, Maldonado held his first exhibitions in Guayaquil, Portoviejo, and Esmeraldas. In 1956, Benjamin Carrion invited Maldonado to exhibit at the House of Ecuadorian Culture making him the first Ecuadorian artist to exhibit sculpture in Quito and Guayaquil. In 1957, Maldonado set out for Europe on a scholarship and traveled to France, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands and settled in Rome, Italy. Maldonado attended the Academy of Fine Arts of Rome and the Academy of San Giacomo.
Maldonado's work depicts abstractions of nature. His ancestral roots are also evident in some of his works based on pre-Columbian imagery from his native Andean zone. At the same time, he is interested in the palpitation of the evolving Universe. It is because of this inherent curiosity with advancement and history that he has a place within the Latin American Constructivist art movement.
Vladimir Tatlin founded Constructivism in Russia in 1913. Influenced by Futurism and Cubism, this movement is based on abstract, geometric forms and is related to architectural ideas. The Constructivist movement made its way into Latin America by way of Joaquín Torres García and Manuel Rendón. Constructive Universalism is an innovative style created by Joaquín Torres García who after living in Europe for over forty years, returned to his native land, Uruguay and brought with him new artistic concepts. Constructive Universalism combines references to the Pre-Columbian world with the geometric forms of European Constructivism.
Maldonado's work has been celebrated throughout the world for successfully combining nature with innovation while addressing the relationship to his Andean roots.
In 2009, Maldonado was awarded the Premio Eugenio Espejo, his country's most prestigious National Award for Art, Literature and Culture presented by the President of Ecuador.
Museums and exhibitions
1956 - House of Ecuadorian Culture, Guayaquil, Ecuador
1964 - Biennial of Venice, Venice, Italy
1974 - Center for the International Studies of Constructivist Art, Bonn, Germany
1974 - Marcon IV Gallery, Rome, Italy
1977 - Abstract Currents in Ecuadorian Art: Paintings by: Gilbert, Rendon, Tábara, Villacís, Molinari and Maldonado. Center for Inter-American Relations, New York, New York, U.S.
1985 - First Latin American Symposium of Sculpture of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
1985 - Art Museum of the Americas, Organization of American States (OAS), Washington, D.C.
1986 - Ecuadorian Embassy, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
1987 - I Biennial International Painting of River Basin, River Basin, Ecuador
1987 - Museum of Contemporary Hispanic Art (MoCHA), New York
1988 - XX Biennial of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
1991 - Masters of Latin America, Nagoya, Japan
1994 - Gallery of Nadar Art, Dominican Republic
1998 - Museum of Italian Art, Lima, Peru
2000 - Pontifica Catholic University of Ecuador
2000 - Museum of Modern Art, Santiago, Chile
2000 - Exhibition, Perth, Western Australia
2001 - Exposición Centro Cultural Metropolitano de Quito, Ecuador.
2002 - Antología"1945-2002", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador.
2002 - Sala Municipal de Exposiciones de Valencia. L'Almudí.Valencia, Spain
2003 - Museo Luis Gonzalez Robles Alcalá de Henares. Madrid, Spain
2004 - Banco Central del Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador.
2004 - Galería Arte Jorge Ontiveros. Madrid, Spain
2004 - Sala Ayuntamiento L'Olleria. ValenciaSpain
2005 - Exposición en Chicago. Galería Aldo Castillo.
2005 - Fundación Jaume II el Just. Real Monasterio Santa Maria Valldigna. Generalitat Valenciana (Simat de Valldigna).
2005 - Sala Exposiciones Ayuntamiento de Elche. Alicante. España
2005 - Aldo Castillo Gallery, Chicago USA
2006 - The Katzen Art Center at American University, Washington, D.C., USA
2006 - Sala Autoral, Estuardo Maldonado, Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo (MAAC), Guayaquil, Ecuador.
2007 - Galeria de Arte "CosmoArte Siglo XXV". Alicante, Spain
2008 - Ministry of Foreign Trade and Integration - Ecuadorian Embassy in Germany, Berlin, Germany.
2008 - ArtMadrid. Madrid. España
2008 - Sala de Exposiciones Parque de atracciones "Terra Mitica" . Benidorm. Alicante, Spain
2008 - Expo Zaragoza 2008. Pabellón de las Artes de Telefónica. Zaragoza, Spain
Sources
Barnitz, Jacqueline, Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. University of Texas Press; Austin, Texas, 2001.
Salvat, Arte Contemporáneo de Ecuado'''. Salvat Editores Ecuatoriana, S.A., Quito, Ecuador, 1977.
Sullivan, Edward J., Latin American Art in the Twentieth Century''. Phaidon Press Limited; London, 1996.
External links
Estuardo Maldonado Foundation - https://fundacionestuardomaldonado.blogspot.com/
Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo - https://web.archive.org/web/20050306200121/http://www.maac.org.ec/
https://web.archive.org/web/20060225143626/http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/
Aldo Castillo Gallery, Chicago, Illinois
CosmoArte Siglo XXV, Alicante, Spain
Modern painters
Ecuadorian painters
Ecuadorian sculptors
Living people
1928 births
People from Quito Canton
20th-century sculptors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuardo%20Maldonado |
Sascha Ring (born 27 June 1978), better known by the stage name Apparat, is a German electronic musician. He was previously co-owner of Shitkatapult records. Starting out with dancefloor-oriented techno, he shifted focus towards ambient music, becoming "more interested in designing sounds than beats".
He collaborates with Modeselektor under the name Moderat.
Career
Ring collaborated with Ellen Allien in 2003 on the album Berlinette and again in 2006 on the album Orchestra of Bubbles.
In 2004, he recorded a John Peel session. The tracks from this session were rerecorded and reworked in the studio and released as Silizium EP in 2005, as a tribute to Peel.
In 2007, he formed his own band to play the album Walls live. Raz Ohara joined him playing the stage piano and Jörg Waehner on drums. Next to playing these live shows, he continued to play his solo live sets, touring with Transforma Visuals.
In May 2009, he released the self-titled album with Modeselektor under the name Moderat on BPitch Control. They had previously collaborated on the EP Auf Kosten Der Gesundheit which was released as a limited 12" in 2002.
In April 2009, he won in the Dance Floor category of the Qwartz Electronic Music Awards with the track "Fractales (Apparat Ibiza Version)".
In 2011, he signed with Mute Records, through which he released his new record The Devil's Walk, named after a political poem by romantic English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, in September.
Apparat's music has been used in film and television. His track "Holdon" was used in the trailer for the 2010 Teton Gravity Research ski film Light The Wick.
"Goodbye" featuring Soap&Skin was used in a climactic scene in the Season 4 finale of Breaking Bad, the intro for the 2017 Netflix series Dark, the episode "Broken Home" in Nikita, the 2014 Tatort episode "Kaltstart," and in the 2014 Italian biopic Leopardi. It also appeared in the French trailer of Rust and Bone, the trailer of Prisoners (2013), a 2014 theatrical trailer for The Drop, the first released trailer for Taken 3 and the official series 1-3 recap of BBC One show Luther, and was occasionally used by Bonobo as an opening for his live shows.
"Black Water" was used in episode 2 in series 6 of Skins and in the trailer for the 2012 Candide Thovex ski film A Few Words. "Ash/Black Veil" was used in the 2011 snowboard documentary The Art of Flight. Tracks from his Krieg und Frieden (Music for Theatre) and The Devil's Walk albums were used with end title credits to Sasha Ring in the Italian movie Leopardi (Il giovane favoloso) (2014) by Mario Martone.
The Moderat song "The Mark (Interlude)" from the album II was featured in the 2018 film Annihilation.
On 7 September 2013, Ring was injured in a motorcycle accident in Berlin, suffering a multiple leg fracture and postponing his tour with Moderat.
On 22 January 2019, Mute Records announced Apparat's fifth album, LP5, to be released on 22 March 2019, as well as releasing the records' tracklist and its first single "DAWAN" with corresponding music video.
The album LP5 was nominated for Best Dance/Electronic Album in the 2020 Grammy Awards. It also has been nominated for IMPALA's European Independent Album of the Year Award (2019). Apparat won IMPALA's European Independent Album of the Year Award 2019.
Discography
Studio albums as Apparat
Multifunktionsebene (Shitkatapult, 2001)
Duplex (Shitkatapult, 2003)
Walls (Shitkatapult, 2007)
The Devil's Walk (Mute, 2011)
Krieg und Frieden (Music for Theatre) (Mute, 2013)
LP5 (Mute, 2019)
Soundtracks: Capri-Revolution (Mute, 2020)
Soundtracks: Stay Still (Mute, 2020)
Soundtracks: Dämonen (Mute, 2020)
Soundtracks: Equals Sessions (It's Complicated Records, 2020)
Other albums as Apparat
Things To Be Frickled (Shitkatapult, 2008) – 2 CD compilation, 1 CD of Apparat remixes of others' music, 1 CD of others remixing Apparat's music
DJ-Kicks: Apparat (Studio !K7, 2010)
Collaborations
Orchestra of Bubbles (BPitch Control, 2006) with Ellen Allien
Albums with Modeselektor as Moderat
Moderat (BPitch Control, 2009)
II (Monkeytown Records, 2013)
III (Monkeytown Records, 2016)
More D4ta (Monkeytown Records 2022)
Singles and EPs
Algorythm (2001)
Tttrial and Eror (Shitkatapult, 2002)
Auf Kosten Der Gesundheit (BPitch Control, 2003) with Modeselektor (as Moderat)
Koax (2003)
Can't Computerize It (2004)
Duplex.Remixes (Shitkatapult, 2004)
Shapemodes (2004)
Silizium (Shitkatapult, 2005)
Berlin, Montreal, Tel Aviv (Shitkatapult, 2006)
Holdon (Shitkatapult, 2007)
Sayulita (DJ-Kicks) (!K7, 2010)
"Ash/Black Veil" (2011)
"Black Water" (2011) UK:#68
"Song of Los" (2011)
"Candil de la Calle" (2012)
"Dawan" (2019)
References
External links
Apparat DJ-Kicks website
German electronic musicians
German DJs
1978 births
Living people
Mute Records artists
Intelligent dance musicians
BPitch Control artists
Electronic dance music DJs
Musical groups from Berlin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparat%20%28musician%29 |
Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center is a performing arts and convention center in Wichita, Kansas, United States. It is located between Douglas Street and Waterman Street near the east bank of the Arkansas River in downtown Wichita. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020. The convention center is operated by Kansas native Phillip Anschutz's ASM Global.
Century II is the largest center for entertainment, consumer shows and meetings in Wichita and is home to four arts organizations - Wichita Symphony Orchestra, Wichita Grand Opera, Music Theatre Wichita, and Music Theatre for Young People.
The facility has almost of contiguous exhibit space, 20 meeting rooms, a Concert Hall that seats 2,197 people in continental seating, the Mary Jane Teall Theatre that seats 650 people in continental seating, and Convention Hall that seats 4,700 people.
The Performing Arts and Convention Center hosted Miss USA pageants from 1990 to 1993 and Miss Teen USA 1995, as well as the 1989 ABC Masters bowling tournament.
History
The facility was designed by John M. Hickman and opened January 11, 1969 to commemorate the centennial anniversary of Wichita's incorporation in 1870. It was constructed on the site of The Forum, a convention center and exposition hall that opened in 1911. By the 1960s, The Forum was showing its age and did not have adequate facilities that performances or shows required.
The 1926 Wurlitzer organ from the Paramount Theatre (New York City) was removed prior to that theater's demolition and installed in the Century II Convention Hall. Prior to the demolition of the Paramount Theatre, the organ was acquired by Richard Simonton of Los Angeles. In the 1970s, the organ was moved to the Century II Convention Center in Wichita, Kansas. The organ continues to be used today for concerts and other events.
The building is a low circular structure with a shallow domed roof in the style of Frank Lloyd Wright. A similar structure is the Marin County Civic Center in California. John Hickman was an apprentice of Wright's at Taliesin West in the late 1940s. A quote from the daughter of the architect, Susan Hickman, says that her father felt that the inspiration for the building was the vast fields of wheat (represented by the sand-colored pillars) and the limitless sky (by the pale blue-colored dome). The lobby encircles the main level with convention hall, exhibition hall and concert hall occupying wedge-shaped areas within the ring. The stages of the three spaces abut in the building's center.
An additional exhibit hall named for former Wichita City Commissioner and Mayor Bob Brown was added to the original structure in 1986. The hall contains an additional of exhibit space with an lobby. In 1997, the 303-room Hyatt Regency Wichita hotel was constructed and connected to the center.
Renovations on the concert hall began in August 2010. Work included painting, installation of new seats, carpeting and draperies and an upgrade of electrical systems. Crews had a window of just less than two months to work between scheduled events. In October, the center unveiled the renovated areas along with a new logo. The logo was unpopular with many area residents and quickly dropped.
Gallery
References
External links
Historical
History: Century II, The Forum, specialcollections.wichita.edu
Photos: Century II, "The Forum", "Tractor Row", wichitaphotos.org
Redevelopment Plans
$400M riverbank proposal that saves Century II & former library (2023) - Wichita Eagle, PDF of Proposal
$1B Riverfront Legacy Master Plan (2020) - Wichita Eagle
Buildings and structures in Wichita, Kansas
Culture of Wichita, Kansas
Music venues in Kansas
Indoor arenas in Kansas
Tourist attractions in Wichita, Kansas
Performing arts centers in Kansas
1969 establishments in Kansas
Sports venues in Wichita, Kansas
Event venues established in 1969
Sports venues completed in 1969
National Register of Historic Places in Sedgwick County, Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century%20II%20Performing%20Arts%20%26%20Convention%20Center |
is the second studio album by Japanese rock band High and Mighty Color. The album was released on April 5, 2006 through Sony Music Entertainment Japan, less than seven months after their debut G∞ver.
Overview
The album was announced after only two singles having been released for it, half of what was released for their original album G∞ver. This album focused more on rock music and less on pop, which their first album focused heavily on. Unlike their first album, almost all titles for the various songs are written in Japanese as opposed to English used in the band's first album.
Track listing
Personnel
Mākii – vocals
Yuusuke – vocals
Meg – guitars
Kazuto – guitars
Sassy – drums
Mackaz – bass
Charts
Album - Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
Singles - Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
References
High and Mighty Color albums
2006 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8D%20on%20Progressive |
Colliculus (Latin for "mound") can refer to:
Anatomy
Midbrain
Inferior colliculus, the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway
Superior colliculus, a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain
Collicular arteries, which supply portions of the midbrain
Ankle
Anterior colliculus, of the medial malleolus
Posterior colliculus, of the medial malleolus
Other locations
Seminal colliculus, a landmark near the entrance of the seminal vesicles
Facial colliculus, an elevated area located on the dorsal pons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliculus |
The Gulf of Martaban () or the Gulf of Mottama is an arm of the Andaman Sea in the southern part of Burma. The gulf is named after the port city of Mottama (formerly known as Martaban). The Sittaung, Salween and Yangon rivers empty into it.
A characteristic feature of the Gulf of Martaban is that it has a tide-dominated coastline. Tides ranges between 4–7 m with the highest tidal range at the Elephant Point in the western Gulf of Martaban.
During spring tide, when the tidal range is around 6.6 m, the turbid zone covers an area of more than 45,000 km2 making it one of the largest perennially turbid zones of the world's oceans. During neap tide, with tidal range of 2.98 m, the highly turbid zone coverage drops to 15,000 km2. The edge of the highly turbid zone migrates back-and-forth in-sync with every tidal cycle by nearly 150 km.
The gulf is home to varieties of species and the Eden's whale was scientifically recognized in the water.
In 2008, the region was found to be rich with oil deposits. It has been a site of oil exploration since 2014 under the "Zawtika development project", an international consortium of American, British, French, Chinese, Thai, Indonesian (PT Gunanusa) and Indian oil and construction companies exploring oil in M7, M9 and M11 blocks.
References
Bodies of water of Myanmar
Martaban
Andaman Sea
Bay of Bengal
Ramsar sites in Myanmar
Important Bird Areas of Myanmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%20of%20Martaban |
Oudenhoorn is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is part of the municipality of Voorne aan Zee and lies about 3 km east of Hellevoetsluis.
The village was first mentioned in 1356 as "den Hoorn". The current name means "old corner (of a dike)". The eponymous polder was created in 1356 by order of Machteld van Voorne. Oud (old) has been added to distinguish from Nieuwenhoorn.
Oudenhoorn was an independent municipality until 1980 when it was merged into Bernisse. In 2015, it became part of Hellevoetsluis.
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland
Voorne aan Zee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudenhoorn |
Red Apple Falls is the sixth album by Smog (the alias of Bill Callahan), released in May 1997 on Drag City and re-released in Europe in 2001 by Domino.
Background
Red Apple Falls was recorded by Jim O'Rourke and Callahan, with assistance from Phil Bonnet. It is the first of two Smog records produced by O'Rourke, and Callahan's third team-up with O'Rourke. O'Rourke also plays bass guitar, piano, Hammond organ, hurdy-gurdy and drums on the album.
Songs
"Ex-Con" was released as a single. An early version of "Red Apples" first appeared on Callahan's first EP Floating in 1991, and was later covered by Cat Power for her album The Covers Record. "I Was a Stranger" was redone by Callahan for the 2000 EP 'Neath the Puke Tree.
Track listing
References
1997 albums
Bill Callahan (musician) albums
Drag City (record label) albums
Domino Recording Company albums
Albums produced by Jim O'Rourke (musician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Apple%20Falls |
Jenoptik AG is a Jena, Germany-based integrated photonics company. The company is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and is included in the TecDAX stock index.
History
The group can trace its heritage back to the original Carl Zeiss AG company, founded in Jena in 1846.
Following World War II, Jena fell within the Soviet occupation zone, later to become East Germany. In 1948, when it was apparent that the Soviet authorities were moving toward establishing a separate Communist state in their occupation zone, most of the main Zeiss company hastily relocated to West Germany. The Soviet and East German authorities took over the old Zeiss factory in Jena and used it as the nucleus for the state-owned Kombinat VEB Zeiss Jena.
Following German reunification, VEB Zeiss Jena became Zeiss Jena GmbH. The company then sold its microscopy division and other optical divisions to Carl Zeiss AG, effectively reuniting the old prewar Zeiss firm. In 1991, the remainder of Zeiss Jena GmbH continued as Jenoptik Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH, owned by the state government of Thuringia specializing in the areas of photonics, optoelectronics, and mechatronics.
The name was shortened to Jenoptik GmbH, and was renamed Jenoptik AG in 1996 when the state divested its interest. The JENOPTIK trademark is owned by Jenoptik AG. Jenoptik is regarded as one of the few companies descended from an East German state-owned enterprise to be successful in the post-Reunification era.
In 2004, Concord Camera Corp. of the United States acquired a related company Jenimage Europe GmbH, and licensed the right to use the Jenoptik trademark for 20 years. It produced a range of compact digital cameras under the Jenoptik brand.
In August 2017, the company announced it would acquire the American-based process automation firm, Five Lakes, merging the company with its laser-machine business.
In 2018, Jenoptik acquired Prodomax Automation Ltd., a Canadian manufacturer of automated production lines, to add to their technology portfolio of laser processing and automation.
After Jenoptik announced in July 2019 to aim for a sale of this company division to concentrate the core business with lasers, measurement technology and optical systems, Vincorion was sold to a Fund of the British financial investor Star Capital Partnership in November 2021. Jenoptik indicated a company value of 130 million euros.
As of September 2020, Jenoptik acquired the Hamburg-based optics group TRIOPTICS, an international supplier of test equipment and manufacturing systems for optical components and digitalization. In late 2021, the company acquired BG Medical Applications GmbH, a supplier of precision optical components for the medical technology sector, and the SwissOptic Group, a developer and manufacturer of optical components and assemblies for the medical technology, semiconductor and metrology sectors.
As a partner in NASA's Mars 2020 mission, Jenoptik produced lens assemblies for the engineering cameras of the Mars rover, Perseverance, which began its expedition on Mars in February 2021. In November 2021, Jenoptik became a member of the United Nations Global Compact network for corporate responsibility and committed to compliance with integrating aspects of the Sustainable Development Goals into its business strategies."
In December 2021, the company released a new business strategy, Agenda 2025 'More Value,' and an organizational restructuring took effect in April 2022. The group focused its operations on purely photonics technologies by consolidating its three prior divisions into two: "Advanced Photonics Solutions" and "Smart Mobility Solutions." Since the 2022 restructuring, Jenoptik's primary markets are the semiconductor equipment and electronics, life science and medical technology, and traffic and security industries. Its non-photonic activities, particularly within the automotive market, operate within the group's "Non-Photonic Portfolio Companies.
Operations
As of 2021, Jenoptik reported about 4,900 employees and sales of 895 million Euros. Since June 1998 Jenoptik has been listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and is included in the TecDAX index. The Jenoptik Group headquarters are in Jena (Thuringia). In addition to several major sites in Germany, Jenoptik has offices in 80 countries and major production sites in the US, France and Switzerland. It owns significant stakes in companies in Singapore, India, China, Korea, Japan and Australia.
The company's customers include companies in the semiconductor equipment; electronics; life science and medical technology; and traffic and security industries.
Dr. Stefan Traeger has been the chairman of the executive board of Jenoptik AG since May 1, 2017. Hans-Dieter Schumacher is the chief financial officer.
References
External links
Companies based in Thuringia
Jena
Optics manufacturing companies
Electronics companies of Germany
German brands
Medical technology companies of Germany
Photonics companies
Companies in the TecDAX
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenoptik |
Lovestone can refer to:
Sir Simon Lovestone (born 1961), British neurologist
Jay Lovestone (1897–1990), active in socialist and communist organizations in the United States
Lovestoneites, a group led by the above
Lovestone (band), a Finnish rock band active since 1999
A regional English name for Ivy
See also
"LoveStoned", a 2007 song by Justin Timberlake
Lovestoned (band), a German-Swedish pop band | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestone |
Nalwa is a village, as well as an Assembly Constituency in Haryana Legislative Assembly, located in Hisar district in the state of Haryana in India.
It is situated from the national capital New Delhi and from the district headquarters Hisar on the Hisar-Tosham road.
Nalwa village is the native village of O. P. Jindal, an industrialist. His son Naveen Jindal is the Ex Member of Parliament (In 14th and 15th Lok Sabha) from Kurukshetra, Haryana.
History
Nalwa, which means Tiger, was named after Sardar Balwant Singh Nalwa, who was the Deputy Commissioner of Hisar district during the British Raj, when Haryana was an integral part of undivided Punjab. Balwant Singh Nalwa was the fifth generation descendant of the famed Uppal Khatri Sikh General Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa.
Demographics
As per Census 2011 -
Nalwa is a large village located in Hisar, Haryana with total 845 families residing. The Nalwa village has population of 4665 of which 2457 are males while 2208 are females as per Population Census 2011.
People's living in the village are Hindu and Muslim. There are Kumhar, Jat, Brahmins, Dhanak, Chamar, Thakar, Maniyar(Hindu), Maniyar(Muslim), Yadav, Balmiki, Baniya, Khati, Nai, Dhobi, Chimpi, Sunar and some other castes.
Literacy rate
Nalwa village has lower literacy rate compared to Haryana. In 2011, literacy rate of Nalwa village was 69.24% compared to 75.55% of Haryana. In Nalwa Male literacy stands at 79.16% while female literacy rate was 58.20%.
Sex ratio
In Nalwa village population of children with age 0-6 is 657 which makes up 14.08% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Nalwa village is 899 which is higher than Haryana state average of 879. Child Sex Ratio for the Nalwa as per census is 899, higher than Haryana average of 834.
Caste factor
Nalwa village of Hisar has substantial population of Scheduled Caste. Scheduled Caste (SC) constitutes 28.83% of total population in Nalwa village. The village Nalwa currently doesn't have any Scheduled Tribe (ST) population.
Transportation
Road
The village lies on State Highway (Major District Road 108). MDR 108 from Hisar to Bhiwani connects it to Tosham and other near by villages.
Bus service is the major means of transport in the village. Bus services are provided by Haryana Roadways and other private operators. Nalwa Bus Stand was established in 2016.
Nalwa is well-connected by the metalled asphalt (paved bitumen) road. List of the nearby city and villages away from the village→
Hisar
Tosham
Bhiwani
Hansi
Siwani
Balawas
Kanwari
khanak
New Delhi
Chandigarh via Hisar
Train connectivity
Nalwa does not have a rail station. Nearest major train stations accessible by road are at Hisar, at Hansi and at Bhiwani city.
Airport connectivity
Hisar Airport, the nearest functional airport and flying training club is away. Currently, there are no commercial domestic or international flights from this airport. Nearest domestic and international airports are at Indira Gandhi International Airport at Delhi and Chandigarh International Airport.
Education
According to the data maintained by the Government of India's Department of Statistics, the Government College, Nalwa was established in 1985, Government ITI in 1980.
Nalwa Vidhan Sabha Constituency
Nalwa became a new Vidhan Sabha constituency of Legislative Assembly of Haryana (Hindi: हरियाणा विधान सभा) in the state of Haryana in the 2008 delimitation exercise. Earlier, most of the villages of this constituency were under Adampur, a stronghold of Bhajan Lal. Some of the villages were earlier with the Bawani Khera Constituency.
Geography
Mayapuri, on the Nalwa-Tosham road forms a small part of Nalwa. Nalwa is a spiritual place with many temples.
References
Villages in Hisar district
Hisar district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalwa |
Simonshaven is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Nissewaard, and lies about 4 km southwest of Spijkenisse.
In 2001, the village of Simonshaven had 231 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.06 km², and contained 103 residences. The somewhat larger statistical area of Simonshaven has a population of around 290.
Until 2015, Simonshaven was part of Bernisse.
The poet Augusta Peaux was born in Simonshaven, where her father was a preacher.
References
Populated places in South Holland
Nissewaard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonshaven |
Dick Spanner, P.I. is a 1987 British stop-motion animated comedy series which parodied Chandleresque detective shows. The title character and protagonist was Dick Spanner, voiced by Shane Rimmer, a robotic private detective who works cases in a futuristic urban setting. The show made frequent use of puns and visual gags.
The series consisted of 22 six-minute episodes, covering two-story arcs of equal length: "The Case of the Human Cannonball" and "The Case of the Maltese Parrot". The programme was originally broadcast in the United Kingdom as a segment of the Sunday morning show Network 7 on Channel 4, and was later repeated on the same channel in a late night spot.
Produced by Thunderbirds creator Gerry Anderson, the series was created and written by Terry Adlam, who had previously worked on effects for Anderson's Terrahawks. It was also the basis for the Anderson-created Tennents Pilsner advertising campaign using the Lou Tennent character (voiced by Vivian Stanshall).
Commercial releases
VHS video cassette
The series was released on VHS by the Channel 5 video label (who released many other Gerry Anderson series) towards the end of the 1980s; two cassettes were released, 'The Case of the Human Cannonball' and 'The Case of the Maltese Parrot'. Both 'cases' had their respective episodes spliced together to make up the complete story, with minor cuts. In the early 1990s, both cases were re-released on a single cassette by Polygram Video. All of the VHS releases are now hard to come by and command respectable amounts of money when sold online.
DVD
A DVD of the series was released on 15 October 2007, with extras including an interview with Gerry Anderson. At the request of Anderson himself, the episodes featured new acoustic background music in place of the original synthesiser theme tune/background music (which is probably the series' most famous element and is fondly remembered by many who watched the series on Network 7). The remaining soundtrack (sound effects etc.) were altered to the extent that many of the show's audio gags either no longer work, or are missing entirely. The quality of the original prints appears to have degraded somewhat since the VHS releases, as they seem a lot cleaner and have more vibrant colour. In addition, a number of white lines appear momentarily, possibly indicating that the picture was taken from a degraded video source rather than original film elements. The picture is also cropped into 16:9 format, occasionally cropping off part of a signpost or graffiti gag in the process. Finally, although the DVD release version is split into the original six-minute segments, the original end credits sequences have been replaced by a new set of credits made for the DVD.
In September 2013, the series in its original 5-minute state with original music and 4:3 aspect ratio was uploaded to YouTube by One Media. The quality was superior to that on the DVD, being much more vivid in color. Since December 2016, however, the series can no longer be found on YouTube, as the channel has been taken down. This is likely due to One Media's copyright for "Dick Spanner" expiring, as two months later, Anderson Entertainment issued several takedown notices for other YouTube uploads.
A new DVD by Network was released on 4 September 2017. This featured the original music and episodes uncut and in the original aspect ratio, with the two stories presented in both episodic and compilation formats.
Missing puppet hoax
In October 2007, it was reported by several newspapers (including The Independent) that Gerry Anderson was searching for the original Dick Spanner puppet, which had last been seen in the possession of "Clive", a man who had worked on the show. This was later revealed to be a publicity stunt to promote the new DVD release, and the statement was made by a DVD publicist without Anderson's knowledge.
References
Gerry Anderson at EOFFTV
External links
Dick Spanner, P.I. at SausageNet
1980s animated comedy television series
1980s British animated television series
1980s British comic science fiction television series
1980s British police comedy television series
1980s British police procedural television series
1987 British television series debuts
1987 British television series endings
Animated detective television series
Animated television series about robots
British detective television series
British parody television series
British stop-motion animated television series
Channel 4 original programming
Cyberpunk television series
English-language television shows
Television series about parallel universes
Works by Gerry Anderson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Spanner%2C%20P.I. |
Village Christian School (VCS) is a private, K-12 Christian school located in Sun Valley, Los Angeles, California.
The school was founded in 1949 by members of The Village Church in nearby Burbank. Their mascot is the Crusader. Village Christian has a total enrollment of approximately 1,100 students, K-12 Grades.
History
Founded in 1949, Village Christian School has provided a Christian education in the Greater Los Angeles area for more than 64 years. From its beginnings in a small church building with only 40 elementary students, VCS has grown to approximately 1,100 students (K-12) on a 110-acre campus, 30 of which are developed.
Village Christian School was founded by Pastor Phil Gibson, pastor of The Village Christian Church in Burbank. The original vision was that the School would serve as an outreach to the community by providing quality private education at an affordable price. Today Village admits students and families with varying faiths and backgrounds.
The school started in the buildings of Village Church in Burbank. In 1957, the Board of Directors authorized the purchase of the current property on Penrose and Village Avenue.
Since that initial ground-breaking, Village Christian has continued to grow and at one time was the largest Christian School on one campus west of the Mississippi River. The school continues to add buildings and programs.
Academic achievement
-In 2003, Village Christian School was named a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence by the United States Department of Education.
-In 2019, students passed 73% of all AP exams administered, performing notably better than national averages in many subject areas
-In 2019 alone, there were 601 Total College Acceptances, $9 Million in Scholarships, 11 Perfect Scores on SAT/ACT Test Sections, and 45 CSF Sealbearers
-In 2017, every single student in the graduating class was accepted into at least one four-year school.
-In 2016, 262 AP exams were administered to 140 students with a 68% exam passing rate of 3 or better.
Media Acclaim
-Readers' Choice School (Los Angeles Times)
-Best Private School in Burbank (News-Press Leader)
-Favorite School (Los Angeles Daily News)
-Best Deal in Education (KCAL Channel 9, KTLA Channel 5)
Academic accreditations
Village Christian School is accredited by WASC (Western Association of Schools and Colleges, one of six regional associations that accredit public and private secondary school colleges, and universities in the United States. Village Christian Schools is accredited by CESA (Council on Educational Standards and Accountability) Village Christian School is the first California school to be admitted as a Member of Council to the CESA organization.
Memberships
California Scholarship Federation (CSF)
California Interscholastic Federation, Southern Section (CIF)
National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP)
College Board
California Interscholastic Society (CIS)
International Scholarship Federation (ISF)
Council on Educational Standards and Accountability (CESA)
References
External links
http://www.villagechristian.org/documents/Academics/Counseling/Profile-2017-2018.pdf
Christian schools in California
Private high schools in California
Private middle schools in California
Private elementary schools in California
Preparatory schools in California
1949 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village%20Christian%20School%20%28California%29 |
Gibberellic acid (also called gibberellin A3 or GA3) is a hormone found in plants and fungi. Its chemical formula is C19H22O6. When purified, it is a white to pale-yellow solid.
Plants in their normal state produce large amounts of GA3. It is possible to produce the hormone industrially using microorganisms. Gibberellic acid is a simple gibberellin, a pentacyclic diterpene acid promoting growth and elongation of cells. It affects decomposition of plants and helps plants grow if used in small amounts, but eventually plants develop tolerance to it. GA stimulates the cells of germinating seeds to produce mRNA molecules that code for hydrolytic enzymes. Gibberellic acid is a very potent hormone whose natural occurrence in plants controls their development. Since GA regulates growth, applications of very low concentrations can have a profound effect while too much will have the opposite effect. It is usually used in concentrations between 0.01 and 10 mg/L.
GA was first identified in Japan in 1926, as a metabolic by-product of the plant pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi (thus the name), which afflicts rice plants. Fujikuroi-infected plants develop bakanae ("foolish seedling"), which causes them to rapidly elongate beyond their normal adult height. The plants subsequently lodge due to lack of support, and die.
Gibberellins have a number of effects on plant development. They can stimulate rapid stem and root growth, induce mitotic division in the leaves of some plants, and increase seed germination rates.
Gibberellic acid is sometimes used in laboratory and greenhouse settings to trigger germination in seeds that would otherwise remain dormant. It is also widely used in the grape-growing industry as a hormone to induce the production of larger bunches and bigger grapes, especially Thompson seedless grapes. In the Okanagan and Creston valleys, it is also used as a growth regulator in the cherry industry. It is used on Clementine Mandarin oranges, which may otherwise cross-pollinate with other citrus and produce undesirable seeds. Applied directly on the blossoms as a spray, it allows for Clementines to produce a full crop of seedless fruit.
GA is widely used in the barley malting industry. A GA solution is sprayed on the barley after the steeping process is completed. This stimulates growth in otherwise partly dormant kernels and produces a uniform and rapid growth.
See also
Abscisic acid (ABA)
Gibberellin
Plant hormone
6-Benzylaminopurine
Auxin
References
Plant hormones
Cyclohexenols
Tertiary alcohols
Lactones
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings
Vinylidene compounds
Plant growth regulators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibberellic%20acid |
Dark Matter is the title of a 1990 science fiction novel by Garfield Reeves-Stevens. It involves mystery, horror, and physics, and was first published by Doubleday in September 1990.
Notes
1990 novels
American science fiction novels
Doubleday (publisher) books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20Matter%20%28Reeves-Stevens%20novel%29 |
is a traditional Japanese martial art founded in 1650 that focuses on Kumi Uchi (jujutsu) and Koshi no Mawari (iaijutsu and kenjutsu). The title of the school also appears in ancient densho (scrolls documenting the ryuha) as Sōsuishi-ryū Kumi Uchi Koshi No Mawari(双水執流組討腰之廻) and in the book Sekiryūkan No Chōsen, which was approved and published by the Shadanhōjin Sekiryūkan in 2003. In the Bugei Ryūha Daijiten, Sōsuishi-ryū is cross referenced and listed under the entry/title of "Futagami-ryū." It includes a brief categorization, history and description of the school.
History of Sōsuishi-ryū
The legend of the founding of Sōsuishi-ryū dates back to Futagami Hannosuke Masaaki in 1650 CE. He was a district samurai living in the area of Bungo-Taketa, which was in the domain of Kuroda during the era called Sho-o. (now Ōita and Fukuoka). Masaaki, was a practitioner of his family martial art Futagami-ryū (二上流) and a high-level student of Takenouchi-ryū. He felt the techniques of Futagami-ryū were imperfect, so in order to improve them he decided to travel all over Japan and train himself by going on a pilgrimage (Musha shugyō). At one point he went deep into the mountainous, rugged valley of Mt. Yoshino, where for thirty-seven days he trained and sought enlightenment. He refined the finer points of the technique of Futagami-ryū and honed the secret teachings that he had studied. He then assembled them into what he believed were the best of everything he had learned. One day, while he was gazing at the Yoshino river, he noticed the water flowing and swirling together steadily. The training of his mind, body and spirit converged at that one moment. This event, called satori in Japanese, prompted him to change the name of Futagami-ryū to Sōsuishi-ryū in remembrance of his experiences at the Yoshino River.
The Shitama family
Shitama Matashichi was a samurai originally from the Bungo-Takeda and a friend to Futagami Hannosuke Masaaki. Matashichi extended an invitation to Masaaki to come and stay with him in the Chikuzen (Nōgata area). It was there that Masaaki disclosed the teachings of his school Sōsuishi-ryū to Matahachi. Since this time, Sosuishi-ryū has been handed down and instructed by the Shitama family. On the five occasions where the Shitama family were unable to head the school, the ryū had to be looked after by another until a male heir, bearing the Shitama name, could step in and inherit it.
On occasion a "Yōshi" or "adopted son" from outside the family would be brought in to marry one of the daughters or cousins who had the surname "Shitama" in order to continue the lineage. After marriage the yōshi would change their surname to the wife's surname and inherit the ryū, continuing the family bloodline for the next generation. (Note: This practice is common in Japan and is accepted today as a way of keeping family names from dissolving. It was established during, or perhaps well before, the feudal-era of Japan's history in order to keep family names intact after the loss of an only son). The art and family line continues in Fukuoka city today. The successor to Manzo Shitama is currently his son, Shusaku Shitama.
In 1888, a Menkyo Kaiden of Sōsuishi-ryū moved to Tokyo and began teaching the martial arts to the Akasaka Police in Tokyo. His name was Matsui Hyakutaro Munetada.
Matsui Hyakutaro Munetada
Munetada was born native to Kyūshū, Japan in Fukuoka on February of Genji year 1 (1864). He was the first son of Matsui Kakitsu who was the samurai of Fukuoka han. As a boy he was fascinated with the martial arts so he started to train with his uncle Matsui Kōkichi, a Shingen No Maki (The term for Menkyo Kaiden prior to the Shōwa period), Menkyo Kaiden in Tenshin Jigō-ryū and direct student of Sōsuishi-ryū under 11th generation inheritor Shitama Munetsuna. Munetada also began training under Shitama Munetsuna and received a Shingen No Maki in Sōsuishi-ryū. In Meiji year 16 (1883), when he was 19 years old, Munetada completed the Senbondori (1000 matches) in Fukuoka. In the year Meiji year 21 (1888), the Metropolitan Police Board invited Munetada a position training the officers of the Akasaka Police. He moved to Tokyo that year and opened a private dōjō, the Shobukan, on the premises of Duke Ichijo's Palace in Fukuyoshi-cho, Akasaka to teach martial arts. In Meiji year 38 (1905), he was given "Seiren sho" (recognition of good training/work) and then was awarded "Kyoshi-go" (head-instructor title) in June of Meiji year 42 (1909). He remained in his position for 30 years, until retirement. At the same time, he dedicated himself to opening a Seifukujutsu as a business for all Judo ka. He was the president of the Dai Nippon Judo Seifukujutsu until his death. The Butokukai awarded the title of Hanshi to him during May of Showa year 2 (1927). His line of Sōsuishi-ryū is sometimes referred to as the Tōkyō-den or "Matsui-ha" and it continues in Tokyo today.
The Sekiryūkan and Sōsuishi-ryū Today
The following is an excerpt taken directly from the Shadanhōjin Sekiryūkan website:
Throughout its history, a decline in the popularity of Sōsuishi-ryū has often posed a real threat to its survival. However, the inheritors have always prevented this by learning and incorporating other techniques and theories such as Ogasawara-ryū and Kyūshin-ryū, so that the tradition remains alive and relevant, and that the technique of Sōsuishi-ryū is continuously developed. Today, this responsiveness to alternative disciplines is still maintained by the current 16th Master, Manzo Shitama, ensuring that Sōsuishi-ryū technique continues to evolve.
The legacy of Sōsuishi-ryū from past masters comprises such a vast and complicated array of techniques that it is nowadays simplified to make it easier to learn. This was initiated by the 15th Master Shusaku Shitama, to make Sōsuishi-ryū accessible to as many people as possible, in recognition of increasing popular interest in classical martial arts.
Techniques and Characteristics
The techniques of Sōsuishi-ryū correspond with other ryūha founded during the Keicho and the early Edo period of Japan. For example: atemi (striking) is used to distract the enemy; a lack of overly complex joint locking techniques; weapons retention techniques (including the use of both long and short swords); defenses against armed and unarmed enemies; and the use of defensive and offensive tactics. There are several basic and advanced techniques in Sōsuishi-ryū, such as atemi, ukemi, tai-sabaki, kansetsu-waza and nage-waza. Some aspects are almost identical and directly correlate to those found in Takenouchi-ryū such as: torite, hade, kogusoku and kumi-uchi.
The kata in Sōsuishi-ryū encourages the practitioners to not only practice defensive tactics as the defender (ware or tori), but to also offensive and sometimes predatory tactics are used against the "attacker" (teki or uke). This method of learning is intended to create a heightened sensitivity, augmenting the awareness of body language and openings when attacking or defending.
Within the Sekiryūkan, the Sōsuishi-ryū syllabus consists of forty eight kumi-uchi kata, divided into five skill sets: Idori (seated methods) (居捕)- 8 techniques; Tai-Toshu (unarmed methods) (対通手)- 8 techniques with variations (henka waza); Yotsu-Gumi (armored methods) (四組) - 8 techniques; Tai-Kodachi (short-sword methods) (対小太刀) - 8 techniques; and Sonota (others) (其他) - 7 techniques. In addition to its repertoire of close combat methods, the tradition also contains a number of iai and kenjutsu techniques contained under the collective umbrella term, Koshi No Mawari (腰之廻) making the ryūha a sōgō bujutsu (総合武術) or "Comprehensive martial art".
Koshi No Mawari means "Around the hips" when translated into English. It refers to the concept that anything expedient around the area of the hips can be used as a weapon. As with most koryū, this would commonly be a kodachi (short-sword) or an uchigatana/katana (long-sword), however upon exploring this concept, other weapons and objects can be utilized.
Locations
Sōsuishi-ryū in Japan
Today, Sōsuishi-ryū has three schools in Japan.
The Shitama family line of Sōsuishi-ryū is practiced at the Shadanhōjin Sekiryūkan (社団法人隻流館), the hombu (本部) dōjō (home dōjō) of the ryu, located in Fukuoka, Japan. It is headed by the current hereditary shihan (head teacher), Manzo Shitama.
And two groups that currently claim to be a representative of Matsui Hyakutarō's tradition, the Kōsonkai (光尊会) and the Seirenkan (清漣館道場). Matsui Hyakutarō's first successor, Sugiyama Shōtarō, who also happens to be one of the founders of the Kobudo Shinkōkai, transmitted the school to Kitajima Kokū. Kitajima Kokū named the branch "Kōsonkai" and was later succeeded by Shimamura Takeshi, then Manabu Ito, and finally by Kimura Akio., current headmaster of the branch. The Kōsonkai is mainly based in Yorii machi (Saitama). The Seirenkan, led by Usuki Yoshihiko is an independent organization created after Usuki Yoshihiko left the Kōsonkai (after the death of Kitajima Kokū). It is dedicated to the preservation of Sōsuishi-ryū's teachings as passed down from Matsui Hyakutarō. While these schools practice independently of each other, Manabu Itō and Yoshihiko Usuki have traveled to the Sekiryukan to train with Shitama Sensei and view Manzō Shitama as the hereditary Shihan of Sōsuishi-ryū.
Sōsuishi-ryū outside Japan
Sōsuishi-ryū is taught in several dōjō outside Japan.
Since October 2016 the representation of Sōsuishi-ryū in Australia sits with Thomas Crooks, Gomokuroku and Kyōshi and Peter Williams, Gomokuroku and Kyōshi, Directors of Sōsuishi-ryū Jūjutsu Kai Australia (SJJK-AUS) and Kumataka Dōjōs. Crooks and Williams are both direct students of Shitama Manzo Sensei. Dojos are located in Epping and St George, Sydney, Bayswater, Perth and Mukdahan, Thailand. As of April 2018 the United States branch is led by Sōsuishi-ryū USA Directors William Kinkel, Rokumokuroku, and Shihan, and Bill Williams, Rokumokuroku and Shihan. Both Bill Kinkel and Bill Williams are direct students of Shitama Sensei, the hereditary Shihan of Sōsuishi-ryū. Bill Williams is the Owner and Chief Instructor at the Seibukan Dojo in Forest Hills, New York.
The Seirenkan dōjō is led by Yoshihiko Usuki and is located in Tokyo, the Seirenkan also has International branch schools located in Singapore, Italy, the United Kingdom in the city of London and in the United States in Chicago, Illinois, North Carolina and in Portland, Oregon. The Kosonkai Dōjō led by Kimura Akio has no international schools and is located solely in Saitama, Japan.
References
External links
Shadanhōjin Sekiryūkan
Sōsuishi-ryū, Australia
Sōsuishi-ryū Jūjutsu Kai
Sōsuishi-ryū Kumi Uchi Koshi no Mawari Seirenkan Japanese site
Sōsuishi-ryū Seirenkan UK Keikokai
Ko-ryū bujutsu
Japanese martial arts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dsuishi-ry%C5%AB |
The Spyker C8 is a sports car produced by the Dutch automaker Spyker Cars since 2000. The design takes visual cues from the 1999 Spyker Silvestris V8 concept car but with changes to the proportions.
First generation (2000–2012)
Spyder (2000–2009)
The Spyder (later known as the Spyder SWB to distinguish it from Spyker's long-wheelbase offerings) is the original base model of the C8, debuting at the 2000 Birmingham Motor Show. Equipped with an Audi 4.2-litre V8 engine making , the Spyder has a top speed of .
Laviolette (2001–2009)
The Laviolette was the second C8 model to be developed, and was unveiled by Spyker at AutoRAI 2001. The Laviolette has the same Audi 4.2-litre V8 engine producing as the Spyder, but replaces the Spyder's retractable soft top roof with a fixed glass canopy and an integrated roof air intake, making it the first C8 Coupé. 55 Laviolettes were built in total.
The name 'Laviolette' is a reference to Belgian engineer Joseph Valentin Laviolette, who helped develop several Spyker race cars in the early 1900s.
Double 12S (2002–2007)
The next year, Spyker commemorated the opening of a new factory with the unveiling of the Double 12S on March 21, 2002. The Double 12S is a road-legal version of the Double 12R race car, and as such uses the same Mader-BMW 4.0L V8. The Double 12S was offered in five different stages of tune, listed below:
The name 'Double 12' is a reference to the 24-hour world speed record, set in 1922 by racing driver Selwyn Edge in a Spyker C4.
Spyder T (2003–2007)
The Spyder T is a modified version of the original C8 Spyder. This updated model, announced by Spyker at the Amsterdam Motor Show in February 2003, features a twin-turbocharged version of the Spyder's 4.2L V8, resulting in a power increase to . To handle the new powertrain, the Spyder T features a wider track and tires over the standard Spyder, as well as suspension and aerodynamic upgrades.
Laviolette LWB (2008–2012)
At the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, Spyker introduced a long-wheelbase C8 Laviolette to be produced alongside the original standard-wheelbase car. The new version extended the C8's wheelbase to from the original , meeting customer demands for a more spacious interior. The Laviolette LWB uses the same Audi 4.2L V8 from the original Laviolette, producing .
Laviolette LM85 (2009–2012)
The Laviolette LM85 is a road-legal version of the Laviolette GT2-R racing car, much like the Double 12S was to the Double 12R. Production of the LM85 was limited to 24 units to pay homage to the 24 Hours of Le Mans races in which many Spyker race cars have taken part. The Laviolette LM85 was designed after the GT2-R's racing livery, and only offered in a two-tone Burnt Orange/Gun Metal finish. The car utilized the 4.2L Audi V8, producing .
The 'LM85' name is a combination of the acronym for 'Le Mans' (LM) and the number 85, Spyker Squadron's preferred racing number.
Second generation (2009–2018)
Aileron (2009–2016)
At the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, Spyker debuted the C8 Aileron, described by the company as the second generation of their C8 sports car, to replace the Laviolette. Though still equipped with the same 4.2L Audi V8 from the Spyder and Laviolette, the Aileron features a longer, wider body, and, for the first time in the C8, an optional ZF automatic transmission. Continuing with the aviation themes of previous C8 cars, the Aileron's wheel design is inspired by jet turbine blades, a motif that can be seen throughout the car's aluminum construction and interior.
The name 'Aileron' is a reference to the flight control surface of the same name, a nod to the company's history in aviation.
Aileron Spyder (2009–2016)
A convertible version of the C8 Aileron was unveiled later in 2009 at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance. Aside from the retractable roof, the dimensions and powertrain of the Aileron Spyder are identical to those of the standard Aileron. The Aileron Spyder would replace the original C8 Spyder, which had been in production since 2000.
Aileron LM85 (2018)
To commemorate the end of the production of C8 Aileron models with the introduction of the Preliator, Spyker built three Aileron LM85 cars. As with the previous Laviolette LM85s, the Aileron LM85s are styled after the Spyker racing livery, though each of the three Aileron LM85 examples produced came with a distinct color scheme. The LM85 is the only Aileron model to feature Spyker's more powerful 4.2L supercharged Audi V8 producing .
Third generation (2016–present)
Preliator (2016–present)
The C8 Preliator was officially announced at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show as the third generation C8 sportscar, replacing the Aileron. Though originally Spyker had planned to produce the Preliator with a 5.0L V8 engine supplied by Koenigsegg, in 2018 this deal was called off. Instead, the Preliator will use a 4.2L supercharged Audi V8 producing , resulting in a time of 3.7 seconds and a top speed of . The car comes with a choice of a 6-speed Getrag manual or a 6 speed ZF automatic transmission. As with previous Spyker models, the car has typical aviation inspired design elements such as NACA styled air-inlets. Driver technology has been upgraded as well compared to previous models, with the C8 Preliator gaining a heads-up display and bluetooth connectivity for phones.
The name 'Preliator' likely comes from the Latin word proeliator, meaning "fighter".
Preliator Spyder (2017–present)
The following year at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show, Spyker unveiled the Preliator Spyder to replace the outgoing Aileron Spyder model. Though introduced with the Koenigsegg V8 producing , due to the termination of the engine deal the Spyder will also use the Preliator's 4.2L supercharged Audi V8.
Racing
Double 12R (2001–2003)
The Double 12R was a version of the C8 developed specifically for the 24 hours of Le Mans, using a Mader BMW V8 racing engine with a displacement of 4.0L and power output of . The Double 12R debuted shortly after the Laviolette at the 2001 IAA in Frankfurt. The Double 12R's first race was the 2002 12 Hours of Sebring, though an accident prevented the car from finishing. It also participated in the 2003 24 Hours of Le Mans and several other endurance races.
Spyder GT2-R (2005–2008)
The Spyder GT2-R represented Spyker's next generation of racing car, succeeding the Double 12R in 2005 in its debut at the 12 Hours of Sebring. The GT2-R featured a racing version of the road car's V8, now displacing 3.8L and producing .
Laviolette GT2-R (2008–2010)
Spyker followed the introduction of the Laviolette LWB in 2008 with a replacement for the Spyder GT2-R race car. The Laviolette GT2-R debuted at the 2008 24 Hours of Le Mans with a 4.0L V8 version of the engine seen previously in the Spyder GT2-R.
Specifications
Chassis
Every incarnation of the C8 from the Spyder to the Preliator is built on an aluminum spaceframe chassis, although through the generations the original chassis has been stiffened and lengthened to accommodate the longer wheelbase and optional automatic transmission. The body panels for the first two C8 generations are also made out of aluminum, while the Preliator incorporates carbon fibre for all parts of the body except the hood and the deck for additional weight savings over the outgoing Aileron.
Suspension
All generations of C8 come equipped with double wishbone suspension at the front and rear axles. First generation C8 models used inboard Koni shock absorbers and components constructed from stainless steel and aluminum. Aileron and Preliator models adopted an updated suspension setup developed by Lotus, with an increase number of parts manufactured from forged aluminum and new mono-tube dampers.
Wheels
Powertrains and performance
In popular culture
A C8 Spyder appeared in Season 4 episode 7 of Top Gear (UK) driven by Jeremy Clarkson and The Stig.
The Spyker C8 Laviolette has been featured in movies such as Basic Instinct 2, War and Fast & Furious 6. It also appeared in "Rizzoli & Isles" Money for Nothing episode. The Spyker C8 was also featured in a 2010 commercial for Reese's Puffs.
The C8 has also been featured in a number of video games, including:
Gallery
References
External links
Spyker Cars (official website)(down)
(owner and enthusiast website)
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports cars
C8
Convertibles
Hardtop convertibles
Coupés
Cars introduced in 2000
24 Hours of Le Mans race cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyker%20C8 |
(Latin for "German custom") was a postmortem funerary custom used in Europe in the Middle Ages as a means of transporting, and solemnly disposing of, the bodies of high-status individuals. Nobles would often undergo Mos Teutonicus since their burial plots were often located far away from their place of death. The process involved the removal of the flesh from the body, so that the bones of the deceased could be transported hygienically from distant lands back home.
Background
Nobles during the Middle Ages often had specific burial locations that were far away from their place of death. They often wanted their hearts to be buried at their homes, thus their bodies had to travel far distances. King Charlemagne outlawed cremation, deeming destruction of the bones as destruction of the soul. Anyone who cremated a person's bones was subject to the death penalty. Thus, the practice of Mos Teutonicus came about as a way to preserve the bones over long distances without destroying them. Mos Teutonicus can even be seen being practiced in the 10th and 11th centuries during the rule of the Holy Roman Empire. Examples of this include rulers from the Ottone and Salian dynasties in which the rulers were transported to burial locations far from their place of death.
During the Second Crusade for the Holy Land it was not thought fit for aristocrats who fell in battle, or died of natural causes, to be buried away from their homeland in Muslim territory. The transportation of the whole body over long distances was impractical and unhygienic due to decomposition. Mos Teutonicus was especially important in warmer climates, such as around the Mediterranean Sea, since the body was subject to faster decay.
German aristocrats were particularly concerned that burial should not take place in the Holy Land, but rather on home soil. The Florentine chronicler Boncompagno was the first to connect the procedure specifically with German aristocrats, and coins the phrase , meaning 'the Germanic custom'.
English and French aristocrats generally preferred embalming to , involving the burial of the entrails and heart in a separate location from the corpse. One of the advantages of was that it was relatively economical in comparison with embalming, and was more hygienic.
Corpse preservation was very popular in medieval society. The decaying body was seen as representative of something sinful and evil. Embalming and , along with tomb effigies, were a way of giving the corpse an illusion of stasis and removed the uneasy image of putrefaction and decay.
In 1270, the body of King Louis IX, who died in Tunis, which was Muslim territory, was subject to the process of for its transportation back to France.
Process
The process of Mos Teutonicus began with the cadaver being dismembered to facilitate the next stage in the process, in which the body parts were boiled in water, wine, milk, or vinegar for several hours. The boiling had the effect of separating the flesh from the bone. The heart and intestines needed to be removed in order to allow for proper transfer of the bones. Any residual was scraped from the bones, leaving a completely clean skeleton. Both the flesh and internal organs could be buried immediately, or preserved with salt in the same manner as animal meat. The bones could then be sprinkled with perfumes or fragrances. The bones, and any preserved flesh, would then be transported back to the deceased's home for ceremonial interment.
Medieval society generally regarded entrails as ignoble and there was no great solemnity attached to their disposal, especially among German aristocrats.
Prohibition of the practice
Although the Church had a high regard for the practice, Pope Boniface VIII was known to have an especial repugnance of Mos Teutonicus because of his ideal of bodily integrity. In his bull of 1300, De Sepulturis, Boniface forbade the practice. The papal bull issued which banned this practice was often misinterpreted as prohibition against human dissection. This may have hindered anatomical research, if anatomists feared repercussions and punishment as a result of medical autopsies, but De Sepulturis only prohibited the act of Mos Teutonicus, not dissection in general (medieval physicians were known to have widely practiced dissection and autopsy, though most had an assistant perform the actual incisions and manipulations of cadavers). The practice of Mos Teutonicus eventually stopped in the 15th century.
Bio-archeological effects
The process or Mos Teutonicus often did not produce clean cuts during de-fleshing. As a result, it is noticed that nobles that had their bodies undergo Mos Teutonicus have cut marks on their bones from the de-fleshing process. Mos Teutonicus was also able to preserve the bones of higher class individuals better than lower class individuals. The bones would not have been subject to outside elements so there is limited evidence of perhaps chew marking from animals. In addition, the bones were not subject to flesh decay and were boiled in either water or wine, preventing further degradation. Thus, the bones of higher class individuals were better preserved than lower class individuals.
See also
Excarnation
Notes
References
Further reading
Crusades
Death customs
Archaeology of death
Ritual
Traditions
Commemoration
Cultural aspects of death
15th-century disestablishments in Europe
Medieval culture
12th-century neologisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%20Teutonicus |
The Sule Pagoda (; ) is a Burmese Buddhist stupa located in the heart of downtown Yangon, occupying the centre of the city and an important space in contemporary Burmese politics, ideology and geography. According to legend, it was built before the Shwedagon Pagoda during the time of the Buddha, making it more than 2,600 years old. Burmese legend states that the site for the Shwedagon Pagoda was asked to be revealed from an old nat who resided at the place where the Sule Pagoda now stands.
The Sule Pagoda has been the focal point of both Yangon and Burmese politics. It has served as a rallying point in the 1988 uprisings, 2007 Saffron Revolution and 2021 Spring Revolution.
The pagoda is listed on the Yangon City Heritage List.
Stupa
The Sule Pagoda incorporated the original Indian structure of the stupa, which initially was used to replicate the form and function of a relic mound. However, as Burmese culture became more independent of the Indian influences, local architectural forms began to change the shape of the pagoda. It is believed to enshrine a strand of hair of Lord Buddha that the Buddha himself is said to have given to the two Burmese merchant brothers, Trapusa and Bahalika. The dome structure, topped with a golden spire, extends into the skyline, marking the cityscape.
History and legend
According to Burmese legend the site where the Sule pagoda now stands was once the home of a powerful nat (spirit) named Sularata (the Sule Nat). The king of the Nats, Sakka, wished to help the legendary king Okkalap build a shrine for Lord Buddha's sacred hair-relic on the same site where three previous Buddhas had buried sacred relics in past ages. Unfortunately, these events had happened so long ago that not even Sakka knew exactly where the relics were buried. The Sule nat, however, who was so old that his eyelids had to be propped up with trees in order for him to stay awake, had witnessed the great event. The gods, Nats and humans of the court of Okkalapa therefore gathered around the Sule nat and asked him the location, which he eventually remembered.
The Sule Pagoda was made the center of Yangon by Lt. Alexander Fraser of the Bengal Engineers, who created the present street layout of Yangon soon after the British occupation in the middle of the 19th century. (Lt. Fraser also lent his name to Fraser Street, now Anawrattha Street and still one of the main thoroughfares of Yangon). It is a Mon-style chedi (pagoda), octagonal in shape, with each side long; its height is . Except for the chedi itself, enlarged to its present size by Queen Shin Sawbu (1453–1472), nothing at the pagoda is more than a little over a century old. Around the chedi are ten bronze bells of various sizes and ages with inscriptions recording their donors' names and the dates of their dedication. Various explanations have been put forward for the name, of varying degrees of trustworthiness: according to legend it was called su-way, meaning "gather around", when Okkapala and the divine beings inquired about the location of Singattura Hill, and the pagoda was then built to commemorate the event; another legend connects it su-le, meaning wild brambles, with which it was supposedly overgrown, and a non-legendary suggestion links it to the Pali words cula, meaning "small" and ceti, "pagoda".
Location
The Sule Pagoda is located in the center of downtown Yangon and is part of the city's economic and public life. During the 1988 and 2007 protests, the Sule Pagoda was a functional meeting point for anti-government and pro-democracy protesters.
Role in Burmese politics
During the 8888 Uprising, the pagoda was an organizing point and destination selected on the basis of its location and symbolic meaning. In 2007, during the Saffron Revolution, the Sule Pagoda was again utilized as a rallying point for the pro-democracy demonstrations. Many thousands of Buddhist monks gathered to pray around the pagoda. Sadly, in both 1988 and 2007, the Sule Pagoda became the first place to witness the brutal reaction by the Burmese government against the protesters.
Notes
References
Barnes, Gina L. "An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology", World Archaeology, Vol. 27, No. 2. (Oct., 1995), pp. 165–182.
Raga, Jose Fuste. Sule pagoda, in the centre of Yangon, Myan. Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 February 2009.
Soni, Sujata. Evolution of Stupas in Burma. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 1991.
See also
Cetiya
Burmese pagoda
Shwedagon Pagoda
Kaba Aye Pagoda
Botataung Pagoda
Maha Wizaya Pagoda
Buddhism in Burma
Buddhist temples in Yangon
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Myanmar
Buddhist relics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sule%20Pagoda |
Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI; Italian Syndicalist Union or Italian Workers' Union) is an anarcho-syndicalist trade union. It is the Italian section of the International Workers' Association (IWA; Associazione Internazionale dei Lavoratori in Italian or AIT - ''Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores in the common Spanish reference), and the name of USI is also abbreviated as USI-AIT.
Early history
The USI was founded in 1912, after a group of workers, previously affiliated with the Confederazione Generale del Lavoro (CGL), met in Modena and declared themselves linked to the legacy of the First International, and later joined the anarcho-syndicalist International Workers' Association.
The most left-wing camere del lavoro adhered in rapid succession to the USI, and it engaged in all major political battles for labor rights - without ever adopting the militarist attitudes present with other trade unions. Nonetheless, after the outbreak of World War I, USI was shaken by the dispute around the issue of Italy's intervention in the conflict on the Entente Powers' side. The problem was made acute by the presence of eminent pro-intervention, national-syndicalist voices inside the body: Alceste De Ambris, Filippo Corridoni, and, initially, Giuseppe Di Vittorio. The union managed to maintain its opposition to militarism, under the leadership of Armando Borghi and Alberto Meschi.
The Fascist regime and afterwards
When the war ended, USI peaked in numbers (it was during this time that it joined the IWA, becoming known as the USI-AIT). It became a major opponent of Benito Mussolini and the Fascist regime, fighting street battles with the Blackshirts - culminating in the August 1922 riots of Parma, when the USI-AIT faced Italo Balbo and his Arditi.
USI-AIT was outlawed by Mussolini in 1926, but resumed its activities in clandestinity and exile. It fought against Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War, alongside the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and Federación Anarquista Ibérica, and took part in the Spanish Revolution. After World War II and the proclamation of the Republic, former members of the union followed the guidelines of the Federazione Anarchica Italiana that called for the creation of a unitary movement, and joined the Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (CGIL).
When CGIL split in 1950, several activists refounded USI-AIT - nonetheless, the group was marginal, and present only in some of Italy's regions until the 1960s. It is connected with Autonomism, and has kept its syndicalist message.
Split in USI
In the second half of the 1990s, a split occurred in USI. 20th IWA (AIT) Congress in Madrid in December 1996 decided to accept the USI "Prato Carnico" and not the "USI Rome" as the IWA Section in Italy. Despite this, the non-recognized USI group continued to use the initials "AIT" on their webpages and on many written announcements. The IWA has asked repeatedly for them to stop this activity, as they are not part of the IWA.
See also
Autonomism
Biennio rosso
Anarchism in Italy
References
1912 establishments in Italy
Anarchist organisations in Italy
Anarcho-syndicalism
Far-left politics in Italy
International Workers' Association
National trade union centers of Italy
Organisations of the Spanish Civil War
Syndicalism
Trade unions established in 1912
Syndicalist trade unions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione%20Sindacale%20Italiana |
Stannabenzene (C5H6Sn) is the parent representative of a group of organotin compounds that are related to benzene with a carbon atom replaced by a tin atom. Stannabenzene itself has been studied by computational chemistry, but has not been isolated.
Stable derivatives of stannabenzene
Stable derivatives of stannabenzene have been isolated. The 2-stannanaphthalene depicted below is stable in an inert atmosphere at temperatures below 140 °C. The tin to carbon bond in this compound is shielded from potential reactants by two very bulky groups, one tert-butyl group and the even larger 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl or Tbt group. The two Sn-C bonds have bond lengths of 202.9 and 208.1 pm which are shorter than those for Sn-C single bonds (214 pm) and comparable to that of known Sn=C double bonds (201.6 pm). The C-C bonds show little variation with bond lengths between 135.6 and 144.3 pm signaling that this compound is aromatic.
Tbt-substituted 9-stannaphenanthrene was reported in 2005. At room temperature it forms the [4+2] cycloadduct.
Tbt-substituted stannabenzene was reported in 2010. At room-temperature it quantitatively forms the DA dimer.
See also
6-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another group: borabenzene, silabenzene, germabenzene, stannabenzene, pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, bismabenzene, pyrylium, thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium, telluropyrylium
References
Tin heterocycles
Six-membered rings
Hypothetical chemical compounds
Tin(IV) compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannabenzene |
Veronica of the Passion (1 October 1823 – 11 November 1906) was a Roman Catholic nun who founded the Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel, a religious congregation for women based in India.
Life
She was born as Sophie Leeves in 1823 in Constantinople, to Henry Daniel Leeves, an Anglican chaplain to the British Embassy there, and to Sophia Mary Haultain, the daughter of a Colonel in the British army.
When Leeves was in her teens a change came over her. She spent long hours in prayers. "Easter Tuesday ended in a dark night" she wrote. "I blew out the last candles. The house was still. Suddenly a clear but soft voice broke the stillness and I heard these words distinctly 'My peace I leave you; My peace I give you'. Then all was still again, the night as well as my heart".
Leeves felt drawn to the Roman Catholic Church, especially the sacraments of Confession and Holy Communion. Leeves and others were annoyed at this. She broke off her engagement to a naval officer.
Leeves was received into the Catholic Church on 2 February 1850 in Malta. The following year, she went to France where she entered the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition, which had been founded in 1836 by Emily de Vialar. After completing the novitiate, she was professed as a member of the congregation on 14 September 1851 and received the name Veronica of the Passion.
In 1863 Veronica was assigned to teach at the congregation's foundation in India, sent at the request of the bishop Marie Antony, who had appealed to France for assistance to hand over the education of youth to religious. As a preliminary step he had bought a house at Calicut (now Kozhikode) in 1860 and fitted it up for a convent and at the request of the people opened a school there on 1 April 1862, calling it St. Joseph's School. Veronica and Mary Joseph, after a long and tiring voyage and a brief halt at Mangalore, arrived there on 27 April 1862, and took charge of the school. She served as the first Superior of the convent and spent two years teaching at both Mangalore and Kozhikode.
It was there that Veronica met the priest Marie Ephrem of the Sacred Heart Garrelon. He, along with the other Discalced Carmeltite friars who provided pastoral care for western India, had long envisioned a group of teaching Sisters to provide an education to the women and girls of the region. The friar felt that Veronica was an excellent candidate to lead this effort, which coincided with her own inner call to join the Carmelite Order.
After much reflection and anguish, Veronica accepted the call to start such a foundation. She left the Sisters of St. Joseph and returned to France, where she entered the Discalced Carmel of Pau as a novice. After her profession, Veronica embarked on the formation of a small group of European women who had joined to start the foundation in India, living in a house in Bayonne. They officially formed the Congregation of the Sisters of the Carmelite Third Order Regular, known as the "Apostolic Carmel", on 16 July 1868, the feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.
A small group of three sisters left for India, under the leadership of Mary of the Angels, who served as the first Superior General and Mistress of novices of the new congregation. They arrived in India on 19 November 1870, about the same time as Ephrem was appointed as the local bishop. Shortly after their arrival, the sisters opened the St. Ann School for Girls.
In 1873, Veronica returned to her own monastery, the Carmel of Pau, where she died on 16 November 1906, at the age of 83.
On 5 September 1892, the congregation Veronica helped to found became formally affiliated with the Discalced Carmelite Order. It has grown and now has branches in various parts of India, Sri Lanka, Kuwait, Pakistan, Kenya, Rome and Bahrain. The Congregation is governed under six Provinces and centrally administered by the General Team from the General Motherhouse, Bangalore, with Agatha Mary as the present Superior General since 2008.
Veronica's cause of canonization was taken up by the Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel in 1997. Veronica has been declared Venerable by the Holy See in July 2014.
Writings
Veronica left an Autobiography, a large number of letters and some Regulations for the nuns of the third order of St Teresa.
Carmel in India, London, Burns and Oates, 1895 (new edition at Mangalore, 1964).
Vie merveilleuse de Sœur Marie de Jésus crucifié, Montpellier, 1903.
Bibliography
Marie des Anges: A short history of the apostolic Carmel, 1890
Mary Candida AC: The apostolic Carmel; seed time, Bangalore, 1974.
Mary Carol AC: A strange destiny: the life of Mother Mary Veronica of the Passion, foundress of the Apostolic Carmel, Bangalore, 1988.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20090206212923/http://providenceghss.com/mother.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20091017011601/http://www.holyangelsschoolcbse.org/objectives.htm
St. Joseph's Anglo-Indian Girls' Higher Secondary School "Our History"
1823 births
1906 deaths
Discalced Carmelite nuns
Venerated Carmelites
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
19th-century British Roman Catholic nuns
19th-century French nuns
Founders of Catholic religious communities
19th-century venerated Christians
20th-century venerated Christians
People from Istanbul
Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis
20th-century French nuns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica%20of%20the%20Passion |
Nuno Herlander Simões Espírito Santo (born 25 January 1974), often referred to as simply Nuno, is a Portuguese football manager and former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is currently the manager of Saudi Pro League club Al-Ittihad.
During his career he first made a name for himself in Spain, playing for three teams in five years. He later returned to Portugal to represent Porto, and also played professionally in Russia; he was part of the Portuguese squad at UEFA Euro 2008, but never won a cap for the national team.
Espírito Santo started his coaching career at Greek club Panathinaikos as an assistant. He became a coach in 2012, leading Portuguese club Rio Ave to both domestic cup finals in 2014. After brief spells at Valencia in Spain's La Liga, and a return to Porto, he managed Wolverhampton Wanderers for four years. In 2021, he took over as manager of Tottenham Hotspur, but was relieved of his duties after four months in charge.
Club career
Early career / Deportivo
Born in São Tomé, Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe, Nuno started his football career with Vitória S.C. in Guimarães. After a meeting with the then Porto nightclub owner Jorge Mendes he became the agent's first client in 1996; Mendes brokered a $1 million transfer the following January to La Liga's Deportivo de La Coruña, but Nuno spent three of his six seasons in Galicia out on loan, backing up Jacques Songo'o (1996–98) and José Francisco Molina (2001–02) when he was part of the team. He was the preferred goalkeeper for the winning campaign in the Copa del Rey in the latter season, but Javier Irureta played Molina in the final victory over Real Madrid.
In 1999–2000, as he represented CP Mérida in the Spanish second division, Nuno won the Ricardo Zamora Trophy and helped the team finish sixth, but it would be relegated to the third level due to irregularities. The following season he was loaned to CA Osasuna, going on to rank seventh in the Zamora as his team finished only one point above the relegation zone in the top tier.
Porto
José Mourinho's FC Porto paid €3 million to bring Nuno back to the country in July 2002, as part of the deal that saw Jorge Andrade join Deportivo. During a 2003 Taça de Portugal match against Varzim SC, he was allowed by Mourinho to convert a penalty kick, scoring the club's last goal in a 7–0 home routing. In May 2004, Nuno was an unused substitute as Porto won the UEFA Champions League final. On 12 December 2004, he replaced club great Vítor Baía during extra time of the Intercontinental Cup final penalty shoot-out victory against Once Caldas; however, in January, he was sold to Russian Premier League's FC Dynamo Moscow.
Again in January, in 2007, Nuno returned to Portugal for a stint with C.D. Aves, eventually relegated from the Primeira Liga. In July he returned to Porto, backing up Brazilian Helton during most of his spell. Despite his limited involvement on the pitch – earning him the nickname O Substituto – he was considered a leader of the club.
Nuno again played second-fiddle to Helton during the 2008–09 season appearing in only four games, but was the starter throughout the domestic cup campaign, including the final win (1–0) against F.C. Paços de Ferreira.
International career
Nuno represented Portugal at the 1996 Summer Olympics, playing four matches for the fourth-placed team. He also played for the nation's B team. Uncapped, he was called to the full squad competing in UEFA Euro 2008, replacing the injured Quim.
Coaching career
Beginnings
On 21 June 2010, Porto announced Nuno's contract would not be renewed. The 36-year-old said he would always support Porto as he left. After his retirement he rejoined former Porto manager Jesualdo Ferreira, moving to Málaga CF as a goalkeeping coach; the pair signed for Panathinaikos FC in November 2010.
Rio Ave
In May 2012, Rio Ave F.C. sacked manager Carlos Brito and announced the appointment of Espírito Santo. On his debut on 18 August, the team lost 1–0 at home to C.S. Marítimo in the first game of the top-flight season, but followed it nine days later with a win by the same margin at Sporting CP.
In his second season in charge, Espírito Santo's team reached both the Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga finals, therefore leading them to the UEFA Europa League for the first time in their history.
Valencia
Espírito Santo signed a one-year contract with Valencia CF in La Liga on 4 July 2014, replacing the fired Juan Antonio Pizzi. On 12 January 2015, he agreed to an extension to keep him at the club until 2018, and he eventually led them to a fourth place finish in his first year, highlights including a 2–1 home win over Real Madrid and a 2–2 away draw against the same opponent, while he was named La Liga Manager of the Month three times; he resigned on 29 November 2015, following a 0–1 away defeat to Sevilla FC, after a poor start to both Valencia's La Liga and Champions League campaigns.
During his time at Valencia, Espírito Santo, his agent Jorge Mendes and club owner Peter Lim were criticised for signing the agent's clients. Roberto Ayala, who won several trophies as a Valencia player and later became a scout, left the club alleging that they were signing such players for inflated fees.
Porto
On 1 June 2016, Espírito Santo signed a two-year contract with Porto, replacing former head coach José Peseiro. His first game on 12 August was a return to the Estádio dos Arcos, where his team came from behind to beat Rio Ave 3–1. The following 22 May, however, after a season devoid of silverware which included a second place in the league, he was relieved of his duties.
Wolverhampton Wanderers
On 31 May 2017, Espírito Santo was named as the new head coach of then EFL Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers, signing a three-year deal. He was voted the competition's Manager of the Month in November as his team won all four of their games, scoring 13 times. Espírito Santo led the club to the Premier League after a six-year absence, achieving promotion with four matches remaining in the season and being confirmed as champions with two games to spare. On 10 July 2018, it was announced that his contract had been extended until 2021.
Espírito Santo was awarded the Premier League Manager of the Month title in his second month managing in the English top division after his team went unbeaten in September 2018, accruing ten points from four matches and only conceding one goal. It was the first time that a Wolverhampton Wanderers manager had secured the award, in the club's fifth season in the competition. Wolves finished seventh in the 2018–19 league season; it was the club's highest Premier League rank and their highest in the English top-flight since the 1979–80 season when they finished sixth. Wolves also qualified for a European competition for the first time since 1980–81, reaching the UEFA Europa League.
Espírito Santo was awarded the Premier League Manager of the Month title for a second time on 10 July 2020 for a run of five fixtures unbeaten between the beginning of March and the end of June, sandwiching the temporary suspension of the 2019–20 Premier League due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. The run included four wins and four clean sheets. The 2019–20 season saw Espírito Santo's team achieve a second consecutive seventh-place finish in the Premier League (with a record points total for Wolves in the Premier League of 59), and reach the quarter-finals of the UEFA Europa League, the club's best such performance since being finalists in 1971–72.
On 13 September 2020, at the outset of the 2020–21 season, Espírito Santo's contract at the club was extended until summer 2023. He was Premier League Manager of the Month for October with a run of four fixtures unbeaten, including three wins without conceding; this was his third such award. On 27 February 2021, he took charge of his 102nd Premier League game as Wolves head coach as his team played out a 1–1 draw with Newcastle United at St. James' Park, surpassing Mick McCarthy as the longest-serving Wolves head coach in the Premier League era. On 21 May 2021, Wolves announced that Espírito Santo would be leaving the club by mutual consent at the end of the season.
Tottenham Hotspur
On 30 June 2021, Tottenham Hotspur announced Espírito Santo as their new head coach on a two-year contract with an option to extend for a third year. On his debut on 15 August, the side won 1–0 at home against reigning champions Manchester City through a Son Heung-min goal. On 29 August, he achieved the best start to a Premier League season for Tottenham after beating Watford to secure three wins from their first three matches. He won the Premier League Manager of the Month award for August 2021, the fourth of his career. On 1 November 2021, after his team lost to Manchester United 3–0 at home, their fifth loss in seven matches and which left them ninth in the table, he was sacked after less than four months in charge. He was replaced by Antonio Conte the following day.
Al-Ittihad
On 4 July 2022, Espírito Santo was appointed by Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) in the Saudi Professional League. He held talks for a return to Wolverhampton in October. He won the Saudi Super Cup on 29 January 2023 with a 2–0 final win over Al-Fayha FC. On 27 May, he won the club's first league title in 14 years, after beating the same opponents 3–0 with one match remaining in the league.
Personal life
Espírito Santo and his wife Sandra have three children as of 2020. On 4 May 2019, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Sport by the University of Wolverhampton.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Deportivo
Copa del Rey: 2001–02
Porto
Primeira Liga: 2002–03, 2003–04, 2007–08, 2008–09
Taça de Portugal: 2002–03, 2008–09
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2003, 2004, 2009
UEFA Champions League: 2003–04
UEFA Cup: 2002–03
Intercontinental Cup: 2004
Taça da Liga runner-up: 2009–10
Individual
Ricardo Zamora Trophy: 1999–2000 (Segunda División)
Manager
Wolverhampton Wanderers
EFL Championship: 2017–18
Al-Ittihad
Saudi Professional League: 2022–23
Saudi Super Cup: 2022
Individual
La Liga Manager of the Month: September 2014, December 2014, February 2015
EFL Championship Manager of the Month: November 2017
LMA Manager of the Year: 2017–18 EFL Championship
Premier League Manager of the Month: September 2018, June 2020, October 2020, August 2021
Saudi Professional League Manager of the Month: March 2023, April 2023, August 2023
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Portuguese people of São Tomé and Príncipe descent
People from São Tomé
Black Portuguese sportspeople
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Vitória S.C. players
FC Porto players
Deportivo de La Coruña players
CP Mérida footballers
CA Osasuna players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
C.D. Aves players
Primeira Liga players
Segunda Divisão players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Russian Premier League players
UEFA Champions League winning players
UEFA Europa League winning players
Portugal men's youth international footballers
Portugal men's under-21 international footballers
Olympic footballers for Portugal
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
UEFA Euro 2008 players
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Portuguese football managers
Rio Ave F.C. managers
FC Porto managers
Valencia CF managers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. managers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. managers
Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) managers
Primeira Liga managers
La Liga managers
English Football League managers
Premier League managers
Saudi Pro League managers
Portuguese expatriate football managers
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate football managers in England
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Portugal men's B international footballers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno%20Esp%C3%ADrito%20Santo |
Tak 2: The Staff of Dreams is an action-adventure platform video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by THQ for the GameCube, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It is the sequel to Tak and the Power of Juju and is the second installment to the Tak and the Power of Juju series. The PS2 version was ported to PlayStation Network as a "PS2 Classic" on November 29, 2011, but it was later taken off the store due to THQ's bankruptcy in 2013.
Plot
Following the events of the first game, Tak has now been stuck in a dream for 16 days. Jibolba and Lok ponder how they can wake him up. In reality, Tak is stuck in the Dream World, and is sent by the Dream Juju to fight the Dream Guardian, take The Staff of Dreams, and save a princess. After Tak refuses, he is told that if he does not do this, he will be stuck in the dream forever. As he fights through the Dream World, he escapes through a Rift. When going through the rift, Tak wakes up, and Jibolba and Tak go find Jibolba's brother, JB. Lok wants to go, but Jibolba tells Lok to go fetch his magic sandals. Jibolba turns into a Flea for easy hauling, and they set off.
When Tak and Jibolba reach a dead end, they summon the Belly Juju to get a raft. Belly Juju uses a barrel that Tak got for him, and throws Tak in it, and throws the barrel down river. Lok is once again left behind, and when Belly Juju chokes, Lok has to save him. As Tak and Jibolba go down the fast current, they fall down a huge waterfall, and Tak is knocked out. He wakes up in the Dream World, once again being led by the Dream Juju. Once he makes it to the end, he again enters the real world through a rift. Once in the real world, Tak and Jibolba set off, again. When they reach a bridge, they have to wait for Woodies to pass, but when they do, Lok blows up the bridge, and the Woodies attack. When Tak saves Lok, he summons Mind-Reader Juju. He tells Tak that with three magic stones, he can make Bolas to get across the gap. When Tak does this, he is knocked out by Woodies, again entering the Dream World.
Tak then uses the Bolas to get through the Dream World. For the third time, he gets back to his world using a rift. When he awakes, he is in the holding area in the Gloomleaf Arena, where Woodies train, with Caged Juju. After an argument, Caged Juju finds Lok, and uses a lift key to get up. When up, Lok is hauled off by Woodies, and Tak fights through waves of Woodies. After four rounds, he uses a Woodie Catapult to escape, flying into the Gloomleaf Swamp. When half-way through the swamp, he sees Dead Juju being harassed by Woodies, who steal his Tiki. Tak follows the Woodies to the rafters of the Arena, where Tak steals the Tiki from the Woodie King. He is then chased down river by Woodies, and when he falls down a waterfall, he grabs to a ledge with Dead Juju. When he returns the Tiki, Lok suddenly falls down the waterfall, and the four head off together.
When outside Skyrock Crater, they can see JB's Planetarium. They all stop to smell the flowers, which make them all fall asleep. Tak uses a Woodie Catapult to cause destruction in the Dream World, finally making it to the Tower where the Dream Guardian is at. But, he goes through a rift, and is told that his next sleep will put him in the tower. He and Jibolba wake up, leaving Lok and Dead Juju. Tak and Jibolba go through the Crater, and make it to the Planetarium. But inside, the area is overrun by Power Parasites, and after a long fight, JB is saved. JB tells them that he has never heard of a Dream Juju. So, JB sends Tak into sleep. Tak then enters the tower, and has a long battle with the Dream Guardian. After the battle, Tak gets The Staff of Dreams. The princess appears, and is revealed to be Pins and Needles, and the Dream Juju reveals to be Tlaloc, still in Sheep form. Pins, Needles, and Tak all struggle for the Staff, and Needles gets one half, The Staff of Nightmares, and Tak gets the other, the Dream Shaker. This power causes all to enter the real world, and Pins, Needles, and Tlaloc escape. Tak then begins a chase of them, not watching where he is going, and gets knocked out.
When he wakes up, Tak is in the Moon Juju Interlude, and the Moon Juju was before him. She tells him to choose one of four Spirit Animals. Before she tells Tak the best one, she disappears. Tak chooses, which wakes him up, with new powers.
Tak meets the Giant Misunderstanding and needed help with the rift. The Giant thinks he wants to talk to Rick. Tak repeats the Rick question to the juju to unlock the rift. When he says goodbye, the Giant sings a song.
During the chase, Flora and Fauna grant Tak the ability to become 4 animals.
Tak is tired when he comes to the Dream Fortress. He battles Pins and Needles and gets the other half of the staff. Lok mistakenly gives the half to Tlaloc. Tak battles Tlaloc's army of sheep. After defeating all of the sheep, Tak attacks Tlaloc, knocking him over a ledge and killing him. Jibolba, Dead Juju, and Lok congratulate Tak on his victory and remind him they need to return the staff. Lok questions the appearance of an arm behind Tak which pulls him through a rift and back into the Dream Realm. The arm turns out to belong to Tlaloc who, after being killed in the real world, is now a nightmare creature and has his old body again. He uses the Staff of Nightmare to turn into a monster resembling the Dream Guardian. Tak does the same with his staff to fight Tlaloc. After the battle, the Dream Guardian appears asking for the staff back. Tak apologized to the Dream Guardian who opens a rift to return Tak to the real world. Back in the real world, Jibolba, Lok, and Dead Juju congratulate Tak again before Tlaloc appears again realizing he can never defeat Tak. He decides to instead kill his friends to eliminate Tak's will to fight. Tak manages to save his friends and defeat Tlaloc a third time. Tak is then waken up by Jibolba and Lok telling him the whole thing was a dream. The three walk off while being spied on by a sheep from Tlaloc's army.
Gameplay
The gameplay is almost identical to the first game, with differences being that Tak's weapon is always on hand, and that mana is represented by a feather count and not a meter. The game takes place in various locations, such as tropical forests, canyons, volcanic areas, snowy tundras and other harsh environments. There are also a number of dimensional stages, in the Dreamworld. Tak gets aid from animals, a number of which did not appear in the first game. In this game, Tak's juju magic is triggered by holding down one button and pressing combos of other buttons. Tak also earns juju powers gradually throughout the game instead of having to seek them out. Tak can also get certain animals to help him out in the real world.
Reception
Tak 2: The Staff of Dreams was given "generally favorable reviews" for the GameCube version, "mixed or average reviews" for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions, and "generally unfavorable reviews" for the Game Boy Advance version, according to Metacritic.
The game shipped nearly 1 million units.
Sequel
A third sequel to the series, titled Tak: The Great Juju Challenge was released for the GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2005.
References
External links
Developer Avalanche Software
2004 video games
3D platform games
Avalanche Software games
Game Boy Advance games
GameCube games
Helixe games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
Tak and the Power of Juju
THQ games
Video game sequels
Video games about dreams
Video games about shapeshifting
Video games developed in the United States
Xbox games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%202%3A%20The%20Staff%20of%20Dreams |
Karlaplan is an open park-plaza area in Östermalm in central Stockholm, Sweden.
History
Lindhagenplanen was a general plan presented with a proposal for street regulation in Stockholm in 1866 by a committee headed by the lawyer and politician Albert Lindhagen (1823-1887). Construction of Karlaplan started in 1896. It was designed in the image of Place de l'Étoile in Paris. The plaza is named in honour of three Swedish kings: Karl X Gustav, Karl XI and Karl XII.
In the late 1920s, plans proposed by architect Ragnar Hjorth (1887-1971) provided for with a circular basin and a fountain. In 1930, the large fountain basin was started, which is slightly recessed in relation to the surrounding street level.
During World War I, planting was supplemented with chestnut and poplar trees while the park was also used to cultivate vegetables.
Flygarmonumentet, a monument designed in 1931 by sculptor Carl Milles (1875–1955), is located at Karlaplan. Playwright and novelist August Strindberg (1849–1912) lived on Karlaplan from 1901 until 1908. It remains one of the most exclusive and expensive places to live in Stockholm city, adjacent to the Royal Park, Djurgården.
See also
Karlaplan metro station
References
External links
Karlaplan.com Official website
Squares in Stockholm
Parks in Stockholm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlaplan |
In the human larynx, the cuneiform cartilages (from Latin: cuneus 'wedge' + forma 'form'; also known as cartilages of Wrisberg) are two small, elongated pieces of yellow elastic cartilage, placed one on either side, in the aryepiglottic fold.
The cuneiforms are paired cartilages that sit on top of and move with the arytenoids. They are located above and in front of the corniculate cartilages, and the presence of these two pairs of cartilages result in small bulges on the surface of the mucous membrane.
Covered by the aryepiglottic folds, the cuneiforms form the lateral aspect of the laryngeal inlet, while the corniculates form the posterior aspect, and the epiglottis the anterior.
Function of the cuneiform cartilages is to support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis. They also provide a degree of solidity to the folds in which they are embedded.
Additional images
References
Human head and neck | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform%20cartilages |
German submarine U-549 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 28 September 1942 at the Deutsche Werft yard in Hamburg, launched on 28 April 1943, and commissioned on 14 July 1943 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Detlev Krankenhagen. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin, the U-boat was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front-line service on 1 January 1944.
Design
German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-549 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . U-549 was fitted with six torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a SK C/30 as well as a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.
Service history
First patrol
U-549 departed Kiel on 11 January 1944, and sailed out into the mid-Atlantic, via the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands, but had no success. The U-boat arrived at Lorient in occupied France on 26 March after 76 days at sea.
Second patrol and loss
The U-boat left Lorient on 14 May 1944 and sailed to the waters north-west of the Canary Islands. At 20:13 on 29 May 1944, U-549 slipped through the anti-submarine screen of the hunter-killer group TG 21.11, and fired three T-3 torpedoes at the escort carrier , hitting her with two, and severely damaging the ship which later sank. At 20.40 hours the U-boat fired a salvo of T-5 acoustic torpedoes, badly damaging the destroyer escort , and missing the . A counter-attack with depth charges was launched by and Eugene E. Elmore which sank the U-boat, in position . All 57 hands were lost.
Wolfpacks
U-549 took part in three wolfpacks, namely:
Igel 1 (3 – 17 February 1944)
Hai 1 (17 – 22 February 1944)
Preussen (22 February – 22 March 1944)
Summary of raiding history
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
1943 ships
World War II submarines of Germany
German Type IX submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1943
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
U-boats sunk in 1944
U-boats sunk by depth charges
Ships built in Hamburg
U-boats sunk by US warships
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in May 1944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20submarine%20U-549 |
The Rosenbaum House is a single-family house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright and built for Stanley and Mildred Rosenbaum in Florence, Alabama. A noted example of his Usonian house concept, it is the only Wright building in Alabama, and is one of only 26 pre-World War II Usonian houses. Wright scholar John Sergeant called it "the purest example of the Usonian."
History
In 1938 Stanley Rosenbaum (a professor at Florence State Teachers' College, now the University of North Alabama) and his new wife Mildred were given a building lot in Florence, Alabama and funds to build a house on it by Rosenbaum's parents. Both newlyweds had read Frank Lloyd Wright's autobiography and a cover story on Wright in Time magazine. They commissioned Wright to design and build the house; it is the only Wright house in Alabama.
This is an example of Wright's "Usonian"-style homes, which he intended as low-cost housing for middle-class American families. But the first phase of the house ultimately cost $14,000 (), nearly double the wealthy couple's original $7,999 budget. The flat roof leaked almost immediately, the heating system failed, and the Rosenbaum family seldom used the custom furniture built on-site for the home.
After the Rosenbaums took up residence in September 1940, the first photographs of the house were exhibited the following month at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City the following month. This house was also the childhood home of notable American film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum.
Restoration
The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It remained in the Rosenbaum family until 1999 (when Mildred Rosenbaum moved into a nursing home). This was a longer period under the original owners' control than that for any of Wright's other Usonian homes. By this time the house was in poor repair, with extensive water penetration and termite damage.
The Rosenbaum family donated the house to the City of Florence and at the same time sold the furniture and contents of the house to the city for $75,000. The city spent a further $600,000 on repairs, using original plans sent by the archives of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation at Taliesin West. The Wright Archive is known as the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Archives, held at the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library of Columbia University in New York City.
Following the restoration, the city opened the house in 2002 as a public museum, the Frank Lloyd Wright Rosenbaum House. The museum displays some of the original Wright-designed furniture. The restoration won the 2004 Wright Spirit Award in the Public Domain from the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy. Mildred Rosenbaum was the first recipient of the Wright Spirit Award for her tireless efforts for preservation and interpretation through the Frank Lloyd Wright Rosenbaum House Foundation. In her last five years in residence, which ended in 1998, nearly 5,000 visitors received personal tours conducted by Mrs. Rosenbaum, who died in 2006.
Architecture
The Rosenbaum House was the first of dozens of Wright's Usonian houses based on the 1936 Usonian prototype Jacobs House in Madison, Wisconsin. The house was built on a plot at 117 Riverview Drive (now 601 Riverview, after renumbering), on the north bank of the Tennessee River. Built in an L-shape, the house is made from natural materials, largely cypress wood and brick, and features multilevel low-rising steel-cantilevered roofs covering both the living spaces and an adjoining carport. A distinctive feature of the house is its glass; USA Today described it as "blurring the distinction between indoors and outdoors." Most of the rooms have their own door to the outside. The center of the house is the "service core", built around a large stone hearth and adjacent to a 100 square foot (9.3 m2) study.
The original Usonian floorplan provided 1,540 square feet (143 m2) of living space, but when the Rosenbaums had their fourth child they asked Wright to design an extension to the now cramped house. His modifications, completed in 1948, added a further 1,084 square feet (100 m2) in a second L-shape.
Recognition
It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places individually, and also as a contributing building in the McFarland Heights historic district.
See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lauderdale County, Alabama
References
Rosenbaum, Alvin. Usonia: Frank Lloyd Wright's Design for America. Washington: The Preservation Press, 1993, .
Rosenbaum, Jonathan. Places: A Life at the Movies (2nd ed.) Moving Places: A Life at the Movies (2nd ed.), Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.. .
Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, (S.267).
External links
The museum's website
National Register of Historic Places in Lauderdale County, Alabama
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Historic house museums in Alabama
Houses completed in 1939
Houses in Florence, Alabama
Museums in Lauderdale County, Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenbaum%20House |
Saul (HWV 53) is a dramatic oratorio in three acts written by George Frideric Handel with a libretto by Charles Jennens. Taken from the First Book of Samuel, the story of Saul focuses on the first king of Israel's relationship with his eventual successor, David—one which turns from admiration to envy and hatred, ultimately leading to the downfall of the eponymous monarch. The work, which Handel composed in 1738, includes the famous "Dead March", a funeral anthem for Saul and his son Jonathan, and some of the composer's most dramatic choral pieces. Saul was first performed at the King's Theatre in London on 16 January 1739. The work was a success at its London premiere and was revived by Handel in subsequent seasons. Notable modern-day performances of Saul include that at Glyndebourne in 2015.
Background
The German-born Handel had been resident in London since 1712 and had there enjoyed great success as a composer of Italian operas. His opportunities to set English texts to music had been more limited; he had spent the years 1717 to 1719 as composer in residence to the wealthy Duke of Chandos where he had written church anthems and two stage works, Acis and Galatea and Esther; and had composed vocal music to English words for various royal occasions, including a set of Coronation anthems for George II in 1727, which had made a huge impact. In 1731, a performance of the 1718 version of Esther, a work in English based on a Biblical drama by Jean Racine, was given in London without Handel's participation and had proved popular, so Handel revised the work and planned to present it at the theatre where his Italian operas were being presented. However the Bishop of London would not permit a drama based on a Biblical story to be acted out on the stage, and therefore Handel presented Esther in concert form, thus giving birth to the English oratorio.
Esther in its revised form proved a popular work, and Handel, though still continuing to focus on composition of Italian operas, followed Esther with two more sacred dramas with English words to be presented in concert form, Deborah, and Athalia (which, like Esther, was also based on a Biblical drama by Racine), both in 1733.
Composition and instrumentation
By 1738, Handel was experiencing some difficulty in maintaining support for his Italian opera seasons in London and he collaborated for the first time with Charles Jennens, a wealthy landowner and lover of the arts, who also provided the texts for Messiah and other oratorios of Handel. Jennens wrote Saul, an original English text based on Biblical characters, especially designed to provide opportunities for the sort of music Handel composed.
Opera seria, the form of Italian opera that Handel composed for London, focused overwhelmingly on solo arias and recitatives for the star singers and contained very little else; they did not feature separate choruses. With the English oratorios Handel had the opportunity to mix operatic arias in English for the soloists with large choruses of the type that he used in the Coronation anthems. Jennens provided a text with well-rounded characters and dramatic effects. The collaboration with Jennens was not without tension; Jennens referred in a letter to the "maggots" in Handel's head and complained that Handel wanted to end the work with a chorus of "Hallelujahs" that the librettist did not feel was appropriate as at the end of the piece Israel has been defeated in battle and the King and Crown Prince both killed, whereas the Hallelujahs would be suited to the celebrations at the opening of the work when David has killed Goliath. Jennens got his way; in the completed version Saul does not end with a chorus of "Hallelujahs" but there is such a chorus where Jennens had wanted one.
Handel composed the music of Saul between July and September 1738. He conceived Saul on the grandest scale and included a large orchestra with many instrumental effects which were unusual for the time including a carillon (a keyboard instrument which makes a sound like chiming bells); a specially constructed organ for himself to play during the course of the work; trombones, not standard orchestral instruments at that time, giving the work
a heavy brass component; large kettledrums specially borrowed from the Tower of London; extra woodwinds for the Witch of Endor scene; and a harp solo.
In the same letter in which Jennens complained that Handel wanted a chorus of "Hallelujahs" at a point of the drama the writer felt was inappropriate, he wrote of a meeting he had with Handel to discuss the work and the composer's delight in some of the unusual instruments he planned to use: Mr. Handel's head is more full of Maggots than ever: I found yesterday in His room a very queer Instrument which He calls Carillon (Anglice a Bell) & says some call it a Tubal-cain, I suppose because it is in the make and tone like a Hammer striking upon Anvils. 'Tis played upon with Keys like a Harpsichord, & with this Cyclopean Instrument he designs to make poor Saul stark mad. His second Maggot is an Organ of 500£ price, which (because he is overstock'd with Money) he has bespoke of one Moss of Barnet; this Organ, he says, is so contriv'd that as he sits at it he has a better command of his Performers than he us'd to have; & he is highly delighted to think with what exactness his Oratorio will be perform'd by the help of this Organ; so that for the future, instead of beating time at his Oratorio's, he is to sit as his Organ all the time with his back to the Audience ... I could tell you more of his Maggots: but it grows late, and I must defer the rest till I write next; by which time, I doubt not, more new ones will breed in his Brain.
Also of note in that letter is the fact that although Handel's London seasons of Italian opera had not been drawing the audiences they had in former years, Jennens makes an incidental remark that the composer was very wealthy ("overstock'd with money").
On 5 December 1738 Lady Katherine Knatchbull, a friend and patron of Handel's, wrote to her brother-in-law James Harris, who was a writer on music and other subjects, and also a friend of the composer,
"(Handel) desired me to give his tres humble respects; and that you must come up in January, for he opens with The Loves of Saul and Jonathan, then follows another on the ten plagues of Egypt (to me an odd subject) ... He has had an instrument made after the manner of Tubal-cain's, the inventor of music." (referring to the specially-built carillon. Going on to an attempt to describe a trombone, an instrument she had obviously never seen, she writes:) "He has also introduced the sackbut, a kind of trumpet,with more variety of notes,& it is 7 or 8-foot long,& draws in like a perspective glass, so may be shortened to 3-foot as the player chuses, or thrown out to its full length; despise not this description for I write from his own words."
In the 1954 edition of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, specialist in the history of musical instruments Anthony Baines wrote that Saul contains the finest music for trombones composed in the 18th century.
Reception and performance history
A report in the London press remarked on the favourable reception given to the work at its first performance, with members of the royal family in attendance. The architect William Kent wrote to Lord Burlington after the first performance, referring to the passage with the carillon, "There is a pretty concerto in the oratorio, there is some stops in the Harpsicord that are little bells, I had thought it had been some squerrls in a cage. Saul was given six performances in its first season, a mark of success at that time, and was one of the works Handel most frequently revived in his subsequent seasons, being given in London in 1740, 1741,1744,1745 and 1750. Saul received a performance in Dublin under Handel's direction "by special request" in 1742.
Already in Handel's own lifetime, choral societies were formed in the English provinces with the aim of performing works of Handel and others, and Saul was performed with a fair degree of regularity by choral societies in London and elsewhere in Britain through the 19th century. Handel's major oratorios including Saul have been frequently performed, broadcast and recorded since the second half of the twentieth century. Saul is sometimes fully staged as an opera today.
The excellence of the libretto and the power of Handel's musical characterisation combine to make Saul, in the words of Handel scholar Winton Dean,"one of the supreme masterpieces of dramatic art, comparable with the Oresteia and King Lear".
Roles
Synopsis
The libretto is freely adapted from the First Book of Samuel, Chapters 16–31, with additional material from the epic poem, the Davideis by Abraham Cowley. The printed libretto of Saul from 1738 credits the Davideis as the source of the contemptuous treatment of David by Princess Merab.
Act 1
The Israelites raise their voices in magnificent thanksgiving to God, for the young warrior David has slain the Philistine giant Goliath. At the court of King Saul, once a mighty warrior himself, all the people celebrate the hero David. Saul's son, Jonathan swears eternal devotion to David, but Saul's two daughters experience contrasting emotions – Michal is in love with David, but Merab feels contempt for him as a social inferior, a feeling that only increases when Saul offers her in marriage to David. A group of Israelite young women offer further tributes to David. King Saul is enraged at the way David is praised. Unable to restrain his anger, he orders Jonathan to kill David.
Act 2
The people of Israel reflect on the destructive power of envy. Jonathan pleads David's case to Saul, who appears to relent. Saul asks Jonathan to bring David back to court and promises Michal as David's bride, though Saul anticipates David's death in battle. David and Michal express their mutual love, but David reports that Saul's rage has not diminished and that Saul threw a javelin close past his head in frustration. Saul summons David to court again as both Michal and Merab express their faith that God will protect David. Jonathan tries to explain to Saul why David has not responded to his summons. Saul rages against both David and Jonathan.
Act 3
In despair, and though aware it is unlawful, Saul asks the Witch of Endor to raise the ghost of Samuel the prophet. Asked for advice, the ghost of Samuel reminds Saul that he had once predicted his downfall for sparing the king of the Amalekites whom Samuel had ordered killed. He predicts that David will inherit the kingdom of Israel when Saul and his sons die in the next day's battle. David learns from an Amalekite soldier of the deaths of Saul and Jonathan at the hands of the Amalekites, and David orders the Amalekite killed. After a funeral march for the Israelite dead, Merab, David, and Michal each in turn express their sorrow, particularly for the loss of Jonathan. A high priest predicts David will win future victories and the Israelites urge him to restore their kingdom.
The "Dead March"
The "Dead March" played in Act Three, introducing the obsequies for the deaths of Saul and Jonathan, is in the key of C major. It includes an organ part and trombones alternating with flutes, oboes and quiet timpani. The "Dead March" in Saul has been played at state funerals in the United Kingdom, including that of Winston Churchill. It is the standard funeral march of the armed forces of Germany, played at all state funerals. It was also performed at the funeral of George Washington, during the funeral procession of Stonewall Jackson, as well as being played many times during the journey of the body of Abraham Lincoln after his assassination to Springfield, Illinois. In 2015, it was performed at the state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore.
List of arias and musical numbers
(Note: "Symphony" in this context means a purely instrumental piece. "Accompagnato" is a recitative accompanied by the orchestra, rather than by continuo instruments only, as in the passages marked "recitative.").
Act One
1. Overture
An Epinicion or Song of Triumph, for the victory
over Goliath and the Philistines.2a. Chorus of Israelites "How excellent thy name, O Lord"
3. Air (soprano) "An infant rais'd by Thy command"
4. Trio "Along the monster atheist strode"
5. Chorus of Israelites "The youth inspir'd by Thee, O Lord"
2b.Chorus of Israelites "How excellent Thy name, O Lord"End of the Epinicion6. Recitative (Michal) "He comes, he comes!"
7. Air (Michal)"O godlike youth"
8. Recitative (Abner, Saul, David) "Behold, O King"
9. Air (David) "O King, your favours with delight"
10. Recitative (Jonathan) "Oh,early piety!"
11. Air (Merab) "What abject thoughts a prince can have!"
12. Recitative (Merab) "Yet think on whom this honour you bestow"
13. Air (Jonathan) "Birth and fortune I despise!"
14. Recitative (High Priest) "Go on, illustrious pair!"
15. Air (High Priest) "While yet thy tide of blood runs high"
16. Recitative (Saul,Merab) "Thou, Merab, first in birth"
17. Air (Merab) "My soul rejects the thought with scorn"
18. Air (Michal "See, with what a scornful air"
19. Air ( Michal) "Ah, lovely youth"
20. Symphony
21. Recitative (Michal) "Already see the daughters of the land"
22. Chorus of Israelites "Welcome, welcome, mighty king!"
23. Accompagnato (Saul) "What do I hear? Am I then sunk so low"
24. Chorus of Israelites "David his ten thousands slew"
25. Accompagnato (Saul) "To him ten thousands, and to me but thousands!"
26. Air (Saul) "With rage I shall burst his praises to hear!"
27. Recitative (Jonathan,Michal) "Imprudent women!"
28. Air (Michal) "Fell rage and black despair possess'd"
29. Recitative (High Priest) "This but the smallest part of harmony"
30. Accompagnato (High Priest) "By Thee this universal frame"
31. Recitative (Abner) "Racked with infernal pains"
32. Air (David) "O Lord, whose mercies numberless"
33. Symphony
34. Recitative (Jonathan) "'Tis all in vain"
35. Air (Saul) "A serpent, in my bosom warm'd"
36. Recitative (Saul) "Has he escap'd my rage?"
37. Air (Merab) "Capricious man, in humour lost"
38. Accompagnato (Jonathan) "O filial piety!"
39. Air (Jonathan) "No, cruel father, no!"
40. Air (High Priest) "O Lord, whose providence"
41. Chorus "Preserve him for the glory of Thy name"
Act Two
42. Chorus "Envy, eldest born of hell"
43. Recitative (Jonathan,David) "Ah, dearest friend"
44. Air (Jonathan) "But sooner Jordan's stream, I swear"
45. Recitative (David,Jonathan) "Oh, strange vicissitude"
46. Air (David) "Such haughty beauties"
47. Recitative (Jonathan) "My father comes"
48. Recitative (Saul) "Hast thou obey'd my orders"
49. Air (Jonathan) "Sin not, O King"
50. Air (Saul) "As great Jehovah lives, I swear"
51. Air (Jonathan) "From cities stormed, and battles won"
52. Recitative (Jonathan, Saul) "Appear, my friend"
53. Air (David) "Your words, O King"
54. Recitative (Saul) "Yes, he shall wed my daughter!"
55. Recitative (Michal) "A father's will has authorized my love"
56. Duet (Michal and David) "O fairest of ten thousand fair"
57. Chorus "Is there a man, who all his ways"
58. Symphony
59. Recitative (David) "Thy father is as cruel"
60. Duet (David and Michal) "At persecution I can laugh"
61. Recitative (Michal,Doeg) "Whom dost thou seek"
62. Air (Michal) "No, no, let the guilty tremble"
63. Recitative (Merab) "Mean as he was, he is my brother now"
64. Air (Merab) "Author of peace"
65. Symphony
66. Accompagnato (Saul) "The time at length is come"
67. Recitative (Saul, Jonathan) "Where is the son of Jesse?"
68. Chorus "Oh, fatal consequence of rage"
Act Three
69. Accompagnato (Saul) "Wretch that I am"
70. Accompagnato (Saul) "'Tis said, here lives a woman"
71. Recitative (The witch of Endor, Saul) "With me what would'st thou?"
72. Air (Witch) "Infernal spirits"
73. Accompagnato (The Ghost of Samuel,Saul) "Why hast thou forc'd me from the realms of peace"
74. Symphony
75. Recitative (David, an Amalekite) "Whence comest thou?"
76. Air (David) "Impious wretch, of race accurst!"
77. Symphony: Dead marchElegy on the death of Saul and Jonathan78. Chorus "Mourn, Israel, mourn"
79. Air (High Priest) "Oh, let it not in Gath be heard"
80. Air (Merab) "From this unhappy day"
81. Air (David) "Brave Jonathan his bow never drew"
82. Chorus of Israelites "Eagles were not so swift as they"
83. Air (Michal) "In sweetest harmony they lived"
84. Solo and Chorus (David and Israelites) "O fatal day! How low the mighty lie!"End of the Elegy85. Recitative (High Priest) "Ye men of Judah, weep no more!"
86. Chorus of Israelites "Gird on thy sword, thou man of might"
Musical featuresSaul is composed for soloists and chorus, two flutes, two oboes, two trumpets, three trombones, kettledrums, organ, harp, continuo instruments, and strings. The work begins and ends in C major, a key choice which may have been influenced by the presence of trombones in the orchestra. Handel's other work of the same season to use trombones, Israel in Egypt, also favours C major for the choruses with trombones in their accompaniment.
The first piece of music is an overture in the Italian style in three movements, the first quick and fugal, then a slow movement, followed by another quick section with the addition of a concerto-like passage for organ, which Handel played himself at the original performances as he directed the musicians. The overture is followed by a slower dance-like piece for orchestra,marked andante larghetto.
Act One
The act begins with the chorus of celebration after David has slain Goliath. Trumpets and trombones, which were not present in the overture, are now added. The chorus of rejoicing is developed briefly in counterpoint. A slower air for soprano in a minor key praising David's achievement is followed by a chorus for alto, tenor and bass marked, unusually, Ardito'' (boldly), and then a longer chorus with developed counterpoint is heard. The chorus which opened the act is repeated, followed by a jubilant chorus of "Hallelujah", to end the opening "Epinicion or Song of Triumph". The expansive scale of the multi-part overture, and the glitter and celebratory quality of the Epinicion are indications, according to Jonathan Keates, of the ambition of the work as a whole and its monumental achievement.
Other of the most notable musical features of Act One include the chorus and dance movement including the carillon with a chorus of praise for David, which rouse King Saul to terrible jealousy. David's attempt to soothe the King is conveyed in an aria of "simple purity","O Lord, whose mercies numberless", followed by harp solo. David's efforts are in vain, and the King's jealousy breaks out into an aria of fury "A serpent, in my bosom warm'd", which suddenly and unexpectedly breaks off as the King hurls his javelin at David, depicted in the music by descending octaves in the strings. A chorus in the key of G minor, developed contrapuntally, ends the act as the chorus pray that God will protect David.
Act Two
The second act begins as the chorus comment on the drama after the manner of the chorus in Greek tragedy, in "Envy, eldest born of hell" which according to musicologist Paul Henry Lang is "as mighty a piece as Handel ever composed". Dotted rhythms over a relentlessly repeated ostinato bass depict the obsessive jealousy of the King as the chorus warn him "Hide thee in the black night".
Two purely instrumental passages ("symphonies") feature in Act Two. The first, depicting the celebrations for the wedding of David and Michal, is in three parts, a slow and solemn introduction with trombones prominent, the second section a brisk organ concerto, concluding with a slower movement in the form of a gavotte. The second instrumental passage in the act is a shorter festive piece with trumpets and drums, trombones, woodwinds and strings, depicting the holiday of the New Moon.
A chorus in the key of D major, with a chromatic fugal section at the end, concludes the act as the chorus denounce the King as a monster for the attempted murders of both Jonathan and David.
Act Three
Act three opens with a powerful and dramatic accompanied recitative for King Saul as he seeks advice from the Witch of Endor. The Witch invokes the ghost of Samuel in a passage which conjures up a supernatural atmosphere by the use of an irregular bass line with prominent oboes and bassoons. Bassoons also introduce the Ghost of Samuel as the apparition prophesies doom for the King. A martial "Battle symphony" with trumpets and drums ensues, followed shortly by the famous Dead March. Chorus and soloists mourn the deaths of the King and his son, and the work concludes with a chorus in the key of C major urging David to lead his country into battle against its enemies.
Selected recordings
References
External links
Libretto for Saul on WikiSource.
Full-text libretto online.
Oratorios by George Frideric Handel
1738 oratorios
Oratorios based on the Bible
Witch of Endor
Saul
Cultural depictions of David | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%20%28Handel%29 |
Emese Hunyady (born 4 March 1966) is a former Hungarian-Austrian speed skater.
At age ten, Hunyady participated at the 1977 Hungarian Sprint Championships for Juniors, finishing sixth. Representing Hungary, she had her first international competition in 1979, and in the following years, although still a junior, she entered several senior tournaments. In 1985, after marrying her Austrian coach Tamás Németh, she obtained Austrian citizenship, and started competing for Austria. The marriage was dissolved some years later, but she retained her Austrian citizenship.
During her 25-year-long career, she was a steady performer, almost always finishing in the top 10 of the events she participated in. Her best year was 1994, when she won bronze at the European Allround Championships, became World Allround Champion, won the 1500 m World Cup, and became Olympic Champion in the 1500 m, while winning Olympic silver in the 3000 m. After that, her successes became fewer, but in 1999, she surprisingly won the World Single Distance Championships in her favourite distance, the 1500 m.
Hunyady participated in six Winter Olympics from 1984 to 2002, and won many Hungarian and Austrian National Allround, Sprint, and Single Distance Championships. She started her sporting career in figure skating, something she used to show when celebrating her victories as a speed skater.
Hunyady is married to Timo Järvinen, a former speed skater from Finland. They have a son, Jasper.
Medals
An overview of medals won by Hunyady at important championships she participated in, listing the years in which she won each:
World records
Over the course of her career, Hunyady skated one world record:
Personal records
To put these personal records in perspective, the last column (WR) lists the official world records on the dates that Hunyady skated her personal records.
Hunyady has an Adelskalender score of 162.320 points. Her highest position on the Adelskalender was a third place.
See also
List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
References
External links
Emese Hunyady at SkateResults.com
Personal records from Jakub Majerski's Speedskating Database
Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages
Emese Hunyady. Deutsche Eisschnelllauf Gemeinschaft e.V. (German Skating Association).
Athlete profile: Emese Hunyady. CNN/SI (1998-02-03). Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
Historical World Records. International Skating Union (2007-06-12). Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
National Championships results. Magyar Országos Korcsolyázó Szövetség (Hungarian National Skating Federation). Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
Photos and facts of Emese Hunyady. Deutsche Eisschnelllauf Gemeinschaft e.V. (German Skating Association). Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
1966 births
Living people
Austrian female speed skaters
Hungarian female speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Austria
Olympic speed skaters for Hungary
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
Speed skaters from Budapest
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emese%20Hunyady |
The Czech Republic competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Men's combined
Women
Women's combined
Biathlon
Men
Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay
Women
Women's 4 × 7.5 km relay
1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.
2 Starting delay based on 10 km sprint results.
3 One minute added per missed target.
4 Starting delay based on 7.5 km sprint results.
Bobsleigh
Men
Cross-country skiing
Men
Sprint
Pursuit
1 Starting delay based on 10 km C. results.
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
4 × 10 km relay
Women
Sprint
Pursuit
2 Starting delay based on 5 km C. results.
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
4 × 5 km relay
Figure skating
Pairs
Ice Dancing
Freestyle skiing
Men
Women
Ice hockey
Men's tournament
First round - Group C
Quarter final
Team roster:
Milan Hnilička
Roman Čechmánek
Dominik Hašek
Roman Hamrlík
Jaroslav Špaček
Pavel Kubina
Tomáš Kaberle
Michal Sýkora
Martin Škoula
Richard Šmehlík
Martin Havlát
Pavel Patera
Petr Čajánek
Petr Sýkora
Radek Dvořák
Robert Lang
Robert Reichel
Milan Hejduk
Patrik Eliáš
Martin Ručinský
Jiří Dopita
Jan Hrdina
Jaromír Jágr
Head coach: Josef Augusta
Luge
Men
Women
Nordic combined
Men's sprint
Events:
large hill ski jumping
7.5 km cross-country skiing
Men's individual
Events:
normal hill ski jumping
15 km cross-country skiing
Men's Team
Four participants per team.
Events:
normal hill ski jumping
5 km cross-country skiing
Short track speed skating
Women
Skeleton
Men
Ski jumping
Men's team large hill
1 Four teams members performed two jumps each.
Speed skating
Men
References
Olympic Winter Games 2002, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics
2002
2002 in Czech sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech%20Republic%20at%20the%202002%20Winter%20Olympics |
The Sacrower See () is a German lake in the northern part of Potsdam in the State of Brandenburg.
Overview
The Sacrower See, with the Groß Glienicker See 0.7 km to the north and the Heiliger See 1.6 km from Potsdam, forms a chain of lakes which flow into the extensive network of Havel River waterways.
The lake extends in a north-south direction for over 2.8 km. Its widest point is 406 m and its narrowest 190 m. Sacrow, a district of Potsdam, is located on the southeastern shore. The remaining shore is forested and part of the Königswald Nature Preserve.
During the Cold War, the lake was part of the border isolating West Berlin and kept under close East German surveillance. In 1986 Rainer Liebeke of Gotha drowned in Sacrower See when attempting to escape to West Berlin.
See also
Weißer See
External links
Lakes of Brandenburg
Geography of Potsdam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrower%20See |
Rahona is a genus of moths in the subfamily Lymantriinae. It was named by Paul Griveaud in 1975.
Most of the species of this genus occur in central Africa or Madagascar.
The name was inadvertently used again in 1998 for a fossil species of Avian theropod Rahona ostromi, by Catherine Forster and colleagues. When they discovered that the name had already been used by Griveaud, they renamed the fossil Rahonavis.
Species
Some species of this genus are:
References
Lymantriinae
Moth genera
Moths of Africa
Moths of Madagascar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahona |
Hans Maximillion Ferlitsch (born August 19, 1946) Was the 37th Municipality Association president and mayor of St. Stefan, Austria serving from 1993 to 2003. He has served five terms as the governor of St. Stefan and is currently vice-president of the Social Democratic Party He may be one of the most well known mayors from Stefan for his works in the suppliance of Austria with broadband. Ferlitsch has been closely associating with the telecommunications industry for quite a while, as some had expected. This only led to controversy over his actions, though he managed to become vice-president in 2003. Although he was one of the municipality's youngest mayors and appeared to be a sketchy figure, he ended his term with a 92% approval rating, one of the highest in Austria's history.
Early years
Hans was the fourth child born in a family of 13 children. His only known siblings are Martin, Franz, Leiver, Frank, Maxwell, Lieptcin, and Fruer. He was raised on a farm with his parents, Greta and Michael. He attended a small school in Salzburg of 60 students. Out of his siblings, he was the brightest and most promising, and moved on to a 4-year university. From this he went on to work at Klommpen, an Austrian trade firm, where he was employed as project manager. From then on, he was offered a job dealing with foreign affairs, as he was recognized for his speech and fluency in German and English.
References
External links
Hans Ferlitsch auf den Seiten des Kärntner Landtags
Fertlitsch, Hans
1946 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Ferlitsch |
Telefonplan metro station ("Telephone Square") is an outdoor station on Line 14 in the Stockholm metro. The station is located in the borough of Hägersten. It was opened on 5 April 1964 as part of the first stretch of Metro 2, between T-Centralen and Fruängen.
Unlike most of the stations lying nearby, namely among others Midsommarkransen and Hägerstensåsen, the station's name does not refer to any specific area or a specific suburb. Instead, the station's name refers to a small square situated just west of the station's main entrance.
The subway station initially mainly served the Ericsson headquarters, Ericsson's main factory and the nearby serviced apartments of its workers. Ericsson's headquarters moved to Kista in 2003. Nowadays, the facilities of the factory have been taken over by the Swedish University College of Arts, and there are plans to build a design center close to the station. The area immediately east of the station is partially a construction site for new residential buildings, and plans to reconstruct the underground station as well as the whole area of Telefonplan are well developed. There were plans to build two skyscrapers named Tellus Towers, which would have had an entrance from the metro station. This plan is being reevaluated as of 2020.
Indie music club Landet is situated a few hundred meters from the station, making the station and the area more crowded at nighttime than ever before.
The station also serves the inhabitants of Västberga, and buses to closely situated to Solberga and Älvsjö start from here.
References
Red line (Stockholm metro) stations
Railway stations opened in 1964
Railway stations in Sweden opened in the 1960s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonplan%20metro%20station |
Fritz Klein (1888–1945) was a German Nazi physician convicted and executed in 1945 following Nuremberg "Doctors Trial."
Fritz Klein may also refer to:
Fritz Klein (sex researcher) (1932–2006), Austrian physician and bisexual activist who resided in the US
Fritz Heinrich Klein (1892–1977), Austrian composer and pupil of Alban Berg
Fritz Klein (actor) (born 1948), American actor known for portraying Abraham Lincoln
Fritz Klein (historian) (1924–2011), German historian and left-wing Social Democrat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Klein%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Leonardo Mansueti was an Italian Dominican and librarian.
He was nominated Master of the Sacred Palace by Pope Paul II in 1465.
He was Master General of the Dominican Order (1474–1480).
Italian Dominicans
15th-century Italian Christian monks
Italian librarians
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Masters of the Order of Preachers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20Mansueti |
USS PC-1136 was a built for the United States Navy during World War II. Shortly after the end of the war, she was renamed USS PCC-1136 when she was reclassified as a combat communications control ship. In 1956, she was renamed Galena (PC-1136), becoming the third U.S. Navy vessel so named, but never saw active service under that name.
Career
PC-1136 was laid down at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company, in Bay City, Michigan on 17 December 1942, launched on 5 March 1943, and commissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana on 16 November 1943.
After shakedown, PC-1136 operated out of Miami, and Key West, Florida, while receiving anti-submarine warfare training. Departing from Key West on 1 January 1944, she steamed via the Panama Canal and the Society and Tonga Islands to arrive at Nouméa, New Caledonia, on 12 March for duty as patrol and escort ship. From 27 March to 1 April, she escorted merchant ships to Guadalcanal and then sailed the following day to Efate as escort for the ammunition ship . Arriving on 4 April, she steamed next day to Espiritu Santo to escort a merchant tanker to Guadalcanal.
PC-1136 reached Guadalcanal on 8 April, and for almost two months she continued intermittent convoy escort and ASW patrol duties out of the Solomons to New Caledonia and the New Hebrides. Departing in convoy on 31 May, she arrived at Kwajalein, Marshall Islands on 6 June to prepare for the invasion of Guam. Assigned to Task Group 58.1, she sailed on the 9 June, arriving east of the Marianas on 22 June. After patrolling east of Saipan, she returned to Kwajalein on 5 July. Between 15 and 21 July she steamed to Guam, where she served as amphibious control ship during the landings. After screening offshore transports during the next week, she departed for the Marshalls on 28 July and arrived at Eniwetok on 3 August. Between 5 and 13 August, she sailed to Saipan as a convoy escort. For almost seven months she operated between the Marshals and the Marianas, escorting merchant ships and searching for enemy submarines. She departed Guam on 3 March 1945, touched at Eniwetok and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 18 March.
After overhaul and conversion to a control ship, PC-1136 sailed for the Western Pacific on 21 May. Escorting a convoy of LSTs, she reached Guam on 9 June and resumed convoy escort duties in the Marianas. She departed Guam on 6 August, touched at Ulithi and arrived at Subic Bay, Philippines on 15 August.
She was reclassified to PCC-1136 (Control submarine chaser) five days later. After steaming to Lingayen Gulf on 10 September, she escorted a convoy of LSTs to Japan, arriving at Wakayama on 19 September. Between 24 and 30 September she returned to Lingayen Gulf and during the first two days of October, she sailed to Manila.
PCC-1136 departed Manila for the Marianas on 17 October and arrived at Guam on the 22nd. On 1 November, executive officer Lt. Elden L. Beebe was reassigned as captain. For more than six months, she operated out of Guam, steaming to Saipan, Rota, Marianas, and Ulithi. She sailed for the United States on 1 May 1946 via Eniwetok and Pearl Harbor, arriving at Astoria, Oregon, on 29 May.
PCC-1136 decommissioned on 28 July 1946 and entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet. While berthed in the Columbia River, she was reclassified back to PC-1136 (Submarine chaser) on 27 October 1955. The ship was named Galena (PC-1136) on 15 February 1956, after cities in Alaska, Kansas, Illinois, Maryland, Missouri, and Ohio; all of those which were named for a native lead sulfide, the chief ore of lead. She was sold by the Navy on 11 March 1960 to Miami Ports Company and subsequently scrapped.
Awards
PC-1136 received one battle star for World War II service.
References
External links
PC-461-class submarine chasers
Ships built in Bay City, Michigan
1943 ships
World War II patrol vessels of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20PC-1136 |
The Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) is the state bureau of investigation of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is an independent, statewide agency that provides assistance to Georgia's criminal justice system in the areas of criminal investigations, forensic laboratory services, and computerized criminal justice information. Its headquarters is located in unincorporated DeKalb County, near Decatur and in Greater Atlanta.
Organization
The agency is divided into several parts:
Division of Forensic Sciences (DOFS) - Established in 1952 and furnishes scientific support to the Criminal Justice System of Georgia.
Georgia Crime Information Center (GCIC) - Established in 1973 providing round-the-clock access to needed information.
Investigative Division - Headed by the deputy director for Investigations with 400 employees, working in Regional Offices, Regional Drug Enforcement Offices and other work units that provide specialized services in criminal investigations. Special agents from the Investigative Division respond to requests for assistance from local law enforcement officials to investigate major crimes such as: homicide, rape, child abuse, armed robbery, fraud and other felonies. Drug investigations can be initiated without request.
Medical Examiner's Office - Provides forensic pathology services to 153 of 159 Georgia counties in deaths which qualify as coroner cases under the Georgia Death Investigation Act. The Chief Medical Examiner for the State of Georgia oversees the GBI's medical examiner (M.E.) program and also establishes policies and guidelines for all Georgia coroners and local medical examiners.
Crisis Intervention Team - Assists with people with mental illness and other brain disorders.
Fleet and Asset Section manages the GBI's fleet of more than 500 vehicles and GBI assets totally nearly 5,000 items valued in excess of $100 million.
Staff Services is responsible for:
The administration of headquarters' security personnel and maintenance contracts
Telecommunications management
Risk management
Security and access management
Contract administration.
Services
Bingo Regulation
Crime Statistics
GBI Crime Statistics Database
GAPS - Georgia Applicant Processing Service
Georgia Criminal History Record Expungements
Georgia Sex Offender Registry
Law Enforcement Liaison and Links
Non-Criminal Justice Agencies
Obtaining Criminal History Record Information
Prevent Child Abuse (PCA) Georgia
History
Governor Eurith D. Rivers was instrumental in the creation of the department in March 1937, when a law was passed Act 220 creating the Georgia Department of Public Safety which included the Georgia State Patrol and a plainclothes investigative division called the Division of Identification, Detection, Prevention and Investigation which became the GBI in 1940. Any crime committed on state property or on state highways came under the jurisdiction of the Department of Public Safety. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation was also authorized to assist in criminal investigations when requested to do so by local law enforcement officials or agencies.
In 1972 then Governor of Georgia Jimmy Carter proposed extensive changes in the structure of the executive branch of state government that led to the introduction of the Executive Reorganization Act. As a result of passage of this Act and later amendments, on February 28, 1974, the GBI was made an independent agency separate from the Georgia Department of Public Safety.
In popular culture
The show Will Trent, based on Karin Slaughter's bestselling books, the series follows Special Agent Will Trent of the Georgia Bureau of Investigations. As a child, Trent was abandoned and was forced to endure a harsh coming-of-age in Atlanta's overwhelmed foster care system. Now that he is in a position to make a difference, Trent is determined to use his unique point of view to make sure no one is abandoned like he was. His personal motivation and background contribute to Will Trent having the highest clearance rate in the GBI.
See also
State bureau of investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation
References
External links
Official website
1937 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Government agencies established in 1937
State Bureaus of Investigation
Bureau of Investigation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Bureau%20of%20Investigation |
W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. is an American multinational manufacturing company specializing in products derived from fluoropolymers. It is a privately held corporation headquartered in Newark, Delaware. It is best known as the developer of waterproof, breathable Gore-Tex fabrics.
History
The company was founded in 1958 by Wilbert (Bill) Lee Gore and his wife Genevieve (Vieve) Walton Gore in Newark. Bill Gore had spent 16 years with the DuPont Company in a number of technical positions that included fluoropolymer research when he decided to form his own company. While working in his basement, he set out to develop a process for insulating a series of parallel electrical wires using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a fluoropolymer discovered in 1938 by Roy Plunkett, a chemist with DuPont. His son, Robert W. Gore, in college at the time, suggested a method for encapsulating the wires which proved successful and led to the company's first patent. The resulting product was called Multi-Tet cable, a multi-conductor ribbon cable used in computers, communications, and process control equipment.
Bob Gore joined the company in 1963 upon completion of a Ph.D. in chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota. In 1969, he was researching a process for stretching extruded PTFE into pipe thread tape when he discovered that the polymer could be "expanded." The discovery followed a series of unsuccessful experiments in which he was attempting to stretch rods of PTFE by about 10%. As it turned out, the right conditions for stretching PTFE were counterintuitive. Instead of slowly stretching the heated material, he applied a sudden, accelerating yank that unexpectedly caused it to stretch about 800%. This resulted in the transformation of the solid PTFE into a microporous structure that was about 70% air. The company initially referred to this new material as "fibrillated PTFE". One year later, it was given the name of "Gore-Tex expanded PTFE". Today, expanded PTFE (ePTFE) accounts for the vast majority of the company's products.
In 1985, Bill Gore received the Prince Philip Award for Polymers in the Service of Mankind, which honored Gore's Medical Products Division. The award is given in recognition of polymers that have provided a significant service for mankind. In 2005, the Society of Chemical Industry presented Bob Gore with the Perkin Medal, which recognizes the most significant achievements in applied chemistry. In 2006, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the invention of ePTFE.
Charles Carroll, a long-term business leader in the Electronics and Fabrics Divisions, replaced Bob Gore as president in 2000. Terri Kelly, who joined Gore in 1983 as a mechanical engineer in the Fabrics Division, became president in 2005. Jason Field replaced Kelly in 2018. Bret Snyder replaced Field in 2020. The company remains privately held.
Allegations of anti-competitive practices
During the 2010s, W. L. Gore & Associates was investigated by authorities in the European Union and by the Federal Trade Commission in the United States amid allegations that the company had bullied outdoor equipment manufacturers away from competing products, thereby restricting fair trade and competition.
The US investigation sought to determine whether Gore engaged in unfair methods of competition “by contracts, exclusionary practices, or other conduct relating to waterproof or waterproof and breathable membranes or technologies and related products.”
In Europe, the outdoor brand Columbia and its brand OutDry filed a complaint that Gore violated EU anti-competition laws covering waterproof/breathable membranes in footwear and gloves.
Culture
From 1984 to 2017, W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. earned a position on Fortune magazine's annual list of the U.S. "100 Best Companies to Work For." Its European operations have also earned similar honors.
Gore's culture evolved from the company's success with small teams during its early years. This approach to business was based on Bill Gore's experience tackling problems with "task force teams" while he was employed at the DuPont Company. They were usually multidisciplinary operated for short periods of time outside the company's formal management hierarchy.
Bill Gore presented the concept of a "lattice" organization to Gore associates in 1967. He refined this to "culture principles" in a paper entitled "The Lattice Organization – A Philosophy of Enterprise", which was distributed to Gore associates in 1976.
He proposed a flat, lattice-like organizational structure where everyone shares the same title of "associate." There are neither chains of command nor predetermined channels of communication. Leaders replace the idea of "bosses." Associates choose to follow leaders rather than have bosses assigned to them. Associate contribution reviews are based on a peer-level rating system.
He articulated four culture principles that he called freedom, fairness, commitment and waterline:
Associates have the freedom to encourage, help, and allow other associates to grow in knowledge, skill, and scope of responsibility
Associates should demonstrate fairness to each other and everyone with whom they come in contact
Associates are provided the ability to make one's own commitments and are expected to keep them
A waterline situation involves consultation with other associates before undertaking actions that could impact the reputation or profitability of the company and otherwise "sink the ship."
In the lattice organization, associates are encouraged to communicate directly with each other and are accountable to fellow members of their teams. Hands-on product innovation and prototyping are encouraged. Teams typically organize around opportunities, new product concepts, or businesses. As teams evolve, leaders frequently emerge as they gain followership. This unusual organizational structure and culture has been shown to be a significant contributor to associate satisfaction and retention.
This corporate culture was highlighted in Malcolm Gladwell's 2000 book, The Tipping Point and in Brian Carney and Isaac Getz's 2009 book, Freedom, Inc.. The company was also depicted as one of several organizations denoted "Teal" organizations in Frederic Laloux's 2014 book Reinventing Organizations.
Today, the lattice organization principle is known as open allocation.
Product portfolio
Gore's product line builds around a core material set using expanded PTFE and other fluoropolymers. PTFE has a combination of properties well suited to high performance applications. Some of those properties are
Low dielectric constant (good electrical insulator)
High thermal resistance (−200 °C to + 260 °C)
Low coefficient of friction
Low flammability
UV-resistant
Hydrophobic and oleophobic (non-wetting to water and oil)
Chemically inert (and biocompatible)
In addition to these properties, PTFE is very soft and mechanically weak, which can be a disadvantage in certain applications. However, Gore has developed capabilities using forms of expanded PTFE with engineered microstructures that can significantly increase its strength and durability. Other Gore capabilities enable different materials to be incorporated into the ePTFE microstructure, such as catalysts and antimicrobial agents. This leads to products that can extend the inherent properties of PTFE, such as gas diffusion membranes with chemical reactivity.
Gore's product portfolio derives from a number of basic ePTFE forms that include tubes, fibers, tapes, membranes and custom shapes, such as gaskets and patches. Extreme performance testing and reliability are important steps in the development process.
See also
Elixir Strings, a product by Gore
Gore-Tex, a product by Gore
References
External links
ELIXIR Strings
Gore Medical Division
GORE OPTIFADE Concealment
- An article describing the Gore business culture
Employee-owned companies of the United States
Companies based in New Castle County, Delaware
Manufacturing companies established in 1958
Manufacturing companies based in Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
1958 establishments in Delaware
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20L.%20Gore%20%26%20Associates |
1997 general election may refer to:
1997 Canadian federal election
1997 Irish general election
1997 Singaporean general election
1997 United Kingdom general election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20general%20election |
Trashed is a television game show that ran on MTV from February 14 to July 23, 1994, with Chris Hardwick as host.
Premise
Two teams of two players each competed in a junk-filled studio to answer questions based on music videos and pop culture. Each team brought six treasured items from home, three per player, and risked having them destroyed ("trashed") if they performed poorly in the game.
Main Game
Rounds 1 and 2
At the start of Round 1, each team put three items at risk and Hardwick asked a toss-up question to establish initial control, with no points at stake. The team that won control chose one of their opponents' items; Hardwick then announced a category and asked three toss-up questions worth 50 points each. The challenged team had to answer two questions correctly in order to save the item; if they failed to do so, it was trashed in full view of them and the audience. If the same team won the first two questions, the third one was discarded and the item's fate was immediately decided. The team that won the category took/kept control and chose one of their opponents' items.
The round ended after two categories had been played. Round 2 was played under the same rules, with each question now worth 100 points. Each team's remaining three items were put at risk, and the team that won the second category of Round 1 had initial control.
Categories
Categories typically dealt with pop culture, music videos, or random trivia. On occasion, a skit would be presented, after which the contestants would have to answer questions about the skit or from the performers themselves. Examples of categories included "The Naked Trucker" and "Where in the Hell is Mayim Bialik?" (a satire of the computer game/game show, Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?).
Trashing
When an item was to be trashed, plexiglass shields were put in place to protect the teams and audience from flying debris and Mark Fite (referred to as "Mark the Trasher") carried out the destruction, occasionally assisted by show model/announcer Andrea Wagner. Methods of trashing included crushing, detonation, irreparable defacement, and cutting to pieces. If the intended trashing failed to destroy the item to Fite's satisfaction, he would finish the job by smashing it with a sledgehammer.
Survival Round
One member of each team put him/herself at risk of being trashed, while their partners answered 150-point toss-up questions for 39 seconds. Every question could be answered with one of three similar-sounding choices listed by Hardwick, such as "C. Everett Koop", "C. Thomas Howell", and "C. B. DeMille". When time ran out, the higher-scoring team won a prize and advanced to the bonus round, while the at-risk contestant on the losing team was subjected to a messy and/or humiliating punishment. The losers received a cheap, tacky parting gift (such as a Simpsons chess set) and were also required to do 10 hours of community service.
Bonus Round
The winners sat face to face, each with three television screens placed behind him/her on which music videos were playing. They alternated roles, one player describing a video and the other trying to guess the band in it, and won a grand prize if they solved all six before time ran out. The clock was set to 30 seconds, plus five more for every one of the team's items that had not been trashed, for a maximum of 60 seconds. Players were not allowed to name any band members, albums or songs; use any part of the band name; sing, hum, or whistle any part of a song; or recite any lyrics. The style of the endgame and the rules of the bonus round are similar to "The Winners Circle" on Pyramid.
Ongoing gags/jokes
Trashed had several ongoing comedy bits that were emphasized, usually involving the trash theme and/or humiliating the contestants. These included:
Frequent use of the word "loser," such as when a team missed a question or an illegal clue was given in the bonus round.
Frequent use of bathroom or sexual humor.
Before the bonus round began, the rules were read aloud at high speed and scrolled past the screen, and an address was displayed for viewers to write in if they wanted a copy.
If a team won the bonus round, Fite would shoot confetti at them from a modified leaf blower. He later began shooting other random small objects at the winners, and finally began to do this whether the team won the grand prize or not.
Additional notes
Comedians Brian Posehn, Doug Benson, Chris Henchy, Dave "Gruber" Allen, Steve Higgins, David Anthony Higgins and Joel Hodgson were on the writing staff and occasionally performed skits during the first two rounds.
The show used different scoring displays for each team: a yellow podium with an eggcrate display for one, a purple podium with a vane display for the other. The timer for the Survival Round and bonus round had an eggcrate display and was attached to a platform above the stage, where Wagner stepped on a foot pedal to activate it.
References
External links
One contestant's experience
1990s American comedy game shows
MTV game shows
MTV weekday shows
1994 American television series debuts
1994 American television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trashed%20%28game%20show%29 |
The D.C. Armory is an armory and a 10,000-seat multi-purpose arena in the eastern United States, located in Washington, D.C., east of the U.S. Capitol building. Managed by the Washington Convention and Sports Authority, the Armory was constructed and opened in 1941, as the headquarters, armory, and training facility for the District of Columbia National Guard. In recent years it has also become a venue for a broad range of events. Adjacent to the northeast is RFK Stadium, which opened in 1961.
About
Prior to its construction, the Convention Hall located on 5th Street NW, between K and L had been used as an armory. Construction on the new armory began on June 2, 1940, and it opened on July 13, 1941. The structure was designed by the city's Municipal Architect, Nathan C. Wyeth. The D.C. Armory replaced the National Armory, a 1910 structure which was designed by New York City architect Electus D. Litchfield.
OPLAN 1954, a 1954 war game preparing for an atomic bomb exploding over Washington, D.C., supposed that a vacant parking lot near the Armory could be turned into an emergency airstrip for delivering medical supplies. Initially, nonmilitary use of the Armory was facilitated by the D.C. Armory Board, which was formed in 1948. During its existence the board oversaw the use of both the Armory and RFK Stadium. In 1994 the board was dissolved and the city's use of the Armory came under the authority of the D.C. Sports and Entertainment Commission (DCSEC), which later became the Washington Convention and Sports Authority.
The Armory is served by the Stadium–Armory station on the Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines of the Washington Metro. The Armory shares a 10,000 car parking lot with the adjacent Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium.
Events
The Armory's Drill Field is approximately and has hosted trade shows, concerts, warehouse sales, the Washington Auto Show, sporting events, and Presidential inauguration balls.
The Washington Diplomats played indoor soccer at the armory in 1978. The armory has hosted the WCW Capital Combat professional wrestling event in 1990, served as a preliminary tryout venue for American Idol, been a concert venue for Marilyn Manson, and hosted the Longest Yard Football Classic, a charity game pitting Members of Congress (aided by former NFL stars) against the Capitol Police. In 2007, the first sanctioned pro mixed martial arts event in Washington, D.C. was held at the armory.
The Armory has been home to the DC Rollergirls, D.C.'s female flat track roller derby league, since February 2008. In 2009, the Armory became home to the D.C. Armor, an American Indoor Football Association team. Popular Dutch trance artist Armin van Buuren played a six-hour set at the Armory in 2011. In 2013, facility hosted the IBF Junior Welterweight title fight featuring Lamont Peterson and Kendall Holt.
During World War II, the Armory was used by the FBI Identification Division to house fingerprint records. Inauguration balls spanning from the presidencies of Harry S. Truman to Barack Obama have also been hosted at the Armory. Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford produced President Kennedy's pre-inaugural gala at the Armory on January 19, 1961. The cast of performers included Harry Belafonte, Milton Berle, Leonard Bernstein, Joey Bishop, Nat King Cole, Tony Curtis, Jimmy Durante, Ella Fitzgerald, Gene Kelly, Alan King, Janet Leigh, Ethel Merman, Louis Prima, Keely Smith, Pat Suzuki, and Helen Traubel.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
WCSA official site
DC National Guard
DC Office of Tax and Revenue----Ownership
1941 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Armories in the United States
Boxing venues in Washington, D.C.
Defunct college basketball venues in the United States
Defunct indoor soccer venues in the United States
Georgetown Hoyas basketball venues
Military facilities in Washington, D.C.
Mixed martial arts venues in Washington, D.C.
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C.%20Armory |
G∞ver is the debut album by High and Mighty Color. The album was released in Japan on September 14, 2005, following four supporting singles. It was later released by Tofu Records in the United States on March 21, 2006.
Overview
G∞ver is currently High and Mighty Color's highest selling album. Released just eight months after their debut single, this album was more on the pop side of music rather than the rock side, which their first two singles had showcased. According to an interview with Tofu Records, drummer Sassy revealed that the original version of "Notice" was accidentally deleted, forcing them to record the entire song all over again. Despite this, Sassy states that the re-recorded version exceeded the original with "great groovy sounds".
Track listing
Personnel
Mākii – vocals
Yuusuke – vocals
Meg – guitars
Kazuto – guitars
Sassy – drums
Mackaz – bass
Charts
Album - Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
Singles - Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
References
High and Mighty Color albums
2005 debut albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goover |
Patricio Sebastián Galaz Sepúlveda (born 31 December 1976) is a former Chilean footballer who played as a striker.
Club career
He was born in Santiago, Chile and his main position on the team was that of a centre-forward. He previously played club football for Cobreloa in Chile, where he spent four years (2001–2004). He then spent the next two seasons with Mexican club Atlante F.C. He was known there as Patricio "El Pato" (The Duck) Galaz. He played there for 4 years also (1997–2000). In 2008, he was signed by Ñublense.
International career
At international level, Galaz played for Chile at youth level at the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Japan. At senior level, he represented his nation on 12 occasions between 2004 and 2006, and took part at the 2004 Copa América.
Personal life
Galaz is married to the Argentine model Gisela Molinero, who has worked in Chilean TV media.
Post retirement
Galaz graduated as a Football Manager in Argentina and since 2021 he worked as Sports Director of Cobreloa.
Honours
Club
Universidad Católica
Chilean Primera División (1): 1997 Apertura
Copa Chile (1): 1995
Cobreloa
Chilean Primera División (3): 2003 Apertura, 2003 Clausura, 2004 Apertura
International
Chile U17
FIFA U-17 World Cup Third place: 1993
Individual
Chilean Primera División Top Goalscorer: 2004 Apertura, 2004 Clausura
IFFHS World's Best Top Division Goal Scorer: 2004
References
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Santiago
Chilean men's footballers
Chilean expatriate men's footballers
Chile men's international footballers
Chile men's youth international footballers
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica footballers
C.D. Regional Atacama footballers
C.D. Antofagasta footballers
Coquimbo Unido footballers
Club Deportivo Palestino footballers
C.D. Cobreloa footballers
Atlante F.C. footballers
Club Universidad de Chile footballers
Ñublense footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Liga MX players
2004 Copa América players
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Chilean football managers
Men's association football forwards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricio%20Galaz |
The September 1995 Ulster Unionist Party leadership election began on 28 August 1995 when James Molyneaux resigned as leader of the Ulster Unionist Party following a year of political setbacks for his party. Lee Reynolds, a Young Unionist had contested the leadership at the Ulster Unionist Council AGM in March 1995, receiving a small but significant number of votes. It was widely speculated that David Trimble was one of those behind Reynolds's candidature, although Trimble, his aides and Reynolds's supporters all denied this at the time and subsequently.
The UUP has held a leadership election every March since at least the Ulster Unionist Council constitution was altered in 1973, however it is rarely contested.
Molyneaux's successor was elected by delegates to the Ulster Unionist Council met on 8 September 1995. After three rounds of voting the election was won by David Trimble.
Candidates
Ken Maginnis, MP for Fermanagh and South Tyrone
William Ross, MP for East Londonderry
Martin Smyth, MP for Belfast South and Grand Master of the Orange Order
John Taylor, MP for Strangford and a former minister in the Government of Northern Ireland
David Trimble, MP for Upper Bann who had recently received strong attention for his role in a disputed Orange Order march at Drumcree
Results
At the meeting delegates to the Ulster Unionist Council voted in a succession of ballots until one candidate had an absolute majority.
After the third round, David Trimble was elected.
Notes
References
Goodson, Dean. Himself Alone: David Trimble and the ordeal of Unionism (London, Harper Perennial, 2004), p. 127.
Goodson, Dean. Himself Alone: David Trimble and the ordeal of Unionism (London, Harper Perennial, 2004), pp. 146–155.
Specific
1995-09
1995 elections in the United Kingdom
1995 in Northern Ireland
1995 elections in Northern Ireland
Ulster Unionist Party leadership election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%201995%20Ulster%20Unionist%20Party%20leadership%20election |
The Brazilian diaspora is the migration of Brazilians to other countries, a mostly recent phenomenon that has been driven mainly by economic recession and hyperinflation that afflicted Brazil in the 1980s and early 1990s, and since 2014, by the political and economic crisis that culminated in the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff in 2016 and the election of Jair Bolsonaro in 2018, in addition to chronic violence in Brazilian urban centers.
Demographics
There are an estimated 4,4 million Brazilians living abroad, mainly in the U.S. (1,905,000), Paraguay (245,850), Portugal (275,000), United Kingdom (220,000), Japan (206,259), Spain (165,000), Italy (162,000), Germany (138,955) and Canada (122,400).
United States
There were an estimated 246,000 Brazilian Americans as of 2007. Another source gives an estimate of some 800,000 Brazilians living in the U.S. in 2000, while still another estimates that some 1,100,000 Brazilians live in the United States, 300,000 of them in Florida. As of 2022, Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimates some 1,905,000 Brazilians living in the United States. Major concentrations are in Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Florida, Wisconsin, and California.
West 46th Street has historically been a commercial center for Brazilians living or visiting New York City. In 1995 the city officially recognized it as "Little Brazil Street".
In Massachusetts, there is a very small but significant concentration of Brazilian immigrants in the town of Framingham, which in recent years has spilt out into the neighboring towns of Marlborough and Hudson, among others.
In the Brazilian community, it is said that Pompano Beach in Florida has the greatest concentration of Brazilians in the USA. The Brazilian communities in these towns are vibrant, having contributed much to the local cuisine and culture, but Brazilian immigrants often feel discriminated against and are often thought to be illegal immigrants by their non-Brazilian neighbors.
A disproportionate number of Brazilians who have emigrated to the US came from the town of Governador Valadares, in the state of Minas Gerais.
United Kingdom
There are no precise figures for the number of Brazilians living in the UK. The 1991 Census recorded 9,301 Brazilian-born people in the UK, and the 2001 Census recorded 15,215. In 2004, the Brazilian Consulate in London recorded 13,000 Brazilians who had voluntarily registered themselves with them, but said this was not an accurate figure for the number living in the UK; the Brazilian Embassy estimated that figure to be about 80,000. The Office for National Statistics estimates suggest that there were 56,000 Brazilian-born people resident in the UK in 2008. In 2015, the Brazilian Consulate estimated a total of 120,000 Brazilians resident in the UK. The ONS estimated that in 2018, 87,000 people born in Brazil were living in the UK. As of 2022, about 220,000 Brazilians live in United Kingdom.
Japan
The majority of Brazilians living in Japan are of Japanese descent, and the Immigration Act was altered to allow children and grandchildren of Japanese nationals, as well as their non-Japanese spouse, to receive a work permit easily. Most of them live in industrial areas where there used to be a plenty of job offers at factories, such as Aichi, Shizuoka and Gunma Prefectures, among others. While approximately 300,000 Brazilians lived there at its climax, the economic crisis in 2008 slashed their job and more than a third of them have decided to return to Brazil. As of 2022, the number of Brazilians in Japan continues to decrease. The Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimates 206,259 Brazilians living in Japan, while in 2020, there was 209,000 Brazilians in Japan.
Canada
There are an estimated 122,000 Brazilians living in Canada. Major concentrations are in Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Calgary.
Germany
The 2022 estimates from Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs shows 138,955 Brazilians living in Germany.
France
Portugal
Portugal is another important destination for Brazilians, owing to a common language and given the fact that a significant number of Brazilians already hold Portuguese citizenship (particularly after Portugal modified its nationality law to be able to bestow it upon any grandchild of a verified Portuguese citizen). Cultural similarities are abundant and the Portuguese are fairly acquainted with Brazilian pop culture. Approximately a fourth of all foreigners currently residing in Portugal are Brazilian citizens.
Paraguay
Brazilians and their descendants living in Paraguay are called Brasiguayos. This numerous community of landowners is mainly involved in agriculture.
Mexico
Australia
Angola
Organizations
Brazilian Immigrant Center Boston
Brazilian Community in Massachusetts in English
Brazilian Community in California in English
Brazilian Community in New Jersey in English and Portuguese
Brazilian Community in New York in English
BCA-Brazilian Community Association in British Columbia Vancouver
Estimates of Brazilians living abroad by region in Portuguese
Statistics
1Data from 2018 - In 2020, Brazil closed its embassy in Caracas during the Venezuelan presidential crisis. The embassy is reopening in 2023.
2The Brazilian Embassy in Port of Spain is responsible for Brazilians in Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba and Curaçao. There are 250 Brazilians living in Aruba, 200 in Curaçao and 113 in Trinidad and Tobago.
3The Brazilian Embassy in Bridgetown is responsible for Brazilians in multiple Caribbean nations, there are Brazilians living in Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
5In the case of European Union countries, due to the Schengen Space, Brazilians registered in other consulates or those who hold dual citizenship might live in other countries. The Consulate of Brazil in Brussels is responsible for Brazilians in Luxembourg. There are 8.000 Brazilians living in Luxembourg.
6The Embassy of Brazil in Sófia is also responsible for Brazilians in North Macedonia.
7The Embassy of Brazil to Denmark is responsible for Brazilians in Lithuania.
8 The Consulate of Brazil in Barcelona is responsible for Brazilians in Andorra.
9 The Embassy of Brazil in Oslo is also responsible for Brazilians in Iceland. There are 287 Brazilians living in Iceland.
10The Consulates of Brazil in Italy are responsible for Brazilians in Malta and San Marino.
11The Embassy of Brazil to Ukraine is responsible for Brazilians in Moldova. There are 12 Brazilians living in Moldova.
12The Embassy of Brazil to France is responsible for Brazilians in Monaco. There are 100 Brazilians living in Monaco.
13The Embassy of Brazil to Serbia is responsible for Brazilians in Montenegro. There are 41 Brazilians living in Montenegro.
14The Embassy of Brazil to Sweden is responsible for Brazilians in Latvia.
15The Consulate of Brazil in Zurich is responsible for Brazilians in Liechtenstein.
16The Embassy of Brazil to Saudi Arabia is responsible for Brazilians in Yemen.
17The Embassy of Brazil in Pretoria is responsible for Brazilians in Lesotho and Mauritius.
18The Embassy of Brazil to Benin is also responsible for Brazilians in Niger.
19The Embassy of Brazil to Kenya is responsible for Brazilians in Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia and Uganda. There are 280 Brazilians living in Kenya, 15 in Burundi, 35 in Rwanda, 20 in Somalia and 50 in Uganda.
20The Embassy of Brazil to Cameroon is responsible for Brazilians in Chad. There are 16 Brazilians living in Chad.
21The Embassy of Brazil to Egypt is responsible for Brazilians in Eritrea.
22The Embassy of Brazil to Mozambique is responsible for Brazilians in Eswatini and Madagascar. There are 9 Brazilians living in Eswatini and 20 in Madagascar.
23The Embassy of Brazil to Ethiopia is responsible for Brazilians in Djibouti and South Sudan.
24The Embassy of Brazil to Ghana is responsible for Brazilians in Liberia and Sierra Leone.
25The Embassy of Brazil to Republic of Congo is responsible for Brazilians in Central African Republic.
26The Embassy of Brazil to Tanzania is responsible for Brazilians in Seychelles and Comoros. There is 1 Brazilian living in Seychelles.
27The Embassy of Brazil to Malasya is responsible for Brazilians in Brunei. There are 5 Brazilians living in Brunei.
28The Embassy of Brazil to Thailand is responsible for Brazilians in Cambodia and Laos. There are 15 Brazilians living in Cambodia.
29The Embassy of Brazil to Kazakhstan is responsible for Brazilians in Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan. There is 1 Brazilian living in Kyrgyzstan.
30The Embassy of Brazil to China is responsible for Brazilians in Mongolia.
31The Embassy of Brazil to Philippines is responsible for Brazilians in Marshall Islands, Palau, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. There are 3 Brazilians living in Guam and 1 living in the Federated States of Micronesia.
32The Embassy of Brazil to India is responsible for Brazilians in Bhutan.
33The Embassy of Brazil to Pakistan is responsible for Brazilians in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. There are 4 Brazilians living in Tajikistan.
34The Embassy of Brazil to Sri Lanka is responsible for Brazilians in Maldives.
35The Embassy of Brazil to Russia is responsible for Brazilians in Uzbekistan. There are 6 Brazilians living in Uzbekistan.
36The Embassy of Brazil to Australia is responsible for Brazilians in Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Fiji, Nauru and Solomon Islands. There are 5 Brazilians living in Papua New Guinea, 10 in Vanuatu and 5 in Fiji.
37The Consulate of Brazil in Sydney is responsible for Brazilians in French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, Pitcairn Islands and American Samoa.
38The Embassy of Brazil to New Zealand is responsible for Brazilians in Tokelau, Cook Islands, Niue, Kiribati, Tonga, Samoa and Tuvalu.
References
External links
Brazilian Times (Brazilian newspaper in the U.S.)
The Brasilians (Brazilian newspaper in New York)
"Japan's fear of Brazilians", BBC News
Brazilians in London, BBC London
Brazilian Educational and Cultural Centre (BrEACC)
Cultural history of Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20diaspora |
Germabenzene (C5H6Ge) is the parent representative of a group of chemical compounds containing in their molecular structure a benzene ring with a carbon atom replaced by a germanium atom. Germabenzene itself has been studied theoretically, and synthesized with a bulky 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl or Tbt group. Also, stable naphthalene derivatives do exist in the laboratory such as the 2-germanaphthalene-containing substance represented below. The germanium to carbon bond in this compound is shielded from potential reactants by a Tbt group. This compound is aromatic just as the other carbon group representatives silabenzene and stannabenzene.
See also
6-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another group: borabenzene, silabenzene, germabenzene, stannabenzene, pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, bismabenzene, pyrylium, thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium, telluropyrylium
References
Germanium heterocycles
Germanium(IV) compounds
Six-membered rings
Hypothetical chemical compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germabenzene |
Christopher Thomas Binns (born 1970) is a British comedian best known for his character of Hospital Radio DJ Ivan Brackenbury. He has made multiple TV and radio appearances. In 2023, Binns was convicted of possession of child pornography.
Career
Binns was nominated at the Edinburgh Festival for the Edinburgh Comedy Award 2007 for his hospital radio DJ character Ivan Brackenbury. He has been twice nominated for the Adelaide Fringe Comedy Award, in 2010 and 2011. He was voted a Foster's Comedy God in 2010. He also was nominated for a Chortle Award in 2011 and was also named in a list of their 50 Most Memorable Gigs of the decade. He won the Best International Act at the 2013 New Zealand International Comedy Festival and was nominated for Best Comedy Show at FringeWorld, Perth in 2015 and 2016.
He appears in the BBC MI5 drama Spooks (Episode 6 Series 6), Series 3 of the IT Crowd on Channel 4, and, in character as Ivan Brackenbury, on The Jason Byrne Show and Knowing Me Knowing Yule with Alan Partridge. In 2017, he appeared in the comedy movie Eaten by Lions.
As Ian D Montfort he had a BBC Radio 2 series called Ian D Montfort is Unbelievable, broadcast in February 2013.
Besides writing comedy for television and radio, Binns has appeared on other television shows, such as RI:SE, Bullrun, Oblivion and as a writer on Trigger Happy TV, for which he earned "best comedy moment" and "TV moment of 2001" awards. His first television appearances were Friday Night Armistice (BBC2) and Lee and Herring's Fist of Fun, and has gone on to further appear in the Channel 4-based late night sports talk show Under the Moon, with Danny Kelly where he regularly referenced his love of Sunderland AFC. He has also had stage appearances at the Bloomsbury Theatre and Garrick Theatre.
Binns has worked on Radio 1, Virgin, BRMB and GLR, Talksport UK, Hallam FM and Key 103, appearing either as himself or as hospital radio character Ivan Brackenbury.
Binns is the co-writer of BBC 1's Hospital People, part of the BBC's Comedy Playhouse, in which he plays the five lead characters Ivan Brackenbury, Ian D Montfort, Susan Mitchell, Terry Boyle and Father Kenny.
He has written the book How to Get Famous - A Cynical Guide.
Controversies
In 1999, London-based radio station Xfm was fined £50,000 by the Radio Authority following complaints regarding the use of coarse sexual innuendo when discussing a bestial pornography video with a listener during the Tom Binns Breakfast Show. Parent company Capital Radio decided not to sack Binns but in a meeting shortly after the fine was issued, the Radio Authority made it clear to Capital Radio that this would negatively affect the decision to renew the XFM licence.
In December 2009, Binns was fired from BRMB by its owners Orion Media after he cut short the Queen's Christmas Message. The Message was played into his show in error instead of the expected two-minute news bulletin. Binns joked, "Two words: bore-ring". He then went on to joke that the British monarchy can't be as good for tourism as some people claim because "the French executed theirs and people still visit France" and played a George Michael record with the link "from one queen to another".
Criminal charges
Binns admitted five counts of making and one of possessing indecent images of children when he appeared in court on 21 November 2022. (In the context of digital media, saving an indecent image to a computer's hard drive is considered to be "making" the image, as it causes a copy to exist which did not exist before.) He was found possessing over 35,000 indecent images of children, including 104 Category A, 411 Category B and 34,946 Category C indecent images. On 17 August 2023, he was given a combined 10-month sentence, suspended for 15 months after it was ruled this incident was a result of COVID-19 and medication he was taking at that period of time.
Filmography
Film
2017: Eaten by Lions
Television
Knowing Me, Knowing You... with Alan Partridge BBC2
Lee and Herring's Fist of Fun BBC2
The IT Crowd Channel 4
Spooks BBC1
Spicks and Specks ABC1
Crossroads ITV1
Under the Moon Channel 4
RI:SE Channel 4
Whitbread Race Coverage BBC2
Saturday Night Armistice BBC2
The Bull Run Channel 5
Tom Binns Munchies Channel 5
Hospital People BBC1
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown Channel 4
Live shows
2007: Ivan Brackenbury's Hospital Radio Roadshow
2008: Ivan Brackenbury's Christmas Show
2009: Ivan Brackenbury's Disease Hour
2010: Ivan Brackenbury's Hospital Radio Remix
2010: Ian D Montfort: Touching the Dead
2011: Ian D Montfort: Spirit Comedium
2012: Ian D Montfort: Unbelievable
2012: Tom Binns does Ivan Brackenbury and others
2013: Ian D Montfort: Psychic Fayre
2014: Ian D Montfort: Midday Seance
2014: Tom Binns has not been himself
2015: Ian D Montfort: Under Sciencey Conditions
2015: Tom Binns: The Club Sets
Radio
Fist of Fun on BBC Radio 1
Digital Update on BBC Radio 1
The Ivan Brackenbury Show on BBC Radio 2
The Jason Byrne Show on BBC Radio 2
99p Challenge on BBC Radio 4
Ian D Montfort is Unbelievable on BBC Radio 2
Awards and accolades
Binns has received several accolades:
Melody Maker readers voted his show best of the year in 1999.
More magazine readers voted him as the 25th sexiest man in the world 2002.
Nominee for the Edinburgh Comedy Award at the Edinburgh Festival 2007
Nominee for Best Established Comedian at the Adelaide Fringe 2010 and 2011
Voted Foster Comedy God in 2010 (Top Ten most popular Edinburgh Comedy Award Winners)
Chortle Award Nominee 2011 Best Character Comic
Best International Act New Zealand International Comedy Festival 2013
Best Comedy Show Nomination 2014 and 2015
Best Act award winner at the Midlands Comedy Awards 2015.
References
External links
Official website
Living people
English television writers
British radio DJs
English radio personalities
British radio personalities
British radio comedy
English male radio actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
1970 births
Male actors from Sheffield
British male television writers
Comedians from Yorkshire
English people convicted of child pornography offences
English male comedians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Binns |
Joseph Montgomery Harper (born 11 January 1948) is a Scottish former footballer, mainly remembered for his two spells with Aberdeen, during which he won the three main domestic trophies once each and became the club's record goalscorer with 199 goals in major competitions. He also played for Morton (two spells) and Hibernian in Scotland, and for Huddersfield Town and Everton in England. He finished his career in the Highland League.
Harper played for the Scotland national team five times, scoring seven goals.
Club career
Born in Greenock, Harper started his professional career with home-town club Morton, and returned to the club after a brief, unhappy spell with Huddersfield Town. He had at times a difficult relationship with some Morton supporters, but most fans recognised his ability and enthusiasm. He played for Morton against Chelsea in the Fairs Cup. Harper scored 74 goals in 122 appearances for Morton across both spells. Morton sold him for £35,000 to Huddersfield Town. He later returned to Morton for £15,000.
In 1969, Aberdeen manager Eddie Turnbull paid £40,000 to sign Harper, and in his first season with the Dons he helped them win the Scottish Cup for the second time in their history; Harper opened the scoring from the penalty spot as overwhelming pre-match favourites Celtic were defeated 3–1. He rapidly developed a reputation as a prodigious goalscorer and following a record-breaking haul of 33 goals in 34 league games in the 1971–72 season was the subject of much interest from English scouts.
Everton paid £180,000 for his services in December 1972 but his time in English football was not as productive as his Aberdeen spell and he returned to Scotland with Hibernian in early 1974, for the second time signed by Eddie Turnbull who had by this stage moved to Easter Road. Overweight and unfit when he arrived at Hibs, Harper struggled to rediscover his Aberdeen-era form in Edinburgh. He scored a hat-trick in the 1974 Scottish League Cup Final, but Dixie Deans also scored a hat-trick as Celtic defeated Hibs 6–3. Harper was never a favourite with the Hibs fans, and his arrival signalled the beginning of the decline of the team's fortunes through the late 1970s and 1980s.
Harper returned to Aberdeen under Ally MacLeod for the start of the 1976–77 season in a £50,000 deal and inspired instant success, the Dons defeating Celtic 2–1 (after extra time) to win the League Cup in November. Harper made further final appearances in each of the next two seasons, as Aberdeen lost both the 1977–78 Scottish Cup final and the 1978–79 League Cup final to Rangers, by a scoreline of 2–1 on each occasion. By the 1979–80 season he was considered a veteran and no longer a regular in the Dons first team but his seven goals helped Alex Ferguson become the second Scottish League-winning Aberdeen manager after Dave Halliday in 1954–55. Harper left Pittodrie after only one appearance the following season in the wake of a fallout with Ferguson.
In total Harper scored 205 competitive goals for Aberdeen, a club record. Of that total, 122 were scored in league fixtures, 70 in domestic cup games (including 6 in the pre-season Drybrough Cup, not counted in some totals) and 7 in European competition. His iconic status amongst Aberdeen supporters was recognised when he was amongst the first players to be inducted to the club's "Hall of Fame". Joe's notoriety with Aberdeen fans also earned him the title 'King of the Beach End' (traditional home end at Pittodrie).
International career
Harper was involved in a Scotland overseas tour in 1967, scoring five times (some reports credit him with only three goals, assigning the others to Willie Morgan and an own goal) against a Canada Olympic team; in October 2021 the Scottish Football Association decided to reclassify this game as a full international. Depending on sourcing, this either retroactively set a new Scottish international record of goals in a match, or equalled Hughie Gallacher's 1929 feat (there being an element of uncertainty of whether Gallacher scored four or five times).
He next played for Scotland in October 1972, scoring in a 4–1 win against Denmark, and also took part in the following fixture but then fell out of the international reckoning, only earning a recall in 1975. By coincidence, that occasion was another away match with Denmark, but this was overshadowed by a controversial off-field incident; Harper and several teammates were given lifetime bans by the SFA after it was alleged that they had been involved in a nightclub incident where a light was broken and an altercation followed. Harper later said that he had been punished because he had returned to the team base in the same taxi as the other players. The ban on Harper and Arthur Graham was lifted a year later.
Harper was selected in the squad for the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He appeared in the 1–1 draw against Iran, which was also his last international appearance, as Scotland exited in the first round.
Later life
In 1981 Harper was appointed manager of then Highland League side Peterhead. He helped the Blue Toon to a second place league finish but his reported wages were beyond the club's means and he was replaced for the 1982–83 season by former Pittodrie teammate Dave Smith. Harper later managed Huntly, where he was succeeded by Steve Paterson in October 1990.
Harper has also been a columnist for the Aberdeen Evening Express. An autobiography, which was co-written by Evening Express sports editor Charlie Allan, was published in 2008. Harper was appointed honorary Club President of Aberdeenshire Amateur League side Halliburton AFC in 2009. In the early 21st century he often worked on home match days for Aberdeen in as the host of the 'Legends' Hospitality Lounge of the Richard Donald stand at Pittodrie Stadium.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first
Honours
Greenock Morton
Scottish First Division: 1966–67
Renfrewshire Cup: 1966–67
Aberdeen
Scottish Premier Division: 1979–80
Scottish Cup: 1969–70
Scottish League Cup: 1976–77
Drybrough Cup: 1971–72
Aberdeenshire Cup: 1980–81
Individual
European Bronze Boot: 1971–72
Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2019
See also
List of footballers in Scotland by number of league goals (200+)
List of Scotland national football team hat-tricks
References
Sources
Harry Reid (2005), The Final Whistle?, Birlinn,
King Joey, Joe Harper with Charlie Allan, Birlinn (2008)
External links
1948 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Aberdeen F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Hibernian F.C. players
Greenock Morton F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Peterhead F.C. managers
Scottish football managers
Scotland men's international footballers
1978 FIFA World Cup players
Footballers from Greenock
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Men's association football forwards
Scottish Football League representative players
Highland Football League players
Keith F.C. players
Scotland men's under-23 international footballers
Scottish league football top scorers
Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees
Huntly F.C. managers
Highland Football League managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Harper |
Fredric M. "Fred" Bronson (born January 10, 1949) is an American journalist, author and writer. He is the author of books related to number one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and other books related to various music charts as well. He is also known for his appearances on American Idol and the weekly "Chart Beat" column in Billboard magazine.
The 5th edition of The Billboard Book Of Number One Hits was published in 2003. The 4th edition of Billboard's Hottest Hot 100 Hits was published in 2007. Bronson is also the author of The Billboard Book of Number One R&B Hits (with Adam White), American Bandstand (with Dick Clark) and The Sound of Music Family Scrapbook, written at the behest of the seven actors who played the von Trapp children in the 1965 film.
Early life
Born to Irving and Mildred Bronson and raised in Culver City, California. At age five, he was selected to portray actor/writer/producer Jack Webb as a child in a series of photographs in the May 1954 issue of Cosmopolitan. Bronson showed an early aptitude for gauging the popularity of artists and songs. At age eleven, Bronson won a contest in the Los Angeles Mirror-News requiring him to select favorites in several music categories. His prize was a lunch with actress Connie Stevens. As Bronson later wrote, "I realized that keeping track of records and artists wasn't such a bad idea."
One of Bronson's earliest published works was in the first letters column of The Amazing Spider-Man, in issue 3, published in 1962. A follow-up letter was printed in The Amazing Spider-Man No. 608, published 47 years later. His letters were also published on a regular basis in issues of Superman, Action Comics, Adventure Comics, The Flash and other DC Comics publications.
Career
From 1971 to 1982, he was a publicist for NBC-TV in Burbank, California. Bronson handled publicity for a number of TV series, including Sanford and Son, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, B. J. and the Bear, Man from Atlantis, The Bionic Woman, Police Story, Police Woman, Bonanza, Quark, Joe & Valerie, Voyagers!, The Powers of Matthew Star, Hollywood Squares, The Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder, and the Bob Hope specials.
Bronson's regular Chart Beat column appeared weekly in Billboard magazine from January 1993, when he took over from Paul Grein who originated the column in March 1981, until April 2005, when it was transferred completely to Billboard.com. The online Chart Beat Chat column appeared at Billboard.com from April 1996 until March 5, 2009. Both dealt with notable activity on the Billboard charts including the Billboard Hot 100 for songs and Billboard 200 for albums. His new Billboard column, This Week In Billboard History, launched on the www.billboard.biz website on December 6, 2011. Bronson also co-created the syndicated comic strip Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember in 1995 with Dick Clark and art work by Don Sherwood.
Bronson has written for numerous award shows including both the World Music Awards and American Music Awards. He has also appeared as a repertoire expert four times on American Idol, during Seasons 2, 4, 7 and 9. He was seen on March 11, 2008, discussing the oeuvre of Lennon–McCartney and on March 23, 2010, talking about the history of Billboard and the Hot 100. He was identified as "Author, Billboard Books." As in episodes from seasons two and four, his Number One Hits book was the exclusive basis of repertoire selection. His book also served as source material for the first episode of CMT's series, CMT's Next Superstar. Bronson appeared on the first episode as a guest judge, along with Kristin Chenoweth and permanent judge Matt Serletic. The series premiered on April 8, 2011, the eighth anniversary of Bronson's first appearance on American Idol.
Bronson's musical preferences were heard on his own radio program Pop Goes the World and the online radio station Radio Fred Bronson. For seven years, he wrote The Billboard Radio Countdown, a weekly webcast hosted by Billboard magazine's writer and editor Chuck Taylor.
Bronson wrote one episode of the Star Trek: The Animated Series, "The Counter-Clock Incident", under the name John Culver. He is also the co-writer on two episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation: "The Game" and "Ménage à Troi". Other writing credits for television include two-hour tributes to Brooks & Dunn, George Strait, and the superstar women of country music (including Carrie Underwood, Miranda Lambert, Martina McBride, Reba, the Judds, Loretta Lynn and Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland) on "Girls' Night Out" for CBS, a Lionel Richie special that aired in April 2012, a Motown 45th anniversary special, the original Live Aid, and a disco music special for ABC as well as the annual Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve With Ryan Seacrest, also for ABC. Bronson was head writer on NBC's January 2005 telethon to raise funds for victims of the 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia. For 20 consecutive years, Bronson wrote The American Music Awards.
On March 5, 2009, Bronson announced in his weekly Chart Beat column that it was to be his last. In August 2009, he wrote his first articles for the Los Angeles Times. The latimes.com website posted his interviews with American Idol finalists Adam Lambert, Kris Allen and Allison Iraheta. In 2011, Bronson began writing for Billboard again on a regular basis. His articles appear on the Billboard.biz website. He also writes for The Hollywood Reporter.
Bronson has also conducted interviews for Sirius XM including Paul McCartney, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus and Ulf Ekberg from Ace of Base. Bronson also announced that he would be a guest on Jon Peter Lewis' internet TV series American Nobody (episode 4 in March 2009).
Bronson was a member of the international jury of Melodifestivalen 2009, national preselection event to choose the Swedish representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009.
In August 2012, Bronson began writing a weekly column for The Hollywood Reporter: American Idol on the Charts.
Notes
References
Strickler, Dave. Syndicated Comic Strips and Artists, 1924-1995: The Complete Index. Cambria, CA: Comics Access, 1995. .
External links
IdolsNow
Piece of mind story draft at The Trek Files
The counter clock incident revised draft at The Trek Files
1949 births
Living people
American music journalists
American television writers
American male television writers
American writers about music
American comics writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Bronson |
The Savoy Declaration is a Congregationalist confession of Faith. Its full title is A Declaration of the Faith and Order owned and practised in the Congregational Churches in England. It was drawn up in October 1658 by English Independents and Congregationalists meeting at the Savoy Hospital, London.
History
The Savoy Assembly (not to be confused with the Savoy Conference a few years later) met at the Savoy for eleven or twelve days from 12 October 1658. Representatives, mostly laymen, were present from more than one hundred independent churches. Thomas Goodwin, who was a Westminster divine and author of the Westminster Confession of Faith, and John Owen were the leaders in a committee of six divines appointed to draw up a confession. The writers were influenced by the Cambridge Platform, which was the statement of church government produced by the Congregational churches in New England. The 1647 Westminster Confession of Faith of the Church of England was used as a basic template.
Contents
Thomas Goodwin, author of the Westminster Confession of Faith, saw the Savoy Declaration as a revision of the Westminster Confession with the "latest and best". The Savoy Declaration authors adopted, with a few alterations, the doctrinal definitions of the Westminster confession, reconstructing only the part relating to church government; the main effect of the Declaration of the Savoy assembly was to confirm the Westminster theology. There was the addition of a new chapter entitled Of the Gospel, and of the Extent of the Grace Thereof. Other changes include a replacement to chapters 30 and 31 of the Westminster Confession concerned with Congregational church government. In these chapters the autonomy of local churches is asserted. It also included the words "Christ's active obedience" in chapter 11: Of Justification. While "the assembly voting almost unanimously that both Christ’s active and passive obedience were necessary for justification", the words "active" as well as "whole" were omitted. Because exact wording is required the Savoy Declaration makes this explicit.
References
Attribution
External links
Full text of the Declaration with differences from the Westminster Confession of Faith
1658 books
1658 in Christianity
1658 in England
17th century in London
17th-century Christian texts
Reformed confessions of faith
Congregationalism
Puritanism in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy%20Declaration |
Brooklyn College Academy is a high school located in Brooklyn, New York City, New York in the New York City Department of Education. A double-sited school, it serves grades 9–12.
Brooklyn College Academy was ranked second (tied with Benjamin Banneker Academy) for highest graduation rate in the borough of Brooklyn, with 97% of students graduating on time. It provides children with an early college program, which ensures that they get college credit while they are still in high school.
History
Brooklyn College Academy, founded in 1986 in a partnership between the then-Board of Education and Brooklyn College, served as an alternative school—a program which was created to help older high school students that have not done well in other settings. The school no longer serves this purpose, and is a normal high school in the school system. Almost all of the school's graduates go on to attend college, two-year or four-year institutions.
The current principal is Shernell Thomas. Thomas was given the title of principal in 2019 following the retirement of previous principal, Nicholas Mazzarella, who began his career at Hostos-Lincoln High School in the Bronx and came to Brooklyn College Academy in 2005.
Buildings and facilities
Brooklyn College Academy is housed at two sites. The first is a renovated warehouse, which is known as 'The Annex'. This building houses the lower school (grades 9–10). Annex is located at 350 Coney Island Avenue.
The second is William James Hall on the Brooklyn College campus. This building houses the upper school (grades 11 & 12). Brooklyn College Academy shares William James Hall with Brooklyn College students.
Admissions
Students must apply to Brooklyn College Academy via the high school selection process in New York City Public Schools. But, for acceptance to Brooklyn College Academy, the students' academic record and attendance record are reviewed.
Sports
In 2015 the girls Brooklyn College Academy Bobcats beat the East Harlem Pride to win the Public School Athletic League's girls B Division city championship.
Alumni
Notable alumni include rappers Lil' Kim, Foxy Brown, Jason Turner of X-Clan, and Erick Arc Elliott of Flatbush Zombies. as well as basketball player Tarik Phillip and journalist Hunter Walker.
References
External links
Brooklyn College Academy Official Site
Brooklyn College Academy PTA
Public high schools in Brooklyn
Educational institutions established in 1986
Public middle schools in Brooklyn
1986 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%20College%20Academy |
Valentin Kononen (born 7 March 1969 in Helsinki) is a Finnish former race walker. His competitive accomplishments include winning several medals in major competitions, which ranks him as one of the top Finnish performer in his sport.
Kononen's most notable achievement was winning a gold medal in the 1995 World Championships in Athletics in Gothenburg. He also won silver medals in the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart and the 1998 European Championships in Budapest.
Fastest 50km race results
3.39.34 (1) Dudince 26 March 2000
3.41.09 (3) Podebrady 20 April 1997 (World Race Walking Cup)
3.42.02 (2) Stuttgart 21 August 1993 (World Championships)
3.42.50 (3) Beijing 30 April 1995
3.43.42 (1) Gothenburg 11 August 1995
3.44.28 (2) Budapest 21 August 1998 (European Championships)
3.45.19 (2) Naumburg 28 April 1996
3.47.14 (7) Helsinki 13 August 1994 (European Championships)
3.47.40 (7) Atlanta 2 August 1996 (Olympic Games)
3.48.50 (9) Dudince 25 April 1998
Achievements
References
1969 births
Living people
Athletes from Helsinki
Finnish male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Finland
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin%20Kononen |
The 2000 Ulster Unionist Party leadership election was triggered by the decision of Martin Smyth to challenge incumbent David Trimble over the party's direction in the implementation of the Belfast Agreement at the party's annual general meeting on 25 March 2000. Reverend Smyth, the Member of Parliament (MP) for South Belfast who was opposed to the Good Friday Agreement, made the move after Trimble indicated that he was prepared to re-establish Northern Ireland's power-sharing executive, working with Sinn Féin ahead of I.R.A. disarmament.
Smyth had run against Trimble for leadership before in 1995 after James Molyneaux stepped down.
The UUP has held a leadership election every March since at least the Ulster Unionist Council constitution was altered in 1973, however it is rarely contested. This is one of the few occasions when it has been contested.
The election was decided by delegates to the Ulster Unionist Council. After one round of voting Trimble retained his leadership. In spite of winning the election, Trimble's reduced support was perceived as damaging his authority as well as the Peace process in general.
Candidates
Martin Smyth, MP for Belfast South and former Grand Master of the Orange Order
David Trimble, MP for Upper Bann and sitting leader
Results
David Trimble was re-elected.
Smyth retired from the House of Commons in 2005; Trimble lost his seat in the election of that year but was made a life peer in 2006.
References
"Trimble narrowly wins leadership challenge" BBC On This Day
Ulster Unionist Party leadership elections
2000 elections in the United Kingdom
2000 elections in Northern Ireland
Ulster Unionist Party leadership election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20Ulster%20Unionist%20Party%20leadership%20election |
Fritz Klein (24 November 1888 – 13 December 1945) was an Austrian Nazi doctor and war criminal, hanged for his role in atrocities at Auschwitz concentration camp and Bergen-Belsen concentration camp during the Holocaust.
Early life, education, and Nazi soldier
Klein was born in Feketehalom, Austria-Hungary (now Codlea in central Romania).
Klein was considered a , or ethnic German. He studied medicine at the University of Budapest and completed his military service in Romania, finishing his studies in Budapest after World War I. He lived and worked as a doctor in Siebenbürgen (Transylvania), Romania.
In 1939, as a Romanian citizen, he was drafted into the Romanian army, where, after the outbreak of the war with the Soviet Union in 1941, he served as a paramedic on the eastern front. In May 1943, Romanian fascist dictator Marshal Antonescu, on a demand from Hitler to release ethnic Germans in the Romanian Army, drafted them into the German army. Hence Klein became a Nazi soldier in the Waffen-SS, was listed in the SS-Personalhauptamt, and posted to Yugoslavia.
Nazi camp doctor and execution
On 15 December 1943, he arrived in Auschwitz concentration camp, where at first he served as a camp doctor in the women’s camp in Birkenau. Subsequently, he worked as a camp doctor in the Gypsy camp. He also participated in numerous selections ("Selektionen") on the ramp. In December 1944 he was transferred to Neuengamme concentration camp, from where he was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in January 1945. He remained at the camp with commandant Josef Kramer and assisted in handing it over to British troops. Klein was imprisoned and forced to help bury all unburied corpses in mass graves. The British Army Film and Photographic Unit Number 5 photographed Klein standing in a mass grave, in a well-known 1945 photo (seen on the right).
In Auschwitz, when asked by Ella Lingens-Reiner how he reconciled his actions with his ethical obligations as a physician, Klein famously stated:"My Hippocratic oath tells me to cut a gangrenous appendix out of the human body. The Jews are the gangrenous appendix of mankind. That's why I cut them out."
Klein and 44 other camp staff were tried in the Belsen Trial by a British military court at Lüneburg. The trial lasted several weeks, from September to November 1945. During the trial Anita Lasker testified that Klein took part in selections for the gas chamber.
Klein was sentenced to death and hanged at by Albert Pierrepoint on 13 December 1945.
References
External links
Fritz Klein (nazi)
Further reading
Lifton, Robert Jay (1986). The Nazi doctors: medical killing and the psychology of genocide. Basic Books.
1945 deaths
1888 births
Auschwitz concentration camp medical personnel
Austrian Nazi physicians
Austrian people executed abroad
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Belsen trial executions
Executed Austrian mass murderers
Executed Austrian Nazis
Executed Romanian people
Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
People from Codlea
People from the Kingdom of Hungary
Neuengamme concentration camp personnel
Romani genocide perpetrators
Romanian military personnel of World War II
Waffen-SS personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Klein |
Yang Yang may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Yang Yang (painter) (born 1953), Chinese-born American artist and sculptor
Yang Yang (conductor) (born 1973), Chinese conductor with Hangzhou Philharmonic Orchestra
Yang Yang (tenor) (1974/75 – 2019), Chinese tenor
Yang Yang (actor) (born 1991), Chinese actor
Bian Jinyang (born 1993), Chinese author who writes under the pen name Yang Yang
Yang Yang (director), Chinese director, see Golden Eagle Award for Best Television Series Director (China)
Liu Yangyang (born 2000), member of China based band WayV
Sportspeople
Yang Yang (badminton) (born 1963), Chinese badminton player
Yang Yang (baseball) (born 1986), Chinese baseball player
Yang Yang (speed skater, born 1976), Chinese speed skater, Olympic gold medalist
Yang Yang (speed skater, born 1977), Chinese speed skater, Olympic silver medalist
Yang Yang (sprinter) (born 1991), Chinese sprinter
Yang Yang (swimmer) (born 1997), Chinese Paralympic swimmer
Others
Prince Yangyang (born Wang Seo), Goryeo-prince who became the ancestors of King Gongyang
Yang Yang (scientist) (born 1958), Taiwanese-born materials scientist at University of California, Los Angeles
"Yang Yang" (song), a 1972 song by Yoko Ono
Yang-Yang Arrondissement, Senegal
Pandas
Yang Yang (Atlanta giant panda) (male, born 1997), his name means "little sea"
Yang Yang (Vienna giant panda) (female, born 2000), or "Sunshine", at the Vienna Zoo
See also
Ying Yang Twins, an Atlanta-based American crunk rap duo
Yangyang County, South Korea
Yangyang International Airport, South Korea
Yangyang Monastery, Sikkim, India
Human name disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%20Yang |
The O'Conor dynasty (Middle Irish: Ó Conchobhair; Modern ) are an Irish noble dynasty and formerly one of the most influential and distinguished royal dynasties in Ireland. The O'Conor family held the throne of the Kingdom of Connacht up until 1475. Having ruled it on and off since 967, they ruled continuously from 1102 to 1475. Moreover, the O'Conor parent house the Uí Briúin and Síol Muireadaigh ruled Connacht on many occasions – but not continuously – between 482 and 956. The house of O'Conor also produced two High Kings of Ireland, Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair and his son Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, the last High King of Ireland. The family seat is Clonalis House outside Castlerea in County Roscommon.
The current O'Conor Don is Desmond O'Conor (b. 22 September 1938) who lives in Rotherfield, East Sussex in England.
History
According to historian C. Thomas Cairney, the O'Connors of Corcomroe were from the Corco Modhruadh tribe who in turn were from the Erainn tribe who were the second wave of Celts to settle in Ireland from about 500 to 100 BC. Cairney also states that the O'Connors of Keenaght were from the Ciannachta tribe who in turn were from the Dumnonii or Laigin tribe who were the third wave of Celts to settle in Ireland during the first century BC. He also states that the O'Connors of Kerry were also from the Dumnonii or Laigin settlers and were chiefs of the Ciarraighe Luachra tribe. Also, that the O'Connors of Offaly also came from the Dumnonii or Laigin settlers and were chiefs of the Ui Failghe tribe. Cairney also stated that the O'Connor Dons were among the chiefly families of the Connachta tribe of the Uí Briúin whose Celtic ancestors had come to Ireland with the Gaels during the first century BC.
The Ó Conor Don is the head of a lineage which provided about one hundred Kings of Connacht, thirty Chiefs of the Name and two High Kings of Ireland, Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1088–1156), and his son Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair (c. 1115–1198), the last High King.
During the late 14th century, the Ó Conor dynasty was grouped into two main divisions, one led by Toirdhealbhach Óg Donn Ó Conchobair, the other by Felim MacAedh Ó Conchobair. From these descended the families of Ó Conchubhair Donn anglicized as O'Conor Don and Ó Conchubhair Ruadh anglicized as O'Conor Roe (now extinct). The O'Conor family like all Gaelic Nobility followed Brehon law system up until the 16th century. Therefore, they did not follow primogeniture. The Kings, or Chiefs of the O'Conor family would be elected by a close kinship group. This did frequently result in bitter feuds and lead to civil wars within the Kingdom, therefore at times dramatically weakening the family's power in Connacht and in Ireland.
Descent from Turlough Mor O'Conor, Monarch of Ireland
Turlough Mor O'Conor, High King of Ireland and King of Connacht
Cathal Crobhdearg O'Conor, King of Connacht
Aedh O'Conor, King of Connacht
Cathal Dall O'Conor
Aedh MacCathal O'Conor
Ruaidri MacAedh O'Conor
Eoghan mac Ruaidri Ó Conor
Aedh O'Conor, King of Connacht
Turlough O'Conor, King of Connacht (Ancestor of the O'Conor Don Sept)
Felim O'Conor, King of Connacht (Ancestor of the O'Conor Roe Sept)
Felim O'Conor, King of Connacht
Aedh O'Conor, King of Connacht
Aedh Muimnech O'Conor, King of Connacht
The O'Conor Don line
Turlough O'Conor, King of Connacht
Aedh O'Conor, King of Connacht
Turlough O'Conor, King of Connacht
Aedh O'Conor, King of Connacht
Ruaidhri O'Conor
Turlough O'Conor
Felim Geanach O'Conor, The Last King of Connacht
Owen Ceach O'Conor, O'Conor Don
Carbery O'Conor, O'Conor Don
Dermot O'Conor, O'Conor Don
Sir Hugh O'Conor, O'Conor Don of Ballintubber Castle (1541-1632). Member of Parliament.
Calvach O'Conor, O'Conor Don of Ballintubber Castle (1584–1655).
Hugh O'Conor, O'Conor Don of Ballintubber Castle (1617–1669).
Hugh O'Conor, O'Conor Don.
Charles O'Conor, O'Conor Don
Hugh Og O'Conor of Castlerea.
General Daniel O'Conor of Castlerea. He served in the Spanish Army.
Colonel Andrew O'Conor, O'Conor Don of Clonalis
Daniel O'Conor, O'Conor Don.
Dominick O'Conor, O'Conor Don of Clonalis
Alexander 'Sandy' O'Conor, O'Conor Don of Clonalis.
Thomas O'Conor.
Brigadier General Sir Hugh O'Conor.
General Sir Thomas O'Conor. He was in the Irish Brigade.
Cathal O'Conor of Bellanagare (1597–1634).
Major Owen O'Conor of Bellanagare (d. 1692).
Charles og O'Conor (d.1696)
Denis O'Conor of Bellanagare (b. 1674).
Charles O'Conor of Bellanagre (1710–1791).
Denis O'Conor of Bellnagare (1732–1804).
Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don of Clonalis and Bellanagare(1763–1831), Inherited the O'Conor Don on the death of his distant cousin Alexander 'Sandy' O'Conor, O'Conor Don of Clonalis in 1820.
Denis O'Conor, O'Conor Don (1794–1847).
Charles Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don (1838–1906).
Denis Charles Joseph O'Conor, O'Conor Don(1860–1917).
Owen Phelim O'Conor, O'Conor Don (1870–1943).
Charles Hugh O'Conor of Lucan House, Co. Dublin (1872–1939).
Rev. Charles Denis Mary Joseph Anthony O'Conor, O'Conor Don(1906–1981). As he was a Jesuit Priest, the title was inherited by his second cousin Denis Armar O'Conor.
Roderick Joseph O'Conor (1872–1878).
Denis Maurice O'Conor (1840–1883).
Charles William O'Conor (1878–1963).
Denis Armar O'Conor, O'Conor Don (1912–2000). He inherited the title from his second cousin, the Rev. Charles O'Conor.
Desmond Roderic O'Conor, O'Conor Don (born 1938).
Phillip Hugh O'Conor (Born 1967).
Eochy Jack O'Conor (Born 1993).
Piers Montgomery O'Conor (Born 1995).
Barley Josh O'Conor (Born 2006).
Kieran Denis O'Conor (Born 1958).
Eoin Roderic O'Conor (Born 1992).
Hugh Armar O'Conor (Born 1996).
Rory Dominic O'Conor (Born 1963).
Roderic Charles O'Conor (1913–1985).
Brian O'Conor (Born 1957).
Edward O'Conor. Agent to his father and then to his brother.
Dr Charles O'Conor(1764–1828).
Denis O'Conor (b.1770).
Roderick O'Conor (b.1772).
Matthew O'Conor of Mount Druid (1773–1844).
Denis O'Conor of Mount Druid (d.1862)
Charles Matthew O'Conor of Mount Druid.
Owen Denis O'Conor (b.1851).
Denis A. O'Conor (b.1853).
Arthur O'Conor of the Palace, Elphin (d.1870)
Arthur Matthew O'Conor of the Palace, Elphin (b.1855).
Charles Matthew O'Conor (b.1859).
Major Maurice Matthew O'Conor.
Martin O'Conor.
Owen O'Conor.
Matthew O'Conor.
Charles O'Conor of Mount Allen (1736–1808)
Denis O'Conor
Thomas O'Conor (d.1865).
Charles O'Conor of New York
Daniel O'Conor.
Hugh O'Conor.
Rev. Roger O'Conor. He was a Roman Catholic priest.
Rev. Matthew O'Conor. He was a Roman Catholic priest.
Bryan Roe O'Conor.
Roger O'Conor.
Owen O'Conor (d.1766).
Roderic O'Conor (d. 1781).
Bernard O'Conor.
Thomas O'Conor(d.1832).
Patrick O'Conor of Dun Dermott (d.1860).
Patrick Hugh O'Conor of Dundermot. (d.1877).
Roderick Thomas O'Conor (1839-1858). Died in a shooting accident.
Sir Nicholas Roderick O'Conor of Dun Dermott (1843–1908).
Roderic O'Conor(1791–1879).
Thomas Roderick O'Conor (b.1849)
Thomas Nicholas O'Conor (b.1793)
Patrick O'Conor.
Major Thomas O'Conor of Miltown.
Roderic O'Conor of Miltown.
Dillon O'Conor
Richard O'Conor.
Roderic O'Conor of Miltown (1794-1868).
Roderick Joseph O'Conor (1835-1893)
Roderic Anthony O'Conor (1860-1940).
Joseph Owen Edward O'Conor.
Alfred John O'Conor.
Eugene O'Conor
Aylward O'Conor (1805–1877).
Roderick O'Conor
Bindon Blood O'Conor
William Frederick O'Conor
Dillon O'Conor
Aylward Owen Blood O'Conor (1842–1911).
Captain Aylward Robert O'Conor (1872–1952).
Lt.-Colonel Roderic Aylward O'Conor (1910–2003).
Turlough Roderic Rosetti O'Conor (b. 1937)
Roderic Arthur Allen O'Conor (b. 1960)
John Gabriel Turlough O'Conor (b. 1964)Reverend William Owen O'Conor (1878–1919). Captain Owen O'Conor. Rev. Bernard O'ConorThe O'Conor Roe line
Felim MacHugh O'Conor, King of Connacht (died 1316)
Hugh O'Conor, O'Conor Roe(died 1368)Owen Finn O'Conor (d.1362)Felim Cleireach O'ConorTurlough Roe O'Conor, O'Conor Roe (died 1425)
Teige O'Conor, O'Conor Roe(died 1464)Turlough O'Conor(d.1452)Dermot Roe O'Conor(d.1446)Rory O'Conor(d.1468)Teige O'Conor(d.1478)Conor O'Conor(d.1466)
Felim Finn O'Conor, O'Conor Roe(died 1490)
Hugh O'Conor, O'Conor Roe(died 1503)
Carbry O'Conor, O'Conor RoeTurlough O'Conor(d.1489)Teige O'Conor(d.1502)Con O'Conor(d.1493)Brian O'Conor(d.1489)Hugh O'ConorBrian Duv O'Conor(d.1466)Dermot O'Conor(d.1489)Donagh Dubhshuileach O'ConorCathal Duv O'ConorRory O'ConorOwen O'Conor(d.1466)Hugh Duv O'Conor (d.1466)Cathal Roe O'Conor(d.1451)
Teige Buidh O'Conor, O'Conor Roe(died 1534)Calvagh O'Conor of CloonakillyBrian Ballagh O'ConorTeige O'ConorHugh O'ConorTeige O'Conor (d.1693)Charles O'Conor (d.1692 in Germany)
Turlough O'Conor, O'Conor Roe
Hugh O'Conor, O'Conor Roe
Charles O'Conor, O'Conor Roe
Hugh O'Conor, O'Conor Roe
Roger O'Conor, O'Conor Roe He was the Governor of Civitavecchia. He was Living in 1734. After his death the title of O'Conor Roe became extinct.Roderic O'Conor(d.1552)
Teige O'Conor, O'Conor Roe (died 1592)Teige Boy O'Conor(d.1588)Charles O'ConorDonagh O'Conor(d.1631)Dermot O'ConorBrian O'ConorTeige O'Conor(d.1466)Brian Oge O'Conor(d.1482)Hugh O'ConorRory O'ConorBrian Balagh O'Conor(d.1418)Brian O'Conor(d.1487)
Teige O'Conor(d.1466)
Hugh O'Conor(d.1484)
Turlough Roe O'Conor(d.1452)
Turlough O'Conor(d.1478)
Rory O'Conor(d.1492)
Felim O'Conor(d.1468)
Donagh O'Conor(d.1478)
Teige O'Conor(d.1467)
Hugh Duv O'Conor(d.1467)
Rory O'Conor(d.1485)
Cathal O'Conor(d.1488)
Hugh O'Conor(d.1481)
Carbry O'Conor(d.1474)
Calvagh O'Conor(d.1497)
Teige Roe O'Conor(d.1497)
Key figures
Kings of Connacht
Conchobar mac Taidg Mór 872–882
Áed mac Conchobair 882–888
Tadg mac Conchobair 888–900
Cathal mac Conchobair 900–925
Tadg mac Cathail 925–956
Conchobar mac Tadg 967–973
Cathal mac Tadg d. 973
Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg 973–1010
Ruaidrí na Saide Buide 1087–1092
Tadg mac Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair d. 1097
Domnall Ua Conchobair 1102–1106
Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair 1106–1156
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 1156–1186
Conchobar Máenmaige Ua Conchobhair 1186–1189
Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobhair 1190–1202
Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair 1202–1224
Aedh Ua Conchobair 1224–1228
Aedh mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair 1228–1233
Felim mac Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair 1233–1256
Aedh Ó Conchobair 1256–1274
Murtogh Moynagh O'Conor 1274–1280
Magnus O'Conor 1288–1293
Hugh McOwen O'Conor 1293–1309
Ruaidri Ó Conchobair 1309–1310
Felim McHugh O'Connor 1310–1316
Rory na-bhFeadh Ó Conchobair 1316–1317
Toirdelbach Ó Conchobair first reign 1317–1318 second reign, 1324–1350
Cathal mac Domhnall Ó Conchobair 1318–1324
Hugh McHugh Breifne O'Conor 1342; died 1350
Aedh mac Tairdelbach Ó Conchobair
Ruaidri mac Tairdelbach Ó Conchobair 1368–1384
Chiefs of the name
Toirdhealbhach Óg Donn mac Aodha meic Toirdhealbhaigh, d. 9 December 1406.
Cathal mac Ruaidhri Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 19 March 1439.
Aodh mac Toirdhealbhaigh Óig Ó Conchobhair Donn, d.15 May 1461.
Feidhlimidh Geangcach mac Toirdhealbhaigh Óig Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 1474 – last fully recognised King of Connacht.
Tadhg mac Eoghain Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 1476.
Eoghan Caoch mac Feidhlimidh Gheangcaigh Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 1485.
Aodh Og mac Aodh Ó Conchobhair Donn
Toirdhealbhach Óg mac Ruaidhri Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 1503
Conchobhar mac Eoghain Chaoich Ó Conchobhair Donn
Cairbre mac Eoghain Chaoich Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 1546
Aodh mac Eoghain Chaoich Ó Conchobhair Donn, deposed 1550
Diarmaid mac Cairbre Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 1585
Sir Hugh/Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 1632
An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 1654 – popularly inaugurated king in 1643.
Hugh Óg mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, d. 1662.
Andrew O'Connor Don of Clonalis
Dominick O'Connor Don of Clonalis, d. 1795
Alexander O'Connor Don, d. 1820
Owen O'Connor Don of Clonalis and Ballinagare, d.1831
Denis O'Conor Don of Clonalis, 1794–1847
Charles Owen O'Conor Don, 1838–1906
Denis Charles O'Conor Don, 1869–1917
Owen Phelim O'Conor Don, 1870–1943
Fr. Charles O'Conor Don, 1906–1981
Denis O'Conor Don, 1912 – 10 July 2000
Desmond O'Conor Don (Former Chairman of the British-Chile Chamber of Commerce, former banker, resides in Sussex), b.1938
Other notable members of the family
Hugo Oconór (Spanish Army Officer and Governor of Texas)
Thomas O'Connor (Writer)
Charles O'Conor (Irish American Lawyer and Politician)
Nicholas Roderick O'Conor (British diplomat)
Roderic O'Conor (Artist)
Charles O'Conor (historian) (Historian)
Charles O'Conor (priest) (Priest and historical author)
Matthew O'Conor (Historian)
Denis O'Conor (Politician)
Charles Owen O'Conor (Politician)
Denis Maurice O'Conor (Politician)
Denis O'Conor Don (Prior Chief of the Name O'Conor, died 10 July 2000)
See also
Ó Conchobhair Sligigh
Clan Muircheartaigh Uí Conchobhair
Gaelic nobility of Ireland
Chief of the Name
Irish nobility
Irish royal families
Chief Herald of Ireland
O'Connor Sligo, a royal dynasty ruling the northern part of the Kingdom of Connacht
Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups, from whom many of the modern Irish surnames came from
References
Footnotes
https://web.archive.org/web/20101128140613/http://ria.ie/publications/journals/eriu/online-access/57-(2007).aspx
Bibliography
O'Connor, Roderic, A Historical and Genealogical Memoir of the O'Connors, Kings of Connaught, and their Descendants. Dublin: McGlashan & Gill. 1861.
O'Donovan, John and the Rt. Hon. Charles Owen O'Conor Don, The O'Conors of Connaught: An Historical Memoir. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, and Co. 1891
External links
O'Connor family pedigree at Library Ireland
Irish royal families
O'Conor dynasty
Irish medical families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Conor%20dynasty |
Berlin, Berlin is a television series produced for the ARD. It aired in Germany from 2002 to 2005 Tuesdays through Fridays at 18:50 on the German public TV network Das Erste. The show won both national and international awards.
A sequel film, Berlin, Berlin, was released on Netflix on May 8, 2020.
Plot
The series tells the story of Lolle (played by Felicitas Woll) who, after finishing school, follows her boyfriend, Tom, from Malente to Berlin. Once there, she discovers that Tom has been cheating on her with another girl. Rather than move back home, Lolle decides to stay in Berlin with her cousin, Sven (played by Jan Sosniok), his best friends Hart (Matthias Klimsa) and Rosalie (Sandra Borgmann).
At the end of season one Lolle and Sven fall in love with each other, even though they are second cousins. Their grandparents were siblings, as is revealed in the first episode when Daniel, Sven's son, asks Lolle how she is related to him.
Before getting into a relationship with Lolle, Sven instead decides to go back to his former wife, Silvia, because of Daniel. Season one also follows Lolle's relationship with the ex-girlfriend, Rosalie, of Tom's new girlfriend. At the end of season one, Rosalie, an actress, leaves Germany to go to the USA and pursue a new life.
At the beginning of season two Lolle, desperate after losing Sven to Silvia and Rosalie's departure to the USA, she finds a new friend with Rosalie's former girlfriend, Sara (Rhea Harder). At first Lolle wants to convince Sven to love her, but he seems to be undecided and is unsure of what he should do. She then meets Alex, an art student, and they become a couple. Sven separates from Silvia once more, however, and is now free to be with Lolle, but she replies that she should stay with Alex. At the end of season two, she realizes that she loves Sven too, and attempts being with both Sven and Alex. Hart also begins to acknowledge his love for Sarah, and after a series of problems, they get together.
Cast
Episodes
Series One (2002)
Landflucht (Pilot)
Wie bekomme ich meinen Freund zurück
Happy Birthday, Lolle
Auf der Flucht
Rotalarm
Ich will Sandra Bullock massieren
Selbstversuch
All you need is love
Träume
Lolle und der Traumprinz
Nicht ganz koscher
Die Geliebte
Singles
Dr. Strangelove
Lesbe sein dagegen sehr
Küssen, küssen, küssen
Lolle gegen Fatman
Ich bin nicht nett
Beste Freunde
Taddi und Mr. Psycho
Cousin und Cousine
Extremsitutionen ...
Martha
Überraschungen
Eine Million
Positiv ist negativ
Series Two (2003)
Lolle allein in Berlin
Frisch verheiratet
Cinderello
Froschkönige
Höllendate
Männer sind auch nur Menschen
Malente, Malente
Eltern, früher oder später kriegen sie dich
Looking for Beinlich
Nicht fair
Wer liebt Fatman?
Big and Beautiful
Kairo
That's the way
Ex und hopp
Spieglein, Spieglein
Gegen die Uhr
20 Minuten
Ich lieb dich nicht - du liebst mich nicht
Aha
Series Three (2004)
Sven oder Alex?
Alex oder Sven
Nimm Zwei
Nicht genug
Jung, dynamisch, arbeitslos
Backe, backe Kuchen
Mütter und Töchter
Ziemlich ähnlich
Generationen
Hochzeitsspiele
Svenja
Täuschen, tarnen, küssen
Vero
That's what friends are for
The weapons of women
The ghosts I called
Again with feeling
Daily Talk
Dream job
Wickie
Series Four (2005)
Stuttgart - Stuttgart
Real friends
At first Blick
fear is stupid
happy family
had pig
love is…
revenge is…
what if
fate
Silvia
Rituals
Hero of the Year
Be Hard
The wedding dress
Deus ex machina
Hormones are stupid
Weekend in the country
The wedding
Melbourne, Melbourne (Finale)
Awards
In 2004 the series won an International Emmy Award in the category "Best Comedy" for Episode 47.
References
External links
2002 German television series debuts
2005 German television series endings
Das Erste original programming
German comedy-drama television series
German-language television shows
Grimme-Preis for fiction winners
International Emmy Award for best comedy series winners
German television series with live action and animation
Television shows about comics
Television shows set in Berlin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%2C%20Berlin |
Mateh Binyamin Regional Council (, Mo'atza Azorit Mateh Binyamin, Lit. Council for the Region of the Tribe of Benjamin) is a regional council governing 46 Israeli settlements and outposts in the West Bank. The council's jurisdiction is from the Jordan valley in the east to the Samarian foothills in the west, and from the Shiloh river in the north to the Jerusalem Mountains in the south.
The seat of the council is Psagot. The council is named for the ancient Israelite tribe of Benjamin, whose territory roughly corresponds to that of the council. The region in which the Binyamin settlements are located is referred to as the Binyamin Region.
The international community considers Israeli settlements to be illegal, but the state of Israel disputes this, and this applies to all communities under the administration of Mateh Binyamin.
In November 2007, Avi Roeh was elected head of the council. The previous head, Pinchas Wallerstein, stepped down after being in the position for 28 years.
In October 2018, Israel Gantz was elected head of the council.
Economy and employment
There are two industrial areas, Sha'ar Binyamin Industrial zone and Shiloh Industrial Zone, and a great amount of agriculture fields.
History and sites
The first capital of the Israelite kingdom was established in Shiloh, where the Tabernacle rested. The region blossomed under the Israelite kingdom, and many Jewish settlements and towns were established here. Ruins can be found today at the foundations of some of the Arab villages in the area.
List of settlements
This regional council provides various municipal services for the 46 settlements within its territory:
Ahia
Adei Ad
Almon (Anatot)
Alon
Amichai
Ateret
Beit Horon
Dolev
Eli
Esh Kodesh
Ganei Modi'in
Geva Binyamin (Adam)
Giv'at Har'el
Giv'on HaHadasha
Harasha
Hashmonaim
Keeda
Kfar Adumim
Kfar HaOranim (Menora/Giv'at Ehud)
Kokhav HaShahar
Kokhav Ya'akov
Ma'ale Levona
Ma'ale Mikhmas
Matityahu
Mevo Horon
Migron
Mitzpe Danny
Mitzpe Hagit
Mitzpe Kramim
Mitzpe Yeriho
Na'ale
Nahliel
Neria (Talmon Bet/North)
Neveh Erez
Halamish (Neve Tzuf)
Nili
Nofei Prat
Ofra
Psagot
Rimonim
Shiloh
Shvut Rachel
Talmon
Tel Zion
The majority of towns and villages are communal settlements, a small number are urban in character and two are communal. 8 communities are secular; 5 communities are mixed secular and religious (Kfar Adumim, Beit Horon, Alon, Nofei Prat, Geva Binyamin); two large neighborhoods are ultra Orthodox (Tel Zion adjacent to Kochav Yaakov, and the ultra-Orthodox neighborhood in Adam) and the rest of the communities are religious.
The community settlement of Ofarim was joined with the adjacent local council of Beit Aryeh in 2003 and has ceased to exist as an independent entity. Tel Tzion is a semiautonomous neighbourhood of Kokhav Ya'akov, though it is set to ultimately become a separate locality, while Zeit Ra'anan is a semiautonomous neighbourhood of Talmon. Amona was dismantled by government order in 2016 and a new site was authorized in the Shiloh Bloc. Ginot Aryeh was established in 2001 but evacuated in 2004.
Settlements to be included on the Israeli side of the Israeli West Bank barrier include those in or near the Modi'in bloc (Hashmonaim, Matityahu, Na'ale, Nili), Mevo Horon in the Latrun area, Beit Horon and Giv'on HaHadasha northwest of Jerusalem, and Almon and Kfar Adumim in the Adummim area east of Jerusalem.
References
External links
Council website
Israeli regional councils in the West Bank | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateh%20Binyamin%20Regional%20Council |
Gary Delaney (born 16 April 1973) is an English writer and stand-up comedian. His style of humour is one-liners involving puns. He is known for delivering them in a slightly deadpan manner.
Early life
Gary Delaney received a degree in Economics from the London School of Economics, owing to his childhood desire to be a bond trader.
Career
Before his comedy career, Delaney fixed photocopiers, worked at banks, and did custodian work at garages.
He writes for Birmingham-based FM radio station Kerrang! 105.2 and also appeared in the horror-comedy film Trash House. A lot of his material was allegedly plagiarised on the humour website Sickipedia. When Delaney complained, the site removed the material and replaced it with a notice saying "joke removed due to a copyright complaint by Gary Delaney" and a link to his website. He received abuse and death threats from the site's users. However, his actions led the website to begin to attribute authorship of the jokes appearing on its site.
In 2003, Delaney toured the UK supporting Jerry Sadowitz, performing at venues including Manchester University and Shepherd's Bush Empire, London. His first Edinburgh Festival Fringe show, Purist, won generally positive reviews, including four stars from comedy website Chortle, and The Independent newspaper. Delaney had two of his gags included in the top ten of the third annual Dave Award for the Funniest Joke Of The Fringe, the first comedian to do so. Following an increased profile due to appearances on Mock the Week and Dave's One Night Stand, Delaney toured Purist in 2013.
In July 2012, Delaney appeared on Mock the Week. Some residents of Jersey were offended when he joked that people from Jersey were "trying to shake off their tax avoidance tag and get back to their traditional reputation as Nazi sympathisers." The BBC, however, reiterated that Mock the Week contains irreverent humour and that the comment was "obviously tongue-in-cheek".. Delaney went on to make a total of 18 appearances on the show.
Contributing to the topical podcast No Pressure to be Funny, in May 2013, he described himself as a "right-wing libertarian".
Personal life
Delaney began a relationship with fellow stand-up comedian Sarah Millican in 2006. The couple moved in together in 2013 and married in December 2013.
As of February 2015, Delaney lived in Cheshire.
References
External links
Interview with Gary Delaney (2011) at Giggle Beats
1973 births
Living people
English male comedians
English libertarians
Comedians from Birmingham, West Midlands
21st-century British comedians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Delaney |
Marilyn Denis (born July 1, 1958) is a Canadian television and radio personality. Denis was the host of The Marilyn Denis Show until her retirement from that role on June 9, 2023. She is also co-host of CHUM-FM's Marilyn Denis and Jamar.
Early life and education
Born in Edmonton, Alberta, she grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and received a bachelor's degree in radio, television and advertising from the University of Idaho.
Career
Marilyn began her broadcasting career at a local radio station in Moscow, Idaho, and later moved to Calgary where she worked at CHFM & CJAY-FM. In addition, she was a sports and entertainment reporter and weather announcer at CFCN-TV and TSN.
Since July 2, 1986, Denis has been one of the co-hosts of CHUM-FM's morning show. Originally titled Roger, Rick and Marilyn, co-hosting with Roger Ashby and Rick Hodge, then Roger and Marilyn after the departure of Hodge in June 2008 (Hodge's replacement, Darren B. Lamb, departed from the station in September 2015) until Ashby's retirement in December 2018 and is currently titled Marilyn Denis and Jamar.
From September 1989 to May 2008, she also hosted the syndicated daytime talk show CityLine on Citytv and A-Channel.
With the CTVglobemedia purchase of CHUM Limited, and the subsequent sale of five Citytv stations to Rogers Media, mandated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Denis temporarily found herself working for two separate media competitors. To resolve this situation, Denis announced that she would be leaving Cityline after 19 years to pursue current and future projects with the CTV Television Network. Denis hosted her last show on May 23, 2008.
In June 2008, Denis announced she would be hosting a new show, The Marilyn Denis Show, on CTV, which was scheduled to premiere in fall 2010. However, due to studio construction, the program premiered on January 10, 2011 on CTV. On April 13, 2023 she announced she would be ending the show on June 9, but would be continuing on as cohost on her CHUM radio morning show.
Denis was awarded an honorary PhD in Humane Letters from her alma mater, the University of Idaho. Denis also delivered the commencement speech at the University of Idaho on May 13, 2017.
Personal life
Denis resides in downtown Toronto. On May 8, 2018, Marilyn announced that she was engaged to her high-school prom date, Jim Helman. They married on June 19, 2018.
Her son, Adam Wylde (born 1988), formerly the morning host with Jax Irwin, at Bell Media's CKFM-FM in Toronto, is the CEO and Head of Content & Partnerships at the Steve Dangle Podcast Network.
Awards
In 2005 and 2006, Marilyn won the Viewer's Choice Award at the Gemini Awards. In 2007, Denis won the Gemini for Best Host in a Lifestyle/Information series for Cityline.
The Marilyn Denis Show was awarded Best Talk Program at the 2016 and 2018 Canadian Screen Awards.
In 2006, Marilyn was honoured with Canadian Music Week's "Rosalie Award", named after Canadian radio pioneer Rosalie Trombley, best known as radio programmer for radio station CKLW in Windsor. In 2017, Denis became the first female broadcaster to receive the Allan Waters Lifetime Achievement Award, presented at Canadian Music Week during the Canadian Music and Broadcast Industry Awards in Toronto.
References
1958 births
Living people
American radio hosts
American television talk show hosts
Canadian radio hosts
Canadian television talk show hosts
People from Edmonton
Radio personalities from Pittsburgh
University of Idaho alumni
Canadian women television personalities
CTV Television Network people
Canadian women radio hosts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn%20Denis |
The San Emigdio Mountains are a part of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California, extending from Interstate 5 at Lebec and Gorman on the east to Highway 33–166 on the west. They link the Tehachapis and Temblor Range and form the southern wall of the San Joaquin Valley. The range is named after Emygdius, an early Christian martyr.
Geography
The range is within Kern County. The highest point is San Emigdio Mountain at . As with most of the Transverse Ranges, the mountains generally lie in an east-west direction.
Towns or settlements near the San Emigdio Mountains include Frazier Park, Lake of the Woods, and Pine Mountain Club.
Highest peaks
San Emigdio Mountain
Tecuya Mountain 7,160+ ft (2,182+ m)
Escapula Peak 7,080+ ft (2,158+ m)
Brush Mountain 7,048 ft (2,148 m)
Antimony Peak 6,848 ft (2,087 m)
Eagle Rest Peak 6,005 ft (1,830 m)
Adjacent ranges
Adjacent Transverse Ranges, with their wildlife corridors, include:
Tehachapi Mountains — on the northeast
Sierra Pelona Mountains — on the east
Pine Mountain Ridge - (to the south)
Topatopa Mountains — on the southwest
San Rafael Mountains - (to the west)
Santa Ynez Mountains - (to the southwest)
San Joaquin Valley — on the north
Temblor Range - (''to the northwest)
See also
Mountain Communities of the Tejon Pass
Pyramid Lake
Index: Transverse Ranges
References
External links
The Wildlands Conservancy: Wind Wolves Preserve website
Mountain ranges of Southern California
Transverse Ranges
Mountain ranges of Kern County, California
Los Padres National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Emigdio%20Mountains |
The Ceres Microregion is located in north-central Goiás state, Brazil. It includes 22 cities with a total population of 215,820 inhabitants (2007). The total area is 13,224.40 km2. The most important cities are Ceres and Goianésia.
The most populous municipality is Goianésia with 53,806 inhabitants. The least populous is São Patrício with 2,051 inhabitants.
The largest municipality in land area is Goianésia with 1,419.0 km2. The smallest is São Patrício with 135.0 km2.
Municipalities
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
Barro Alto 6,446
Carmo do Rio Verde 8,897
Ceres 18,637
Goianésia 53,806
Guaraíta 2,394
Guarinos 2,411
Hidrolina 4,157
Ipiranga de Goiás 2,813
Itapaci 16,003
Itapuranga 24,832
Morro Agudo de Goiás 2,339
Nova América 2,200
Nova Glória 8,470
Pilar de Goiás 2,852
Rialma 10,485
Rianápolis 4,167
Rubiataba 18,025
Santa Isabel 3,485
Santa Rita do Novo Destino 3,372
São Luís do Norte 4,266
São Patrício 2,051
Uruana 13,712
Population is from 2007.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20Ceres |
Commission of inquiry may refer to:
Public inquiry, a review of events ordered by a government body.
Royal commission, a formal public inquiry into a defined issue in some monarchies.
United Nations commission of inquiry, a United Nations mission carried out with the intention to discover facts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission%20of%20inquiry |
Michie Tavern (Pron: ), located in Albemarle County, Virginia, is a Virginia Historic Landmark that was established in 1784 by Scotsman William Michie, though in Earlysville. The Tavern served as the social center of its community and provided travelers with food, drink and lodging. It remained in operation, in the Michie family, until 1910, when it came to be owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia. In 1927, the Tavern was purchased by Josephine Henderson, who had it moved seventeen miles from Earlysville to its present location, close to Monticello.
History
In 1746, Major John Henry sold land in northern Albemarle County to John Michie. His son, William Michie, inherited the property from his father and built a house. Many people came to his house looking for food and a place to sleep, so William obtained a license to operate an ordinary in 1784 and operated a tavern, inn, and restaurant. The property reverted to state ownership in 1910 when Sally Michie was unable to care for the business. She was the last Michie family member to own the property. Josephine Henderson bought the tavern in 1927, and had it dismantled and moved near Monticello. Part of her interest in the tavern was to have a place to display her large collection of antiques. It was used as an architectural office by Milton Gregg beginning in 1932.
Overview
Michie Tavern is now a collection of historic buildings that includes a museum and restaurant. It has the largest grouping of reassembled buildings in Albemarle County. Now located near Monticello, it has retained the atmosphere of an 18th-century inn, pub, and a set of stores: The General Store, Tavern Shop, The Artisan Shop, and The Metal Smith Shop.
Gallery
See also
Buck Mountain
Monticello
Ash Lawn-Highland
University of Virginia
References
External links
Michie Tavern, 683 Thomas Jefferson Parkway (moved from Buck Mountain Road), Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA at the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS)
Taverns in Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Houses in Albemarle County, Virginia
Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Heritage Area
Drinking establishments on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia
Virginia Historic Landmarks
Museums in Albemarle County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Albemarle County, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michie%20Tavern |
Superfund is the common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), a United States federal law designed to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances.
Superfund may also refer to:
Superfund Group, a global managed futures fund provider
Superannuation fund a mandatory retirement savings scheme implemented by the Australian Government, abbreviated term for industry superannuation fund
New Zealand Superannuation Fund is a sovereign wealth fund in New Zealand and currently provides universal superannuation for people over 65 years of age
Universities Superannuation Scheme is the UK pension fund
FC Superfund
KK Superfund
See also
List of Superfund sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Liquidity ratio may refer to:
Reserve requirement, a bank regulation that sets the minimum reserves each bank must hold.
Quick ratio (also known as an acid test) or current ratio, accounting ratios used to determine the liquidity of a business entity
In accounting, the liquidity ratio expresses a company's ability to repay short-term creditors out of its total cash. It is the result of dividing the total cash by short-term borrowings. It shows the number of times short-term liabilities are covered by cash. If the value is greater than 1.00, it means fully covered.
The formula is the following:
LR = liquid assets / short-term liabilities
Liquidity ratios measure how quickly assets can be turned into cash in order to pay the company's short-term obligations. Following ratios can be considered to measure the liquidity of a firm.
Working Capital
Working Capital Ratio
Current Ratio
Quick Ratio
Absolute Liquid Ratio
See also
Accounting liquidity
Market liquidity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity%20ratio |
The Married Women's Property Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict. c. 75) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that significantly altered English law regarding the property rights of married women, which besides other matters allowed married women to own and control property in their own right.
The Act applied in England (and Wales) and Ireland, but did not extend to Scotland. The Married Women's Property Act was a model for similar legislation in other British territories. For example, Victoria passed legislation in 1884, New South Wales in 1889, and the remaining Australian colonies passed similar legislation between 1890 and 1897.
English women's property rights
English common law defined the role of the wife as a feme covert, emphasising her subordination to her husband, and putting her under the "protection and influence of her husband, her baron, or lord". Upon marriage, the husband and wife became one person under the law, as the property of the wife was surrendered to her husband, and her status as a separate legal personality, with the ability to own property, and sue and be sued solely in her own name, ceased to exist. Any personal property acquired by the wife during the marriage, unless specified that it was for her own separate use, went automatically to her husband. If a woman writer had copyright before marriage, the copyright would pass to the husband afterwards, for instance. Further, a married woman was unable to draft a will or dispose of any property without her husband's consent.
Women were limited in what they could inherit. Males were more likely to receive real property (land), while females with brothers were sometimes limited to inherited personal property, which included clothing, jewellery, household furniture, food, and all moveable goods. In an instance where no will was found, the English law of primogeniture automatically gave the oldest son the right to all real property, and the daughter only inherited real property in the absence of a male heir. The law of intestate primogeniture remained on the statute books in Britain until the Law of Property Act 1925 simplified and updated England's archaic law of real property.
Aware of their daughters' unfortunate situation, fathers often provided them with dowries or worked into a prenuptial agreement pin money, the estate which the wife was to possess for her sole and separate use not subject to the control of her husband, to provide her with an income separate from his. This could be done by conveying property to 'feoffees-to-use', or trustees, who would legally hold the property 'to her use', and for which she would be the equitable and beneficial owner. The wife would then receive the benefits of the property through her control of the trustees and her right in the law of equity as the beneficial owner.
In contrast to wives, women who never married or who were widowed maintained control over their property and inheritance, owned land and controlled property disposal, since by law any unmarried adult female was a femme sole. Once married, the only way that women could reclaim property was through widowhood. The few exceptions of married women who were femmes sole were queens of England, and Margaret Beaufort, who was declared to be a femme sole by a 1485 act of parliament passed by her son, in spite of the fact Beaufort was still married to Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby.
The dissolution of a marriage, whether initiated by the husband or wife, usually left the divorced females impoverished, as the law offered them no rights to marital property. The 1836 Caroline Norton court case highlighted the injustice of English property laws, and generated enough support to result in the Married Women's Property Act.
The Act
After years of political lobbying, the Married Women's Property Act addressed the grievances presented by English women. The Act altered the common law doctrine of coverture to include the wife's right to own, buy and sell her separate property. Wives' legal identities were also restored, as the courts were forced to recognize a husband and a wife as two separate legal entities, in the same manner as if the wife was a feme sole. Married women's legal rights included the right to sue and be sued. Any damages a wife might pay would be her own responsibility, instead of that of her husband. Married women were then also liable for their own debts, and any outside trade they owned was subject to bankruptcy laws. Further, married women were able to hold stock in their own names.
Much of the Act was repealed between 1898 and 1969; only sections 6, 10, 11 and 17 remain, in modified form. Of these, one of the more important was s. 11, which provided that a widow could in her own right enforce her late husband's life assurance policy. (Also, the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 enables both men and women to enforce contracts drawn up by others for their benefit.)
See also
Coverture
Married Women's Property Act 1870
Married Women's Property Acts in the United States
Primogeniture
Further reading
Notes
References
External links
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1882
Women's rights legislation
Property law of the United Kingdom
Women's rights in the United Kingdom
1882 in women's history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married%20Women%27s%20Property%20Act%201882 |
Hans Tietmeyer (18 August 1931 – 27 December 2016) was a German economist and regarded as one of the foremost experts on international financial matters. He was president of Deutsche Bundesbank from 1993 until 1999 and remained afterwards one of the most important figures in finance of the European Union.
Early life
Hans Tietmeyer was born on 18 August 1931 as the second of 11 children of a Roman Catholic family in Metelen (Westphalia). He graduated from Gymnasium Paulinum and initially studied Roman Catholic theology before switching to economics at the University of Münster, University of Bonn and University of Cologne. Following an academic background of Alfred Müller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard he moved into international banking and economics. At the same time, he became expert at table tennis, winning medals at national championships.
Career
In 1962 Tietmeyer started his career in the Federal Ministry of Economics. As a close aide of economics minister Otto Graf Lambsdorff, he drafted a devastating critique of the economic policies of the Social Democrat-Liberal government of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, which helped precipitate the coalition’s break-up.
As part of the new government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl which took office in 1982, Tietmeyer became State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance under the leadership of minister Gerhard Stoltenberg; in this capacity, he was responsible for international monetary policy, financial policy, EU matters and the preparation of World Economic Summits (sherpa).
In 1988, members of the far-left Red Army Faction (RAF) fired at Tietmeyer’s Mercedes-Benz outside Bonn, striking the car numerous times but leaving Tietmeyer and his driver uninjured.
Tietmeyer was nominated by the government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl to become a member of the board of directors of the Deutsche Bundesbank in 1990, with responsibility for international monetary issues, organisations and agreements. After two years as Vice President he became President of the Deutsche Bundesbank in 1993, a position he held until August 1999. Shortly after taking office at the Bundesbank, he was also appointed by Kohl as personal adviser for the negotiations with East Germany over the economic and monetary union between the two Germanies that preceded their political unification.
Tietmeyer notably opposed the German government in 1997 over its plans to revalue the country's gold reserves to plug a budget shortfall.
During Tietmeyer's tenure as president of the Bundesbank, the Euro was introduced as the currency for most of the EU. Eight months before his retirement, he oversaw the bank's transition to the European System of Central Banks in the course of the creation of Europe's economic and monetary union in January 1999. At the time Tietmeyer forecast that the common currency would lead to painful internal economic adjustments for member states with trade deficits cumulating into debt. Commentator David Marsh in late 2012 drew attention to that forecast as he highlighted "the significant internal devaluations of their currencies though a sharp fall in unit labor costs" which Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece, for example, have suffered in the European sovereign-debt crisis of 2008 onward. This effect of the Euro is similar to the impact of "the classical gold standard", wrote Marsh in describing the phenomenon.
Tietmeyer published more than 100 articles on the subject of economics and was the recipient of many prestigious awards and prizes and was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.
Later career
From January until March 2000, with former president Roman Herzog and former federal judge Paul Kirchhof, Tietmeyer led an independent commission to investigate the CDU donations scandal. He later served on as president of the EBS University of Business and Law from 2000 until 2009.
Tietmeyer served as vice-chairman of the board of directors at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) from 2003 until 2010. In addition, he held the following positions:
Hauck & Aufhäuser, member of the supervisory board (since 2001)
donum vitae, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2001)
Depfa Bank, member of the supervisory board (2002–2008)
Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, member of the board of trustees
German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU), member of the board of trustees
German Doctors for Developing Countries, member of the board of trustees (2008–2016)
Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, member
Personal life
Tietmayer married Marie-Luise Flossdorf, with whom he had two children. After her death in 1978 he married Marie-Therese Kalff.
References
External links
Personal Web site
Tietmeyer's page at the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
1931 births
2016 deaths
People from Steinfurt (district)
People from the Province of Westphalia
German Roman Catholics
Presidents of the Deutsche Bundesbank
German economists
German chief executives
German bankers
University of Bonn alumni
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Tietmeyer |
Brian Michael Lawrence (born May 14, 1976) is an American former professional baseball starting pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres and New York Mets. He is currently the pitching coach of the South Bend Cubs, a Class A affiliate of the Chicago Cubs.
High school
Lawrence attended Carthage High School in Carthage, Texas. His senior year (1994) under head coach Scott Lee, he led the Bulldogs to the final four State Semi-Final game in Austin versus the Belton Tigers of Bell County, losing the game 9–5 on a walk-off grand-slam given up by his relief pitcher.
College
Lawrence attended Northwestern State University in Natchitoches, Louisiana.
Professional career
San Diego Padres
In the 1998 Major League Baseball draft, the San Diego Padres selected Lawrence in the 17th round. After spending the rest of that year at the Rookie League and Class A Short Season levels of the Padres' organization, he played a full season in 1999 with the Class A-Advanced Rancho Cucamonga Quakes, finishing with a 12–8 record and a 3.39 earned run average (ERA). During the 2000 season, Lawrence split time between the Double-A Mobile BayBears and the Triple-A Las Vegas Stars.
At the end of the 2001 season, Lawrence made his major-league debut for the Padres. He ended up going 5–5 with a 3.45 ERA in 27 games (15 starts). The 2001 season was the only one in which the Padres used him extensively in a relief role. By 2002, he had established himself in the Padres' starting rotation, and he made at least 31 starts with the Padres in each of the next four seasons. On June 12, 2002, Lawrence struck out all three batters on nine total pitches in the third inning of a 2–0 win over the Baltimore Orioles; he became the 24th National League pitcher and the 33rd pitcher in major-league history to accomplish an immaculate inning. For three consecutive years, 2002–2004, he logged more than 200 innings pitched, and he won at least 10 games in each of those seasons. However, in 2005, his record was just 7–15, and his ERA was 4.83—his highest ERA in the majors. He threw the slowest fastball of all NL starters in 2005, averaging .
Washington Nationals
After the 2005 season, the Padres traded Lawrence to the Washington Nationals for third baseman Vinny Castilla. Following the trade to the Nationals, Padres General Manager Kevin Towers was quoted as saying "Brian Lawrence was an effective low cost innings-eater". The righty would never have an opportunity to pitch for the Nationals. On the second day of spring training for the season, team doctors discovered a torn labrum and a torn rotator cuff in his right shoulder, which put him on the disabled list for all of 2006. After the 2006 season, the Nationals declined their option on Lawrence.
Colorado Rockies
On January 21, 2007, Lawrence was signed by the Colorado Rockies, but was released early in the season.
New York Mets
On May 6, 2007, Lawrence signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets. The Mets assigned him to their Triple-A affiliate, the New Orleans Zephyrs. On August 2, 2007, Lawrence was called up to the major leagues, and started his first game with the Mets against the Milwaukee Brewers. His victory in Milwaukee was his first major league win in almost 2 years. He was designated for assignment on September 18, 2007. Lawrence made six starts for the Mets and posted a 6.83 ERA. Lawrence opted for free agency after the season.
Kansas City Royals
On January 19, 2008, the Kansas City Royals signed Lawrence to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training, he was released from the team on March 27, 2008.
Camden Riversharks
On April 24, 2008, Lawrence signed with the Camden Riversharks of the Atlantic League.
Atlanta Braves
On June 8, the Atlanta Braves bought Lawrence's contract from Camden and assigned him to Triple-A Richmond. He became a free agent at the end of the season.
Orange County Flyers
He joined the independent Orange County Flyers of the Golden Baseball League under first-year manager Phil Nevin in . In his Flyers debut, he threw a complete game one-hitter (doubleheader games in the minors are 7 innings).
Return to the Padres
The San Diego Padres purchased his contract from the Flyers on June 15, 2009 and sent him to Triple-A.
On August 1, 2009 the San Diego Padres released Lawrence.
Florida Marlins
On August 18, 2009, Lawrence signed a minor league contract with the Florida Marlins. His contract expired at the end of the season. Lawrence re-signed a minor league contract with the Marlins on April 1, 2010.
San Francisco Giants
Lawrence signed with the San Francisco Giants on February 14, 2011, but he was released before the 2011 season on April 1.
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
He signed with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on April 17. However, he retired on June 2 after going 2–5 with an 8.07 ERA for the Triple-A Salt Lake Bees of the Pacific Coast League.
Coaching career
In 2012, he was named the pitching coach for the Normal CornBelters of the Frontier League, an independent professional baseball league.
He was named Pitching Coach for the Lake Elsinore Storm of the California League.
He was released from his minor league contract on December 7, 2012 in order to become a pitching coach.
References
External links
Brian Lawrence: Behind the Dugout
1976 births
Living people
San Diego Padres players
New York Mets players
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Colorado
Major League Baseball pitchers
Sportspeople from Fort Collins, Colorado
Northwestern State Demons baseball players
Clinton LumberKings players
Idaho Falls Braves players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Mobile BayBears players
Portland Beavers players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Camden Riversharks players
Richmond Braves players
Orange County Flyers players
Salt Lake Bees players
Minor league baseball coaches
Panola Ponies baseball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Lawrence |
Juhan Jaagu Muks (7 July 1899 - 23 November 1983) was an Estonian artist and painter.
Juhan Muks was born in Tuhalaane, Viljandi County, Estonia. He acquired a higher education abroad before returning to his native Estonia and following his fellow countrymen Adamson-Eric, Eduard Wiiralt, Lydia Mei, Kristjan Teder, Eduard Ole, and Felix Randel in popularizing the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) art movement throughout Estonia in the 1920s. The group also initiated the tradition of art exhibitions throughout the country. Muks is best known for his paintings of rural Estonian landscapes.
Muks is a previous winner of The Estonian Artists' Association Konrad Mägi Award; A medal and a cash award that are given yearly to an artist whose art piece, series of pieces or exhibition has "enriched Estonian painting".
Muks died on November 23, 1983, in Viljandi and was buried in the Viljandi Metsakalmistu cemetery.
References/External links
Viljandi Tourism Information
Neue Sachlichkeit in Estonian Art (In English)
1899 births
1983 deaths
People from Mulgi Parish
People from the Governorate of Livonia
20th-century Estonian painters
20th-century Estonian male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhan%20Muks |
Juan Martín Hernández (born 7 August 1982) is an Argentine retired rugby union player. A mainstay of the Argentina national team The Pumas. He played for the club Toulon in the French Top 14 competition. His 2010 move to Racing brought him back to the city where he had begun his professional career in 2003 with Stade Français. He has also played in the South African Currie Cup with the , and was slated to play with the Sharks in Super Rugby in 2010, but suffered a back injury that knocked him out of the Super Rugby season. Hernández is a "utility back" capable of playing at fly-half, centre, or fullback, though he generally prefers fly-half.
Hernández made his test debut for Los Pumas against Paraguay in April 2003. Since then he has accumulated over 50 caps for his national team. He retired in April 2018 following a knee injury.
Family
His uncle Patricio Hernández was part of the Argentine football squad for the 1982 FIFA World Cup.
His sister María de la Paz Hernández, won the silver medal with the Argentina field hockey team at the 2000 Summer Olympics, bronze medals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics and the World Cup in 2002.
Career
Club
Hernández began his rugby career at the amateur club Deportiva Francesa in Buenos Aires. In 2003, he moved to Paris to play professionally for Stade Français, one of the top clubs in France and Europe. He saw considerable success with Stade Français; winning the domestic championship in 2004, as well as being runners-up in the domestic championship and the European Heineken Cup in 2005. In 2006, he was named fullback of the year. This award has coincided with many commentators naming Hernández as the world's best fullback.
On 27 July 2009, Hernández signed with South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union, operator of the in the Currie Cup and the Sharks in the Super 14, on a one-year contract. He took on a coaching role at the club's academy, helping young players at grass roots level.
In December 2009, the French rugby magazine Midi Olympique reported that Hernández had signed a deal with Paris' other Top 14 club, Racing Métro, and would return to France after the 2010 Super 14 season.
In early January 2010, it was announced that Hernández would be sidelined for at least 6 months following a back operation. He thus played no part in the Sharks 2010 Super 14 campaign.
International
Hernández made his debut for Argentina against Paraguay on 27 April 2003. Appearing in the starting line up, he helped the Pumas to a 144–0 victory. Following a further five Tests for Argentina in May, June and August 2003, Hernández was included in Argentina's squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup. He came on in the opening game of the tournament against the Wallabies, as well as starting in the games against Namibia and Romania.
Following the 2003 World Cup, Hernández next played for Argentina in November 2004, starting against France, Ireland and the Springboks. He earned another three Test caps on the November tour the following season. He was then capped twice against Wales and once against the All Blacks.
Hernández was unexpectedly picked at outside half for the opening game of the 2007 Rugby World Cup against France on 7 September 2007. His scintillating form, particularly with the boot, kept him as first choice in that position during Argentina's run to the semi-finals, and he subsequently scored three drop goals in the pool match with Ireland and another in the quarter final victory over Scotland.
Hernández was nominated by the IRB as one of the five candidates for the 2007 International Player of the Year award, which was won by Bryan Habana.
Before the 2011 Rugby World Cup, Hernández was named on a list of candidates for the greatest fly half in Rugby World Cup history.
The Pumas wouldn't need to delay long to battle their southern hemisphere competitors while they were contained in the Tri-Places for that start of the 2012 Rugby Title. After a remarkable time for Rushing Neighborhood, Hernandez was back to his greatest and appeared set-to enjoy a key position in the contest for that Pumas.
Hernández was part of the national squad that competes in the Rugby Championship.
He was part of the national squad that competed at the 2015 Rugby World Cup.
Statistics
Tests
2009: 6/6 vs. England; 13/6 vs. England
2008: 28/6 vs. Italy; 8/11 vs. France; 15/8 vs. Italy
2007 (all Rugby World Cup): 7/9 vs. France, 11/9 vs. Georgia; 30/9 vs. Ireland; 7/10 vs. Scotland (QF); 14/10 vs. South Africa (SF); 19/10 vs. France (3rd place)
2006: 17/6 vs. Wales; 24/6 vs. New Zealand; 11/11 vs. England; 18/11 vs. Italy; 25/11 vs. France (1 try)
2005: 5/11 vs. South Africa; 12/11 vs. Scotland]; 19/11 vs. Italy
2004: 20/11: vs. France; 27/11: vs. Ireland; 4/12: vs. South Africa
2003: 27/4: vs. Paraguay; 3/5: vs. Uruguay; 14/6: vs. France; 20/6: vs. France (1 try); 28/6: vs. South Africa (1 try); 30/8 vs. Canada. Rugby World Cup: 10/10: vs. Australia; 14/10: vs. Namibia; 22/10: vs. Romania (2 tries)
Tours
2009: England (first June Test, originally scheduled for Argentina but moved by the national federation to Old Trafford)
2008: Italy & France
2007: England (vs Northampton and Leicester)
2006: England, Italy & France
2005: Scotland & Italy
2004: France & Ireland
2003: South Africa - Australia Rugby World Cup
2002: Italy & Ireland
Honours
Stade Français
Top 14: 2003–04, 2006–07
References
External links
Juan Martín Hernández at UAR.com.ar
Stade Français
Juan Martin Hernandez “El Mago” in story life
VIDEO: Incredible banana-swerve kick vs the All Blacks in 2012
1982 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Spanish descent
Argentine rugby union players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in France
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union fullbacks
Racing 92 players
Stade Français Paris players
RC Toulon players
Argentina international rugby union players
Sharks (Currie Cup) players
Jaguares (Super Rugby) players
Argentine expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Expatriate rugby union players in South Africa
Argentina international rugby sevens players
2003 Rugby World Cup players
2007 Rugby World Cup players
2015 Rugby World Cup players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Mart%C3%ADn%20Hern%C3%A1ndez |
The Topatopa Mountains are a mountain range in Ventura County, California, north of Ojai, Santa Paula, and Fillmore. They are part of the Transverse Ranges of Southern California.
Etymology
A name for the mountains was first inscribed within the archives of Mission Basilica San Buenaventura in 1943, citing a nearby Chumash ranchería named "Si-toptopo". In 1945, American linguist and ethnologist John Peabody Harrington noted that "topa" is a Chumash word meaning "reed" or "rush".
Geography
The Topatopa Mountains lie in an east–west direction east of the Sierra Madre Mountains, and west of the Sierra Pelona Mountains. To the south lies the Santa Clara River Valley into which various creeks drain starting in the mountains into the Santa Clara River. The range reaches an elevation of at Cobblestone Mountain, about north-northeast of Fillmore and about northwest of Castaic. Snow frequently falls on the high peaks during winter.
Hydrology
Several major tributaries of the Santa Clara River flow down from the Topatopa Mountains, the largest being Piru Creek and Sespe Creek.
Lake Piru is the only major reservoir located within the mountains.
Natural history
The Topatopa Mountains are within the southern Los Padres National Forest. The Sespe Wilderness Area, and the Sespe Condor Sanctuary, are primarily within the Topatopa Mountains and foothills. They are part of the home range of the endangered California condor.
The habitat is of the California montane chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. Sespe Creek flows through the range, creating Sespe Gorge, with Riparian habitats of willows and woodlands.
Highest peaks
Cobblestone Mountain 6,738 ft (2,054 m)
Hines Peak - 6,703 ft (2,043 m)
Topatopa Bluff - 6,367 ft (1,941 m)
Chief Peak - 5,560+ ft (1,695+ m)
Santa Paula Peak - 4,957 ft (1,511 m)
Nordhoff Peak - 4,485 ft (1,367 m)
Adjacent Transverse Ranges
San Emigdio Mountains - to the north
Pine Mountain Ridge - to the north and northwest
Sulphur Mountains - northwest across the Ojai Valley
Sierra Madre Mountains - to the west
Santa Ynez Mountains - to the southwest
Santa Susana Mountains - to the southeast
Sierra Pelona - to the east
Tehachapi Mountains - to the northeast
See also
Fishes of Sespe Creek, California
Piru Creek
References
Mountain ranges of Ventura County, California
Transverse Ranges
Los Padres National Forest
Fillmore, California
Ojai, California
Santa Paula, California
Mountain ranges of Southern California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topatopa%20Mountains |
Yang Yang (; born 14 September 1977 in Changchun, Jilin, China) is a Chinese Olympic speed skater of Hui ethnicity.
Yang competed as a short track speed skater for the Chinese national team at the 1994 Winter Olympics, the 1998 Winter Olympics, and the 2002 Winter Olympics.
Born 1977, Yang is sometimes known as Yang Yang (S), to differentiate her from the speed skater named Yang Yang born in 1976 (known as "Yang Yang (A)").
By coincidence, Yang had a one-year and one month older contemporary on the Chinese short track team also named Yang Yang in English and pinyin, although with a different given name in Chinese characters. They were originally referred to as Yang Yang (L) ("大杨扬") and Yang Yang (S) ("小杨阳"), for "Large" and "Small"; Yang Yang (L) disliked the "L" designation and changed her designation to Yang Yang (A). "A" and "S" also refer to their respective months of birth: August and September respectively.
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Chinese female speed skaters
Chinese female short track speed skaters
Olympic short track speed skaters for China
Olympic silver medalists for China
Olympic bronze medalists for China
Olympic medalists in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 1996 Asian Winter Games
Short track speed skaters at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Speed skaters from Changchun
Medalists at the 1996 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
FISU World University Games gold medalists for China
Universiade medalists in short track speed skating
Competitors at the 1995 Winter Universiade
20th-century Chinese women
21st-century Chinese women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%20Yang%20%28speed%20skater%2C%20born%201977%29 |
Shleep is the seventh album by Canterbury scene and progressive rock veteran and musician Robert Wyatt, released in 1997.
The album brought together a diverse range of musicians from a range of genres. After Wyatt's largely one-man recordings of the 1980s, Shleep marked a return to featuring other artistes as on his 1970s albums. The balance of his discography would follow suit. The Wire named Shleep its record of the year in its annual critics' poll.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Robert Wyatt and Alfreda Benge; except where indicated
"Heaps of Sheeps" – 4:56
"The Duchess" (Wyatt) – 4:18
"Maryan" (Wyatt, Philip Catherine) – 6:11
"Was a Friend" (Wyatt, Hugh Hopper) – 6:09
"Free Will and Testament" (Wyatt, Mark Kramer) – 4:13
"September the Ninth" – 6:41
"Alien" – 6:47
"Out of Season" – 2:32
"A Sunday in Madrid" – 4:41
"Blues in Bob Minor" (Wyatt) – 5:46
"The Whole Point of No Return" (Paul Weller) – 1:25
"September in the Rain" (bonus re-release track) – 2:31
Personnel
Gary Azukx - djembe
Alfreda Benge - voice of the apparition, chorus
Philip Catherine - guitar
Brian Eno - synthesiser, synthesiser bass, vocal chorus
Jamie Johnson - guitar, chorus
Phil Manzanera - guitar
Chucho Merchan - bass guitar, double bass, bass drum, percussion
Evan Parker - soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
Charles Rees - chorus
Chikako Sato - violin
Paul Weller - guitars, harmony vocals
Annie Whitehead - trombone
Robert Wyatt - voice, keyboards, bass guitar, polish fiddle, trumpet, percussion, chorus
References
External links
MP3.com album main page
1997 albums
Robert Wyatt albums
Albums produced by Brian Eno
Albums produced by Robert Wyatt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shleep |
Lake Tritonis () was a large body of fresh water in northern Africa that was described in many ancient texts. Classical-era Greek writers placed the lake in what today is southeastern Algeria and southern Tunisia (modern Chott el-Djerid). In details of the late myths and personal observations related by these historians, the lake was said to be named after Triton. According to Herodotus it contained two islands, Phla, which the Lacedaemonians were to have colonized, according to an oracle, and Mene.
Location
The location is unclear. The lake is mentioned as being in Libya, a land the ancient Greeks believed encircled their world, "washed on all sides by the sea," Herodotus said, "except where it is attached to Asia." "In their knowledge, Libya extended from Ancient Egypt, the Nile Valley and its basin, Algeria and along the south of Ancient Egypt."
Both Herodotus in the fifth century B.C. and Diodorus in the first century A.D. described the lake. In the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, which is thought to date from the mid-4th century BC, it is said to have a circumference of 1000 stades, giving it an area of about 2,300 km² (900 mi²), or, half the size of the contemporary United States state of Rhode Island. Herodotus assumed that there would have to be a large river flowing into it, which he called the Triton.
History
The name of the lake appears in discussion of the geography related in Greek mythology.
When Athena is addressed as Athene Tritogeneia ("born of Trito"), the archaic epithet is explained by the episode where, having sprung fully formed from the head—or thigh—of Zeus—who had swallowed her pregnant mother to prevent his own downfall from the rule over the current Greek pantheon by her progeny, as predicted—the goddess was escorted to Lake Trito and attended to by the nymphs. A different interpretation, taking into consideration much earlier Greek and Minoan myths, leads translator Robert Graves to suggest that the reverse direction of religious influence occurred, with Neith being the deity who influenced development of the Greek concept for the goddess Athene. Neith was an ancient deity when first appearing in the earliest Egyptian pantheon, and is suspected to have originated among the Berbers.
The story of the Argonauts places Triton's home on the Mediterranean coast of Libya. Before the epic Argonautika of Apollonius, Herodotus knew this tradition of Jason, in which winds
"carried him out of his course to the coast of Libya; where, before he discovered the land, he got among the shallows of Lake Tritonis. As he was turning it in his mind how he should find his way out, Triton (they say) appeared to him, and offered to show him the channel, and secure him a safe retreat, if he would give him the tripod. Jason complying, was shown by Triton the passage through the shallows; after which the god took the tripod, and, carrying it to his own temple, seated himself upon it, and, filled with prophetic fury, delivered to Jason and his companions a long prediction. "When a descendant," he said, "of one of the Argo's crew should seize and carry off the brazen tripod, then by inevitable fate would a hundred Grecian cities be built around Lake Tritonis." The Libyans of that region, when they heard the words of this prophecy, took away the tripod and hid it. "
As Apollonius of Rhodes narrates it, when the Argo was driven ashore on the Lesser Syrtes by a fierce storm while returning from Colchis, the Argonauts found themselves in "an area surrounded by sands". They portaged their ship twelve days to Lake Tritonis, but the lake water was salty and undrinkable. Since they could find no outlet from Lake Tritonis to the sea, they could do nothing. Then they propitiated the deities with a golden tripod on the shore and Triton, the local deity, appeared to them in the form of a youth, to show them a hidden channel to the sea.
This late myth related that a lake nymph named Tritonis made the lake her home and, according to an ancient tradition, was the mother of Athena by Poseidon. (Herodotus, iv. 180; Pindar. Pytli. iv. 20.) By Amphithemis, she became the mother of Nasamon and Caphaurus.
Catastrophic natural disaster
At an unknown date, an earthquake collapsed dikes or the land structures that kept the lake from drying up, causing drainage to the sea of most of the fresh water and at the most allowing for a seasonal lake or marsh. It then possibly became associated with Chott el-Djerid, a seasonal lake which is marshy and shallow, now separated by a 50 meter high elevated ridge ten kilometers wide from the Mediterranean. Other suggested locations are various Sabkha along the Gulf of Sidra and due west coastal sections, which became filled in due to salt and gypsum evaporates as well as sand washed or blown in. These areas are below sea level for large expanses, typically only less than 5 meters in depth.
This article is based partly on the entry in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, by William Smith, LLD, 1854.
Notes
Sources
A support for the existence of paleolakes and paleorivers buried under Saharan sand by means of Bgravitational signal from EIGEN 6C4
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, p. 1175
Mapping argo (archived)
Cyrene
Libya
Amazon.com: Phrase: "Lake Tritonis"
Southern Tunisia - research campaign 2005
CHOTT EL JERID: Dry salt lake
Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek
Geology of Wessex Coast
Chapter 28
Chapter 27
Tritonis, Lake
Tritonis, Lake
Locations in Greek mythology
Triton (mythology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Tritonis |
The flag and coat of arms of Transylvania were granted by Maria Theresa in 1765, when she established a Grand Principality within the Habsburg monarchy. While neither symbol has official status in present-day Romania, the coat of arms is marshalled within the national Romanian arms; it was also for decades a component of the Hungarian arms. In its upper half, it prominently includes the eagle, which may have been one of the oldest regional symbols, or is otherwise a localized version of the Polish eagle. Early versions of the Transylvanian charges were first designed in Habsburg Hungary at some point before 1550, and were therefore symbols of pretence.
The arms were only attested as in use by the Transylvanian Principality in or after 1580. The first Prince to recognize and use them was Sigismund Báthory, who also simplified the charges. They entered the heraldic patrimony over the next few decades, and, during Ákos Barcsay's reign, were codified as representing three separate jurisdictions: the eagle stood for Transylvania-proper, the sun-and-crescent is for Székely Land (as in the coat of arms of the Székelys), while the seven towers are canting arms of the Saxon-populated cities. They are also widely understood as ethnic symbols of the three privileged nations (therefore excluding Romanians), but this interpretation is criticized as inaccurate by various historians.
Before Maria Theresa, Transylvania's rulers used a variety of flags, which more often than not included family or factional symbols, such as the Báthory "wolf teeth"; Prince Sigismund also used a prototype of the Hungarian tricolor, but the practice died out long before the Habsburg conquest. Transylvania's Habsburg tricolor and the flag of Romania resemble each other superficially: Transylvania has blue-red-yellow displayed horizontally, while Romania has blue-yellow-red, vertically. The Transylvanian colors were codified from the heraldic tinctures, but Romanian scholars such as Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu ascribe them a Dacian origin and links to the Romanian ethnogenesis. They became popular among the Romanian community of Transylvania in the later stages of the 1848 Revolution, after replacing combinations of blue, red and white.
On such grounds, Transylvanian flags were often used in Austria-Hungary to camouflage celebrations of Romanian nationalism, and as such contributed to a simmering Hungarian–Romanian conflict before and during World War I. In this context, references to the "Transylvanian tricolor" often referred to a blue-yellow-red horizontal variation. Saxon organizations have traditionally reduced the tricolor to a blue-over-red or red-over-blue arrangement, which was also disliked by Hungarian authorities. Both sets of flags were flown by communities supporting the 1918 union with Romania; in its aftermath, Transylvanian or Tranylvanian-derived symbols were sometimes used by Hungarians seeking autonomy for the region as a whole. In parallel, pro-autonomy activists in Székely Land have adopted a blue-gold-silver pattern.
History
Origins
Some of the earliest heraldic traditions in Transylvania relate to the 12th and 13th centuries—which is after the age of Hungarian conquest. They refer to the conquest's chronicling in the manuscript known as Gesta Hungarorum, which claims that Transylvania was settled by five Hungarian clans. Subsequent tradition codified their family crests, all of which had totem-like animal figures—Agmánd had a wolf's head; Borsa, a fish, Gyerő, a fish; Kalocsa, a bird; and Zsombor, a lion. The region had a distinct jurisdiction under a Voivode of Transylvania, the first of whom were attested in the 12th century. Whether it used a heraldic symbol at this stage is a matter of dispute among modern heraldists. Dan Cernovodeanu dismisses the notion, arguing that there was a general uninterest in regional heraldry, manifested throughout high-medieval Hungary; similarly, Károly Kisteleki argues that: "Transylvania did not have an independent coat of arms in the pre-1526 medieval Hungarian Kingdom." Historian Zsigmond Jakó argues that, since "the voivode received his commission directly from the king, [he] probably received a flag from the ruler, as proof of his appointment before an illiterate society."
The Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms claims a "green flag with a red scimitar" as standing for the "Kingdom of Siluana" or "Septem Castra". The latter is a reference to Transylvania as the country of "seven cities". According to historian Iulian Marțian, this name may predate Hungarian conquest, and is traceable to Roman Dacia. He argues that seven towers may have already been a Transylvanian symbol at that stage, noting that the "Dacian" metropolis of Sirmium was represented by a tower on a field of gules. Hungarian sources, analyzed in the 19th century by Josef Bedeus von Scharberg and Nicolae Densușianu, suggest that Transylvanian troops fought under an eagle banner, but the accuracy of such reporting is altogether doubtful. Several 15th-century armorials also feature a "Duke of Weydn" or "Weiden", which may refer to the Transylvanian Voivodes or Dukes, using an eagle on a field of argent and azure. Among the modern experts, Tudor-Radu Tiron argues for the existence of a Transylvanian eagle shield, taking as evidence a Black Church relief and the attested seal of Fehér County. Both, he argues, may be "heraldizations" of the Roman aquila, and as such folk symbols of "Dacia". At this earliest stage, individual Voivodes also had their own attested arms. Thomas Szécsényi, who governed in the 1350s, used a lion combined with the Árpád stripes. One theory proposes that Bartholomew Drágffy, rising to the position in the 1490s, used the aurochs head, which was also a staple of Moldavian heraldry.
The right to use individual coat of arms was severely limited by the codes of István Werbőczy, introduced in 1514. These effectively excluded many Vlachs (Romanians) from the ranks of Hungarian nobility. In tandem, some alternative collective symbols were being introduced within two distinct ethnic communities: the Transylvanian Saxons (German-speaking) and the Székely (Hungarian-speaking). The former group had its "one single seal" as early as 1224, though it is not recorded what that symbol was. According to Marțian, its design was the same as a 1302 seal, which depicts three kneeling men and a standing one holding up a crown. It was replaced in 1370 by a variant combining the Hungarian and Capetian arms of Louis I. Also included was a third shield, which is as either an eagle-and-rose composition or the first appearance of "three leaves", joined in triquetra, as the leading symbol of the Saxons at large. According to historian Jean-Paul Van der Elst, they are possibly water-lily leaves, establishing a connection with the heraldic traditions of the Low Countries. A tradition reported in 1896 by lawyer Vilmos Bruckner held that a Saxon flag and seal from 1222 carried the slogan AD RETINENDAM CORONAM ("To protect the Crown", in Medieval Latin). The latter's earliest documented usage is on the 1302 seal.
The original Székely symbol featured an arm holding a sword, often piercing through a crown, a bear's severed head, and a heart, sometimes alongside a star-and-crescent; the field, though often interpreted as azure, was most likely gules. Threatened by the peasant revolt of 1437, the estates of the realm established a regime of feudal privileges known as Unio Trium Nationum. This event is traditionally held as the source of a new Székely coat of arms, which only shows the sun and waxing moon (see Count of the Székelys). Marțian notes that these two devices were also used in medieval armorials as visual representations of Cumania and of the Vlachs.
The Ottoman Empire eventually took hold of central Hungary in 1541, leaving Transylvania to reestablish itself as a rump Hungarian Kingdom. During the first decades of reorganization under John Sigismund Zápolya, the region effectively used Hungary's arms, although one popular legend attributes the creation of Transylvania's arms to the same Zápolya. Zápolya's military ordinances imposed recruitment rules on the counties of Transylvania, specifying that each county would have its own banner. Meanwhile, a rival claim to Transylvania had been placed by Habsburg Hungary, which was part of the larger Habsburg monarchy and thus dynastically attached to the Holy Roman Empire. A Transylvanian symbol was probably designed at the court of Ferdinand I, and was based on Saxon heraldry, showing crossed swords and a triquetra. This is the version published by Georg Reicherstorffer (1550) and Martin Schrot (1581).
A manuscript at the Bavarian State Library (Cod. icon. 391) preserves what is perhaps the first version of the modern Transylvanian arms—designed under Habsburg influence, and probably dating back to Zápolya's reign. It has a crowned eagle's head in chief, and seven towers, gules, on seven hills, vert, over a argent field. Its design may join the earlier eagle flag with canting arms for Siebenbürgen ("Seven Cities", the German name of Transylvania); the color scheme seems to be purposefully based on the Hungarian arms. In the 1560s, the seven towers were featured on coinage issued by Habsburg client Iacob Heraclid, who became Prince of Moldavia. These artifacts also feature the Moldavian aurochs and the Wallachian bird, showing Heraclid's ambition of unifying the three realms under one crown. In 1596, Levinus Hulsius of Nuremberg published another recognizable version of Transylvania's arms, showing a crowned eagle over seven hills, with each hill topped by a tower; tinctures cannot be reconstructed.
Báthorys and Michael the Brave
The Eastern Kingdom was downgraded by its Ottoman suzerains to a Transylvanian Principality in 1570. Like with other Ottoman clients, the new Princes were granted banners-of-rule by the Sublime Porte; these were paraded in ceremonies, alongside the kaftans and scepters. Transylvania also preserved the Zápolyan practice of organizing military units under separate county banners. In heraldic practice, it perpetuated the use of Hungarian royal diadems. Their mantling was gules–argent and or–azure, which were probably remnants of the Croatian and Dalmatian tinctures. Zápolya's former realm was taken over by Stephen Báthory in 1576. Though he was the first to emphasize his princely title, he did not create any heraldic symbol for the region, and instead introduced the Báthory family arms (three "wolf's teeth") as a stand-in. Serving as regent in 1580, Christopher Báthory may have issued a heraldic medal showing an eagle and seven towers alongside the Székely sun and waxing moon, but this may be a forgery.
Stephen's son, Sigismund Báthory, rejected Ottoman rule and joined the Habsburgs in the Holy League, being recognized as a Reichsfürst in 1595. By January 1596, he had ambitions to expand his realm, and his Transylvanian troops, stationed in Moldavia, used a flag inscribed Sigismundus Rex Ungariae ("Sigismund King of Hungary"). His elevation in status allowed him to marshall the Báthory and Hulsius versions into a single coat of arms, which also included the Moldavian aurochs and the Wallachian eagle, reflecting Báthory's claim to suzerainty over both countries. No colored versions of the seal survive. While tinctures have been deduced by the authors of Siebmachers Wappenbuch during the 1890s, and are described by historian Constantin Moisil as sable devices on azure (for the eagle) and or (for the seven towers), such readings are criticized by Cernovodeanu—as he notes, the seal's hatching preceded modern conventions, and therefore could not be properly reconstructed. A relief of the Transylvanian arms was carved, probably on Sigismund's orders, in the Moldavian capital of Suceava, again highlighting his regional dominance. This variant kept only the seven towers, and replaced the eagle with an "imperial crown" supported by two lions. Sigismund's heraldry standardizes the towers' depiction by removing the corresponding hills. It, therefore, became the basic template for more modern subsequent representations, being also the first one to definitely include the Székely sun-and-moon.
The latter innovation is often described as fulfilling the visual representation of the Unio Trium Nationum, with the implicit omission of Transylvania's Romanians. In this reading, the eagle represents Hungarian nobility and the towers are a stand-in for the Saxon cities. According to historian Szabolcs de Vajay, neither of these symbols preexisted the 1590s but were appropriated by their armigers after first appearing on Sigismund's seal. Similarly, Marțian argues that the Saxons circulated an invented tradition about the origins of the seven towers as an ethnic symbol, backdating them to the 13th century. Joseph Bedeus von Scharberg and other researchers propose that the eagle is from the coat of arms of Poland, hinting to Stephen Báthory's rule as King of Poland. The bird had special significance for the superstitious Sigismund, who credited his victories in Wallachia to ornithomancy; in similar vein, he used an alternative coat of arms depicting three suns, which apparently referred to his witnessing a sun dog.
In 1599, following defeat at Șelimbăr, the Báthorys were ousted from Transylvania by Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave, who later also extended his control into Moldavia. During his interval in power, Michael issued documents bearing new seals, which included both Wallachian and Moldavian symbols; also featured were two lions rampant. Romanian scholars are in disagreement as to whether the latter symbol is meant to represent Transylvania. While Grigore Tocilescu, Dimitrie Onciul and Paul Gore have supported the notion, others, including Moisil and Ioan C. Filitti, have cast "serious doubts", and see the lions as Michael's personal emblem. Cernovodeanu proposes that the lions could represent Transylvania indirectly, as "Dacia", noting similar descriptions of "Dacian arms" in the works of Nicolae Costin and Pavao Ritter Vitezović.
In November 1599, Michael ordered new military flags to be made by the Hungarian tailor János Thamásfalvi. Flags captured by Michael and his Habsburg ally Giorgio Basta during the Battle of Guruslău, some of which are also depicted in paintings by Hans von Aachen, give additional insight into the Principality's heraldic symbolism. Samples include blue and white Székely flags displaying the old and new symbols together. A variety of Báthory flags were captured on the field of battle, prominently displaying the "wolf's teeth", but with no element from the coat of arms. As noted in 1910 by historian Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu, "they are of all sort of colors and shapes, none of which have any significance." According to researcher Constantin Rezachevici, the white variant in Aachen's painting (displaying what Rezachevici identifies as "elephant tusks") was the inspiration for Michael the Brave's own flag of Wallachia.
17th-century variants
In 1601, at the beginning of his third and final reign in Transylvania, Prince Sigismund received from his overlord Mehmed III a red-white-green flag which superficially resembled the modern Hungarian tricolor. Scholar Péter Váczy notes that, overall, this "decidedly Hungarian" color scheme was more often embraced by Hungarians in Habsburg-held territories, including Hussars who attempted to take Transylvania in 1611; these had "20 red-white-green silk flags". By contrast: "The princes of Transylvania had their own flags, which were almost always monochrome, with their own coat of arms and that of the country."
One of Michael's allies and rivals, Moses Székely, briefly took the throne of Transylvania in 1603. His seals included a representation of the lions rampant, but there is disagreement as to whether these alluded to Michael's heraldry or to Moses' own family arms. Taking over as Prince in 1605, Stephen Bocskai removed the lions and briefly restored the seven mountains, also changing the overall arrangement. Bocskai was also the first Transylvanian Prince to include the state arms on coinage, featuring them alongside his family arms or those of the Zápolyan monarchy; all three symbols appeared on flags carried separately during his funeral procession in 1607. His successor Sigismund Rákóczi used a different design for the eagle which, according to historians such as Bedeus and Marțian, was actually a revival of the Polish arms; Moisil sees it as a borrowing from the Prince's personal arms. At that stage, a Transylvanian eagle was used on coinage issued by the Saxon city of Kronstadt (Brașov), which had risen in rebellion against Rákóczi.
Before 1621, anti-Habsburg Prince Gabriel Bethlen incorporated his claim to the Lands of the Hungarian Crown by depicting Hungary and Transylvania's arms on a single shield. His crimson swallowtail, reuniting the Bethlen family arms and Transylvanian symbols (black eagle, seven red towers on gold etc.), was preserved and reproduced in later centuries. Another red flag, which survives only through two contemporary engravings, references Bethlen's status as a defender of the Protestant faith, and was as such carried in battle by Imre Thurzó and his Hungarian–Transylvanian troops in the Thirty Years' War. It depicts a "Turkish warship" and the Lamb of God alongside Latin poetry and slogans; in one version, these include the motto CONSILIO FIRMATA DEI ("It is settled by God's decree"), which also features on Bethlen's Transylvanian coinage, alongside an arm-and-sword emblem. The latter symbol is depicted in portrait engravings of Bethlen, often at the top of the image. The bottom edge reunites the arms of Transylvania, the Bethlen family arms, and somewhat less frequently, those of Hungary as well. Other records suggest that Bethlen used countless flags during his reign, including black-and-purple or red-and-purple flags of mourning in preparation for his own death.
Historian Vencel Bíró argues that in the 1630s, under George I Rákóczi, Transylvania already had a "blue, red, gold-yellow" tricolor as its state flag. This appears in heraldry used by the Transylvanian post riders. George II Rákóczi, whose reign began in 1648, used a vast range of Transylvanian arms, freely mixing the elements and including his family's arms. A portrait of his by John Overton features the three elements as separate shields, with the Székely moon wrongly depicted as a bird's head. From 1637, the regular coat of arms, combined with dynastic symbols, was still used as a watermark by the Rákóczian paper mill of Lámkerék (Lancrăm). Between the reigns of Bethlen and Rákóczi, knowledge about "heraldic art" was spread in Transylvania by writer Ferenc Pápai Páriz, whose book standardized descriptions of both princely families' arms. While this revival saw a surge in the number of arms granted by Transylvanian Princes to their Transylvanian or Moldavian subjects and allies, the arms themselves were seldom depicted, as most recipients could not afford the cost of having them painted.
Various other designs of the state arms, featuring the same basic elements, continued under several Princes until 1659, when Ákos Barcsay restored Sigismund's basic arrangement. This was probably the result of a ruling by the Transylvanian Diet, associating each heraldic element with a distinct entity of Transylvania, and issuing orders for each to be made into a separate seal. A Diet writ also specified the introduction of distinct arms for Partium—an area of Hungary-proper which had been attached to the Principality. This subregion was to be represented by four bars and a Patriarchal cross. Nevertheless, a symbol of Partium never appeared on Barcsay's Transylvanian arms, and the notion was eventually abandoned. As attested in the 1650s by Claes Rålamb, the various towns of this area flew their own symbols, a multitude of "flags and colors".
The 1659 ruling is widely read as the first to explicitly associate each component privileged class, social as well as national. This interpretation is seen as erroneous by various historians: Marțian notes that the bird was not intended as a stand-in for the Hungarian Transylvanians, but for the multinational nobility and the regular, non-autonomous, counties; this verdict is also backed by Attila István Szekeres and Sándor Pál-Antal: the Diet ascribed a primarily geographical meaning to each element, separating between "the counties", represented by the eagle, and the two autonomous enclaves. Moisil also highlights a non-ethnic definition of the "nation" represented by the eagle, but also comments that, by that moment in time, Romanian nobles were being "gradually Magyarized".
Habsburg conquest
According to Moisil, the late adoption of a Transylvanian coat of arms, and its "few connections with the past and soul of the Romanian people", meant that the symbolism was rarely evoked in Romanian folk literature—unlike the Moldavian or Wallachian arms. The tower symbolism preserved some popularity in Romanian-inhabited areas outside Transylvania's borders. Shortly before Barcsay's ascendancy, Wallachian intellectual Udriște Năsturel used a heraldic device with gules tower appearing in crest. Researchers see this usage as reflecting a belief that "red towers" stood for Transylvanian cities in general, and for Udriște's claim to descent from the Boyar of Fogaras. Seven towers of presumed Transylvanian origin were also depicted on a stove top, dated to ca. 1700, which was recovered during excavations at the Moldavian court in Huși.
In the 1680s, at the height of the Great Turkish War, Emeric Thököly led a Hungarian–Transylvanian Kuruc army which assisted the Ottomans against the Habsburgs. This force is known to have used two banners: a blue one with an arm-and-sword, and a red one with the Thököly arms. In reaction, Leopold I and his Habsburg court backed Michael II Apafi as a rival claimant to the Transylvanian fiefdom. In June 1686, they formalized an alliance, under terms which specified that: "His Imperial Majesty may never lay claim to either the princely title or the coat of arms [of Transylvania]". Thököly's revolt ultimately failed; Apafi was briefly the Transylvanian Prince. During this time, the mint of Fogaras (Făgăraș) produced ducats, "reserved for the prince's use as gifts", with "the combined arms of Transylvania and the Apafi family". Transylvania and Partium were fully incorporated into the Habsburg realms under the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699). In anticipation, Leopold already used the Transylvanian arms on his large coat of arms, by 1691, and on his coinage, by 1694.
Habsburg Transylvania, which remained a principality attached to the Hungarian Crown, issued polturas with its own markings throughout the early 18th century. These depictions introduced the practice of showing regional arms superimposed on the Reichsadler, something which was also done, with the respective arms, for coins used in Hungary, Milan or Tuscany. In Partium, Leopold also granted nobility to the Romanian peasant families Sida and Iuga in 1701. Their diploma has separate shields of Transylvania, showing the towers on azure and the eagle sable on a barry shield of or and gules. The Partium arms with the Patriarchal cross are also revived for this document, with bars of or and gules.
Transylvanian independence was briefly restored in the War of 1703–1711 by Prince Francis II Rákóczi, who also claimed the Hungarian throne. This episode began in July 1704, when the Diet abolished the instruments of Habsburg rule, including the seal of the Gubernium, which had served as a centralized body of administration. Rákóczi's Kuruc cavalry fought under a seven-bars variant of the Árpád stripes, with the slogan IUSTAM CAUSAM DEUS NON DERELINQUET ("God will not abandon the just cause"). Tradition about Transylvania's coat of arms was preserved in other Hungarian circles: in 1734, Ioannes Szegedi published an engraving of it, showing a crowned eagle, sable, and seven towers, argent, over seven mountains, vert, all on azure background; here, the Székelys were no longer represented by celestial bodies, but by the older arm-and-sword.
The Dictionarium heraldicum, printed at Vienna in 1746, referred to the Transylvanian arms as being: "Seven cities over which shines the moon". Regional symbolism was again in focus during the 1740s, when Maria Theresa took over as Queen and Empress. A medal she issued in 1740 is also the first official one to have readable hatching, with an azure background throughout. The following year, Hristofor Žefarović published a version more closely resembling the Báthory design but replacing the "teeth" with an Austrian badge. Žefarović placed the eagle on a field of or; his towers and mountains were argent and placed on a gules field.
Standardized symbols
Upon creating a "Grand Principality of Transylvania" on November 2, 1765, Maria Theresa finally standardized the coat of arms, introducing the definitive tinctures and adding the gules fess. Following this redesign, the crescent was also rendered as a waning moon. These new Transylvanian arms were also the basis for a Transylvanian blue-red-yellow banner, which may also date back to 1765. Transylvania's promotion and its modernized heraldry were both supervised by Chancellor Wenzel von Kaunitz, who encouraged a rift between Transylvania and the Hungarian Kingdom; on such grounds, Kaunitz rejected heraldic submissions by the Hungarian nobles, who wished to include a Patriarchal cross into the design. In 1769, he shocked his Hungarian adversaries by refusing to add the Transylvanian arms into those of the Kingdom. The arms still appeared on the third great seal used by Maria Theresia, which combined all her "German-Austrian and Hungarian provincial coats of arms" into a design that parted with "old heraldic simplicity and restraint".
In approving of this exclusion and distinction, Maria Theresa noted that interfering with the arms would upset Transylvania's population. By then, Romanians were readily associating with imperial symbolism. Already in 1756, Petru Pavel Aron sponsored an all-Romanian Hussar unit, which flew its own flag in the Seven Years' War. Historians Lizica Papoiu and Dan Căpățînă propose that the definitive selection of azure for the field displaying the eagle was meant to represent Maria Theresa's Romanian subjects, being derived from the Wallachian arms (which, by then, were also standardized as azure). As they note, those Romanian serfs who were raised into Transylvania's nobility also opted for azure shields. In 1762, Adolf Nikolaus von Buccow was entrusted with conscripting Székely and Romanian (or "Dacian") men into the Military Frontier, under a shared Transylvanian coat of arms.
Romanian loyalism remained high as the Székely rebelled (see Siculicidium). A blason included in the 1784 Molitvenic ("Prayer Book") of the Romanian Eastern Catholics focuses attention on the Reichsadler rather than the Transylvanian eagle, expressing solidarity with the "well-beloved", reform-minded, Joseph II. Late that year, during the anti-Hungarian revolt of Romanian peasants, insurgents reportedly carried a flag with Joseph's portrait. Their leader Horea reportedly used an emblem showing a triple cross, either alongside a dagger-pierced heart, or with seven mounds that may evoke the seven cities on the official arms; this arrangement sometimes included a slogan, NOS PRO CESARE, attesting Horea's Habsburg loyalties. In 1791, Romanian intellectuals of the "Transylvanian School" addressed Leopold II an essay demanding increased social rights. Titled Supplex Libellus Valachorum, it was illustrated with an allegory which included the Transylvanian arms. At the same time, Márton Hochmeister was putting out the newspaper Erdélyi Magyar Hírvivő, which fought against Josephinism and Germanization from a Hungarian perspective, and was headlined by the Hungarian arms with the Transylvanian arms inescutcheon.
Joseph II ended Transylvania's separate coinage, including monetary use of the regional arms. Following the consolidation of a Habsburg-ruled Austrian Empire in 1804, Transylvania became one of the crownlands depicted separately from the main arms. On the Hungarian "secret seal" (titkospecsét) of 1804, the Transylvanian arms appear, alongside other provincial arms, in an "arbitrary" arrangement. The imperial arms also came to feature it on the Reichsadler wings; the first such depiction was in 1806. The local flag, meanwhile, was still used in tandem with a multitude of other banners. As reported by historian Auguste de Gérando, in the 1840s Transylvania's chartered towns (oppida nobilia) formed individual units of the Landwehr under their respective county banners. Coins minted in Transylvania no longer had distinguishing heraldic markings after 1780, though Reichsadler-with-arms designs continued to be used by other institutions into the 19th century, including by the salt monopoly in Vizakna (Ocna Sibiului). While the tricolor scheme became a standard in official Habsburg heraldry, nostalgic or ill-informed heraldists continued to use variants without the bar, as with the 1784 Molitvenic. Mapmaker Johann Joseph von Reilly also preferred a three-shield version: the eagle and the Székely sun-and-moon each on gules, and the seven mountains on argent.
In de Gérando's time, the coat of arms was interpreted as an actual visual record of ethnic divisions, omitting the "most populous inhabitants", who were the Romanians, as well as the "tolerated nation" of Armenians. Székely woodcarvers appropriated the coat of arms, which appeared on their wooden gates, though less frequently than the Reichsadler. A unique example is on the 1816 gate at Farcád (Forțeni), where the Transylvanian eagle over seven towers was itself double-headed. One of the two heads was afterwards scratched out, possibly as a political statement. Transylvanian regional symbols, and in particular the chief portion of the crest, were now reclaimed by members of the Hungarian community; the eagle was interpreted a version of the mythical Turul. "The sun, the moon and the eagle" under a "Hungarian sky" were thus referenced in a song by Zsigmond Szentkirályi, dedicated to Governor György Bánffy. It was performed in 1821 at the National Magyar Theater, on a stage bearing a large version of the Transylvanian arms. By contrast, a variant with only towers and two eagles in supporters was used on an 1825 lithograph depicting the Saxon city of Kronstadt.
Revolutionary usage
Political usage of the red-white-green tricolor by Transylvanian Hungarians was first documented in 1846, when it appeared with members of the Védegylet association; as reported by George Barițiu, most locals were still unaware of this color scheme when the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 broke out. The revolution proclaimed Transylvania's absorption by the Hungarian Kingdom, eventually moving toward separation from the Habsburg realm. Revolutionary leader Lajos Kossuth approved a new set of national symbols, including a "medium" coat of arms with marshalled Transylvanian symbols. Unusually, this depiction used the pre-standardization variant of 1740; it also innovated by showing the Transylvanian arms, and other arms not linked to Hungary-proper, as "joined at both ends by a wavy ribbon, imagined as the national tricolor, [and] attached to the crown." One of the first laws adopted by his government specified that "annexed countries" could "each employ its own colors and arms." In practice, this definition excluded Transylvania. On March 30, Hungarians in the Transylvanian Diet symbolically removed the 1765 flag from the conference hall and replaced it with the flag of Hungary, only allowing the "blue-red-yellow tricolor" to be displayed on the tapestry of the Diet throne. When Transylvanian delegates visited Pest on April 23, they were greeted by the flags of both Hungary and Transylvania, alongside a ribbon marked Unió ("Union").
Hungarian communities were committed to the new tricolor, whereas, in 1846, the Saxons had a "national flag" of unspecified colors, with AD RETINENDAM CORONAM. By 1848, they had adopted a variant of the German colors with the arms of Transylvania displayed. Meanwhile, other Saxon communities had the Habsburg flag, or opted for the "Saxon 'national' blue and red colours." The latter's origins are obscure, though writer Teodor V. Păcățian proposes that they may derive from one of the urban flags of Saxon Transylvania. In mid 1848, Saxons were welcomed into the Hungarian National Guard. Many towns, especially Kronstadt and Broos (Orăștie), welcomed this collaboration, but formed their separate units, with distinct symbols. Specifically, these showed, on one side, the seven castles and AD RETINENDAM CORONAM, and on the other, a "coat of arms of the eleven Saxon", alongside FÜR FÜRST, RECHT UND VATERLAND ("For Prince, Law, and Fatherland").
The adoption of separate Saxon flags caused a standoff between the two camps at Regen (Reghin), but created a precedent. The advent of Romanian nationalism produced immediate grievances against this regime and its official heraldry; throughout the Revolution, Romanians and Hungarians fought each other for control of Transylvania, with the former largely loyal to the Habsburg crown. Romanian intellectuals, prompted to adopt their own symbols, opted for white-blue, blue-yellow, red-white, or red-white-blue cockades, also using white flags with blue slogans before May 1848. These groups looked forward to a new arrangement in Transylvania, also proposing a new class of standardized symbols. Their design prominently included a female allegory of "Dacia Felix", alluding to the origin of the Romanians, as well as a lion and aquila. Another proposal was consciously based on 3rd-century coinage issued by Philip the Arab. Also keeping the 1765 format, it added vexilla with markings for Legio V Macedonica and Legio XIII Gemina.
Transylvania's Romanian nationalists continued to experiment with flags, eventually arriving at (generally horizontal) variants of the pan-Romanian tricolor, blue-yellow-red, which, from 1842, had been in use as the flag of Wallachia. Historian Tiberiu Crudu rejects claims that the latter symbol was directly derived from the Transylvanian banner, noting that Romanians in Transylvania did not yet feel represented by the latter; however, he also notes that the "tricolor to which Romanians had been accustomed since 1765" may have had a subtle contribution. Specifically Romanian Transylvanian flags appeared May 1848 assembly in Blaj (Balázsfalva) alongside the Habsburg colors, showing that Romanians remained committed to the monarchy. While some scholars argue that the Romanian color scheme at Blaj already had yellow rather than white, others see this as an invented tradition. Known versions included a blue-white-red or blue-red-white arrangement, claimed by Alexandru Papiu Ilarian as "Transylvania's oldest colors", for being used in the Romanian dress. This origin was also claimed by Ioan Pușcariu, who carried a version of the banner marked with a Romanian version of the slogan Liberté, égalité, fraternité. Pușcariu advocated for the blue-red-yellow of Transylvania and was told by his peers that the gold tassels could reflect that association. Contrasting testimonies suggest that the arrangement was based on the flag of France, or that it was improvised from the "Transylvanian colors [of] red and blue", with the white band as a symbol of peace.
This "flag of the Transylvanian Romanians" was transformed into a red-blue-white, blue-red-white or white-blue-red tricolor, bearing the inscription VIRTUS ROMANA REDIVIVA ("Roman virtue revived"). The slogan's origin can be traced back to Romanian Grenz infantry regiments serving on the Transylvanian Military Frontier. A blue-red-white variant was inscribed with VIRTUTEA ROMÂNĂ REÎNVIATĂ ("Romanian virtue revived"), and carried ribbons in the Habsburg colors, with a slogan honoring Ferdinand I. Several authors note that such a color scheme merely reflected confusion among the Romanians, allowing Hungarians in the Diet to report that it was a pan-Slavic symbol. In Fogaras and Fellak (Feleac), Romanians, specifically Eastern Catholics, opted for alternative flags of blue and yellow.
Barițiu notes that the "white-blue and red tricolor" was used by the Romanian Commission of Sibiu (Nagyszeben), which constituted a "grave error". This flag, he argues, was designed by youth unaware of the "lawful Transylvanian colors", and was even seen by some Romanians as closely resembling the Russian or Serbian flags. Over the following months, blue-yellow-red replaced other variants—either under the influence of flags used in the Wallachian revolution, or because yellow was a Habsburg color. In Habsburg and Hungarian sources, this flag was depicted as a direct successor of the 1765 colors, indicating Romanian "autochtonism" after other Transylvanian communities had embraced ethnic flags. According to museographer Elena Pălănceanu, this tricolor was paraded during the May assembly by the anti-Hungarian folk army gathered by Avram Iancu, and later flown by his guerrilla units throughout the Apuseni Mountains. One variant, featuring an icon and tricolor bordure, is viewed by some historians as one of Iancu's battle flags.
In July 1848, Mór Than designed what would have been the first Hungarian postage stamp, with the Transylvanian arms included. As the conflict turned to military confrontation, anti-Hungarian paramilitaries rallied under the Habsburg or German colors, as well as their own white flag with the slogan AD RETINENDAM CORONAM. In January 1849, during the late stages of this civil war, Ioan Axente Sever's Romanian irregulars, who occupied and ransacked Straßburg (Aiud), also flew the Habsburg bicolor. Following the Hungarian revolutionaries' capitulation, Transylvania was more firmly integrated with the Austrian Empire, with the Székely seal being confiscated. In July 1852, Bishop Andrei Șaguna, as a representative of his Romanian community, met Emperor Franz Joseph I at Kiskossó (Coșevița), on Transylvania's western border. The festivities included a triumphal arch festooned with Habsburg and "blue-yellow-red" Transylvanian flags marked VIRIBUS UNITIS ("With United Forces")—the Habsburg motto. Later that year, Transylvanian Governor Karl von Schwarzenberg ordered the reintroduction of a regional flag, but used an incorrect color scheme, switching the blue and red bands. Various authors describe this as a conscious variation on the Romanian tricolor, meant to underline the connection between the monarchy and loyalist Romanians; the tricolor scheme was also granted to Șaguna upon his appointment as Reichsfreiherr.
Austria-Hungary
During the subsequent reconciliation between Hungarians and Austrians, Transylvania was merged back into Hungary. This process, which included restoring heraldic symbols to the Székely nation in June 1861, was resisted by Romanians. In 1862, ASTRA Society for Cultural Advancement staged an exhibit and political rally, which included tricolor flags and a tapestry with the Transylvanian arms protected by a lion, alongside the slogan INDEPENDENȚA TRANSILVANIEI ("Independence for Transylvania"). In July 1863, Romanian members of the Transylvanian Diet presented a draft law "on the equality of the various nationalities". Its Article 5 specified that: "A symbol particular to the Romanian nation shall be added to the Transylvanian arms." During the elections of late 1865, Romanians gathering to oppose centralization reportedly flew a large flag "in Transylvania's colors"; their Hungarian opponents used the red-white-and-green.
In this context, the Romanian community had opted for the Transylvanian eagle as its own ethnic symbol; in 1865, its representatives in the unified Diet of Hungary submitted a demand for heraldic symbols to represent "the Romanian nation in the Transylvanian bordeland", namely: "an eagle standing on a rock, holding a cross in its beak", and a flag colored "blue, red, yellow". Outside Transylvania, Romanian activists were generally more accepting of the 1765 arms, which were featured, alongside the Moldavian and Wallachian shields, on the medal Norma, issued by Wallachia's Philharmonic Society in 1838. Cezar Bolliac gave this arrangement a colored version in 1856, selecting tinctures that would reflect the Romanian tricolor, with Transylvania in yellow (or). Upon the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859, Transylvanian emblems were left out of the national arms. The presence of a "Dacian" woman and lions in supporters in all Romanian national arms between 1866 and 1872 was an homage to the 1848 proposal.
Transylvanian symbols were again added to the medium coat of arms of Hungary following the establishment of Austria-Hungary in 1867. They were also prominently marshalled into in the amalgamated state arms of Austria-Hungary. The subsequent centralization cancelled all need for regional symbols, which were relegated to a ceremonial role. The informal Transylvanian flag was again recorded as "blue, red and yellow" in the late 1860s, with prints issued by the Armenian Zacharias Gábrus. A flag for the old crownland was also carried by Antal Esterházy (or, according to other reports, by Albert Bánffy) at Franz Joseph's coronation in June 1867. This marked the first-ever appearance of Transylvanian symbols at the enthronement of a Hungarian Habsburg king. It was not the Gábrus tricolor, but a banner of arms: "The blue flag, about a meter wide, bordered with gold, [is] decorated with the coat of arms of Transylvania in the middle".
Two months later, the coat of arms was on show at the Romanian Literary Society in Bucharest. Though intended to show the cultural unity between Romanians within and without Austria-Hungary, this exhibit was criticized by nationalist writer Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu for still describing regional divisions between Transylvanian, Wallachian, and Moldavian Romanians. In a contrary move, Bolliac retained the towers, the sun, and the moon (but not the eagle) in his unusually arranged and hatched design for Transylvanian arms on Michael the Brave's monument in University Square (1874–1876). This heraldic trend was followed by anonymous authors from either Wallachia or Transylvania, who were popularizing nationalist coats of arms for the Banat, Maramureș, and Crișana—three ethnographic subdivisions of Partium. Crișana's arms, as published in 1881 by A. E. Gorjan, were directly inspired by those of Transylvania, in that they featured a derivative eagle.
In 1868, Romanian politicians submitted for review another bill, which stated that "every nation has the right to use its national flag [...] in public political ceremonies and on public buildings, but only alongside the flag of the Hungarian crown". As reported by Pacațian, from 1848 to 1874, Romanians in and around Transylvania, including in the Banat and Maramureș, "used our national tricolor, and bore its colors on any given occasion, with no hindrance or annoyance by anyone". He reports the tricolor being a electoral flag of both pro- and anti-Hungarian Romanians. Hungarian Prime Minister Kálmán Tisza sought to curb this practice in 1874, allowing only the Hungarian tricolor to be used within the Kingdom's borders, and instituting a system of fines and penalties for those who disobeyed. Romanians generally ignored the order, or invented methods for circumventing it—such as wearing red hats decorated with blue leaves and yellow lettering. The standardized regional flag was still flown at various festivities, though its interpretation varied between Romanians and Hungarians. The "Romanian, that is to say Transylvanian flag" and the Habsburg flag were reportedly used together at Maypole dances in Kronstadt by 1881. That year, a Hungarian tricolor and a "Saxon flag" were added; the former's appearance led to a publicized brawl, with claims that Romanian students had put up the national flag of another country.
Over the 1880s, Romanians continued to argue that the Transylvanian tricolor was a cherished symbol, but regional rather than ethnic. In 1885, the community newspaper Tribuna expressed indignation at Hungarian suggestions that the Romanian state tricolor was a derivative of Transylvania's color scheme. The same year, the Romanian Athletic and Singing Society had adopted emblems with the "Transylvanian tricolor". Another incident in June 1888 saw the Romanians of Belényes (Beiuș) removing and desecrating the Hungarian national flag. In the aftermath, the community was ordered by government to cease flying the Transylvanian colors. No flags were on show during Franz Joseph's tour of Beszterce-Naszód in 1891, after local Hungarians explicitly rejected either a "Saxon flag" or the "Romanian tricolor, which is also Transylvania's flag". In 1892, Romanian youth gathering at Nagyszeben defied the ban by flying three separate monochrome flags of red, yellow, and blue.
Transylvanian regional symbols were sometimes reclaimed by other members of the Hungarian community. In May 1896, during celebrations of the Hungarian Millennium, András Bethlen presented the blue banner of 1867 to Franz Joseph; it had been since hidden, lost, and ultimately found in the Bonțida Bánffy Castle. Some Romanians and Saxons also took part in the festivities, carrying "millennial flags" representing their various civic communities. In 1903, Romanian lawyer Eugen Lemeni was fined and imprisoned for decorating a ballroom hall with Habsburg flags and the "Transylvanian emblem". During the Hungarian elections of 1906, the Romanian National Party (PNR) used white flags with green-leaf patterns, as well as green cockades, but these were also confiscated by the authorities. The Romanian (and Transylvanian) colors were camouflaged into another symbolic arrangement: the PNR distributed lapels with a blue quill and a yellow leaf, adding candidates' names in red letters. During those years, Romanian nationalist clubs began using an array of heraldic symbols evoking Dacia and the Romans. As early as 1871, the color scheme also spread into the Duchy of Bukovina, a Romanian-inhabited part of Cisleithania, where it was identified and repressed as a symbol of "anti-Austrian" subversion. Before deciding on this issue, Governor Bourguignon heard reports about flag usage among the Transylvanian loyalists; his panel of experts disagreed on whether the flag was a Transylvanian symbol or a derivation of Romania's flag, but most viewed it as a staple of pan-Romanian "irredentism".
Red and blue (popularly read as symbolic for love and sincerity) survived on flags used by rural communities of Transylvanian Saxons—including those of youth fraternities in Keisd (Saschiz), some of which date back to the 1860s. During the 1890s, this color scheme had been adopted by Hungarian police officers in Saxon cities. At that stage, Saxon activists who frowned upon Magyarization created another regional flag, bearing the old triquetra and the slogan AD RETINENDAM CORONAM—a design originally found in a highly popular print by Georg Bleibtreu (1884). The new Prime Minister, Dezső Bánffy, responded with an explicit ban on Saxon symbols. A red-over-blue bicolor, also identified as the "Saxon flag", sparked litigation in Bistritz (Bistrița) during June 1898, after Hungarian police tried to register and prosecute it as a "foreign flag". A compromised was reached in August, when the authorities of Brassó (Brașov) were allowed to fly the blue-red for Johannes Honter's 400th anniversary, but only if "evenly represented" with the Hungarian colors. The crossed swords were also revisited as a community symbol, with bishop Friedrich Teutsch explaining that they reflected an old Saxon legend: "When our fathers came into the land, they thrust two swords crosswise into the earth and swore allegiance to the king and the land over them." Teutsch himself used blue-over-red flags, which the Gendarmes took down from his parish church in 1909. Other groups of Saxons had similar bicolor banners and ribbons with the Transylvanian arms—as with the Association of Transylvanian Saxons in Munich, founded in 1910.
Romanian Transylvanian tricolor
Writing shortly after the Millennium, Sterca-Șuluțiu proposed that the Transylvanian tinctures and the Romanian flag had a single, "Dacian" and "twice-millennial" origin—though he admitted not being able to tell why Maria Theresa had selected them. He acknowledged that nationalist Romanians in both Transylvania and Bukovina had been using the 1765 color scheme as an excuse to fly the Romanian colors, but also that this practice was dying out under Hungarian pressures. In the 1890s, some Romanians were openly embracing the claim that Romania's flag was an altered "Transylvanian tricolor". One anonymous essayist from Bucharest argued in 1892 that the "red, yellow and blue" scheme was embraced by Transylvanian Romanians opposing merger into Hungary in 1848. He argued that, while Hungarians were forced to reject the "old Transylvanian" tricolor, nationalists in Wallachia and Moldavia also had to renounce traditional tinctures, and embrace a Transylvanian symbol. In 1901, the theory was reviewed as "seductive" and "probable" by Romanian journalist Constantin Berariu. It was embraced by Ștefan Cicio Pop, who, in late 1910, used it to defend flag-wavers arrested in Alsó-Fehér County.
In August 1911, a large Romanian meeting was again hosted by Balázsfalva, in this instance convened by ASTRA. The Hungarian authorities of Alsó-Fehér were convinced to participate, taking seat under a tapestry showing en eagle and tower alongside the "Transylvanian tricolor: blue, yellow and red ." This was a design by Octavian Smigelschi for Blaj Cathedral, with the tower also read as a depiction of "New Jerusalem". ASTRA's other symbols by 1911 were all-blue banners marked with the names of its sections, or generic slogans. Delegate Horia Petra-Petrescu also proposed an all-white flag marked BLAJ, which, he argued, was enough of a symbol for the Romanian communities. The tricolor ambiguity was retained during the celebrations of May 10, 1914, when Romanian students gathered to celebrate the Kingdom of Romania's national holiday. Hungarian authorities broke up the rallies, citing the aggravating presence of Romanian colors. The students were defended by Pop, who claimed that the suspicious color scheme could just as well stand for Transylvania or the Budapest tricolor.
Over the following months, with the outbreak of World War I, the Common Army tolerated, or even encouraged, the use of Romanian banners by Transylvanian conscripts. Brassó was reportedly the first Transylvanian city to allow their flying at a public gathering. In 1915, Prime Minister István Tisza modified his father's 1874 legislation, allowing Romanians to fly "their national colors", but only if accompanied by the "state colors". This reportedly marked the first time in history when Romanian nationalists voluntarily embraced the Hungarian tricolor. Although Romania remained neutral until 1916, Hungarian authorities again introduced proscriptions against the Romanian colors in February 1915. In October, a revamped version of the Hungarian arms, with minor adjustments to its Transylvanian quarter, was done by József Sebestyén Keöpeczi, a Transylvanian Hungarian scholar and painter. This design also entered the new common medium coat of arms adopted that year by Austria-Hungary. This move generated some controversy, with Hungarian nationalists such as Géza Polónyi arguing that the heraldic representation of an obsolete crownland on a major symbol would undermine the monarchy's "parity dualism". Towards the end of the year, Romania failed in her attempt to conquer Transylvania—upon which the Hungarian authorities of Marosvásárhely (Târgu Mureș) issued plaquettes with the Transylvanian arms alongside Saint George and the Dragon (in which the Dragon stood for Romania).
With the crowning of Charles IV in November 1916, Transylvanian colors made a final official appearance at the Habsburg court, being carried there by Count Ádám Teleki. According to Moisil, under Charles the region was no longer depicted in the Hungarian coat of arms, but was still represented within the amalgamated Austro-Hungarian arms. Following the Aster Revolution of 1918, Transylvanian Romanians began organizing themselves to demand union with Romania, flying horizontal tricolors of blue-yellow-red. Transylvanian soldiers stationed in Prague helped turn that city over to the Czechoslovak National Council; in recognition the city populace presented them with tricolor tippets, which were colored red-blue-yellow or yellow-blue-red. Many tricolor variants, with yellow as the middle color, were used during the popular rallies on the event marked in Romania as the Great Union (December 1, 1918). Eyewitness Petru Tămâian described these as being the "beautiful Transylvanian tricolor", distinguishing them from the vertically arranged flag of Romania; when superimposed, they "seemingly create a sign of the cross, symbolizing sufferings on both sides". Activist Vasile Goldiș also mentions the "beautiful Romanian tricolor of Transylvania" as being the flag held by Ioan Arion, who was shot by the Hungarian National Guard on his way to the rally in Alba Iulia.
The Saxons of Sibiu, who favored union with Romania, rallied under both the Romanian flag and a design of their own: "There was a search for the Saxon national banner and, since none was available, they brought in a prapur decked in red and blue ribbons". In Medwesch (Mediaș), a Saxon National Guard, which existed for some six days in December 1918, used a red-over-blue or blue-over-red bicolor, and assorted cockades. Saxon activists displayed their loyalism toward Greater Romania while continuing to show attachment toward regional symbols: Saxon officials greeting ASTRA delegates in Sibiu during July 1920 "carried many a Saxon banner." Attempts to restore an independent Transylvania were still considered by a Hungarian jurist, Elemér Gyárfás. In March 1919, he approached the PNR's Iuliu Maniu with the offer to codify an "indissoluble union of three nations" (Transylvanian Romanians, Hungarians, and Saxons). This proposed state was to have its own seal and flag. Faced with the prospect of being absorbed as a minority in Romania, some Hungarians attempted to resist and invoked the Fourteen Points against the Alba Iulia assembly. Writer István Zágoni reports that a "Székely Republic movement" hoisted its flag in Marosvásárhely, but that other Hungarians wanted it torn down. Artist Károly Kós is reported to have sought the separation of Kalotaszeg, for which he designed a flag and coat of arms.
Later echoes
As part of the union process of 1918–1922, Transylvania's symbols became an integral part of the Romanian arms. One of the first projects to include them in this overall arrangement was drafted in 1921 by Paul Gore, wherein the Transylvanian quarter also represented all of the former Partium. In Gore's original version, the fess was removed, and the field was divided or over purpure, while the towers were again replaced by seven hills, or. Another 1921 design, proposed to the Heraldic Commission by Keöpeczi, was closely based on Maria Theresa's arms of 1765. Under the new conventions, it was also used to symbolize the adjacent lands of Maramureș and Crișana, overshadowing earlier projects to emerge as the Greater Romanian arms. Derivative arms also appeared for Romanian institutions: the 28th Infantry Regiment, stationed in Târgu Mureș, featured both the city arms, with the Székely arm-and-sword, and the seven towers. Such heraldic arrangements still met some opposition, with a formal protest registered soon after adoption by magistrate Constantin Obedeanu and other intellectuals. This group favored only minimal changes to Romania's previous coat of arms, with the inclusion of the lions and hills in Michael the Brave's seal, as a stand-in for Transylvania.
In contrast, the 1765 arms returned as symbols of Hungarian irredentism during the Regency period. Also in 1921, a statue called "East" was erected in Szabadság tér, Budapest. It showed Prince Csaba setting free a female figure bearing the Transylvanian shield. Another political statement was the Transylvanian folk-song collection of Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, which, on its 1921 edition cover, displayed the "coat of arms of Transylvania under the Hungarian royal crown". In April 1922, an "impressive procession" of irredentists took place outside St. Stephen's Basilica in Lipótváros. A "flag of separated Transylvania" was carried therein by Nándor Urmánczy, on behalf of his National Defense Party. The medium arms of 1915, including Transylvania's symbols, were still endorsed by the Regency, but for two decades appeared only rarely on its official insignia; usage again peaked in 1938–1944. A flag of Kalotaszeg was carried at the Vigadó of Pest during celebrations of Otto von Habsburg's birthday, in November 1930.
Some usage of the 1765 arms was also documented among the Hungarians of Romania, as with the Puttonyos Winery, which continued to operate in Aiud under Romanian rule. Activist József Sándor reportedly hid the banner of a main Hungarian cultural association, EMKE, which displayed the arms of Hungary with those of Transylvania inescutcheon. Kós, who designed various versions of the Transylvanian arms (including in his 1922 album, Erdély kövei), eventually established the Hungarian People's Party as a voice of Transylvanianism in Romania—the group is known to have used a flag of its own. In June 1924, Romanian authorities banned the use of Saxon flags on public buildings, and ruled that all private displays need to include Romanian flags of similar size and make. This measure was condemned, on the Romanian side, by Păcățian, who argued that Saxons had both a moral and a legal right to their own bicolor. In early 1939, schoolteacher Georg Kraft of Dedrad (Zepling) successfully defended in court his right to fly the Saxon colors alongside the Romanian ones.
At the height of World War II, following a re-partition of the region, Northern Transylvania was briefly reincorporated with Hungary. Shortly after this, in September 1940, the Székely College Students' Association created a flag for the youth at Franz Joseph University. One side was "embroidered with the coat of arms of Transylvania and the inscription Erdély örök, egyetlen miénk felírás ['Eternal Transylvania is ours forever']." A new set of monuments, featuring the eagle together with the medium arms of Hungary, were erected throughout the annexed areas. In 1941, a Hungarian ethnographer, Gábor Lükő, revisited the blue-red-yellow and its origins, suggesting that it had been invented by Gabriel Bethlen and "was taken over by the Romanians in 1848". He believed this color scheme to have seeped into the folk art of the Csángós, which was being unfairly censored in Hungary for looking "Romanian". During this renewed integration with the Hungarian crown, Béla Teleki and other local intellectuals established a regionalist and corporatist group called Transylvanian Party; it did not use the regional flag and coat of arms, but had a depiction of Saint Ladislaus as its logo.
The region was ultimately recovered by Romania during the Battle of Romania in 1944. In its aftermath, projects for a unified and independent Transylvania received some backing from the Soviet Union, with Romanian flags being routinely removed from official buildings; concrete projects of independence were submitted by Kós and Valter Roman, with Teofil Vescan proclaiming himself Prime Minister of the unrecognized country. A rumor recorded in Telegraful Român in November 1944 had it that former Hungarian officials in Cluj had switched to wearing the red flag as an armband, before switching again to "the colors of Romanian Transylvania: blue, yellow, and red". A draft proposal, submitted anonymously on behalf of the Second Hungarian Republic in mid 1945 (and since attributed to scholar Gábor Balás), discussed a neutral Federal Republic of Transylvania, coterminous with "historical Transylvania". It noted: "The colors of the flag of the Independent Transylvania [are] blue and gold. In addition to the state flag, however, all nations are free to use their own national flag."
Arms with a Transylvanian canton remained a Romanian national symbol throughout this period, until being removed by communist rule (see Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Romania). The regime involved itself in removing signs of Hungarian irredentism, such as plastering over the medium Hungarian arms on the 1941 monument in Lueta (Lövéte). It was cleaned up by community representatives during the Romanian Revolution of 1989. In spring 1990, projects were submitted for the arms of post-revolutionary Romania. Transylvania was prominently displayed in sketches submitted by Maria Dogaru, who also proposed adopting VIRTUS ROMANA REDIVIVA as the national motto. The 1921 arms were reinstated, with some modifications, under the 1992 Constitution, and were again reconfirmed in 2016.
Following the revival of heraldry in post-communist Romania, azure and gules, identified as the "Transylvanian colors", were used for the new arms of Miklós Székely National College; Simeria Reformed Church in Sfântu Gheorghe also features a 1992 mural with the 1765 arms of Transylvania. In 1996, the municipality of Ozun (Uzon) displayed the same symbol at an artificial forest which celebrated Hungarian presence in Transylvania and commemorated the soldiers of 1848. The Saxon diaspora in Germany has also continued to make use of regional symbols. In the 1990s, those who settled in Crailsheim still displayed the "Transylvanian" or "Saxon colors", described as "blue and red". Usage of the flag and coat of arms was being replaced around 2017 by displays of the logo for the Union of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany. Usage of Sibiu's coat of arms (a derivative of the triquetra arms), alongside those of Transylvania-proper, had a major revival beginning in 2007, when the city was a European Capital of Culture.
At the same stage, a Székely autonomist movement had begun using its own derivative symbol—the blue-gold-silver flag with the sun-and-moon. In September 2014, western Transylvanian Hungarians affiliated with the Hungarian People's Party selected a flag and coat of arms for Partium, in a form derived from the unrealized project of 1659. A blue-red-yellow tricolor is also spotted at rallies in support of increased autonomy for the region or its Hungarian communities. A controversy erupted on Hungarian National Day (March 15), 2017, after reports that the Romanian Gendarmerie fined people for displaying the colors. This account was rejected by Gendermerie officials, according to whom the fines were handed out to those demonstrators who refused to disperse after their authorization had expired. Transylvanian symbols, including the coat of arms, have been on display at football matches involving CFR Cluj, which has a mixed Romanian-and-Hungarian fan base.
References
Citations
Sources
Serbările dela Blaj. 1911. O pagină din istoria noastră culturală. Blaj: Despărțământul XI. Blaj, al Asociațiunii & Tipografia Seminarului Teologic Gr. Cat., 1911.
Florin Ardelean, "Obligațiile militare ale nobilimii în Transilvania princiară (1540–1657)", in Revista Crisia, Vol. XL, 2010, pp. 193–208.
George Barițiu, Parti alese din Istori'a Transilvaniei. Pe doue sute de ani din urma, Vol. II. Sibiu: W. Krafft, 1890.
Constantin Berariu, "Tricolorul românesc", in Gazeta Transilvaniei: Part I, Issue 94/1901, pp. 1–3; Part II, Issue 100/1901, pp. 2–4.
András Imre Borsos, "A félhold képe Erdély címerében", in Honismeret, Issue 3/1991, pp. 52–56.
Dan Cernovodeanu, Știința și arta heraldică în România. Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică, 1977.
Tiberiu Crudu, "Istoricul drapelului", in Revista Moldovei, Vol. VI, Issues 4–5, 1927, pp. 7–18.
Auguste de Gérando, La Transylvanie et ses habitants. Paris: Comptoir des imprimeurs unis, 1845.
György Gyarmati, "A független Erdély alkotmány-koncepciója a béke-előkészítés időszakában", in Külpolitika, Vol. III, Issue 3, 1997, pp. 130–153.
Maria Dogaru, "Insignes et devises héraldiques attestant l'origine latine du peuple roumain", in A. d'Addano, R. Gueze, A. Pratesi, G. Scalia (eds.), Studi in onore di Leopoldo Sandri. II (Publicazioni degli Archivi di Stato, XCVIII. Saggi I), pp. 443–455. Rome: Ministry for Cultural Assets and Environments & Casa Editrice Felice Le Monnier.
Albert Forró, "Első világháborús emlékművek Udvarhely megyében", in Areopolisz. Történelmi és Társadalomtudományi Tanulmányok, Vol. VII, 2007, pp. 315–336.
Éva Gyulai, "'Consilio firmata Dei'. Bethlen Gábor emblémás zászlaja – Besztercebánya, 1620", in Történeti Muzeológiai Szemle, Vol. 10, 2010, pp. 21–34
Klaus-Jürgen Hermanik, Deutsche und Ungarn im südöstlichen Europa. Identitäts- und Ethnomanagement. Böhlau Verlag: Vienna etc., 2017.
Sorin Iftimi, Vechile blazoane vorbesc. Obiecte armoriate din colecții ieșene. Iași: Palatul Culturii, 2014.
Costin Kirițescu, Sistemul bănesc al leului și precursorii lui, Volume I. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1964.
Károly Kisteleki, "Adalékok jogi nézőpontból az Erdélyi Fejedelemség önálló államiságának kérdéséhez", in Századok, Vol. 150, Issue 4, 2016, pp. 1029–1068.
Bernát L. Kumorovitz, "A magyar közép- és nagycímer kialakulása", in Levéltári Közlemények, Vol. 36, Issue 1, July 1965, pp. 209–234.
Ioan Lupaș, "Miscellanea. Mitul 'Sacrei Coroane' și problema transilvană", in Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională, Vol. VIII, 1939–1940, pp. 343–360.
Iulian Marțian, "Contribuții la eraldica vechiului Ardeal", in Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională, Vol. IV, 1926–1927, pp. 441–446.
Constantin Moisil, "Stema României. — Originea și evoluția ei istorică și heraldică", in Boabe de Grâu, Issue 2/1931, pp. 65–85.
Augustin Mureșan, "Despre stema Crișanei. Certitudini și supoziții", in Doru Sinaci, Emil Arbonie (eds.), Administrație românească arădeană. Studii și comunicări din Banat-Crișana, Vol. XV, pp. 63–75. Arad: Vasile Goldiș Western University of Arad, 2020.
Doru Neagu, "Din istoricul drapelului național", in Argesis. Studii și comunicări. Seria Istorie, Vol. XIX, 2010, pp. 315–320.
Teodor Neș, Oameni din Bihor: 1848–1918. Oradea: Tipografia Diecezană, 1937.
Marian Olaru, "Lupta pentru tricolor și afirmarea identității naționale românești în Bucovina", in Analele Bucovinei, Vol. VI, Issue 2, 1999, pp. 387–406.
Teodor V. Păcățian, "Drapelul săsesc din Ardeal are îndreptățire legală de a fi arborat", in Adevărul, July 4, 1923, pp. 1–2.
Judit Pál, "'The Struggle of Colours': Flags as National Symbols in Transylvania in 1848", in Anders Blomqvist, Constantin Iordachi, Balázs Trencsényi (eds.), Hungary and Romania Beyond National Narratives: Comparisons and Entanglements, pp. 93–123. Oxford etc.: Peter Lang, 2013.
Sándor Pál-Antal, "Sigiliul 'Națiunii' secuiești", in Anuarul Arhivelor Mureșene, Vol. III, 2014, pp. 9–24.
Elena Pălănceanu, "Steaguri din colecția Muzeului de Istorie al Republicii Socialiste România", in Muzeul Național, Vol. I, 1974, pp. 135–155.
Géza Pálffy, "Koronázási országzászlókés zászlóvivő főnemesek", in Rubicon, Issues 1–2/2017, pp. 31–37.
Lizica Papoiu, Dan Căpățînă, "O diplomă de înnobilare (secolul al XVIII-lea) din Țara Crișului Alb", in Muzeul Național, Vol. VI, 1982, pp. 196–199.
David F. Phillips, The Double Eagle (The Flag Heritage Foundation Monograph and Translation Series, Publication No. 4). Danvers: Flag Heritage Foundation, 2014.
Vlad-Lucian Popescu, "Considerații cu privire la stema de stat a României și cea a Republicii Moldova", in Revista Erasmus, Issue 12/2001, pp. 196–199.
Măriuca Radu, "Mărturii istorico-documentare privind mișcarea națională a românilor brașoveni reflectate în expoziția permanentă a Muzeului Județean de Istorie Brașov", in Cumidava, Vol. XXVI, 2003, pp. 141–159.
Ion G. Sbiera, "Ceva despre tricolorul român", in Calendarul Minervei pe Anul 1905, pp. 218–227.
Costin Scurtu, "Știri de pe frontul bucovinean în România (1914–1918)", in Țara Bârsei, Vol. XIII, Issue 13, 2014, pp. 131–140.
Franz Szabo, Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753–1780. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Lajos Szádeczky-Kardoss, "Erdély szerepe a magyar szabadságharczokban és az uniótörténete. (A kolozsvári márcz. 15-iki ünnepélyen a Redoute-ban tartott beszéd)", in Erdélyi Múzeum, Vol. XI, Issue IV, 1894, pp. 187–201.
Attila István Szekeres,
"Renașterea fenomenului heraldic la Sf. Gheorghe după anul 1989", in Acta Terrae Fogorasiensis, Vol. II, 2013, pp. 285–304.
"Stema comunității secuiești", in Attila István Szekeres, Sándor Pál-Antal, János Mihály (eds.), Simboluri istorice secuiești, pp. 11–69. Odorheiu Secuiesc: Centrul Județean pentru Conservarea și Promovarea Culturii Tradiționale Harghita, 2017.
Petru Tămâian, "'Mărire Ție Celui ce ne-ai arătat nouă lumina!'", in Vestitorul, Issues 9–10/1929, pp. 15–16.
Nicolae Teșculă, Gheorghe Gavrilă, "Marea Adunare Națională de la Blaj din 3/15 mai 1848 într-o descriere inedită a unui memorialist sighișorean", in Revista Bistriței, Vol. XVII, 2003, pp. 201–206.
Tudor-Radu Tiron,
"Stema Banatului între 1921–1992", in Analele Banatului, Vol. IX, 2001, pp. 511–536.
"Despre dreptul la stemă în Transilvania secolului XVII", in Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, Vol. XXIV, 2006, pp. 217–238.
"Începuturile stemei Transilvaniei în lumina mai multor izvoare ilustrate externe, din secolul al XV-lea până la începutul secolului al XVII-lea", in Anuarul Institutului de Istorie George Barițiu. Series Historica, Vol. L, 2011, pp. 307–339.
István György Tóth, "Bethlen Gábor mókás temetési menete. Francisci András pálos szerzetes levele 1630-ból", in Történelmi Szemle, Vol. XXXIX, 1997, pp. 119–131.
Jean-Paul Van der Elst, "The Coat of Arms of the Sieben Stühle Hermannstadt (Seven Chairs Sibiu)", in Transilvania, Issue 6/2004, pp. 37–41.
Ágnes R. Várkonyi, "The Last Decades of the Independent Principality (1660–1711)", in László Makkai, András Mócsy (eds.), History of Transylvania. Volume II: From 1606 to 1830 (East European Monographs 593. Atlantic Studies on Society Change 107), pp. 232–513. Boulder & Highland Lakes: Social Science Monographs & Atlantic Research and Publications, 2002.
Andrei Veress, Documente privitoare la Istoria Ardealului, Moldovei și Țării-Românești. Volumul V: Acte și scrisori (1596—1599). Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 1932.
Transylvania
Transylvania
History of Transylvania
Culture of Transylvania
Romanian coats of arms
Hungarian coats of arms
1765 introductions
Transylvania
Transylvania
Transylvania
Transylvania
Transylvania
Transylvania
Transylvania
Maria Theresa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20and%20coat%20of%20arms%20of%20Transylvania |
Charles Alfred Maguire (May 24, 1875 – October 14, 1949) was mayor of Toronto from 1922–1923.
Charles Alfred Maguire was born in Toronto, the son of James Maguire and Elizabeth Brown.
Maguire worked in an insurance company (Maguie & Company) and was the vice-president of the Hydro-Electric Railway Association before he entered politics. He was also a member of the Orange Order in Canada. He was first elected an alderman for Ward Three in the year 1909 and reelected in 1910, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1915, 1916 and 1917. In 1912 he was city controller for part of the year. He was reelected in 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. Then on December 21, 1921 he was elected by acclamation mayor of Toronto. His program included building hydro radials, building of a railway viaduct on the water front, low tax rates, street extensions and city improvement.
In 1923 Robert John Fleming contested Maguire for mayor. Maguire was reelected.
Personal life
Married Lillian Cusack, the daughter of Henry M. Cusack and Elizabeth Cusack of London on February 9, 1900. His son was Herbert Maguire born on April 13, 1910.
References
Middletown, Jesse Edgar, The Municipality of Toronto - A History, Dominion Publishing, 1923
Mike Filey, Mount Pleasant Cemetery: An Illustrated Guide, Dundurn Press Ltd., 1999
1875 births
1949 deaths
Mayors of Toronto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20A.%20Maguire |
Mammoth is a 2006 American science fiction comedy horror television film directed, co-written, and co-executive produced by Tim Cox. The film stars Vincent Ventresca, Summer Glau, Leila Arcieri, Cole Williams, and Tom Skerritt.
Plot
Frank Abernathy is the curator of the natural history museum in Blackwater, Louisiana. He is a widower who doesn't seem to have time for his daughter, Jack. Frank's father, Simon, is a B-movie enthusiast who believes in extraterrestrials and shows his favorite movies at the local theater. The city loses its electrical power just as Simon, Jack and her boyfriend Squirrelly exit the theater. They watch an object streaking through the sky and crashing into the museum. Thought to be a meteorite, they later find out it is a craft containing an alien lifeform. Trying to adapt to the Earth's atmosphere, it latches on to the first organism it finds - the museum's most notable exhibit, a frozen Wooly mammoth.
A security guard witnesses the revival of the prehistoric elephant, which kills the guard. With the creature on the loose, two government agents, Powers and Whitaker, track Frank down. While the agents and Frank try to figure out what happened and what to do, the mammoth heads into the forest, where it kills anyone it comes across. The beast's path soon brings it to a huge party attended by Jack and Squirrelly.
They survive the attack and meet up with Frank and the agents. The mammoth suddenly appears and kills Agent Whitaker while Agent Powers, Frank, Jack and Squirrelly escape. While the mammoth continues its rampage around the town, the government is preparing to detonate a nuclear bomb on the alien-possessed elephant. The group must find a way to take the creature down without destroying their town.
After devising a plan to stop the mammoth, Frank, Powers, Jack and Squirrelly are joined by Simon and town sheriff Marion Morrison at the local factory to encase the creature in ice, just like it was before. While en route, Squirrelly is killed by the mammoth, but the plan moves forward at full speed. The mammoth arrives at the factory, and is doused in molten steel. It then slaughters Sheriff Morrison, off screen. They figure out that liquid nitrogen is the only way to stop the mammoth once and for all. The mammoth is lured into the liquid nitrogen trap. Frank, Jack, and Powers, among other survivors, escape as Simon sacrifices himself to pull the release valve and smash the controls, forcing the liquid nitrogen to spray out and freeze both Simon and the mammoth.
The movie ends as Simon's frozen body is put in government hands, and the refrozen mammoth is put back out as an exhibit.
Cast
Vincent Ventresca as Frank Abernathy
Constantin Drăgănescu as Gordon
Summer Glau as Jack Abernathy
Tom Skerritt as Simon Abernathy
Cole Williams as Squirrelly
Charles Carroll as Sheriff Marion Morrison
Mark Irvingsen as Deputy Dino
David Kallaway as Deputy Bud
Leila Arcieri as Agent Powers
Marcus Lyle Brown as Agent Whitaker
Andrew Peter Marin as Floyd
Dan Radulescu as Moe the Monkey Man
Karen Parden Johnson as Gas Station Lady
Coca Bloos as Olive
Boris Petroff as Bruno
Julia Lashae as Tour Guide
Awards and nominations
References
External links
2006 films
2006 comedy horror films
2006 science fiction films
2006 television films
2000s monster movies
2000s science fiction comedy films
2000s science fiction horror films
American comedy horror films
American horror television films
American monster movies
American science fiction comedy films
American science fiction horror films
American science fiction television films
Films about father–daughter relationships
Films about father–son relationships
Films about elephants
Films set in Louisiana
Films set in natural history museums
Films shot in Bucharest
Films shot in Louisiana
Adventure horror films
American adventure television films
Syfy original films
American drama television films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Tim Cox
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth%20%282006%20film%29 |
This is a list of Government Houses of New Zealand. The two maintained Government Houses serve as residences for the governor-general, serving as the official place of business for the administration, as well as venues for many receptions and state functions. Sometimes, Government House is used to refer metonymically to the office of governor-general.
Current
Government House, Auckland, the secondary residence
Government House, Wellington, the primary residence
Former
Old Government House, Auckland, now occupied by the University of Auckland
See also
Government Houses of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Houses%20of%20New%20Zealand |
New York State Route 155 (NY 155) is a state highway located entirely within Albany County in the Capital District of New York. The western terminus of the route is at NY 85A in Voorheesville. The eastern terminus is at NY 32 in Watervliet. NY 155 mainly serves as a connection to the Albany International Airport from the major roads it connects to.
Route description
NY 155 begins at a roundabout with NY 85A (Maple Road) on the eastern edge of Voorheesville in the town of New Scotland. NY 155 proceeds northeast along State Farm Road, crossing under the former railroad bed of the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad into a junction with County Route 306 (CR 306 or Voorheesville Avenue / Normanskill Road). The two lane road continues on, winding northwest through New Scotland before entering the town of Guilderland. The route passes east of the Albany Country Club before crossing the Normans Kill creek and passing a housing development. Crossing Blockhouse Creek, NY 155 reaches the hamlet of Westmere.
Through Westmere, NY 155 bends northeast, crossing past the Hiawatha Trails Golf Course and past several housing developments before reaching the center of the hamlet, where it crosses US 20 (Western Avenue). At this junction, maintenance jurisdiction switches from the New York State Department of Transportation to Albany County, and the route becomes concurrent with CR 157. The road name change names from State Farm Road to New Karner Road. Shortly north of US 20, the route crosses into the city of Albany at Corporate Circle. Through Albany, NY 155 and CR 157 remain a two-lane arterial, passing through the Albany Pine Bush Preserve and intersecting with the western terminus of the Washington Avenue Extension (unsigned NY 910D).
Just north of Washington Avenue Extension, NY 155 and CR 157 cross over the New York State Thruway (I-90), and cross through another section of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. Soon leaving the city of Albany, the routes cross into the town of Colonie after a short stint back in Guilderland. Turning further to the northeast through Colonie, NY 155 and CR 157 pass through the hamlet of Karner and cross over tracks used by Amtrak. After crossing the tracks, the road passes through a corner of the village of Colonie. The routes reach a junction with NY 5 (Central Avenue) and the surrounding commercial area. NY 155 and CR 157 along New Karner Road, a two-lane arterial. At the junction with Watervliet–Shaker Road, NY 155 and CR 157 turn east, while the right-of-way continues north as Vly Road.
Still in the town of Colonie, NY 155 and CR 157 continue east along Watervliet–Shaker Road, passing the Memory's Garden Cemetery. Passing north of Stump Pond, the routes soon turn northeast through the hamlet of Shakers, where widens into a four lane divided highway. County Route 157 ends at a junction with CR 151 (Albany Shaker Road). NY 155 and CR 151 become concurrent, running along the divided four-lane Albany Shaker Road, which provides the main access to Albany International Airport. Passing the main terminal of the airport, the routes bends southward at the entrance gate. Soon after passing the terminal, the median ends but the road remains four lanes as it passes the south end of the main runway. The next major junction is at the intersection of CR 153 (Wolf Road) and the southbound onramp of I-87 exit 4.
NY 155 and CR 153 continue northeast along Wolf Road, parallel to Interstate 87 (the Adirondack Northway). CR 153 terminates at a nearby roundabout, where NY 155 turns east. Albany County's jurisdiction also ends at the roundabout. This is the eastern section of Watervliet–Shaker Road, which was severed by the runway. NY 155 continues east, crossing under I-87 at exit 5. Continuing east through the town of Colonie, the route soon reaches a junction with US 9 (Loudon Road) just south of the Latham Circle. NY 155 continues southeast through Colonie as a two-lane residential street, winding southeast past Immaculate Conception Cemetery. Passing a small pond, the route remains residential, soon crossing over railroad tracks into the city of Watervliet.
In Watervliet, NY 155 proceeds northeastward as Tenth Street, a main commercial street through the city. At the junction with Third Avenue, it turns north for one block, turning eastward on 13th Street for one more block, reaching a junction with NY 32 (Second Avenue). This junction marks the eastern terminus of NY 155, which continues east as part of NY 32.
History
NY 155 was assigned to the portion of its alignment between NY 5 in Colonie and NY 32 in Watervliet. Meanwhile, the segment of what is now NY 155 from NY 85A near Voorheesville to U.S. Route 20 in Guilderland was designated as NY 310 at some point between 1931 and 1936. NY 155 was extended southwest along Karner Road to US 20 and to NY 85A near Voorheesville by 1968, supplanting NY 310.
The routing of NY 155 around the Albany International Airport has been changed several times over the years as the airport has expanded, extended runways, and improved terminal and parking access. The most recent realignment occurred in 2003 as the alignment of both Watervliet Shaker Road and Albany Shaker Road were reconfigured within the vicinity of the airport.
Major intersections
See also
List of county routes in Albany County, New York
References
External links
155
Transportation in Albany County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%20155 |
Evangeline is an 1847 epic poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
Evangeline may also refer to:
People
Evangeline (given name)
Places
Evangeline Parish, Louisiana
Evangeline Township, Michigan
Evangeline, Louisiana, an unincorporated community in Acadia Parish, Louisiana
Evangeline, Gloucester County, New Brunswick, a Canadian community
Music
Albums
Evangeline (Emmylou Harris album)
Evangeline (Gary Lucas album), 1996
Evangeline (Mary Anne Hobbs compilation)
Evangeline (Ulf Lundell album)
Songs
"Evangeline", a song written by Robbie Robertson and performed by The Band with Emmylou Harris from The Last Waltz, and by Harris with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt on Harris's album Evangeline
"Evangeline", a song by Los Lobos from their album How Will the Wolf Survive?, also performed by the Jerry Garcia Band on their eponymous double live album
"Evangeline" (song), a single by Cocteau Twins
"Evangeline", a song from the Matthew Sweet album Girlfriend based on the comic book character
"Evangeline", a song from Bad Religion from the album The Process of Belief
"Evangeline", a song from Raffi's 1977 album Adult Entertainment
"Evangeline", a 1987 single by The Icicle Works
"Evangeline", the first single from Chad Brock's 1999 debut album; also recorded by Sammy Kershaw on his 2006 album Honky Tonk Boots
"Evangeline", a song from Max Raptor's 2013 album Mother's Ruin
"Evangeline", a song from Angels of Light's 2001 album How I Loved You
"Evangeline", a single from The Mission's 2001 album Aura
Musicals and opera
Evangeline (1874 musical), an 1874 musical with music by Edward E. Rice, the first American production billed as musical comedy
Evangeline, a 1946 West End musical by George Posford and Harry Jacobson
Evangeline (1999 musical), a 1998 Canadian musical by Jamie Wax and Paul Taranto
Evangeline, a 2014 Canadian opera, composed by Colin Doroschuk of the band Men Without Hats
Other
Evangeline (band), a 1990s country-pop band
Evangeline Records, a US record company
Film
Evangeline (1913 film), a 1913 Canadian drama film
Evangeline (1919 film), a 1919 silent film
Evangeline (1929 film), a 1929 silent film
Evangeline (2013 film), a 2013 Canadian supernatural thriller film
Other
Evangeline (comics), a 1980s comic book
Evangeline (train), a former passenger train in Nova Scotia operated by Via Rail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeline%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Georgia Avenue is a major north-south artery in Northwest Washington, D.C., and Montgomery County, Maryland. Within the District of Columbia and a short distance in Silver Spring, Maryland, Georgia Avenue is also U.S. Route 29. Howard University is located on Georgia Avenue.
Geography
Georgia Avenue begins north of Florida Avenue, which was the boundary of the Old City, and is a continuation of 7th Street. Traveling northward, the street passes Howard University and Fort Stevens. At Eastern Avenue, the road crosses into Montgomery County and passes through Silver Spring.
Where it crosses Colesville Road a mile into Maryland, Georgia Avenue splits off U.S. Route 29 and becomes Maryland State Highway 97. Georgia Avenue ends at the boundary with Howard County, where it becomes Roxbury Mills Road. The total length of the road is about 24 miles (39 km), of which 5 miles (8 km) are in Washington, D.C.
History
The original Georgia Avenue was the road now named Potomac Avenue in Southwest and Southeast. Current-day Georgia Avenue was originally named 7th Street Extended and Brightwood Avenue.
Seventh Street Pike was built as a plank road from Boundary Avenue (now Florida Avenue) to the District Line in 1852. Being a plank road, it was essentially paved with wooden planks that had to be replaced periodically due to rotting. The road was also known as Brightwood Avenue.
A tollgate was located at current-day 6400 Georgia Avenue, at the corner of Georgia Avenue and Piney Branch Road NW. Prominent residents living north of the tollgate decided to buy enough land to build a road to bypass the tollgate; this road became Piney Branch Road NW.
The road was also the path of the Seventh Street Railway, which took riders from Brightwood to downtown. The railway consisted of cars drawn by horses, guided by metal tracks that protruded above the road. On April 12, 1890, Seventh Street Railway became electrically powered; its cable cars were powered by overhead electrical lines, and the cars themselves were guided by metal tracks embedded in the road. Other electrically powered railways were built elsewhere in the District in later years.
In 1906, Georgia's senator Augustus Octavius Bacon was so dismayed that Georgia Avenue had become so neglected that he proposed to rename it Navy Yard Avenue and at the same time change the name of Brightwood Avenue to Georgia Avenue. The Washington Evening Star editorialized against the bill. While Senator Bacon's proposal did not come to fruition, Wisconsin's senator John Coit Spooner offered the same proposal again in 1907, which also included changing the name of 16th Street to Washington Avenue. Renaming of Brightwood Avenue was opposed by residents of Brightwood and Park View. The Business Men's Association also opposed the bill, saying it opposed the renaming of any avenue that was named in the original plan of the city. The street renaming was stricken from the bill during the reconciliation process. In 1908, Senator Bacon proposed the street renaming again. The bill was opposed by residents of Brightwood, Brightwood Park, Takoma, and Petworth, the Southeast Washington Citizens' Association, and the East Washington Citizens' Association. The Washington Evening Star also editorialized against the bill again, saying that changing the name of Brightwood Avenue "would remove all local significance from the name" and confuse those living in the neighborhood around what was then Georgia Avenue. The 1908 appropriations bill ended up changing the name of Georgia Avenue to Potomac Avenue and Brightwood Avenue to Georgia Avenue.
The portion between Glenmont and Norbeck was built in 1927.
Future
The Montgomery County Planning Board is undertaking a concept study to provide "a design framework for future master plans and projects from the District of Columbia to Howard County." The study covers each neighborhood in the corridor, examining pedestrian safety, urban design, and public transportation issues.
Event
Every June, Washington holds the D.C. Caribbean Carnival, which includes a parade down the lower portion of Georgia Avenue, an area that is home to many Caribbean immigrants.
Transit service
Metrorail
Starting just north of the Silver Spring station, the Washington Metro Red Line runs roughly parallel to Georgia Avenue.
Metrorail stations on or near Georgia Avenue, from south to north, include:
Washington DC
Shaw-Howard University
Georgia Ave-Petworth
Maryland
Silver Spring
Forest Glen
Wheaton
Glenmont
Metrobus
The following Metrobus routes travel along the street (listed from south to north):
70 (Silver Spring station to 7th St.)
79 (Limited stop service from the Silver Spring station to 7th St.)
62, 63 (Kansas Ave. to New Hampshire Ave.)
60 (Upshur St. to New Hampshire Ave.)
Y2, Y7, Y8 (Olney-Sandy Spring Rd. to Silver Spring station)
Q1, Q2, Q4 (Veirs Mill Rd. to Silver Spring station)
Ride On
The following Ride On routes travel along the street (listed from south to north):
28 Van Go shuttle (Southbound only from Bonifant St. to 13th St.)
33 (Glenmont station to Arcola Ave.)
51 (Hewitt Ave. to Glenmont station)
53 (Prince Philip Dr. to Glenmont station, express south of Norbeck Rd.)
52 (Both directions from Olney-Sandy Spring Rd. to Hines Rd.; northbound only from Norbeck Rd. to Hines Rd.)
MARC
The following MARC train stop lies near the street:
Silver Spring
In popular culture
The Wale song Chillin was filmed on Georgia Avenue.
The first three missions in Syphon Filter were set in Georgia Avenue.
References
External links
D.C. Caribbean Carnival
Why Is It Named Georgia Avenue?
Streets in Washington, D.C.
Roads in Montgomery County, Maryland
U.S. Route 29
Roads with a reversible lane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Avenue |
Born of the Flickering is the debut studio album by Norwegian black metal band Old Man's Child. It was released in 1996, through Hot Records, then later through Century Media with different artwork.
Track listing
"Demons of the Thorncastle" – 4:47
"Swallowed by a Buried One" – 4:51
"Born of the Flickering" – 5:05
"King of the Dark Ages" – 5:27
"Wounds from the Night of Magic" – 3:28
"On Through the Desert Storm" – 4:20
"Christian Death" – 4:55
"Funeral, Swords and Souls" – 4:56
"The Last Chapter" – 4:42
"...Leads to Utopia/The Old Man's Dream" – 8:44
Personnel
Galder – vocals, guitar, synthesizer
Jardar – guitar
Tjodalv – drums
Gonde – bass guitar
Aldrahn - vocals
Additional personnel
Christophe Szpajdel — logo
References
Old Man's Child albums
1995 debut albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%20of%20the%20Flickering |
Shazam is the second studio album by English rock band the Move, released in February 1970 by Regal Zonophone. The album marked a bridge between the band's quirky late 1960s pop singles and the more aggressive, hard rock, long-form style of their later albums. It was the last Move album to feature vocalist Carl Wayne, and the first to feature bassist/vocalist Rick Price.
Background and recording
The "Blackberry Way" single hit No. 1 in the UK in 1969. The single's success reinforced bassist/vocalist Trevor Burton's feelings that the band had become too commercial. He quit shortly thereafter and replaced by Rick Price, and the February 1969 American tour was cancelled because of this. The band spent most of 1969 on the cabaret circuit in England, which vocalist Carl Wayne eventually adjusted to but Rick Price and guitarist/vocalist Roy Wood loathed. When a new American tour was launched later that year, it was a financial failure and a logistical farce—due to shoddy planning, the band was forced to race across the country by car (and a U-Haul trailer) to make very few dates. During this time, they loosened up their performance and played at a louder volume, and the relationship between Wood and Wayne - who had always had different personalities and temperaments - was being severely tested.
Due in part to their hectic touring schedule, by the time of the recording sessions Wood (at the time the band's only songwriter) had only one new song written, "Beautiful Daughter". As such, though numerous spoken word sections were added to both pad out the album's length and give it the appearance of a concept, Shazam was essentially the Move's 1969 stage act captured on record: a mixture of California psychedelia, heavy metal riffs, thundering drums, and interpolations from classic composers. The shortage of new material also meant that, even with the band re-recording a track from their first album ("Cherry Blossom Clinic"), the bulk of Shazam (33 of its 39 minutes) had to be devoted to cover songs. These include a medley of works which were in the public domain and appear on the album as a hidden track.
The band's management wanted Wood to be the album's producer, but the other members of the band objected and virtually the entire band ended up getting involved in the production. Wayne in particular had been frustrated at his shrinking voice in the group, and was allowed to choose most of the cover songs included on the album.
"Hello Susie" had previously been a hit for Amen Corner, though their faster, more pop-oriented version was markedly different from the Move's heavy metal treatment. "Cherry Blossom Clinic Revisited" is a re-recording of "Cherry Blossom Clinic", taken at a slower pace, not a sequel song. The first verse was diffidently spoken by Wayne, and the track was recorded without any strings or brass.
Wood recalled that the album's one new song, "Beautiful Daughter", "just sort of happened. I think I based it around the chord sequences on that. I based the whole song around the chords. I did a lot of open string work on that and it worked quite well."
While drummer Bev Bevan regards this as his favorite Move album, Wood said the album doesn't hold up, adding that "I think it was probably down to the fact that we weren't together personally as a band. We weren't pulling in the same direction. I always feel if you're having a good time in the studio it actually comes across on the tape and that was a bit of a miserable album for us."
Wood reckoned The Move had gone as far as it could go, short of breaking through in America, and wanted to launch a new strings-and-rock project with Jeff Lynne, which would become The Electric Light Orchestra (ELO). Wayne, however, still saw potential in the band and wanted to return to their roots with short sharp tracks. He even attempted to persuade the others to allow him to continue the Move without them, possibly by bringing Burton and original bassist Ace Kefford back in the band, while Wood, Price, and Bevan would all move on to ELO project and Wood would continue to write songs for The Move, but Price, Wood and Bevan rejected his suggestion.
According to Wayne, his reason for leaving the band was Wood's dislike for playing the cabaret circuit, with the final trigger being a show in Sheffield in January 1970, in which Wood threw a glass at a cabaret patron. Wayne quit the band just before Shazam was released, and was replaced by guitarist/piano/vocalist/songwriter Jeff Lynne who, having rejected Wood's first invitation to join The Move because he wanted to stay with The Idle Race, agreed to join on the condition that they retire The Move and focus full-time on ELO.
Cover art
The cover was drawn by Mike Sheridan, Roy Wood's former bandmate in Mike Sheridan and the Nightriders.
Release
The album was not a commercial success in the UK. The hit single "Brontosaurus" debuted a fortnight after Shazam hit the stores, and was the first recording to feature Lynne, stealing considerable press and record buyer attention away from Shazam. In the US, when it debuted on A&M Records, the heavy feel, tight harmonies, and extended solos made it a cult favorite and the record that introduced most American fans to the band. It also proved to be a stylistic template for successful 1970s bands, such as Cheap Trick and Kiss.
Critical reception
Reviewing for The Village Voice in 1970, Robert Christgau said the album is "one version of an overly self-conscious mode (in the perception if not the creation) which I call stupid-rock. This is compelling when played loud, but it is also full of annoying distractions, musical and otherwise." John Mendelsohn of Rolling Stone gave the album a positive review, ending with a plea "Do what you can to prevent this from being the last Move album... ...The Move must be kept going to give us more albums like this one".
In a retrospective review, AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine said the "short-yet-sprawling" album reflected the band's growth into a "muscular and weirder" group. Erlewine said that, although the variety of musical ideas may be intimidating to listeners, the album rewards repeated listens, and the Move "may never have been better than they are here".
Track listing
Personnel
Roy Wood - vocals, guitars, keyboards
Bev Bevan - drums, percussion
Carl Wayne - vocals
Rick Price - vocals, bass
Trevor Burton - bass (prior to leaving the band, which tracks unknown)
Tony Visconti - bass on "Beautiful Daughter"
"Beautiful Daughter" features an uncredited string quartet.
References
1970 albums
Albums produced by Roy Wood
The Move albums
Regal Zonophone Records albums
A&M Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam%20%28album%29 |
Rialma is a municipality in north-central Goiás state, Brazil.
Location and geography
Rialma is located across the Rio das Almas from Ceres on the important interstate highway BR-153, which links Anápolis to Belém. It was created as part of the urban area of Ceres, which was also created as the Colônia Nacional Agrícola de Goiás. It is part of the Ceres Microregion.
The distance to Goiânia is 182 km. Highway connections are made by GO-080 / Nerópolis / São Francisco de Goiás / BR-153 / Jaraguá / Rianápolis. Rialma is 19 km north of Rianápolis.
The municipality has boundaries with Nova Glória in the north; Santa Isabel, Goiás in the east; Rianápolis and Uruana in the south; Carmo do Rio Verde in the southeast; and Ceres in the west.
The climate is moist tropical. The most important river is the Rio das Almas, which has its source near Cocalzinho de Goiás and flows north to enter the massive Serra da Mesa reservoir, which dams up the Maranhão River.
Political information and demographics
In January 2005 the mayor was Evaldo José da Silva and there were nine members on the city council. The number of eligible voters was 7,896 in 2007.
The population density was 38.98 inhabitants/km2 (2007) with 9,292 living in urban areas and 1,193 living in rural areas. There has been a gain in population of about 3,500 people since 1980.
Economy
Economic activity is based on agriculture, cattle raising, services, small transformation industries, and government employment. There is also a sizable herd of beef and dairy cattle (23,000 head in 2006). There was one bank branch in 2007.
There were 234 farms in 2006 with a total area of 23,154 hectares. Around 9,000 hectares were planted and 11,000 were pasture land. The main agricultural crops were rice, sugarcane, beans, oranges, manioc, corn, and soybeans.
Health and education
There was a campus of the Federal University of Goiás in 2007. The adult literacy rate was 89.3% in 2000, with the national average being 86.4%. In 2007 there was 01 hospital with 29 beds. The infant mortality rate was 25.4 (2000), with the national average being 33.0.
Municipal Human Development Index: 0.777
State ranking: 35 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 1,124 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
Etymology
The name of the city came from an agglutination of . In 1953, when the BR-153 was built, Rialma broke off from Jaraguá to become a separate municipality.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
External links
Frigoletto
Highway distances from Goiânia
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialma |
Kaija Marja Mustonen (born 4 August 1941) is a former speed skater from Finland.
After winning silver and bronze at the 1964 Winter Olympics of Innsbruck, Mustonen went on to win gold and silver at the 1968 Winter Olympics of Grenoble. This was the only Finnish gold medal at those games and the last Olympic gold for Finland in speed skating up to at least 2015. Her Olympic performance was acknowledged by naming her Finnish female athlete of the year in 1964 and 1968.
She competed in ten World Allround Championships from 1958 to 1968 (every year except 1959), but never won a medal in the final classification – a fourth place in 1964 being her best result. She did win four distance medals though, all bronze, in the days when there was not yet a separate world championship for each distance. Nationally, she won seven all-around titles between 1962 and 1968.
Personal records
References
Notes
Bibliography
Eng, Trond. All Time International Championships, Complete Results 1889 - 2002. Askim, Norway: WSSSA Skøytenytt, 2002.
Kolkka, Sulo. Suomen Luisteliiton Vuosikirja, Pikaluistelija 1967 (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: E.o. Savolaisen Kirjapaino ky, 1967.
Peltoperä, Pentti. Suomen Luisteliiton Vuosikirja 1965 (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: E.o. Savolaisen Kirjapaino ky, 1965.
Peltoperä, Pentti. Suomen Luisteliiton Vuosikirja 1966 (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: E.o. Savolaisen Kirjapaino ky, 1966.
Santala, Martti en Pajunen, Aarno. Pikaluistelija 1/1968 (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Suomen Luisteliitto, 1968.
Teigen, Magne. Komplette resultater, Internasjonale Mesterskap 1889-1989 (in Norwegian). Veggli, Norway: WSSSA Skøytenytt, 1989.
External links
Kaija Mustonen at SkateResults.com
1941 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Helsinki
Finnish female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Finland
Speed skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Finland
Olympic silver medalists for Finland
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Medalists at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaija%20Mustonen |
The Pagan Prosperity is the second album by black metal band Old Man's Child, released on 7 October 1997. It was recorded and mixed at Studiomega in June 1997.
Track listing
All music, lyrics and arrangements by Galder.
"The Millennium King" – 5:28
"Behind the Mask" – 3:58
"Soul Possessed" – 4:04
"My Demonic Figures" – 3:59
"Doommaker" – 3:39
"My Kingdom Will Come" – 4:35
"Return of the Night Creatures" – 5:36
"What Malice Embrace" – 5:13
Credits
Galder – vocals, guitars, keyboards
Jardar – guitars
Gonde – bass
Tony Kirkemo – drums
J. Lohngrin Cremonese - Vocal tribute on "The Millennium King", "Doommaker" and "Return of the Night Creatures"
Additional personnel
Christophe Szpajdel — logo
References
Old Man's Child albums
1997 albums
Century Media Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pagan%20Prosperity |
Peltonen is a Finnish occupational surname, which is derived from pelto, meaning "field" in English. Notable people with the surname include:
Benjamin Peltonen, Finnish singer
Juhani Peltonen, Finnish footballer
Kirsi Peltonen, Finnish mathematician
Mika Peltonen, Finnish Army Brigadier General
Tuula Peltonen, Finnish politician
Tuomas Peltonen, Finnish footballer
Ville Peltonen, Finnish professional ice hockey forward
See also
Peltonen (company), Finnish ski manufacturer
References
Finnish-language surnames
Occupational surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltonen |
Ill-Natured Spiritual Invasion is the third studio album by Norwegian black metal band Old Man's Child. Most of the vocals were improvised by Galder while in the studio.
Track listing
All music, lyrics and arrangements by Galder.
"Towards Eternity" – 5:17
"The Dream Ghost" – 3:41
"Demoniacal Possession" – 3:31
"Fall of Man" – 4:00
"Captives of Humanity" – 4:42
"God of Impiety" – 5:23
"My Evil Revelations" – 3:59
"Thy Servant" – 4:46
Credits
Galder – vocals, guitars, bass and synth
Gene Hoglan – drums (incorrectly credited as Gene Hogland)
Additional personnel
Christophe Szpajdel — logo
References
Old Man's Child albums
1998 albums
Century Media Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill-Natured%20Spiritual%20Invasion |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.