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Santino Quinto Rice (born 20 August 1974) is an American fashion designer and television personality. He is best known for his appearances on the reality television programs Project Runway, RuPaul's Drag Race and On the Road with Austin and Santino.
Early life and education
Santino Rice attended classes at the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising in Los Angeles. Rice worked under Pegah Anvarian and Tony Duquette, prior to his involvement with the television series Project Runway.
Career
In 2005, Santino participated as a contestant on the second season of the Bravo reality show Project Runway, producing mixed results on the show. He won two challenges and was among the top three designs three more times. However, Rice was among the bottom two scores for four challenges. Ultimately, he lasted throughout the season and was one of three finalists selected to show at Olympus Fashion Week in New York City. He finished in third place, behind Daniel Vosovic and Chloe Dao.
Rice became well known for the charismatic and sometimes abrasive persona that he presented on Project Runway, and he was often cited as the "villain" of the show. He was also known for his humor, including his impersonations of mentor Tim Gunn.
After Project Runway, Rice was selected to be one of the judges of the Miss Universe 2006 pageant. He was also asked by MTV VJ SuChin Pak to design her dress for the 2006 MTV Movie Awards. The following year, Rice made a guest appearance in the sixth episode of America's Most Smartest Model, in which he taught the contestants about fashion design. As of 2008, he was creating a new cigarette pack design for Camel, dressing a handful of elite private clients, and working on building his own clothing company.
More recently, Rice has been cast in two main roles in reality television. From 2009 to 2014, he was a judge on the Logo reality program RuPaul's Drag Race. Rice also starred in the Lifetime show On the Road with Austin and Santino, alongside fellow Project Runway alumnus Austin Scarlett. The show premiered in 2010, following Rice and Scarlett as they visited various American small towns, designing clothing for women who have upcoming special occasions. Rice also played a minor role as a homeless man in the 2010 independent queer cinema thriller L.A. Zombie.
Personal life
Rice has been referred to in the press as bisexual, but has said of his own sexual orientation, "You can just call me gay but I like men and I am attracted to beautiful women. I didn't like the negativity that was attached to being gay growing up so that is why I have problems with the label."
He has posted claims about the COVID-19 virus and vaccines on Twitter. Rice has asserted that COVID-19 is a "man-made virus designed by European and American scientists" and that "what they are selling people isn't even a vaccine." He also tweeted that "there is really no difference between injecting disinfectant or injecting a random vaccine" and that "the virus was designed to kill and its 'v@ccine' is equally deadly." COVID-19 vaccines are not known to cause severe illness, hospitalization, or death.
References
External links
Santino Rice on Twitter
Santino Rice on Instagram
1974 births
Living people
American fashion designers
American gay artists
LGBT fashion designers
LGBT people from Missouri
Project Runway (American series) participants
Judges in American reality television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santino%20Rice |
Bjørn Jacobsen (born 11 June 1960 in Sandnessjøen, Helgeland) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party (SV). He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Møre og Romsdal in 2001.
He was a member of the Harstad municipality council from 1983 to 1985, and a deputy member in Molde from 1995 to 1999.
Parliamentary Committee duties
2005 - 2009 member of the Enlarged Foreign Affairs Committee.
2005 - 2009 member of the Standing Committee on Defence.
2005 - 2009 deputy member of the Electoral Committee.
2001 - 2005 member of the Enlarged Foreign Affairs Committee.
2001 - 2005 member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs.
2001 - 2005 deputy member of the Electoral Committee.
External links
1960 births
Living people
People from Alstahaug
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn%20Jacobsen |
Bengalis (singular Bengali ), also rendered as Bangalee or the Bengali people, are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the Bengal region of South Asia. The current population is divided between the independent country Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura, Barak Valley, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Jharkhand and part of Meghalaya and Manipur. Most of them speak Bengali, a language from the Indo-Aryan language family.
Bengalis are the third-largest ethnic group in the world, after the Han Chinese and Arabs. Thus, they are the largest ethnic group within the Indo-Europeans and the largest ethnic group in South Asia. Apart from Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Manipur, and Assam's Barak Valley, Bengali-majority populations also reside in India's union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with significant populations in the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Mizoram, Nagaland and Uttarakhand as well as Nepal's Province No. 1. The global Bengali diaspora (Bangladeshi Bengalis and Indian Bengalis) have well-established communities in the Middle East, Pakistan, Myanmar, the United Kingdom, the United States, Malaysia, Italy, Singapore, Maldives, Canada, Australia, Japan and South Korea.
Bengalis are a diverse group in terms of religious affiliations and practices. Today, approximately 68% are adherents of Islam with a large Hindu minority and sizable communities of Christians and Buddhists. Bengali Muslims, who live mainly in Bangladesh, primarily belong to the Sunni denomination. Bengali Hindus, who live primarily in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam's Barak Valley, Jharkhand and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, generally follow Shaktism or Vaishnavism, in addition to worshipping regional deities. There also exist small numbers of Bengali Christians, a large number of whom are descendants of Portuguese voyagers, as well as Bengali Buddhists, the bulk of whom belong to the Bengali-speaking Barua group in Chittagong and Rakhine (who should not be confused with other Buddhists of Bangladesh that belong to different ethnic groups).
Like every large culture group in history, Bengalis have greatly influenced and contributed to diverse fields, notably the arts and architecture, language, folklore, literature, politics, military, business, science and technology.
Etymology
The term Bengali is generally used to refer to someone whose linguistic, cultural or ancestral origins are from Bengal. The Indo-Aryan Bengalis are ethnically differentiated from the non-Indo-Aryan tribes inhabiting Bengal. Their ethnonym, Bangali, along with the native name of the language and region Bangla, are both derived from Bangālah, the Persian word for the region. Prior to Muslim expansion, there was no unitary territory by this name as the region was instead divided into numerous geopolitical divisions. The most prominent of these were Vaṅga (from which Bangālah is thought to ultimately derive from) in the south, Rāṛha in the west, Puṇḍravardhana and Varendra in the north, and Samataṭa and Harikela in the east. In ancient times, the people of this region identified themselves with respect to these divisions. Vedic texts such as the Mahābhārata makes mention of the Puṇḍra people.
The historic land of Vaṅga (bôngô in Bengali), situated in present-day Barisal, is considered by early historians of the Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions to have originated from a man who had settled in the area though it is often dismissed as legend. Early Abrahamic genealogists had suggested that this man was Bang, a son of Hind who was the son of Ham (son of Noah). In contrast, the Mahabharata, Puranas and the Harivamsha state that Vaṅga was the founder of the Vaṅga Kingdom and one of the adopted sons of King Vali. The land of Vaṅga later came to be known as Vaṅgāla (Bôngal) and its earliest reference is in the Nesari plates (805 CE) of Govinda III which speak of Dharmapāla as its king. The records of Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty, who invaded Bengal in the 11th century, speak of Govindachandra as the ruler of Vaṅgāladeśa (a Sanskrit cognate to the word Bangladesh, which was historically a synonymous endonym of Bengal). 16th-century historian Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak mentions in his ʿAin-i-Akbarī that the addition of the suffix "al" came from the fact that the ancient rajahs of the land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al". This is also mentioned in Ghulam Husain Salim's Riyāz us-Salāṭīn.
In 1352 CE, a Muslim nobleman by the name of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah united the region into a single political entity known as the Bengal Sultanate. Proclaiming himself as Shāh-i-Bangālīyān, it was in this period that the Bengali language also gained state patronage and corroborated literary development. Thus, Ilyas Shah had effectively formalised the socio-linguistic identity of the region's inhabitants as Bengali, by state, culture and language.
History
Ancient history
Archaeologists have discovered remnants of a 4,000-year-old Chalcolithic civilisation in the greater Bengal region, and believe the finds are one of the earliest signs of settlement in the region. However, evidence of much older Palaeolithic human habitations were found in the form of a stone implement and a hand axe in Rangamati and Feni districts of Bangladesh.
Artefacts suggest that the Wari-Bateshwar civilisation, which flourished in present-day Narsingdi, date as far back as 1100 BC. Not far from the rivers, the port city was believed to have been engaged in foreign trade with Ancient Rome, Southeast Asia and other regions. The people of this civilisation live in bricked homes, walked on wide roads, used silver coins and iron weaponry among many other things. It is thought to be the oldest city in Bengal and in the eastern part of the subcontinent as a whole.
It is thought that a man named Vanga settled in the area around 1000 BCE founding the Vanga Kingdom in southern Bengal. The Atharvaveda and the Hindu epic Mahabharata mentions this kingdom, along with the Pundra Kingdom in northern Bengal. The spread of Mauryan territory and promotion of Buddhism by its emperor Ashoka cultivated a growing Buddhist society among the people of present-day Bengal from the 2nd century BCE. Mauryan monuments as far as the Great Stupa of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh mentioned the people of this region as adherents of Buddhism. The Buddhists of the Bengal region built and used dozens of monasteries, and were recognised for their religious commitments as far as Nagarjunakonda in South India.
One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land ruled by the king Xandrammes named Gangaridai by the Greeks around 100 BCE. The word is speculated to have come from Gangahrd ('Land with the Ganges in its heart') in reference to an area in Bengal. Later from the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire.
Middle Ages
One of the first recorded independent kings of Bengal was Shashanka, reigning around the early 7th century, who is generally thought to have originated from Magadha, Bihar, just west of Bengal. After a period of anarchy, a native ruler called Gopala came into power in 750 CE. He originated from Varendra in northern Bengal, and founded the Buddhist Pala Empire. Atiśa, a renowned Buddhist teacher from eastern Bengal, was instrumental in the revival of Buddhism in Tibet and also held the position of Abbot at the Vikramashila monastery in Bihar.
The Pala Empire enjoyed relations with the Srivijaya Empire, the Tibetan Empire, and the Arab Abbasid Caliphate. Islam first appeared in Bengal during Pala rule, as a result of increased trade between Bengal and the Middle East. The people of Samatata, in southeastern Bengal, during the 10th century were of various religious backgrounds. Tilopa was a prominent Hindu priest from modern-day Chittagong, though Samatata was ruled by the Buddhist Chandra dynasty. During this time, the Arab geographer Al-Masudi and author of The Meadows of Gold, travelled to the region where he noticed a Muslim community of inhabitants residing in the region. In addition to trade, Islam was also being introduced to the people of Bengal through the migration of Sufi missionaries prior to conquest. The earliest known Sufi missionaries were Syed Shah Surkhul Antia and his students, most notably Shah Sultan Rumi, in the 11th century. Rumi settled in present-day Netrokona, Mymensingh where he influenced the local ruler and population to embrace Islam.
The Pala dynasty was later followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena Empire. Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region. Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Turkic general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. Consequently, the region was ruled by dynasties of sultans and feudal lords under the Bengal Sultanate for the next few hundred years. Many of the people of Bengal began accepting Islam through the influx of missionaries following the initial conquest. Sultan Balkhi and Shah Makhdum Rupos settled in the present-day Rajshahi Division in northern Bengal, preaching to the communities there. A community of 13 Muslim families headed by Burhanuddin also existed in the northeastern Hindu city of Srihatta (Sylhet), claiming their descendants to have arrived from Chittagong. By 1303, hundreds of Sufi preachers led by Shah Jalal, who some biographers claim was a Turkistan-born Bengali, aided the Muslim rulers in Bengal to conquer Sylhet, turning the town into Jalal's headquarters for religious activities. Following the conquest, Jalal disseminated his followers across different parts of Bengal to spread Islam, and became a household name among Bengali Muslims.
The establishment of a single united Bengal Sultanate in 1352 by Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah finally gave rise to a "Bengali" socio-linguistic identity. The Ilyas Shahi dynasty acknowledged Muslim scholarship, and this transcended ethnic background. Usman Serajuddin, also known as Akhi Siraj Bengali, was a native of Gaur in western Bengal and became the Sultanate's court scholar during Ilyas Shah's reign. Alongside Persian and Arabic, the sovereign Sunni Muslim nation-state also enabled the language of the Bengali people to gain patronage and support, contrary to previous states which exclusively favoured Sanskrit, Pali and Persian. The born-Hindu Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah funded the construction of Islamic institutions as far as Mecca and Madina in the Middle East. The people of Arabia came to know these institutions as al-Madaris al-Bangaliyyah (Bengali madrasas).
Mughal era
The Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the 16th century, ending the independent Sultanate of Bengal and defeating Bengal's rebellion Baro-Bhuiyan chieftains. Mughal general Man Singh conquered parts of Bengal including Dhaka during the time of Emperor Akbar and a few Rajput tribes from his army permanently settled around Dhaka and surrounding lands, integrating into Bengali society. Akbar's preaching of the syncretic Din-i Ilahi, was described as a blasphemy by the Qadi of Bengal, which caused huge controversies in South Asia. In the 16th century, many Ulama of the Bengali Muslim intelligentsia migrated to other parts of the subcontinent as teachers and instructors of Islamic knowledge such as Ali Sher Bengali to Ahmedabad, Shah Manjhan to Sarangpur, Usman Bengali to Sambhal and Yusuf Bengali to Burhanpur.
By the early 17th century, Islam Khan I had conquered all of Bengal and was integrated into a province known as the Bengal Subah. It was the largest subdivision of the Mughal Empire, as it also encompassed parts of Bihar and Odisha, between the 16th and 18th centuries. Described by some as the "Paradise of Nations" and the "Golden Age of Bengal", Bengalis enjoyed some of the highest living standards and real wages in the world at the time. Singlehandedly accounting for 40% of Dutch imports outside the European continent, eastern Bengal was globally prominent in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding, and was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, saltpeter, and agricultural and industrial produce in the world.
Mughal Bengal eventually became a quasi-independent monarchy state ruled by the Nawabs of Bengal in 1717. Already observing the proto-industrialization, it made direct significant contribution to the first Industrial Revolution (substantially textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution).
Bengal became the basis of the Anglo-Mughal War. After the weakening of the Mughal Empire with the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Bengal was ruled independently by three dynasties of Nawabs until 1757, when the region was annexed by the East India Company after the Battle of Plassey.
British colonisation
In Bengal, effective political and military power was transferred from the Afshar regime to the British East India Company around 1757–65. Company rule in India began under the Bengal Presidency. Calcutta was named the capital of British India in 1772. The presidency was run by a military-civil administration, including the Bengal Army, and had the world's sixth earliest railway network. Great Bengal famines struck several times during colonial rule, notably the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and Bengal famine of 1943, each killing millions of Bengalis.
Under British rule, Bengal experienced deindustrialisation. Discontent with the situation, numerous rebellions and revolts were attempted by the Bengali people. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was initiated on the outskirts of Calcutta, and spread to Dhaka, Jalpaiguri and Agartala, in solidarity with revolts in North India. Havildar Rajab Ali commanded the rebels in Chittagong as far as Sylhet and Manipur. The failure of the rebellion led to the abolishment of the Mughal court completely and direct rule by the British Raj.
Many Bengali laborers were taken as coolies to the British colonies in the Caribbean during the 1830s. Workers from Bengal were chosen because they could easily assimilate to the climate of British Guyana, which was similar to that of Bengal.
Swami Vivekananda is considered a key figure in the introduction of Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and America, and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, and bringing Hinduism to the status of a world religion during the 1800s. On the other hand, Ram Mohan Roy led a socio-Hindu reformist movement known as Brahmoism which called for the abolishment of sati (widow sacrifice), child marriage, polytheism and idol worship. In 1804, he wrote the Persian book Tuḥfat al-Muwaḥḥidīn (A Gift to the Monotheists) and spent the next two decades attacking the Kulin Brahmin bastions of Bengal.
Independence movement
Bengal played a major role in the Indian independence movement, in which revolutionary groups such as Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were dominant. Many of the early proponents of the independence struggle, and subsequent leaders in the movement were Bengalis such as Shamsher Gazi, Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan, Hada Miah and Mada Miah, the Pagal Panthis led by Karim Shah and Tipu Shah, Haji Shariatullah and Dudu Miyan of the Faraizi movement, Titumir, Ali Muhammad Shibli, Alimuddin Ahmad, Prafulla Chaki, Surendranath Banerjee, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani, Bagha Jatin, Khudiram Bose, Sarojini Naidu, Aurobindo Ghosh, Rashbehari Bose, and Sachindranath Sanyal.
Leaders such as Subhas Chandra Bose did not subscribe to the view that non-violent civil disobedience was the best way to achieve independence, and were instrumental in armed resistance against the British. Bose was the co-founder and leader of the Japanese-aligned Indian National Army (distinct from the army of British India) that challenged British forces in several parts of India. He was also the head of state of a parallel regime, the Azad Hind. A number of Bengalis died during the independence movement and many were imprisoned in the notorious Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands.
Partitions of Bengal
The first partition in 1905 divided the Bengal region in British India into two provinces for administrative and development purposes. However, the partition stoked Hindu nationalism. This in turn led to the formation of the All India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906 to represent the growing aspirations of the Muslim population. The partition was annulled in 1912 after protests by the Indian National Congress and Hindu Mahasabha.
The breakdown of Hindu-Muslim unity in India drove the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution in 1943, calling the creation of "independent states" in eastern and northwestern British India. The resolution paved the way for the Partition of British India based on the Radcliffe Line in 1947, despite attempts to form a United Bengal state that was opposed by many people.
Bangladesh Liberation War
The rise of self-determination and Bengali nationalism movements in East Bengal, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. This eventually culminated in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War against the Pakistani military junta. The war caused millions of East Bengali refugees to take shelter in neighboring India, especially the Indian state of West Bengal, with Calcutta, the capital of West Bengal, becoming the capital-in-exile of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh. The Mukti Bahini guerrilla forces waged a nine-month war against the Pakistani military. The conflict ended after the Indian Armed Forces intervened on the side of Bangladeshi forces in the final two weeks of the war, which ended with the surrender of East Pakistan and the liberation of Dhaka on 16 December 1971. Thus, the newly independent People's Republic of Bangladesh was born from what was previously the East Pakistan province of Pakistan.
Geographic distribution
Bengalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Bangladesh, at approximately 98% of the nation's inhabitants. The Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India, the CIA Factbook estimated that there are 100 million Bengalis in India constituting 7% of the country's total population. In addition to West Bengal, Bengalis form the demographic majority in Assam's Barak Valley and Lower region as well as parts of Manipur. The state of Tripura as well as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory, which lies in the Bay of Bengal, are also home to a Bengali-majority population, most of whom are descendants of Hindus from East Bengal (now Bangladesh) that migrated there following the 1947 Partition of India. Bengali migration to the latter archipelago was also boosted by subsequent state-funded Colonisation Schemes by the Government of India.
Bengali ethnic descent and emigrant communities are found primarily in other parts of the subcontinent, the Middle East and the Western World. Substantial populations descended from Bengali immigrants exist in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Kingdom where they form established communities of over 1 million people. The majority of the overseas Bengali diaspora are Muslims as the act of seafaring was traditionally prohibited in Hinduism; a taboo known as kala pani (black/dirty water).
The introduction of Islam to the Bengali people has generated a connection to the Arabian Peninsula, as Muslims are required to visit the land once in their lifetime to complete the Hajj pilgrimage. Several Bengali sultans funded Islamic institutions in the Hejaz, which popularly became known by the Arabs as Bengali madrasas. As a result of the British conquest of Bengal, some Bengalis decided to emigrate to Arabia. Notable examples include Mawlana Murad, an instructor of Islamic sciences based in Mecca in the early 1800s, and Najib Ali Choudhury, a participant of the Battle of Shamli. Notable people of Bengali-origin in the Middle East include the renowned author and journalist Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar of Saudi Arabia and Qur'an translator Zohurul Hoque from Oman. The family of Princess Sarvath al-Hassan, wife of Jordanian prince Hassan bin Talal, are descended from the Suhrawardy family of Midnapore.
Earliest records of Bengalis in the European continent date back to the reign of King George III of England during the 16th century. One such example is I'tisam-ud-Din, a Bengali Muslim cleric from Nadia in western Bengal, who arrived to Europe in 1765 with his servant Muhammad Muqim as a diplomat for the Mughal Empire. Another example during this period is of James Achilles Kirkpatrick's hookah-bardar (hookah servant/preparer) who was said to have robbed and cheated Kirkpatrick, making his way to England and stylising himself as the Prince of Sylhet. The man, presumably from Sylhet in eastern Bengal, was waited upon by the Prime Minister of Great Britain William Pitt the Younger, and then dined with the Duke of York before presenting himself in front of the King. Today, the British Bangladeshis are a naturalised community in the United Kingdom, running 90% of all South Asian cuisine restaurants and having established numerous ethnic enclaves across the country – most prominent of which is Banglatown in East London.
Language
An important and unifying characteristic of Bengalis is that most of them use Bengali as their native tongue, believed to belong to the Indo-Iranian language family. With about 226 million native and about 300 million total speakers worldwide, Bengali is one of the most spoken languages, ranked sixth in the world, and is also used a lingua franca among other ethnic groups and tribes living within and around the Bengal region. Bengali is generally written using the Bengali script and evolved circa 1000–1200 CE from Magadhi Prakrit, thus bearing similarities to ancient languages such as Pali. Its closest modern relatives may include other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages such as Assamese, Odia and the Bihari languages. Though Bengali may have a historic legacy of borrowing vocabulary from languages such as Persian and Sanskrit, modern borrowings primarily come from the English language.
Various forms of the language are in use today and provide an important force for Bengali cohesion. These distinct forms can be sorted into three categories. The first is Classical Bengali ( Śadhu Bhaśa), which was a historical form restricted to literary usage up until the late British period. The second is Standard Bengali ( Čôlitô Bhaśa or Śuddho Bhaśa), which is the modern literary form, and is based upon the dialects of the divided Nadia region (partitioned between Nadia and Kushtia). It is used today in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content. The third and largest category by speakers would be Colloquial Bengali ( Añčôlik Bhaśa or Kôththô Bhaśa). These refer to informal spoken language that varies by dialect from region to region.
Social stratification
Bengali people may be broadly classified into sub-groups predominantly based on dialect but also other aspects of culture:
Bangals: This is a term used predominantly in Indian West Bengal to refer to East Bengalis – i.e. Bangladeshis as well as those whose ancestors originate from Eastern Bengal. The East Bengali dialects are known as Bangali. This group constitutes the majority of ethnic Bengalis. They originate from the mainland Bangladeshi regions of Dhaka, Mymensingh, Comilla, Sylhet, Barisal and Chittagong.
Among Bangals, there are four subgroups that maintain distinct identities in addition to having a (Eastern) Bengali identity. Chittagonians are natives of the Chittagong region (Chittagong District and Cox's Bazar District) of Bangladesh and speak Chittagonian. The people of Cox's Bazar are closely related to the Rohingyas of the Rakhine State in Myanmar. Sylhetis originate from the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh and they speak Sylheti. Noakhailla speakers can be found in greater Noakhali region and southern Tripura. The Dhakaiya Kuttis are a small urban Bengali Muslim community residing in Old Dhaka city that noticeably differ from the rest of the people of Dhaka Division by culture.
Ghotis: This is the term favoured by the natives of West Bengal to distinguish themselves from other Bengalis.
The people of Purulia, and greater Manbhum, reside in far-western Bengal and have some regional differences with the mainland Ghotis via dialect and culture. Other Ghoti communities include the Ghosis and Lodhas.
The region of North Bengal, which hosts Varendri and Rangpuri speakers, is divided between both West Bengal and Bangladesh, and they are normally categorised into the former two main groups depending on which side of the border they reside in even though they are culturally similar to each other regardless of international borders. The categorisation of North Bengalis into Ghoti or Bangal is contested. Rangpuri speakers can also be found in parts of Lower Assam, whilst the Shershahabadia community extend into Bihar. Other northern Bengali communities include the Khotta and Nashya Shaikh.
Bengalis Hindus are socially stratified into four castes, called chôturbôrṇô. The caste system derived from Hindu system of bôrṇô (type, order, colour or class) and jāti (clan, tribe, community or sub-community), which divides people into four colours: White, Red, Yellow and Black. White people are Brahmôṇ, who are destined to be priests, teachers and preachers; Red people are Kkhôtriyô, who are destined to be kings, governors, warriors and soldiers; Yellow people are Bôiśśô, who are born to be cattle herders, ploughmen, artisans and merchants; and Black people are Shūdrô, who are born to be labourers and servants to the people of twice-born caste. People from all caste denominations exist among Bengali Hindus. Ram Mohan Roy, who was born Hindu, founded the Brahmo Samaj which attempted to abolish the practices of casteism, sati and child marriage among Hindus.
Religion
The largest religions practiced in Bengal are Islam and Hinduism. Among all Bengalis, more than two-thirds are Muslims. The vast majority follow the Sunni denomination though there are also a small minority of Shias. The Bengali Muslims form a 90.4% majority in Bangladesh, and a 30% minority among the ethnic Bengalis in the entirety of India. In West Bengal, Bengali Muslims form a 66.88% majority in Murshidabad district, the former seat of the Shia Nawabs of Bengal, a 51.27% majority in Malda, which contains the erstwhile capitals of the Sunni Bengal Sultanate, and they also number over 5,487,759 in the 24 Parganas.
Just less than a third of all Bengalis are Hindus (predominantly, the Shaktas and Vaishnavists), and as per as 2011 census report, they form a 70.54% majority in West Bengal, 50% plurality in Southern Assam's Barak Valley region, 60% majority in the India's North Eastern state of Tripura, 30% plurality in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 9% significance population in India's Eastern state of Jharkhand and 8.54% minority in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, Hindus are mostly concentrated in Sylhet Division where they constitute 17.8% of the population, and are mostly populated in Dhaka Division where they number over 2.5 million. Hindus form a 56.41% majority in Dacope Upazila, a 51.69% majority in Kotalipara Upazila and a 51.22% majority in Sullah Upazila. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third largest Hindu populated country of the world, just after India and Nepal. The total Hindu population in Bangladesh exceeds the population of many Muslim majority countries like Yemen, Jordan, Tajikistan, Syria, Tunisia, Oman, and others. Also the total Hindu population in Bangladesh is roughly equal to the total population of Greece and Belgium. Bengali Hindus also worship regional deities.
Other religious groups include Buddhists (comprising around 1% of the population in Bangladesh) and Bengali Christians. A large number of the Bengali Christians are descendants of Portuguese voyagers. The bulk of Bengali Buddhists belong to the Bengali-speaking Baruas who reside in Chittagong and Rakhine.
Culture
Festivals
Bengalis commemorate the Islamic holidays or Hindu festivals depending on their religion. People are dressed in their new traditional clothing. During the major Islamic holidays Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr, charity is distributed. Children are given clothes or money. Relatives, friends, and neighbors visit and exchange food and sweets.
Significant cultural events or celebrations are also celebrated by the community annually. Pohela Boishakh is a celebration of the new year and arrival of summer in the Bengali calendar and is celebrated in April. It features a funfair, music and dance displays on stages, with people dressed in colourful traditional clothes, parading through the streets. Festivals like Pahela Falgun (spring) are also celebrated regardless of their faith. The Bengalis of Dhaka celebrate Shakrain, an annual kite festival. The Nabanna is a Bengali celebration akin to the harvest festivals in the Western world.
Fashion and arts
Visual art and architecture
The recorded history of art in Bengal can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when terracotta sculptures were made in the region. The architecture of the Bengal Sultanate saw a distinct style of domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets. Ivory, pottery and brass were also widely used in Bengali art.
Attire and clothing
Bengali attire is shares similarities with North Indian attire. In rural areas, older women wear the shari while the younger generation wear the , both with simple designs. In urban areas, the is more popular, and has distinct fashionable designs. Traditionally Bengali men wore the jama, though the costumes such as the panjabi with or pyjama have become more popular within the past three centuries. The popularity of the , a shorter upper garment, is undeniable among Bengalis in casual environments. The and are a common combination for rural Bengali men. Islamic clothing is also very common in the region. During special occasions, Bengali women commonly wear either sharis, or abayas, covering their hair with hijab or ; and men wear a panjabi, also covering their hair with a tupi, , or .
Mughal Bengal's most celebrated artistic tradition was the weaving of Jamdani motifs on fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage. Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (buta motifs) and Western textile art (paisley). The Jamdani weavers in Dhaka received imperial patronage.
The traditional attire of Bengali Hindus is dhoti and kurta for men, and saree for women.
Performing arts
Bengal has an extremely rich heritage of performing arts dating back to antiquity. It includes narrative forms, songs and dances, performance with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and the processional forms like the Jatra and cinema. Performing of plays and Jatras were mentioned in Charyapada, written in between the 8th and 12th centuries. Chhau dance is a unique martial, tribal and folk art of Bengal. Wearing an earthy and theatrical Chhau mask, the dance is performed to highlight the folklore and episodes from Shaktism, Ramayana – Mahabharata and other abstract themes. In 2010 the Chhau dance was inscribed in the UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Bengali film is a glorious part of the history of world cinema. Hiralal Sen, who is considered a stalwart of Victorian era cinema, sowed the first seeds of Bengali cinema. In 1898, Sen founded the first film production company, named Royal Bioscope Company in Bengal, and possibly the first in India. Along with Nemai Ghosh, Tapan Sinha and others, the golden age of Bengali cinema begins with the hands of Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen and Rittwik Ghatak. Chinnamul was recognized as the first neo-realist film in India that deals with the partition of India. Ray's first cinema Pather Panchali (1955) achieved the highest-ranking Indian film on any Sight & Sound poll at number 6 in the 1992 Critics' Poll. It also topped the British Film Institute's user poll of Top 10 Indian Films of all time in 2002. In the same year, Titash Ekti Nadir Naam, directed by Ritwik Ghatak with the joint production of India and Bangladesh, got the honor of best Bangladeshi films in the audience and critics' polls conducted by the British Film Institute.
Gastronomy
Bengali cuisine is the culinary style of the Bengali people. It has the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from South Asia that is analogous in structure to the modern service à la russe style of French cuisine, with food served course-wise rather than all at once. The dishes of Bengal are often centuries old and reflect the rich history of trade in Bengal through spices, herbs, and foods. With an emphasis on fish and vegetables served with rice as a staple diet, Bengali cuisine is known for its subtle flavours, and its huge spread of confectioneries and milk-based desserts. One will find the following items in most dishes; mustard oil, fish, panch phoron, lamb, onion, rice, cardamom, yogurt and spices. The food is often served in plates which have a distinct flowery pattern often in blue or pink. Common beverages include shorbot, borhani, ghol, matha, lachhi, falooda, Rooh Afza, natural juices like Akher rosh, Khejur rosh, Aamrosh, Dudh cha, Taler rosh, Masala cha, as well as basil seed or tukma-based drinks.
East and West Bengali cuisines have many similarities, but also many unique traditions at the same time. These kitchens have been influenced by the history of the respective regions. The kitchens can be further divided into the urban and rural kitchens. Urban kitchens in eastern Bengal consist of native dishes with foreign Mughal influence, for example the Haji biryani and Chevron Biryani of Old Dhaka.
Traditional Bengali Dishes:
Shukto, Macher Patodi, Chingri Malai Curry, Aloo Posto, Mishti Doi, etc are some of the traditional dishes of the Bengali's.
Literature
Bengali literature denotes the body of writings in the Bengali language, which has developed over the course of roughly 13 centuries. The earliest extant work in Bengali literature can be found within the Charyapada, a collection of Buddhist mystic hymns dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries. They were discovered in the Royal Court Library of Nepal by Hara Prasad Shastri in 1907. The timeline of Bengali literature is divided into three periods − ancient (650–1200), medieval (1200–1800) and modern (after 1800). Medieval Bengali literature consists of various poetic genres, including Islamic epics by the likes of Abdul Hakim and Syed Sultan, secular texts by Muslim poets like Alaol and Vaishnava texts by the followers of Krishna Chaitanya. Bengali writers began exploring different themes through narratives and epics such as religion, culture, cosmology, love and history. Royal courts such as that of the Bengal Sultanate and the Kingdom of Mrauk U gave patronage to numerous Bengali writers such as Shah Muhammad Saghir, Daulat Qazi and Dawlat Wazir Bahram Khan.
The Bengali Renaissance refers to a socio-religious reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, centered around the city of Calcutta and predominantly led by upper-caste Bengali Hindus under the patronage of the British Raj who had created a reformed religion known as the Brahmo Samaj. Historian Nitish Sengupta describes the Bengal renaissance as having begun with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775–1833) and ended with Asia's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941).
Though the Bengal Renaissance was predominantly representative to the Hindu community due to their relationship with British colonisers, there were, nevertheless, examples of modern Muslim littérateurs in this period. Mir Mosharraf Hossain (1847–1911) was the first major writer in the modern era to emerge from the Bengali Muslim society, and one of the finest prose writers in the Bengali language. His magnum opus Bishad Shindhu is a popular classic among Bengali readership. Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899–1976), notable for his activism and anti-British literature, was described as the Rebel Poet and is now recognised as the National poet of Bangladesh. Begum Rokeya (1880–1932) was the leading female Bengali author of this period, best known for writing Sultana's Dream which was subsequently translated into numerous languages.
Marriage
A marriage among Bengalis often consists of multiple events rather than just one wedding. Arranged marriages are arguably the most common form of marriage among Bengalis and are considered traditional in society. Marriage is seen as a union between two families rather than just two people, and they play a large part in developing and maintaining social ties between families and villages. The two families are facilitated by Ghotoks (mutual matchmakers), and the first event is known as the Paka Dekha/Dekhadekhi where all those involved are familiarised with each other over a meal at the bride's home. The first main event is the Paan-Chini/Chini-Paan, hosted by the bride's family. Gifts are received from the groom's family and the marriage date is fixed in this event. An adda takes place between the families as they consume a traditional Bengali banquet of food, paan, tea and mishti. The next event is the mehndi (henna) evening also known as the gaye holud (turmeric on the body). This is normally followed by the main event, the walima, hosting thousands of guests. An aqd (vow) takes place, where a contract of marriage (Kabin nama) and is signed. A qazi or imam is usually present here and would also recite the Qur'an and make dua for the couple. The groom is required to pay mohor (dowry) to the bride. The Phirajatra/Phirakhaowa consists of the return of the bride with her husband to her home, which then becomes referred to as Naiyor, and payesh and milk are served. Other post-marriage ceremonies include the Bou Bhat which takes place in the groom's home.
Arranged marriages are arguably the most common form of marriage among Bengalis and are considered traditional in society. Though polygamy is rarity among Bengalis today, it was historically prevalent among both Muslims and Hindus prior to British colonisation and was a sign of prosperity.
Science
The contribution of Bengalis to modern science is pathbreaking in the world's context. Qazi Azizul Haque was an inventor who is credited for devising the mathematical basis behind a fingerprint classification system that continued to be used up until the 1990s for criminal investigations. Abdus Suttar Khan invented more than forty different alloys for commercial application in space shuttles, jet engines, train engines and industrial gas turbines. In 2006, Abul Hussam invented the Sono arsenic filter and subsequently became the recipient of the 2007 Grainger challenge Prize for Sustainability. Another biomedical scientist, Parvez Haris, was listed among the top 1% of 100,000 scientists in the world by Stanford University.
Fazlur Rahman Khan was a structural engineer responsible for making many important advancements in high rise designs. He was the designer of Willis Tower, the tallest building in the world until 1998. Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as the starting point when considering design options for tall buildings.
Jagadish Chandra Bose was a polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, and writer of science fiction who pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the subcontinent. He is considered one of the fathers of radio science, and is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction. He first practicalised the wireless radio transmission but Guglielmo Marconi got recognition for it due to European proximity. Bose also described for the first time that "plants can respond", by demonstrating with his crescograph and recording the impulse caused by bromination of plant tissue.
Satyendra Nath Bose was a physicist, specialising in mathematical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. He is honoured as the namesake of the boson. He made first calculations to initiate Statistical Mechanics. He first hypothesised a physically tangible idea of photon. Bose's contemporary was Meghnad Saha, an astrophysicist and politician who contributed to the theorisation of thermal ionization. The Saha ionization equation, which was named after him, is used to describe chemical and physical conditions in stars. His work allowed astronomers to accurately relate the spectral classes of stars to their actual temperatures.
Economics and Poverty Alleviation
Several Bengali Economists and entrepreneurs have made pioneering contributions in economic theories and practices supporting poverty alleviation. Amartya Sen is an economist and philosopher, who has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, decision theory, development economics, public health, and measures of well-being of countries. He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 and India's Bharat Ratna in 1999 for his work in welfare economics. Muhammad Yunus is a social entrepreneur, banker, economist and civil society leader who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding the Grameen Bank and pioneering the concepts of microcredit and microfinance. Abhijit Banerjee is an economist who shared the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty".
Sport and games
Traditional Bengali sports consisted of various martial arts and various racing sports, though the British-introduced sports of cricket and football are now most popular amongst Bengalis.
Lathi khela (stick-fighting) was historically a method of duelling as a way to protect or take land and others' possessions. The Zamindars of Bengal would hire lathials (trained stick-fighters) as a form of security and a means to forcefully collect tax from tenants. Nationwide lathi khela competitions used to take place annually in Kushtia up until 1989, though its practice is now diminishing and being restricted to certain festivals and celebrations. Chamdi is a variant of lathi khela popular in North Bengal. Kushti (wrestling) is also another popular fighting sport and it has developed regional forms such as boli khela, which was introduced in 1889 by Zamindar Qadir Bakhsh of Chittagong. A merchant known as Abdul Jabbar Saodagar adapted the sport in 1907 with the intention of cultivating a sport that would prepare Bengalis in fighting against British colonials. In 1972, a popular contact team sport called Kabadi was made the national sport of Bangladesh. It is a regulated version of the rural Hadudu sport which had no fixed rules. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh was formed in 1973. Butthan, a 20th-century Bengali martial arts invented by Grandmaster Mak Yuree, is now practiced in different parts of the world under the International Butthan Federation.
The Nouka Baich is a Bengali boat racing competition which takes place during and after the rainy season when much of the land goes under water. The long canoes were referred to as khel nao (meaning playing boats) and the use of cymbals to accompany the singing was common. Different types of boats are used in different parts of Bengal. Horse racing was patronised most notably by the Dighapatia Rajas in Natore, and their Chalanbeel Horse Races have continued to take place annually for centuries.
Football is the most popular sports among Bengalis. Bengal is the home to Asia's oldest football league, Calcutta Football League and the fourth oldest cup tournament in the world, Durand Cup. East Bengal and Mohun Bagan are the biggest clubs in the region and subsequently India, and amongst the biggest in Asia. East Bengal and Mohun Bagan participate in Kolkata Derby, which is the biggest sports derby in Asia. Mohun Bagan, founded in 1889, is the oldest native football club of Bengal. The club is primarily supported by the Ghotis, who are the native inhabitants of West Bengal. East Bengal, on the contrary, was founded on 1 August 1920 and is a club Primarily supported by the ethnic eastern Bengalis. Mohun Bagan's first major victory was in 1911, when the team defeated an English club known as the Yorkshire Regiment to win the IFA Shield. In 2003, East Bengal became the first Indian club to win a major international trophy in the form of ASEAN Club Championship. While Mohun Bagan currently holds the most amount of national titles (6 in total), East Bengal is the stronger side in the Kolkata derby, having won 138 out of a total of 391 matches in which these two teams participited. East Bengal also takes the crown for having won the most number of major trophies in India (109 compared to the 105 of Mohun Bagan). Mohammed Salim of Calcutta became the first South Asian to play for a European football club in 1936. In his two appearances for Celtic F.C., he played the entire matches barefoot and scored several goals. In 2015, Hamza Choudhury became the first Bengali to play in the Premier League and is predicted to be the first British Asian to play for the England national football team.
Bengalis are very competitive when it comes to board and home games such as Pachisi and its modern counterpart Ludo, as well as Latim, Carrom Board, Chor-Pulish, Kanamachi and Chess. Rani Hamid is one of the most successful chess players in the world, winning championships in Asia and Europe multiple times. Ramnath Biswas was a revolutionary soldier who embarked on three world tours on a bicycle in the 19th century.
See also
Bengali nationalism
List of Bangladeshis
List of Bengalis
List of people from West Bengal
States of India by Bengali speakers
References
Bibliography
Uberoi, Anuradha (6 January 2020), Chennai Brew- Some Voices Some Communities & [https://www.thehindu.com/books/chennai-brew-tells-stories-of-people-from-other-parts-of-india-who-found-warmth-and-love-in-the-city/article30491202.ece "These Communities Call Chennai 'home'''"]. The Hindu. .
Further reading
External links
Bengalis Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
Bengali culture
Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
Indo-Aryan peoples
Ethnic groups in India
Ethnic groups in South Asia
Ethnic groups divided by international borders
Ethno-cultural designations
Bengali-language literature
Collectivism
Cultural assimilation
Linguistic groups of the constitutionally recognised official languages of India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis |
Guillermo Verdecchia (born December 7, 1962) is a Canadian theatre artist.
Verdecchia was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina and came to Canada at the age of two. He was raised in Kitchener, Ontario. Verdecchia received an undergraduate degree in theatre at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute in Toronto, and a master's degree in English and Theatre Studies from the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario.
Verdecchia received the 1993 Governor-General's Award for Drama for his play Fronteras Americanas. He is a four-time winner of the Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Award, and a recipient of various other awards for acting as well as sundry film festival awards for Crucero/Crossroads, the short film, made with Ramiro Puerta, based on Fronteras Americanas.
His work engages questions of representation, political power, and cultural theory. Verdecchia is a sessional instructor at Algoma University and has been writer-in-residence at Memorial University of Newfoundland, the University of Guelph, and at Ca' Foscari in Venice. In 2007 he was the 2007 Hayes-Jenkinson Memorial lecturer at Algoma University. He is also an instructor in the University of Toronto, and teaches various drama related courses.
He has also published a collection of short stories, Citizen Suarez in 1998.
Plays
Lions in Verona, 1980
Not Another Banana Republic, 1987
i.d., 1989 with The Hour Co.
Final Decisions (WAR), 1990 (published as Another Country, 2007)
The Noam Chomsky Lectures, 1990 with Daniel Brooks
Fronteras Americanas, 1993 (Based on identity issues of Latin American immigrants.)
A Line in the Sand, 1995 with Marcus Youssef
The Terrible but Incomplete Journals of John D, 1996
Insomnia, 1998 with Daniel Brooks
Ali & Ali and the Axes of Evil, 2004 with Camyar Chai and Marcus Youssef
bloom, 2006
External links
1962 births
Writers from Buenos Aires
Writers from Kitchener, Ontario
Canadian male short story writers
Argentine male writers
Living people
Governor General's Award-winning dramatists
Academic staff of Algoma University
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine emigrants to Canada
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo%20Verdecchia |
The Fall of Hyperion: A Dream, sometimes subtitled as A Vision instead of a dream, is an epic poem written by the English Romantic John Keats. Although written right after Hyperion, it was published posthumously in 1856. Keats composed The Fall of Hyperion by reworking, expanding, and personally narrating lines from his earlier fragmented epic poem Hyperion.
The poem was abandoned before Keats's death.
Plot
The poem begins with lyrical argument to introduce the work. In it, the narrator introduces the idea that the poem could be either a dream or a vision, and is unsure of which. The poem is divided into three scenes before its final fragmentation.
The poem's first scene opens with the poet narrator stumbling on a post-Edenic feast scene. This scene is reminiscent of the "sensory delight" mentioned in his previous work, Sleep and Poetry, or of the "happy happy joy" experienced in Ode on a Grecian Urn. After enjoying the sensory delight, he is compelled to partake of a "cool vessel of transparent juice" that causes him to fall into a deep sleep.
Upon awakening, the poet narrator finds himself before a temple, with the gates to the East (the same direction as the gates of Eden) shut. He is challenged by a mysterious figure, Moneta, to climb upon stairs, which he experiences a painful death that is reminiscent of Apollo's pain when "dying into life" in Hyperion. Upon climbing, the poet narrator must overcome the desire to avoid suffering and dwell in spiritual pleasure in order to transcend the mistakes of false poets. Once the poet narrator makes it up the steps, he is questioned thoroughly by Moneta on the nature of poetry, on visions, and what one must do with their life, which reflects the second part of Sleep and Poetry, where the narrator has to condemn the false poets in each.
Once the poet has passed the test, Moneta allows the poet to witness a vision of the Titans and of Hyperion. This scene ends with the image of Hyperion rising, which leads to the beginning of the previous fragment, Hyperion.
Influences
The plot and structure of The Fall of Hyperion has been greatly influenced by three previous epic works, Virgil's Aeneid, Milton's Paradise Lost, and Dante's Divine Comedy.
The structure of the quest for knowledge is based on Dante's use of Virgil's descent into Hades, and the language and narration style reflects this. However, Keats does not use a Christian understanding, but has an Apollonian basis to his poem, and Moneta forms the image of a sibyl and mimics Book 6 of the Aeneid.
The language and detail style is reminiscent of Paradise Lost, which, in many letters, Keats has stated was a quality epic, but dealt with morality on a simplistic level. The form and metre of Keats's epic is similar to Milton's.
References
External links
Text of The Fall of Hyperion
Poetry by John Keats
Epic poems in English
Unfinished poems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fall%20of%20Hyperion%3A%20A%20Dream |
Ernest Ropiequet "Jack" Hilgard (July 25, 1904 – October 22, 2001) was an American psychologist and professor at Stanford University. He became famous in the 1950s for his research on hypnosis, especially with regard to pain control. Along with André Muller Weitzenhoffer, Hilgard developed the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Hilgard as the 29th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Biography
Born in Belleville, Illinois, Ernest Ropiequet Hilgard was the son of a physician, Dr. George Engelmann Hilgard, and Laura Ropiequet Hilgard. Hilgard was initially drawn to engineering; he received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1924. He then studied psychology, receiving a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1930. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958. In 1969, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. In 1984 Hilgard was awarded the NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing from the National Academy of Sciences, of which he was also a member.
Hilgard met fellow psychologist Josephine Rohrs at Yale; they married in 1931 and had two children, Henry (born 1936) and Elizabeth Ann (born 1944). Hilgard died in 2001 in Palo Alto, California, at the age of 97.
Hypnosis
Hilgard is specifically known for his theory that a so-called "hidden observer" is created in the mind while hypnosis is taking place. His research on the hidden observer during hypnotic pain management was intended to provide support for his neodissociationist theory. This theory held that a person undergoing hypnosis can still observe his or her own pain without consciously experiencing any suffering. The phenomenon of the "hidden observer" was controversial and critics claimed it could be manufactured by suggestions, indicating that it was possibly no more than an artifact of the instructions given to the research participants. Writing in the late 1970s (Hilgard, E. (1977). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. New York, NY: Wiley), Ernest Hilgard became convinced that we all have another being sharing our lives. Hilgard termed this entity the hidden observer.
In one of his books, Hilgard described a classic test demonstrating how this hidden entity is part of our consciousness. He wrote of a blind student who was hypnotized and, while in a trance state, was told that he would become deaf. The suggestion was so strong that he failed to react to any form of noise, even large sounds next to his ear. Of course, he also failed to respond to any questions he was asked while in his trance state. The hypnotist was keen to discover if anybody else was able to hear. He quietly said to the student, Perhaps there is some part of you that is hearing my voice and processing the information. If there is, I should like the index finger of your right hand to rise as a sign that this is the case(Hilgard, 1977, p. 186). The finger rose. At this, the student requested that he be brought out of the hypnotically induced period of deafness. On being awakened, the student said that he had requested to come out of the trance state because I felt my finger rise in a way that was not a spontaneous twitch, so you must have done something to make it rise, and I want to know what you did (p. 186). The hypnotist then asked him what he remembered. Because the trance was light, the student never actually lost consciousness; all that occurred was that his hearing had ceased. In order to deal with the boredom of being deprived of both sight and sound, he had decided to work on some statistical problems in his head. It was while he was doing this that he suddenly felt his finger lift. This was obviously strange to him, because under normal circumstances he was, like all of us, the person who decides on how the body moves. In this case he was not. Not only that, but somebody else in his head was responding to an external request that he had not heard. As far as Hilgard was concerned, the person who responded was the hidden observer.
One of Hilgard's subjects made the following interesting statement about what she experienced, making particular reference to what she sensed was her higher self: The hidden observer is cognizant of everything that is going on ... The hidden observer sees more, he questions more, he's aware of what is going on all of the time but getting in touch is totally unnecessary ... He's like a guardian angel that guards you from doing anything that will mess you up ... The hidden observer is looking through the tunnel, and sees everything in the tunnel ... Unless someone tells me to get in touch with the hidden observer I'm not in contact. It's just there. (Hilgard, 1977, p. 210) The hidden observer protects us from doing anything in hypnosis that we would not do under any circumstance consciously, such as causing someone else physical harm.
Duality of personality
This idea of the basic duality of human personality is culturally and historically almost universal. The ancient Chinese called these two independent consciousnesses hun and po, the ancient Egyptians the ka and the ba, and the ancient Greeks the Daemon and the Eidolon. In each case, the two entities shared their senses and perceptions of the external world but interpreted those perceptions with regard to their own history, knowledge, and personality.
For the Greeks, the relationship was an unequal one. The higher self, the Daemon, acted as a form of guardian angel or higher self over its lower self, the Eidolon. The Stoic philosopher Epictetus wrote: God has placed at every man's side a guardian, the Daemon of each man, who is charged to watch over him; a Daemon that cannot sleep, nor be deceived. To what greater and more watchful guardian could He have entrusted each of us? So, when you have shut the doors, and made darkness in the house, remember, never to say that you are alone; for you are not alone. But God is there, and your Daemon is there (Epictetus, 1998/2nd century, 14:11) The belief was that the Daemon had foreknowledge of future circumstances and events and as such could warn its Eidolon of the dangers. It was as if in some way the Daemon had already lived the life of its Eidolon.
Textbooks
Hilgard was also the author of three hugely influential textbooks on topics other than hypnosis. The first, "Conditioning and Learning", jointly authored with Donald Marquis, was very widely cited up until the 1960s. When Gregory Kimble updated a second edition in 1961, Hilgard and Marquis's names were made part of the title, a distinction, as Hilgard himself noted, usually reserved for deceased authors.
A second text, "Theories of Learning" (1948), was also widely cited, and lasted for five editions (through 1981); the last three editions involved Hilgard's Stanford colleague Gordon H. Bower.
The third textbook was the well written and wide-ranging "Introduction to Psychology" (1953), which was, according to his biography on the website of the American Psychological Association, "for a long period, the most widely used introductory psychology text in the world." Several editions were co-authored by Rita L. Atkinson or Richard C. Atkinson, another colleague at Stanford and later chancellor of the University of California at San Diego and then president and regent of the University of California. The 15th edition, published in 2009, is called "Atkinson and Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology".
Publications
Hilgard E.R. and Marquis D.G 1940. Conditioning and learning. New York: Appleton-Century.
Hilgard E.R. and Marquis D.G. 1961. Conditioning and learning. 2nd ed, Prentice-Hall.
Hilgard E.R. 1948. Theories of learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Hilgard E.R. and Bower G.H. 1966. Theories of learning. 3rd ed, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Hilgard E.R. 1965. Susceptibility to hypnosis. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Hilgard E.R. 1953, 1970. Introduction to psychology. Harcourt.
Hilgard E.R., Atkinson R.L. and Atkinson R.C. 1975. Introduction to psychology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Hilgard E.R. 1977. Divided consciousness: multiple controls in human thought and action. New York, NY: Wiley.
Hilgard E.R. 1986. Divided consciousness: multiple controls in human thought and action (expanded edition). New York, NY: Wiley.
Hilgard E.R. 1987. Psychology in America: a historical survey. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Hilgard E.R. and J. Hilgard. 1994. Hypnosis in the relief of pain. Revised ed. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
See also
Alien hand syndrome
Bicameral mentality
Brain asymmetry
Dual consciousness
Divided consciousness
Cognitive Neuroscience
Folk psychology
Ideomotor phenomenon
Julian Jaynes
Laterality
Lateralization of brain function
Left brain interpreter
Mind-body problem
Parallel computing
Philosophy of mind
Society of Mind
Split-brain
Theory of mind
References
Further reading
Mestre M.V., Tortosa F., Samper P., and Nácher M.J. 2002. Psychology's evolution through its texts: analysis of E R. Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology. Psicothema, 14, 810–815.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20051111062701/http://slick.org/deathwatch/mailarchive/msg00383.html
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0004/ai_2699000497
http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1988/A1988M802100001.pdf
http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1984/A1984SW51700001.pdf
http://www.apa.org/about/archives/presidents/bio-ernest-hilgard.aspx
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
Ernest Ropiequet Hilgard Papers
1904 births
2001 deaths
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
20th-century American psychologists
American hypnotists
People from Belleville, Illinois
Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty
University of Illinois alumni
Yale University alumni
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Members of the American Philosophical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Hilgard |
W4JP is the callsign of the amateur radio station operated by the University of Kentucky Amateur Radio Club in room 553 of Anderson Hall (Kentucky). The club traces its history back to 1915. In 1927, the station was relicensed as 9JL (later W9JL).
In the 2000s, the UK Amateur Radio Club and the SSL (Space Systems Laboratory) university groups merged. They kept both names, but have acted mostly under the Space Systems Laboratory.
References
External links
University of Kentucky Amateur Radio Club official website (archived)
Space Systems Laboratory
FCC page for W4JP
Guide to the University of Kentucky Amateur Radio Club records, housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center
University of Kentucky
Amateur radio organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W4JP |
Karin Andersen (born 16 December 1952 in Kongsvinger) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party (SV). She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hedmark in 1997; she was not reelected in 2021. She had previously served as a deputy member from 1989-1993.
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Prior to entering national politics she served in the Kongsvinger municipality council (1983–1997) and the Hedmark county council (1987–1995)
Parliamentary Committee duties
from 2017 - leader of the Standing Committee on Local Government and Public Administration.
2005 - 2009 leader of the Standing Committee on Labour and Social Affairs.
2001 - 2005 member of the Enlarged Foreign Affairs Committee.
2001 - 2005 member of the Standing Committee on Local Government and Public Administration.
2001 - 2005 member of the Electoral Committee.
1997 - 2005 member of the Standing Committee on Local Government and Public Administration.
1997 - 2001 member of the Fullmaktskommiteen.
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Politicians from Kongsvinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin%20Andersen |
HMAS Wallaroo (J222), named after the town of Wallaroo, South Australia, was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Wallaroo was one of only three Bathursts lost during World War II; following a collision with US Liberty ship Henry Gilbert Costin on the night of 11 June 1943.
Design and construction
In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Wallaroo) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.
Wallaroo was laid down by Poole & Steel in Sydney on 24 April 1941. She was launched on 18 February 1942 by Mrs Poole, wife of the shipyard's Chairman of Directors, and commissioned on 15 July 1942.
Operational history
Wallaroo entered service in September 1942, patrolling between Adelaide in South Australia and Fremantle in Western Australia for submarines, as well as performing escort and minesweeping duties around Fremantle.
Just after midnight on 11 June 1943, while out to sea west of Fremantle, the corvette collided with United States Liberty Ship Henry Gilbert Costin. The night was overcast, and the ships were travelling without lights as a precaution against attacks. Three of Wallaroos crew were killed in the collision, and the corvette sank four hours later with no further casualties while trying to reach Fremantle. The Liberty Ship received minor damage, and made it to port.
The corvette's wartime service was recognised with the battle honour "Pacific 1942".
Citations
References
Books
Journal and news articles
Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in New South Wales
1942 ships
World War II corvettes of Australia
World War II shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean
Shipwrecks of Western Australia
Maritime incidents in June 1943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS%20Wallaroo |
Patrick Riordan may refer to:
Patrick William Riordan (1841–1914), American Roman Catholic priest; second Archbishop of San Francisco
Pat Riordan (born 1979), Canadian rugby union player | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Riordan |
Magnar Lund Bergo (born 27 February 1949, in Oslo) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party (SV). He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Buskerud in 2001.
Parliamentary Committee duties
2005 – 2009 member of the Standing Committee on Finance and Economic Affairs.
2001 – 2005 member of the Standing Committee on Family and Cultural Affairs.
External links
1949 births
Living people
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnar%20Lund%20Bergo |
Iron(II) gluconate, or ferrous gluconate, is a black compound often used as an iron supplement. It is the iron(II) salt of gluconic acid. It is marketed under brand names such as Fergon, Ferralet and Simron.
Uses
Medical
Ferrous gluconate is effectively used in the treatment of hypochromic anemia. The use of this compound compared with other iron preparations results in satisfactory reticulocyte responses, a high percentage utilization of iron, and daily increase in hemoglobin that a normal level occurs in a reasonably short time.
Food additive
Ferrous gluconate is also used as a food additive when processing black olives. It is represented by the food labeling E number E579 in Europe. It imparts a uniform jet black color to the olives.
Toxicity
Ferrous gluconate may be toxic in case of overdose. Children may show signs of toxicity with ingestions of 10–20 mg/kg of elemental iron. Serious toxicity may result from ingestions of more than 60 mg/kg. Iron exerts both local and systemic effects: it is corrosive to the gastrointestinal mucosa, it can have a negative impact on the heart and blood (dehydration, low blood pressure, fast and weak pulse, shock), lungs, liver, gastrointestinal system (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting blood), nervous system (chills, dizziness, coma, convulsions, headache), and skin (flushing, loss of color, bluish-colored lips and fingernails). The symptoms may disappear in a few hours, but then emerge again after 1 or more days.
See also
Acceptable daily intake
Iron poisoning
References
Color fixers
Food additives
Iron(II) compounds
E-number additives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%28II%29%20gluconate |
Sussex Technical High School is a public high school in Georgetown, Delaware. Its enrollment at last count was roughly 1,300 students. As a choice school, each year over 600 eighth-grade students in Sussex County apply for 300 openings. The mascot for the school is a raven.
Also known as Sussex Tech, the school was one of two Delaware high schools recognized by the U.S. Department of Education as a Blue Ribbon School in 2008 for academic achievement. It was previously selected by the Department of Education in 1996 as one of ten showcase site schools, receiving the New American High Schools award for high levels of success.
The school is operated by Sussex Technical School District, an overlay district serving all of Sussex County.
History
Built in 1961, Sussex Tech started as the Sussex Vocational-Technical High School. At that time, it provided students career training to prepare Sussex County students to enter the workforce after high school graduation. Students would spend half the day at their home high school, then spend the rest of the day at Sussex Tech learning a trade.
Sussex Tech became a full-time high school in 1991, offering a comprehensive program of academic courses as well as technical education. With additions, the school grew to a total of 82 classrooms. By 2009, Sussex Tech had 16 technical fields of study from which students could choose.
More students were accepted into the school in the 2012–2013 school year, making it one of Sussex Tech's most historical years. Also, Sussex Tech's Raven Nation Marching Band was featured in Chicago's McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade in 2012.
School library
With its full-time conversion in 1991, Sussex Tech also opened its own library and hired a librarian. This project started in a small storage room with a desk, chair, one computer and no books. It quickly filled to capacity.
In 2000, the school opened its current library, known as the Benjamin Franklin Information Center. The new library emphasized the school's technical focus, relying on computer workstations for access to resources in external networks. Sussex Tech's library led the state of Delaware by 2007, with 75 computers available for its students.
During 2007, the school library also became the first to implement Delaware's Statewide Library Catalog and Schoolrooms system, an interface allowing students to reserve and request books from any library in the state, and also providing online access to magazines and newspapers. Books requested from other locations through the statewide system are delivered to the school's library.
Student body and staff
In 2009 it had 1,251 students and 11 administrators.
Financial Scandals
From 2012 through 2017, Sussex Tech suffered a series of financial scandals.
In October 2013, a nutrition supervisor for the school worked with federal and state auditors to resolve a discrepancy in the school's food budget. Auditors found that $8,000 were missing from the account, and the nutrition supervisor informed them that the school's principal purchased televisions and audio equipment for the cafeteria. The supervisor contended that this was not a valid purchase of the food funding. Subsequently, he was terminated from his position and filed a whistleblower lawsuit alleging wrongful termination. The case has not yet gone to trial.
In 2015, a teacher in the school's adult division was terminated after reporting illegal conduct to the adult division's principal. The teacher alleged that the school was mass-producing copyrighted text books and other materials without the consent of the publishers. The estimated lost profits exceeded $500,000. After reporting the misconduct to the school, he was terminated. The case was settled in January 2017 for $95,000.
In 2017, a state auditor's report found financial mismanagement at Sussex Tech. The audit report focused on an event from 2012. In 2012, a businessman purchased land for $110,000, and then two weeks later sold it to Sussex Tech for $200,000. A few months later, the same businessman was awarded the contract to redevelop the same parcel and construct a new bus entrance for the school. The report found that the businessman and/or his company received over $3.8 million from 2011 through 2016 without ever bidding on any additional projects. In June 2017, during the investigation, senior officials at the high school were placed on paid leave.
Athletics
Sussex Technical High School's athletic teams participate in the Henlopen Conference.
References
External links
High schools in Sussex County, Delaware
Educational institutions established in 1960
Public high schools in Delaware
1960 establishments in Delaware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex%20Technical%20High%20School |
Artur Dinter (27 June 1876 – 21 May 1948) was a German writer and Nazi politician who was the Gauleiter of Gau Thuringia.
Biography
Dinter was born in Mulhouse, in Alsace-Lorraine, German Empire (now France) to Josef Dinter, a customs adviser, and his wife Berta, née Hoffmann, and he was baptized in the Catholic Church.
After doing his school-leaving examination, Dinter began studying natural sciences and philosophy in 1895 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and at the University of Strasbourg. From 1901 to 1903, he worked as a chemistry assistant at the University of Strasbourg. He graduated in 1903 summa cum laude. Already while he was studying, he had been undertaking endeavours as a writer. His 1906 play Die Schmuggler ("The Smugglers") was awarded a first prize.
After graduation, Dinter was director of the botanical school garden in Strasbourg. In 1904, as a senior teacher at a German school, he went to Constantinople (Istanbul). In 1905 he switched to drama and became a theatre leader in his Alsatian homeland. From 1906 to 1908 he worked as a director at the city theatre in Rostock and the Schillertheater in Berlin, founding at the same time the Federation of German Playwrights (Verband Deutscher Bühnenschriftsteller or VDB). As director he furthermore led the theatre publishing house from 1909 to 1914. Moreover, Dinter was a member of the anti-Semitic and Pan-German Alldeutscher Verband, from which he was excluded in 1917.
World War I
Dinter took part in World War I as an Oberleutnant in an Alsatian Infantry Regiment Number 136, and was quickly promoted to Hauptmann of the reserve and awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class. In 1915, he fell ill with cholera, and in 1916 he spent a great deal of time in field hospitals having suffered serious wounds, after which he had to be discharged from the military. During his stay in the field hospitals, Dinter became familiar with German nationalist and mystic Houston Stewart Chamberlain's writings and quickly became a follower of the völkisch movement.
Bestselling völkisch writer
In 1919 Dinter established himself as a writer in Weimar, after his 1917 anti-Semitic bestseller Die Sünde wider das Blut ("The Sin Against the Blood") came out, which was to sell more than 260,000 copies by 1934, and which vividly set forth in writing the stereotypes of the racial-völkisch perceptions of his time. Heartened as Dinter was by the great success, this novel became the first instalment in a trilogy later given the name "Die Sünden der Zeit" ("The Sins of the Time"). A short summary of the content of these books can be found in Richard Steigmann-Gall (2003), The Holy Reich, pp. 30–31.
Völkisch movement and the NSDAP
Dinter's thinking in the years after the war became steadily more radical and more racist. In 1919, he had already taken part in founding the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund and was in its leadership until it was banned in 1922. Thereafter he became a founding member of the Deutsch-Völkische Freiheitspartei ("German- Peoples Freedom Party") and forged closer ties with Adolf Hitler. Dinter was elected in February 1924 to the Thuringian Landtag as a representative of the electoral alliance Völkisch-Sozialer Block ("Peoples Social Bloc"), becoming leader of its Landtag faction. However, in a dispute with other party members, he was removed as leader in July. He drew ever nearer the Nazi Party's position, and Hitler, while still in Landsberg Prison in December 1924, appointed Dinter the Nazi Party State Leader of Thuringia. Thuringia was the only German State that had not banned the Nazi Party after the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in 1923. At the same time, Dinter became publisher of the newspaper Der Nationalsozialist, which appeared in Weimar. He fell out with his former associates from the VSB, leading to his expulsion from that party in December 1924. In February 1925, after Hitler had been released early from prison, the Nazi Party was re-founded after having been disbanded after the débâcle in Munich. For his "loyalty" to the Party, Dinter received the single-digit membership number "5", when re-enrolled in April 1925. On 6 April 1925 Hitler officially appointed him Landesleiter, later redesignated Gauleiter, of Thuringia.
Deutsche Volkskirche
It soon began to stand out quite clearly that Dinter's goals were not so much political as overridingly religious. In 1927 he founded the Geistchristliche Religionsgemeinschaft ("Spiritual Christian Religion Community"), which in 1934 was given the new name "Deutsche Volkskirche" (German People's Church). Its goal was to "de-Judaicize" Christian teaching. The Old Testament was dismissed as Jewish. Dinter's special course promptly led to conflict with Hitler. Dinter's views that Nazism should lead a religious reformation were increasingly unpopular in the Party, and jeopardized the religious neutrality that Hitler cultivated. On 30 September 1927, Hitler removed Dinter as Gauleiter and replaced him with Fritz Sauckel. Dinter was deeply shocked but increased his opposition, and started attacking Hitler in his magazine Das Geistchristentum. At a membership meeting on 2 August 1928, Dinter called for establishing a Party Senate to advise Hitler on all major policy issues. Hitler forcefully opposed the resolution, claiming sole leadership authority. Amid a chorus of boos, the proposal was unanimously defeated. Dinter still persisted, refusing to accede to Hitler's sole authority and continued his written attacks. This led to his formal expulsion from the Party on 11 October 1928. Even in the years that followed, the polemics against Hitler continued. In 1932, he even became the NSDAP's electoral rival, along with his "Dinterbund".
Later life
After the Nazis gained power in 1933, Dinter attempted to re-join the NSDAP in April. He was rebuffed and the Gestapo intensified its surveillance of him throughout the 1930s and even arrested him for a short while. Heinrich Himmler banned Dinter's "Deutsche Volkskirche" in 1937. Two years later the Reichsschrifttumskammer, Nazi Germany's official writers' association, expelled Dinter, effectively banning him from publishing anything, as one had to be a member to do so. In 1942, he was brought before a Special Court (Sondergericht) in Freiburg im Breisgau to be tried for violating the ban on public writing. In 1945, he was sentenced by a Denazification court in Offenburg to a fine of 1000 Reichsmark for his anti-Semitic writings which the court ruled helped provide the intellectual basis for the 1935 Nuremberg Laws.
Dinter died in 1948 in Offenburg, Baden, at the age of 71.
Quotation
"Ein Körper ist ja nur das Instrument, auf dem die Seele spielt."
"A body is only the instrument on which the soul plays."
(Artur Dinter in Die Sünde wider das Blut, 1917)
References
Selected works
Jugenddrängen. Briefe und Tagebuchblätter eines Jünglings, 1897
Der Dämon, Schauspiel in fünf Akten, 1906
Das eiserne Kreuz. Volksstück in 5 Akten, 1913
Weltkrieg und Schaubühne, 1916
Mein Ausschluß aus dem "Verbande Deutscher Bühnenschriftsteller", 1917
Lichststrahlen aus dem Talmud, 1919
Die Sünden der Zeit (Trilogie)
Bd. I: Die Sünde wider das Blut. Ein Zeitroman, 1917
Bd. II: Die Sünde wider den Geist. Ein Zeitroman, 1920
Bd. III: Die Sünde wider die Liebe. Ein Zeitroman, 1922
Der Kampf um die Geistlehre, 1921
Das Evangelium unseres Herrn und Heilandes Jesus Christus, nach den Berichten des Johannes, Markus, Lukas und Matthäus im Geiste der Wahrheit, 1923
Völkische Programm-Rede im Thüringer Landtag, 1924
Ursprung, Ziel und Weg der deutschvölkischen Freiheitsbewegung. Das völkisch-soziale Programm, 1924
197 Thesen zur Vollendung der Reformation. Die Wiederherstellung der reinen Heilandslehre, 1924
Literature
H. Ahrens: Wir klagen an den ehemaligen Parteigenossen Nr. 5 Artur Dinter, Gauleiter der NSDAP in Thüringen. In: Aufbau 3 (1947) S. 288–290.
Hans Beck: Artur Dinters Geistchristentum. Der Versuch einer "artgemäßen" Umgestaltung" des Wortes Gottes. Berlin-Steglitz: Evang. Preßverband für Deutschland 1935.
Hans Buchheim: Glaubenskrise im Dritten Reich. Drei Kapitel nationalsozialistischer Religionspolitik. Stuttgart: Dt. Verl.-Anstalt 1953.
Kurt Meier: Die Deutschen Christen. Das Bild einer Bewegung im Kirchenkampf des Dritten Reiches. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht 1964.
Kurt Meier: Kreuz und Hakenkreuz. Die evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich. München: dtv 1992. (= dtv; 4590; Wissenschaft)
Paul Weyland: Die Sünde wider den gesunden Menschenverstand. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Artur Dinter. Berlin: Selbstverl. 1921.
Artur Sünder: Die Dinte wider das Blut. 39., wildgewordene und vermasselte Aufl., 640.-683. Ts. vielm. verb. u. verm. Aufl., 11. – 20. Ts. Hannover u.a.: Steegemann 1921. (This little book with its 39 pages is a witty send-up of Dinter's "Sünde wider das Blut". The writer is actually Hans Reimann, and his parody has of course not sold about 683,000 copies.)
Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders Of The Nazi Party And Their Deputies, 1925–1945 (Herbert Albrecht-H. Wilhelm Huttmann)-Volume 1 by Michael D. Miller and Andreas Schulz R. James Bender Publishing, 2012.
External links
Short biography of Artur Dinter In: Kirchenlexikon (in German)
Artur Dinter papers at the Hoover Institution Library and Archives
1876 births
1948 deaths
Alldeutscher Verband members
Alsatian-German people
Christian fascists
Gauleiters
German male non-fiction writers
German nationalists
German political writers
German Völkisch Freedom Party politicians
Nazi Party officials
Nazi Party politicians
German Army personnel of World War I
People from Alsace-Lorraine
Writers from Mulhouse
20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)
Politicians from Mulhouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur%20Dinter |
Interstate 95 (I-95) is the main north–south Interstate Highway on the East Coast of the United States, running generally southwest–northeast through the US state of Rhode Island. It runs from the border with Connecticut near Westerly, through Warwick and Providence, and to the Massachusetts state line in Pawtucket. It has two auxiliary routes, both of which enter Massachusetts—I-195, a spur from Providence east to Cape Cod, and I-295, a western bypass of the Providence metropolitan area.
South of Warwick, I-95 does not follow US Route 1 (US 1), which it generally replaced in New England. It instead takes a shorter inland route, parallel to Route 3. Route 3 was designated New England Route 1A in 1922, a New England Interstate Route, but it has never been a US Route.
Route description
History
Southern Rhode Island
The diagonal corridor of Route 3 was a well-traveled shortcut to the older US 1 even before any part of I-95 was built. In the 1930s, a further cutoff was built in southeastern Connecticut and southwestern Rhode Island, joining Old Mystic, Connecticut, to Route 3 in Hopkinton. The existing Connecticut Route 84 in Connecticut was rerouted to use the new road (now Connecticut Route 184), and the short piece in Rhode Island was also numbered Rhode Island Route 84 (Route 84). (This alignment had been the Hopkinton and Richmond Turnpike—better known as the New London Turnpike—but had fallen into disrepair.) The right-of-way of New London Turnpike goes through the Big River Management Area (as a dirt road), crosses Division Road as a four-way intersection with the north side of the turnpike paved, has an interchange with I-95 (exit 7), and continues for before connecting with Route 3 in West Warwick for a quarter mile (). New London Turnpike turns into New London Ave and continues straight for before connecting with Providence Street (Route 33). It follows Providence Street until it hits the Meshanticut Interchange.
The first section of what is now I-95 was planned as an upgrade and relocation of Route 84 and Route 3 from the state line north of Westerly to existing Route 3 of Richmond. The short Route 84 was widened to a four-lane divided road with one intersection at Gray Lane. Instead of merging with Route 3, it was modified to continue northeast, passing under Route 3 with a folded diamond interchange (modern day exit 1). The rest of the new road was designated Route 3 once it was completed on December 12, 1955. It was not built to freeway standards, only having interchanges at Route 3 in Hopkinton and Route 138 in Richmond (a cloverleaf; modern day exit 3), as well as a bridge over the Wood River and Mechanic Street.
A section of freeway (known as the Kent County Freeway) opened in July 1958, running from Route 3 at Kitts Corner northeast across the Big River (modern day exit 6) and east across Route 3 to Route 2 on the West Warwick–Warwick line (modern day exit 8). Its west end was a simple intersection with old Route 3, in which only northbound traffic could continue on the old road—southbound traffic had to enter the new freeway east of the Big River. The only two interchanges were with Route 3 east of the Big River (a diamond interchange) and with Route 2 at its east end (a four-ramp interchange providing half the ramps of a cloverleaf).
The I-95 designation was approved on June 27, 1958. The section in southern Rhode Island was temporarily designated Rhode Island Route 95 (Route 95) until it could be upgraded to a freeway. This route ran from the Connecticut state line along what had been Route 84, continuing along the relocated Route 3 to north of Richmond, along normal Route 3 to Kitts Corner, and along the new freeway east to Route 2. As much as possible, Route 3 was moved back to the old road; it only used the new freeway by necessity in the area near Kitts Corner and over the Big River. Connecticut also renumbered their section of Connecticut Route 84 to Connecticut Route 95 at that time.
I-95 in Connecticut was finished December 12, 1964, to the Rhode Island state line, where it connected to the older Route 95 divided highway. The old road from the border to Gray Lane was combined with the frontage road built when Route 84 was upgraded to form what is now known as Extension 184. The portion from the Connecticut state line to Route 3 north of Richmond was upgraded to a freeway with construction ending May 1968. To the north, that freeway was connected with the Kent County Freeway by a new section, opened November 22, 1969, as the last section of I-95 in Rhode Island. The connection to Route 3 at Kitts Corner was removed, and Route 3 was moved back to the old road over the Big River. Route 95 was renumbered I-95, as the whole road was now a freeway.
An interchange with the New London Turnpike named exit 21 (old exit 7) was added to the Kent County Freeway by 1972. In 1983, a new interchange with Hopkins Hill Road named exit 19 (old exit 6A) opened.
Providence area
The construction of I-95 split the city of Providence in two, cutting off the city's western neighborhoods from downtown and its eastern neighborhoods.
Among the areas affected was Cathedral Square, which had been a bustling center of civic life before World War II. I-95, constructed adjacent to Cathedral Square, changed the area's character forever. A 1972 redesign by I. M. Pei attempted to revitalize the square but failed.
Pawtucket area
The people of Pawtucket feared the construction of I-95 as early as 1949. Editions of The Times and The Providence Journal in 1949 recall how neighbors in the Woodlawn section of Pawtucket feared the construction of the highway. According to Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) blueprints, the highway was originally planned for the west side of Pawtucket, avoiding the Blackstone River. The highway was originally designed to be constructed east of the New York and New Haven Railroad tracks and create underpasses on Mineral Spring Avenue, Broad Street, and Dexter Street. The highway was meant to travel east of Pawtucket/Central Falls station and into South Attleboro, Massachusetts.
The Pawtucket River Bridge is part of I-95 and has been replaced.
Exit list
RIDOT converted exit number from sequential to mileage-based numbering per federal highway standards. Exit renumbering began on August 28, 2022, and completed on November 3, 2022.
Tolls
High-speed toll gantries were installed at several locations along I-95 between 2018 and 2020. Toll rates at each point varied between $2.25 and $9.50. Tolls were collected only from commercial trucks pulling trailers. Federal judges ordered Rhode Island officials on September 21, 2022, to stop collecting truck-only tolls due to the long-hauling trucking industry's complaint that the highway charges were unconstitutional and unfair.
References
External links
95
Providence metropolitan area
Rhode Island
Transportation in Washington County, Rhode Island
Transportation in Kent County, Rhode Island
Transportation in Providence County, Rhode Island
Tolled sections of Interstate Highways | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%2095%20in%20Rhode%20Island |
No. 42 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) mine laying and maritime patrol squadron of World War II formed in June 1944. It conducted patrol and mine-laying operations over the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) from August 1944 until the war ended a year later. It also conducted operations in the waters off southern China in early 1945. Following the Japanese surrender, the squadron performed transport and reconnaissance flights until it was disbanded in November 1945.
History
No. 42 Squadron was formed at Darwin in Australia's Northern Territory on 1 June 1944. In early July, the squadron's 50 personnel moved to Melville Bay aboard , arriving there on the 11th of the month. During July, No. 42 Squadron was expanded to a strength of 300 personnel, and it received its PBY Catalina flying boats and further personnel in August. The unit conducted its first operation on 27 August when three Catalinas flew patrols searching for shipping.
During 1944 RAAF Catalinas based in northern Australia conducted a highly successful minelaying campaign against Japanese shipping in the NEI, which formed part of the North Western Area Campaign. In order to expand this campaign, Air Vice Marshal William Bostock, the commander of RAAF Command, ordered the Catalina-equipped No. 20, No. 42 and No. 43 Squadrons be assigned solely to minelaying under the command of No. 76 Wing.
No. 42 Squadron commenced minelaying operations in September 1944, laying mines off Celebes. Here it suffered its first loss on 23 September when a Catalina made a forced landing in Japanese-controlled territory; the aircraft's crew were later rescued by a No. 43 Squadron Catalina. The squadron focused on laying mines off Makassar and Pare Pare Bay in Celebes during October, and lost two aircraft to Japanese anti-aircraft guns. In November a detachment of aircraft was deployed to Morotai in the NEI, which had been captured by Allied forces in mid-September. From here, they flew minelaying operations against Brunei Bay, Tarakan, Sandakan, and the Balabac Straits. Later in 1944, seven No. 42 Squadron Catalinas were deployed to Leyte in the Philippines from where they mined Manila Bay on the night of 14/15 December.
In January and February 1945, No. 42 Squadron and the other units of No. 76 Wing focused on laying mines off Surabaya and the Laoet Straits. One of the squadron's Catalinas was forced to make an emergency sea landing on 14 January after being damaged by Japanese anti-aircraft fire, but its crew was rescued by an aircraft from No. 43 Squadron. From March to May detachments of No. 42 Squadron aircraft laid mines off the coast of southern China and Formossa as part of a No. 76 Wing offensive in this area; these operations were conducted from Jinamoc Seaplane Base in Leyte Gulf with the aircraft refueling at Lingayen Gulf in Luzon while en route to their targets. During June No. 42 Squadron aircraft flying from Jinamoc Island via a refueling base which had been established at Brunei Bay laid mines off Sumatra while some of its other Catalinas mined Surabaya. Following this, the squadron's aircraft were mainly used to conduct harassment raids on Japanese air bases in south-west Celebes, though they also attacked shipping in the Flores Sea and Banda Sea.
No. 42 Squadron assisted in the repatriation of Australian prisoners of war from Manila and other Australian personnel from Labuan following the Japanese surrender. The squadron also conducted several reconnaissance flights over Japanese-occupied islands. No. 42 Squadron was disbanded at Melville Bay on 30 November 1945. During its existence it conducted 396 operational sorties, during which its aircraft dropped 549 tons of mines and 17 tons of bombs. The squadron also flew 6,330 hours of transport and courier flights. During these operations it lost very few aircraft.
Notes
References
External links
42
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%2042%20Squadron%20RAAF |
Mechanical Hall (or Old Anderson Hall or Dicker Hall) at the University of Kentucky, was completed in January 1892 and served as the home to the engineering department. It was known as Dicker Hall by the 1930s and was renamed Anderson Hall in 1948. The building stood as a modern engineering complex, teaching such courses as nuclear engineering, gas dynamics, motion and time study, power plants, heat transfer and thermodynamics, as well as air conditioning. In 1939 the construction of three buildings and the Wendt shop next to Dicker Hall comprised the quadrangle. From the 1940s to the 1960s it is the third largest department in the college of engineering. It was named after F. Paul Anderson, who became the first dean of the College of Engineering on September 18, 1918. Old Anderson Hall was razed in August 1964. Immediately after F. Paul Anderson Tower begins construction and was dedicated April 8, 1967.
References
External links
Mechanical Hall
F. Paul Anderson Tower
1892 establishments in Kentucky
Buildings at the University of Kentucky
Demolished buildings and structures in Kentucky
School buildings completed in 1892
1964 disestablishments in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20Hall%20%28Lexington%2C%20Kentucky%29 |
Rolf Reikvam (born 12 March 1948 in Førde) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party (SV). He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Akershus in 1997.
He was a member of the Akershus county council from 1987 to 1997.
Parliamentary Presidium duties
2005–2009 secretary of the Lagting.
Parliamentary Committee duties
2005–2009 member of the Electoral Committee.
2005–2009 member of the Fullmaktskomiteen.
2005–2009 member of the Standing Committee on Education, Research and Church Affairs.
2001–2005 member of the Fullmaktskomiteen.
2001–2005 leader of the Standing Committee on Education, Research and Church Affairs.
1997–2001 member of the Standing Committee on Education, Research and Church Affairs.
External links
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
1948 births
Living people
People from Førde
21st-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20Reikvam |
Heho () is a small town in Kalaw Township, Taunggyi District, Shan State of Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is the primary air gateway to tourist areas such as Inle Lake.
Heho is connected by NH4 to Sakangyi and Taunggyi, the capital of the Shan State in the east. A dirt road northwest from Heho leads to the old silver-lead mines of Maw Son (Baw Zaing).
Climate
History
It was a small village of Danu people. The village grew into a town in the 1920s when the single-line railway line was extended from Aungpan to Shwenyaung, and Heho was determined to be a convenient intermediate stop and transfer point. Later an airport was built, northwest of the town. The airport served as an airbase both for the Allies and the Japanese during World War II. The airbase was heavily bombed by the Allies. Evidence of aircraft bunker revetments and bomb craters can still be seen on the southern end of the airfield, especially noticeable from the air.
References
Populated places in Taunggyi District
Kalaw Township | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heho |
The is a Japanese dialect spoken in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture. In a wide sense, Nagoya dialect means the dialect in the western half of the prefecture (formerly part of Owari Province), and in that case, it is also called Owari dialect (尾張弁 Owari-ben). The dialect spoken in the eastern half of the prefecture (formerly part of Mikawa Province) is different from Nagoya dialect and called Mikawa dialect (三河弁 Mikawa-ben).
Phonology
Nagoya dialect is well known for possessing monophthongs where vowel sequences are found in Standard: and become ( or in some areas), becomes or , and becomes or ; in recent years, their use has significantly declined among young people. is very famous as a characteristic of the Nagoya dialect; it is widely imitated as a stereotype of Nagoya speakers and often becomes a target of jokes such as "Nagoya people speak like a cat" (a play on words with or and "meow"). Japanese comedian Tamori once joked about Nagoya dialect such as ebifuryaa (incorrect Nagoya form of ebifurai or "fried prawn") and made Nagoya people angry, but restaurateurs in Nagoya took advantage of the joke and ebifurai became one of Nagoya's specialty foods.
ex. doerai umai ("very yummy") > > ; ja nai ka? ("isn't it?") > ; omae ("you") >
The Pitch accent of Nagoya dialect is close to standard Tokyo accent, but tends to shift the start of high pitch. For example, Nagoya-ben is pronounced as Low-High-High-High-High in Tokyo, and Low-Low-High-High-High in Nagoya. Some words have different downsteps between Nagoya and Tokyo. For example, Nagoya is pronounced as High-Low-Low in Tokyo, and Low-Low-High in Nagoya; arigato ("thanks") is pronounced as Low-High-Low-Low in Tokyo, and Low-Low-High-Low in Nagoya; itsumo ("always") is pronounced as High-Low-Low in Tokyo, and Low-High-Low in Nagoya. Interrogative words such as nani ("what") and dore ("which") have an accent on first mora in Tokyo, and accentless in Nagoya. Demonstratives (except do-) such as kore ("this") and sore ("it") are accentless in Tokyo, and have an accent on last mora in Nagoya.
Grammar
The grammar of the Nagoya dialect shows intermediate characteristics between eastern Japanese (including standard Tokyo dialect) and western Japanese (including Kansai dialect). For example, Nagoya dialect uses eastern copula da instead of western ya (to be precise, in traditional Nagoya dialect); western negative verb ending -n and -sen instead of eastern -nai; western verb oru (to exist [humans/animals]) instead of eastern iru. Onbin of verbs is same as eastern, but one of adjectives is same as western; for example, "eat quickly" becomes hayoo kutte in Nagoya dialect instead of eastern hayaku kutte and western hayoo kuute.
Particles
Tokyoites frequently use sa and ne, and Osakans frequently use naa. In contrast, Nagoya speakers frequently put yoo between phrases. De is another characteristic particle of Nagoya dialect. In the Nagoya dialect, the no in no de "because" is optional. Monde is also used as well as de in Nagoya dialect.
Sentence final particles
Nagoya dialect has a wider range of sentence-final particles than is used in standard Japanese.
gaya (1) Used when the speaker is surprised. (1a) When surprised about the current situation. Ex. Yuki ga futtoru gaya. (It is snowing!) (1b) When an idea flashed through the speaker's mind, or when the speaker reminds something suddenly. ex. Ikan ikan, wasuretotta gaya. (Oh no, I forgot it.)
(2) To let the listener know the speaker is surprised of what the listener did. (2a) When surprised for the listener's ability, richness or something good. Ex. Sugoi gaya. (You are great.) (2b) When surprised for the listener's incompetence or something not good, ordering the listener to do better. Ex. Ikan gaya. (Literally "It's prohibited". The speaker is surprised that the listener does not know it and is ordering them to remember it is prohibited.)
(3) {misuse} sometimes used to mimic Nagoya-ben. Also gyaa.
gane Almost the same as gaya but is somewhat soft.
ga, gaa, ge, gee, gan These are contractions of gaya or gane and are relatively new words.
te, tee To emphasize the statement.
to "I heard" or "They say". Used when the speaker is in direct to the source. Ex. Sore wa chigau to. (They say it is not so.)
gena Also "I heard" or "They say". Less confident than to.
ni Used when the speaker thinks that the listener does not know what the speaker is saying. Ex. Wikipedia wa furii nanda ni. (Wikipedia is free. (I bet you don't know it.))
mai, maika Used after the volitional form of verbs to make it clear that the speaker is inviting. The "shiyou" form once had meaning of "maybe" though this usage is archaic both in Nagoya-ben and the Standard Japanese today. Ex. Nagoya-ben shaberomai. (Let's speak Nagoya dialect.)
shan, kashan, kashiran, shiran. (1)"I wonder". Same as kashira in Standard Japanese though "kashira" is used only by women while these are used both by men and women. Ex. Kore de ii kashan. (I wonder if it is OK.)
(2)"I am not sure". Ex. Nan da shan ittotta. (He said something though I am not sure what he said.)
Whether there is "ka" or not is due to the speaker.
de kan (1)Expresses that the speaker is not satisfied. Ex. Kaze hiite matta de kan.(I have caught a cold. (I hate it).)
(2)Expresses that the speaker is pleased. Same as some Americans say "bad" to mean "good".
wa Used only by women in Standard Japanese, but also used by men in Nagoya dialect.
miyo Formed from the command form of the verb "miru"(to see). Attached to attract the listener's attention mostly in order to scold them. Ex. Kowaketematta miyo. (Look what you've done. It's broken.)
miyaa, mii Formed from the soft command form of the verb "miru"(to see). Attached to attract the listener's attention. But the usage is not restricted to scolding.
namo Polite particle mainly used by upper-class people, though is obsolete and the Standard Japanese auxiliary verb "-masu" is used instead today. Also emo.
Auxiliary verbs
Nagoya-ben has some auxiliary verbs which are not used in the standard language. Some standard helping verbs are contracted in Nagoya dialect.
yaa, yaase Forms a soft order. Ex. Yookee tabeyaa. (Eat a lot.)
sseru, yasseru, yaasu Forms an expression in respectful language.
In some sub-dialects of Nagoya-ben, yaasu is used for the second person and sseru/yasseru for the third.
choosu Respectful form of the helping verb kureru. Kudasaru in Standard Japanese.
mau1 contraction of helping verb shimau.
mau2 contraction of helping verb morau. Differs from mau1 in accent.
...tekan contraction of -te wa ikan, Standard Japanese -te wa ikenai
...toru contraction of -te oru, Standard Japanese -te iru.
...taru1 contraction of -te aru.
...taru2 contraction of -te yaru. Differs from taru1 in accent.
imperfective form (mizenkei) + suka strong negative. Ex. Ikasuka (I will never go.)
continuative form (ren'yōkei) + yotta Used to talk about old days.
imperfective form (mizenkei) + na kan contraction of -neba ikan, Standard Japanese -nakereba ikenai.
imperfective form (mizenkei) + na1 Negative conditional form.
imperfective form (mizenkei) + na2 Contraction of -nakan, Standard Japanese -nakereba ikenai. Used mainly to command.
imperfective form (mizenkei) + n naran Contraction of -neba naran, Standard Japanese -nakereba naranai.
Vocabulary
Some words which are obsolete in Standard Japanese are still used.
The number after an entry is the syllable accented. 0 means that the word is accentless.
It does not reflect the transformations of diphthongs.
afurakasu 4 溢らかす 5v. to overflow, spill.
ayasui 3 あやすい i-adj. easy to do.
arakenai 4 荒気ない i-adj. violent, rough.
anbayoo 4 塩梅良う adv. well; cleverly; skillfully. Note that the pronunciation is not *anbaiyoo.
igoku 2 v. to move. Standard Japanese "ugoku".
izarakasu 4 居去らかす5v. (1) to drag. (2) to make something move.
izaru 0 居去る 5v. (1) to crawl (man moves not standing up) (2) to move in short distance.
ikka 1 幾日 n. (1)(obsolete) what day. (2)the day which is not definite now.
uderu 2 うでる 1v. to boil. Standard Japanese "yuderu".
ushinaeru 0 失える 1v to lose. Standard Japanese "ushinau" or "nakusu".
erai 2 えらい i-adj. sick. painful. The word means "great" in the Standard Japanese.
oojookoku 5 往生こく 5v. To suffer hardship.
oochaku 0 横着 na-adj. idle.
okureru 3 御呉れる1v. the respectful form of the verb "kureru"(give). Less polite than "Kudasaru".
osogai 3 おそがい i-adj. scary.
ossan 1 おっさん n. a Buddhism priest. Contraction of "oshoo-san". Note that the homonym "ossan" meaning "uncle" or "old man" differs in accent.
obowaru 3 覚わる 5v. to learn.
kaimon 3 支い物 n. (1) chips for kau. (2) curing compounds for kau.
kau 1 支う 5v. (1) to put something (props, sprags, chips of wood, etc.) in the opening to fix. (2) to lock the door. (3) to put curing compounds between jack and structure.
kazusuru 1 数する suru-v. to count. Standard Japanese kazoeru.
kawasu 2 5v. emphasis form of kau. to put tightly.
kan 0 かん Contraction of "ikan" (no good). "ikenai" in standard Japanese.
kankō 0 勘考 suru-v. To scheme, plot, devise, etc.
kisaru 0 着さる 5v. to fit. "awaseru" in the Standard Japanese.
kiseru 0 着せる 1v. Other than Standard Japanese "put on clothes," can also mean to fasten a lid or put on a cap.
kiinai, kinai 3, 2 黄ない i-adj. yellow. "kiiroi" in the Standard Japanese.
kusugaru 0 5v. To be stuck. Standard Japanese "sasaru".
kusugeru 0 1v. To stick. Standard Japanese "sasu".
ketta 0 ケッタ n. bicycle.
kettamashiin 5 ケッタマシーン (← ketta + eng. machine) n. (1) ketta. (2)bicycle with transmission. (3)motorcycle.
goburei 2 御無礼 suru-v. Often used for greeting idiom when you leave, decline, apologize with -masu form. "shitsurei" in Standard Japanese.
tawake/taake 0 戯け n. fool. "baka" in Standard Japanese, "aho" in Kansai dialect.
chatto 1 or 0 ちゃっと adv. quickly. immediately. "sassato" in Standard Japanese.
tsuru 0 吊る 5v. to carry a desk. "tsuru" means "to hang" in Standard Japanese.
doerai 3 どえらい adv. very. extremely. Also deerai 3 and dera 0.
dobe 1 どべ n. the lowest rank. last place in the ranking. "biri" in Standard Japanese.
torokusai 2 とろ臭い i-adj. (1) inept. (2) absurd. "noroi" and "bakabakashii" in Standard Japanese.
hooka 0 放課 n. break time between school lessons. Do not confuse with "hookago" ("after school") in Standard Japanese.
maa 0 まあ adv. already. "moo" in Standard Japanese. Ex. Maa, kan. (I can't stand it anymore.)
mieru 2 みえる 1v. Respectful form of the verb kuru ("come") in Standard Japanese, but respectful form of the verb iru ("exist") in Nagoya dialect. Ex. Tanaka-san, miemasu? (Is Mr. Tanaka there? (honorific speech))
yattokame 0 八十日目 na-adj. after a long time. "hisashiburi" in Standard Japanese. Yattokame da namo ("Long time no see") is a famous phrase of Nagoya dialect.
yookee 3 ようけい adv. many. "takusan" in Standard Japanese. Also yooke 0, which is also used in Kansai dialect.
waya 1 わや na-adj. spoiled. ruined. "mechakucha" and "dame" in Standard Japanese. Also used in Kansai dialect and so on.
See also
Mino dialect
Takashi Kawamura - The mayor of Nagoya. He speaks with strong Nagoya dialect and appeals to protect Nagoya dialect.
Yoshinori Shimizu - A novelist from Nagoya. He often incorporates his native dialect in his works.
Hitoshi Ueki - An actor from Nagoya. He performed with Nagoya dialect in some dramas.
Kinsan Ginsan, Keiko Takeshita, Masa Yamada, Haruhiko Kato - Other famous people who are native Nagoya dialect speakers.
King Nikochan
References
External links
Nagoya-kotoba (City of Nagoya)
Nagoya-ben Lecture
Japanese dialect Nagoya-ben
Japanese dialects
Culture in Nagoya
Culture in Aichi Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya%20dialect |
Bone wax is a waxy substance used to help mechanically control bleeding from bone surfaces during surgical procedures.
It is generally made of beeswax with a softening agent such as paraffin or petroleum jelly and is smeared across the bleeding edge of the bone, blocking the holes and causing immediate bone hemostasis through a tamponade effect. Bone wax is most commonly supplied in sterile sticks, and usually requires softening before it can be applied.
History
A note by Victor Horsley published in the British Medical Journal in 1892 described a formulation of "antiseptic wax" having seven parts beeswax, one part almond oils, and 1% salicylic acid. The material was useful for controlling bleeding when pressed into the pores and channels of cut or damaged bone. The wax was sterilized by boiling and kept in stoppered bottles. This material soon became the standard of care for bleeding control in bone for general orthopedics, craniomaxillofacial surgery, and cardiothoracic surgery, where the sternum is often split longitudinally to provide access to the heart.
Action
Ordinary bone wax is effective by virtue of its tamponade action, but is considered to have no active hemostatic properties (i.e. does not activate the blood clotting cascade). In addition, bone wax is not soluble in the bodily fluids and thus remains at the site of implantation for long periods of time, if not indefinitely. The portion of traditional bone wax that departs the implant site is most likely carried away through the action of the foreign body response and is associated with a low-grade inflammatory response at and near the implant site. The residual product can also potentially serve as a nidus for post-operative infection.
Modern formulations
Modern day bone wax is commercially available in substantially non-absorbable formulations similar to Horsley's original composition, as well as in absorbable/resorbable formats. Most are available as a firm wax in stick form that must be softened by kneading prior to use.
More recent advances have led to the introduction of a bone hemostat in putty format. Hemostatic putties act via tamponade in the same way as the stick waxes, but are ready to use and eliminate the requirement to soften the product prior to use.
References
Horsley, V. Antiseptic Wax. Brit. M. J. 1165, 1892
Hemasorb 510(k) summary
Ostene 510(k) summary
Implants (medicine)
Biomaterials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20wax |
Ryley is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is surrounded by Beaver County, along Highway 14 between the City of Edmonton and the Town of Viking. The City of Camrose is approximately south of Ryley. The village was named in 1908 after George Urquhart Ryley, Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Land Commissioner at the time.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Ryley had a population of 484 living in 225 of its 250 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 483. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Within Beaver County, Ryley was the only municipality to rise in population during the 2021 Census of a total population drop of 199 across the rest of the County.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Ryley recorded a population of 483 living in 208 of its 235 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 497. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Governance
As set out by the Alberta Municipal Government Act, and overseen by Alberta Municipal Affairs, the village is governed by five councillors, who are elected at-large every four years. Brian Ducherer is the mayor, one of the Councillors selected and appointed by the others. The chief administrative officer, is the head of village administration.
Attractions
Ryley boasts many facilities, such as Alberta's only indoor swimming pool in a village, a school which operates four days a week, a museum, a three-sheet indoor curling rink, an outdoor skating rink, a skate park, and a community hall.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of villages in Alberta
References
External links
1910 establishments in Alberta
Beaver County, Alberta
Villages in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryley |
Bert Manfred Fernald (April 3, 1858August 23, 1926) was an American farmer, businessman, and Republican politician who became the 47th Governor of Maine and a United States senator. He was chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds for three terms.
Early life, education, and career
Born in West Poland, Maine, Fernald suffered debilitating injuries from an early age, enduring several operations and not beginning to walk until he was six years old. He attended the public schools, and then Hebron Academy until the age of seventeen, when his father died. He then entered a business and preparatory school in Boston, after which he taught school (and was elected supervisor of schools in 1878), and then engaged in the canning, dairy, and telephone businesses. He returned to his family farm, where he "established one of the best Holstein herds in the State", and a corn canning operation. He was elected to the Maine House of Representatives and served from 1896 to 1898 where he "attracted attention by several able speeches", and where his tenure was marked by his fine singing voice, and then from 1898 to 1902 in the Maine Senate.
Governorship
Fernald was a candidate for Governor of Maine in 1904, but was unsuccessful in his bid for the Republican nomination. However, he remained popular in the party, and ultimately secured the nomination in 1908 "without a dissenting vote". He was elected, and served as a Governor of Maine from 1909 until 1911. In 1910, he was also elected president of the National Canners Association. In April 1909, Fernald vetoed a bill providing mandatory sentences in liquor cases, contending that it would deprive the courts of discretion.
Senate career
In 1916 he was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate by defeating Kenneth C.M. Sills, who was then Dean of Bowdoin College, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Edwin C. Burleigh. In the Senate, Fernand took office on September 12, 1916 and was initially "a radical in his party", but eventually "became one of the staunchest of the Old Guard as he rose to an important position". In his first term, he opposed farm credit measures being debated in Congress, disputing claims that deflation in the aftermath of World War I disproportionately affected farmers. Fernald was reelected in 1918, and in 1919, he "rose to the defense of the packers, then under criticism by the Federal Trade Commission", characterizing the regulation of that industry as "badgering, harrying and heckling American business interests". He supported President Calvin Coolidge, but opposed U.S. entry into the Permanent Court of International Justice. He was reelected again in 1924 and served until his death on August 23, 1926.
Personal life, death, and legacy
Fernald married Annie Keene in 1877, with whom he had a daughter and a son. A large man, in 1909, Fernald was a speaker at the annual meeting, in Portland, of the "New England Fat Men's Association", all of whose members had to weigh at least 201 pounds.
Fernald died at his home in West Poland, Maine, following a ten-day illness, at the age of 68. The Fernald family farm is still in existence. Its white barn has the name Fernald Family Farm in black visible from the road.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)
References
External links
1858 births
1926 deaths
Republican Party Maine state senators
Republican Party governors of Maine
People from Poland, Maine
Members of the Universalist Church of America
Republican Party United States senators from Maine
20th-century Christian universalists
19th-century Christian universalists
Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert%20M.%20Fernald |
Chad Blount (born September 4, 1979) is an American former stock car racing driver. He raced in all three of NASCAR's major series, with his last appearance coming in 2010.
NASCAR career
Nextel Cup Series
Blount made his debut in the then-Nextel Cup Series during the 2004 season. Driving the No. 37 R&J Racing Dodge, he attempted two races and was able to make the Tropicana 400, but finished 43rd after a mechanical failure. He also made one start in the No. 06 Mobil 1 Dodge for Penske-Jasper Racing at Talladega, however he finished 41st after an engine failure. Blount returned to the series in 2006 with plans to run the full season in the No. 37. After failing to qualify for the Daytona 500, he was released from the team. Beginning with the Golden Corral 500, he was hired by Front Row Motorsports to drive the No. 92 Dodge, which had previously been driven by Randy LaJoie. In 14 races between the team's No. 34, No. 61 and No. 92 cars, Blount was only able to qualify for two, finishing 42nd at both Martinsville Speedway and Richmond International Raceway.
Nationwide Series
Blount began his Busch Series career with Braun Racing in 2003. He would drive the No. 19 APP Prepaid Gas Cards Dodge through the first 11 races, however sponsorship issues forced him to leave the car. During those 11 races for Braun Racing he would post a best finish of 5th at Texas and had a top ten finish at Nashville. He would return to the series five races later with Welliver-Jesel Motorsports. He would drove the No. 66 Miller High Life Dodge in a total of eight races with a best finish of 15th at Michigan. Blount would then drive one race during the 2004 season for Hirschfeld Motorsports, which was a joint venture with Braun Racing. The No. 78 idialdirect.com Dodge finished in 34th place after an accident. In 2005, Blount would attempt three races, one with Braun Racing and two with ML Motorsports. He made the Meijer 300 at Kentucky in the No. 32 Winfuel Chevrolet and would finish that race in the 22nd position. His other two attempts with the No. 70 Foretravel Motorhomes Chevrolet were unable to get him in the field for race day. In 2009, he started and parked for Braun Racing in the No. 10 part-time and in the No. 87 NEMCO Motorsports Chevrolet for one race. Blount returned to the No. 10 again in the 2010 Sam's Town 300 at Las Vegas.
Craftsman Truck Series
Blount has one career Craftsman Truck Series start, which came in 2004 in the No. 2 Team ASE/Carquest Dodge for Ultra Motorsports. After starting 9th, he would finish 25th due to a crash.
ARCA career
Blount has won 8 ARCA races in his racing career. His best season came in 2002 in the No. 77 Dodge for Braun Racing. He finished 2nd in points with four wins, fourteen top 10s, and five poles. His most recent appearance in the series came in 2008 at Nashville Superspeedway in the No. 30 Dodge for Jones Group Racing.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Nextel Cup Series
Daytona 500
Nationwide Series
Craftsman Truck Series
ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
References
External links
Blount's NASCAR Profile
1979 births
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
American Speed Association drivers
Living people
People from St. Joseph County, Indiana
Racing drivers from Indiana
Team Penske drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad%20Blount |
Sangudo is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Lac Ste. Anne County. It is located on Highway 43 and the Pembina River, approximately northwest of Edmonton.
Sangudo was formerly incorporated as a village on April 12, 1937, but dissolved and reverted to hamlet status effective September 16, 2007.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sangudo had a population of 298 living in 153 of its 178 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 299. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sangudo had a population of 299 living in 137 of its 171 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 320. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Industry
The main sources of revenue for the hamlet are tourism from traffic along Highway 43, oil production, and agriculture (mostly cattle ranching).
Attractions
The hamlet is the home to Sangudo Speedway – a high-banked dirt oval that is a quarter mile in length. Sangudo also features a sundial tourist monument that can be seen from Highway 43.
Speedway is closed and there is amazing camping at Deep Creek Campground right on the pembina in sangudo
Notable people
Gene Zwozdesky Alberta teacher, musician, politician (12th Speaker of the Alberta Legislative Assembly), grew up in Sangudo.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of former urban municipalities in Alberta
List of hamlets in Alberta
External links
Sangudo Community
Sangudo Library
References
Designated places in Alberta
Former villages in Alberta
Hamlets in Alberta
Lac Ste. Anne County
Populated places disestablished in 2007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangudo |
Larry Gunselman (born December 1, 1960) is an American former stock car racing driver and team owner. He was the owner of Max Q Motorsports, which fielded the No. 37 Chevrolet in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series from 2009 to 2012.
Career
Gunselman began racing in various West Coast series before moving to the Winston West Series, where he won the Most Popular Driver award in 1996. That same year, he made his NASCAR debut in the Winston Cup Series at Sonoma. He qualified 43rd and finished 36th in the No. 35 Race Stuff/Olson Technology Ford Thunderbird. He would qualify the next year, picking up sponsorship from Caterpillar, Inc. after David Green's entry failed to qualify. Gunselman attempted two races in Cup in 1998 in the No. 37 and No. 58 cars, but failed to qualify for both of them. Gunselman also was invited to compete in Japan's Suzuka Thunder 100 in both 1996 and 1997.
He would return to competition in 2000 driving for Brevak Racing in the Craftsman Truck Series. He crashed out of his debut at Cicero, and had two twenty-sixth-place finishes in the next two races. In 2001, he joined MB Motorsports and picked up sponsorship from Waterloo Tool Storage. He drove seventeen races that season with a best finish of 16th at Kansas Speedway, as well as including an additional start at Texas Motor Speedway for Troxell Racing. He started out 2002 with MB, but was released after three starts due to sponsor conflicts between Waterloo Tool Storage and Sears Craftsman brand as Waterloo builds the Craftsman tool box brand. This opened the opportunity for Carl Edwards to join the Mittler Brothers team. Gunselman then took his sponsorship to DF2 Motorsports. After making a few Busch Series starts for Brian Weber, Gunselman hooked up with DF2 Motorsports and ran fourteen races with the team, his best finish a 16th at Talladega Superspeedway. He would move to Day Enterprise Racing the following season, and qualified for every race. He had an eighteenth-place finish at Talladega and finished 21st in points at season's end.
Gunselman began 2004 by running the first two races of the season for MacDonald Motorsports, Gunselman and Chris Edwards formed Mach 1 Motorsports and started competition in the 3rd Cup race of the year at Las Vegas. Mach 1 went on to attempt all the remaining Cup races that year. Gunselman remained out of the drivers seat until the middle of the year, when he ran five races for Mach 1 Racing in the Lucas Oil Ford Taurus, where he failed to finish higher than 33rd. Gunselman sold his interest in Mach 1 to Edwards at the end of 2004. He attempted to qualify for the 2005 and 2006 Daytona 500 for Ware Racing Enterprises, but did not make either race. After spending 2007 out of the sport, he returned to the Nationwide Series in 2008 when he was hired as the driver of the No. 91 Chevy for MSRP Motorsports, but was released after ten races. Shortly afterwards, he was hired by Derrike Cope to drive his No. 74 Dodge Ram in the Truck Series, and later by Johnny Davis to drive the No. 0 Chevrolet Monte Carlo in the Nationwide Series.
Following the 2008 season, he formed Gunselman Motorsports, which fielded the start-and-park No. 64 Toyota Camry in the Sprint Cup Series for parts of three seasons. After the 2011 Daytona 500, Gunselman partnered with Front Row Motorsports to purchase the No. 37 and No. 64 teams he owned. Under Gunselman the 37 team attempted every event in 2004 with 39th-place finish in the owners standings. In 2012, Gunselman fielded the No. 37 with the intent of Timmy Hill going for Rookie of the Year honors, but parked the team after one crash and five DNQs. Max Q reformed the No. 37 in July 2012 fielding Chevrolets for J. J. Yeley through a technical alliance with Tommy Baldwin Racing.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Nextel Cup Series
Daytona 500
Nationwide Series
Craftsman Truck Series
Winston West Series
References
External links
Living people
1960 births
NASCAR drivers
NASCAR team owners
People from Snohomish, Washington
Sportspeople from Snohomish County, Washington
Racing drivers from Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Gunselman |
The Bay School of San Francisco is a private coeducational college preparatory school in San Francisco, California. The school opened in 2004.
History
In 1992, Malcolm Manson, a former headmaster of Marin Country Day School and the Cathedral School for Boys, conceived of the idea of a new high school. In 1996, the school became incorporated.
The school opened in 2004; at that time, a single class of freshmen made up the student body. During the first school year, students attended classes in a temporary building, a "long, majestic white building on Schofield Road facing the bay". In August 2005, the school moved to 35 Keyes Avenue.
Enrollment
The school's enrollment is 435 students as of September 2021. The Bay School uses an inclusive tuition model, in which there are no additional fees after tuition (except bus transportation).
Curriculum and features
In 2018, The Bay School implemented an experiential learning program, with a schedule of two-semester terms and two “Immersive” terms per academic year. During Immersive terms, students take one class for three weeks.
Bay is a member of the Mastery Transcript Consortium, an organization of schools that grade students based on competency rather than giving letter grades.
Interdisciplinary and specialized courses include a study of water and politics in the American West, the history and art of hip-hop, and the mathematics of digital animation.
Athletics
The Bay School fields teams in 11 sports: cross-country, track and field, basketball, baseball, golf, lacrosse, sailing, soccer, softball, tennis, and volleyball.
References
External links
Rehabilitation projects: Bay School of San Francisco
National Park Services - The Mediterranean Revival
High schools in San Francisco
Preparatory schools in California
Educational institutions established in 2004
Private high schools in California
2004 establishments in California
Presidio of San Francisco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bay%20School%20of%20San%20Francisco |
Emmett Jefferson Murphy III (born December 21, 1964), professionally credited as both Patrick Murphy and Murph, is best known for being the drummer for the alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr. He was a member of the group from its founding in 1984 through 1993, and since the original lineup reformed in 2005.
Musical career
Murph was initially the drummer in the hardcore punk band All White Jury. He met J Mascis and Lou Barlow through Mascis' friend Charlie Nakajima and was soon after invited to join their band Deep Wound. Deep Wound disbanded and Mascis, Barlow, and Murph formed Dinosaur Jr without Nakajima. Murph would remain in the band until leaving the group in 1993. He joined The Lemonheads in 1995.
In April 2005, Murph returned to Dinosaur Jr. with J Mascis and Lou Barlow, reforming the original line-up. The trio has released five Dinosaur Jr. albums since reforming: the comeback album Beyond in 2007, Farm in 2009, I Bet on Sky in 2012, Give a Glimpse of What Yer Not in 2016, and most recently Sweep It Into Space in 2021. The band has steadily toured the world since reforming.
Since 2000 he has been the drummer of the Massachusetts space rock band, Architectural Metaphor.
He is the son of E. Jefferson Murphy, a Professor of African Studies at Smith College.
References
External links
Living people
American rock drummers
1964 births
Dinosaur Jr. members
The Lemonheads members
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murph%20%28drummer%29 |
Bone hemostasis is the process of controlling the bleeding from bone.
Bone is a living vascular organ containing channels for blood and bone marrow. When a bone is cut during surgery bleeding can be a difficult problem to control, especially in the highly vascular bones of the spine and sternum. Bleeding from soft tissue is normally stopped using a cautery that creates heat, causing blood vessels to collapse and become sealed. Since the blood in living bone flows through channels in the bone that do not collapse, a cautery is not effective in preventing bone bleeding. Blocking the holes in the bone typically stops bone bleeding. This can be done by mechanically blocking the holes (tamponade effect), or by inducing a blood clot to form.
In the past the easiest and most common way to stop bone bleeding was to apply bone wax, which is made from beeswax. The bone wax is smeared across the bleeding edge of the bone, blocking the holes and causing immediate hemostasis. Because of the complications associated with the use of bone wax, newer absorbable and resorbable hemostatic agents have been developed. These include firm waxes derived from alkylene oxide copolymers as well as ready use resorbable putties.
References
Coagulation system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20hemostasis |
No. 41 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) transport squadron of World War II. It was formed in August 1942 and operated flying boats in the South West Pacific area. The squadron was disbanded in September 1945.
History
No. 41 Squadron was formed from 'A' Flight of No. 33 Squadron at Townsville, Queensland on 21 August 1942. It was initially equipped with two ex-Qantas Short Empire flying boats and flew its first transport flights on the day it was established. The unit was later allocated two Dornier Do 24 flying boats.
The squadron's main task throughout the war was to conduct regular transport flights between towns in northern Australia and Allied military bases in New Guinea. Regular destinations included Bowen, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin and Karumba in Australia and Finschhafen, Goodenough Island, Hollandia, Los Negros, Madang, Milne Bay, Port Moresby, Salamaua in New Guinea. The squadron also had a large maritime section and performed a number of air-sea rescues. During its existence the squadron's boats and aircraft rescued more than 150 people.
In June 1943 No. 41 Squadron had a strength of three Empires and two Do 24s, but the Empires were returned to Qantas in July that year. The Do 24s were in poor mechanical condition and serviceability rates were constantly low. Martin Mariners supplemented the Do 24s from February 1944 and these larger and more reliable aircraft became the squadron's only aircraft from May. The squadron moved to RAAF Base Rathmines on 11 May 1944 but maintained detachments at Townsville and at Rose Bay in Sydney. It moved again to Cairns on 2 July and added longer flights to Nouméa, Espiritu Santo and other islands to its routes.
The squadron was originally scheduled to be disbanded on 10 June 1945, but it was decided to maintain it. Some personnel were posted to No. 114 Air-Sea Rescue Flight, however. During June the squadron continued to fly a daily service to Madang, a bi-weekly service to Brisbane and occasional flights to Merauke and Darwin. No. 41 Squadron was officially disbanded on 27 September 1945.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
41
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%2041%20Squadron%20RAAF |
Charles Fletcher Johnson (February 14, 1859 – February 15, 1930) was a United States senator from Maine and a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Johnson was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson on October 1, 1917, to a seat vacated by William LeBaron Putnam. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 1, 1917, and received commission the same day. Assumed senior status on April 30, 1929. Johnson's service was terminated on February 15, 1930, due to death.
Education and career
Born on February 14, 1859, in Winslow, Kennebec County, Maine, Johnson attended the common schools and Waterville Classical Institute. He received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1879 from Bowdoin College and read law in 1886. He was principal of the high school of Machias, Washington County, Maine from 1881 to 1886. He was admitted to the bar and entered private practice in Waterville, Maine from 1886 to 1911. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Maine in 1892 and 1894. He was elected Mayor of Waterville in 1893, but left that office in 1894. He was a member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1905 and 1907.
Congressional service
Johnson was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1910 and served from March 4, 1911, until March 3, 1917. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1916. He was Chairman of the Committee on National Banks (63rd United States Congress), Committee on Fisheries (64th United States Congress) and the Committee on Pensions (64th United States Congress).
Federal judicial service
Johnson was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson on October 1, 1917, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit vacated by Judge William LeBaron Putnam. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 1, 1917, and received his commission the same day. He assumed senior status on April 30, 1929. His service terminated on February 15, 1930, due to his death while on a visit to St. Petersburg, Florida. He was interred in Pine Grove Cemetery in Waterville.
References
Sources
1859 births
1930 deaths
Bowdoin College alumni
Democratic Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
Democratic Party United States senators from Maine
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Mayors of Waterville, Maine
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson
20th-century American judges
People from Winslow, Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20F.%20Johnson |
Cannon Park is a suburb in the southwest of the City of Coventry, West Midlands, England. It can be accessed via the major roads Kenpas Highway (A45) or Kenilworth Road. The area has a sizable shopping centre of the same name (considered 'state-of-the-art' when it opened in 1977) which features food stores, shops and eateries. Tenants include a post office, Tesco, Wilko and Iceland.
The residential area of Cannon Park was developed between the late-1960s and mid-1980s and is considered to be one of the most prosperous districts of the city. The University of Warwick is located directly adjacent to Cannon Park. The suburb is served by Cannon Park Primary School located within it.
It is bounded by the suburbs of Canley to the north and west, Westwood Heath to the south, Cannon Hill to the northeast, and Gibbet Hill to the southeast.
The bus stop at the shopping centre is used as the stop and sometimes terminus for Megabus services to London, Leeds, Manchester and Portsmouth.
There are currently plans in place to demolish the current shopping centre, and replace it with a new one including a significantly larger Tesco Extra store, similar in size to the one at the Ricoh Arena, Coventry. It is currently unclear when such plans will be developed, as whilst receiving planning permission from the local authority, there has been significant opposition from local residents.
External links
Cannon Park Shopping
Suburbs of Coventry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon%20Park |
High Stakes is a British sitcom starring Richard Wilson that aired in 2001. It was written by Tony Sarchet. The second series remains unaired.
Plot
Nicholas Quinn, a former Treasury official, is the new chairman of an investment bank called Kendrick Maple, a company that is in need of modernising. The managing director is long-standing employee Bruce Morton and he is outraged by Quinn's attempt to modernise. Between them is young, high-flyer Greg Hayden, who often acts as a mediator.
Cast
Richard Wilson as Bruce Morton
Jack Shepherd as Nicholas Quinn
Jason O'Mara as Greg Hayden
Episodes
A second series of High Stakes was written and made and was due to air in winter 2001.
DVD releases
The first series and unaired second series was released on DVD in Region 2 (UK) on 14 May 2007, distributed by Acorn Media UK.
References
Mark Lewisohn, "Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy", BBC Worldwide Ltd, 2003
British TV Comedy Guide for High Stakes
External links
2001 British television series debuts
2001 British television series endings
2000s British sitcoms
ITV sitcoms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Stakes%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Nemichandra (fl. c. 975), also known by his epithet Siddhanta Chakravarty, was a Jain acharya from present-day India. He wrote several works including Dravyasamgraha, Gommatsāra (Jivakanda and Karmakanda), Trilokasara, Labdhisara and Kshapanasara.
Life
Nemichandra flourished around 975. He was popularly known as "Siddhanta-Chakravarti" (i.e. the Paramount Lord of the Philosophy).
He was the spiritual teacher of Chavundaraya and their relation is expressed in the 1530 inscription in the enclosure of Padmavati temple, Nagar Taluka, Shimoga district.
Nemichandra supervised the abhisheka (consecration) of the Gommateshwara statue (on 13 March 980).
Works
At the request of Chavundaraya, Nemichandra wrote Gommatsāra in 10th century, taking the essence of all available works of the great Acharyas. Gommatasara provides a detailed summary of Digambara doctorine.
He wrote Trilokasara based on the Tiloya Panatti, Labdhisara, Kshapanasara, Pratishthapatha and Pratishthatilaka. Abhaya-chandra (c. 1325) wrote a vyakhyana on Nemichandra's Triloka-sara. Indra-vama-deva wrote Trilokya-dipaka based on Nemichandra's Trailokya-sara, for Nemi-deva of the Puravata (or Pragvata) family.
Earlier scholars believed that Dravya-sangraha was also written by him, however, new research reveals that this compendium was written by Acharya Nemichandra Siddhantideva who was contemporary to the Paramara king Bhoja.
See also
Dravya (Jainism)
Buddhism
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Chamundaraya and Nemichandra
Jain acharyas
Indian Jain monks
10th-century Indian Jain writers
10th-century Jain monks
10th-century Indian monks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemichandra |
Pavlo Pavlovych Virsky () (February 2, 1905 –July 5, 1975), PAU, was a Soviet and Ukrainian dancer, ballet master, choreographer, and founder of the Pavlo Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble, whose work in Ukrainian dance was groundbreaking and influenced generations of dancers.
Early days
Pavlo Virsky was born on February 25, 1905, in Odesa, Russian Empire. After graduating from the Odesa Music and Drama School in 1927, he continued his studies in Moscow, at the Theater Tekhnikum, from 1927 to 1928. Beginning in 1925, state theaters began to be organized throughout the Ukrainian SSR, allowing for gainful employment for artists, and upon his return to Odesa in 1928, Virsky joined the Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre as a dancer and choreographer. It was at this theater that he collaborated with Mykola Bolotov in their first joint production: Gliere's The Red Poppy. Virsky left Odesa in 1931, and worked as a ballet master at various theatres, including those in Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, and Kyiv, working on productions of ballets such as Raymonda, La Esmeralda, Le Corsaire, Swan Lake, and Don Quixote.
Folk dance
The Kyiv Opera and Ballet brought two productions to Moscow in 1936 as part of the first festival of Ukrainian Literature and Art: Mykola Lysenko's opera Natalka Poltavka, and Semen Hulak-Artemovsky's opera Zaporozhets za Dunayem (A Zaporizhian [Kozak] Beyond the Danube), the latter which included choreographed Ukrainian folk dances by Pavlo Virsky and Mykola Bolotov. The following year, Virsky and Bolotov founded the State Folk Dance Ensemble of the Ukrainian SSR, with which they developed an entire program of staged Ukrainian folk dances. With the outbreak World War II, and in the build-up to the German-Soviet War, many ensembles suspended activity, as performers were enlisted to entertain the troops. Virsky continued his work with folk-themed choreography as the director of the Red Flag Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kyiv Military District beginning in 1939. In 1942, he left as that ensemble, and became the artistic director of the Red Army Song and Dance Ensemble dancers, and remained in that post for many years.
In 1955, Virsky returned to Kyiv to helm the State Folk Dance Ensemble of the Ukrainian SSR he founded, which had been reconstituted by others after the conclusion of the war. For the next 20 years (until his death in 1975) Pavlo Virsky developed the concepts of Ukrainian folk-stage dance further than had previously been imagined. He founded a school to train dancers in the technique he developed. He toured the world with his dancers, influencing Ukrainian dancers the world over.
Virsky died on July 5, 1975, in Kyiv. The State Folk Dance Ensemble of the Ukrainian SSR was named after him in 1977.
References
External links
Ukrainian Weekly Article
Official Website of Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble Named After P.Virsky
1905 births
1975 deaths
20th-century Russian ballet dancers
Dancers from Odesa
People from Kherson Governorate
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Recipients of the title of People's Artists of Ukraine
Recipients of the Shevchenko National Prize
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Ballet choreographers
Dance teachers
Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire
Russian choreographers
Russian male ballet dancers
Soviet choreographers
Soviet male ballet dancers
Ukrainian choreographers
Ukrainian male ballet dancers
Burials at Baikove Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlo%20Virsky |
Spring Lake, originally named Edmonton Beach, is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is located on the eastern shore of Spring Lake, approximately and west of the cities of Spruce Grove and Edmonton respectively. Hasse Lake is located southwest of Spring Lake. It was known as the Summer Village of Edmonton Beach from 1959 to 1999.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Spring Lake had a population of 711 living in 286 of its 308 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 699. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Spring Lake recorded a population of 699 living in 261 of its 303 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 533. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
The Village of Spring Lake's 2012 municipal census counted a population of 614, a 3.7% increase over its 2007 municipal census population of 592.
Services
There is a large RV park on the east side of the lake, which has a small camping store which sells candy, newspapers, and a variety of camping items. Other than this there are no commercial businesses in the village.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of villages in Alberta
References
External links
1959 establishments in Alberta
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
Villages in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring%20Lake%2C%20Alberta |
Mercy is a 2000 erotic thriller film directed by Damian Harris and starring Ellen Barkin. The movie was based on a novel written by David L. Lindsey.
Plot
Detective Cathy Palmer (Ellen Barkin) is on the trail of an elusive serial killer. During her investigation she meets Vickie Kittrie (Peta Wilson), who belongs to an exclusive club of women who engage in secret sessions of bondage and S&M. Matters become even more complicated when Palmer finds herself attracted to Kittrie, leading to a brief lesbian encounter. Palmer soon learns that each victim belonged to this club of prominent, sexually experimental women. In order to catch the killer, Catherine must trust Vickie to guide her through the dangerous and illicit underground. One of the strange things that happens in this movie is when Mary (Karen Young, from "Jaws the Revenge" and "The Sopranos") ties down her doctor (Julian Sands) after he dresses up like her mother. He tells her to act out her aggression by pretending he's her mother. She bites his nearly nude body in several places and takes out a knife.
Cast
Ellen Barkin as Detective Cathy Palmer
Wendy Crewson as Bernadine Mello
Peta Wilson as Vickie Kittrie
Karen Young as Mary
Danielle Marie Straus as Young Mary
Julian Sands as Dr. Dominick Broussard
Stephen Baldwin as The Mechanic
Beau Starr as Lieutenant Fritch
Marshall Bell as Gil Reynolds
Bill MacDonald as Detective John Beck
Stewart Bick as Detective Cushing
Ellen-Ray Hennessy as Murial Farr
Lara Daans as Dorothy Samenov
Claire Burton as Sandra Moser
Fulvio Cecere as Detective Leeland
Michael Fletcher as Wendell
Zehra Leverman as Terry Ross
Linda V. Carter as Helena
Melanie Nicholls-King as Jane
Kevin Rushton as Clyde Barbish
Dorothy Bennie as Miss Dawes
Doug Lennox as Mr. Kittrie
Jacqueline McLeod as Mrs. Kittrie
Lacey Von Erich as Vicki's Sister
References
Mercy (2000) at Yahoo! Movies
Mercy (2000) at The New York Times website
External links
2000 films
2000s erotic thriller films
American crime thriller films
American independent films
American erotic thriller films
BDSM in films
Films based on American novels
Films based on thriller novels
Films set in Houston
Lesbian-related films
American serial killer films
Franchise Pictures films
Films produced by Elie Samaha
2000 LGBT-related films
American LGBT-related films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Damian Harris
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy%20%282000%20film%29 |
is a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 60,592 in 26652 households and a population density of 270 persons per km². The total area of the city is .
Geography
Kinokawa is located on the northern border of Wakayama Prefecture with Osaka Prefecture and the Izumi Mountains to the north and the Kii Mountains to the south. The Kinokawa River, after which the city is named, runs through the city from east to west.
Neighboring municipalities
Wakayama Prefecture
Wakayama (city)
Kainan
Iwade
Kimino
Katsuragi
Osaka Prefecture
Sennan
Izumisano
Kaizuka
Kishiwada
Climate
Kinokawa has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kinokawa is 14.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1713 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.2 °C.
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kinokawa has remained relatively steady over the past 60 years.
History
The area of the modern city of Kinokawa was within ancient Kii Province. After the Meiji restoration, the area became was organized into 36 villages within Naga District, Wakayama with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Kokawa was raised to town status on November 10, 1894, and Kishigawa on March 31, 1955 and Naga on July 1, 1955. The towns of
Momoyama, and Uchita were established in 1956,
The modern city of Kinokawa was established on November 11, 2005, from the merger of the five towns of Kokawa, Kishigawa, Naga, Momoyama and Uchita.
Government
Kinokawa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 22 members. Kinokawa contributes three members to the Wakayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Wakayama 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Economy
Kinokawa has a mixed economy. Agriculture, particularly horticulture remains a very strong component and is the major employer. Light and medium industries, particularly electronics and IT-related industries, have been attracted to the area due to its proximity to the Hanshin urban area.
Education
Kinokawa has 16 public elementary schools and seven public middle schools operated by the city government and two public high schools operated by the Wakayama Prefectural Department of Education. Kinki University's Biology-Oriented Science and Technology Institute is located in Kinokawa.
Transportation
Railway
JR West – Wakayama Line
- - - -
Wakayama Electric Railway – Kishigawa Line
- - -
Highway
Keinawa Expressway
Local attractions
Kokawa-dera, No.3 of the Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage
Former Nate-juku Honjin, National Historic Site
Kii Kokubun-ji ruins, National Historic Site
Kishi Station and station mascot Tama a calico cat.
Notable people from Kinokawa
Naoya Masuda, baseball pitcher
Hanaoka Seishū, surgeon of the Edo period
Midori Shintani, judo wrestler
Ryumon Yasuda, painter and sculptor
References
External links
Cities in Wakayama Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinokawa%2C%20Wakayama |
Universal Audio Architecture (UAA) is an initiative unveiled in 2002 by Microsoft to standardize the hardware and class driver architecture for audio devices in modern Microsoft Windows operating systems. Three classes of audio devices are supported by default: USB, IEEE 1394 (FireWire), and Intel High Definition Audio, which supports PCI and PCI Express.
Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft requires all computer and audio device manufacturers to support Universal Audio Architecture in order to pass Windows Logo certification.
Overview
The goal of the Universal Audio Architecture is to solve a very common problem in older Microsoft Windows products, that of inconsistent support for audio. Due to the lack of a common system by which audio devices could describe their capabilities to the operating system, not to mention a lack of ability to control those capabilities, audio device manufacturers (such as Creative Labs, Realtek, Turtle Beach and others) have had to provide a series of control panels and custom interfaces to let a user control the device. This, in turn, requires kernel-mode drivers so that the user's actions can be communicated to the hardware itself. Poorly written audio drivers have been a common source of system instability in Windows, especially with games that make use of extended audio card capabilities. These concerns prompted Microsoft to disable the audio stack entirely by default in Windows Server 2003.
UAA seeks to resolve problems by putting forth a standardized interface which audio devices can follow, ensuring that the device's capabilities will be recognized and used effectively by Windows, without the need for additional drivers or custom control panels. It also provides a reasonable assurance that an audio device will still be able to work many years down the road, without requiring vendor-supplied drivers for a newer version of Windows.
Another goal of UAA is to provide better support for multi-channel audio in Windows so that, for example, multi-channel WMA Pro audio streams can be played without special driver support.
UAA is intended to be a complete replacement for developing WDM Audio Drivers; however, in some cases it may be necessary for an otherwise UAA-compliant audio device to expose capabilities that cannot be done through UAA. Windows will continue to fully support audio drivers that use the PortCls and AVStream drivers.
History
In 2004, Microsoft provided the first version of UAA as an update to Windows 2000 Service Pack 4, Windows XP Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2003, but is only available by contacting Microsoft support directly. However, almost all manufacturer supplied drivers contain the UAA class driver. Windows XP Service Pack 3 also includes the updated driver, as well as Windows XP Professional x64 Edition with Service Pack 1 and 2.
In Windows Vista, the Windows Logo program requirements state that any machine shipped with Vista must include a UAA-compliant audio device that works without additional drivers.
See also
Windows Vista audio architecture
Windows legacy audio components
References
External links
Audio Device Technologies for Windows — Windows Hardware Developer Center web site
Universal Audio Architecture (UAA) High Definition Audio class driver (Q888111) for Windows XP with Service Pack 1
Device drivers
Windows audio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Audio%20Architecture |
Cultureshock was the Commonwealth Games cultural programme which ran alongside the Games themselves. The events ranged from images of the athlete as hero in sculpture and photography (Go! Freeze, which ran at Turton Tower in Bolton) to a Zulu performance at The Lowry. There was an exhibition at the Whitworth Art Gallery called Tales of Power: West African Textiles, and a performance of the film Monsoon Wedding at Clwyd Theatr Cymru. The geographical range was from Cheshire in the south to Blackburn and Cumbria in the north, and included that year the various Melas that take place around the region.
The full programme for Cultureshock is detailed below:
March 2002
1 March – 15 October – Commonwealth Gold, Rochdale Borough Festival 2002
3 March – International Women's Day Festival, Manchester Town Hall
4 March – Celebrate Commonwealth Gold Rochdale Town Hall
9 March – Go Freeze, Turton Tower, Bolton
10 March – Urban Grooves from the Commonwealth, Bridgewater Hall, Manchester
11 March – Common-wealth, Manchester Metropolitan University
11–16 March, English National Ballet – Romeo & Juliet, The Opera House Manchester
12–13 March – 3 Shades, Bluecoat Arts Centre
13–18 March – Tara Arts – Journey to the West:The Trilogy, Contact Theatre
14 March – Trio Phoenix, Royal Northern College of Music
14 March – Manchester Stories New Forms Vol 3, St Annes Church
15 March – Rais Academy – Tales of the Past, Deeplish Community Centre
17 March – Phil Bateman, More than Gold, Salvation Army Rochdale
21 March – Trajets, Green Room, Manchester
23 March – Tony Allen's Afro Beat, Band on the Wall, Manchester
23 March – October – Tales of Power: West African Textiles, Whitworth Art Gallery
24 March – Opera Rara – Elisabetta regina d'Inghilterra, Banqueting House, Whitehall
27 March – The Mighty Zulu Nation – Africa Africa, The Lowry
30 March – Srijani Quartet, Liverpool Philharmonic Hall
March onwards – Textile Identities:Littoral Textiles, Manchester International Airport
April 2002
1 April – Easter Bank Holiday Market, Castlefield
1 April – Burnley Blues Festival, Pinetop Perkins, Matt Schofield Band, Burnley Mechanics.
3–30 April – Project by Suki Chan: Mondays was Washday, Turnpike Gallery
6 April – Indian Association presents Cultural Journey Through Folk Dances of Bharat, Wythenshawe Forum Manchester
7 April – Gear up for the Games Exhibition Salford Museum and Art Gallery
8 April – Poetry in Motion, Wigan Library
11 April – Hanif Kureishi's "My Beautiful Laundrette", Cornerhouse
12–14 April – Festival of Bangladeshi Art & Culture, Bangladesh House
13 April – "Storm", a new play by Lemn Sissay, Contact Theatre
13 April – 27 October – "Moving Lives" exhibition at the People's History Museum
15 April – Neil Ardley's "Kaleidoscope of Rainbows", Royal Northern College of Music
22–27 April – "The Island" by Athol Fugard, John Kani and Winston Nishona, The Lowry
25–27 April – Spirit of Youth in Music Festival, Rochdale
25 April – Imagine Asia 2002 Film Festival, Liverpool Philharmonic Hall
27 April – Music for the Mind and Soul, Liverpool Philharmonic Hall
27 April – Iqbal Poetry Evening, Pakistani Community Centre Manchester
27 April – Black Umfolosi, Burnley Mechanics
28 April – Sam Yo!, The Lowry
30 April – 2 May – Mira Nair's "Monsoon Wedding", Clwyd Theatr Cymru
May 2002
2 May – Tickle Bounce & Fun Time: Books for Babies, Tonge Moor Library, Bolton
4 May – 30 June – Gateway to the Commonwealth exhibition, The Promenade, The Lowry
9 May – Bradshaw and its Textile Industries, Harwood Library, Bolton
9–11 May – Angela de Castro's "Yo Yo", Manchester Royal Exchange
9–18 May – Kevin Gilbert's "The Cherry Pickers", performed by Sydney Theatre Company, Manchester Library Theatre
10 May – 12 October – See It Live in Bolton Festival
10–11 May – The Guide Association Lancashire Border presents "Songs and Dance of the Commonwealth"", Victoria Hall, Bolton
11 May – 23 June – "Spectator Sport" exhibition, Cornerhouse
21 May – Author Ruth Hamilton at the Lecture Theatre, Bolton
16 May – Moniza Alvi reads "The Other Room", Manchester Central Library
16–17 May – Compagnie Flak present "Perfume de Gardenias", Contact Theatre
16 May – 22 June – Queer up North festival
16 May – 28 July – "Reading the Games", programme of eventsin Manchester Libraries
18 May – Trilok Gurtu and Nitin Sawhney, Contact Theatre
19 May – 14 July – A Season of World Music at the Lowry
21 May – Nitin Sawhney and MJ Cole, Barbirolli Room, Bridgewater Hall
24–28 May – Linton Kwesi Johnson at Everyman Theatre Liverpool, Picture House Hebden Bridge and Manchester Library Theatre
24 May – 1 June – Amani Naphtali's "Ragamuffin", Contact Theatre
25 May – 17 July – "A Wealth in Common" exhibition, Bury Art Gallery and Museum
26 May – Bolton Hindu Forum Community Festival, Bolton Indian Sports & Recreation Club, Darcy Lever
26 May – Indoor League Pub Olympics, Cornerhouse Cafe Bar
28 May – Mica Paris, Barbiroilli Room, Bridgewater Hall
28 May – Central Band of the White Russian Army, Tameside Hippodrome
28 May – Sibongile Khumalo, at the Lowry
30 May – 8 June – Com.art.02 at Zion Arts Centre, Manchester
31 May – Bolton Youth Concert Band Concert in celebration of the Queen's Golden Jubilee, Albert Halls, Bolton
June 2002
1 June – Streetlife, Bolton Town Centre
8 June – 20 July – "Spotlight:Paintings by the Singh Twins, Mid Pennine Gallery, Burnley
13 June – Bob Phillips book signing, Commonwealth Games Store, The Arndale Centre
13 June – Creative Commonwealths: Cinema Culture & Community in the Age of Globalisation, The Cornerhouse
14–30 June – An exhibition of the Postal History of the Commonwealth Games, Manchester Town Hall
15–16 June – Aqua-Pura Commonwealth Trials, City of Manchester Stadium
16 June – 3 August – Bolton's Festival of Cycling 2002
17 June – Andrew Motion In Conversation, Manchester Central Library
17–23 June – Literatures of the Commonwealth Festival
18 June – 20 August – Visible Cities exhibition, Cube Art Gallery
20 June – Jamaican poet Lorna Goodison, Manchester Central Library
20 June – Gay Commonwealth Panel, discussion including novelist and critic Paul Bailey, New Zealand poet John Galtas, Scots poet David Kinloch, fiction writer Adam Mars-Jones, Canadian poet Norman Sacuta and Egyptian-born Ghanaian poet Gregory Woods, Manchester Central Library
22 June – Design a T-shirt competition, Commonwealth Games Store Arndale
22–27 June – Carnival Messiah, West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds
22 June – 2 October – "Swim" – an exhibition about the Culture of Moving in Water – Turton Tower, Bolton
23 June – Children's Workshop: Explore the Commonwealth, The Green Room
25–29 June – David Hermanstein's "A Caribbrean Abroad", Manchester Library Theatre
26 June – Prayer Network presents "Manchester: City of the Moment", The Lowry
27 June – A Taste of New Zealand, Museum Gallery, Bolton
28 June – 7 July – Commonwealth Film Festival
29 June – One World Festival 2002, New Mills
29 June – 21 July – Keyfest festival
July 2002
1–10 July – "Athletics Inspirations", Whitworth Park Manchester
2 July – Opening of Touchstones Rochdale
2–15 July – Mushaira Shakeup, Dynamic Poetry Showcase of South Asian Women poets (including Mansoora Ahmed, Gagan Gill, Parm Kaur and Shamshad Khan
3 July – Joe Pemberton reads "Forever and Ever Amen", Manchester Central Library
5 July – Cubanite at The Lowry
6 July – Barracudas Carnival Band, Ulverston Carnival, Ulverston
7 July – Working Woodlands Festival, Moses Gate Country Park, Farnworth
7 July – Westhoughton Show, Central Park, Westhoughton
8 July – Cauvery Madhavan, Levenshulme Library, Levenshulme
9 July – 14 September – "Shikor a phool (Roots and Blossom), Gallery Oldham
10 July – 13 September – Sri Lanka Crafty Thoughts, University of Liverpool Art Gallery
11 July – John Kinsella, Manchester Central Library
11 July – 14 September – Pakistan Threads Dreams and Desires, Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston
13 July – Rochdale Mela
13 July – recital by classic guitarist Neil Smith, St Katherines Church Horwich
13 July – East Feast Fringe Festival, Corpus Christi Social Centre, Miles Platting
13 July – Kakatsitsi:Master Drummers from Ghana, Chester Summer Music Festival
13 July – Bolton Symphony Orchestra concert, The Albert Hall Bolton
13 July – Youth Festival 2002, St Thomas's Park Stockport
13–26 July – "Pulse", Bridgewater Hall
13–28 July – Gloucester Summer Festival 2002
13 July – 1 September – New Indian Art, Manchester Art Gallery
13 July – 15 September – Conquer the Maize Maze, Redhouse Farm, Dunham Massey
14 July – Abdullah Ibrahim and the NDR Big Band, Bridgewater Hall
14 July – Rebecca Malope at the Lowry
15 July – Anoushka Shankar on the sitar, Bridgewater Hall
15–20 July – Commonwealth Bridge Championships, Whitworth Hall, Manchester University
16 July – 14 September – Bollywood greats, Blackburn Museum & Art Gallery
17 July – Evelyn Glennie and the Halle Orchestra, Bridgewater Hall
17 July – Stella Osammor presents African Fables for Children, Manchester Central Library
18 July – "Are You Waltzing? Matilda", Leigh Library
19 July – North West Steel Band Association Festival 2002, Zion Arts Centre, Hulme
19–22 July – 12th Commonwealth International Sport Conference, Manchester Metropolitan University
19 July – 3 August – Duke of Edinburgh's Award International Youth Exchange with Swaziland
20 July – Spirit-International Festival of Music & Arts, Cannon Hill Park, Birmingham
20 July – A Common Wealth of Music, Birch Community Centre, Rusholme
20–21 July – Aquafest Commonwealth Angling Competition, Ashton and Rochdale Canals, Sport City
21 July – Abasindi and the National Dance Company of Ghana, RHS Flower Show, Tatton Park
21 July – Variety 2002 An Overture for the Commonwealth, The Lowry (inclucing Diane Modahl, Zingari Swing and The Sixties Tiller Girls
21 July – Together as One, Chester Tree Festival, Alexandra Park, Chester
21 July – 3 August – Bolton Town Centre Heritage Tours
21 July – 5 August – Commonwealth Games Special Guided Tours, Manchester
22–26 July – Traditional Chinese Art Exhibition, Central Hall Manchester
22–28 July – C-C- 2002, Heywood
23–24 July – Loud & Visible, Youth Arts..shock!, Zion Arts Centre, Hulme
24 July – Michael Nyman meets Indian Masters in Sangam, The Lowry
24 July – 10 August – Noël Coward's "Design for Living", Royal Exchange Theatre
25 July – Euforia 2002, Pierhead Liverpool
25–28 July – Catch the Spirit of the Games at BUPA's Mind Body and Soul zone at Cathedral Gardens
25 July – 4 August – Festival Live, various venues around Manchester City Centre
26 July – Spirit of Friendship Royal Gala Concert, featuring Kiri te Kanawa, Bridgewater Hall
26 July – 23 August – Chinwe – An Exhibition for the Commonwealth Games, Manchester Central Library
27 July – Oldham Mela
27 July – Kevin Davy's Commonwealth Jam, Band on the Wall
27–28 July – Littleborough Rushbearing
28 July – Bolton Mela Festival
28 July – Asian Literature & Arts Festival, Longsight Library, Manchester
28 July – Songs of Praise for the Commonwealth Games, St Ann's Church, Manchester
28 July – Songs from the Commonwealth by Renaissance, Bramall Hall, Stockport
28 July – Nelson Mela
28 July – Local & International Bands at Manchester Hard Rock Cafe
29 July – Catch the Spirit of the Games at BUPA's Mind Body and Soul zone at Asda Eastlands
29 July – "Going for Gold: A Spiritual Approach to Achieving Goals" with Lesley Gort, Christian Science Reading Room
29 July – Commonwealth Games show, Frog & Bucket Comedy Club
29 July – 2 August – Commonwealth Cafe, King's House
30 July – Special Sportsmans Dinner Meeting with USA Boxer Earnie Shavers, Swinton Park Golf Club
31 July – "Games Structures", photographs by Stephen M Smith, Simple Cafe Bar
August 2002 and later
1 August – Tony Kofi and his Afro-Jazz family, Band on the Wall
2 August – Nucleus Roots, Band on the Wall
2 August – Special Sportsmans Dinner Meeting, with footballer Martin Clarke, Swinton Park Golf Club
2 August – A Classical Evening in an Urban Park, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Longford Park
3 August – "G Percussion", Commonwealth Games Percussion, Castlefield
3 August – City Centre Secrets, Victorian Society guided-walk around Manchester City Centre
3 August – More than Gold Final Festival, Salvation Army Hall Rochdale
3–5 August – Flower Festival, Horwich Moor Methodist Church
4 August – Hyndburn Mela
4 August – Preston Mela
4 August – Mujo, the Big Band Sound for the Big Games Finale, Manchester Hard Rock Cafe
11 August – Rock in the Park, Queen's Park Heywood
11 August – East Feast Festival – Fire & Water Festival, Ashton Canal, Philips Park
11 August – The Comedy Store's Post Commonwealth Cabaret
11 August – Commonwealth Black Pudding Throwing Championships, Ramsbottom
12 August – 26 November – "Spirit of the Games", Manchester Museum of Science and Industry
16–18 August – Bolton Show, Leverhulme Park, Bolton
26–30 August – Commonwealth Tenpin Bowling Championships, Stirling
9 October – 9 November – "Swim" – an exhibition about the Culture of Moving in Water – Lancaster City Museum
2002 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultureshock%20at%20the%202002%20Commonwealth%20Games |
WEAC-CD, virtual channel 24 (UHF digital channel 35), is a low-power, Class A The Walk TV, and AMGTV-affiliated television station licensed to Anniston, Alabama, United States. The station is owned by Alabama Heritage Communications. WEAC maintains studio facilities on Highway 78 in Anniston, and its transmitter is located atop Coldwater Mountain in Oxford. The station is also currently available on 12 cable television systems, primarily across seven-county service area in eastern Alabama.
History
The station first signed on the air on December 29, 1994 as W24CB, which broadcast information for students, staff and visitors of Jacksonville State University. The station changed its call letters to WJXS-CA in 2002, as an affiliate of FamilyNet. On October 9, 2012, the station changed its call sign to WEAC-CA, and again to WEAC-CD on January 8, 2013.
In 2017, due to the eventual rebranding of FamilyNet, it’s affiliation changed to The Walk TV & AMGTV
Digital channel
Programming
In addition to FamilyNet programming, WEAC-CD also carries locally produced programs, including newscasts. WEAC-CD also carries sporting events including those from Jacksonville State University and local high schools. WEAC-CD currently produces more than 30 hours of original programming every week.
News operation
WEAC-CD presently broadcasts locally produced newscasts each week; the station does not produce any newscasts on weekends. WEAC-CD rebroadcasts its half-hour 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. newscasts Tuesday through Friday mornings at 6:00 and 7:00 a.m. In addition, the station produces a half-hour public affairs program, East Alabama Today, which airs 5:30pm on Tuesdays and Thursdays.
News team
News Anchors
Carl Brady - anchor; weeknights at 9:00 and 10:00 p.m., also host of East Alabama Today
Mike Stedham - anchor; fill-in
Weather team
Chris Wright - meteorologist; weeknights at 9:00 and 10:00 p.m.
Jon Holder - meteorologist; fill-in
Sam Ford - meteorologist; fill-in
Sports team
Gerhard Mathangani - sports director; sports anchor; weeknights at 9:00 and 10:00 p.m.
Chase Robinson - sports anchor; fill-in
Mickey Shadrix - host of Pigskin Roundup; also station manager
Jon Holder - host of Pigskin Roundup
References
External links
WEAC-CD official website
EAC-CD
Jacksonville State University
Television channels and stations established in 1994
Low-power television stations in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEAC-CD |
Black. White. is an American reality television series that aired on FX. The series premiered on March 8, 2006, and supposedly documented two voluntary families of three, one white, and the other black, in which through studio-quality make-up, the two families would give off a facade appearance, of portraying a race that isn't their own, for social experiment purposes. It garnered controversy for its subject matter and perceived reinforcement of racial stereotypes.
The show was produced and created by Ice Cube and R. J. Cutler. The series' theme song was "Race Card", performed by Ice Cube and produced by Warren G. The series ran for five weeks ending with a double episode finale.
Reception
The show received mixed responses. Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer stated, "No matter what conclusion you come to after watching FX's six-episode reality series 'Black. White.' you should be grateful for the care producers RJ Cutler and David Maldonado took in executing it." Matt Roush of TV Guide wrote, "Far from a cheap reality stunt, FX's provocative documentary series Black.White. is an endlessly curious and unexpectedly intelligent social experiment...." Charles Page of the Chicago Tribune said, "Compared to its obvious inspiration, 'Black Like Me,' it is easy to knock 'Black.White.,' the new reality TV experiment on race relations on FX—and many people do....Maybe it is. Or maybe it's a rare injection of substance into TV's usual nonsense."
The show also received criticism from major media outlets. Robert Bianco of USA Today wrote:
"The show is being sold on the race-switch trick, but tonight's premiere is built around a far more mundane stunt: putting people you know won't get along into close-quarter situations designed to exacerbate the inevitable conflicts. If you think there's any chance that the two men, Brian and Bruno, weren't cast specifically to clash, or that the producers aren't playing up every conflict, you've never seen a reality show."
"Black. White. is based on two false premises, one more pernicious than the other: that you can understand someone of a different race simply by putting on makeup, and that you need that kind of understanding in order to treat people as the law and morality require."
Lee Siegel of The New Republic commented:
"'Black. White.' is not a provocative study in secret prejudice, followed by growth and awakening. It's a reinforcement of the stereotypes the show claims it wants to examine and expose."
Episodes
International broadcasts
In Canada, Black. White. aired on Sun TV, an independent broadcast television station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In Australia, the show was seen on Foxtel & Austar channel Fox8. It was also broadcast in Sweden on a public TV channel. A two-part French version of the show was produced and aired on Canal+ in January 2007, named Dans la peau d'un noir ("In Black Skin").
DVD release
Awards and nominations
The series won an Emmy award for 'Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)' in 2006, and was nominated for an Image Award for 'Outstanding Reality Series' in 2007.
See also
Blackface
Black Like Me
Race Matters
References
External links
2000s American reality television series
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
FX Networks original programming
African-American reality television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black.%20White. |
Christina ("Stien") Wilhelmina Baas-Kaiser (20 May 1938 – 23 June 2022) was a Dutch speed skater.
Life
She was not selected for the 1964 Winter Olympics because of her 'old age' (25 at that time) but later turned out to be the first Dutch female world class speed skater. In both 1965 and 1966, she won bronze at the World Allround Championships. After having become World Allround Champion twice (in 1967 and 1968) – and also winning her 3rd and 4th Dutch Allround Championships those years – she participated at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble. Her two bronze medals – in the 1,500 m, behind Finnish skater Kaija Mustonen and Dutch compatriot Carry Geijssen, and in the 3,000 m behind compatriot Ans Schut and, once more, Kaija Mustonen – were a bit disappointing. Not she, but Geijssen (who not only won silver in the 1,500 m, but also gold in the 1,000 m) and Schut became the Dutch heroines of those Olympics.
Although she was still a formidable competitor in the years that followed, Kaiser was slightly surpassed at major championships by Atje Keulen-Deelstra, who was the same age as Kaiser. In 1972, by then married and 33 years old, Baas-Kaiser was no longer really considered to be a favourite, especially not after her disappointing 11th place at the European Allround Championships. At the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Baas-Kaiser originally was not meant to skate, but since fellow Dutch skater Trijnie Rep had disappointed in the 500 m (finishing 20th) and the 1,000 m (finishing 24th), Baas-Kaiser was given a chance in the 1,500 m and the 3,000 m. And she turned it into something beautiful: On the 1,500 m, she won silver behind Dianne Holum, but ahead of Atje Keulen-Deelstra, and in the 3,000 m two days later, she became Olympic Champion ahead of Holum and Keulen-Deelstra. She ended her skating career later that year with a silver medal at the World Allround Championships.
Nationally, she won the allround titles in 1964, 1965, 1967–1969, and 1971, finished second in 1970 and 1972, and third in 1966. In 1967, she was chosen the Dutch Sportswoman of the Year. She was a niece of the Olympic speed skater Kees Broekman.
Records
Over the course of her career, Baas-Kaiser skated nine world records and twenty-seven Dutch records:
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bal, Rien and Van Dijk, Rob. Schaatskampioenen, alles over het seizoen 68–69. Amsterdam: N.V. Het Parool, 1969.
Bijlsma, Hedman with Tom Dekkers; Arie van Erk; Gé du Maine; Hans Niezen; Nol Terwindt and Karel Verbeek. Schaatsseizoen '96–'97: 25e Jaargang 1996–1997, statistische terugblik. Assen, the Netherlands: Stichting Schaatsseizoen, 1997. ISSN 0922-9582.
Eng, Trond. All Time International Championships, Complete Results: 1889 – 2002. Askim, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2002.
Froger, Fred R. Winnaars op de schaats, Een Parool Sportpocket. Amsterdam: N.V. Het Parool, 1968.
Koomen, Theo. 10 Jaar Topschaatsen. Laren(NH), the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Luitingh, 1971. .
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1964. Deventer, the Netherlands, 1964.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1965. Deventer, the Netherlands, 1965.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1966, alles over het hardrijden op de schaats. Amsterdam, Drukkerij Dico, 1966.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1967/68, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Amsterdam, Drukkerij Dico, 1967.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1968/69, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Amsterdam, Drukkerij Dico, 1968.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1969–'70, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Ede, the Netherlands, 1969.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1970–'71, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Schaatsjaarboek, 1970.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1971–'72, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Schaatsjaarboek, 1971.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1972–'73, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Schaatsjaarboek, 1972.
Maaskant, Piet. Flitsende Ijzers, De geschiedenis van de schaatssport. Zwolle, the Netherlands: La Rivière & Voorhoeve, 1967 (2nd revised and extended edition).
Maaskant, Piet. Heya, Heya! Het nieuwe boek van de Schaatssport. Zwolle, the Netherlands: La Rivière & Voorhoeve, 1970.
Peereboom, Klaas. Van Jaap Eden tot Ard Schenk. Baarn, the Netherlands: De Boekerij, 1972. .
Teigen, Magne. Komplette Resultater Internasjonale Mesterskap 1889 – 1989: Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior, allround/sprint. Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1989.
Van Eyle, Wim. Een Eeuw Nederlandse Schaatssport. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Het Spectrum, 1982. .
External links
1938 births
2022 deaths
Dutch female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands
Speed skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands
Sportspeople from Delft
Olympic medalists in speed skating
World record setters in speed skating
Medalists at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
21st-century Dutch women
20th-century Dutch women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stien%20Kaiser |
Strome is a hamlet in east-central Alberta, Canada, within Flagstaff County. It is located on Highway 13, approximately east of the City of Camrose. The hamlet was originally incorporated as a village on February 3, 1910. It dissolved to become a hamlet under the jurisdiction of Flagstaff County on January 1, 2016. Strome's name is believed to come from Stromeferry in Ross & Cromarty, Scotland.
History
Strome began developing as a farming community in 1905. Max Knoll opened the first post office, under the name of Knollton, and set up the first general store. The name of the post office was changed to Strome on July 1, 1906. A hotel, a hardware store, and a church followed. Strome incorporated as a village on February 3, 1910.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Strome had a population of 232 living in 112 of its 127 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 260. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Strome had a population of 260 living in 113 of its 123 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 228. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of former urban municipalities in Alberta
List of hamlets in Alberta
References
External links
1910 establishments in Alberta
2016 disestablishments in Alberta
Designated places in Alberta
Flagstaff County
Former villages in Alberta
Hamlets in Alberta
Populated places disestablished in 2016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strome%2C%20Alberta |
No. 40 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) transport squadron of World War II. It was formed in March 1944 and operated flying boats between Australia and New Guinea. The squadron was disbanded in June 1946.
Squadron history
No. 40 Squadron was formed at Townsville, Queensland on 31 March 1944. It was initially equipped with six Short Sunderland flying boats which had been ferried from the United Kingdom to Australia between January and March of that year. These ferry flights were made by experienced crews drawn from the RAAF's two Sunderland squadrons in the United Kingdom, No. 10 and No. 461 squadrons.
The squadron's main role was to fly regular transport services between Australia and New Guinea. The Sunderlands were modified to operate as transport aircraft, and the first aircraft to be fully converted was delivered to No. 40 Squadron on 1 July. Most of the squadron's pilots were veterans of operations in the Battle of the Atlantic with No. 10 and No. 461 squadrons. On 22 July the unit moved to Port Moresby in New Guinea, with detachments at Darwin and Townsville. No. 40 Squadron's main destinations were Cairns, Milne Bay, Madang and Townsville.
A No. 40 Squadron Sunderland was involved in the first attempted hijacking of an RAAF aircraft on 14 September 1944. The aircraft had been tasked with flying prisoners, including US Military prisoners, from Cooktown to Port Moresby. One of the American prisoners being transported to the aircraft on board a launch seized a gun from one of his guards then disarmed the other guards. When the boat reached the Sunderland he tried to persuade the prisoners embarked on the plane to assist him, but they were unwilling. The boat then preceded to a jetty in Cooktown Harbour where the man was persuaded to surrender. No. 40 Squadron suffered its only loss on 28 November when a Sunderland struck a post and sank after landing at Townsville; there were no fatalities.
The squadron occasionally performed other tasks in addition to its regular transport fights. On 9 March 1945 one of its Sunderlands landed on a small lake in an isolated area of New Guinea to relieve an Army garrison force. No. 40 Squadron also undertook air sea rescue duties on several occasions. On 20 March 1945 a Sunderland located the survivors of a crashed C-47 and dropped them a dinghy. The Sunderland rediscovered the survivors the next day after contact was lost with them overnight, and maintained position over the dinghy until Allied naval vessels reached it.
No. 40 Squadron's regular routes were altered in 1945. The service from Townsville to Port Moresby ended on 17 February and a new service between Port Moresby, Darwin, Karumba and Cains was established. A daily (except for Sunday) service from Port Moresby to Cairns began the next day and bi-weekly flights to the Treasury Islands commenced on 26 February. In July the squadron was issued with four Martin Mariner flying boats which were based at Cairns and also operated in the transport role.
Following the Japanese surrender the squadron flew ex-prisoners of war and other soldiers back to Australia. It was allocated Catalina aircraft in January 1946, but none were ever delivered. No. 40 Squadron moved to RAAF Base Rathmines on 6 March and was disbanded there on 19 June. By this time it had flown 1782 sorties and carried of cargo and 43,385 passengers.
Notes
References
40
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
1946 disestablishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%2040%20Squadron%20RAAF |
RHI may refer to:
Renewable Heat Incentive, a payment system in the United Kingdom from 2011
RHI Entertainment, former name of the American entertainment company Halcyon Studios, LLC.
Rhinecliff station, New York (Amtrak), RHI being the station code
Rhinelander-Oneida County Airport, IATA code RHI
Rhiwbina railway station, Cardiff, Wales; National Rail station code RHI
Robert Half International
Roller Hockey International
RHI AG, an Austrian manufacturing company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHI |
The 25th Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
LIST OF WINNERS
The 1975 winners were divided into six categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] short story, poetry, and one-act play:
English Division
Short Story
First Prize: Alfred A. Yuson, “Romance and Faith in Mount Banahaw”
Leoncio P. Deriada, “The Day of the Locusts”
Second Prize: Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., “Agcalan Point”
Luning B. Ira, “Once Upon A Cruise: Generations and Other Languages”
Cirilo F. Bautista, “The Man Who Made a Covenant with the Wind”
Third Prize: Benjamin Bautista and Linda Ledesma, “A Summer Goodbye”
Porfirio Villarin Jr., “Discovery”
Leoncio P. Deriada, “The Dog Eaters”
Mauro Avena, “The People's Prison”
Poetry
First Prize: Cirilo F. Bautista, “Telex Moon”
Second Prize: Wilfredo Pascua Sanchez, “Adarna: Six Poems from a Larger Corpus”
Third Prize: Ricaredo Demetillo, “The City and the Thread of Life”
One-Act Play
First Prize: Rolando S. Tinio, “A Life in the Slums”
Second Prize: Paul Stephen Lim, “Password”
Third Prize: Maidan T. Flores, “The Minerva Foundation”
Filipino Division
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Jose Reyes Munsayac, “Ang Oktubre ay Buwan ng mga Talahib”
Domingo G. Landicho, "Huwag Mong Tangisan Ang Kamatayan ng Isang Pilipino sa Dibdib ng Niyebe"
Second Prize: Ave Perez Jacob, "Guwardiya"
Benigno R. Juan, “Wala Nang Lawin sa Bukid ni Tata Felipe”
Third Prize: Jun Cruz Reyes, “Mula Kay Tandang Iskong Basahan”
Alfonso Mendoza, “Silang mga Estatwa sa Buhay ni Valentin Dacuycoy”
Tula
Special Prizes:
Rolando S. Tinio, “12 Tula”
Jose Carreon, “Ang Pamumuno ni Abunnawa”
Rosalinda Pineda, “Genesis at Iba pang Tula”
Lualhati Alvero, “Isang Tungkal na Alabok”
Mar. Al Tiburcio, “Nagbabalik ang Dakilang mga Gabi”
Gloria Villaraza Guzman, “Namimintana Ako”
Alberto S. Cruz, “Sino ang Bulag at Iba Pang Tula”
Bienvenido Lumbera, “Sunog sa Lipa at Iba Pang Tula”
Simon Mercado, “Tatlong Tula”
Victor V. Francisco, “Tsinataklipan: Ugat ng Angkan”
Dulang May Isang Yugto
Special Prizes:
Manuel Pambid, “Buhay Batilyo”
Mars D. Cavestany Jr., “Isang Palabas”
Bienvenido Noriega Jr., “Kulay Rosas na Mura ang Isang Pangarap”
Benjamin P. Pascual, “Luha Para sa Yumao”
Reuel Molina Aguila, “Sidewalk Vendor”
References
Sources
Palanca Awards
1975 literary awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%20Palanca%20Awards |
The Matra MS80 was the fourth Formula One car produced by Matra (following the MS9, MS10 and MS11). The Ford Cosworth DFV-powered car (engine 3000 cc, estimated at around ) took Jackie Stewart to the Formula One World Championship title in 1969.
The car, designed under the direction of Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer, was built at Matra's Formula One base at Vélizy-Villacoublay in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, though the final completion with the Cosworth engine was done in the Tyrrell workshop of East Horsley near Ripley, UK. A major change from the MS10 was the location of the fuel cell, which was moved from behind the driver and placed in sidepods by the driver's hips, giving the car a slight 'Coke bottle' appearance. The rocker-arm front suspension was replaced by outboard springs, with a parallel link set up on the rear suspension. Apart from Ferrari cars, the Matra MS80 is the only non-British built car to win the Formula One World Constructors' Championship (the French-licensed constructor Renault, the Austrian-licensed constructor Red Bull and the German-licensed constructor Mercedes built their winning cars in the UK) as well as the only car built in France to help a driver win the World Drivers' Championship.
Although officially a Matra, it was run by the privateer Matra International team of Ken Tyrrell and, as such, remains the only car not entered by a works team to win the Formula One World Constructors' Championship as well as to help a driver win the World Drivers' Championship. The MS80 was one of the first F1 racing cars to be designed with "wings" for downforce to increase high-speed tyre grip. These were originally introduced into F1 in 1968. Due to some serious racing accidents with the flimsy 1969-type high wing constructions early in the racing season, like all 1969 F1 cars the MS80 was altered to use more sturdy lowered wings, directly attached to the car's body, later on.
Only two MS80's were assembled in 1969, a third monocoque was built but remained un-assembled until the EPAF company made it a complete car in 2006. In a 2006 issue of Motor Sport magazine, Jackie Stewart referred to the MS80 as the nicest-handling F1 car he had ever driven.
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
1 Includes 9 points scored using a Matra MS10 and 1 point scored using a Matra MS84.
References
External links
Pictures of the MS80
Matra MS080
Formula One championship-winning cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matra%20MS80 |
Carl Alfred Erhardt (15 February 1897 in Beckenham, Kent, United Kingdom – 3 May 1988) was an English ice hockey player who captained the British national team to numerous international championships in the 1930s, including Olympic gold at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Erhardt was elected to the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950, and was posthumously elected to the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1998.
Early years
Unlike most British hockey players of the era, Erhardt did not grow up in Canada. Rather, he learned the game of hockey while attending school in Germany and Switzerland as a boy. Erhardt was a passionate defenseman, sometimes playing in excess of 40 minutes each game. An excellent athlete, Erhardt also excelled at tennis, skiing and water-skiing, and founded the British Water Ski Federation.
National team success
Erhardt was a member of the European and World Championship teams in 1931, the World Championship team in 1934 and 1935, and the captain of the team which won the European and World Championships, along with Olympic gold, in 1936. Of the twelve members of the 1936 team, Erhardt was one of only two that had not either been born or learned the game in Canada. Thirty-nine years old at the time, Erhardt is the oldest man ever to win an Olympic gold in ice hockey. The British defeated the prohibitive favourites, the Canadians, in capturing Great Britain's first and only gold medal in ice hockey.
Later life and honors
After his Olympic success, Erhardt retired from hockey. He wrote a book in 1937 titled Ice Hockey, became a referee, and joined the council of the British Ice Hockey Association, of which he became a lifetime vice-president. Erhardt was elected to the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950, and was posthumously elected to the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2012, the UK Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL) named one of its two newly introduced conferences after him.
See also
Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics
References
External links
Playing Games with the Nazis
Carl Erhardt at Ice Hockey Journalists UK
1897 births
1988 deaths
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
English ice hockey players
English Olympic medallists
Great Britain men's national ice hockey team coaches
Ice hockey players at the 1936 Winter Olympics
IIHF Hall of Fame inductees
Medalists at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for Great Britain
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Sportspeople from Beckenham
Sportspeople from London
Sportspeople from Kent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Erhardt |
IGPA may refer to:
The Internet Gambling Prohibition Act, a 1999 bill in the US Senate to ban Internet gambling.
Indice Global de Precios de Acciones a Chilean stock index. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGPA |
WTZT-CD, virtual and VHF digital channel 11, branded on-air as ZTV11, is a low-powered, Class A Cozi TV-affiliated television station licensed to Athens, Alabama, United States. Founded on November 2, 1988, the station is owned by Jamie Cooper and wife Gloria, both of whom also host a morning show on the station. Despite its status as a Class A broadcaster, the station can be seen on numerous cable systems in northern Alabama.
Cooper began his broadcasting career with the Huntsville City Schools ETV unit in 1974. Some years later, he began doing human interest features on the newscasts of Huntsville ABC affiliate WAAY-TV (channel 31) under the name "The Country Rover". This led to another show on the station in the early 1990s, WAAY Too Early, a comedy-variety program, which he co-hosted with then-weather anchor Gary Dobbs. Cooper later left to be on his own, first brokering the show, now titled Cooper and Company, to Huntsville's WAFF-TV (channel 48) and later Florence's WOWL-TV (channel 15; now WHDF). The current version on his station features a variety of music, comedy, sports reports, and cooking segments.
WTZT-CD carries a mix of programming consisting of sports, movies, children's shows, religious programs, classic television reruns, home improvement programs, and a few other variety programs. The station also airs Cooper's Country Rover reports from the 1980s, repackaged into an hour of episodes; sometimes other locally produced programs air on ZTV-11 also.
Before Cooper purchased the station, it was owned by Athens Broadcasting, along with WVNN and WZYP radio stations, both longtime properties of the Bill and Mary Dunnavant family.
External links
TZT-CD
Cozi TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1988
TZT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTZT-CD |
Drug war(s) may refer to:
Media
Drug War (film), a Chinese-Hong Kong action thriller film
Drug Wars: The Camarena Story, a 1990 TV mini-series based on Elaine Shannon's book Desperados and the Time article of the same name
Drug Wars (video game), a turn-based strategy computer game
By country
Bangladesh drug war, an ongoing campaign against alleged drug dealers and users by the government of Bangladesh
Mexican drug war, an ongoing asymmetric low-intensity conflict between the Mexican government and various drug trafficking syndicates
Philippine drug war, the drug policy of the Philippine government under President Rodrigo Duterte
United States
War on drugs, a campaign, led by the U.S. federal government, of drug prohibition, military aid, and military intervention
Miami drug war, a series of armed conflicts in the 1970s and 1980s
See also
War on Drugs (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20wars |
Thorhild is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Thorhild County. It is located at the intersection of Highway 18 and Highway 827, approximately north-by-east of the City of Edmonton.
Thorhild was formerly a village until April 1, 2009, when it dissolved and became a hamlet within the County of Thorhild No. 7. It originally incorporated as a village on December 31, 1949. The Alberta and Great Waterways Railway paid $480 for the original townsite on July 16, 1914, and a Royal Mail Canada post office was immediately placed in the community.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Thorhild had a population of 391 living in 173 of its 214 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 531. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Thorhild had a population of 531 living in 244 of its 270 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 488. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of former urban municipalities in Alberta
List of hamlets in Alberta
References
Designated places in Alberta
Former villages in Alberta
Hamlets in Alberta
Populated places disestablished in 2009
Thorhild County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorhild%2C%20Alberta |
"What Would You Do?" is a song by American hip hop trio City High. It was released in March 2001 as the lead single from their self-titled debut album (2001). The track was originally included on the 1999 soundtrack of the film Life, starring Eddie Murphy and Martin Lawrence. The version of the song on their debut album differs from that included on the Life soundtrack, as it features a sample of Dr. Dre's hit song "The Next Episode".
"What Would You Do?" peaked at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100, number two in Australia and Ireland, and number three in the United Kingdom. The song was nominated for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in the 2002 edition of the Grammys but lost to Destiny's Child's "Survivor".
Content
The song, along with the accompanying music video, was likely intended as a motivational anthem for single parents dealing with poverty and especially acknowledging all the single mothers who feel forced into prostitution due to the need to support their children. It encourages them to keep strong and keep going on for the sake of their loved ones. However, it has also come under criticism for its victim-blaming approach, for example the verse where the woman is accused of making "tired excuses".
Track listings
US CD single
"What Would You Do?" (album version)
"What Would You Do?" (instrumental)
"Caramel" (snippet)
"Best Friends" (snippet)
"Didn't Ya" (snippet)
UK CD single
"What Would You Do?" (album version) – 2:50
"It Ain't the Same" – 3:41
"What Would You Do?" (X-Men vocal remix) – 4:22
"What Would You Do?" (CD-ROM video) – 3:18
UK 12-inch single
A1. "What Would You Do?" (album version) – 2:50
A2. "What Would You Do?" (instrumental mix) – 2:48
B1. "What Would You Do?" (X-Men remix) – 4:22
UK cassette single
"What Would You Do?" (album version) – 2:50
"What Would You Do?" (X-Men vocal remix) – 4:22
European CD single
"What Would You Do?" (album version)
"What Would You Do?" (X-Men remix)
Australian CD single
"What Would You Do?" (album version)
"What Would You Do?" (X-Men remix)
"What Would You Do?" (instrumental)
"What Would You Do?" (video)
Credits and personnel
Credits are taken from the City High liner notes.
Studios
Recorded at Trackhouse Recording Studios and Booga Basement (New Jersey, US)
Mixed and mastered at The Hit Factory (New York City)
Personnel
Robby Pardlo – writing, production
Ryan Toby – writing, production
Andre Young – writing
Calvin Broadus – writing
Brian Bailey – writing
Wyclef Jean – production
Jerry "Wonda" Duplessis – production
Serge "Sergical" Tsai – mixing, engineering
Joe Yannece – mastering
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
1999 songs
2001 debut singles
City High songs
Interscope Records singles
Song recordings produced by Jerry Duplessis
Song recordings produced by Wyclef Jean
Songs about parenthood
Songs written by Dr. Dre
Songs written by Ryan Toby
Songs written by Snoop Dogg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Would%20You%20Do%3F%20%28City%20High%20song%29 |
Chumak () was a historical and traditional wagon-based trading occupation in the territory of modern Ukraine in the late Medieval and early Modern periods of history. It involved the delivery of goods (salt, fish, grain, and others) for the purpose of long-distance sales using carts (wagons) harnessed to oxen.
Chumaks developed as a merchant class facilitating the trade in salt from the areas of Halychyna as well as the coastal areas of Black and Azov Seas, in addition to other items.
They prospered until the end of the 19th century, when competition from railroads made longer trade-routes unprofitable. Chumaks transported goods in wagons pulled by two oxen paired with a yoke. The oxen were often of the Bessarabian breed.
Chumaks operated most commonly during the times of the Cossack Hetmanate (17th century), trading between the Moscow state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Crimean Khanate, and Moldavia. Modernization marginalized traditional economic activity, and relegated Chumak traders to areas in western Ukraine with the lowest levels of service.
Influence on Ukrainian culture
The chumak way of life had great influence on Ukrainian folklore, language, and overall culture, due to the hardships and perils inherent in that trade.
In the Ukrainian language the Milky Way is called the Chumaks' Way. There is a Ukrainian surname Chumak.
Chumak traders featured prominently in Ukrainian folklore and fables. They feature in the literal as well as artistic works of Taras Shevchenko (1814-1861), of the Crimean-Armenian painter Ivan Aivazovsky (1817-1900), and in the song Ukraina by Taras Petrynenko (1953- ).
See also
Zaporozhian Sich
References
External links
Chumak's roads by A.Basargina, a senior scientist at the Belgorod State Museum of Folk Culture (YouTube)
History of salt
Historical economic occupations
Business occupations
Economic history of Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumak |
Future Thought Productions is a creative animation studio that creates, produces or contributes to film, television, web and mobile animation.
It is amongst the first studios in the world to have employed Macromedia's Flash software for the UNICEF television series Meena, with veteran Indian animator Ram Mohan in 2002. The show was a UNICEF effort to empower the girl child in South Asia and provide valuable education concerning problems related to the developing nation's children. The character has become a role model for girls in South Asia.
Thereafter, Future Thought was involved in a global effort to produce a series of public service announcements (PSAs) that would promote the prevention of HIV-AIDS through twenty comic, humorous shorts named The Three Amigos. The series has been a success throughout the world; it has been broadcast in over 20 languages, reaching several million youth aged 16 to 24. The Reverend Archbishop Desmond Tutu lent his support to the project. The series won the Golden Reel at the Chicago Film Festival and the Grand Festival Award at the Berkeley Film and Video Festival in 2004.
In 2006, Future Thought Productions contributed a 19-minute animated segment called That Darn Jesus (for the feature film Universal Remote), which is amongst the first known uses of Adobe's Flash software for the theatrical screen in full HD. Future Thought Productions have been involved in over twenty television, web and mobile projects in both Flash and 3D (computer generated animation) that have been broadcast in over 60 countries across North America, Europe and Asia since 1997.
Future Thought has won accolades at the Promax & BDA Awards (for a series of IDs produced for Nick Philippines), the Hollywood Film Festival (for Haptics, a 3D short film), and the Foyle Film Festival.
Future Thought has also been involved as a co-producer in the pre-school show OzieBoo!, which has distribution to 100 territories around the world. Future Thought's latest project Crime Time is a series of animated shorts with multi-platform distribution.
Productions
Crime Time
Bizarre Love Trangle
Feliz Navidad
External links
Future Thought Productions - official site
Future Thought Productions at the Internet Movie Database
References
Indian animation studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future%20Thought%20Productions |
Damien "Chipper" Adkins (born 9 March 1981) is an Australian rules footballer formerly with the Collingwood and West Coast Eagles Football Clubs in the AFL. He currently plays for the Frankston Football Club in the Victorian Football League.
Collingwood
Adkins was drafted by Collingwood with pick 50 in the 1998 AFL Draft. He played his first game for Collingwood in round 1, 2000. Adkins won a Rising Star nomination after collecting 19 disposals and kicking 2 goals in his third game, a match against Carlton in round 3, 2000.
Adkins played 18 of a possible 22 games in his debut season. However, injury and form saw Adkins play only 4 games between 2001 and 2002.
West Coast
After the 2002 season, Adkins was traded to the West Coast Eagles in return for Andrew Williams. Adkins played 32 games, including an elimination final, for the Eagles between 2003 and 2005. Adkins, for the second time in his career, missed selection for an AFL Grand Final when West Coast made the 2005 Grand Final.
Frankston VFL
Once Adkins left the Eagles at the end of 2006, he returned to Victoria to play in the VFL for Frankston, unfortunately the injury that ended his AFL career and the subsequent surgery was unsuccessful and he required further surgery and never made the field for Frankston.
Meeniyan Dumbalk United
After a couple of seasons in the VAFA with Collegians, Adkins return to his home football club MDU in 2010 where he played for a number of seasons with his mates.
External links
1981 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Collingwood Football Club players
West Coast Eagles players
Living people
Frankston Football Club players
Leongatha Football Club players
Perth Football Club players
Gippsland Power players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien%20Adkins |
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a 1945 American drama film that marked the debut of Elia Kazan as a dramatic film director. Adapted by Tess Slesinger and Frank Davis from the 1943 novel by Betty Smith, the film focuses on an impoverished but aspirational, second-generation Irish-American family living in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, in the early 20th century. Peggy Ann Garner received the Academy Juvenile Award for her performance as Francie Nolan, the adolescent girl at the center of the coming-of-age story. Other stars are Dorothy McGuire, Joan Blondell, Lloyd Nolan, Ted Donaldson, and James Dunn, who received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Francie's father.
The screenplay was adapted for radio in 1949, for a musical play in 1951, and for a television film in 1974. In 2010, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Plot
The film depicts several months in the life of the Nolans, an Irish American family living in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn in 1912. The film covers a much shorter timespan than the book, which ranges from before Francie is born until after she turns 16. The film focuses on the time when Francie is around 13 years old.
Katie Nolan is a hard-working housewife who scrubs the floors of her tenement building and collects rags for sale to a scrap fabric dealer in order to provide for her family. She's married to Johnny Nolan, a happy-go-lucky, charming man who means well, but dreams his way through life, rather than find steady employment. He is also an alcoholic. On the rare occasions he finds work as a singing waiter, everything he earns usually ends up in his drinking, much to Katie's despair. The couple have two children: 13-year-old Francie, who idolizes her father; and 12-year-old Neeley. Tense and frustrated, Katie is often sharper with the children than she means to be, while Johnny is gentle, generous, and indulgent, especially with Francie.
Katie's sister, Sissy, is a sassy, free-spirited woman who has recently married for the third time. Katie learns this from gossipy insurance agent Mr. Barker when he comes by to collect the Nolans' weekly premium. Scandalized and embarrassed, Katie cuts off her relationship with Sissy, which makes the children, who love their unconventional aunt, unhappy. Francie is also worried that the building's landlord has cut too many branches off the tree in the tenement's courtyard, which Francie and her father call the Tree of Heaven, and that it may die. But when she points this out to Johnny, he explains the cutting back is necessary and the tree will grow again.
In the meantime, a police officer new to the neighborhood, Officer McShane, encounters Sissy and the children one afternoon. When he meets Katie, he is enchanted. A few days later, however, he learns Johnny (drunk after an argument with his wife) is Katie's husband, and is devastated to realize Katie is married.
The children's grandmother Rommely often tells them about her immigration to the United States, and how important education is in life. While Neeley isn't interested in books and school, Francie is a bright child who is always reading, thinking about what she reads and observes, and eager to learn. One Sunday, Francie persuades her father to go for a walk and shows him a nicer school in a nearby neighborhood which she'd like to attend. She helps her father write a letter to the principal requesting a transfer, and is accepted.
Meanwhile, Katie moves the family into a smaller, cheaper apartment on the top floor, angering her husband who thinks she is being stingy. In fact, Katie is pregnant and worried how they will support another child. Sissy also becomes pregnant, and she and Katie reconcile shortly before Christmas. The families celebrate a happy, poignant Christmas together, with the children bringing home a discarded tree, and later that night, Katie tells Johnny she is pregnant. She suggests that Francie drop out of school to work. Since Johnny understands how much being in school means to his daughter, he feels desperate to find a job. Despite the fact that it's snowing hard, Johnny goes out determined to find work but fails to return.
A week later, Officer McShane comes to the apartment to deliver the bad news that Johnny died of pneumonia while looking for work. Francie blames her mother for her father's death, but the births of Sissy's and Katie's babies help ease tensions in the household. To provide financial help, a sympathetic tavern owner, Mr. McGarrity, gives Francie and Neeley after-school jobs.
During Katie's labor, at home because they cannot afford the hospital birth Sissy had, Francie is her mother's greatest help and comfort. Katie asks Francie to read some of her creative writing essays, and confides how much she misses Johnny. The shared experience brings mother and daughter closer. When the baby is born, a little girl, Katie names her Annie Laurie, after the song Johnny once sang to them.
The following June, both children graduate from their respective schools on the same day. Katie attends Neeley's graduation, while Sissy goes to Francie's. Using money Johnny gave her for safekeeping back in December, Sissy gives Francie a bouquet of flowers from her father, along with a congratulatory card that Johnny wrote himself. Francie, who has bottled up her grief for many months, finally breaks down.
After the graduation ceremonies, the family reunites at the ice cream shop to celebrate. While there, some boys who know Neeley come by their table. One teenager in particular is very interested in Francie, and asks her to a movie the next day, her first date.
When the Nolans return home, they find Officer McShane babysitting Annie Laurie together with Sissy's husband and his baby. McShane has been waiting to propose to Katie, who accepts. McShane also asks to adopt Annie Laurie and give her his last name. Francie and Neeley think Annie Laurie's life with McShane as a father will be much easier, but not nearly as much fun.
The film ends as Francie sees the courtyard tree begin to grow again, just as her father said it would.
Cast
Dorothy McGuire as Katie Nolan
Joan Blondell as Aunt Sissy
James Dunn as Johnny Nolan
Lloyd Nolan as Officer McShane
James Gleason as McGarrity
Ted Donaldson as Neeley Nolan
Peggy Ann Garner as Francie Nolan
Ruth Nelson as Miss McDonough
John Alexander as Steve Edwards
B.S. Pully as Christmas tree vendor
Ferike Boros as Grandma Rommely (uncredited)
Charles Halton as Mr. Barker, insurance agent (uncredited)
Production
Development
The film rights to Betty Smith's novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn were the focus of a studio bidding war even before the book's publication in 1943. 20th Century Fox acquired the rights for $55,000. The screenplay was written by Tess Slesinger and Frank Davis, a married couple who often worked together. The film marked the Hollywood drama film debut of Elia Kazan, who had previously achieved renown as a stage director. It was also the first Hollywood film for Nicholas Ray, who was credited as a dialogue coach.
The Production Code Administration initially refused to grant approval to the screenplay due to "the bigamous characterization of Sissy", who appears to be remarrying men even before her previous husbands have died. The screenplay was finally approved in May 1944, although Production Code officials issued "further warnings that Sissy's 'false philosophy' regarding the nature of love and marriage should be toned down". The studio did soften Sissy's characterization due to a libel suit filed by Smith's cousin, Sadie Grandner, who claimed that the character had been based on her and that she had suffered "scorn and ridicule" as a result. 20th Century Fox settled out of court with Grandner for the sum of $1,500.
Casting
20th Century Fox originally intended to cast Alice Faye in the lead role as Katie Nolan. As she was unavailable, Gene Tierney was called for a screen test. Ultimately, Dorothy McGuire, who was only 16 years older than the actress who played her daughter Francie, was cast in the role. The studio originally considered casting an older actress in the role of Francie, since the part was so demanding, but director Elia Kazan insisted on a child performer and Peggy Ann Garner was signed.
A months-long talent search was launched for the part of Johnny Nolan. Phil Regan was considered for the role, but several months later James Dunn was signed. According to The Hollywood Reporter, "Dunn was tested twice, once at the beginning of the search, and again after all other possibilities had been abandoned and it was certain no top box office name would be available". Dunn's critically acclaimed performance turned out to be "a personal triumph" for the actor, who had not appeared in a major studio film for the past five years.
Filming
Production took place between May 1 and August 2, 1944. Filmed on the 20th Century Fox lot, a full stage was taken up with a four-story replica of a tenement house. Described as "the most elaborate and, mechanically speaking, costly set to be used", it included elevators that enabled the camera to pan up and down the flights of stairs in some scenes. The tree of the film's title has been identified as an ailanthus glandulosa. Despite the heat generated by the Klieg lights, the tree survived the filming and was re-planted elsewhere on the studio lot.
20th Century Fox executive Stan Hough later estimated the production budget at $3.6 million.
Release
The film was released in February 1945. It was first viewed by United States troops based in Manila. It had its West Coast premiere in a showing benefiting the Naval Aid Auxiliary.
The film grossed $3 million in box office receipts.
Critical reception
The film was widely praised by critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called it "a vastly affecting film" and praised the "generally excellent cast", singling out Garner, who "with her plain face and lank hair, is Miss Smith's Francie Nolan to the life", and Dunn, who portrays her father with a "deep and sympathetic tenderness". Crowther added: "In the radiant performance by these two actors of a dreamy adoration between father and child is achieved a pictorial demonstration of emotion that is sublimely eloquent". He also praised the "easy naturalness" with which Kazan directs. A Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph review called Garner's performance "astonishingly superb" and said Dunn's portrayal "has the mark of greatness about it". The Star Tribune acknowledged McGuire for lending "intelligence and depth to a role which, in the hands of a less capable player, might have been shallow and lifeless". This review also complimented the studio for successfully transferring the novel to the screen, managing to trim the novel's scope without distorting the story or message. Variety praised Kazan's direction for handling the potentially tragic story of the overcrowded and poverty-stricken Brooklyn tenements capably and not letting the film become "maudlin". A modern review by Leonard Maltin calls the film "perfect in every detail".
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn was recognized as one of the ten best films of the year by the National Board of Review, Time, and The New York Times, among others.
Accolades
The film won in one acting category, earned an honorary juvenile award, and received a nomination for adapted screenplay at the 18th Academy Awards:
In 2010, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated
Adaptations
James Dunn and Connie Marshall starred in a CBS Radio adaptation of A Tree Grows in Brooklyn that aired on April 28, 1949, on Hallmark Playhouse. A musical play of the novel co-written by Betty Smith and George Abbott debuted on April 19, 1951, in New York. Joan Blondell reprised her role as Sissy in the road company version of this play, which opened on October 9, 1952.
The screenplay was adapted for a 1974 NBC television film directed by Joseph Hardy and starring Cliff Robertson, Diane Baker, Pamelyn Ferdin, and James Olson.
Home media
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn was released on Region 1 DVD as part of the 20th Century Fox Home Video box set, The Elia Kazan Collection (2010).
Citations
General sources
External links
1945 directorial debut films
1945 drama films
1945 films
20th Century Fox films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films about alcoholism
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Elia Kazan
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Films set in Brooklyn
Films set in New York City
Films set in the 1900s
United States National Film Registry films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Tree%20Grows%20in%20Brooklyn%20%281945%20film%29 |
James Ware Bradbury (June 10, 1802January 6, 1901) was a United States Senator from Maine.
Born in Parsonsfield, Maine, he attended the common schools and Gorham Academy. After graduating from Bowdoin College in 1825, he became principal of Hallowell Academy and founder of the first normal school in New Hampshire, at Effingham, New Hampshire, in 1829.
He then studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Augusta, Maine, in 1830. There he was for a time editor of the Maine Patriot, and was prosecuting attorney for the county from 1834 until 1838. He was a member of the Baltimore convention of 1844, which nominated James K. Polk for the presidency.
He was elected in 1846 as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1847, until March 3, 1853, when he declined to be a candidate for reelection (returning, at the close of his term, to the practice of his profession). While in the Senate he chaired the U.S. Senate Committee on Printing and the U.S. Senate Committee on Retrenchment. He was chairman of a select committee on French spoliations.
He served as a trustee of Bowdoin College in 1861 and was corresponding secretary of the Maine Historical Society and then president of that body from 1867 to 1887.
Upon the death of former Iowa senator George Wallace Jones in 1896, Bradbury became the last living person who served in the Senate during the 32nd Congress.
See also
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 83: First Normal School in New Hampshire
References
Sources
Bio of James S. Bradbury: As found in Representative Men of Maine
1802 births
1901 deaths
Maine Democrats
Maine lawyers
Bowdoin College alumni
19th-century American newspaper editors
Democratic Party United States senators from Maine
People from Parsonsfield, Maine
People from Augusta, Maine
19th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20W.%20Bradbury |
Jim or James Bradbury may refer to:
James W. Bradbury (1802–1901), United States Senator from Maine
James Bradbury Sr. (1857–1940), American character actor in D. W. Griffith's Abraham Lincoln (1930 film)
James Bradbury Jr. (1894–1936), American actor, son of above
Jim Bradbury (born 1937), British military historian
See also
James Bradberry (born 1993), American football cornerback for New York Giants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Bradbury |
Thorsby is a town in central Alberta, Canada. It is approximately west of the Leduc on Highway 39. Pigeon Lake and Pigeon Lake Provincial Park are located south of the community.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Thorsby had a population of 967 living in 405 of its 442 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 985. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The population of the Town of Thorsby according to its 2017 municipal census is 1,015, a change of from its 2015 municipal census population of 1,025.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Thorsby recorded a population of 985 living in 394 of its 428 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 951. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Economy
The Town of Thorsby is a member of the Leduc-Nisku Economic Development Association, an economic development partnership that markets Alberta's International Region in proximity to the Edmonton International Airport.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of towns in Alberta
Rundle's Mission
References
External links
1949 establishments in Alberta
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
Leduc County
Towns in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorsby%2C%20Alberta |
The City Hall station is a local station on the BMT Broadway Line of the New York City Subway in Tribeca and Civic Center, Manhattan. It is served by the R train all times except late nights, when the N train takes over service. The W train serves this station on weekdays only.
History
The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company's, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT)'s, Broadway Line was built as four tracks south to City Hall, where the local tracks were to terminate on the upper level, and the express tracks were to use the lower level, curving through Vesey Street into Church Street. However, the final plan had the express tracks splitting at Canal Street and passing under the northbound local track to the Manhattan Bridge. The tracks via Canal Street and the Manhattan Bridge were supposed to be a crosstown line continuing further west, but the Broadway Line connection allowed through operation from the BMT Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn to go into operation more than a year earlier than would otherwise have been possible. As such, the express tracks north of Canal Street were connected to the Manhattan Bridge instead. The tunnel south of City Hall was rebuilt to bring the upper local tracks down to the lower level north of Vesey Street, and the lower level at City Hall was never used for passenger service, instead being used for train storage.
The Broadway Line, initially comprising a short section north of Canal Street, was extended south to Rector Street on January 5, 1918, including the City Hall station. Local service henceforth ran between Times Square and Rector Street. The station's platforms originally could only fit six cars. In 1926, the New York City Board of Transportation received bids for the lengthening of platforms at nine stations on the Broadway Line, including the City Hall station, to accommodate eight-car trains. Edwards & Flood submitted a low bid of $101,775 for the project. The platform-lengthening project was completed in 1927, bringing the length of the platforms to . The city government took over the BMT's operations on June 1, 1940.
Station layout
Upper level
There are two tracks and a very wide island platform. The northbound track is located under City Hall Park, while the southbound track is under the east side of Broadway.
There is an active tower at the north end, with a window that lets any waiting passengers observe Transit Authority goings-on. The platform tapers off toward the southern end, where the northbound and southbound portions join. The station's configuration, and the wide-open staircases to the sky above, is responsible for another distinguishing feature: the number of birds that fly into and around the station.
This station was overhauled in the late 1970s, changing the station's structure and overall appearance. It replaced the original wall tiles, old signs, and incandescent lighting with more modern wall tiles, signs and fluorescent lights, as well as fixing staircases and platform edges.
Before the new City Hall master tower was built, there was a provision at the north end of the upper level for a diamond crossover (which has existed since the construction of this station, when the upper level platform was to be a terminal) which is now occupied by a relay room. At the south end of the station, the uptown track curves away from the wall; this dates from the original construction when the upper level was converted from a terminal, with presumably a straight line, to a through station with a single two-track tunnel.
Immediately south of this station, the line utilizes a sharp reverse curve, first turning west under Vesey Street, then turning south under Church Street toward Cortlandt Street.
Exits
The fare control area is located in the center of the platform and fenced off from the rest of the platform area, has exits on either end. At the north end, two exits lead to the east side of Broadway at Warren Street, and at the south end, one exit leads to the east side of Broadway at Murray Street. Passengers enter from the sidewalk adjacent to City Hall Park directly onto the wide island platform on the upper level.
An exit at the south end of the platform led to the Woolworth Building, but this was closed in 1982 due to concerns over crime.
Lower level
The City Hall station is a bi-level station, with an unused two-island platform, three-track lower level reachable from a single staircase from about the center of the in-use upper platform. The staircase leads to the western platform; the eastern platform was never finished and does not have a usable stairway. The middle track in the lower level station was to be used for short turns from either direction depending on the service pattern, with a layout much like that at Whitehall Street–South Ferry station further south.
It was initially intended that the local trains were to terminate on the upper level, while the express trains using the lower level would continue on through lower Manhattan and then through the Montague Street Tunnel. However, plans were changed before construction ended. As a result, the lower level of the station is unused (except for non-rush hour storage of trains), as are the stub-end center express tracks at Canal Street on its upper level (the connections to which were instead "temporarily" rerouted to the Manhattan Bridge for service across that bridge). Another effect of this change is that the southern end of the upper level station slopes downward. This is a result of platform lengthening and rerouting the upper level downward toward the south, rather than letting the lower level stay at the same elevation and continue south through lower Manhattan. The lower level floor continues south of the station until it disappears under the increasingly low ceiling under the ramps carrying the upper level downgrade. The lower level was never used for passenger service or even finished with tiles and signage. Only the western platform was fully completed; the shorter eastern platform was never finished.
The lower level is only long enough to store 8-car trains, with cars of lengths, like the platforms in the BMT Eastern Division. Only two of the three tracks are usable: the westernmost and the center tracks, which are used to store trains. The easternmost track on the lower level is unusable as it has no third rail; it was removed at an unknown date.
In popular culture
In Chuck Hogan and Guillermo del Toro's novel The Strain, it is by trekking through the disused City Hall station's lower levels that Dr. Goodweather, Setrakian and Fet find their way towards the Master's lair. Though not mentioned by name, the station also appears in episode 11 of the TV series' first season.
References
Further reading
External links
Station Reporter — N Train
Station Reporter — R Train
Abandoned Stations — City Hall (BMT) lower level
Broadway and Murray Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Broadway and Warren Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Platform from Google Maps Street View
BMT Broadway Line stations
Broadway (Manhattan)
New York City Subway stations in Manhattan
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1918
1918 establishments in New York City
Civic Center, Manhattan
Tribeca | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20Hall%20station%20%28BMT%20Broadway%20Line%29 |
No. 43 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) maritime patrol and mine-laying squadron that operated during World War II. Raised in early 1943, the squadron flew Catalina aircraft from bases in Queensland and the Northern Territory, flying mine-laying, convoy-protection and bombing sorties against Japanese targets in the Pacific theatre. These operations saw it operate as far north as the Chinese coast. After the conclusion of hostilities, the squadron was disbanded in mid-1946.
History
No. 43 Squadron was formed at Bowen in Queensland on 1 May 1943, initially under the command of Flight Lieutenant I.L. Addison. It subsequently moved to Karumba in August. The squadron's first commanding officer was Squadron Leader Charles Thompson, who took over soon after. Equipped with Catalina aircraft, the squadron flew its first operational patrols on 8 September, with four aircraft conducting strikes against targets in Ambon.
The squadron was initially allocated a general reconnaissance role; however, like all the RAAF's Catalina units the squadron also operated in mine-laying, bombing and supply-dropping roles. As well as flying convoy protection and anti-submarine patrols along the Australian east coast the squadron conducted offensive operations against Japanese shipping in the Solomon Islands and the eastern islands of the Netherlands East Indies, with a detachment maintained at Bowen during this time.
After moving to Darwin in the Northern Territory in April 1944 the squadron became part of No. 76 Wing RAAF along with Nos. 20 and 42 Squadrons. On 10 May 1944, Squadron Leader L.M. Hurt took over as commanding officer, but was soon replaced by Squadron Leader P.J. McMahon in July. After this, they operated almost exclusively in the mine laying role. Operating alongside the other Catalina squadrons, No. 43 Squadron conducted mine laying operations throughout South East Asia, venturing as far as the Philippines, Hong Kong and the Chinese coast. Aircraft from the squadron flew up to 25 hours on such missions, often staging through airfields as far away as Morotai.
The squadron also undertook air-sea rescue operations, supporting long-range Allied bombing missions in the Netherlands East Indies from early 1944. It also undertook harassing operations against Japanese installations and conducted anti-shipping missions. A number of aircraft were lost during these and other operations. One of its most significant actions came on the night of 5/6 April 1945, when three No. 43 Squadron Catalinas shadowed the Japanese cruiser Isuzu, which was subsequently sunk by Allied bombers and submarines. Hurt was replaced as commanding officer by Squadron Leader R.M. Seymour on 19 May 1945.
Following the end of the war No. 43 Squadron performed routine patrol and transport flights until moving to RAAF Base Rathmines in November 1945. On 31 January 1946, Squadron Leader A.R. Emslie was appointed commanding officer. No. 43 Squadron was disbanded at Rathmines on 11 March 1946.
References
Citations
Bibliography
43
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
1946 disestablishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%2043%20Squadron%20RAAF |
Edmund Heines (21 July 1897 – 30 June 1934) was a German Nazi politician and Deputy to Ernst Röhm, the Stabschef of the Sturmabteilung (SA). Heines was one of the earliest members of the Nazi Party and a leading member of the SA in Munich, participating in the Beer Hall Putsch and becoming a notorious enforcer of the party. He held several high-ranking positions in the Nazi administration until he was executed during the Night of the Long Knives in June 1934.
Early life
Edmund Heines was born on 21 July 1897 in Munich, the illegitimate child of Helene Martha Heines and Lieutenant Edmund von Parish, a native of Hamburg from a merchant family for whom she was a nanny. In 1903, Martha Heines gave birth to a second child, Oskar Heines, who is also believed to have been fathered by Parish. In 1915, Heines joined the Bavarian Army to fight in World War I after graduating from his Gymnasium, and fought on the Western Front as a field artillery operator. Heines suffered a serious head wound in late 1915, earned the Iron Cross 1st Class and 2nd Class, and was discharged as a Leutnant in 1918.
Political career
After the war, Heines became involved in the Freikorps movement. From 1919 to December, 1922, Heines served as leader of a unit in Freikorps Roßbach that fought in West Prussia and the Baltic States under Gerhard Roßbach. In March 1920, Heines participated in the Kapp Putsch, and relocated to the Mecklenburg-Pomerania area after the coup's failure like most participating Freikorps Roßbach members. In July 1920, Heines was involved in the murder of Willi Schmidt, a 20-year-old farm worker who allegedly wanted to reveal hidden arms caches of the Freikorps. Heines returned to Munich following Schmidt's murder, and in 1922 became Führer of the Munich Ortsgruppe, the local Freikorps Roßbach group. In December 1922, Heines became Member #78 of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), and transferred the Ortsgruppe to the Sturmabteilung (SA), the paramilitary wing of the party. Heines was appointed leader of the Second Battalion in the Munich SA Regiment and soon became one of the SA's leading members. In November 1923, Heines was one of two thousand Nazi that participated in the Beer Hall Putsch, being assigned to take the Hotel Vierjahreszeiten. Heines was sentenced to 15 months imprisonment for his part in the failed coup d'etat and was held, together in the same cell with Adolf Hitler, at Landsberg Prison. Heines was released prematurely in September 1924 while the SA and NSDAP were both still banned, taking over the leadership of the Second Battalion of the Munich Frontbann Regiment until 1925 when he joined the re-legalized SA and NSDAP. From 1925 to August 1926, Heines was federal director of the Schilljugend, a right-wing youth organization founded by Gerhard Roßbach now affiliated with the SA and NSDAP. In 1926, Heines enrolled in Erlangen University to study law, and became a Standartenführer of the SA.
On 22 January 1928, Heines was arrested in Schongau for his involvement in Willi Schmidt's murder in 1920, which was exposed during a blackmail attempt. Heines was transferred to Stettin as the main defendant in the trial for Schmidt's murder. The prosecution demanded the death penalty for Schmidt's murder, but the judgement of the Stettin court was 15 years in prison for manslaughter, later lowered to 5 years. On 15 June 1928, the NSDAP deputy Wilhelm Frick referred to Heines's conviction in a Reichstag speech as "Outflow of infernal Jewish hatred of the front spirit, against the spirit of national resistance." On 14 May 1929 Heines was released from custody by a decision of the Stettin court for a "bail" of 5000 Reichsmarks. In 1929, Heines was also convicted of the murder of communist Conrad Pietrzuch, who had been beaten to death by an SA gang led by Heines. The trial had to be reopened due to a technical error, and Heines soon received an amnesty because of his supposedly "patriotic" motive.
Heines held numerous prominent political positions concurrently with his SA positions. From August 1929 to June 1930 he was the SA-Führer of Standarte X in Munich, the Nazi Party headquarters. He was also an Ortsgruppenleiter (Local District Leader) in the Munich Party organization and served as the Adjutant to Gauleiter Adolf Wagner. From May to August 1930 he was the Gau Propaganda Leader in Gau Groß-Munich under Wagner. From June to November 1930, he was additionally appointed as Acting Gauleiter of Gau Oberpfalz, the Upper Palatinate region of Bavaria. Then in November, he became a staff member in the News and Press Department of the Obersten SA-Führung (Supreme SA Leadership) serving there until April 1931. In September 1930, Heines was elected to the Reichstag for electoral district 8 (Liegnitz) and remained a Reichstag deputy until his death.
Deputy to Ernst Röhm
On 1 May 1931, Heines was appointed Deputy to SA-Stabschef Ernst Röhm, the effective commander of the SA and a close friend of Hitler. Then in July 1931, Heines also became SA-Führer of SA-Gruppe Silesia. After the Nazi seizure of power, Heines was appointed Polizeipräsident (Police President) in Breslau on 25 March 1933. He was also named Deputy Gauleiter to Helmuth Brückner in Gau Silesia. In addition, he became the Special Plenipotentiary to Silesia of the SA Supreme Leadership. In April, he secured a position on the Prussian State Council until it was dissolved in July, but was reappointed on 14 September to the reconstituted Council formed by Prussian Minister-President Hermann Göring. On 20 April 1933 Heines was promoted to SA-Obergruppenführer. In July 1933 he became SA-Führer of the new SA-Obergruppe III with oversight of three SA Gruppe, namely, Berlin-Brandenburg, Ostmark and Silesia. On 15 March 1934, Silesia was raised to the status of an Obergruppe (VIII) and Heines remained in charge. Now at the height of his power, Heines would hold all these posts until his death.
In early 1933, the establishment of Nazi Germany led to Hitler, now with access to the state apparatus including the Reichswehr, no longer requiring or desiring the street fighting antics of the SA, and seeking to marginalize the organization. Röhm was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany as de facto commander of the SA, and considered by Hitler to be one of few people who posed a threat to his leadership. Hitler already had a personal aversion to Heines who, as Röhm's loyal Deputy, was perceived as a threat by extension.
The The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror claimed that a clique of homosexual stormtroopers led by Heines set the Reichstag fire; the convicted arsonist Marinus van der Lubbe remained behind and agreed to accept the sole blame because of his desperation for affection; and Röhm's assistant was killed to cover it up. There was no evidence for these claims, and in fact Heines was in Breslau at the time. Nevertheless, the matter was so politically explosive that it was aired at van der Lubbe's trial in Leipzig.
Death
On 30 June 1934, Heines and many other SA leaders were executed shortly after their arrest during the Night of the Long Knives. Hitler identified Heines as one of the principal members of a "small group of elements which were held together through a like disposition" in his Reichstag speech of 13 July 1934. The SS found Heines in bed with an unidentified eighteen-year-old male SA senior troop leader. Goebbels emphasised this aspect in subsequent Nazi propaganda, justifying the purge as a crackdown on moral turpitude. Heines and five others were executed by a firing squad convened by Sepp Dietrich at Stadelheim Prison. Erich Kempka said in a 1946 interview that Hitler ordered both Heines and his partner taken outside of the hotel and shot. In 1957, Dietrich was sentenced to 18 months in prison by a West German court for his role in the executions of Heines and the other men.
Heines's younger brother, Oskar, was an Obersturmbannführer of the SA, and on the morning of 1 July 1934, he heard a radio report concerning the execution of his brother. Soon after, Oskar Heines and SA-Obersturmbannführer Werner Engels, reported to the Polizeipräsidium in Breslau, where they were immediately placed under arrest by SS men. From there, they were driven that night to a forested area near Deutsch-Lissa (now Wrocław-Leśnica, Poland). At dawn on 2 July 1934, the two were shot on orders of SS-Obergruppenführer Udo von Woyrsch.
Character and attributes
Heines had developed a reputation for brutality as an enforcer of the SA, known for personally killing political opponents of the NSDAP despite his high-ranking status. In his diaries, Joseph Goebbels described Heines as "an unbalanced person, full of storm and urge, a child's head", attributing his violent nature to his background. Contemporary sources often pointed out Heines as being unusually tall and powerfully built but with a contradictory youthful, boyish face.
Awards and decorations
1914 Iron Cross 2nd Class, 11.03.1916
1914 Iron Cross 1st Class, 1916
Military Merit Order (Bavaria) 3rd Class with Crown and Swords, 11.05.1917
Military Merit Order (Bavaria) 4th Class with Swords, 05.07.1918
1918 Wound Badge, 1918
Tiwaz (rune), c.1932
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard, February 1934
Notes
External links
References
1897 births
1934 deaths
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Gauleiters
German Army personnel of World War I
German people convicted of murder
German people convicted of manslaughter
Kapp Putsch participants
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Executed Nazi assassins
Nazis convicted of crimes
Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
Nazis killed during the Night of the Long Knives
People from Bavaria executed by Nazi Germany
Nazis executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad
Politicians from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Politicians from Munich
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Sturmabteilung officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Heines |
Roy Henry Thorpe (December 13, 1874 – September 19, 1951) was an American salesman and Republican Party politician.
Early life and education
He was born near Greensburg, Indiana, on December 13, 1874, and graduated from Greensburg High School. He studied pharmacy, medicine, and law.
Career
As an evangelist, Thorpe was known as "the boy tramp orator of 1896". He worked as a salesman in Du Quoin, Illinois, from 1897 to 1904 and in Shenandoah, Iowa, from 1905 to 1919.
In 1919, Thorpe moved to Lincoln, Nebraska, still working as a salesman. On November 7, 1922, he was elected to the Sixty-seventh United States Congress to fill the seat left open by C. Frank Reavis who resigned to become a special war fraud prosecutor. He did not seek reelection in 1922, but attempted a comeback in 1924 but was defeated by John H. Morehead. He traveled as a sales organizer and later engaged in the insurance business.
Death
He died in Lincoln on September 19, 1951, and is interred in Wyuka Cemetery.
References
External links
1874 births
1951 deaths
People from Greensburg, Indiana
Politicians from Lincoln, Nebraska
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
People from Du Quoin, Illinois
People from Shenandoah, Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20H.%20Thorpe |
Republic Bank & Trust Company is a Louisville, Kentucky-based bank.
History
In 1977, Republic Bank of Shelby County was formed in Shelbyville, Kentucky. Five years later, in 1982, Republic Bank & Trust Company was founded and headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. In 1983, Republic Bank & Trust Company acquired Republic Savings Bank in Benton, Kentucky. In 1994, all three banks were merged under the Republic Bank & Trust Company name.
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the bank opened several banking centers throughout communities in Kentucky. In 1987, the bank's operations were moved to a newly constructed office tower in downtown Louisville.
In 1998, Republic Bancorp, Inc. was formed as a holding company for Republic Bank & Trust Company and an initial public offering of 2.14 million shares of Class A common stock was completed. The company also acquired Refunds Now, a national refund anticipation loan and check provider. In the mid-2000s, Refunds Now's name was changed to Tax Refunds Solutions.
In 1999, Republic Bank started Online Banking Operations, as part of the larger trend of expansion of electronic commerce.
In 2001, Republic Bank & Trust Company of Indiana was formed under Republic Bancorp, Inc. This bank was merged back into the Republic Bank & Trust Company in December 2006.
In the mid-2000s, Republic Bank and Trust began to issue its own title insurance policies as part of its own real estate transactions, as part of the verdict of Countrywide Home Loans Inc. v. Kentucky Bar Ass'n., which established that the issuing of title insurance was not the practice of law.
In October 2006, Republic Bancorp acquired Tampa, Florida-based GulfStream Community Bank for $18.1 million.
In January 2012, Republic Bancorp acquired Tennessee Commerce Bank.
In September 2012, Republic Bancorp acquired First Commercial Bank in Bloomington, MN.
In October 2022, it was announced that Republic Bankcorp would acquire C Bank in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Recognition
In recent years Republic has been recognized in the industry for its performance. In 2009, Sandler O'Neil listed Republic as the 10th best performing bank Over $3 billion in assets, and in 2010 ranked 5th overall in the same list. Republic has been ranked #1 out of 155 mid-size banks by Freddie Mac in 2009 for its servicing of mortgage loans.
Predatory lending
Critics charge that Republic uses aggressive marketing techniques to promote high-interest loans, such as payday loans and tax refund anticipation loans to "hard-up borrowers".
In a February 17, 2006, letter to the bank, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) "cited inherent risks associated with payday lending activities and asked the bank to consider ending this line of business," according to a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. This was prompted by a letter to the FDIC from over 80 national consumer groups complaining about Republic's abusive practices in payday loans.
Half of Republic's income for the first nine months of 2008 was attributed to fees and interest associated with making refund anticipation loans.
Locations
Republic Bank & Trust Company operates banking centers in 5 states: Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, and Florida.
References
External links
Official website
Companies based in Louisville, Kentucky
Banks based in Kentucky
Banks established in 1982
1982 establishments in Kentucky
American companies established in 1982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%20Bank%20%26%20Trust%20Company |
Haymarket Books is a left-wing non-profit, independent book publisher based in Chicago.
History
Haymarket Books was founded in 2001 by Anthony Arnove, Ahmed Shawki and Julie Fain, all of whom had previously worked at the International Socialist Review. Its first title was The Struggle for Palestine, a collection of essays by pro-Palestinian activists including Edward Said. Haymarket aims, in Fain's words, "to be a socialist workplace in a capitalist world".
The name of the publishing house refers to the 1886 Haymarket affair, in which an explosion and ensuing gunfire at a labor demonstration in Chicago resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians. Eight anarchists uninvolved in the bombing were subsequently convicted of conspiracy, of whom seven were sentenced to death.
Haymarket was cited by Publishers Weekly on their list of fast-growing independent publishers in 2017 and 2018. As of 2019, Haymarket publishes 40 to 50 books each season.
Publications
Notable Haymarket authors include Michael Bennett, Noam Chomsky, Angela Davis, Eve Ewing, Naomi Klein, Arundhati Roy, Rebecca Solnit, Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, Howard Zinn, and Dave Zirin. In 2005 Haymarket published the sportswriter Dave Zirin's What's My Name, Fool?, a collection of essays on the relationship between sports and politics. In 2018 Haymarket published José Olivarez's poetry collection Citizen Illegal, which won the Chicago Review of Books award for best poetry and was shortlisted for the PEN/Jean Stein Book Award.
Haymarket is known for publishing "provocative books from the left end of the political spectrum."
References
External links
Publishing companies established in 2001
Book publishing companies based in Illinois
Companies based in Chicago
Small press publishing companies
Socialism in Illinois
Political book publishing companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket%20Books |
Otta is a river in Innlandet county, Norway. The river flows through the Ottadalen valley which includes the municipalities of Skjåk, Lom, Vågå, and Sel. The watershed of the Otta drains an area of beginning in the Breheimen mountains and emptying into the large river Gudbrandsdalslågen. The Otta River is known for rafting. The rafting season begins in mid-May and lasts until the end of September. The Norwegian National Road 15 runs along the river for almost its entire course.
Course
The river technically begins at the lake Djupvatnet in Stranda Municipality which is in Vestland county, about west of the border with Skjåk Municipality in Innlandet county. The river flows through the Billingsdalen valley heading to the east, including through several lakes including the Breiddalsvatnet, Skim, and Vågåvatn. After the Vågåvatn lake at Vågåmo, it enters the Ottadalen valley and heads to the southeast to the town of Otta in Sel Municipality. At Otta, the river joins the large river Gudbrandsdalslågen.
Name
The name of the river is probably derived from the Old Norse verb ótta which means to "scare" or "terrify". The water of the river comes from glaciers, and the flooding of the river can be strong and fierce.
Media gallery
See also
List of rivers in Norway
References
Sel
Vågå
Lom, Norway
Skjåk
Rivers of Innlandet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otta%20%28river%29 |
Tilley is a hamlet in southern Alberta, Canada within the County of Newell. It is located approximately 22 km southeast of the City of Brooks and 78 km northwest of the City of Medicine Hat.
History
Founded in 1910 during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway main line, Tilley was incorporated as a village on May 9, 1940. It dissolved from village status on August 31, 2013 to become a hamlet under the jurisdiction of the County of Newell.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Tilley had a population of 318 living in 132 of its 144 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 364. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The population of Tilley according to the 2020 municipal census conducted by the County of Newell is 335, a decrease from its 2007 municipal census population count of 405.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Tilley had a population of 364 living in 139 of its 149 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 352. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Economy
Tilley's main industries are agriculture (irrigated crop farming and livestock operations) and petroleum.
Attractions
Amenities within Tilley include an arena, a curling rink, a community hall, and three parks.
Education
Tilley Public School, operated by Grasslands Public Schools, serves students in kindergarten through grade 9.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of former urban municipalities in Alberta
List of hamlets in Alberta
References
2013 disestablishments in Alberta
Populated places disestablished in 2013
County of Newell
Designated places in Alberta
Former villages in Alberta
Hamlets in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilley%2C%20Alberta |
Brent Hall (born 7 January 1986) is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.
A big man, Hall was drafted by Collingwood in the 2003 National Draft. He was given time to develop at Williamstown during his first season at the club, but he did not show too much form. Used as a key position player at both ends of the ground in 2005 in the VFL, he was lucky to make his debut due to lack of height. Playing as a ruckman, he spent little time on the ground, having little impact.
He would be kept on the list in 2006 but did not manage to play any games for the club, and was delisted at the end of the year.
External links
Brent Hall at the Collingwood Football Club website
1986 births
Collingwood Football Club players
Living people
Williamstown Football Club players
South Fremantle Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent%20Hall |
Bishop Gorman High School (also commonly referred to as Gorman or BGHS) is a private Roman Catholic preparatory school located in Las Vegas, Nevada. The school is administered by the Archdiocese of Las Vegas. The school opened in 1954. Its mascot is a Gael, a mounted Irish Knight.
History
Bishop Gorman High School opened its doors on September 7, 1954. Bishop Dwyer named it after his predecessor, Thomas Kiely Gorman, the first Catholic Bishop of the Reno-Las Vegas Diocese.
The campus was originally located near Downtown Las Vegas, at 1801 S. Maryland Pkwy. Classes began at its current Summerlin location on September 5, 2007. The new school, located on a campus of , cost $96 million to build.
Later on, an athletic center (referred to as the ATC) was donated for $18 million.
Extracurricular activities
Athletics
The athletics program and teams of Bishop Gorman are known as the Gaels, and compete in the Southwest Division of the Sunset 5A Region. The Gaels have been described by USA Today and Sports Illustrated as being among the top thousand high school athletic programs in the United States.
In the summer of 2008, the Gaels baseball team, sponsored by American Legion Post 76 in Las Vegas, won the American Legion World Series, a first for any Nevada high school. They ended up fielding 798 points total in football, more than any other high school in the nation for the 2009 season and ended up being ranked 46th in the nation by Rivals.
Coach Tony Sanchez took over as Bishop Gorman High School's head football coach in March 2009. In 2010 and 2011, he led Gorman to a varsity record of 28-2 and an overall program record of 61-4. At the start of the 2012 season, Gorman beat nationally ranked teams Our Lady of Good Counsel in Maryland and St. Louis High School in Hawaii to raise its high school ranking into the top ten schools. Both matches were televised, by ESPN and Fox networks, respectively. In 2014 and 2015, Bishop Gorman won back-to-back National Championships. Sanchez then left the program to coach at the collegiate level.
Former D1 wrestler, 3rd degree black belt in Gracie Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, 3 time Team USA member, 5 time world grappling champ (152-5 overall, 78-0 FILA Int), and head strategist coach for MMA, Ricky Lundell is the current head wrestling coach for the Gaels, along with his assistant coach Todd Prace.
Notable alumni
Rosco Allen (born 1993), Hungarian-born basketball player for Niigata Albirex BB of Japan’s B.League.
Tommy Armour III (born 1959), PGA golfer
Jillian Bell (born 1984), actress, comedian, and screenwriter
Tristan Blackmon (born 1996), professional soccer player for Vancouver Whitecaps FC
Charisma Carpenter (born 1970), actress
Ben Carter (born 1994), American-Israeli basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League
Taylor Cole (born 1989) former professional baseball pitcher
Zach Collins (born 1997) professional basketball player
Marty Cordova (born 1969), former professional baseball player for the Minnesota Twins and Baltimore Orioles
Justin Crawford (born 2004) professional baseball player for the Philadelphia Phillies
Vashti Cunningham (born 1998), track and field athlete
Bison Dele (1969–2002), former professional basketball player.
Anthony DiMaria (born 1966) actor, producer and director
Blake Ezor (born 1966), is a former professional football running back.
Frank Fertitta and Lorenzo Fertitta, owners of Station Casinos, as well as former owners of UFC
Johnny Field (born 1992), former MLB professional baseball player
Charvez Foger (born 1965), former college football player for the Nevada Wolf Pack
Ozzie Fumo (born 1965) politician and former Democratic member of the Nevada Assembly
Joey Gallo (born 1993), professional baseball player for the Minnesota Twins
Nick Gates, (born 1995), NFL center for the Washington Commanders
Noah Gragson (born 1998)stock car racing driver.
Xavier Grimble (born 1992), former NFL tight end
David Humm (1952–2018), former NFL quarterback
Kyu Kelly (born 2001), NFL cornerback
Joe Kristosik (born 1974), former college football player
Orr Leumi (born 1996), Israeli professional basketball player
Tyjon Lindsey (born 1999), NFL wide receiver
Johnathan Loyd (born 1991), professional basketball player for the Island Storm
Alizé Mack (born 1997), football tight end
Tate Martell (born 1998), collegiate football player
Rosie Mercado (born 1980), Plus-size model, celebrity makeup artist, fashion designer and television personality
Demetris Morant (born 1992), professional basketball player
DeMarco Murray (born 1988), football coach and former NFL player
Charles O'Bannon Jr. (born 1999), college basketball player
Matt Othick (born 1969), former NBA basketball player
Inbee Park (born 1988), South Korean professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour and the LPGA of Japan Tour
Joey Rickard (born 1991), former professional baseball outfielder
Donn Roach (born 1989), former MLB professional baseball pitcher
Ryan Ross (born 1986), musician, singer, and songwriter
Grey Ruegamer (born 1976), former NFL football center who is the director of player engagement for the Green Bay Packers
Paul Sewald (born 1990), professional baseball pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks
Anu Solomon (born 1994), former American football quarterback for the Arizona Wildcats
Spencer Smith (born 1987), founding member and former drummer of Panic! at the Disco
Ronnie Stanley (born 1994), NFL offensive tackle for the Baltimore Ravens
Danny Tarkanian (born 1961), attorney, businessman and perennial candidate for elective office
Tyler Wagner (born 1991), former MLB pitcher
CJ Watson (born 1984), former professional basketball player
Austin Wells (born 1999), professional baseball catcher for the New York Yankees
Dana White (born 1969), businessman who is serving as CEO and president of the UFC
Notable staff
Mike Carter (born 1955), American-Israeli former basketball player
Tim Chambers (1965–2019), college baseball coach
Tony Sanchez (born 1974), college football coach and former player
References
Catholic secondary schools in Nevada
Educational institutions established in 1954
High schools in Clark County, Nevada
Schools accredited by the Northwest Accreditation Commission
Buildings and structures in Summerlin, Nevada
School buildings completed in 2007
1954 establishments in Nevada
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Las Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%20Gorman%20High%20School |
This list of birds of the Sonoran Desert includes all bird species endemic to the Sonoran Desert, and related areas; (a few species listed are only "native" and have a larger continental range). They are retrieved from the List of birds of Yuma County, Arizona, though not exclusively.
Southwest region
The listed birds are based on the southern section of the Lower Colorado River Valley, from Yuma County and La Paz County, to the Bill Williams River, (and by extension to Needles, California/Topock, Arizona). The Colorado River borders the higher elevation Mojave Desert to the northwest (Needles and Las Vegas), the Colorado Desert–(extension of Sonoran Desert) on the southwest and west, and the deserts of the Sonoran Desert to the east, the Yuma Desert, Lechuguilla Desert, and the Tule Desert.
Bolded species are exclusive to the hottest deserts (southwestern Arizona; Baja California; northern Mexico; and the Carrizo Plain).
Costa's hummingbird, Calypte costae
Gambel's quail, Callipepla gambelii
Black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis
SW Ariz Sonoran desert, but also other locales.
Greater roadrunner, Geococcyx californianus, (Extensive range beyond the Sonoran Desert)
Gila woodpecker, Melanerpes uropygialis
Gilded flicker, Colaptes chrysoides
Vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus
Brown-crested flycatcher, Myiarchus tyrannulus
Black-tailed gnatcatcher, Polioptila melanura
Also ranges E and S into the Chihuahuan Desert, Texas and Mexico.
Crissal thrasher, Toxostoma crissale, ranges S into Central Mexico
Curve-billed thrasher, Toxostoma curvirostre
Le Conte's thrasher, Toxostoma lecontei, Sonoran, and ranges into S Nevada–(locally: the Carrizo Plain, N of Los Angeles)
Phainopepla, Phainopepla nitens
Also ranges into California's San Joaquin Valley.
Lucy's warbler, Oreothlypis luciae
Exclusive in Sonoran Desert, Summer Range, (includes the Colorado River Valley, the Grand Canyon, and S Nevada).
Abert's towhee, Melozone aberti, (–Sonoran Desert–)
Black-throated sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata
Permanent breeding range, (but ranges E to Texas, and also Summer ranges to very S Oregon, very S Idaho).
Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
Permanent in S Lower Colorado River Valley
Southeast region
The southeast Arizona region is defined by: 1–the mountains of eastern Arizona, extending into western and southwestern New Mexico; 2–the sky islands defined by the NW–to–SE trending mountain ranges (formerly of the Basin and Range geology), also called regionally the Madrean sky islands; and 3–the northernmost extension of the western spine mountain range of Mexico, the Sierra Madre Occidental (West). The result is a biome region particular to its: geographic locale, elevation, and proximity to flyways, namely for the mountains (of Mexico, the United States, and to Canada), and for the proximity to the Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Ocean.
See also
List of birds of Arizona
'birds
Sonoran
Sonoran Desert
Birds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20birds%20of%20the%20Sonoran%20Desert |
Roy Thorpe (born 18 May 1934) is a male former British racewalker.
Athletics career
Thorpe represented England at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand, where he won a silver medal in the 20 miles race walk. In the 1976 World Championships in Athletics he placed 32nd in the 50 kilometres race walk.
References
External links
Profile at The Power of Ten
Profile at TOPS in athletics
1934 births
Living people
English male racewalkers
British male racewalkers
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Thorpe |
Babul (English: Father's House) is a 1950 Bollywood musical drama film directed by S.U. Sunny, produced and with music direction by Naushad. The film stars Dilip Kumar, Nargis, Munawar Sultana in pivotal roles. A box office success, the film became the 2nd highest earning film of 1950, earning an approximate gross of Rs. 12,500,000 and a net of Rs. 70,00,000.
Plot
Ashok hails from a wealthy family and has a job as a postmaster, but it is clear that his job requires little hard labor, aside from sending an occasional telegram, leaving him time to enjoy his comforts – cigarettes, painting and song writing. A girl named Bela, the poor and simple daughter of the former postmaster strives for his affections and is supported by her poor father who wants her married. Bela prepares Ashok's meals, teases and amuses him, and imagines a happy marriage with Ashok, who likes her but is not in love with her.
Bela has competition from the wealthy landowner Jamnadas's daughter Usha, who lives a lavish lifestyle in a hilltop mansion. Usha, drives a foreign car and seems more suitable for Ashok, the young postmaster. Bela, heartbroken, in a fit of jealousy lies to Usha that Ashok has confessed his love for her and is playing a double game.
Bela witnesses Usha's wedding while sitting in a tree, believing that shortly afterwards she would be married off to Ashok. But the tree branch that she is sitting on breaks and she falls to the ground, severely injured. As she is brought back to her father's home in this condition, Ashok arrives and promises her father he would marry Bela. As Ashok sits on Bela's bedside to comfort her, Bela dreams again that the black-veiled rider has come to get her and dies.
Cast
Dilip Kumar as Ashok
Nargis as Bela
Munawar Sultana as Usha
Amar as Usha's Father
Jankidas as Ashok's Father
Jugnu as Munshi
Khursheed as Munshi's Wife
Uma Devi as Tun Tun (Munshi's Daughter)
Music
The score and a soundtrack of fifteen songs was composed by Naushad and the lyrics were penned by Shakeel Badayuni. The songs were mostly about the joys and pains of love, and the film is closely connected to the lyrics. The best known song in the film Chod Babul Ka Ghar (literally meaning Now you must leave your father's house), is performed when a newly married girl departs from her maternal home and village. The love song Nadi Kinare (On the bank of a river) is performed by Ashok and Usha and a group of boatmen.
Cinematography
The film takes a theatrical form, largely attributed to the set of the film and script. Cinematographer Fali Mistry contributes much to the film with atmospheric lighting, especially during night scenes and is able to create an essence of darkness in the hilltop mansion which adds an element of suspense.
See also
Babul
References
External links
1950 films
Films scored by Naushad
1950s Hindi-language films
Indian musical drama films
1950s musical drama films
Indian black-and-white films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babul%20%281950%20film%29 |
Revolución de Amor () is the sixth studio album (sixteenth overall) recorded by Mexican rock band Maná, It was released by WEA Latina on August 20, 2002 (see 2002 in music). Allmusic considers it one of their strongest and most consistent albums. Critics of the band deride it for being too slick and polished, with an "arena rock" aura, but others consider it to have some of their strongest writing. The album gave Maná its fourth Grammy.
The songs have various influences; from Mexican elements on "Mariposa Traicionera" to a salsa-influenced groove on "No Voy A Ser Tu Esclavo" and "Sabanas Frías." "Ay, Doctor" is infused with the sounds of African ska. Musical guests featured Carlos Santana, Rubén Blades and Asdrubal Sierra (vocalist from Ozomatli) performed on this record.
Track listing
Revolución de Amor: 2003 Tour Edition
Revolución de Amor: 2003 Tour Edition this is a special re-release of Revolución de Amor from the 2003 Revolución de Amor Tour in Spain, released on July 19, 2005. "Eres Mi Religión" features Italian rock singer Zucchero. The CD came bundled with a special DVD features that include music videos, a documentary of the Zucchero recording session, and promotion of the Germany and France tours.
DVD
"Ángel De Amor" music video
"Eres Mi Religión" music video
"Mariposa Traicionera" music video
Documentary of the Selva Negra foundation
Recording session "Eres Mi Religión" with Zucchero
Promotions of the Germany and France tour
Photos galler
Charts
Sales and certifications
References
2002 albums
2005 albums
Maná albums
Warner Music Latina albums
Spanish-language albums
Latin Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album
Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album
Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Album by a Duo or Group with Vocal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n%20de%20Amor |
Vasile Blaga (; born 26 July 1956) is a Romanian politician who was Speaker of the Upper Chamber of the Romanian Parliament, the Senate, from 2011 to 2012. He also served as Minister of Regional Development and Housing and twice as Minister of Administration and Internal Affairs.
A member of the Democratic Party (PD), he was the Minister of Administration and Interior in the first Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu government (December, 2004–March, 2007) as well as in one of the Emil Boc's governments. He resigned on 27 September 2010.
On 28 November 2011, Blaga was appointed President of the Senate of Romania after the revocation of Mircea Geoană on 23 November. On 30 June 2012, he became the leader of PDL in an extraordinary session following the huge loss suffered by the party in the local elections earlier that month. He was dismissed from the office of President of the Senate on 3 July 2012.
Political career
Born in Petrileni, Bihor County, Blaga started his political career after the fall of Communism in Romania in 1989. He was a Member of Parliament in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies, representing Bihor County, between 1990 and 1991, after which he became the Prefect of Bihor, serving until 1993.
Following the legislative election of 1996, he became a member of the Romanian Senate from the Democratic Party, representing Bihor County. He was reelected at the 2004 election for the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), of which the Democratic Party (PD) was a member, representing Bucharest (where he presently resides). Blaga was appointed as the Minister of Administration and Interior Affairs later in the same year.
In 2008, he was a candidate for the position of mayor of Bucharest from the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL), seeking to replace incumbent mayor Adriean Videanu, who did not want to compete for a second term.
He came second in the first round of the elections, trailing independent Sorin Oprescu. For the second round, he gained the support of Gigi Becali's New Generation Party (PNG) and of the Social Democrat mayor Bucharest's Sector 2, Neculai Onțanu, as well as the opposition of National Liberal Party (PNL) and the Social Democratic Party (PSD). Oprescu won the race on a 56-44 margin. He was the president of the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) until its dissolution in the summer of 2014, when it merged with the National Liberal Party (PNL), of which he served as co-president, along with Alina Gorghiu, until 28 September 2016. On that date, Blaga was charged with influence peddling by the National Anticorruption Directorate and announced his resignation as party co-leader, though he maintained he is innocent.
Electoral history
Mayor of Bucharest
References
External links
Profile of Vasile Blaga on the Romanian Chamber of Deputies site
|-
|-
|-
1956 births
Living people
People from Bihor County
Politehnica University of Timișoara alumni
Romanian presidential advisors
Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Romanian Ministers of Interior
Romanian Ministers of Regional Development
Presidents of the Senate of Romania
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Prefects of Romania
MEPs for Romania 2019–2024
Chairpersons of the National Liberal Party (Romania) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile%20Blaga |
Dalbrae Academy is a secondary school located in Mabou, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is attended by 261 students in grades 9 to 12. The school falls under the jurisdiction of the Strait Regional School Board. The Principal is Carol Smith and the Vice Principal is Cindy MacDonald.
History
The school opened in 2000 after several years of discussion with the provincial government over the closure of four local P-12 schools. As a part of the Nova Scotian governments school consolidation process in the late nineties, four schools were closed in the area:
Mabou Consolidated School (MCS)
Whycocomagh Consolidated School (WCS)
Judique-Creignish Consolidated School (JCHS)
Port Hood Consolidated (PHC)
The schools were amalgamated into three new schools: Dalbrae Academy, and the two new P-8 schools- Whycocomagh Education Centre (Whycocomagh), and Bayview Education Centre (Port Hood).
Dalbrae, together with the Strathspey Place performing arts centre, forms a part of the Allan J. MacEachen International Academic and Cultural Centre. The name Dalbrae is a portmanteau of the Scottish Gaelic words dail and brae, which, when combined, refer to a "meeting place on the hill".
Athletics
The school has a track located at the back of the facility. In the 2006-2007 Athletic year, the Girls Basketball team won the school's first ever NSSAF Division 3 Provincial Championship, going undefeated in divisional play. In the 2008-2009 School year, the Dalbrae ROV team won the international ROV competition in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. In the 2009-2010 School year, Dalbrae Academy was host to a weekly sketch comedy show known as 'Cut Outs and Play House'. All donations and proceeds made went towards Haiti relief efforts.
The Table Tennis team has won the Regional Banner three consecutive times. They came third in provincials in 2009 and were fourth for the next two years.
References
External links
Strait Regional School Board
Middle schools in Nova Scotia
High schools in Nova Scotia
Schools in Inverness County, Nova Scotia
2000 establishments in Nova Scotia
Educational institutions established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalbrae%20Academy |
Milia are small cysts that can appear just under the epidermis or on the roof of the mouth.
Milia may also refer to:
Characters
Milia Fallyna Jenius, a character from anime series The Super Dimension Fortress Macross
People
Milia Aleksic (born 1951), a football goalkeeper
Milia Gataullina (born 1971), a Russian graphic designer
Places
Milia, Evros, a village in Evros regional unit, Greece
Milia, Famagusta, a village in Famagusta District, Cyprus
Milia, Paphos, a small village in Paphos District, Cyprus
Milia, Pieria, a community in Katerini, Greece
El Milia, a town in Jilel province, Algeria
El Milia District, the district containing the town
See also
Malia (disambiguation)
Milea (disambiguation), a term referring to various Greek sites
Jamia Millia Islamia, university in India
Milija (name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milia%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Ottadalen () is a valley in the municipalities of Skjåk, Lom, Vågå, and Sel in Innlandet county, Norway.
The valley is one of the side valleys that branch off of the large Gudbrandsdalen valley. It lies on the northern edge of Jotunheimen National Park. Historically, the Ottadalen has been widely used as a transportation artery between western and eastern Norway through the Breidalen valley in Skjåk to Stryn, through the Breidalskrysset to Stranda, along the Jostedalsbreen glacier to the Jostedalen valley and Luster, and across the Sognefjellet to Sogn. There is also a road from Vågå, through Jotunheimen to Fagernes.
The Otta River flows through the valley. The Otta River begins in the municipality of Skjåk and flows into lake Vågåvatnet. Exiting Vågåvatnet at Vågåmo, it continues its journey through the valley, leaving the municipality of Vågå to meet the Gudbrandsdalslågen river at the town of Otta in the municipality of Sel.
Reinheimen National Park, which consists of much of the Tafjordfjella mountain range, includes the reindeer habitat in the northern part of the Ottadalen valley.
See also
Otta seal
References
External links
Fjuken, local newspaper for the Ottadalen area
Otta website
Lom, Norway
Sel
Skjåk
Vågå
Valleys of Innlandet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottadalen |
Matthew Lappin (born 17 February 1976) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club and the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Lappin played in Chiltern's losing 1992 and 1993 O&KFL senior football grand final sides, alongside his cousin, Nigel Lappin, prior to being picked up at number 40 by St. Kilda in the 1993 AFL Draft.
Debuting with St Kilda in 1994, Lappin was known as a half-back flanker.
Lappin played in 17 of 22 matches in the 1997 season home and away rounds in which St Kilda qualified in first position for the 1997 Finals Series, winning the club's 2nd minor premiership and 1st McClelland Trophy.
At the end of the 1998 season, Lappin moved to Carlton. Where in the first quarter of the club's round 1 match against he took a specky on the goal-line which would go on to win the Mark of the Year for 1999.
Throughout his playing career, Lappin was recognized on the field due to his lightly built frame, for which he attracted the nickname "Skinny".
Following his retirement from playing, Lappin remained with Carlton as an assistant coach, as well as acting as a playing assistant coach with the Northern Bullants (as a VFL- listed player). He served as Carlton's forward line coach from 2008 until 2010. In 2011, he shifted into an assistant coaching role at Collingwood.
On August 22, 2015. Lappin played for the Gold Coast Suns reserves team as a result of the team's player shortages due to injuries.
He currently serves as an AFL coach for the JLC at Hillcrest Christian College Queensland.
Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 37||9||1||1||78||36||114||23||9||0.11||0.11||8.67||4||12.67||2.56||1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 22||3||0||0||23||14||37||7||3||0||0||7.67||4.67||12.33||2.33||1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 22||7||0||0||60||51||111||28||9||0||0||8.57||7.29||15.86||4||1.29
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 22||20||20||19||154||135||289||57||35||1||0.95||7.7||6.75||14.45||2.85||1.75
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 22||20||20||19||154||135||289||57||35||1||0.95||7.7||6.75||14.45||2.85||1.75
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 12||25||33||21||246||149||395||115||25||1.32||0.84||9.84||5.96||15.8||4.6||1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 12||24||33||21||280||145||425||114||44||1.38||0.88||11.67||6.04||17.71||4.75||1.83
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 12||23||49||33||301||139||440||128||37||2.13||1.43||13.09||6.04||19.13||5.57||1.61
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 12||21||22||20||207||120||327||77||32||1.05||0.95||9.86||5.71||15.57||3.67||1.52
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 12||22||10||3||284||119||403||103||47||0.45||0.14||12.91||5.41||18.32||4.68||2.14
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 12||22||23||7||323||122||445||114||42||1.05||0.32||14.68||5.55||20.23||5.18||1.91
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 12||22||25||14||239||132||371||104||45||1.14||0.64||10.86||6||16.86||4.73||2.05
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 12||19||5||9||253||134||387||116||38||0.26||0.47||13.32||7.05||20.37||6.11||2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 12||18||21||12||162||95||257||92||25||1.17||0.67||9||5.28||14.28||5.11||1.39
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
!251
!247
!167
!2715
!1472
!4187
!1121
!414
!0.95
!0.65
!10.31
!5.77
!16.09
!4.20
!1.57
|}
Personal life
Lappin's first daughter Olivia was born on December 4, 1998.
He is the cousin of Nigel Lappin, who played for the Brisbane Bears and Brisbane Lions.
References
External links
Matthew Lappin Profile in Blueseum
1976 births
Carlton Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
All-Australians (AFL)
Preston Football Club (VFA) players
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Australia international rules football team players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Lappin |
Thomas Ruffin (1787–1870) was an American jurist and justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1829 to 1852 and again from 1858 to 1859. He was chief justice of that Court from 1833 to 1852.
Biography
Thomas Ruffin was born on November 17, 1787, at the residence of his maternal grandfather Thomas Roane at Newington in King and Queen County, Virginia. Ruffin graduated from the College of New Jersey and studied law in North Carolina under Archibald Murphey. He began the practice of law in Hillsborough, North Carolina, where he also farmed. He was elected to several terms in the North Carolina House of Commons and served as a Superior Court judge from 1816 to 1818 and from 1825 to 1828. In 1828, the state called upon Ruffin to bring the State Bank of North Carolina out of debt as its new President, which he did in one year. The legislature then named him to the state Supreme Court.
Supreme Court service
"The election of former Superior Court Judge and State Bank President Ruffin to the bench in 1829 effectively ensured the North Carolina Supreme Court's survival," according to Martin Brinkley. Ranked by Harvard Law School Dean Roscoe Pound as one of the ten greatest jurists in American history, Ruffin singlehandedly transformed the common law of North Carolina into an instrument of economic change. His writings on the subject of eminent domain—the right of the state to seize private property for the public good—paved the way for the expansion of railroads into North Carolina, enabling the "Rip Van Winkle State" to embrace the industrial revolution. Ruffin's opinions were cited as persuasive authority by appellate tribunals throughout the United States. The influence his decisions exercised upon the nascent jurisprudence of the states then known as the Southwest (Alabama, Louisiana, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi), which were settled by emigrating North Carolinians in large numbers, made Ruffin a celebrated figure at home. Public veneration of the "stern prophet," as Ruffin was called, preserved his Court from destruction by populist politicians.
Together, Justice William Gaston and Ruffin, whom his colleagues elected Chief Justice in 1833 (by a coin toss, according to a popular but probably apocryphal account), dominated their less-talented brother judges, rendering treatise-like opinions that inspired one contemporary to exclaim: "No State of the Union . . . not even the United States, ever had a superior Bench; few ever had its equal."
Ruffin was involved, sometimes secretly and illegally, in the slave industry as a slave owner and a slave trader which led directly to one of his most heinous rulings protecting the institution.
Ruffin delivered the decision in the case of North Carolina v. Mann (1830), which sanctioned the "absolute" power of a master over a slave.
Ruffin also authored the Dougherty v. Stepp (1835), a staple of first-year Torts classes in American law schools used to teach students about the tort of trespass upon real property.
Ruffin retired in 1852 to his plantation in Alamance County, but the legislature called him back to the Court in 1858. He retired again after about one year, at the age of 78.
Later life and legacy
His home after the end of the American Civil War until his death in 1870, the Ruffin-Roulhac House at Hillsborough, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.
In addition to his legal and political career, Ruffin was an innovative farmer, and was president of the state's Agricultural Society from 1854 to 1860. In that capacity, he oversaw the operation of the North Carolina State Fair. He maintained close contact with his cousin Edmund Ruffin, a noted antebellum agricultural reformer.
Ruffin was also a trustee of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for some 24 years. A building at the university, Ruffin Hall, was originally named in his honor but in 2020, the university board of trustees decided it would tentatively be named only in honor of his son, Thomas Ruffin Jr.
The unincorporated community of Ruffin, in Rockingham County, is named for Thomas Ruffin.
A statue of Ruffin once stood at the North Carolina Court of Appeals building in Raleigh, but was removed in 2020. Later that same year, the North Carolina Supreme Court removed a portrait of Ruffin from its courtroom.
References
Further reading
External links
Supreme Court Official History by Martin H. Brinkley
NC Business Leader magazine
Thomas Ruffin Papers - University of North Carolina
The Perils of Public Homage: Thomas Ruffin and State v. Mann in History and Memory
The Perils of Public Homage: State v. Mann and Thomas Ruffin in History and Memory (details)
Picture of Thomas Ruffin from UNC
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
Chief Justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court
Princeton University alumni
1870 deaths
1787 births
People from King and Queen County, Virginia
People from Hillsborough, North Carolina
American slave owners
American planters
American proslavery activists
People from Alamance County, North Carolina
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
19th-century American slave traders
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
Ruffin family
19th-century American merchants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Ruffin |
Sulfina Barbu () is a Romanian politician and member of the Chamber of Deputies.
Life
A member of the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL), she was the President of the Women Organisation of the Democratic Liberal Party and a former Minister of Environment and Water Management in the Romanian Government between December 2004–April, 2007. She became Minister of Labour in September 2011.
External links
Official website of Sulfina Barbu
1967 births
Living people
Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian Ministers of the Environment
Women members of the Romanian Cabinet
University of Bucharest alumni
21st-century Romanian women politicians
21st-century Romanian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfina%20Barbu |
SN 1986G was a supernova that was observed on May 3, 1986 by Robert Evans. Its host galaxy, Centaurus A, is about 15 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. Since Centaurus A is about 15 million light-years away from us, this supernova happened 15 million years ago.
SN 1986G was a bright blue-green star in the middle of the left part of the dust belt of Centaurus A. The blue-green color occurs because David Malin could take the red plate used in this composite image only one year after the supernova occurred, and it had faded away at that time.
See also
Centaurus A
External links
Light curves and spectra on the Open Supernova Catalog
Radio Observations of the Type Ia SN 1986G and Constraints on the Symbiotic-Star Progenitor Scenario
Centaurus
Supernovae
Astronomical objects discovered in 1986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%201986G |
Moses Rager (April 2, 1911 – May 14, 1986) was a guitar player from Kentucky. He is credited with creating the thumb-picking style of guitar playing - which he taught to Merle Travis.
Laverda Rager was the wife of Mose Rager. She was interviewed by musicologist Erika Brady in 2000.
References
External links
Darrel McClellan's Mose Rager Page
1911 births
1986 deaths
Guitarists from Kentucky
20th-century American guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mose%20Rager |
The Amsterdam Declaration 2002 is a statement of the fundamental principles of modern Humanism passed unanimously by the General Assembly of Humanists International (HI) at the 50th anniversary World Humanist Congress in 2002. According to HI, the declaration "is the official statement of World Humanism."
It is officially supported by all member organisations of HI including:
Humanistic Association Netherlands (Humanistisch Verbond)
American Humanist Association
Humanists UK
Humanist Canada
Association humaniste du Québec
Human-Etisk Forbund, the Norwegian Humanist Association
Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands, the Humanist Association of Germany
Council of Australian Humanist Societies
Council for Secular Humanism
Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association
Humanist Association of Ireland
Indian Humanist Union
Sapiens Foundation, India
Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society (PATAS)
A complete list of signatories can be found on the HI page (see references).
This declaration makes exclusive use of capitalized Humanist and Humanism, which is consistent with HI's general practice and recommendations for promoting a unified Humanist identity. To further promote Humanist identity, these words are also free of any adjectives, as recommended by prominent members of HI. Such usage is not universal among HI member organizations, though most of them do observe these conventions.
Humanist principles
(see References for complete text)
The official defining statement of World Humanism is:
Humanism is ethical. It affirms the worth, dignity and autonomy of the individual and the right of every human being to the greatest possible freedom compatible with the rights of others. Humanists have a duty of care to all humanity including future generations. Humanists believe that morality is an intrinsic part of human nature based on understanding and a concern for others, needing no external sanction.
Humanism is rational. It seeks to use science creatively, not destructively. Humanists believe that the solutions to the world’s problems lie in human thought and action rather than divine intervention. Humanism advocates the application of the methods of science and free inquiry to the problems of human welfare. But Humanists also believe that the application of science and technology must be tempered by human values. Science gives us the means but human values must propose the ends.
Humanism supports democracy and human rights. Humanism aims at the fullest possible development of every human being. It holds that democracy and human development are matters of right. The principles of democracy and human rights can be applied to many human relationships and are not restricted to methods of government.
Humanism insists that personal liberty must be combined with social responsibility. Humanism ventures to build a world on the idea of the free person responsible to society, and recognizes our dependence and responsibility for the natural world. Humanism is undogmatic, imposing no creed upon its adherents. It is thus committed to education free from indoctrination.
Humanism is a response to the widespread demand for an alternative to dogmatic religion. The world’s major religions claim to be based on revelations fixed for all time, and many seek to impose their world-view on all of humanity. Humanism recognizes that reliable knowledge of the world and ourselves arises through a continuing process of observation, evaluation and revision.
Humanism values artistic creativity and imagination and recognises the transforming power of art. Humanism affirms the importance of literature, music, and the visual and performing arts for personal development and fulfilment.
Humanism is a lifestance aiming at the maximum possible fulfilment through the cultivation of ethical and creative living and offers an ethical and rational means of addressing the challenges of our time. Humanism can be a way of life for everyone everywhere.
The Amsterdam Declaration explicitly states that Humanism rejects dogma, and imposes no creed upon its adherents.
History
At the first World Humanist Congress in the Netherlands in 1952, Humanists International (then: International Humanist and Ethical Union, IHEU) general assembly agreed a statement of the fundamental principles of modern Humanism – The Amsterdam Declaration.
At the 50th anniversary World Humanist Congress in 2002, the IHEU general assembly unanimously passed a resolution updating that declaration – "The Amsterdam Declaration 2002".
References
External links
Amsterdam Declaration 1952 - ratified by the first World Humanist Congress of the IHEU
Amsterdam Declaration 2002 - ratified by unanimous resolution of the IHEU general assembly
Amsterdam Declaration 2022 - ratified by the Humanist International (formerly IHEU) general assembly
Humanism
2002 essays
Humanist manifestos
Nontheism publications
2002 documents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam%20Declaration |
Ervad Godrej Sidhwa (1925 – 4 June 2011) was born in Karachi, Pakistan, and studied the Avesta, Pahalvi, Persian, & Pazend languages, as well as Ancient Iranian literature at M.F. Cama Athornan Institute, Andheri, Mumbai, for six years. He was initiated into the Zoroastrian priesthood by going through the Navar and Maratab initiation ceremony from Iranshah Atash Behram, Udvada, India. His initiation as a priest accounts for the "Ervad" ('Reverend') title.
Sidhwa was the instructor of Zoroastrianism and Ancient Iranian History at the B.V.S. Parsi High School and Mama Parsi Secondary School, Karachi, from the early 1960s until his death. He was appointed as the Honorary Lecturer in Zoroastrian Theology at colleges in Karachi for the Zoroastrian students. He was also appointed as Examiner in Zoroastrian Theology by the University of Karachi, Pakistan, for the bachelor's degree program. After the death of Dasturji Dr. M. N. Dhalla he took up all of the Dasturji's duties in the religious as well as the social areas.
Sidhwa lectured on Zoroastrian Theology in India, Pakistan, Iran, Canada, Britain, the United States, and the United Arab Emirates. He also lectured on Zoroastrianism at the University of California, Berkeley. On several occasions he has been invited by the Government of Pakistan to discuss the Human Rights and problems faced by religious minorities in Pakistan. He was the Honorary Secretary of The Karachi Parsi Anjuman Trust Fund, Karachi Athornan Mandal, and Joint Honorary Secretary of Dr. Dhalla Memorial Institute since its inception in 1965. He was also a jury delegate of Karachi Parsi Matrimonial Court, Government of Sindh, Pakistan, from 1960 until his death.
References
1925 births
2011 deaths
Parsi people
Religious leaders from Karachi
Pakistani Zoroastrians
Zoroastrian priests
Zoroastrian studies scholars
20th-century translators
People from Karachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godrej%20Sidhwa |
The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella; ) is an insect known for being a pest in cotton farming. The adult is a small, thin, gray moth with fringed wings. The larva is a dull white caterpillar with eight pairs of legs with conspicuous pink banding along its dorsum. The larva reaches one half inch in length.
The female moth lays eggs in a cotton boll, and when the larvae emerge from the eggs, they inflict damage through feeding. They chew through the cotton lint to feed on the seeds. Since cotton is used for both fiber and seed oil, the damage is twofold. Their disruption of the protective tissue around the boll is a portal of entry for other insects and fungi.
The pink bollworm is native to Asia, but has become an invasive species in most of the world's cotton-growing regions. It reached the cotton belt in the southern United States by the 1920s. It was a major pest in the cotton fields of the southern California deserts. The USDA announced in 2018 that it had been eradicated from the continental United States, through the synergistic combination of using transgenic Bt cotton and releasing sterile males.
In parts of India, the pink bollworm is now resistant to first generation transgenic Bt cotton (Bollgard cotton) that expresses a single Bt gene (Cry1Ac). Monsanto has admitted that this variety is ineffective against the pink bollworm pest in parts of Gujarat, India. Infestation on susceptible cotton is generally controlled with insecticides. Once a crop has been harvested, the field is plowed under as soon as possible to stop the life cycle of the new generation of pink bollworm. Unharvested bolls harbor the larvae, so these are destroyed. The plants are plowed into the earth and the fields are irrigated liberally to drown out remaining pests. Some farmers burn the stubble after harvest. Surviving bollworms will overwinter in the field and re-infest the following season. Populations of bollworms are also controlled with mating disruption, chemicals, and releases of sterile males which mate with the females but fail to fertilize their eggs.
Footnotes
General reference
New Standard Encyclopedia, © 1990 Chicago, Illinois
External links
Pink bollworm IPM
Species Profile - Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Pink Bollworm.
Pexicopiini
Agricultural pest insects
Moths of Madagascar
Moths of Africa
Lepidoptera of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lepidoptera of West Africa
Moths of Asia
Moths of Japan
Lepidoptera of Mozambique
Lepidoptera of Angola
Insects of Somalia
Lepidoptera of Tanzania
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1844
Taxa named by William Wilson Saunders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20bollworm |
Muqan Qaghan (Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰆𐰴𐰣𐰴𐰍𐰣 Muqan qaγan, Chinese:木桿可汗/木杆可汗, Pinyin: mùgǎn kěhàn, Wade-Giles: mu-kan k'o-han or 木汗可汗, mùhàn kěhàn, mu-han k'o-han, personal name: 阿史那燕都, āshǐnà yàndōu, a-shih-na yen-to, Sogdian: mwx’n x’γ’n, Ruanruan: Muɣan Qaɣan) was the second son of Bumin Qaghan and the third khagan of the Göktürks who expanded their khaganate and secured the borders against the Hephthalites.
Reign
His accession to power was followed by finishing off remnants of Rouran. Around the new year 554, after defeat of Yujiulü Kangdi at the hands of Göktürks, the remnants of Rouran, which by that point was near its end, surrendered to Northern Qi to seek protection from Gökturks attacks. Emperor Wenxuan personally attacked Muqan Qaghan, fighting his army off and then created Yujiulü Anluochen as the new khagan of Rouran, settling the Rouran people within Northern Qi territory, at Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi).
Eventually last khagan of Rouran Yujiulü Dengshuzi was executed by Emperor Gong because of Gökturks' pressure.
In fall 563, Northern Zhou entered into an alliance treaty with Göktürks against Northern Qi, part of which involved a promise that Emperor Wu would marry the daughter of Muqan Qaghan. In winter 563, the joint forces of Northern Zhou and Gökturks launched a two-prong attack on Northern Qi, with the northern prong attacking Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) and the southern prong attacking Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi).
In spring 565, Emperor Wu sent his brother Yuwen Chun (宇文純), Yuwen Gui (宇文貴), Dou Yi (竇毅) and Yang Jian (楊薦) to lead a ceremonial guard corps to Tujue to welcome back Muqan's daughter for marriage to him. However, when they arrived at Qaghan's headquarters, he turned against the treaty and detained Yuwen Chun and his attendants.
In spring 568, a major storm at Göktürks' headquarters inflicted substantial damage, and Muqan Qaghan took it as a sign of divine displeasure at his rescission of the marriage agreement with Northern Zhou. He therefore returned Yuwen Chun, along with the daughter he promised Emperor Wu, back to Northern Zhou. Emperor Wu personally welcomed her and created her empress.
Campaigns in West
His uncle Istemi autonomously ruled the far-west region in his name. Göktürk army destroyed Hephtalite power in 557 near Bukhara. The northern part of the Oxus river was annexed to the Göktürks and southern part to Sassanid Persia.
Legacy
This expansion also pushed against the Avars who were driven toward the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire and eventually toward the Danube. Other tribes of the Central Asia, such as the eastern Bulgars were also displaced.
Muqan's reign marked the pinnacle of Sogdian cultural influence in the Göktürk Empire. Sogdian culture was transmitted by merchants from Turpan who worked as ambassadors and advisers. The Sogdian language and script were used to govern the empire. The importance of Sogdians cannot be understated in keeping the early Turks safely outside of the Chinese cultural sphere. The Sogdian language and script were used to administer the empire, because it was the only written language in the cities under his control.
Muqan Qaghan was friendly to Buddhist people, and is credited with being the first to introduce Buddhism to the Türks. He promoted the construction of a Türkic Buddhist temple in the Chinese capital city of Chang'an. Despite his promotion of Buddhism in China, it is not known if he himself converted to Buddhism, and it is also uncertain whether or not a substantial number of Türks were Buddhists during his reign.
He expanded the Göktürk Qaghanate and secured the borders against the last of the Rouran people. He conquered the Töles tribes in the west, the Kitans in the east and the Kyrgyz in the north. Thus, he expanded his state to all the former Xiongnu territory.
After Muqan's death in 572 the title of Qaghan passed to his younger brother Taspar.
Physical appearance
According to Chinese sources, Muqan Qaghan's appearance was strange: the third Qaghan of the First Turkic Khaganate, was described by Chinese authors as having an unusual appearance. His eyes were described as like "琉璃" (liúli), generally meaning "colored glazes", but sometimes translated as "lapis lazuli"-like (implying a blue color), and he had a red complexion. His face was wide. He was characterized as being "tough and fierce", and he was regarded as brave and knowledgeable by the historians.
A complete genetic analysis of Muqan Qaghan's daughter Empress Ashina (551–582) in 2023 by Xiaoming Yang et al. found nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,7%), and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. This supports the Northeast Asian origin of the Ashina tribe and the Göktürk Khanate. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the Türks.
Family
Muhan Qaghan's Türkic wife was childless. This caused difficulties for his son Talopien, as he was born to a non-Turkic woman who Muhan married as part of diplomatic relations with other states.
His daughter Empress Ashina became the wife of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. His son Apa Qaghan claimed the throne after the death of his uncle Taspar unsuccessfully while his other son Yangsu Tegin was ancestor of later Western Turkic Qaghans.
Ancestry
References
Sources
Göktürk khagans
6th-century monarchs in Asia
572 deaths
Ashina house of the Turkic Empire
Year of birth unknown
Rouran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqan%20Qaghan |
is a horizontally scrolling shooter developed by Telenet Japan and published by Renovation for the Sega Genesis in Japan and North America in 1990. It was one of the first 8Mb cartridge games on the Genesis. Its title combined Gaia (Mother Earth) and the suffix "less" (Res), as the Earth has been lost to pollution in the far future according to the game's plot (thus making mankind "Earthless").
Plot
In the year 3000 Earth has become a toxic dump ravaged by careless humans, leaving an uninhabitable, polluted wasteland. The powerful alien space pirates Gulfer, led by the evil Queen ZZ Badnusty, plan to harvest the pollution to create weapons of mass destruction. The United Star Cluster of Leezaluth sent a warning to Earth about their plans, stating that if they could not stop them, Leezaluth would be forced to supernova Earth's sun to avoid war with Gulfer; but if humans succeeded, Leezaluth would use their technology to restore Earth to its former beauty.
Legendary space hero Dan Dare (Diaz in the Japanese original), a young but brave and very skilled ace pilot from Earth was chosen to be the pilot of a new starfighter to combat Gulfer. The ship is armed with a powerful experimental weapon from Leezaluth called the TOZ System, which would be operated by Alexis, an alien princess from Leezaluth and Dan's lover.
Gameplay
Most horizontal shooters require the player's ship to come in contact with a capsule to gain weapons. In Gaiares the TOZ System device can be fired out like the R-Type'''s Force, except each time it comes in contact with an enemy, it would inherit and learn its weapon; the player can steal from the same enemy repeatedly until the weapon's strength is maxed out. There are 18 weapons in total to be captured, and the appearance of each weapon varies depending on the strength meter.
Marketing
The 'professional gamer' who featured in magazine adverts for the US release was Jamie Bunker, who worked as a game tester at Renovation Products at the time of the original release. When Retro-Bit re-released the game in 2022, Jamie Bunker returned to recreate the original magazine advert to promote the re-release.
ReceptionGaiares was very well received. MegaTech opined it was "an excellent looking game, but by far the toughest horizontally scrolling shoot 'em up available on the Mega Drive". It was the first game to receive perfect scores in every category in GamePro.
A 2002 review by Game Informer'' called it "a shooter masterpiece" and "perhaps the greatest of all horizontally scrolling 2D shooters." A 2008 retrospective review by IGN called it "an excellent shooter that has aged quite well since the sunset of the Genesis."
References
External links
Gaiares at UVL
1990 video games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Telenet Japan games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in the 31st century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiares |
Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King (also known, in different cuts, formats and markets, as Ring of the Nibelungs, Die Nibelungen, Curse of the Ring and Sword of Xanten) is a 2004 German television film directed by Uli Edel and starring Benno Fürmann, Alicia Witt, Kristanna Loken and Max von Sydow. The film is based on the Norse mythology story Völsungasaga and the German epic poem Nibelungenlied, which tells the mythological story of Siegfried the Dragon-Slayer. Richard Wagner's music dramas Siegfried and Götterdämmerung are based on the same material. Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King was written by the husband and wife team of Diane Duane and Peter Morwood and is a Tandem Communications production. It was filmed entirely in South Africa.
Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King had a theatrical release in the United Kingdom on November 19, 2004. The German-language version, Die Nibelungen, was shown on the German television channel Sat.1 on November 29 and 30, 2004. It was the highest-rated mini-series on German television that year. On December 23, 2005, Channel 4 showed the entire series in one evening under the title Sword of Xanten, describing it as a "megafeature". It was shown on the SciFi Channel on March 27, 2006, retitled Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King for the United States audience, and minus about one hour of material.
Plot
The film is set around the time when many Europeans had changed their religion from paganism to Christianity. The film is split into three parts, and comprises the story of Siegfried from childhood to his death.
Part 1
The film opens with a young Siegfried awakening in the middle of an invasion of his parents' castle by Saxons. The castle is soon overrun and all are slain except for Siegfried, whose mother has sent him down the river. In the morning he has lost his memory and is picked up by a blacksmith, Eyvind, who raises him under the name Eric.
Twelve years later, Brunhild, the Queen of Iceland (still a pagan like Eyvind and Eric) follows her adviser's runes that lead her to where Eric lives. The runes foretell that a star will fall from the sky and from its smoke a man will appear who will defeat her. Brunhild initially has doubts as no one has ever beaten her in a fight before. That night a meteor, a described announcement to a war between the gods called Ragnarök, hits the earth near the smithy and despite Eyvind's warning, Eric goes to investigate. In the middle of the crater there are two rocks of a strange kind of metal. Wearing a cloak over her face, Brunhild arrives and Eric, believing she is a Saxon, attacks her. After a short battle he defeats her, and they instantly fall in love with each other, seeing their gathering as the will of the gods. After making love, Eric promises to go to Iceland to meet Brunhild and they fall asleep. In the morning Eric wakes up alone after Brunhild has taken one of the rocks and left. Eric convinces Eyvind to let him go with him to Burgund (the kingdom of the Burgundians) and on their way down the river they see a town in flames.
Once in Burgund the hawk Arminius, belonging to King Gunther's brother Giselher, lands on Eric's arm and there is a brief fight between Eric and some of the townspeople. Afterwards Eyvind presents his swords to Gunther, who reveals that the dragon Fafnir has awakened and is responsible for the burnt village. King Gunther and his best men, including army chief Hagen, leave to slay the dragon; Giselher befriends Eric and says that his sister Kriemhild is wanted by every man in the kingdom but she doesn't want any of them. Eyvind leaves Eric to use the rock from the meteor to make a sword.
Gunther returns injured with Hagen; all the other knights have been killed. Eric promises to Kriemhild that Gunther and his men will be avenged. He enters Fafnir's lair and, after a fierce battle, manages to slay the dragon while receiving only a scratch on his arm. Seeing that Fafnir's blood has healed his scratch, Eric bathes in the blood, rendering his skin invulnerable (save for a single spot where an errant leaf had fallen upon his upper back, leaving that one spot untouched by the blood).
Part 2
Eric explores the cave and finds a vast hall filled with treasure. He finds a ring, the Ring of the Nibelung, and is then confronted by ghosts of immortal twilight beings, the Nibelungs. They warn him that taking any of their will bring a curse down on him, but he does not listen and takes the ring and promises to come back for the rest. Outside he is attacked by an ex-Nibelung who lost his immortality for trying to take all the treasure, who happens to be Hagen's father Alberich. Eric soon defeats Alberich and takes his Tarnhelm, an item that lets him take the shape of anyone else. The Nibelungs tell Siegfried again to return the treasure, and when Siegfried offers to return half to them they say it will not be sufficient. Eric returns to Burgund with Fafnir's head and shows it to the people; Gunther proclaims he is a hero, which makes Hagen jealous.
That night, Eric dances and spends the evening with Kriemhild, who wears a mask during the party, and tells her he is already in love with another woman (Brunhild). Meanwhile, the entire dragon's hoard is moved to the Burgund treasury and fills it near to overflowing. The Saxons suddenly decide to invade Burgund to take the gold and Eric rides with the army to confront the twin Saxon kings, the men who slew his father. During a short fight Eric remembers who he is, then he declares the kingdom to be split between himself and King Gunther. He sadly remembers his father's death, giving the two Saxons the choice to leave, but they attack again and are slain.
It is also at this point that Eyvind (who tells Eric that he suspected his origin from the beginning) passes away from old age and Siegfried gives him a proper pagan funeral in his honor. A raven send by Brunhild lands on his arm, and Eric delivers her the message that he is actually Siegfried of Xanten, that he had found his real place and identity, and that he will visit her soon, planning to make her his wife as soon as possible, but warning it may take a little longer because he desires to take his treasure to Xanten for her. Having overheard Eric and Kriemhild at the party, Hagen asks his father to make a potion that Kriemhild gives Eric, causing him to fall in love with her and forget Brunhild. A raven who would deliver this news to Brunhild is then shot down by Hagen.
Part 3
Siegfried, having forgotten about Brunhild, asks to marry Kriemhild, but Hagen reminds Gunther that he must marry before any of his siblings. Gunther reveals he is pining for Brunhild, but he is not the best fighter and she challenges all her suitors to single combat and no-one has beaten her yet. Gunther promises Siegfried that he may marry Kriemhild if he uses the Tarnhelm to look like Gunther and defeat Brunhild; Siegfried accepts this offer. On the ship to Iceland Giselher has stowed away and after support from Siegfried, Gunther lets him accompany them to Iceland. Once they arrive Brunhild is immensely happy that Siegfried has returned to her but is shocked to see that he doesn't recognize her or is challenging her. Siegfried simply presents King Gunther to her, and explains he is the one who came here to ask her hand in marriage. Gunther his then challenged to single combat with double bladed axes on the condition that if he loses it will cost him his life. He agrees partially because it will be Siegfried fighting, not him.
The fight starts and unbeknown to everyone else Giselher sees the two Gunthers and becomes suspicious but tells no one. Brunhild loses the fight after the two fall off a waterfall and Siegfried saves her. She reluctantly and sadly returns to Burgund, where she is devastated to find that Siegfried had found Kriemhild for lover. She then marries Gunther next to Siegfried and Kriemhild, who are also marrying on the same day. Brunhild confronts Siegfried who (due to effects of the potion) claims he never loved her. Brunhild ardently refuses to believe him and tries to find reasons that would explain his actions, but Siegfried once again denies caring for her, and Brunhild declares she will not know joy until she forgets how much she loved him, or until he remembers. She is deeply hurt and upset and she takes her anger out by challenging Siegfried to combat, which he purposely loses to take away any thoughts that it was him who defeated Brunhild. During their wedding night, Brunhild overpowers Gunther, after revealing that the power she possess comes from her pageant belt, and pointing out her doubts in the way Gunther defeated her back in Iceland. Nearly accusing him to have cheated his victory, she leaves him tied up for the night, greatly convinced she had been deceived. Gunther requests Siegfried use the Tarnhelm again to get the belt away from Brunhild, which he does after hesitation. He overpowers Brunhild, who is surprised to see that Gunther once again found his strength. She then offers herself to Siegfried as Gunther, who is briefly conflicted perhaps remembering of his old feelings towards Brunhild, but nonetheless retrieves himself from the room to get rid of the belt he has taken from her.
The real Gunther shortly returns to the room at his place and is spotted by Giselher, who again sees two Gunthers and tells his girlfriend Lena what he saw in Iceland. Siegfried returns to his bedroom to see Kriemhild waiting for him: she convinces him to explain what has happened and he does, breaking his vow of secrecy towards Gunther. The next day outside the church Kriemhild is stopped because she cannot enter before Brunhild. Brunhild arrives quickly afterwards and Kriemhild reveals to her that it was Siegfried who defeated her both in Iceland and in her bedroom, thereby publicly confronting and insulting Brunhild. She proves her claims by showing Brunhild her former belt around her waist. This drives Brunhild over the edge.
Hagen kills Alberich after not returning the Tarnhelm to him and then serves of council to Gunther after the incident at the church. Hagen points out the betrayal of Siegfried on his vow and his threatening power that could well plot the downfall of Gunther knowing Siegfried also had a claim to the throne, being married to the king's sister Kriemhild. He tells Gunther that the people will not forget the way Siegfried had substituted for him both in Iceland and in the privacy of his room; he convinces Gunther that they may go as far as to believe that any son of Gunther is a bastard son of Siegfried. Gunther decides to send Siegfried back to Xanten and out of Burgundy, but is then stopped by Brunhild, who establishes that the punishment is far too light, and describing herself as disgraced and fooled, she asks for Siegfried's death to Gunther. He refuses at first, given his relationship with Siegfried, but reluctantly accepts because Brunhild threatens to kill herself if the punishment is not carried out. Gunther is disillusioned but Hagen plans on Siegfried's death the next day during the hunt as a simple accident. Siegfried confronts Kriemhild who breaks down after thinking about all she has done, Siegfried assures her that everything is all right, and that they are leaving to live in Xanten the next day after the hunt. The men leave for the hunt, where Gunther and Hagen plot to cause Siegfried's death, but for a long time they are unable to. Kriemhild confronts Brunhild again and returns her belt; Brunhild reveals that her troubled state of mind is because of Siegfried forgetting about their love. Kriemhild, realizing that Siegfried's previous love was in fact Brunhild, is devastated with guilt and confesses the use of the potion given to her by Hagen.
Brunhild realizes that it was not Siegfried's fault that he forgot her, and that she has just sentenced him to death. On the hunt Hagen kills Siegfried by throwing a javelin through his weak spot (which Hagen found out about by eavesdropping while Siegfried and Gunther were going through a blood brother ritual). Siegfried remembers his love for Brunhild and says her name before death seizes him. His body is found by Giselher before they must go back to Burgund and it is wept over by Kriemhild. Gunther claims it was a Saxon ambush but she accuses him of murder by envy and guilt. She throws the Nibelung's ring onto the ground (Siegfried gave it to her as engagement ring) and Gunther and Hagen fight over it to Gunther's death. Giselher then tries to kill Hagen but is easily overpowered. A vengeful Brunhild arrives and furiously kills the men who allied themselves with Hagen using the belt that Kriemhild returned to her earlier. Brunhild defeats and beheads Hagen and disappears.
Epilogue
Kriemhild places the ring on Siegfried's hand as they give him a pagan funeral. Giselher wishes the Pagan gods would live again on his death but Lena tells him that the Pagan gods die with him. When the boat has burst into flames, Brunhild appears from below Siegfried's altar and kills herself with his sword. She collapses on top of Siegfried's body and the boat sinks into the river, where the treasure hoard is shown having been thrown into.
Cast
Benno Furmann as Eric / Siegfried
Alicia Witt as Kriemhild
Kristanna Loken as Brunhild
Max von Sydow as Eyvind
Julian Sands as Hagen
Samuel West as King Gunther
Robert Pattinson as Giselher
Sean Higgs as Alberich
Götz Otto as Saxon King Thorkwin
Ralf Moeller as Saxon King Thorkilt
Tamsin MacCarthy as Queen Siegland
Leonard Moss as King Siegmund
Ryan Slabbert as Three-Year-Old Siegfried
Dean Slater as Dankwart
Soundtrack
The original motion picture soundtrack to Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King was released on March 7, 2006, on Dancing Ferret records (DFD203-16), and contains tracks from various artists.
Track listing
"Drachengold" by E Nomine – 3:32
"Gone With the Wind by Blackmore's Night – 5:15
"Somewhere Before" by The Dreamside – 4:44
"Drachentöter" by Schandmaul – 4:19
"Uthark Runa" by Therion – 4:39
"Prolog Andro" by Faun – 4:10
"Owe War Sint Verswunden (Nibelungs Edit)" by Estampie – 3:12
"Winterborn (Subway To Sally Remix)" by The Crüxshadows – 2:48
"Unda" by Faun – 5:06
"Egodram!" by Das Ich – 2:35
"Shadow of the Moon" by Blackmore's Night – 4:57
"Dulcissima (Cantus Buranus Carmina Burana)" by Corvus Corax – 4:58
"Forsaken" by The Dreamside – 5:08
"Schicksal" by Ilan Eshkeri – 4:20
"Eversleeping" by Xandria – 3:38
"Todesfinale" by Ilan Eshkeri – 2:51
"Remember Me (Kriemhild Edit)" by Qntal – 3:07
"Lebenslicht" by Barbi Schiller – 3:41
"Riding on the Rocks" by Katie Knight Adams – 4:00
See also
List of historical drama films
Late Antiquity
Germanic Heroic Age
References
External links
BBC
The New York Times
2004 films
2004 television films
2004 fantasy films
Sword and sorcery films
German fantasy television series
Films based on Norse mythology
Films based on poems
Films directed by Uli Edel
Films set in Germany
Films set in Iceland
Films set in Europe
Films set in the 5th century
Films set in the Middle Ages
German fantasy television films
Sat.1 original programming
2000s English-language films
English-language German films
2000s German-language films
Films scored by Ilan Eshkeri
Films based on the Nibelungenlied | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20Kingdom%3A%20The%20Dragon%20King |
The red-flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus) is a species of small antelope found in western and central Africa in countries as far apart as Senegal and Sudan. Red-flanked duikers grow to almost 15 in (35 cm) in height and weigh up to 31 lb (14 kg). They have russet coats, with greyish-black legs and backs, and white underbellies. They feed on leaves, fallen fruits, seeds and flowers, and sometimes twigs and shoots. The adults are territorial, living in savannah and lightly wooded habitats, and the females usually produce a single offspring each year. They have lifespans of ten to fifteen years in captivity.
Description
The red-flanked duiker is one of the smallest species of antelope, growing to a height of about with a weight of around . The head and body are blackish-grey near the spine gradually blending into a reddish-brown colour on the neck and flanks. There are small white markings on the ears and snout and a dark streak runs along the centre of the face. A tuft of black hairs grows between the horns and further coarse dark hairs grow along the top of the neck. The legs are bluish-grey. The sexes are in general similar in appearance but males have short backward-pointing horns up to long. Females are often hornless, or may have shorter horns. Both males and females have large preorbital glands on their snout in front of their eyes which form bulges in their cheeks. These are common to all members of the genus Cephalophus but they are larger in the red-flanked duiker than in other species.
Distribution and habitat
The red-flanked duiker is native to West and Central Africa where its range extends from Senegal and the Gambia in the west to Sudan and the Nile Valley in the east. Its main habitat is open savannah woodlands and the margins of forests but it also occurs in river basins with elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) or thick shrubby vegetation such as caperbushes (Capparis spp.) and tree acanthus (Acanthus arboreus).
Behaviour
Red-flanked duikers are territorial and mainly solitary, with a single antelope or a pair occupying a small territory for a few months and then moving elsewhere. The territory is marked with secretions from their preorbital glands. The duikers are most active in the early morning and shortly before dusk. They move about while browsing and keep a sharp lookout for possible predators; if startled, they lower their heads and dive into the nearest dense area of vegetation. They are hunted by a number of predators including leopards (Panthera pardus), crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) and African rock pythons (Python sebae) but are also hunted by man, who probably kills more duikers than the other predators combined.
The red-flanked duiker feeds on leaves and flowers and the fruits that fall from trees, and also browses on twigs growing within one metre (yard) of the ground. Favoured food species include the wild date palm (Phoenix reclinata), the African peach (Nauclea latifolia), the Cape fig (Ficus capensis), the wild bauhinia (Piliostigma thonningii), the adanme (Mucuna flagellipes), the hog plum (Spondias mombin), the barwood (Pterocarpus erinaceus), the mitzeeri (Bridelia micrantha), the wild African black plum (Vitex doniana), the African custard-apple (Annona senegalensis), the leafflower (Phyllanthus muellerianus), the monkey cola (Cola millenii), the ackee (Blighia sapida) and the beechwood (Gmelina arborea). As the red-flanked duiker eats the fruit of the Cape fig, African peach and wild date, it swallows the seeds. These pass through the gut and are present in the droppings and this is likely to be an important means of seed dispersal for these species.
Both male and female red-flanked duikers mature at about nine months of age. The female comes into oestrus once a year and the gestation period is about eight months, with a single offspring being born in the dry season or near the start of the wet season. The newly-born juvenile weighs about and quickly makes its way into concealing vegetation, only coming out when its mother returns to nurse it. Immediately after birth and when grooming its infant, the mother marks it with the secretions from her preorbital glands. It is weaned when it weighs about and there is no further parental involvement.
Status
The red-flanked duiker is an adaptable species, and the removal of trees by logging and the conversion of its natural habitat into more open savannah and farmland has allowed it to increase its range. It is fairly common in the areas in which it is found though numbers are decreasing in general due to severe hunting pressure. The red-flanked duiker was one of the four most frequent species of bushmeat on sale in the Republic of Guinea, along with Maxwell's duiker (Cephalophus maxwelli), the greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) and the bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). However it occurs in a number of reserves and protected areas where it is less liable to be killed for meat and the International Union for Conservation of Nature in its Red List of Threatened Species lists it as being of "Least Concern".
References
red-flanked duiker
red-flanked duiker
red-flanked duiker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-flanked%20duiker |
Subterranean Records is an independent record label based in San Francisco. Founded by Steve Tupper and a then partner, Michael Fox in 1979, it focused on that city's underground punk and industrial music scene.
Subterranean and fellow punk/alt/underground San Francisco label Alternative Tentacles both sprang forth from the DIY punk movement in 1979, and were quite successful on college and community radio stations in the US. These labels helped define the San Francisco punk movement. Subterranean was the more avant garde of the two. While originally just focused on documenting and promoting the SF area, over the years Subterranean has released records by artists from many areas and genres. Like many small DIY labels, Steve Tupper noted that bands were chosen based on his musical tastes.
Subterranean had a small storefront record shop on Valencia Street for about 4 years, from about 1984 to 1988.
The label has released a number of important underground albums, most notably four LPs by the band Flipper. The Dead Kennedys also released an important single on the label.
Catalog
This list is organized by catalog number, a roughly chronological number system established by the label and typically printed on or assigned to each official release.
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! No.
! Artist
! Title
! Co-releases & Re-releases
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1979
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB01
|Various Artists
|SF Underground (7-inch EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1980
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB02
|Society Dog
|Working Class People (7-inch EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1980
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB03
|Various Artists
|Live At Target (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1980
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB04
|The Jars
|Start Rite Now (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1980
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB05
|Bay Of Pigs
|Addiction / Aliens (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1980
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB06
|Tools
|Hard Wark / The Road Forever (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB07
|Flipper
|Love Canal / Ha Ha Ha (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB08
|Various artists
|Club Foot (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1980
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB09
|No Alternative
|Backtracks (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1980
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB10
|Various Artists
|S.F. Underground 2 (7-inch EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB11
|Tools
|#3 E.P. (7-inch EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB12
|Ultrasheen
|City Boy (7-inch EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB13
|Society Dog
|...Off Of The Leash (7-inch EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB14
|Stefan Weisser
|Poextensions & Contexts (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1983
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB14-2
|Stefan Weisser
|Editeditions Contexts (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB15
|Various Artists
|Red Spot (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB16
|Various Artists
|Arizona Disease (7-inch EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB17
|The Witch Trials
|The Witch Trials (LP)
|Alternative Tentacles & New Rose Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB18
|Minimal Man
|The Shroud Of (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB19
|Pre Fix
|Underneathica / Ectomorphine (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB20
|Inflatable Boy Clams
|Inflatable Boy Clams (2×7″ EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB21
|Nervous Gender
|Music From Hell (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB22
|Wilma
|Pornography Lies (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB23
|Flipper
|Sexbomb / Brainwash (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB24
|Dead Kennedys
|Nazi Punks Fuck Off! / Moral Majority (7-inch single)
|Alternative Tentacles
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
| style="text-align:center;"|none
||Factrix Cazazza
|Night Of The Succubus (VHS)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1982
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB25
|Flipper
|Album Generic Flipper (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1982
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB26
|Factrix Cazazza
|California Babylon (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1982
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB27
|Code Of Honor / Sick Pleasure
|Fight Or Die / Dolls Under Control (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1982
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB28
|Tom Tadlock
|Body Ad / Poker Keno (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1986
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB29
|Stefan Weisser
|Life Sentence — An uns Retrospective (cassette box)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1982
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB30
|Z'EV
|Elemental Music (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1982
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB31
|Chrome
|Box (5×LP)
|Cleopatra Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1983
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB32
|Negative Trend
|Negative Trend (aka: We Don't Play We Riot 12-inch) (7-inch EP)
|2.13.61 Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1985
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB33
|Z'EV
|My Favorite Things (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1982
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB34
|Chrome
|Anorexic Sacrifice (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1982
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB35
|Flipper
|Get Away (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1982
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB36
|Code Of Honor
|What Are We Gonna Do? (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1983
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB37
|Tana Emmolo-Smith / Joseph T. Jacobs
|Prescient Dreams / Zanoni (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1983
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB38
|Lose
|What’s Your Name? / Waking To Sleep (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1983
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB39
|Sick Pleasure
|Sick Pleasure (7-inch EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1983
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB40
|The Leather Nun
|Prime Mover (7-inch single)
|Scabri Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1983
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB41
|Arkansaw Man
|Every Job (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1983
| style="text-align:center;"|UR 3996
|Minimal Man
|Two Little Skeletons / Tired Death (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1984
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB42
|Flipper
|Gone Fishin' (LP)
|Fundamental Records, Domino Recording Company
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1984
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB43
|Code Of Honor
|Beware The Savage Jaw (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1984
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB44
|Pop-O-Pies
|Joe's Second Record (12-inch EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1984
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB45
|Longshoremen
|Grr Huh Yeah (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1984
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB46
|Frightwig
|Cat Farm Faboo (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1985
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB47
|Rod Myers & The Ramps / The Corvettes
|Wheelchair / Maybellene (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1985
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB48
|Psyclones
|Psyclones (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1985
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB49
|Helios Creed
|X-Rated Fairy Tales (LP)
|Fundamental Records, Lilith Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1985
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB50
|Wilma
|Wilma (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1985
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB51
|The Muskrats
|Rock Is Dead (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1985
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB52
|Pop-O-Pies
|Joe's Third Record (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1986
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB53
|Flipper
|Public Flipper Limited (2×LP)
|Domino Recording Company, Fundamental Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1986
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB54
|Longshoremen
|Walk The Plank (LP)
|Eva Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1986
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB55
|Polkacide
|Polkacide (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1986
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB56
|Controlled Bleeding
|Core (LP)
|Ultra-Mail Prod.
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1987
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB57
|Any Three Initials
|Ruins Of America (EP)
|MEKA Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1987
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB58
|The Muskrats
|Soul Francisco (EP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1987
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB59
|Flipper
|Sex Bomb Baby (LP)
|Domino Recording Company
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1987
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB60
|Low Flying Aircraft
|Low Flying Aircraft (LP)
|Red Hot Records, Core Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1988
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB61
|Housecoat Project
|Wide Eye Doo Dat (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1989
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB62
|Helios Creed
|Superior Catholic Finger (LP)
|Lilith Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1987
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB63
|Penelope Houston
|Birdboys (EP)
|Round Tower Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1989
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB64
|Terminators Of Endearment
|Stranger In The Manger (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1989
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB65
|Various Artists
|Devouring Our Roots (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2010
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB66
|Housecoat Project
|Girlfiend (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1990
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB67
|Controlled Bleeding
|Hog Floor (A Fractured View) (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1989
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB68
|Various Artists
|Dry Lungs IV (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1990
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB69
|Caroliner Rainbow Stewed Angel Skins
|I'm Armed With Quarts Of Blood (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1990
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB70
|Flipper
|Some Day / Distant Illusion (7-inch single)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1992
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB71
|Kathleen Yearwood
|Dead Branches Make A Noise (LP)
|Voice Of The Turtle Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1992
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB72
|Various Artists
|Dry Lungs V (2×CD)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1992
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB74
|Angel'in Heavy Syrup
|Angel'in Heavy Syrup (CD)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB75
|Caroliner Rainbow Susans And Bruisins
|The Cooking Stove Beast (CD)
|Nuf Sed Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1996
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB76
|Kathleen Yearwood
|Little Misery Birds (EP)
|Voice Of The Turtle Records
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2001
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB77
|The Lewd
|Lewd Conduct In A Public Place! (LP)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2005
| style="text-align:center;"|SUB78
|Code Of Honor
|Complete Studio Recordings 1982-1984 (CD)
|
|}
Roster
Alterboys
Angel'in Heavy Syrup
Animal Things
Any Three Initials
Arkansaw Man
Arsenal
Bay of Pigs
The Bedlam Rovers
Caroliner
Chrome
Club Foot Orchestra
Code of Honor
Controlled Bleeding
Dead Kennedys
Factrix
Flipper
Fried Abortions
Frightwig
Helios Creed
Housecoat Project
Penelope Houston
Inflatable Boy Clams
The Jars
Jr. Chemists
The Leather Nun
Les Seldoms
The Lewd
Bruce Loose
Low Flying Aircraft
Minimal Man
The Muskrats
Naked City
Negative Trend
Nervous Gender
No Alternative
Polkacide
Pop-O-Pies
Pre-Fix
Psyclones
Research Library
Sick Pleasure
Society Dog
Tom Tadlock
The Terminators of Endearment
The Tools
Ultrasheen
UNS
VKTMS
The Wannabe Texans
Stefan Weisser
Wilma
Witch Trials
Woundz
Kathleen Yearwood
Z'ev
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Subterranean Records Homepage
Discography at Discogs.com
Record labels established in 1979
American independent record labels
Punk record labels
Industrial record labels
Music of the San Francisco Bay Area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean%20Records |
State Road 11 in the U.S. state of Indiana is located in south central Indiana and is divided into a northern and southern section. These sections were never connected.
Route description
Southern section
The southern portion is a southwest–northeast road in Floyd and Harrison counties. Its southern terminus is at State Road 135 near the town of Mauckport, which is on the Ohio River. From there, the highway runs roughly northeast for a distance of about and ends where it meets State Road 62, east of the town of Lanesville.
Northern section
The northern portion is a north–south road in Bartholomew and Jackson counties. Its southern terminus is at State Road 250 in the small town of Dudleytown a few miles south of Seymour; the highway runs north through Seymour to Columbus, a distance of about , and ends where it meets Indiana State Road 46.
History
Southern section
Before 1935 the southern section of SR 11 was number State Road 33 (SR 33). Then in 1935 U.S. Route 33 (US 33) was commissioned in Indiana and SR 33 was decommissioned.
Northern section
In the 1970s the northern section of SR 11 was numbered U.S. Route 31 Alternate.
Major intersections
References
External links
Indiana Highway Ends - SR 11
011
Transportation in Jackson County, Indiana
Transportation in Floyd County, Indiana
Transportation in Bartholomew County, Indiana
Transportation in Harrison County, Indiana
U.S. Route 31
Columbus, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%2011 |
Veteran is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is located on Highway 12 approximately east of the City of Red Deer. Consort is approximately to the east, while Coronation is approximately to the west.
History
With the promise of land, many people made their way west to homestead in the Veteran area. Their ethnic origins were diverse but they shared in the optimism of a better life for themselves and their families.
Veteran incorporated as a village on June 30, 1914.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Veteran had a population of 214 living in 100 of its 130 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 207. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The population of the Village of Veteran according to its 2017 municipal census is 239.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Veteran recorded a population of 207 living in 102 of its 112 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 249. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Attractions
Attractions in Veteran include a campground and a museum. Other facilities within the community include a library, a park, a playground and a skateboard park. Churches within Veteran include the Full Gospel Church and Veteran United Church.
A nearby large hill named Nose Hill has historical significance as it was a meeting spot during the second North-West Rebellion.
Sports
Veteran has its own curling club with three sheets of ice as well as an arena.
Education
Veteran School serves 60 students enrolled in kindergarten through grade 9. Senior high students attend school in Consort.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of villages in Alberta
References
External links
1914 establishments in Alberta
Special Area No. 4
Villages in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteran%2C%20Alberta |
XHRIO-TDT (channel 15) was a television station in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico, which served the Rio Grande Valley area in southern Texas, United States. The station was 98%-owned by Mexican-based Televisora Alco, a 40%-owned subsidiary of station operator Entravision Communications; XHRIO was a sister station to Entravision's duopoly of McAllen-licensed Univision affiliate KNVO (channel 48) and Harlingen-licensed Fox affiliate KFXV (channel 60), as well as three low-powered stations, all licensed to McAllen: Class A UniMás affiliate KTFV-CD (channel 32), KMBH-LD (channel 67, and its Brownsville-licensed translator Class A KXFX-CD), and KCWT-CD (channel 21, also a CW Plus affiliate). XHRIO-TDT maintained its basic concession-compliant studios in Matamoros, with a second studio facility across the border (shared with Entravision's other stations) on North Jackson Road in McAllen housing master control and other internal operations. XHRIO-TDT's transmitter was located near El Control, Tamaulipas.
The station was long linked to programming from the United States, signing on as an independent station programmed from McAllen and serving as an affiliate of Telemundo, UPN, Fox, MundoFox/MundoMax, and The CW in its operational history. In 2019, Entravision announced that it had elected not to pay the 20-year renewal fee for the station's concession to broadcast beyond December 31, 2021, when the station closed down.
History
Early years
The concession for channel 2 was awarded in 1964, receiving the call sign of XHCR-TV and owned by Cadena Radiotelevisora del Norte, S.A. de C.V., a company owned by respected broadcaster Clemente Serna Alvear of Mexico City. In 1973, the name of the concessionaire was changed to Televisoras del Bajo Bravo, S.A.
In 1977, a joint venture was formed between the owners of KRIO (910 AM) in McAllen and KRIX (99.5 FM; now KKPS) in Brownsville and Serna Alvear. The venture brought channel 2 to the air on January 12, 1979 as XHRIO-TV (with call sign authorized on March 16 of that year), an English-language independent station. It branded as "XRIO", running primarily reruns of older American shows and recent feature films. The studios were co-located in McAllen with KRIO. The transmitter was south of the Rio Grande and the Harlingen antenna farm. Since XHRIO-TV was perceived by its American competitors (KRGV-TV and KGBT-TV) as a "border blaster" or pirate station, both being unfounded, they set about to block live delivery of programming across the U.S. border.
First stint as XHRIO-TV
Although XHRIO-TV had a broadcast signal superior to its U.S. counterparts, it suffered from serious underfunding and mismanagement by the ownership of the studio facility. During its first year, the technical staff which had created the facility against incredible odds slowly departed. Power to the transmitter site was sporadic and replacement technical people were not up to the task. Thus, XHRIO-TV was never able to establish an advertising base in the English market, despite extremely successful initial ratings. In 1981, the owners of the Mexican concession ended the delivery of programming tapes across the border to the channel 2 transmitter and converted XHRIO to a Spanish-language independent station aimed at Matamoros viewers.
In November 1988, the station became the Lower Rio Grande Valley's Telemundo affiliate. The concessionaire became known as Telegrande, S.A. XHRIO's Telemundo affiliation ended on May 1, 1999, due to low ratings (in part because TCI had dropped the station from its lineup in 1997); as a result, the station reverted to English-language programming by becoming a UPN affiliate. Prior to XHRIO joining UPN, the network's programming was seen in the area through secondary affiliations with KRGV-TV (channel 5) and KVEO (channel 23). Telemundo programming returned to the market that August, when KTLM (channel 40) went on the air. To reflect its affiliation, the station changed its callsign to XHHUPN-TV in 2001. In 2005, the station reverted to the XHRIO-TV calls and dropped UPN for Fox.
As a Fox affiliate
Fox programming had previously been seen on XHFOX-TV (channel 17) from September 1994 until February 2002, when station owner Televisa dumped the Fox affiliation and flipped that channel to a XEW-TV repeater as XHTAM-TV. Prior to XHFOX's arrival and before XHRIO took Fox, Lower Rio Grande viewers on the American side received the network from the nationwide Foxnet channel.
In 2007, XHRIO began broadcasting digitally on sister station KNVO's subchannel 48.3, but three years later, after KNVO began airing Univision in HD, XHRIO moved to its own digital channel 2.1.
In 2011, low-powered sister station KSFE-LD began airing a simulcast of XHRIO on its main channel 67.1, with KSFE's previous CW programming being moved to 67.2. In early 2012, KSFE's calls were changed to KFXV-LD and on-air identification heavily emphasized the new call letters as well as channel 67.1. This could potentially lead to confusion as the station was branding itself as channel 2 while identifying itself as channel 67. Although the station was available on both channels, the XHRIO calls were reduced to small print beneath the KFXV calls on station identifications.
2012–2021
In 2012, it was announced a full power Entravision-owned station in the Rio Grande Valley would become a charter affiliate of the new Spanish-language MundoFox station. This caused speculation that the Fox network would be removed from XHRIO in favor of MundoFox, although there was no confirmation. On August 7, 2012, Fox programming was interrupted so that XHRIO could air what they labeled a "señal de prueba" or "test signal" feed of MundoFox on 2.1. After numerous unconfirmed rumors that MundoFox would be on 2.1, Valley residents were finally given confirmation on August 8, 2012, when the station's official Twitter feed announced that XHRIO would join MundoFox and Fox would remain on KFXV-LD, effectively splitting them off into two separate and distinctive channels. On August 13, 2012, MundoFox was launched on XHRIO, effectively ending their affiliation with the Fox network. Less than a week after dropping the Fox affiliation from channel 2 altogether, KFXV's standard definition feed was re-added to XHRIO on channel 2.2.
On October 1, 2016, XHRIO switched from MundoMax to The CW, an affiliation held by Entravision and already aired on KCWT-CD. MundoMax shut down entirely on November 30, 2016.
After San Diego sister station XHDTV-TDT switched from MyNetworkTV to Milenio Television in September 2018, XHRIO became the only Mexican-licensed, English-language station serving an American audience.
In releasing its third-quarter 2019 earnings, Entravision announced that it had elected not to pay the 20-year lump sum renewal for XHRIO's concession; the station left the air at the expiration of its concession on December 31, 2021.
News operation
When XHRIO debuted in 1979, the station produced hourly bilingual news briefs with KRIO newscasters Fred Cantu and Rod Santa Ana during evening programming.
A full local newscast would not air on the station until March 12, 2007, when XHRIO debuted Fox 2 News at Nine. The 30-minute newscast airs Monday through Friday at 9 p.m. It was not the first 9 p.m. newscast in the area, as XHFOX produced one while it was a Fox affiliate. Like many other Fox affiliates, XHRIO takes advantage of the network's shorter primetime schedule by scheduling their newscasts an hour before the other local affiliates in the region. In addition to local/national news, weather and sports, Fox 2 News also included "Around the World in 80 Seconds", an 80-second segment dedicated to international, health, and entertainment news. XHRIO's newscast line-up is somewhat similar to that of sister station KNVO's Spanish language newscasts since both stations share the same facility.
On September 27, 2010, XHRIO began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition.
XHRIO's newscast migrated to KFXV in 2012. No local news aired on the station as a MundoMax or The CW affiliate.
Technical information
Subchannel
Because it is licensed in Mexico, XHRIO was not subject to the United States' discontinuation of analog television and instead shut off its analog signal on January 14, 2015, along with other television stations in the Matamoros-Reynosa and Nuevo Laredo markets. In June 2010, KNVO began broadcasting Univision in HD, and XHRIO began broadcasting on digital channel 26, initially using virtual channel 2 by way of PSIP.
The October 2016 shuffle of Mexican virtual channels required XHRIO to vacate channel 2 for national use by the Las Estrellas network and XHTAM-TDT. The IFT initially assigned virtual channel 54, formerly in use by XHVTV-TDT, as its replacement. Instead, XHRIO moved from virtual channel 2 to virtual channel 15 and did so ahead of the Mexican switch of virtual channels, coinciding with its CW affiliation switch. Also around this time, despite obtaining IFT authorization, the Fox feed was removed; TVNorte did not surrender its multiprogramming authorization until May 2020.
Carriage issues
Because XHRIO is licensed and broadcasting from Mexico, it is not covered under U.S. "must-carry" regulations from the FCC (though it is required carriage for Mexican cable systems in its broadcast area). This means that, apart from low-powered affiliates in the U.S., XHRIO was the only Fox affiliate that local cable systems were not required to carry. However, U.S. cable systems were effectively required to carry XHRIO anyway, since it is operated by Entravision, which owns stations on the American side of the border. The same must-carry rules give full-powered American stations the option of "retransmission consent", or requesting compensation from cable systems to carry their station. In this case, Entravision has the right to require cable systems to offer XHRIO as part of the compensation for carrying KNVO.
On September 27, 2006, DirecTV added XHRIO to its lineup in the Rio Grande Valley market on channel 2; prior to that date, DirecTV viewers in that market received Fox programming from Corpus Christi's K47DF. On November 6, 2008, DirecTV added XHRIO's HD channel to its local HD line-up in the Valley.
On September 14, 2007, Time Warner Cable added XHRIO-TDT to its HD service on digital cable channel 870, and can also be seen on ATSC/QAM channel 100.870 on basic cable.
In spring 2009, Dish Network added XHRIO's HD feed to its local channel line-up in the Valley on channel 2.
After XHRIO and KFXV were split into 2 separate channels, all 3 feeds mentioned above remained KFXV feeds and will continue to air Fox programming. It is unclear if and when XHRIO in its current form will be added to these systems.
References
HRIO-TDT
Television stations in the Lower Rio Grande Valley
Transnational network affiliates
Defunct television channels in Mexico
Entravision Communications stations
Television channels and stations established in 1979
1979 establishments in Mexico
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2021
2021 disestablishments in Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHRIO-TDT |
State Road 18 (SR 18) in the U.S. State of Indiana is an east–west route in North Central Indiana running from the Illinois border in Benton County almost to the Ohio border, terminating at U.S. Route 27 (US 27)/State Road 67 (SR 67) in Jay County. State Route 18 is mainly a 2-lane road with exception of 4-lane divided highway from Marion to Interstate 69 (I-69). Marion is the only considerably large city that Route 18 passes through. State Route 18 runs just south of the lakes region, with Lake Shafer, Lake Freeman, Mississinewa Reservoir, and Salamonie Reservoir not too far to the north. With the exception of Marion, Route 18 passes through mostly small towns. The terrain is mostly level and is utilized mostly for agriculture.
Route description
SR 18 heads east from the western terminus at the Illinois State line. Then SR 18 has an intersection with State Road 71. SR 18 heads east having an intersection with U.S. Route 41. Then SR 18 heads east towards Fowler, when in Fowler SR 18 begins a concurrency with U.S. Route 52 and State Road 55. All three routes head southeast, until SR 18 turns due east. SR 18 heads east towards Brookston, passing through an intersection with U.S. Route 231 and an interchange with Interstate 65 (I-65). In Brookston SR 18 has a concurrency with State Road 43. From Brookston SR 18 heads east towards Pittsburg, just west of Pittsburg SR 18, begins a concurrency with U.S. Route 421, and State Road 39. All three route heads southeast towards Delphi, west of downtown Delphi State Road 25 joins the concurrency. Then all four routes turn northeast towards downtown Delphi. When in downtown Delphi SR 25 leaves the concurrency on a northeast route as US 421/SR 18/SR 39 turn southeast. South of Delphi SR 18 leaves the concurrency with US 421 and SR 39. SR 18 heads due east towards Flora where SR 18 has an intersection with State Road 75. SR 18 heads east towards Galveston passing through a concurrency with State Road 29. In Galveston SR 18 has an intersection with U.S. Route 35. Then just east of Galveston SR 18 has an intersection with U.S. Route 31.
From US 31, SR 18 heads east towards Converse passing through a concurrency with State Road 19. SR 18 then heads through Converse, after Converse SR 18 has a concurrency with State Road 13. SR 18 turns southeast towards Marion passing through Sweetser. In Marion eastbound SR 18 is on a Fourth Street and westbound SR 18 is on Third Street and Second Street. East of Marion the one-way streets become a four-lane highway. SR 18 heads east towards Montpelier passing through an interchange with I-69 and passing through an intersection with State Road 5 and State Road 3. East of Montpelier SR 18 passes through an intersection with State Road 1. Then SR 18 heads east towards its eastern terminus near Bryant at an intersection with US 27 and SR 67, from this intersection SR 67 heads east towards Ohio.
Major intersections
References
External links
018
Transportation in Benton County, Indiana
Transportation in White County, Indiana
Transportation in Carroll County, Indiana
Transportation in Cass County, Indiana
Transportation in Miami County, Indiana
Transportation in Grant County, Indiana
Transportation in Blackford County, Indiana
Transportation in Jay County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%2018 |
The Industrial Production Index (IPI) is an economic indicator published by the Federal Reserve Board of the United States that measures the real production output of manufacturing, mining, and utilities. Production indices are computed mainly as fisher indexes with the weights based on annual estimates of value added. Since Fisher indexes only preserve growth information, the value in the base year (currently 2012) is arbitrarily set at 100. This index, along with other industrial indexes and construction, accounts for the bulk of the variation in national output over the duration of the business cycle.
See also
Index of industrial production (India)
References
External links
Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization from the Federal Reserve Board
Financial Forecast Center IPI Forecasts
Business indices
Production economics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20production%20index |
Anthony Adamle (May 15, 1924 – October 7, 2000) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker and fullback in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire career for the Cleveland Browns before retiring to pursue a medical degree.
Adamle grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, and was a star fullback on his Collinwood High School football team. He attended Ohio State University in 1942, but his college career was cut short by World War II. After a stint in the United States Army Air Force, Adamle returned to finish his education at Ohio State in 1946. He soon dropped out of school, however, and joined the Browns. Cleveland won AAFC championships in each of Adamle's first three years, after which the league folded and the Browns were absorbed by the more established NFL. Cleveland continued to succeed in the NFL, winning the 1950 championship and advancing to the 1951 championship but losing to the Los Angeles Rams. Adamle left the Browns after the 1951 season to pursue a medical degree, but he came out of retirement briefly in 1954 as the Browns won another NFL championship.
Adamle left football for good after the season, earning a medical degree from Western Reserve University in Cleveland in 1956. He settled with his family in Kent, Ohio, where he ran a medical practice until his death in 2000. He was a team physician for his local high school and for Kent State University for more than 35 years. Adamle's son Mike played in the NFL as a fullback in the 1970s before retiring and becoming a sports broadcaster.
Early life and high school
Adamle was born in Fairmont, West Virginia to immigrants from Slovenia. His family moved to Cleveland when he was a child, and he attended Collinwood High School on the city's east side. Adamle was a standout fullback on his high school team and made a Cleveland-area All-Star squad in 1941 that matched up against a team of stars from Florida. He was "without question the best high school player I have ever seen," one Cleveland sports editor said after he was chosen as an all-star. He was also named an All-Ohio player by the Associated Press and United Press International and earned three varsity letters in football in high school.
College and military career
Adamle attended Ohio State University and was on the 1942 Ohio State Buckeyes freshman team, but left school prior to the 1943 season to fight in World War II. After serving in the U.S. Air Force in the Mediterranean Theatre of War, he returned to Ohio State for the team's 1946 season—his only season with the varsity Buckeyes. Playing as a center in a November game against the Northwestern Wildcats, Adamle intercepted a Frank Aschenbrenner pass in the third quarter and returned it 38 yards. He had another interception in the fourth quarter of the 39–27 Buckeyes victory. Ohio State finished the season with a 4–3–2 record and Adamle was selected to play in the College All-Star Game, a now-defunct matchup between the National Football League (NFL) champion and a selection of the best college players from around the country.
Professional career
Adamle was eligible to play for the Buckeyes again in 1947, but decided to leave school and join the Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Adamle had been selected with the 105th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears, and he told Cleveland head coach Paul Brown, who coached Ohio State's varsity team between 1941 and 1943, that he would join the Bears if the Browns did not sign him. "I would be a pretty sick fellow today, knowing what I do about Tony, if George Halas had gotten him," Brown said before the season began.
Adamle's decision to drop out was controversial because of rules that under normal circumstances would have barred him from playing professionally before graduating. The interruption of the war had forced the suspension of the rule to account for players' military service, however, and he was allowed to leave college. The Browns denied that they encouraged Adamle to drop out. Adamle may have been convinced to join the Browns by Gene Fekete, Dante Lavelli, Lou Groza and Bill Willis, four Browns players who were back at Ohio State to finish their studies after the 1946 season.
With the Browns starting in the team's 1947 season, Adamle played as a fullback. He competed with Marion Motley at the position, and said he was "not working to be a second-stringer". Adamle was a straight-talker and was not afraid to stand up to Brown, a cold disciplinarian who was the team's coach between 1946 and 1962. Brown was impressed with Adamle's candor and held him in respect. Before the seventh game of the 1947 season, a matchup against the Chicago Rockets that October, Adamle replaced Motley as the team's starting fullback. Brown said that while he had not given up on Motley, a big back who had anchored the offense in the Browns' early years, the former starter had "made a few mistakes lately that hurt us" and thought competition would be helpful. Adamle, who was about 15 pounds lighter than Motley, started for a brief time as part of an offense led by quarterback Otto Graham, registering 23 carries for 95 yards on the season, a career-high. The Browns went on to finish the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 record and win the AAFC championship game against the New York Yankees. Adamle returned to Ohio State in the offseason to continue his studies.
By the team's following season, Adamle was being used mostly on defense as a left-side linebacker, and Motley was again the primary fullback. Cleveland had a perfect season in 1948, winning all of its games and beating the Buffalo Bills in the championship. Adamle had 88 rushing yards and a touchdown that year.
Adamle filled in for an injured Motley at fullback for several games the following year while continuing to play as a linebacker. He had 64 rushing yards and made four interceptions, a career-high. Cleveland again won the AAFC championship in 1949, but the league then folded and the Browns were absorbed by the more established NFL.
Cleveland's success continued in the NFL in its 1950 season as Adamle was named team captain, replacing Lou Saban following his retirement. The team won the 1950 NFL Championship Game, and Adamale was one of seven Browns players chosen to play in the first Pro Bowl, football's all-star game. He led the NFL with five fumble recoveries that year and was also named a second-team All-Pro by the New York Daily News.
Adamle was again one of eight Browns chosen for the Pro Bowl after Cleveland's 1951 season, when the team reached the championship game but lost to the Los Angeles Rams. He was named a first-team All-Pro by United Press International and the New York Daily News after the season, when he had one interception and one fumble recovery. He was used mainly as an outside linebacker in Cleveland's 5-3 defense later in his career, only attempting three rushes in the 1950s. Adamle finished college at Kent State University in 1950, earning a bachelor's degree, and received a master's degree in education from Western Reserve University in Cleveland in 1951.
Upset by Brown's criticisms of the defense in the 1951 championship game, Adamle left the Browns before the next season to enter medical school. Brown nevertheless traded the rights to Adamle to the Green Bay Packers as part of a deal that brought defensive back Ace Loomis to Cleveland. "We know Adamle is determined to enter medical school and informed the Packers it is very unlikely he would play any more football," Brown said. The Packers hoped to get him to play part-time while he was in school. Adamle spent most of 1952 working as an orderly at Glenville Hospital in Cleveland, entering Western Reserve's medical school in September.
Adamle came out of retirement to play for the Browns at 30 years old in October 1954. He had been working as a scout for the Chicago Cardinals and was in his third year of medical school; he agreed to come back on the condition that he would only practice once a week so he could continue his studies. The Browns had advanced to the NFL championship game in both of the seasons he did not play, but lost both times to the Detroit Lions. In Cleveland's 1954 season, the team reached the championship game and beat the Lions, 56–10.
Medical career
Adamle quit football for good after the season and focused on his medical career. In 1956, he received his medical degree from Western Reserve in Cleveland, now known as Case Western Reserve University. He settled in Kent, Ohio, where he ran a medical practice for the rest of his life. He also served as the team doctor for Theodore Roosevelt High School and Kent State University for more than 35 years. Adamle specialized in knee and neck injuries, and published articles about cold therapy and the use of Vitamin C in sports medicine. The Ohio High School Athletic Association named him the state's Outstanding Team Physician in 1983.
Later life and death
Adamle died in 2000 after a seven-year battle with cancer. His son, Mike Adamle, was a running back at Roosevelt High School and Northwestern University, and played professionally as a fullback for the Kansas City Chiefs, New York Jets and Chicago Bears in the 1970s before becoming a sports broadcaster.
References
Bibliography
External links
1924 births
2000 deaths
American people of Slovenian descent
Sportspeople from Fairmont, West Virginia
People from Alliance, Ohio
Players of American football from Stark County, Ohio
Sportspeople from Kent, Ohio
American football fullbacks
American football linebackers
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine alumni
Cleveland Browns players
Cleveland Browns (AAFC) players
Deaths from cancer in Ohio
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Military personnel from West Virginia
Players of American football from West Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Adamle |
The characters in the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants were created by artist, animator, and former marine biologist Stephen Hillenburg. The series chronicles the adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. Most characters are anthropomorphic sea creatures based on real-life species. Many of the characters' designs originated in an unpublished educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg created in 1989.
SpongeBob SquarePants features the voices of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan. Most one-off and background characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Sirena Irwin, Bob Joles, Mark Fite and Thomas F. Wilson. In addition to the series' regular cast, various celebrities from a wide range of professions have voiced guest characters and recurring roles.
The show's characters have received positive critical reception and attention from celebrities. They have made frequent appearances in media outside of the television show, including a theatrical film series, many video games, and two spin-off series. The characters have also been referenced and parodied throughout popular culture. The title character SpongeBob became a merchandising icon during the height of the show's second season and has seen continued commercial popularity.
Creation and conception
Stephen Hillenburg originally conceived early versions of the SpongeBob SquarePants characters in 1984, while he was teaching and studying marine biology at what is now the Orange County Marine Institute in Dana Point, California. During this period, Hillenburg became fascinated with animation, and wrote a comic book titled The Intertidal Zone starring various anthropomorphic forms of sea creatures, many of which would evolve into SpongeBob SquarePants characters, including "Bob the Sponge", who was the co-host of the comic and resembled an actual sea sponge as opposed to SpongeBob. In 1987, Hillenburg left the institute to pursue his dream of becoming an animator.
Patrick, Mr. Krabs, Pearl, and Squidward were the first other characters Hillenburg created for the show. Many of their characteristics were based on Hillenburg's experiences during his time at the Ocean Institute or inspired by the traits of their species. Patrick's personality embodies the nature of the starfish; according to Hillenburg, they look "dumb and slow" but are "very active and aggressive" in reality, like Patrick. Hillenburg drew inspiration from his former manager at a seafood restaurant while creating Mr. Krabs. According to him, this manager was redheaded, muscular, and a former army cook; these traits were all adapted into Krabs' character. His decision to design Pearl was influenced by his regular supervision of whale watches at the Ocean Institute, as well as by a cetacean skeleton at the institute. He drew Pearl with an oversized, almost geometric head as a reference to sperm whales having the largest brain size of any extant animal on Earth. He designed Squidward as an octopus because of the species' bulbous mantle; the octopus, he said, has "such a large bulbous head and Squidward thinks he's an intellectual, so of course he's gonna have [one]". Hillenburg drew Squidward with six tentacles because "it was really just simpler for animation to draw him with six legs instead of eight".
Several additions were made to the series' main cast before and after Hillenburg pitched the series to Nickelodeon; in his series bible, he added Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel clad in a diving suit, as a new friend of SpongeBob. Plankton and Karen were included in his bible but were not meant to make regular appearances; Plankton's voice actor Mr. Lawrence said that he "was only supposed to be in one or two episodes, but I was a writer on the show and I really liked this character". Following his first voice recording, Lawrence drafted some of his own ideas, hoping to "prove Plankton could survive as more than a one-note character". From then on, Plankton and Karen's roles in the series grew as Lawrence wrote ideas to give them more personality; notably, he decided to write Karen as Plankton's wife, rather than just his computer as was originally intended. They were both officially promoted to main cast members in the credits of the 2004 theatrical film, in which they play central roles.
Hillenburg added Mrs. Puff in response to a request by Nickelodeon that SpongeBob attend school. Nickelodeon executives initially wanted to make SpongeBob a child since their most successful cartoons at the time focused on young, school-age characters. Hillenburg stated that the network wanted SpongeBob to be like "Arnold [from Hey Arnold!] under the sea," but he told them, "No, that's not the show." As a compromise, he decided to put SpongeBob in a boat-driving school, allowing him to keep writing SpongeBob as an adult while also using the school as a main plot element. Showrunner Vincent Waller suggested that if Nickelodeon had creative control over SpongeBob, almost every episode would take place at Mrs. Puff's school, rather than at a variety of locations. The choice to make Mrs. Puff a pufferfish, who inflates into a ball when SpongeBob crashes, was made to evoke the appearance of car airbags.
Main characters
SpongeBob SquarePants
SpongeBob SquarePants (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a yellow anthropomorphic sea sponge who usually wears brown short pants, a white collared shirt, and a red tie. Like real sea sponges, he can filter-feed and reproduce by budding. He lives in a pineapple house and is employed as a fry cook at a fast food restaurant called the Krusty Krab. He diligently attends Mrs. Puff's Boating School but has never passed; throughout the series, he tries his hardest on the exams but remains an unintentionally reckless boat driver. He is relentlessly optimistic and enthusiastic toward his job and his friends. SpongeBob's hobbies include catching jellyfish, blowing bubbles, playing with his best friend Patrick, and unintentionally irritating his neighbor Squidward. He first appears in "Help Wanted".
Patrick Star
Patrick Star (voiced by Bill Fagerbakke) a pink starfish who lives under a rock and wears flowered swim trunks. His most prominent character trait is his extremely low intelligence. He is best friends with SpongeBob and often unknowingly encourages activities that get the two into trouble. While typically unemployed throughout the series, Patrick holds various short-term jobs as the storyline of each episode requires. He is generally slow and even-tempered but can sometimes get aggressive, much like real starfish, and occasionally performs feats of great strength.
Squidward Tentacles
Squidward Tentacles (voiced by Rodger Bumpass) a turquoise Giant Pacific octopus with a large nose who works as a cashier at the Krusty Krab. He is SpongeBob's next-door neighbor with a dry, sarcastic sense of humor. His house is between SpongeBob's and Patrick's houses. He believes himself to be a talented artist and musician, but nobody else recognizes his abilities. He plays the clarinet and often paints self-portraits in different styles, which he hangs up around his moai house. Squidward frequently voices his frustration with SpongeBob, but he genuinely cares for him deep down. This has been revealed in the form of sudden confessions when Squidward is in a dire situation.
Mr. Krabs
Eugene Krabs (voiced by Clancy Brown) is a red crab who lives in an anchor-shaped house with his daughter Pearl, who is a whale. He dislikes spending money but will go to great lengths to make Pearl happy. Krabs owns and operates the Krusty Krab restaurant where SpongeBob works. He is self-content, cunning, and obsessed with the value and essence of money. He tends to worry more about his riches than about the needs of his employees. Having served in the navy, he loves sailing, whales, sea shanties, and talking like a pirate.
Plankton and Karen
Sheldon Plankton (voiced by Mr. Lawrence) and Karen Plankton (voiced by Jill Talley) are the owners of the Chum Bucket, an unsuccessful restaurant located across the street from the Krusty Krab. Their business is a commercial failure because they sell mostly inedible foods made from chum. Plankton is a small planktonic copepod and the self-proclaimed archenemy of Mr. Krabs. His ultimate goal is to steal Krabs' secret formula for Krabby Patties, run the Krusty Krab out of business, and take over the oceanic world, but he never permanently succeeds, usually due to either SpongeBob and/or Krabs' efforts, his own incompetence and immaturity, or his own small size (except, temporarily, in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie). Plankton is a skilled inventor and possesses a Napoleon complex due to his short stature. Karen is Plankton's own invention, a waterproof supercomputer who is more competent that Plankton, being the brains behind most of his evil plans to steal Krabs' secret recipe. She is married to Plankton and usually takes residence in the Chum Bucket laboratory. Karen speaks with a pronounced Midwestern American accent.
Sandy Cheeks
Sandy Cheeks (voiced by Carolyn Lawrence) is a squirrel from Texas who lives in an air-filled glass dome and wears a diving suit to breathe underwater. Whenever any aquatic creatures enter her home, they must wear helmets of water. Sandy works as a scientist, explorer, and inventor. She is a rodeo champion with a number of athletic interests, such as "sand-boarding" and karate. She speaks with a Southern drawl and uses typical Southern slang words and phrases.
Mrs. Puff
Mrs. Puff (voiced by Mary Jo Catlett) is a paranoid pufferfish who is SpongeBob's teacher at boating school, an underwater driver's education facility where students drive boats like cars. She wears a sailor suit and her school is a lighthouse. SpongeBob is Mrs. Puff's most dedicated student and knows the answer to every question on her written and oral exams, but always panics and crashes when he actually boards a vessel. She puffs up into a ball when she is scared or injured. As a running gag, she is frequently arrested by the police, usually due to her being responsible for SpongeBob when he causes destruction around Bikini Bottom during his boating test.
Pearl Krabs
Pearl Krabs (voiced by Lori Alan) is a teenage sperm whale and Mr. Krabs' daughter. She wants to fit in with her fish peers, but finds this impossible to do because of the large size inherent to her species. She will inherit the Krusty Krab from her father when she grows older, but is still in high school and does not yet have a job at the family business. Pearl's favorite activities are working at the Bikini Bottom Mall, using her father's credit card to buy anything that is in style, and listening to pop music.
Gary the Snail
Gary the Snail (vocal effects provided by Tom Kenny) is SpongeBob's pet sea snail who lives with him in their pineapple home and vocalizes like a cat. Other snails and SpongeBob can understand and talk to him. Depicted as a level-headed character, Gary often serves as a voice of reason and a foil to SpongeBob and solves problems that his owner cannot. He has a pink shell that is impossibly spacious on the inside.
Supporting characters
Patchy the Pirate
Patchy the Pirate (portrayed and voiced by Tom Kenny) is the host of the series' special episodes. He is a live-action pirate and the president of the fictional SpongeBob fan club. He lives in an unnamed suburb of Encino, Los Angeles, and segments hosted by him are often presented in a dual narrative with the animated stories. He made a special guest star appearance on Big Time Rush in the episode "Big Time Beach Party" with Carlos Pena Jr. and Logan Henderson.
Potty the Parrot
Potty the Parrot (voiced by Stephen Hillenburg in seasons 2–3, Paul Tibbitt from seasons 4–8, Mr. Lawrence from seasons 10-present) is Patchy's green pet parrot, depicted as a crudely-made puppet with googly eyes. The character's name is a reference to "Polly wants a cracker," a phrase often used for parrots to vocally mimic. Potty is obnoxious and often annoys or talks back to Patchy while he is trying to host an episode.
French Narrator
The French Narrator (voiced by Tom Kenny, portrayed by Dan Southworth in live-action appearances) is an oceanographer who films SpongeBob's world using a camera. He often introduces episodes from off screen or narrates the intertitles as if the series were a nature documentary about the ocean. He has a thick French accent as a reference to the distinctive speaking style of oceanographer and filmmaker Jacques Cousteau. He is normally only heard, but physically appears three times. In "No Free Rides", after being accidentally hit by SpongeBob during a driving test, his legs, which are wearing scuba diving fins, are visible. In "Feral Friends" and "SpongeBob's Big Birthday Blowout", he is shown in live action as a hard hat diver with his face obscured by his helmet and a red beanie hat on top, referencing the beanie hat Cousteau was widely known for wearing. In "Mimic Madness", SpongeBob impersonates him by imitating his voice and wearing a beanie and beard, once again referencing Cousteau.
Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy
Mermaid Man (voiced by Ernest Borgnine as an old man and a young man in "The Bad Guy Club for Villains", Adam West as a young man in "Back to the Past") and his sidekick Barnacle Boy (voiced by Tim Conway as an old man and a young man in "The Bad Guy Club for Villains", Burt Ward as a young man in "Back to the Past") are two elderly and partially senile superheroes who live in a retirement home and are stars of SpongeBob and Patrick's favorite television show. Mermaid Man is known for completely forgetting things and yelling a prolonged "EVIL!" whenever he hears the word, while Barnacle Boy seems to be the smarter, more sensible, and more irritable of the two. "Mermaid Man Begins" confirms that their given first names are Ernie and Tim, referencing the first names of their respective voice actors. Aquaman artist Ramona Fradon drew the characters' comic book adventures.
Since Borgnine and Conway's deaths in 2012 and 2019, both characters have been limited to cameo appearances without dialogue, as the showrunners chose not to recast their voices.
The Flying Dutchman
The Flying Dutchman (voiced by Brian Doyle-Murray) is an irritable, mischievous pirate ghost who glows green. He is named after the ghost ship of the same name. He haunts the seven seas because his unburied corpse was used as a window display. He collects souls as a Satan-like character and resides in a cavern containing Davy Jones' Locker, a literal locker stuffed with smelly socks that belong to Monkees singer Davy Jones, which within the series is analogous to Hell and occasionally mentioned as a curse word.
King Neptune
King Neptune (voiced by John O'Hurley in the TV series, Paul Tibbitt in "SpongeBob vs. The Patty Gadget") is a powerful, trident-wielding merman god who rules the sea, based on the Roman mythological deity of the same name. In the series, Neptune lives in a palace in Atlantis with his wife Amphitrite and son Triton. He is usually portrayed as arrogant and selfish, showing little sympathy for the sea's fish populace. Neptune has a mostly teal color scheme with a long auburn beard and hair. He wears gold wrist bands and a matching crown decorated with a scallop ornament, plus a gold belt bearing a seahorse emblem. This version was also known as Neptune XIV as seen when his portrait is shown in Squidward's briefly-redecorated room as seen in "Krusty Towers".
A different King Neptune is featured in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, voiced by Jeffrey Tambor. In the film, he resides near Bikini Bottom with his daughter Mindy and resembles a light green-skinned king with a robe, a shorter beard and hair, a domed crown to cover his bald spot, and powers limited to what can be exercised through his trident.
Larry the Lobster
Larry the Lobster (usually voiced by Mr. Lawrence but voiced by Bill Fagerbakke for a line in "MuscleBob BuffPants" and "House Hunting") is a lobster lifeguard, bodybuilder and workout fanatic who lifts weights. He is usually seen at Goo Lagoon alongside Scooter. He first appears in "Ripped Pants" and reappears in the spinoff Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years.
Harold and Margaret SquarePants
Mr. Harold SquarePants (voiced by Tom Kenny) and Mrs. Margaret SquarePants (voiced by Sirena Irwin) are SpongeBob's parents, who more closely resemble round sea sponges than SpongeBob. Harold is brown with glasses and a moustache, while Margaret is dark orange. They seem to live outside of Bikini Bottom, but still take the time to visit their son on occasion. They are proud of SpongeBob but embarrassed that he still does not have a driver's license.
Realistic Fish Head
The Realistic Fish head (voiced by Mr. Lawrence) is an announcer and news anchor fish, resembling a cut-out of a live-action tuna. He appears in the series' opening theme. He has been given various different names throughout the series and tie-in media; it is Mister Fish in SpongeBob's Nicktoon Summer Splash, Elaine in "The Great Patty Caper", Johnny in Battle for Bikini Bottom and Battle for Bikini Bottom – Rehydrated, and "T. McTrout" in Toonz2Nite commercials for Nicktoons UK.
Perch Perkins
Perch Perkins (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is a perch who works as a famous field news reporter. While the Realistic Fish Head only reports on television news programs, Perch makes physical appearances reporting about events that occur. He is normally purple with a dark purple coat with a black wig and headphones, although some episodes and Nicktoons MLB show him with an orange color scheme and a red coat.
Bubble Bass
Bubble Bass (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is an overweight green bass that first appeared in season 1. He is a nemesis of SpongeBob and is very picky about his food. Although initially dormant after Season 1, he began to appear far more frequently as a supporting character in Season 9, and he has even had a notable share of episodes focused on him in both protagonist and antagonist roles, such as "Swamp Mates".
Bikini Bottomites
The Bikini Bottomites are multicolored fish and other sea creatures who inhabit Bikini Bottom. They function as the series' background characters. They live in buildings made from metal ship funnels and use "boatmobiles," amalgamations of cars and boats, as a mode of transportation. Although the series uses a set sheet of about 150 designs for incidental characters, the Bikini Bottomites' voices and characterizations vary throughout their appearances. Several of them have been given names and play heightened roles in select episodes.
(voiced by Mr. Lawrence) is a brown fish townsperson who shouts "My leg!" as a running gag whenever there is havoc or destruction. He makes his first appearance in "Reef Blower", but his recurring line is not heard until "Boating School". Fred appears as a major character in the season 11 episode "My Leg!" where it is revealed that he enjoys staying at the hospital as he is in love with a nurse.
(voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is a bodybuilding orca and regular attendee at Goo Lagoon. He is normally silent but had speaking parts in "Ink Lemonade" and the game SpongeBob SquarePants: Lights, Camera, Pants!.
(voiced by Mr. Lawrence/Dee Bradley Baker/Clancy Brown) is a blue fish with a shark-like fin and spiked teeth. His character model is often used as an angry or troublemaking townsperson. His name is revealed in both "Have You Seen This Snail?" and in "Roller Cowards". His first appearance is in "Ripped Pants".
Nat (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker/Tom Kenny/Rodger Bumpass) is a male yellow fish who is often seen as a bus driver. His first name is revealed in "Plankton's Regular", in which Karen pays him to become the Chum Bucket's first regular customer.
Officer Nancy (voiced by Sirena Irwin/Jill Talley) and Officer John (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker/Thomas F. Wilson/Mr. Lawrence) are a pair of police officer fish in Bikini Bottom. They are committed to their jobs but often arrest or punish characters for insignificant reasons like littering or having no front license plate.
(voiced by various actors from seasons 1—10 and by John Gegenhuber since season 11) is an elderly townsperson who lives at the Shady Shoals retirement home and is a common patron of the Krusty Krab. His appearance and job changed often throughout the first ten seasons. A country style banjo music usually plays whenever he appears. This music was confirmed as a theme song in the episode 'Friend or Foe' when elementary age Eugene Krabs states, "I'd know that theme song anywhere, it's Old Man Jenkins!" One of his critical appearances is in "The Sponge Who Could Fly" wherein he plays a farmer, a sailor, and finally, a human cannonball. In season 11, the series' staff decided on a finite design for Old Man Jenkins, and the actor John Gegenhuber began to consistently voice him.
(voiced by Tom Kenny) is an elderly fish who is often seen at the Krusty Krab. He was originally one of the many designs of Old Man Jenkins before the skinny green design of the character became the definite version of the character – since then, the production crew had referred to this former version of Old Man Jenkins as "Old Man Walker". At one time, he mistakes SpongeBob for a box of Bran Flakes.
(voiced by Rodger Bumpass in most episodes, Dee Bradley Baker in "The Two Faces of Squidward", Mr. Lawrence in "The Cent of Money", Clancy Brown in "Ride Patrick Ride") is a doctor who works as a physician at the Bikini Bottom Hospital and as a traveling veterinarian for pet snails. He has a calm demeanor and a deep, suave voice. SpongeBob was initially scared of visiting his office in "Suds," but later faces his fears and discovers he likes visiting the doctor. Although he has had many designs, he is often seen as a purple fish in doctor's attire.
(voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) is a fish who enjoys surfing and is often seen at Goo Lagoon. He speaks like a stereotypical southern Californian and often calls SpongeBob "dude." He dies after being drowned at Goo Lagoon and becomes an angel in the second-season episode "Bubble Buddy", but returns unharmed for future episodes.
(voiced by Sirena Irwin/Carolyn Lawrence/Jill Talley/Mary Jo Catlett) is a dark grey fish with white hair. She has variously been portrayed as a friend of Pearl and a bank teller.
(voiced by Mr. Lawrence) is a green fish who wears a purple shirt, although he has appeared with other color schemes. He plays a heightened role in the episode "Chocolate with Nuts," in which he goes ballistic and chases SpongeBob and Patrick after they attempt to sell him chocolate bars at his doorstep, since he really wants to buy it all.
Jellyfish
The jellyfish (vocal effects by Tom Kenny) are wild animals who reside in Jellyfish Fields, a meadow in Bikini Bottom, and have a strong affinity for music. Within the series, jellyfish behave like sentient insects, squirt jelly, buzz and swarm like bees, and can sting their enemies with electric shocks that leave painful welts.
Other characters
Recurring and guest characters
(voiced by Dee Snider) is the owner of a snail shell emporium in "Shell Shocked". He initially pretends to have an angry demeanor as a marketing stint for his store's commercials, but becomes truly infuriated when SpongeBob accidentally destroys every shell in his emporium.
(voiced by Betty White) is the owner of Grandma's Apron, the store where Pearl goes to work in "Mall Girl Pearl". An older woman, Beatrice convinces Pearl not to let her teenage friends make fun of her job.
(voiced by Bob Barker) is the director of an animal rescue center where snails escaped from to find SpongeBob in "Sanctuary!" He delivers the "have your pets spayed and neutered" line Barker used to close his game show The Price Is Right.
(voiced by Brad Abrell) is a humanoid bubble created by SpongeBob in "Bubble Buddy". His apparent inanimateness annoys other people of Bikini Bottom, but he is later revealed to be a sentient being before moving out of the town in a taxi-shaped bubble. He later returns in the season 8 episode "Bubble Buddy Returns", having been found to live in Bubbletown, a city made completely out of bubbles.
(voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is a seal who is popular among Goo Lagoon beachgoers for his tanned skin and golden caramel brown bones. In "Sun Bleached", he holds parties during the night that only permits those with tanned skin to enter, the highest level of which is bleached skin. He is a parody of George Hamilton.
(voiced by Jeff Garlin) is a giant, bowtie-wearing hamster from the eponymous episode who can only be seen whenever someone ingests a rotten Krabby Patty.
(voiced by Charles Nelson Reilly in his first appearance, Tom Kenny in later appearances) is a villain against Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy. He is a giant brown bubble with a face that is vulnerable to pointy items. The Dirty Bubble was one of the founders of the evil organization E.V.I.L. (short for Every Villain is Lemons). He's a spoof of Batman's foe Joker.
(voiced by Paul Tibbitt) is a drawing created by SpongeBob in his image using a human pencil, which is seemingly able to animate anything it draws. He speaks through unintelligible phrases. He appears in "Frankendoodle". He returned later in "Doodle Dimension", torturing SpongeBob and Patrick in a doodling dimension. He also featured as the main villain to defeat in the Drawn to Life: SpongeBob SquarePants Edition video game. In "Captain Pipsqueak", DoodleBob made a cameo among the villains auditioning to join E.V.I.L.
(voiced by Thomas F. Wilson) is a green flounder who had several silent cameos in various season 1) episodes before appearing as the new student at Mrs. Puff's Boating School in "The Bully". He wants to kick SpongeBob's "butt" for no apparent reason and SpongeBob takes it as if Flats wants to murder him. He also appears during the credits of The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
(voiced by Gene Shalit) is a food critic who critiques the Krusty Krab in "The Krusty Sponge." He negatively reviews every aspect of the restaurant except for SpongeBob. In response to Scallop's review, Mr. Krabs exploits SpongeBob's newfound popularity by theming the Krusty Krab around SpongeBob. After Mr. Krabs got arrested by the health inspector for what his Spongy Patties did to its consumers, Gene was among the members of the jury at Mr. Krabs' trial where he tells the judge that they find him guilty of all charges. He is modeled and characterized after his voice actor, a real-life book and film critic.
(voiced by Ian McShane) is the leader of a band of Vikings who kidnap SpongeBob and Squidward in "Dear Vikings". Except for himself, all of his crewmen are named "Olaf". In "Captain Pipsqueak", Gordon made a cameo among the villains auditioning to join E.V.I.L.
(voiced by Amy Poehler) is an elderly fish who appears in "Have You Seen This Snail?". She finds snails and force-feeds them so that she can eat them and lock their shells in a closet. She adopts Gary, who was lost in an alley, as her latest victim, but he manages to escape.
(voiced by Johnny Depp) is a legendary human-like surfer who appears in "SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One". He teaches SpongeBob and his friends how to surf so they can go back home and fend off from a legendary tidal wave known as the Big One.
(voiced by Patton Oswalt) is the Krusty Krab's original fry cook, as revealed in "The Original Fry Cook". His cooking is legendary throughout Bikini Bottom, and he is shown to be an even better chef than SpongeBob. Jim left the Krusty Krab after Mr. Krabs declined to provide him with a higher salary.
(voiced by Biz Markie) is a gray tomcat from the eponymous episode who claims he can hold his breath underwater. He is idolized by SpongeBob until it is realized that Kenny requires an oxygen tank to breathe. After the ruse was exposed by Sandy, SpongeBob got him to continue his goals by putting him in one of Sandy's diving suits.
(voiced by David Bowie), also referred to as LRH, is the king of Atlantis in "SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis". He invites SpongeBob and his friends for a visit to Atlantis after they find the lost piece of the coin, but eventually regrets it since they (especially Patrick) end up popping the longest living bubble accidentally with a camera flash.
(voiced by John Rhys-Davies in the first appearance, Bob Joles in later appearances) is a villain against Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy. Man Ray has a man's body and a helmet shaped to look like a manta ray's head, which hides the fact that he does not have a head. He is a spoof of Aquaman's arch enemy, Black Manta. Man Ray retires as a supervillain in his first appearance, however he later goes back to being a villain where he even became a founder of E.V.I.L. (short for Every Villain is Lemons).
(voiced by Pat Morita) is an old karate master who appears in "Karate Island." He is actually a scammer who wants people to invest in his condominium project, disguising it as the "King of Karate" crowning that he presents to SpongeBob.
(voiced by Mark Hamill) is a supervillain moth and an enemy of Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy who appears in "Night Light". Even though he is minuscule, he has the strength to carry both SpongeBob's house and a lighthouse.
(voiced by Alton Brown) is the presenter of the popular lifestyle television show, House Fancy. He is pending on an award for Best Architecture during the episode that features Squilliam's house; he eventually gives it to Squidward due to the "creative" design of his ruined house.
(voiced by Victoria Beckham) is King Neptune's wife and Triton's mother. She is worried by her son's attitude of not wanting to inherit the throne.
(voiced by Sebastian Bach) is the teenage son of King Neptune who appears in "The Clash of Triton". He initially wants to be a normal fish like everyone else, but his father convinces him otherwise.
(voiced by Gilbert Gottfried) is the proprietor of the Slop Pail restaurant seen in "The Hankering". Mr. Krabs frequents the establishment until Sal decides to close it down permanently so he can pursue an acting career.
makes several appearances throughout the series, portrayed in live-action form by series writer Michael Patrick Bell in "Christmas Who?", then in claymation by John Goodman for "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!". Lewis Black took over the role for later seasons, with Santa appearing traditionally animated and for a Kamp Koral episode in CGI. The Lewis Black version is generally annoyed by SpongeBob's antics, referring to him as "a menace".
The (vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker) is a creature that appears in "The Camping Episode". It is depicted as a giant fish with the head of a bear and claws on its fins. SpongeBob and Patrick try to convince Squidward that the Sea Bear exists, but Squidward refuses to believe in the creature until it attacks him repeatedly when he did things that attract a Sea Bear like playing his clarinet badly, wearing a sombrero in a goofy fashion, stomping on the ground (Sea Bears take that as a challenge), waving around a flashlight (flashlights are its natural prey), eating cubed and sliced cheese, and screeching like a chimpanzee. Sea Bears also hate it when someone runs, limps, or crawls away from it. Only an Anti-Sea Bear circle can repel a sea-bear. On a related note, the sound of a Sea Bear attack can attract a Sea Rhinoceros.
(voiced by Gene Simmons) is a lizard-like sea monster who appears in "20,000 Patties Under the Sea". After having slept for 79 years, he demands for SpongeBob and Patrick to sell him food in exchange for giant dollar bills.
(voiced by Robin Sachs) is a strict drill sergeant shark who temporarily replaces Mrs. Puff as the teacher at boating school in "Mrs. Puff, You're Fired". He is said to be the strictest driving instructor in the sea, but even he cannot teach SpongeBob to drive successfully.
(voiced by Henry Winkler), Lonnie (voiced by Michael McKean), Ronnie (voiced by Clancy Brown) and Donnie (voiced by David Lander) are a street gang of sharks who appear in the episode "Sharks vs. Pods", in which SpongeBob joins them. They are actually dancers rather than fighters and are rivals to Squidward's gang, a group of octopuses called the Pods.
is Plankton's pet amoeba, who lives in the Chum Bucket with him and Karen. Spot behaves similarly to a puppy, is a good retriever, and can grow very large when he needs to protect his owner. He first appears in the season 9 episode "Plankton's Pet," and reappears in several episodes from season 11 onward.
(voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is an octopus and Squidward Tentacles' arrogant, wealthy arch-rival, who has succeeded in everything Squidward has only dreamed of doing. He owns a four-story mansion with an expansive garden on the rooftop. He appears in six episodes throughout the first seven seasons. Alternate versions of him appear in "Back to the Past" and "Code Yellow", but he has not made a physical appearance since "Keep Bikini Bottom Beautiful".
The (voiced by Thomas F. Wilson) is a criminal fish who appears in "SpongeBob Meets the Strangler". He is detained for repeatedly strangling someone and promises to strangle SpongeBob when the latter has him arrested. He escapes from jail and pretends to be a bodyguard to get close to SpongeBob, but SpongeBob's behavior annoys him to the point where he would rather be back in prison. In "Captain Pipsqueak", the Tattletale Strangler" made a cameo among the villains auditioning to join E.V.I.L.
The (voiced by R. Lee Ermey) is the head prison warden of the Inferno Island prison, appearing in "The Inmates of Summer". His demeanor is a stereotype of a drill sergeant: strict, demanding, and always speaking in a loud tone. This portrayal is reminiscent of Ermey's performance as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket.
Film characters
(voiced by Scarlett Johansson) is King Neptune's daughter. She is Patrick's love interest. She is a motherly and friendly person and a very good friend of SpongeBob and Patrick. She appears in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. She isn't mentioned in the TV series, but does appear in the special "SpongeBob's Big Birthday Blowout".
(voiced by Alec Baldwin in the film, Clancy Brown in the TV series) is a hitman hired by Plankton to assassinate SpongeBob and Patrick before they are able to retrieve King Neptune's crown from Shell City. Before he manages to do that however he is first stomped by the Cyclops and then hit by a pier. He only appeared in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie and made a speaking cameo in "Captain Pipsqueak" where he was the receptionist for E.V.I.L.
(performed by Aaron Hendry, vocal effects provided by Neil Ross) is a marine diver who is always seen wearing an atmospheric diving suit and helmet, even when not underwater, and never talks but only grunts appearing only in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. He is actually a normal adult man; however, because humans tower virtually all sea life, Mindy describes him as "the worst of all hazards". He is the owner of "Shell City", which is really the name of a seaside gift and souvenir shop.
(portrayed by Antonio Banderas) is a pirate who, upon discovering a book capable of rewriting reality, steals the Krabby Patty formula to open up a fast food drive-in while also changing Bikini Bottom into a wasteland. He appears in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.
(voiced by Paul Tibbitt (US)/Joe Sugg (UK)/Robert Irwin (Australia)) is an innocent seagull that listens to the stories of Burger-Beard. He appears in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.
(voiced by Matt Berry in the film, Jeff Bennett in the video game) is a god-like bottlenose dolphin who is the overseer of the universe, watching them from a triangular building in outer space. SpongeBob and Plankton accidentally end up in his audience while using Karen's time machine in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.
(voiced by Matt Berry) is the ruler of the seven seas who resides in Atlantic City and is much different from King Neptune. He uses snails' slime as face cream to look younger, which is the reason he kidnapped SpongeBob's pet snail Gary once he was all out of snails. He only appeared in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run.
(voiced by Reggie Watts) is King Poseidon's assistant. He appears in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run.
(portrayed by Keanu Reeves) is a tumbleweed with a human face who helps SpongeBob on his quest to save Gary. He appears in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run.
(portrayed by Danny Trejo) is the leader of vampire cowboy zombies whom SpongeBob and Patrick encountered in their dream. He appears in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run.
Spin-off characters
(voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) and (voiced by Kate Higgins) are characters in the spin-off series Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years. They are a pair of hillbilly narwhals who live in the Kelp Forest. The siblings have crossed over into the main series on two occasions: the episodes "Something Narwhal This Way Comes" and "Upturn Girls".
The (voiced by Brad Garrett impersonating Rodney Dangerfield) is a sea monster in Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years that was seen living in the lake at Kamp Koral where he is shown to have a comedic side. He later crossed over into the main series where he appeared at the end of "Abandon Twits".
(voiced by Thomas F. Wilson) and (voiced by Cree Summer) are Patrick's parents in the spin-off series The Patrick Star Show. Cecil works at the Undersea Space Center while Bunny works from home.
(voiced by Jill Talley) is a purple squid. She was first introduced in "Goons on the Moon" as a teenage friend of Pearl. In the spin-off The Patrick Star Show, she is Patrick's adopted sister and the producer of Patrick's imaginary talk show.
(voiced by Dana Snyder) is Patrick's grandfather and Cecil's father in The Patrick Star Show. He is the smartest member of the Star family.
(vocal effects provided by Tom Kenny) is a sea urchin who is the Star family's pet.
(vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker) is a sentient toilet.
(vocal effects provided by Jill Talley) is a sea bunny. While often shown to be feuding with Ouchie, they get along well when they are with Tinkle.
Families and ancestors
(voiced by John DiMaggio) is SpongeBob's cousin who bullied him during their childhoods. In his lone appearance, Blackjack was imprisoned for littering but has since been released. While he appeared large in flashbacks, Blackjack somehow shrunk by the present day.
(voiced by Christopher Guest) is SpongeBob's cousin who appears solely in the episode "Stanley S. SquarePants". SpongeBob receives Stanley in a package sent by his Uncle Clem, who is relieved to have sent Stanley, since he would destroy anything he touches. True to this, despite SpongeBob trying to teach him, Stanley constantly destroys everything and almost makes SpongeBob lose his job until SpongeBob told the truth to Mr. Krabs. This leads to Mr. Krabs hooking Stanley up with Plankton where he accidentally wrecks The Chum Bucket.
(voiced by Garnett Sailor) is SpongeBob's uncle who only appears in the episode "BlackJack". He is a retired police captain and lives right next to SpongeBob's cousin BlackJack. In the episode, SpongeBob goes to his house to help him stop BlackJack from torturing SpongeBob's parents. However, he can't hear over the lawnmower and thinks SpongeBob wants to help him mow the lawn. It goes on like this for other noisy objects such as a blender, a radio with static, and a phonograph. When he finally hears the news, he drives SpongeBob over to BlackJack's house, but he warns SpongeBob to be careful.
(voiced by Marion Ross) is SpongeBob's paternal grandmother. She spoils SpongeBob whenever he visits her house with cookies, milk, sweaters, and bedtime stories, even though it can embarrass SpongeBob.
and Margie Star are Patrick's parents in the original series. Their identities are temporarily taken by another starfish couple named Marty and Janet in "I'm with Stupid". In "Rule of Dumb", it is revealed that Herb is a brother of Gary's father, Sluggo, making Patrick and Gary first cousins. The characters were later dropped when Cecil Star and Bunny Star were created.
(voiced by Rodger Bumpass in most appearances, Dee Bradley Baker in "Fools in April") is Squidward's elderly mother. In earlier episodes, she only appears as hallucinations tormenting Squidward, but later appears in person in "Krusty Towers". She lives in a moai like Squidward, but with a curly hair-like structure on its roof and earring-like balls hanging from the sides.
(voiced by Tom Kenny) is Squidward's father who was mentioned a lot before appearing in "Kamp Kow".
(voiced by Mary Jo Catlett in "Chum Fricasse", Cree Summer in The Patrick Star Show) is Squidward's paternal grandmother. She was originally mentioned in "Sandy's Rocket" before appearing in person in "Chum Fricasse" where Mr. Krabs tipped her off about Squidward and Plankton misusing her famous chum fricasse recipe by not letting it cook for 24 hours and had the customers wreck the Chum Bucket in retaliation. In The Patrick Star Show, Grandma Tentacles is shown to be the Star family's neighbor.
(voiced by Paul Tibbitt in season 2–3, Sirena Irwin in season 4–6) is Mr. Krabs' overbearing mother who still treats him slightly like a child. She is a friend of Old Man Jenkins. She first appears in "Sailor Mouth" and has been mostly retired from the show, aside from a cameo in "Lame and Fortune." Although her name it is not officially mentioned in the series, she is referred to as "Betsy" in some merchandising.
(voiced by Dennis Quaid) is Mr. Krabs' paternal grandfather who is a pirate. In "Grandpappy the Pirate", he visits his grandson, thinking that the latter is also a pirate instead of the owner of a restaurant. Mr. Krabs tries not to disappoint Redbeard by disguising the Krusty Krab as a pirate ship, pretending Pearl is a sea monster, and dressing his employees as sailors.
(voiced by Laraine Newman) is Plankton's grandmother.
and Primitive Star (voiced by Tom Kenny and Bill Fagerbakke) are the earliest known ancestors of SpongeBob and Patrick, who appear in the episode "SB-129" when Squidward time-travels to the past. Upon seeing the two of them electrocuting themselves with a jellyfish, Squidward inadvertently teaches them the sport of Jellyfishing, which results in Squidward being documented as the inventor of Jellyfishing when he returns to the present. They also seem to strongly dislike Squidward's clarinet music, as they ruthlessly chase down Squidward upon hearing it. The scene where Primitive Sponge and Primitive Star are confronted by Squidward upon noticing them torturing themselves with the jellyfish, particularly, the pose struck by Primitive Sponge, has become an internet meme, referred to as "SpongeGar" (which was actually the name given to another of SpongeBob's primitive ancestors in the episode "Ugh").
, Patar, and Squog (voiced by Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, and Rodger Bumpass) are SpongeBob, Patrick, and Squidward's neolithic ancestors who appear in "Ugh." While still not being able to speak intelligibly, they are more advanced than the primitive ancestors in "SB-129" as they are shown to use stone tools and fire. Also appearing in the episode are Primitive Gary (voiced by Tom Kenny), Gary's gigantic ancestor and SpongeGar's pet, and Primitive Krabs (voiced by Clancy Brown), Mr. Krabs' tiny ancestor who repeatedly chants "money."
and Patron (voiced by Tom Kenny and Bill Fagerbakke) are SpongeBob and Patrick's robotic descendants who appear in "SB-129". SpongeTron has 486 clones, each one named after a letter of the English alphabet from 2,000 years in the future, while Patron has two heads.
, Pecos Patrick, Hopalong Tentacles, William Krabs, Polene Puff, and Dead Eye Plankton (voiced by Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mary Jo Catlett, and Mr. Lawrence) are the main characters' wild west ancestors who appear in "Pest of the West". They lived in the town of Bikini Gulch and frequented an old-fashioned bar version of the Krusty Krab called the Krusty Kantina.
, King Krabs, Princess Pearl, Dark Knight, Planktonamor, and Karen the Crystal Ball (voiced by Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Lori Alan, Carolyn Lawrence, Mr. Lawrence, and Jill Talley) are the medieval counterparts of the main characters who appear in "Dunces and Dragons". The present-day SpongeBob and Patrick are magically transported to their times and help save Princess Pearl from Planktonamor. Planktonamor additionally keeps a pet, the Dragon Jellyfish, who is a giant jellyfish with a mane and a tail.
Reception
The characters of SpongeBob SquarePants have been well-received overall. The titular character SpongeBob has become very popular with children and adults.
The character's popularity has spread from Nickelodeon's original demographic of two- to eleven-year-olds, to teenagers and adults. The popularity of SpongeBob translated well into sales figures. In 2002, SpongeBob SquarePants dolls sold at a rate of 75,000 per week, which was faster than Tickle Me Elmo dolls were selling at the time. SpongeBob has gained popularity in Japan, specifically with Japanese women. Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom purposefully targeted marketing at women in the country as a method of building the SpongeBob SquarePants brand. Skeptics initially doubted that SpongeBob could be popular in Japan as the character's design is very different from already popular designs for Hello Kitty and Pikachu. However, the characters have also attracted some negative reception, including SpongeBob himself, who was listed as number four on AskMen's Top 10: Irritating '90s Cartoon Characters. Nevertheless, SpongeBob SquarePants was ranked ninth on TV Guide'''s top 50 cartoon characters.
The show's characters have received recognition from celebrities and well-known figures in media. Barack Obama named SpongeBob his favorite television character in 2007 and admitted that SpongeBob SquarePants was "the show I watch with my daughters." British Prime Minister Gordon Brown has also said he watches the show with his children. Sigourney Weaver and Bruce Willis were reported to be fans of the SpongeBob character in 2008. Film critic A. O. Scott named Squidward, Mrs. Puff, and Sandy his favorite characters on the show in 2004. American singer Pharrell Williams, who says he is a fan of the show, said that "Squidward is my favorite, though. If he was a human, I would hang out with him." Fashion designer Peter Jensen designed a line of sweatshirts inspired by SpongeBob and called Mrs. Puff his "absolute favorite" character in an interview with Women's Wear Daily. Peter Keepnews of The New York Times commended Patrick, calling him "a popular character, and the new episodes illustrate why: He is unfailingly enthusiastic, touchingly loyal and absolutely undeterred by his intellectual limitations. Hilariously voiced by Bill Fagerbakke, he is not just an endearing comic creation but a role model for idiots everywhere."
The show's voice actors have received attention from honorary organizations for the portrayals of their characters. Mary Jo Catlett and Tom Kenny were both nominated at the 29th Annie Awards ceremony in 2001 for their vocal performances as Mrs. Puff and SpongeBob. Kenny received an additional two nominations at the 2008 and 2010 ceremonies, the latter of which he won for voicing SpongeBob in "Truth or Square". In 2012, Rodger Bumpass' performance as Squidward was nominated for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program at the 39th Daytime Emmy Awards. Additionally, Patrick as a character won in the category "Favorite Animated Animal Sidekick" at the 2014 Kids' Choice Awards.
Appearances in other media
The characters of SpongeBob SquarePants appeared in the 2004 theatrical film The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie and its 2015 sequel. Both films feature the regular television cast and blend animated elements with live-action sequences. They have also been featured in a variety of associated merchandise, particularly video games; from 2001 to 2013, the SpongeBob franchise had multiple video games released each year, with the show's voice cast reprising their character roles for many titles. Every main cast member with the exception of Clancy Brown has voiced their respective characters in each game that they appear; Brown's character Mr. Krabs is instead voiced by Joe Whyte in SuperSponge, Operation Krabby Patty, and Battle for Bikini Bottom and by Bob Joles in the Truth or Square game.
The SpongeBob characters have been featured at a variety of theme park attractions. In 2003, Kings Island announced plans to build the first SpongeBob-themed amusement park ride, a dark ride roller coaster titled "Mrs. Puff's Crash Course Boating School". Plans were halted when Kings Island changed ownership, and the first ride featuring SpongeBob theming was instead "SpongeBob's Boatmobiles"—also based on Mrs. Puff's Boating School and opened in 2003—at California's Great America. Amusement rides based on the characters have since been opened at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, Dreamworld, Movie Park Germany, and Nickelodeon Universe. Two 4D films featuring 3-D models of the characters and a motion simulator experience, SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D and The Great Jelly Rescue, were sold to theme parks and aquariums worldwide in 2005 and 2013 respectively.
Mascot costumes of the SpongeBob characters debuted at Nickelodeon Suites Resort in 2005 and have made regular appearances at Nickelodeon events since. Plankton, Karen, and Gary are the only main characters who have never been realized as mascots; at events, they are normally depicted as puppets or statues instead. In December 2011, a parade of SpongeBob mascots and floats titled "SpongeBob ParadePants" opened at Sea World Australia. In November 2017, a Broadway musical based on the show began previews at the Palace Theatre, and opened in December 2017. Unlike previous shows, the characters were not represented with mascot costumes but by actors wearing clothing inspired by the characters' designs.
Popular culture
The characters of SpongeBob SquarePants have appeared throughout popular culture. In 2007, the Amsterdam-based company Boom Chicago created a SpongeBob parody called "SpongeBob SquarePants in China", in which a stereotypically Chinese Patrick refuses to go to work and advocates freedom of speech, rights of leisure, and income. During the same year, production company Camp Chaos created a SpongeBob parody titled SpongeBong HempPants, which features five of the series' characters parodied in the form of various drugs. The show was seen on VH1 and Comedy Central, both owned by Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom. Comedy Central's Drawn Together also features a parody of SpongeBob named "Wooldoor Sockbat" whose theme tune is inspired by SpongeBobs Hawaiian-style background music. Two animated series that former SpongeBob writer Dan Povenmire worked on have incorporated references to the characters; the Phineas and Ferb special "Summer Belongs to You" features a joke in which Phineas Flynn holds up inanimate representations of SpongeBob and Patrick, and the Family Guy episode "Road to Rupert" includes SpongeBob's "Campfire Song Song" from "The Camping Episode". SpongeBob, Patrick, Mr. Krabs, Pearl and Squidward all appear in "Major League of Extraordinary Gentlemen", an episode of the sketch comedy Robot Chicken. A segment of the episode, animated in stop motion with SpongeBob toy figures, features Mr. Krabs using crab legs as the secret ingredient for Krabby Patties. In April 2016, Nintendo's Wii U exclusive Splatoon'' released a splatfest based on the eponymous series by teaming two characters SpongeBob and Patrick, hosted by the pop band Squid Sisters: Callie and Marie, the event began for 24 hours and Team Patrick won.
References
Bibliography
SpongeBob SquarePants
Characters
SpongeBob SquarePants
SpongeBob SquarePants
SpongeBob SquarePants
SpongeBob SquarePants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20SpongeBob%20SquarePants%20characters |
Janice Robinson (born December 8, 1967) is an American singer and songwriter, initially known as a member of 1990s Italian Eurodance group Livin' Joy with global dance hit Dreamer, before she embarked on a solo career.
Personal life
Robinson was born in Garfield, New Jersey. She has two daughters, Kura and Amaya.
Early life and career
Robinson, raised in Garfield, New Jersey, toured as the vocalist for euro-dance group Snap! in 1990-91, replacing studio vocalist Penny Ford in the group’s live shows. Robinson gained worldwide success in the early to mid-1990s with the Italian house group Livin' Joy as the lead singer before going solo in 1999. After Robinson left, Livin' Joy scored more hits during the 1995–1996 period with singer Tameko Star. However, the biggest remains "Dreamer", an international hit reaching number 1 in the UK and the top 10 in many other European countries. It has since been certified platinum, selling over 600,000 copies in the UK alone. Robinson had previously worked with the Livin' Joy producers on two singles, "Children" and "Sweetest Day of May". On Livin' Joy's Don't Stop Movin, her vocals do not appear on any tracklisted songs, until the original "Dreamer" appears as a hidden track at the very end. Her subsequent solo debut album The Color Within Me was an earthy, more pop styled album and was released in 1999 to largely favorable reviews, scoring a minor pop hit with the single "Nothing I Would Change". In 2000, Robinson performed on the drama Charmed, in the episode "Animal Pragmatism".
In 2000, she toured America as an opening act for Tina Turner's U.S. leg of her world tour alongside Lionel Richie. Turner picked Robinson to open for her after hearing her album The Color Within Me, in which Robinson has described Turner as her “fairy godmother”.
Robinson's biggest hit with Livin' Joy was reissued with new production, and new vocals and Robinson was credited for her work on it this time. "Dreamer '05" became a hit making the top five of the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. Her dance single, "Earthbeat" is featured on the compilation Pride 1998, mixed and produced by Julian Marsh. Robinson took a long hiatus and had two daughters and to care for her ill parents.
In 2015, Robinson released "There Must Be Love" in collaboration with David Morales; the track was well received, particularly in Italy, and reached the Billboard Dance Charts. In 2017, she released the single "Father".
In 2018, Robinson returned to the stage on The X Factor UK as a contestant surprising the judging panel with the revelation that she was the voice and songwriter behind the international dance track "Dreamer". She successfully made it to the live shows as part of the Over 29s category mentored by Ayda Field and was the third contestant eliminated.
In 2019, Robinson spent the spring and summer touring the UK and abroad. On August 1, she released a new single titled "Freedom", teaming up with DJ David Morales once again.
In 2021, Robinson continued working on a documentary about her life, alongside performing across the UK and abroad.
In 2022, Robinson announced that she was continuing to work on her documentary about her life story. On 8 January, she announced on BBC Radio 2 that new music is in the works.The first single called "Essex Girls" with British rappers who used the verse of "Dreamer" was released in January on Warner Records and a brand new new version of "Dreamer" was released in February 2022 with DJ Salvatore Lodato on Spinnin Records. Robinson said she was "excited to reach a whole new generation" of fans who love her music. She also released "Love Comes Once in Your Life" with OMG Collective. In July 2023, she teamed up with OMG Collective once again with ‘Just A Little Love’. Robinson has toured alongside Ministry Of Sound Classical at sold out shows across the UK from 2019-2023, including two shows at Royal Albert Hall in London.
Songwriting discography
Abigail - Home...Again
11. "Let the Joy Rise"
Ashley Tisdale - Headstrong
14. "Suddenly"
Brahim - Evolution
02. "So into You"
Hania Stach
00. "Regroup"
Kristine W - Stronger
09. "Let Love Reign"
Lucas Prata - Let's Get It On
04. "Love of My Life"
13. "Feel the Love Again"
Natalia - Back For More
02. "Risin"
Reina - This Is Reina
01. "If I Close My Eyes"
05. "On My Own"
Ricki-Lee Coulter - Brand New Day
03. "Melody of Life"
12. "I Appreciate You"
Sandrine Van Handenhoven - Story of Us (Movie)
00. "Story of Us"
Taylor Dayne - Satisfied
09. "Crash"
Taylor Dayne - Naked without You
02. "Whenever You Fall"
Tevin Campbell - Tevin Campbell
02. "Never Again"
VFactory - These Are the Days EP
03. "These Are the Days"
Singles
Other singles
As Livin Joy
Tours
• Tina Turner - Twenty Four Seven Tour (opening act on North American leg - 2000)
• Ministry Of Sound Classical (Guest vocalist - United Kingdom - 2019-2023)
See also
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
References
External links
Janice Robinson at Myspace
Janice Robinson at Twitter
Janice Robinson at Instagram
1967 births
Living people
20th-century African-American women singers
American women singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey
People from Garfield, New Jersey
American women pop singers
American contemporary R&B singers
American soul musicians
American expatriates in Italy
The X Factor (British TV series) contestants
African-American songwriters
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice%20Robinson |
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